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] | 600 |
to find lost aircraft in central australia between 1929 and 1931 . in april 1929 , he coordinated the air force ' s part in the search for aviator ##s keith anderson and bob hitchcock , missing in their aircraft the ko ##oka ##bu ##rra while themselves looking for charles kings ##ford smith and charles ul ##m , who had force landed the southern cross in north western australia during a flight from sydney . three of the raaf ' s five " ancient " dh . 9 biplane ##s went down in the search — though all crews escaped injury — including eaton ' s , which experienced what he labelled " a good crash " on 21 april near ten ##nant creek after the
| 173 |
[
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] | 601 |
engine ' s pistons melted . the same day , captain lester brain , flying a q ##anta ##s aircraft , located the wreck of the ko ##oka ##bu ##rra in the tan ##ami desert , approximately 130 kilometres ( 81 mi ) east @ - @ south @ - @ east of wave hill . setting out from wave hill on 23 april , eaton led a ground party across rough terrain that reached the crash site four days later and buried the crew , who had perished of thirst and exposure . not a particularly religious man , he recalled that after the burial he saw a perfect cross formed by ci ##rr ##us cloud in an otherwise clear blue sky above the ko
| 298 |
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".",
"60"
] | 602 |
##oka ##bu ##rra . the air board described the raaf ' s search as taking 240 hours flying time " under the most trying conditions . . . where a forced landing meant certain crash " . in november 1930 , eaton was selected to lead another expedition for a missing aircraft near aye ##rs rock , but it was called off soon afterwards when the pilot showed up in alice springs . the next month , he was ordered to search for w . l . pitt ##end ##ri ##gh and s . j . ham ##re , who had disappeared in the biplane golden quest 2 while attempting to discover lass ##eter ' s reef . employing a total of four dh . 60
| 172 |
[
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] | 603 |
moths , the raaf team located the missing men near dash ##wood creek on 7 january 1931 , and they were rescued four days later by a ground party accompanied by eaton . staying in nearby alice springs , he recommended a site for the town ' s new airfield , which was approved and has remained in use since its construction . eaton was awarded the air force cross on 10 march 1931 " in recognition of his ze ##al and devotion to duty in conducting flights to central australia in search of missing aviator ##s " . the media called him the " ' knight er ##rant ' of the desert skies " . aside from his crash landing in the desert while searching
| 172 |
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] | 604 |
for the ko ##oka ##bu ##rra , eaton had another narrow escape in 1929 when he was test flying the wa ##cke ##tt war ##ri ##gal i with sergeant eric douglas . having purposely put the biplane trainer into a spin and finding no response in the controls when he tried to recover , eaton called on douglas to bail out . when douglas stood up to do so , the spin stopped , apparently due to his torso changing the air ##flow over the tail plane . eaton then managed to land the aero ##plane , he and his passenger both badly shaken by the experience . in december 1931 , he was posted to no . 1 aircraft depot at la ##vert ##on ,
| 173 |
[
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] | 605 |
where he continued to fly as well as performing administrative work . promoted squadron leader in 1936 , he undertook a clandestine mission around the new year to scout for suitable landing grounds in the dutch east indies , primarily timor and am ##bon . wearing civilian clothes , he and his companion were arrested and held for three days by local authorities in ko ##ep ##ang , dutch timor . eaton was appointed commanding officer ( co ) of no . 21 squadron in may 1937 , one of his first tasks being to undertake another aerial search in central australia , this time for prospect ##or sir herbert ge ##pp , who was subsequently discovered alive and well . later that year , eaton
| 979 |
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] | 606 |
presided over the court of inquiry into the crash of a hawker demon biplane in victoria , recommend ##ing a gallantry award for aircraft ##man william mca ##lone ##y , who had leapt into the demon ' s burning wreckage in an effort to rescue its pilot ; mca ##lone ##y subsequently received the albert medal for his heroism . following a 1937 decision to establish the first north australian raaf base , in april 1938 eaton , now on the headquarters staff of raaf station la ##vert ##on , and wing commander george jones , director of personnel services at raaf headquarters , began developing plans for the new station , to be commanded by jones , and a new squadron that would be based
| 979 |
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] | 607 |
there , led by eaton . the next month they flew an av ##ro anson on an inspection tour of darwin , northern territory , site of the proposed base . delays meant that no . 12 ( general purpose ) squadron was not formed until 6 february 1939 at la ##vert ##on . jones had by now moved on to another posting but eaton took up the squadron ' s command as planned . promoted to wing commander on 1 march , he and his equipment officer , flying officer hoc ##king , were ordered to build up the unit as quickly as possible , and established an initial complement of fourteen officers and 120 airmen , plus four anson ##s and four demons ,
| 979 |
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] | 608 |
within a week . an advance party of thirty nc ##os and airmen under hoc ##king began moving to darwin on 1 july . staff were initially accommodated in a former meat ##works built during world war i , and life at the newly established air base had a " distinctly raw , pioneering feel about it " according to historian chris co ##ult ##hard @ - @ clark . morale , though , was high . on 31 august , no . 12 squadron launched its first patrol over the darwin area , flown by one of seven anson ##s that had so far been delivered . these were augmented by a flight of four ca ##c wi ##rra ##ways ( replacing the originally planned
| 977 |
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"by"
] | 609 |
force of demons ) that took off from la ##vert ##on on 2 september , the day before australia declared war , and arrived in darwin four days later . a fifth wi ##rra ##way in the flight crashed on landing at darwin , killing both crew ##men . once war was declared , darwin began to receive more attention from military planners . in june 1940 , no . 12 squadron was " can ##ni ##bal ##ised " to form two additional units , headquarters raaf station darwin and no . 13 squadron . no . 12 squadron retained its wi ##rra ##way flight , while its two flights of anson ##s went to the new squadron ; these were replaced later that month by
| 980 |
[
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"four",
"wi"
] | 610 |
more capable lockheed hudson ##s . eaton was appointed co of the base , gaining promotion to temporary group captain in september . his squadrons were employed in escort , maritime reconnaissance , and coastal patrol duties , the over ##work ##ed aircraft having to be sent to raaf station richmond , new south wales , after every 240 hours flying time — with a con ##se ##quent three @ - @ week loss from darwin ' s strength — as deep maintenance was not yet possible in the northern territory . soon after the establishment of headquarters raaf station darwin , minister for air james fair ##bai ##rn visited the base . pilot ##ing his own light plane , he was greeted by four wi
| 961 |
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"the",
