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] | 894,300 |
, adult premise . the nintendo game ##cu ##be had been an early choice for hosting the game before the ps ##p was chosen . vicious cycle went back to the drawing board and produced a new concept that they felt was darker and better suited to an older audience . the " head @ - @ switching " game mechanic had been praised by the potential publishers and was kept , but this time the cartoon ##ish , child ##like geo was replaced by an angry , ve ##nge ##ful private detective named fred ne ##uman . the world of prime was replaced with the bleak , film noir @ - @ esq ##ue city of hope falls , where fred would seek revenge against
| 709 |
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] | 894,301 |
those who had wrong ##ed him . vicious cycle presented the new project to sony , who promptly approved the game for the ps ##p , despite it not having secured a publisher . shortly afterwards , the project was picked up by d ##3 ##pu ##bl ##ish ##er . vicious cycle then submitted the concept to art company massive black studios to develop initial character sketches . massive black ' s artists were allowed to use their imagination while developing fred , but the one st ##ip ##ulation vicious cycle made from the beginning was fred ' s head — the developers wanted it to be a liquid @ - @ filled jar with the detective ' s brain and eyes floating around inside .
| 699 |
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] | 894,302 |
massive black came up with several different versions of fred , including some with guns , which lead designer adam co ##gan had already decided the game would not include . after receiving the sketches , vicious cycle chose several that portrayed fred with a squat , child ##like appearance that retained some of the youthful focus of the scrapped geo project . the publisher , d ##3 , decided to present all of the concept art to a test group . to the developers ' surprise , the test group was much more interested in a darker , more intimidating portrayal of fred than the cartoon ##ish , playful look they had chosen . the developers decided to flesh out the concept and took the
| 720 |
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] | 894,303 |
chosen sketches back to massive black . this time the art came back darker , with similarities to dirty harry and the matrix and the evil dead , and a norman rockwell @ - @ inspired look that would influence the game ' s art style towards a more violent theme . = = = further testing = = = d ##3 provided the development team with more focus groups , and as a result , the game slowly incorporated more combat and less platform ##ing and puzzles . fred ' s combat capabilities were rev ##amp ##ed to give him more attacks , counterattack ##s and combinations . d ##3 also gave vicious cycle more time to develop the game , with the hope of
| 671 |
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receiving better reviews and potentially turning dead head fred into a franchise . the delay pushed back the game ' s release from january to august 2007 . d ##3 ##pu ##bl ##ish ##er bought vicious cycle two months before the game ' s release , but the company ' s headquarters remained in north carolina and the staff was retained . the music of dead head fred was composed by rod abe ##rnet ##hy and jason graves and recorded at abe ##rnet ##hy ' s studio , red ##note audio . abe ##rnet ##hy and graves had worked on previous games by vicious cycle , like curious george . the composers were interested in developing a sound for dead head fred that was retro @
| 55 |
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- @ futuristic , and borrowed from other death @ - @ themed pieces like stu ##bbs the zombie and beetle ##ju ##ice . the development team did not have any substantial ideas for the game ' s music beyond the theme and mood of hope falls , giving the composers free rein on the soundtrack ' s direction . a crucial area of development was the formation of the game ' s mood , theme , and story to give it a dark , yet humorous quality . hiring a hollywood screenwriter to create the script was proposed , but ultimately vicious cycle designer dave ellis was given the task of writing the game ' s cuts ##cene ##s and voice ##over script , while
| 870 |
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co ##gan focused on the in @ - @ game dial ##og . ellis referred to several noir films for inspiration , especially miller ' s crossing and who framed roger rabbit during this time , eric peterson cast several voice actors , including john c . mc ##gin ##ley from the tv show scrub ##s and jon pol ##ito from the aforementioned miller ' s crossing . mc ##gin ##ley was cast as fred because of his scrub ##s character ' s sarcasm and wit , while pol ##ito was cast in the role of mob boss ulysses pitt , which was very similar to his role of johnny cas ##par in miller ' s crossing . the development team then set about recording the
| 742 |
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] | 894,307 |
game ' s dial ##og , which proved to be challenging because of vicious cycle ' s location on the east coast . all of the recordings were done over the phone at a studio in hollywood . despite this , and the fact that fred alone had over 1000 lines of in @ - @ game dial ##og , the recording went smoothly , with the exception of one unidentified actor who walked out in the middle of a session . the original script had only one instance of the word " fuck " , but several recording sessions with mc ##gin ##ley resulted in a great deal of colorful improvisation . the design team liked the recordings and the script was modified to permit
| 870 |
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mc ##gin ##ley and other actors to curse more . mc ##gin ##ley focused on portraying fred as " pissed off " and " having a chip on his shoulder " because his head was missing . " no , this guy was unique because , well … his head was gone ! with him , you could really just open up your imagination and roll out a ca ##val ##cade of eccentric ##ities and see what makes sense to you . it was pretty much unlike anything i ’ ve ever done before . " = = promotion and release = = dead head fred was first announced at the electronics entertainment expo ( e ##3 ) video game convention in may 2006 , where
| 860 |
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a trailer was shown to the public . following this , little was heard about the game until co ##gan started a developer diary on vicious cycle ' s website in march 2007 . three diary entries were written by co ##gan and ellis , which provided details about the game ' s pre @ - @ production conceptual ##ization and voice work . in may 2007 , d ##3 announced that john c . mc ##gin ##ley would be vo ##icing fred , and the next month the company issued a press release stating that the game was finished and ready for mass production . however , the game was delayed , allowing d ##3 publisher to show it at e ##3 2007 . it
| 755 |
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was eventually released on august 28 , 2007 in north america after nearly two years of development . it was released on october 26 in europe , november 2 in australia , and march 19 , 2008 in japan . in december 2007 , d ##3 reduced the price of the game , and in october 2008 it was made available for download on sony ' s playstation network . the soundtrack was released on itunes by lakes ##hore records on september 18 , 2007 . dead head fred was designed specifically for the ps ##p , and vicious cycle intended it to be their " flagship " title for the system . however , the game ' s designers have hinted that the game could
| 902 |
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] | 894,311 |
potentially be ported to the playstation network or xbox live arcade with a few months ' work . as of march 2009 , d ##3 ##pu ##bl ##ish ##er has announced a sequel , but the designers have stated that subsequent titles were discussed during the game ' s development . john c . mc ##gin ##ley has expressed interest in rep ##ris ##ing fred . nam ##co banda ##i games ( the parent of d ##3 ) were impressed with the game and wanted to publish the sequel because they ' wanted ' to test out vicious cycle ' s gameplay on the ps ##p . = = reception = = dead head fred received generally favorable reviews from critics . the game ' s
| 788 |
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writing and dialogue were considered the main strengths of the game , with games ##py ' s reviewer stating that " in the vast sea of ps ##p titles , dead head fred stands ' head and shoulders ' above the rest . " ign said " the tale of revenge in a dark world is twisted [ and ] una ##pol ##oge ##tically humorous " . other publications were not as impressed , however , with one reviewer stating " . . . the over ##used prof ##ani ##ty just makes it feel like it ' s been designed by teenagers desperately trying to be ed ##gy . " the game ' s supernatural themes eli ##cite ##d comparisons to the darkness and grim fan
| 785 |
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##dan ##go . games ##rada ##r included it in their list of the 100 most overlooked games of its generation . editor jason fan ##elli felt that ps ##p games often lacked creativity and that dead head fred was the exception . many reviewers were pleased with the game ' s premise and setting , variously describing it as " weird " , " wa ##cky " and " silly " . hope falls , especially the area of creepy hollow , was compared to the work of tim burton . dead head fred ' s graphics were warmly received , with games ##py noting " the game looks simply phenomena ##l on the ps ##p screen . " pocket gamer uk said " graphical ##ly
| 781 |
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the game won ' t blow your head off but it is und ##enia ##bly st ##yl ##ish . " pocket gamer also felt that the game ' s level design , with its emphasis on changing heads to solve environmental puzzles , made up for the " med ##io ##cre combat system " . the character design was praised ; games ##py said " fred is one of the most interesting and entertaining characters to ever hit gaming , " and game ##zone said " fred ’ s freak ##ish form is like looking at a car crash … you really don ’ t want to stare but you just can ’ t help it . " the voice acting , in particular john c
| 784 |
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. mc ##gin ##ley ' s portrayal of fred , was widely praised , as was the rest of the game ' s audio . game ##zone ' s natalie romano said " there ’ s also some great music in the game and the sound effects are . . . wonderful ##ly detailed " . " the sound for the title , however , is fantastic . the majority of it is centered around the voice acting , which is anchored by john c . mc ##gin ##ley of scrub ##s and office space fame . mc ##gin ##ley expert ##ly brings his dry , sarcastic delivery to fred ' s lines and consistently delivers humorous lines across the entire game . " the focal