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] | 611 |
##rra ##ways that proceeded to escort him into landing ; the minister subsequently complimented eaton on the " keen @ - @ ness and efficiency of all ranks " , particularly considering the challenging environment . when fair ##bai ##rn died in the canberra air disaster shortly afterwards , his pilot was flight lieutenant robert hitchcock , son of bob hitchcock of the ko ##oka ##bu ##rra and also a former member of eaton ' s no . 21 squadron . as senior air commander in the region , eaton sat on the darwin defence co @ - @ ordination committee . he was occasionally at log ##ger ##heads with his naval counterpart , captain e . p . thomas , and also incurred the ir
| 977 |
[
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"the",
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",",
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"##r",
",",
"and",
"katherine",
".",
"handing",
"over"
] | 612 |
##e of trade unionist ##s when he used raaf staff to un ##load ships in port darwin during industrial action ; eaton himself took part in the work , shovel ##ling coal alongside his men . on 25 february 1941 , he made a flight north to rec ##on ##no ##it ##re timor , am ##bon , and ba ##bo in dutch new guinea for potential use by the raaf in any pacific conflict . by april , the total strength based at raaf station darwin had increased to almost 700 officers and airmen ; by the following month it had been augmented by satellite airfields at bathurst island , gr ##oot ##e e ##yla ##ndt , batch ##elo ##r , and katherine . handing over
| 961 |
[
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",",
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"no",
".",
"72",
"wing",
",",
"which",
"subsequently",
"deployed",
"to",
"mer",
"##au",
"##ke"
] | 613 |
command of darwin to group captain frederick sc ##her ##ger in october , eaton took charge of no . 2 service flying training school near wa ##gga wa ##gga , new south wales . his " marked success " , " un ##ti ##ring energy " , and " ta ##ct in handling men " while in the northern territory were recognised in the new year with his appointment as an officer of the order of the british empire . eaton became co of no . 1 engineering school and its base , raaf station ascot vale , victoria , in april 1942 . twelve months later in townsville , queensland , he formed no . 72 wing , which subsequently deployed to mer ##au ##ke
| 961 |
[
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"##elo",
"##r",
",",
"comprising"
] | 614 |
in dutch new guinea , comprising no . 84 squadron ( flying ca ##c boom ##eran ##g fighters ) , no . 86 squadron ( p @ - @ 40 kitty ##hawk fighters ) , and no . 12 squadron ( a @ - @ 31 vengeance dive bombers ) . his relations with north @ - @ eastern area command in townsville were strained ; " mountains were made out of mole ##hill ##s " in his opinion , and he was reassigned that july to lead no . 2 bombing and gunnery school in port pi ##rie , south australia . on 30 november 1943 , eaton returned to the northern territory to establish no . 79 wing at batch ##elo ##r , comprising
| 980 |
[
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",",
"in",
"which",
"he",
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"flew",
"on",
"missions",
"himself",
".",
"through",
"march"
] | 615 |
no . 1 and no . 2 squadrons ( flying bristol beaufort light reconnaissance bombers ) , no . 31 squadron ( bristol beau ##fighter long @ - @ range fighters ) , and no . 18 ( netherlands east indies ) squadron ( b @ - @ 25 mitchell medium bombers ) . he developed a good relationship with his dutch personnel , who called him " o ##om charles " ( uncle charles ) . operating under the auspices of north @ - @ western area command ( nwa ) , darwin , eaton ' s forces participated in the new guinea and north @ - @ western area campaigns during 1944 , in which he regularly flew on missions himself . through march
| 979 |
[
"–",
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"allied",
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",",
"22",
"april",
",",
"the"
] | 616 |
– april , his beau ##fighter ##s attacked enemy shipping , while the mitchell ##s and beaufort ##s bombed timor on a daily basis as a prelude to operations reckless and persecution , the invasions of holland ##ia and ai ##ta ##pe . on 19 april , he organised a large raid against su , dutch timor , employing thirty @ - @ five mitchell ##s , beaufort ##s and beau ##fighter ##s to destroy the town ' s barracks and fuel dump ##s , the results earning him the personal congratulations of the air officer commanding nwa , air vice marshal " king " cole , for his " splendid effort " . on the day of the allied landings , 22 april , the
| 962 |
[
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"wing",
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"area",
",",
"melbourne",
",",
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"january",
"1945",
".",
"the",
"german",
"submarine",
"u"
] | 617 |
mitchell ##s and beau ##fighter ##s made a daylight raid on dil ##i , portuguese timor . the ground assault met little opposition , credited in part to the air bombardment in the days leading up to it . in june – july , no . 79 wing supported the allied attack on no ##em ##fo ##or . eaton was recommended to be mentioned in des ##pa ##tch ##es on 28 october 1944 for his " gallant and distinguished service " in nwa ; this was prom ##ul ##gated in the london gazette on 9 march 1945 . completing his tour with no . 79 wing , eaton was appointed air officer commanding southern area , melbourne , in january 1945 . the german submarine u
| 962 |
[
"@",
"-",
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"'",
"movements",
"eastward",
"##s",
"out",
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"area",
"was",
"hours",
"out",
"of"
] | 618 |
@ - @ 86 ##2 operated off southern australia during the first months of 1945 , and the few combat units in eaton ' s command were heavily engaged in anti @ - @ submarine patrols which sought to locate this and any other u @ - @ boats in the area . the air officer commanding raaf command , air vice marshal bill bo ##stock , considered the sporadic attacks to be partly " nu ##isance value " , designed to draw allied resources away from the front line of the south west pacific war . in april , eaton complained to bo ##stock that intelligence from british pacific fleet concerning its ships ' movements eastward ##s out of western area was hours out of
| 958 |
[
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date by the time it was received at southern area command , leading to raaf aircraft missing their rendezvous and wasting valuable flying hours searching empty ocean . there had been no u @ - @ boat strikes since february , and by june the naval authorities indicated that there was no pressing need for air cover except for the most important vessels . = = post @ - @ war career and legacy = = eaton retired from the raaf on 31 december 1945 . in recognition of his war service , he was appointed a commander of the order of orange @ - @ nassau with swords by the dutch government on 17 january 1946 . the same month , he became australian consul
| 961 |
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in dil ##i . he had seen an advertisement for the position and was the only applicant with experience of the area . while based there , he accompanied the provincial governor on visits to townships damaged in allied raids during the war , taking care to be ci ##rc ##ums ##pe ##ct about the part played by his own forces from no . 79 wing . in july 1947 , dutch forces launched a " police action " against territory held by the fledgling indonesian republic , which had been declared shortly after the end of the war . following a ceasefire , the united nations set up a commission , chaired by eaton as consul @ - @ general , to monitor progress .