| 684 |
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point of reviewers ' criticism was dead head fred ' s gameplay , specifically the combat . it was generally considered ted ##ious and repetitive . australia ' s pal gaming network described the combat as " one of the poor ##est elements of the game " , and game inform ##er called the combat mechanics " awful " . the performance of the camera was also criticized , with ign noting " considering that the camera will sometimes choose some horrible angles for you in battle or during puzzles , it ' s annoying to have to fight it as well as mutants that want you dead . " game ##zone said " i just wish the camera wouldn ’ t be such a hind
| 788 |
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##rance sometimes . " reviewers were also unhappy with dead head fred ' s loading times ; euro ##game ##r considered them " excessive ##ly high " , and ign said " the only downs ##ide that crops up when it comes to the visuals are the continual loading times on just about every single area . " dead head fred was nominated for several awards , including the writers guild of america ' s first award for video game writing , which it won . during e ##3 2007 , the game was nominated for the best of e ##3 2007 : best handheld game award by the game critics awards , a group of prominent media journalists . dead head fred lost to the
| 785 |
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] | 894,318 |
legend of ze ##lda : phantom hour ##glass for the nintendo ds , but was notable for being the only new intellectual property nominated in the handheld category . the audio was nominated for two awards at the game audio network guild ' s 6th annual ceremony , best soundtrack of the year and best handheld audio . dead head fred lost to bio ##sho ##ck and sy ##phon filter : logan ' s shadow , respectively . = al wi ##ster ##t = albert alexander " ox " wi ##ster ##t ( december 28 , 1920 – march 5 , 2016 ) was an all @ - @ pro american football tackle in the national football league ( nfl ) for the philadelphia eagles .
| 898 |
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he played his entire nine @ - @ year nfl career for the eagles and became their team captain . he was named to play in the nfl ' s first pro bowl as an eagle . during most of wi ##ster ##t ' s career there were no football all @ - @ star games , although he was named to the league all @ - @ pro team eight times . wi ##ster ##t played college football at the university of michigan . he is one of the three brothers — along with white ##y and alvin — who were named all @ - @ american tackles at michigan and later inducted into the college football hall of fame . he was the first
| 637 |
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] | 894,320 |
michigan alumnus to be selected to the national football league pro bowl . the wi ##ster ##t brothers all wore jersey no . 11 at michigan and are among the seven players who have had their numbers retired by the michigan wolverine ##s football program . their number will be put back into circulation starting on november 10 , 2012 before a michigan home game against northwestern as part of the michigan football legend program . wi ##ster ##t , who was born in chicago , illinois , was from a lithuanian family . his father , ka ##zi ##mer wi ##ster ##t , was a spanish – american war veteran who was later killed in the line of duty while working for the chicago police
| 637 |
[
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] | 894,321 |
department . the story of the wi ##ster ##t brothers at michigan began when white ##y ' s carl sc ##hur ##z high school classmate john ko ##wal ##ik was invited to visit the university of michigan . at the time , white ##y wi ##ster ##t had a factory job where he was involved with building majestic radios . ko ##wal ##ik took white ##y with him on his visit to ann arbor , and according to alvin , " that ' s how it started : the wi ##ster ##ts of michigan . " = = college football = = after graduating from foreman high school , wi ##ster ##t became the second of the wi ##ster ##t brothers to play for michigan where
| 52 |
[
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] | 894,322 |
he wore number 11 like his brothers and played from 1940 to 1942 . he was a consensus all @ - @ american and team mvp in 1942 . he played in the 1943 east – west shrine game . he is well remembered , among other things , for his exploits in a 1942 game against the notre dame fighting irish football team , and he was inducted into the college football hall of fame in 1968 , one year after his brother francis . in 1981 , he was named to the university of michigan hall of honor in the fourth class of ind ##uc ##tees alongside his brothers . only five michigan football players earned this honor before him . michigan posted a
| 622 |
[
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] | 894,323 |
20 – 5 – 1 record during wi ##ster ##t ' s three years on the team . in 1940 , the team ' s only loss in its eight @ - @ game season was to the eventual national champion minnesota golden go ##pher ##s football . the wolverine ##s followed that season with 6 – 1 – 1 and 7 – 3 marks in the next two years . wi ##ster ##t served as captain of the college all @ - @ star team that beat the sammy ba ##ugh @ - @ led national football league champion washington redskins , 27 – 7 , in chicago . he was the only one of the three brothers not to play on a national championship