| 958 |
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eaton and his fellow commissioners believed that the ceasefire was serving the dutch as a cover for further penetration of republican enclave ##s . his requests to the australian government for military observers led to deployment of the first peacekeeping force to the region ; the australians were soon followed by british and us observers , and enabled eaton to display a more realistic impression of the situation to the outside world . the dutch administration strongly opposed the presence of un forces and accused eaton of " imp ##rop ##riety " , but the australian government refused to recall him . following the transfer of sovereignty in december 1949 , he became australia ' s first secretary and charge d ' affair ##es to the
| 470 |
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republic of the united states of indonesia . in 1950 , he returned to australia to serve with the department of external affairs in canberra . after retiring from public service in 1951 , he and his wife farm ##ed at met ##ung , victoria , and cultivated orchid ##s . they later moved to franks ##ton , where eaton was involved in promotional work . charles eaton died in franks ##ton on 12 november 1979 . survived by his wife and two sons , he was cremated . in accordance with his wishes , his ashes were scattered near ten ##nant creek , site of his 1929 forced landing during the search for the ko ##oka ##bu ##rra , from an raaf car ##ib ##ou
| 19 |
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on 15 april 1981 . his name figures prominently in the northern territory , commemorated by lake eaton in central australia , eaton place in the darwin suburb of kara ##ma , charles eaton drive on the approach to darwin international airport , and the charles moth eaton saloon bar in the ten ##nant creek gold ##fields hotel . he is also honoured with a display at the northern territory parliament , and a national trust memorial at ten ##nant creek airport . at the raaf ' s 2003 history conference , air commodore mark lax , recalling eaton ' s search @ - @ and @ - @ rescue missions between the wars , commented : " today , we might think of eaton perhaps
| 592 |
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as the pioneer of our contribution to assistance to the civil community — a tradition that continues today . perhaps i might jo ##g your memory to a more recent series of rescues no less hazardous for all concerned — the amazing location of missing yacht ##sm ##en thierry dubois , isabelle au ##tis ##sier and tony bull ##imo ##re by our p @ - @ 3 ##s that guided the navy to their eventual rescue . my observation is that such activities remain vital for our relevance in that we must remain connected , supportive and responsive to the wants and needs of the australian community . " elizabeth st ##ama ##tina " tina " fey ( / fe ##ɪ / ; born may 18
| 180 |
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, 1970 ) is an american actress , comedian , writer , and producer . she is best known for her work on the nbc sketch comedy series saturday night live ( 1998 @ - @ 2006 ) , for her impression of former alaska governor and 2008 vice @ - @ presidential candidate sarah pali ##n , and for creating acclaimed series 30 rock ( 2006 – 2013 ) and un ##break ##able kim ##my schmidt ( 2015 – present ) . she is also well known for appearing in films such as mean girls ( 2004 ) , baby mama ( 2008 ) , date night ( 2010 ) , mu ##ppet ##s most wanted ( 2014 ) , and sisters ( 2015 )
| 740 |
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. fey broke into comedy as a featured player in the chicago @ - @ based improvisation ##al comedy group the second city . she then joined s ##nl as a writer , later becoming head writer and a performer , known for her position as co @ - @ anchor in the weekend update segment . in 2004 , she co @ - @ starred in and wrote the screenplay for mean girls , which was adapted from the 2002 self @ - @ help book queen bees and wanna ##bes . after leaving s ##nl in 2006 , she created the television series 30 rock for broadway video , a situation comedy loosely based on her experiences at s ##nl . in the series
| 845 |
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, fey portrays the head writer of a fictional sketch comedy series . in 2008 , she starred in the comedy film baby mama , alongside former s ##nl co @ - @ star amy poe ##hler . fey next appeared in the 2010 comedy film date night and the animated film mega ##mind . in 2015 , she created and produced the television series un ##break ##able kim ##my schmidt , originally for nbc and eventually for netflix . her recent films include sisters and whiskey tango fox ##tro ##t . fey has received eight emmy awards , two golden globe awards , five screen actors guild awards , and four writers guild of america awards and was nominated for a grammy award for her
| 867 |
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autobiographical book boss ##yp ##ants , which topped the new york times best seller list for five weeks . in 2008 , the associated press gave fey the ap entertainer of the year award for her satirical portrayal of republican vice presidential candidate sarah pali ##n in a guest appearance on s ##nl . in 2010 , fey was awarded the mark twain prize for american humor , becoming the youngest @ - @ ever recipient of the award . on january 13 , 2013 , fey hosted the 70th golden globe awards with her long @ - @ time friend and fellow comedian , amy poe ##hler , to critical acclaim . the duo hosted again the following two years , generating the highest ratings
| 713 |
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for the annual ceremony in a decade and receiving similar acclaim . fey was born on may 18 , 1970 , in upper darby , pennsylvania , a suburb of philadelphia . her mother , zen ##ob ##ia " jeanne " ( nee x ##ena ##kes ) , is a broker ##age employee ; her father , donald henry fey ( died 2015 , age 82 ) , was a university grant proposal writer . she has a brother , peter , who is eight years older . fey ' s mother , who was born in pi ##rae ##us , greece , is the daughter of greek immigrants : va ##sil ##iki ko ##ure ##lak ##ou , fey ' s maternal grandmother , left pet
| 63 |
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##rina , lac ##onia , greece on her own , arriving in the united states in february 1921 . fey ' s father had english , german , and northern irish ancestry ; one of fey ' s paternal great @ - @ great @ - @ great @ - @ great @ - @ great @ - @ grandfather ##s was john he ##ws ##on ( 1744 – 1821 ) , a textile manufacturer who immigrated to america with the support of benjamin franklin , enabling he ##ws ##on to quickly open a quilt ##ing factory in the kensington neighborhood of philadelphia , pennsylvania . according to a genealogical dna test arranged by the television series finding your roots , fey ' s ancestry is
| 77 |
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94 % european , 3 % middle eastern , and 3 % from the caucasus . fey was exposed to comedy early : at age 11 , fey read joe franklin ' s seventy years of great film comedians for a school project about comedy . she grew up watching second city television , and has cited catherine o ' hara as a role model . fey attended card ##ington @ - @ stone ##hurst elementary school and beverly hills middle school in upper darby . by middle school , she knew she was interested in comedy . fey attended upper darby high school , where she was an honors student , a member of the choir , drama club , and tennis team , and
| 740 |
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co @ - @ editor of the school ' s newspaper , the ac ##orn . she also anonymous ##ly wrote the newspaper ' s satirical column , the colonel . following her graduation in 1988 , fey enrolled at the university of virginia , where she studied play @ - @ writing and acting and was awarded the pet ##t ##way prize . she graduated in 1992 with a bachelor of arts degree in drama . after college , she worked as a receptionist during the day at the evans ##ton ymca and took classes at second city at night . = = = saturday night live ( 1997 – 2006 ) = = = while performing shows with the second city in 1997 ,
| 734 |
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fey submitted several scripts to nbc ' s variety show saturday night live ( s ##nl ) , at the request of its head writer adam mckay , a former performer at second city . she was hired as a writer for s ##nl following a meeting with s ##nl creator lo ##rne michaels , and moved to new york from chicago . fey told the new yorker , " i ' d had my eye on the show forever , the way other kids have their eye on derek jet ##er . " originally , fey " struggled " at s ##nl . her first sketch to air starred chris far ##ley in a sally jess ##y raphael satire . fey went on to write
| 714 |
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a series of par ##odies , including one of abc ' s morning talk show the view . she co @ - @ wrote the " sul ##ly and denise " sketches with rachel dr ##at ##ch , who plays one of the teens . fey was an extra in a 1998 episode , and after watching herself , decided to diet and lost 30 pounds . she told the new york times , " i was a completely normal weight , but i was here in new york city , i had money and i couldn ' t buy any clothes . after i lost weight , there was interest in putting me on camera . " in 1999 , mckay stepped down as head
| 737 |
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writer , which led michaels to approach fey for the position . she became s ##nl ' s first female head writer that year . in 2000 , fey began performing in sketches , and she and jimmy fallon became co @ - @ anchors of s ##nl ' s weekend update segment . fey said she did not ask to audition , but that michaels approached her . michaels explained that there was chemistry between fey and fallon , though the decision was " kind of risky " at the time . her role in weekend update was well received by critics . ken tucker of entertainment weekly wrote : " . . . fey delivers such blow darts – poison filled jokes written in
| 678 |
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long , precisely par ##sed sentences unprecedented in update history – with such a bright , sunny count ##ena ##nce makes her all the more devil ##ishly delightful . " dennis miller , a former cast member of s ##nl and anchor of weekend update , was pleased with fey as one of the anchors for the segment : " . . . fey might be the best weekend update anchor who ever did it . she writes the fun ##nies ##t jokes " . robert bi ##an ##co of usa today , however , commented that he was " not en ##amo ##red " of the pairing . in 2001 , fey and the rest of the writing staff won a writers guild of america