| 624 |
[
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] | 894,324 |
squad at michigan . = = professional football = = after being drafted in the fifth round by the philadelphia eagles and signing for $ 380 ##0 ( $ 51 @ , @ 96 ##5 today ) , he encountered an ##imo ##sity from veteran players for having signed such a large contract ( though they thought he signed for $ 450 ##0 ) . he earned all @ - @ pro honors in eight ( five by consensus ) of his nine seasons . as a two @ - @ way player , he played his entire nine @ - @ year career for the philadelphia eagles ( who operated as a merged team with the pittsburgh steelers for one season during world war ii
| 626 |
[
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"##ster",
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] | 894,325 |
. ) the national football league had no all @ - @ star games between 1943 and 1950 . thus , although wi ##ster ##t was a perennial all @ - @ pro selection , it is difficult to compare him to more modern players who are often measured by pro bowl invitations . he served as eagles captain for five consecutive seasons , from 1946 to 1950 , and was named all @ - @ pro in each season . in wi ##ster ##t ' s next to last season he was selected to the first pro bowl . in his final season , he recovered three fumble ##s . the eagles won the 1948 and 1949 national football league championships with wi ##ster ##t
| 637 |
[
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] | 894,326 |
. these were the only consecutive national football league champions to win by shut ##out . his number 70 was retired by the eagles in 1952 . according to his college football hall of fame biography , during his career he started every game the eagles played except for the 1950 season opener against the cleveland browns . however , according to other statistical databases he only started about 2 / 3 of his career games . his is one of only seven retired eagles jerseys . wi ##ster ##t lame ##nted not having been en ##sh ##rine ##d in the professional football hall of fame and on philadelphia eagles honor roll : wi ##ster ##t was inducted into the philadelphia eagles honor roll on september
| 624 |
[
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] | 894,327 |
29 , 2009 along with randall cunningham . in 2003 , he was named to the pro football researchers association hall of very good in the association ' s inaugural ho ##v ##g class . = = later life and family = = after football wi ##ster ##t became a successful life insurance salesman . he sold insurance for 40 years . among the places he has lived since retirement are california and grants pass , oregon . he was married to his late wife ellie for 61 years and has three daughters ( pam , dia ##nna and kathy ) and three grandchildren . at one point he was both coaching football at riverside high school in riverside township , new jersey and playing professionally
| 23 |
[
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"\"",
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"\"",
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] | 894,328 |
. according to brother alvin , their father " was born cas ##mir vis ##ter ##tus and he ang ##lic ##ized it when he came to america to wi ##ster ##t . " wi ##ster ##t died on march 5 , 2016 in grants pass , oregon at the age of 95 . " si una ve ##z " ( english : if i once ) is a song recorded by american recording artist selena for her fourth studio album , amor pro ##hi ##bid ##o ( 1994 ) . it was written by pete as ##tu ##di ##llo and produced by selena ' s brother @ - @ producer a . b . qui ##nta ##ni ##lla . " si una ve ##z " is
| 4 |
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",",
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] | 894,329 |
a maria ##chi fusion song and draws influence from cum ##bia and latin dance music . lyrical ##ly , selena questions why she ever fell in love with an abusive partner , saying she will never repeat her mistakes . the lyrics suggest un ##re ##qui ##ted love and female empowerment . " si una ve ##z " received positive reviews from music critics who found the song to have showcase the singer ' s vocal abilities . the broadcast music inc . recognized it as the single of the year at the 1996 b ##mi pop awards . many musicians have since recorded the song and released it on their respective albums including mexican maria ##chi singer alicia villa ##real , american reggae ##ton performer
| 891 |
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] | 894,330 |
ivy queen , american indie rock band girl in a coma , and american salsa singer manny manuel . the latter ' s version peaked at number one on the united states billboard tropical songs chart , and ended 1995 as the fourteenth most successful u . s . tropical song . = = background and composition = = " si una ve ##z " was written by selena y los dino ##s backup dancer and vocalist pete as ##tu ##di ##llo . the song was co @ - @ written by selena ' s brother @ - @ producer a . b . qui ##nta ##ni ##lla who , along with argentine musician be ##bu si ##l ##vet ##ti , served as producers . keyboardist
| 890 |
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] | 894,331 |