| 724 |
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award for s ##nl ' s 25th anniversary special . the following year at the 2002 emmy awards ceremony , they won the emmy for outstanding writing for a variety , music or comedy program . when fallon left the show in may 2004 , he was replaced on weekend update by amy poe ##hler . it was the first time that two women co @ - @ anchored weekend update . fey revealed that she " hired " poe ##hler as her co @ - @ host for the segment . the reception was positive , with rachel sk ##lar of the chicago tribune noting that the pairing " has been a hilarious , pitch @ - @ perfect success as they play @ -
| 740 |
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@ off each other with quick one @ - @ liner ##s and dead ##pan delivery " . the 2005 – 2006 season was her last ; she departed to develop 30 rock for broadway video . at the time she left , the 117 episodes she co @ - @ hosted made her s ##nl ' s longest @ - @ serving weekend update anchor , a mark that would later be passed by her replacement , seth meyer ##s . in rolling stone magazine ' s february , 2015 app ##rai ##sal of all 141 s ##nl cast members to date , fey was ranked third in importance ( behind john bel ##ush ##i and eddie murphy ) . they credited her with "
| 878 |
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sal ##va ##ging ' update ' from a decade @ - @ long losing streak , " and " slapping s ##nl out of its late @ - @ nine ##ties coma . " in 2002 , fey suggested a pilot episode for a situation comedy about a cable news network to nbc , which rejected it . the pilot was reworked to rev ##ol ##ve around an s ##nl style series , and was accepted by nbc . she signed a contract with nbc in may 2003 , which allowed her to remain in her s ##nl head writer position at least through the 2004 – 2005 television season . as part of the contract , fey was to develop a prime @ - @
| 864 |
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time project to be produced by broadway video and nbc universal . the pilot , directed by adam bernstein , centered on liz lemon , the head writer of a variety show on nbc , and how she managed her relationships with the show ' s volatile stars and the new head of the network . in october 2006 , the pilot aired on nbc as 30 rock . although the episode received generally favorable reviews , it finished third in its times ##lot . the network renewed the series for a second season , which began in october 2007 . the show ' s third season premiered on october 30 , 2008 . the premiere episode drew 8 @ . @ 5 million viewers ,
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the highest ratings of the series . in 2007 , fey received an emmy award nomination for outstanding actress in a comedy series . the show itself won the 2007 emmy for outstanding comedy series ( and did so again for two subsequent years ) . in 2008 , she won the golden globe , screen actors guild , and emmy awards all in the category for best actress in a comedy series . the following year , fey again won the golden globe and screen actors guild award in the same categories , and was nominated for an emmy award . in early 2010 , fey received a golden globe nomination for best actress , and won the screen actors guild award for best lead
| 867 |
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actress . 30 rock was renewed for the 2010 – 2011 season in march 2010 . the series returned for the 2011 – 2012 season , though due to fey ' s pregnancy with her second child , the season premiere was delayed until mid ##sea ##son . fey ' s performance on the show was inspired by julia louis @ - @ dr ##ey ##fus , and later used louis @ - @ dr ##ey ##fus to play the stand @ - @ in for the character of liz lemon in flashback scenes during the live episode of the fifth season . on may 11 , 2012 , it was announced that the show had been renewed for a seventh and final season , to
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premiere october 4 , 2012 , with 13 episodes . after receiving 13 emmy award nominations and two wins for this final season , 30 rock ended its critically acclaimed run with 112 emmy award nominations . it has been cited as one of the greatest tv series of all time and it is considered to have one of the greatest finale ##s in television history . = = = un ##break ##able kim ##my schmidt = = = in 2015 , fey created and produced the television comedy un ##break ##able kim ##my schmidt with fellow 30 rock @ - @ alumnus robert carlo ##ck . the series stars ellie kemp ##er as the titular character who escapes from a doom ##sd ##ay cult and
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moves to new york . it also stars fey ' s former co @ - @ star jane krakow ##ski , as well as titus ##s burgess ( who had previously appeared in four 30 rock episodes ) and carol kane . although it was originally produced for nbc , it was eventually sold to netflix and immediately renewed for a second season . the show premiered on march 6 , 2015 to critical acclaim . on july 16 , 2015 , the series was nominated for seven primetime emmy awards , including outstanding comedy series . fey herself was nominated both as the creator / executive producer of the series and for outstanding guest actress in a comedy series for her guest performance as marcia
| 885 |
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, a bum ##bling prosecutor in reference to marcia clark . in 2002 , fey appeared in the surreal comedy martin & or ##lo ##ff . she made her debut as writer and co @ - @ star of the 2004 teen comedy mean girls . characters and behaviors in the movie are based on fey ' s high school life at upper darby high school and on the non @ - @ fiction book queen bees and wanna ##bes by rosa ##lind wise ##man . the cast includes other past cast members of s ##nl including tim meadows , ana gas ##te ##yer , and amy poe ##hler . the film received favorable reviews , and was a box office success , grossing us $
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129 million worldwide . in a 2004 interview , fey expressed that she would like to write and direct movies . in 2006 , fey worked on a movie script for paramount pictures , which was to feature sac ##ha baron cohen , by the name of curly oxide and vic thrill , based loosely on the true story of a has ##idi ##c rock musician . in 2007 , she was cast in the animated comedy film aqua teen hunger force colon movie film for theaters as the aqua teens ' mother , a giant burr ##ito . she received her sa ##g card after appearing in art ##ie lange ' s beer league released in 2006 , in which she was compelled to join
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for " . . . a thousand dollars " . fey and former s ##nl cast ##mate amy poe ##hler starred in the 2008 comedy baby mama . the movie was written and directed by michael mcc ##ull ##ers . the plot concerns kate ( fey ) , a business woman , who wants a child but , discovering she has only a million @ - @ to @ - @ one chance of getting pregnant , decides to find a sur ##rogate : angie ( poe ##hler ) , a white @ - @ trash scheme ##r . baby mama received mixed reviews , but critics enjoyed fey ' s performance . todd mccarthy of variety wrote : " fey is a delight to watch
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throughout . able to convey kate ' s intentions and feelings through the simple looks and in ##fle ##ctions , she never mel ##od ##rama ##ti ##zes her situation ; nor does her efficient , perfection ##ist side become over ##be ##aring . " the movie grossed over us $ 64 million at the box office . fey ' s projects after 2008 include a voice role in the english @ - @ language version of the japanese animated film pony ##o . in 2009 , she appeared in the invention of lying , alongside ricky ge ##rva ##is , jennifer garner , rob lowe , and christopher guest . her next film role was in shawn levy ' s 2010 comedy date night , a
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feature that focuses on a married couple , played by fey and steve care ##ll , who go on a date ; however , the night goes aw ##ry for the two . also in the same year , she voiced ro ##xa ##nne ritchie , a television reporter , in the dream ##works animated film mega ##mind ( 2010 ) . with a total worldwide gross of us $ 321 million , mega ##mind is fey ' s most commercially successful picture to date . it earned us $ 173 million outside the u . s . and us $ 148 million domestically . in 2013 , fey starred alongside paul rudd in the romantic comedy @ - @ drama film admission , based on
| 740 |
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the jean han ##ff ko ##rel ##itz novel by the same name . the film was directed by paul wei ##tz . fey later starred in the 2014 comedy @ - @ drama this is where i leave you , helm ##ed by date night director shawn levy . as was the case with baby mama , although both of these films received generally mixed reviews , fey ' s performances were well received by film critics . in 2015 , it was announced fey would be the narrator for the disney nature film monkey kingdom , which was released in theaters on april 17 , 2015 . she then re @ - @ teamed with poe ##hler , starring in the 2015 comedy film sisters
| 845 |
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as the title characters , and received positive reviews for her role . in 2016 , fey starred in the biographical war comedy @ - @ drama whiskey tango fox ##tro ##t , based on the memoir the taliban shuffle : strange days in afghanistan and pakistan , to positive reviews . = = = subsequent s ##nl appearances = = = on february 23 , 2008 , fey hosted the first episode of s ##nl after the 2007 – 2008 writers guild of america strike . for this appearance , she was nominated for an emmy in the category of individual performance in a variety or music program . fey hosted s ##nl for a second time on april 10 , 2010 , and for
| 864 |
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her appearance she received an emmy nomination for outstanding guest actress in a comedy series . from september to november 2008 , fey made multiple guest appearances on s ##nl to perform a series of par ##odies of republican vice @ - @ presidential candidate sarah pali ##n . on the 34th season premiere episode , aired september 13 , 2008 , fey im ##itated pali ##n in a sketch , alongside amy poe ##hler as hillary clinton . their rep ##arte ##e included clinton need ##ling pali ##n about her " tina fey glasses " . the sketch quickly became nbc ' s most @ - @ watched viral video ever , with 5 @ . @ 7 million views by the following wednesday .
| 865 |
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] | 653 |
fey reprised this role on the october 4 show , on the october 18 show where she was joined by the real sarah pali ##n , and on the november 1 show , where she was joined by john mccain and his wife cindy . the october 18 show had the best ratings of any s ##nl show since 1994 . the following year fey won an emmy in the category of outstanding guest actress in a comedy series for her imp ##erson ##ation of pali ##n . fey returned to s ##nl in april 2010 , and reprised her impression of pali ##n in one sketch titled the " sarah pali ##n network " . fey once again did her impression of pali ##n when
| 740 |
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she hosted saturday night live on may 8 , 2011 . in december 2009 , entertainment weekly put her pali ##n imp ##erson ##ation on its end @ - @ of @ - @ the @ - @ decade " best @ - @ of " list , writing , " fey ' s freak ##ishly spot @ - @ on s ##nl imp ##erson ##ation of the wanna ##be vp ( and her ability to strike a balance between comedy and cruelty ) made for truly trans ##cend ##ent television . " rolling stone called her pali ##n impression " [ arguably ] the most brilliant move s ##nl ever made " . in 1997 , fey and other members of the second city provided
| 740 |
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] | 655 |
voices for the pin ##ball game medieval madness . in 2000 , fey partnered with fellow s ##nl cast member rachel dr ##at ##ch in the off broadway two @ - @ woman show dr ##at ##ch & fey at the upright citizens brigade theater in new york city . the production was well received by critics . tim townsend of the wall street journal wrote that the fun part of watching fey and dr ##at ##ch perform was " seeing how comfortable they are with each other " . he concluded that the production " isn ' t about two women being funny . . . dr ##at ##ch and fey are just funny . period . " one of the s ##nl sketches ,
| 723 |
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] | 656 |
" sul ##ly and denise " , originated at the second city . on august 13 , 2007 , fey made a guest appearance in the sesame street episode " the book ##ane ##ers " . she appeared as a guest judge on the november 25 , 2007 episode of the food network program iron chef america . fey has appeared as tin ##ker bell in disney ' s campaign " year of a million dreams " . she has also done commercials for american express and ga ##rnier nut ##ris ##se . on april 5 , 2011 , fey ' s autobiography , boss ##yp ##ants , was released to a positive review from the new york times . in 2011 , fey narrated the
| 713 |
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] | 657 |
secret life of girls , a two @ - @ hour @ - @ long radio documentary produced by the kitchen sisters . she introduced stories of women and girls from around the world , and also shared memories of her own girl ##hood and mother . in 2012 , fey made her rap ##ping debut on the childish ga ##mb ##ino ( donald glover ) mixtape royalty . glover is a former writer on 30 rock , on which he worked with fey . fey was also featured as herself in the ic ##ar ##ly episode " is ##ho ##ck america " . = = comedic and acting style = = fey is known for her dead ##pan humor and delivery ; her " sar
| 721 |
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] | 658 |
##don ##ic wit " has become a trademark of hers , upon which several critics have commented in their reviews of fey ' s work . according to los angeles times critic mary mcnamara , fey " project [ s ] both oblivious security and hyper @ - @ alert ins ##ec ##urity with the same expression " in her performances , while the chronicle ' s dillon fernando wrote that the actress specializes in " del ##ect ##able , situation ##al and ironic comedy " . on fey ' s comedic prowess , saturday night live creator lo ##rne michaels en ##thus ##ed that his former employee " has a very clear take on things . . . it always comes from a place of
| 740 |
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intelligence and there is just an edge to it . " michaels concluded , " it ' s not fearful . it ' s strong and confident and you recognise the voice and most of the time you agree with it . " writing for the guardian , christopher goodwin believes that fey " fashioned her comic persona around her glasses " , which she has worn since 1995 ; fey joked that " glasses make anyone look smarter " . seldom he ##sit ##ating to use herself as the butt of her own jokes , fey is also well known for practicing self @ - @ de ##pre ##cating humor , as demonstrated throughout her performance as liz lemon in 30 rock . in an
| 723 |
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article ranking fey ' s six greatest jokes , david ren ##shaw of the guardian wrote that the performer ' s work continues to feature her " trademark mix of s ##nar ##k , self @ - @ de ##pre ##cation and pop @ - @ culture smart ##s . " fey ' s self @ - @ de ##pre ##cating comedic style inspired ashley fe ##tters of the atlantic to recognize her as comedian phyllis dil ##ler ' s successor because of their similar humor . critics have been divided in their opinions and discussions of fey ' s use of self @ - @ de ##pre ##cating humor , and its effect on women as a female comic ; while blogger kate harding di
| 723 |
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##sa ##pp ##roved of fey ' s performance in 30 rock because " i ' m torn between being sad that she apparently doesn ' t see [ beauty ] in herself and being pissed off that she ' s rein ##for ##cing the idea that having brown hair , glasses , and a figure that ' s maybe a size 2 instead of a 0 actually equals ugly " , jessica g . of je ##ze ##bel defended the actress , writing that fey ' s performance is " supposed to be parody ##ing precisely the kinds of media that reinforce ideas that unconventional women are un ##worthy . " writing that harding misunderstood fey ' s intentions , the author concluded that her self
| 732 |
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@ - @ de ##pre ##cation " is precisely what makes her re ##lat ##able " , el ##ab ##ora ##ting that " [ women ] have many moments of self @ - @ doubt , and seeing someone as successful as tina fey be self @ - @ de ##pre ##cating gives us all permission to be imperfect . " sophie cal ##de ##cott of ve ##rily defended fey ' s modest ##y and tendency to down ##play her own physical appearance : " she mock ##s her own appearance , sure , but she does so in a way that consistently shows up our culture for placing so much importance on how women look , as if that ’ s the most interesting thing
| 720 |
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about us . . . her comic persona on 30 rock , liz lemon , can be laughed at for many things , but her career managerial style and ability is not one of them . " cal ##de ##cott concluded , " in reality , self @ - @ de ##pre ##cation is an art that comedians everywhere da ##bble in . . . in fact , i def ##y you to find a good male comedian who isn ’ t a master of self @ - @ de ##pre ##cation . comedians make fun of themselves for many reasons , mostly because it is the most readily accessible source of inspiration but also because it is the most generous one . " observing that
| 710 |
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] | 664 |
fey ' s material lacks " w ##hini ##ng " , gina barre ##ca of the hartford co ##ura ##nt wrote that fey ' s comedy " is not simply an iteration of self @ - @ de ##pre ##cating fe ##mini ##nity passing itself off as humor . in itself , this dem ##ar ##cate ##s the current generation of female humor ##ists from earlier generations of performers who were told , more or less , to use themselves not as a sounding board for ideas but as a punching bag for insults . " as an actress , fey has developed a reputation for portraying " the hilarious , self @ - @ de ##pre ##cating unmarried career woman " in most of her
| 740 |
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] | 665 |
films to @ - @ date . the boston globe ' s janice paige defended her limited film ##ography by writing that , unlike most film actors , fey remains " realistic about her range as a leading lady and says she ’ s been deliberate about only taking on parts for which she actually seems suited . " fey explained that she approaches each role asking herself , " would i be plausible in this role , in this job ? " however , her role as kate ellis in 2015 ' s sisters provided fey with an opportunity to stray from playing the type @ - @ a female characters for which she has become known . the new york times film critic a
| 703 |
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] | 666 |
. o . scott wrote , " we ’ re used to seeing ms . fey . . . as an anxious over ##thi ##nk ##er using her ca ##ust ##ic sarcasm as a weapon against both her own ins ##ec ##urities and the fl ##akes and train wreck ##s who surround her . this time , she gets to be the train wreck . " in 30 rock , fey ' s comedic acting was heavily influenced by both physical and improvisation ##al comedy while , as a writer , her " carefully written scripts " were often qui ##rky and character @ - @ driven . in 2002 , fey was ranked in the hot 100 list at number 80 on maxim magazine ,
| 740 |
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which used photos taken earlier by rolling stone calling her " the thinking man ' s sex symbol " . she was named one of people magazine ' s 50 most beautiful people in 2003 , and one of people magazine ' s 100 most beautiful people in 2007 , 2008 , and 2009 . in 2007 , fey placed seventh on the hot 100 list on after ##elle ##n . com . she repeated the appearance the following year , being voted as number one on the list . in 2001 , entertainment weekly named fey as one of their entertainer ##s of the year for her work on weekend update . in 2007 , she was named one of the magazine ' s entertainer
| 757 |
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##s of the year , and placed number two in 2008 . in 2009 , fey was named as entertainment weekly ' s fifth individual in their 15 entertainer ##s of the 2000s list . in 2013 , entertainment weekly crowned fey as " the once and future queen " ( an all ##usion to the once and future king ) in their feature on " women who run tv , " calling her " the fun ##nies ##t woman in the free world . " e ##w quoted mind ##y kali ##ng as saying , " i always feel uno ##ri ##ginal bringing up tina as my inspiration , but she ' s everyone ' s inspiration for a reason . " the column also
| 743 |
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quoted praise by zoo ##ey des ##chan ##el and lena dun ##ham . the newspaper editors and broadcast producers of the associated press voted fey the ap entertainer of the year as the performer who had the greatest impact on culture and entertainment in 2008 , citing her impression of sarah pali ##n on s ##nl . she has appeared on forbes ' annual celebrity 100 list of the 100 most powerful celebrities in 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , and 2012 at no . 99 , no . 86 , no . 90 , no . 92 , and no . 79 respectively . in 2007 , the new york post included fey in new york ' s 50 most powerful women ,
| 678 |
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ranking her at number 33 . fey was among the time 100 , a list of the 100 most influential people in the world , in 2007 and 2009 , as selected annually by time magazine . fey ' s featured article for the 2009 list was written by 30 rock co @ - @ star , alec baldwin . she was selected by barbara walters as one of america ' s 10 most fascinating people of 2008 . in september 2011 , fey was ranked at the top of forbes magazine ' s list of the highest @ - @ paid tv actresses . in june 2010 , it was announced fey would receive a star on the hollywood walk of fame in 2011 .
| 742 |
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in 2014 , fey was recognized by elle magazine during the women in hollywood awards , honoring women for their outstanding achievements in film , spanning all aspects of the motion picture industry , including acting , directing , and producing . = = charity work = = fey ' s charity work includes support of autism speaks , an organization that sponsors autism research . in april 2008 , she participated in night of too many stars , a comedy benefit show for autism education . fey is also a supporter of mercy corps , a global relief and development organization , in their campaign to end world hunger . fey narrated a video for mercy corps ' s action center in new york city
| 681 |
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, describing hunger as a sy ##mpt ##om of many wider world problems . she also supports the love our children usa organization , which fights violence against children , who named her among their mothers who make a difference , in 2009 . she was the 2009 national spokesperson for the light the night walk , which benefits the leukemia & l ##ym ##ph ##oma society . = = personal life = = in 1994 , two years after fey joined chicago ' s second city improvisation ##al theatre troupe , she began dating jeff richmond , a piano player who later became second city ' s musical director and then a composer on 30 rock . they married in a greek orthodox ceremony on
| 848 |
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june 3 , 2001 . they have two daughters : alice zen ##ob ##ia richmond ( born september 10 , 2005 ) and penelope athena richmond ( born august 10 , 2011 ) . in april 2009 , fey and richmond purchased a us $ 3 @ . @ 4 million apartment on the upper west side in new york city . fey has a scar a few inches long on the left side of her chin and cheek , the cause of which remained une ##x ##pl ##aine ##d to the public until a 2008 vanity fair profile by maureen dow ##d , and subsequently in her autobiographical book , where she revealed that " during the spring semester of kindergarten , i was slashed
| 138 |
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in the face by a stranger in the alley behind my house " . = = film ##ography = = = = awards and nominations = = wasp @ - @ 44 is a g @ - @ type star in constellation ce ##tus that has the jupiter @ - @ size planet wasp @ - @ 44 ##b in orbit . the star is slightly less massive and slightly smaller than the sun ; it is also slightly cooler , but is more metal @ - @ rich . the star was observed by super ##was ##p , an organization in search of planets , starting in 2009 ; manual follow @ - @ up observations used wasp @ - @ 44 ' s spectrum
| 539 |
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and measurements of its radial velocity led to the discovery of the transit ##ing planet wasp @ - @ 44 ##b . the planet and its star were presented along with wasp @ - @ 45 ##b and wasp @ - @ 46 ##b on may 17 , 2011 by a team of scientists testing the idea that hot jupiter ##s tend to have circular orbits , an assumption that is made when the orbital eccentric ##ity of such planets are not well @ - @ constrained . = = observation ##al history = = wasp @ - @ 44 was observed between july and november 2009 by the wasp @ - @ south , a station of the super ##was ##p planet @ - @
| 539 |
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searching program based at the south african astronomical observatory . observations of the star revealed a periodic decrease in its brightness . wasp @ - @ south , along with the super ##was ##p @ - @ north station at the ro ##que de los much ##ach ##os observatory on the canary islands , collected 15 @ , @ 75 ##5 photo ##metric observations , allowing scientists to produce a more accurate light curve . another set of observations yielded a 6 @ , @ 000 point photo ##metric data set , but the light curve was prepared late and was not considered in the discovery paper . in 2010 , a european science team investigated the star using the coral ##ie spec ##tro ##graph and
| 517 |
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collected seventeen spectra of wasp @ - @ 44 . from the spectra , radial velocity measurements were extra ##pol ##ated . analysis of collected coral ##ie data ruled out the possibility that the detected radial velocity was caused by the blended spectrum of a spec ##tro ##scopic binary star , supporting the possibility that the body orbiting wasp @ - @ 44 was indeed a planet , designated wasp @ - @ 44 ##b . the leon ##hard eu ##ler telescope at la si ##lla observatory in chile was used to follow up on the discovery circling wasp @ - @ 44 , searching for a point at which the planet transit ##ed , or crossed in front of , its host star . one
| 539 |
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transit was detected . wasp @ - @ 44 , its recently discovered planet , the planets orbiting wasp @ - @ 45 and wasp @ - @ 46 , and a discussion exploring the validity of the common assumption amongst scientists that closely orbiting hot jupiter planets have highly circular orbits unless proven otherwise , were reported in a single discovery paper that was published on may 17 , 2011 by the royal astronomical society . the paper was submitted to the monthly notices of the royal astronomical society on may 16 , 2011 . = = characteristics = = wasp @ - @ 44 is a g @ - @ type star ( the same class of star as the sun ) that is
| 539 |
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] | 679 |
located in the ce ##tus constellation . wasp @ - @ 44 has a mass that is 0 @ . @ 95 ##1 times that of the sun . in terms of size , wasp @ - @ 44 has a radius that is 0 @ . @ 92 ##7 times that of the sun . wasp @ - @ 44 has an effective temperature of 54 ##10 k , cooler than the sun . however , the star is metal @ - @ rich with relation to the sun . its measured metallic ##ity is [ fe / h ] = 0 @ . @ 06 , or 1 @ . @ 148 times that the amount of iron found in the sun . wasp
| 511 |
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"2",
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] | 680 |
@ - @ 44 ' s ch ##rom ##osphere ( outer ##most layer ) is not active . the star also does not rotate at a high velocity . the star has an apparent magnitude of 12 @ . @ 9 . it cannot be seen from earth with the naked eye . = = planetary system = = there is one known planet in the orbit of wasp @ - @ 44 : wasp @ - @ 44 ##b . the planet is a hot jupiter with a mass of 0 @ . @ 88 ##9 jupiter ##s . its radius is 1 @ . @ 14 times that of jupiter . wasp @ - @ 44 ##b orbits its host star every 2 @
| 539 |
[
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"(",
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"\""
] | 681 |
. @ 42 ##38 ##0 ##39 days at a distance 0 @ . @ 03 ##47 ##3 au , approximately 3 @ . @ 47 % the mean distance between the earth and sun . with an orbital inclination of 86 . 02 ##º , wasp @ - @ 44 ##b has an orbit that exists almost edge @ - @ on to its host star with respect to earth . wasp ##a @ - @ 44 ##b ' s orbital eccentric ##ity is fit to 0 @ . @ 03 ##6 , indicating a mostly circular orbit . = elephant ##a caves = elephant ##a caves are a network of sculpted caves located on elephant ##a island , or g ##hara ##puri ( literally "
| 536 |
[
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] | 682 |
the city of caves " ) in mumbai harbour , 10 kilometres ( 6 @ . @ 2 mi ) to the east of the city of mumbai in the indian state of maharashtra . the island , located on an arm of the arabian sea , consists of two groups of caves — the first is a large group of five hindu caves , the second , a smaller group of two buddhist caves . the hindu caves contain rock cut stone sculptures , representing the sha ##iva hindu sect , dedicated to the lord shiva . the rock cut architecture of the caves has been dated to between the 5th and 8th centuries , although the identity of the original builders is still a
| 371 |
[
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] | 683 |
subject of debate . the caves are he ##wn from solid basalt rock . all the caves were also originally painted in the past , but now only traces remain . the main cave ( cave 1 , or the great cave ) was a hindu place of worship until portuguese rule began in 153 ##4 , after which the caves suffered severe damage . this cave was renovated in the 1970s after years of neglect , and was designated a unesco world heritage site in 1987 to preserve the artwork . it is currently maintained by the archaeological survey of india ( as ##i ) . = = geography = = elephant ##a island , or g ##hara ##puri , is about 11 km (
| 366 |
[
"6",
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"@",
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"g",
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"can",
"be",
"reached",
"by",
"a",
"ferry",
"from",
"the",
"gateway"
] | 684 |
6 @ . @ 8 mi ) east of the apollo bun ##der ( bun ##der in marathi means a " pier for embark ##ation and di ##se ##mba ##rka ##tion of passengers and goods " ) on the mumbai harbour and 10 km ( 6 @ . @ 2 mi ) south of pi ##r pal in tr ##omba ##y . the island covers about 10 km ##2 ( 3 @ . @ 9 sq mi ) at high tide and about 16 km ##2 ( 6 @ . @ 2 sq mi ) at low tide . g ##hara ##puri is small village on the south side of the island . the elephant ##a caves can be reached by a ferry from the gateway
| 172 |
[
"of",
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",",
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"forest",
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"with",
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"mango",
",",
"tam"
] | 685 |
of india , mumbai , which has the nearest airport and train station . the cave is closed on monday . the island is 2 @ . @ 4 km ( 1 @ . @ 5 mi ) in length with two hills that rise to a height of about 150 m ( 490 ft ) . a deep ravine cuts through the heart of the island from north to south . on the west , the hill rises gently from the sea and stretches east across the ravine and rises gradually to the extreme east to a height of 173 m ( 56 ##8 ft ) . this hill is known as the stu ##pa hill . forest growth with clusters of mango , tam
| 592 |
[
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"##n",
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"few",
"rock"
] | 686 |
##ari ##nd , and kara ##n ##j trees cover the hills with scattered palm trees . rice fields are seen in the valley . the fore shore is made up of sand and mud with mangrove bushes on the fringe . landing quay ##s sit near three small hamlets known as set bun ##der in the north @ - @ west , mora bun ##der in the northeast , and g ##hara ##puri or raj bun ##der in the south . the two hills of the island , the western and the eastern , have five rock @ - @ cut caves in the western part and a brick stu ##pa on the eastern hill on its top composed of two caves with a few rock
| 211 |
[
"@",
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".",
"local",
"tradition",
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] | 687 |
@ - @ cut cis ##tern ##s . one of the caves on the eastern hill is unfinished . it is a protected island with a buffer zone according to a notification issued in 1985 , which also includes " a prohibited area " that stretches 1 kilometre ( 0 @ . @ 62 mi ) from the shoreline . since no inscriptions on any of the island have been discovered , the ancient history of the island is con ##ject ##ural , at best . panda ##vas , the heroes of the hindu epic maha ##bha ##rata , and ban ##as ##ura , the demon devote ##e of shiva , are both credited with building temples or cut caves to live . local tradition holds
| 223 |
[
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"##rika",
",",
"and",
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"as",
"the",
"capital",
"of"
] | 688 |
that the caves are not man @ - @ made . the elephant ##a caves are " of unknown date and at ##tri ##bution " . art historians have dated the caves in the range of late 5th to late 8th century ad . archaeological excavations have unearthed a few ks ##hat ##ra ##pa coins dated to 4th century ad . the known history is traced only to the defeat of ma ##ury ##an rulers of ko ##nka ##n by the bad ##ami cha ##lu ##ky ##as emperor pu ##lake ##si ii ( 60 ##9 – 64 ##2 ) in a naval battle , in 63 ##5 ad . elephant ##a was then called pu ##ri or pu ##rika , and served as the capital of
| 407 |
[
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"ko",
"##nka",
"##n",
"ma",
"##ury",
"##as",
"."
] | 689 |
the ko ##nka ##n ma ##ury ##as . some historians attribute the caves to the ko ##nka ##n ma ##ury ##as , dating them to the mid @ - @ 6th century , though others ref ##ute this claim saying a relatively small kingdom like the ko ##nka ##n ma ##ury ##as could not undertake " an almost superhuman excavation effort , " which was needed to car ##ve the rock temples from solid rock and could not have the skilled labor to produce such " high quality " sculpture . some other historians attribute the construction to the kala ##chu ##ris ( late 5th to 6th century ) , who may have had a feudal relationship with the ko ##nka ##n ma ##ury ##as .
| 33 |
[
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"the",
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] | 690 |
in an era where poly ##the ##ism was prevalent , the elephant ##a main cave de ##dicate ##s the mono ##the ##ism of the pas ##hu ##pa ##ta sha ##ivism sect , a sect to which kala ##chu ##ris as well as ko ##nka ##n ma ##ury ##as belonged . the cha ##lu ##ky ##as , who defeated the kala ##chu ##ris as well as the ko ##nka ##n ma ##ury ##as , are also believed by some to be creators of the main cave , in the mid @ - @ 7th century . the rash ##tra ##ku ##tas are the last claim ##ants to the creation of the main cave , approximate ##d to the early 7th to late 8th century . the elephant
| 209 |
[
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"153",
"##4",
".",
"by"
] | 691 |
##a shiva cave resembles in some aspects the 8th @ - @ century rash ##tra ##ku ##ta rock @ - @ temple kai ##lash at el ##lor ##a . the trim ##urt ##i of elephant ##a showing the three faces of shiva is akin to the trim ##urt ##i of bra ##hma , vishnu and ma ##hes ##h ( shiva ) , which was the royal insignia of the rash ##tra ##ku ##tas . the nat ##ara ##ja and ar ##dha ##nar ##ish ##vara sculptures are also attributed to the rash ##tra ##ku ##tas . later , elephant ##a was ruled by another cha ##lu ##ky ##an dynasty , and then by gujarat sultanate , who surrendered it to the portuguese in 153 ##4 . by
| 382 |
[
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"maha",
"##shi",
"##vr",
"##at",
"##ri"
] | 692 |
then , elephant ##a was called g ##hara ##puri , which denotes a hill settlement . the name is still used in the local marathi language . the portuguese named the island " elephant ##a island " in honour of a huge rock @ - @ cut black stone statue of an elephant that was then installed on a mound , a short distance east of g ##hara ##puri village . the elephant now sits in the ji ##ja ##mata ud ##ya ##an zoo in mumbai . portuguese rule saw a decline in the hindu population on the island and the abandonment of the shiva cave ( main cave ) as a regular hindu place of worship , though worship on maha ##shi ##vr ##at ##ri
| 259 |
[
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] | 693 |
, the festival of shiva , continued and still does . the portuguese did considerable damage to the san ##ct ##uaries . portuguese soldiers used the reliefs of shiva in the main cave for target practice , spa ##ring only the trim ##urt ##i sculpture . they also removed an inscription related to the creation of the caves . while some historians solely blame the portuguese for the destruction of the caves , others also cite water @ - @ logging and dripping rain ##water as additional damaging factors . the portuguese left in 1661 as per the marriage treaty of charles ii of england and catherine of bra ##gan ##za , daughter of king john iv of portugal . this marriage shifted possession of the
| 418 |
[
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"basalt",
"rock",
"."
] | 694 |
islands to the british empire , as part of catherine ' s dowry to charles . though the main cave was restored in the 1970s , other caves , including three consisting of important sculptures , are still badly damaged . the caves were designated a unesco world heritage site in 1987 as per the cultural criteria of unesco : the caves " represent a masterpiece of human creative genius " and " bear a unique or at least exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition or to a civil ##isation which is living or which has disappeared " . the island has two groups of caves in the rock @ - @ cut architectural style . the caves are he ##wn from solid basalt rock .
| 367 |
[
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"39",
"metres"
] | 695 |
all caves were painted in the past , but only traces remain . the larger group of caves , which consists of five caves on the western hill of the island , is well known for its hindu sculptures . the primary cave , numbered as cave 1 , is about 1 @ . @ 5 km ( 0 @ . @ 93 mi ) up a hillside , facing the ocean . it is a rock @ - @ cut temple complex that covers an area of 5 @ , @ 600 m2 ( 60 @ , @ 000 sq ft ) , and consists of a main chamber , two lateral chambers , courtyard ##s , and subsidiary shrines . it is 39 metres
| 382 |
[
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] | 696 |
( 128 ft ) deep from the front entrance to the back . the temple complex is the ab ##ode of shiva , depicted in widely celebrated carvings which reveal his several forms and acts . on the eastern part of the island , on the stu ##pa hill , there is a small group of caves that house buddhist monuments . this hill is named after the religious stu ##pa monument that they display . one of the two caves is incomplete , while the other contains a stu ##pa made in brick . the main cave , also called the shiva cave , cave 1 , or the great cave , is 27 metres ( 89 ft ) square in plan with a hall
| 382 |
[
"(",
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"yo",
"##gis",
"##h",
"##vara",
"(",
"the",
"lord",
"of",
"yoga"
] | 697 |
( man ##da ##pa ) . at the entrance are four doors , with three open portico ##es and an aisle at the back . pillars , six in each row , divide the hall into a series of smaller chambers . the roof of the hall has concealed beams supported by stone columns joined together by capitals . the cave entrance is aligned with the north – south axis , unusual for a shiva shrine ( normally east – west ) . the northern entrance to the cave , which has 1 @ , @ 000 steep steps , is flanked by two panels of shiva dated to the gupta period . the left panel depicts yo ##gis ##h ##vara ( the lord of yoga
| 368 |
[
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"-",
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",",
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"@"
] | 698 |
) and the right shows nat ##ara ##ja ( shiva as the lord of dance ) . the central shiva shrine ( see 16 in plan below ) is a free @ - @ standing square cell with four entrances , located in the right section of the main hall . smaller shrines are located at the east and west ends of the caves . the eastern sanctuary serves as a ceremonial entrance . each wall has large carvings of shiva , each more than 5 metres ( 16 ft ) in height . the central shiva relief trim ##urt ##i is located on the south wall and is flanked by ar ##dha ##nar ##is ##vara ( a half @ - @ man , half @
| 366 |
[
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",",
"shiva",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"par",
"##vati",
"on",
"mount",
"kai",
"##lash",
"(",
"the",
"ab",
"##ode",
"of",
"shiva",
")",
",",
"and"
] | 699 |
- @ woman representation of shiva ) on its left and ganga ##dhar ##a to its right , which denotes the river gang ##es ' descent from shiva ' s matt ##ed locks . other carvings related to the legend of shiva are also seen in the main hall at strategic locations in exclusive cubic ##les ; these include ka ##ly ##ana ##sund ##ara ##mur ##ti , depicting shiva ' s marriage to the goddess par ##vati , and ##hak ##as ##ura ##va ##dam ##urt ##i or and ##hak ##as ##uram ##ard ##ana , the sl ##ay ##ing of the demon and ##hak ##a by shiva , shiva @ - @ par ##vati on mount kai ##lash ( the ab ##ode of shiva ) , and
| 223 |
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