of the group , ricky ve ##la re ##to ##ld in a 2002 interview how the band hired a professional trump ##ist to record parts of the song . " si una ve ##z " is a spanish @ - @ language maria ##chi fusion track with influences of cum ##bia and latin dance music . author deborah par ##ede ##z called " si una ve ##z " as having punk music under ##tones . in 2002 , a . b . spoke on how amor pro ##hi ##bid ##o was experimental music @ - @ heavy and commented on how " si una ve ##z " was an example of his ideas of keeping the band ' s image modern . the song makes use
| 823 |
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] | 894,332 |
of the guitar ##ron guitar under a cum ##bia beat . " si una ve ##z " is written in the key of d minor and is played in a moderate groove of 84 beats per minute . it incorporates music from several musical instruments , including the piano and guitar . lyrical ##ly , selena re ##mini ##sc ##ence ##s her failed relationship and wonders why she ever fell in love with an abusive partner who betrayed and left her , vow ##ing to never allow a man like that back into her life . the lyrics suggest un ##re ##qui ##ted love and female empowerment . = = critical reception and legacy = = " si una ve ##z " was named by the
| 914 |
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] | 894,333 |
latin times as one of the top @ - @ ten best kara ##oke songs sung in spanish . writing for the latin times , maria val ##dez called the song " fun " especially when running into your former partner at a kara ##oke party and found the track to showcases a singer ' s vocal abilities . texas public radio ' s nathan cone , said " the song " res ##onate ##s best " with south texas " . entertainment weekly contributor david browne , commented on selena ' s vocals as being " full @ - @ throat ##ed , war ##bling " and that it " recalls lydia mendoza , con ##jun ##to ' s leading lady . " a new
| 892 |
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] | 894,334 |
university writer found the recording to have " showcase [ the singer ' s ] passion with her vocals . " selena performed the song on her final performance on march 19 , 1995 during the call ##e och ##o festival in miami , which attracted over 100 @ , @ 000 fans . selena was shot and killed by yo ##landa sal ##di ##var , her friend and former manager of the singer ' s selena etc . clothing boutique ##s , on march 31 , 1995 . selena ' s performance of the song during her houston astro ##dome concert on february 26 , 1995 , was em ##ulated by jennifer lopez as her role as the singer for the 1997 bio ##pic film
| 890 |
[
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] | 894,335 |
about selena . " si una ve ##z " is considered by billboard magazine to be one of selena ' s signature songs . terra named " si una ve ##z " as one of selena ' s " most famous works " along with her other songs " el chico del apart ##ament ##o 512 " , " amor pro ##hi ##bid ##o " and " f ##oto ##s y rec ##uer ##dos " . the broadcast music , inc . ( b ##mi ) recognized " si una ve ##z " at the b ##mi pop music awards as single of the year in 1996 . mexican singer mary bo ##qui ##tas recorded the song for the tribute album mexico rec ##uer ##da a
| 890 |
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] | 894,336 |
selena ( 2005 ) . mexican maria ##chi singer alicia villa ##real performed and recorded " si una ve ##z " for the live televised tribute concert selena ¡ vi ##ve ! in april 2005 . american reggae ##ton singer ivy queen covered " si una ve ##z " for her fifth studio album flashback ( 2005 ) . she said in an interview how she felt " honored to be able to cover one of selena ' s songs " . ivy queen chose to cover " si una ve ##z " finding it to be identifiable to her and because of the song ' s message which the singer stood for . jonathan wi ##dran of allmusic called her versions a " reggae ##ton
| 890 |
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] | 894,337 |
@ - @ ed up twist " . in 2010 , indie rock group girl in a coma recorded a punk cover of " si una ve ##z " . the group decided to record the song because it was their favorite recordings of selena . girl in a coma performed the song live during the 2010 te ##jan ##o music awards as a homage to selena . in april 2011 , a . b . ' s band ku ##mb ##ia all @ - @ star ##z performed their version of the song during their tour for la vida de un gen ##io ( 2010 ) in bolivia . colombian singer kali uc ##his performed " si una ve ##z " at the 2015 s
| 823 |
[
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] | 894,338 |
##x ##sw festival . vibe magazine found uc ##his ' performance to have given them " shivers " . = = = manny manuel version = = = american mere ##ng ##ue musician manny manuel covered the song on his debut album , el rey de cora ##zone ##s ( 1995 ) . out of the five singles released from the album , " si una ve ##z " was manuel ' s most successful single off of the el rey de cora ##zone ##s album . the song debuted at number 29 on the united states billboard hot latin tracks and number three on the u . s . tropical songs chart . the following week , " si una ve ##z " rose to
| 924 |
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] | 894,339 |
numbers 22 and two on the hot latin songs and tropical songs chart , respectively . on october 14 , 1995 , the track climbed to number 21 on the hot latin songs chart , while it fell to number four on the tropical songs chart . in its fourth week , " si una ve ##z " jumped to number 18 on the hot latin songs chart , while over at the tropical songs chart the song rose to number three . despite increased airplay spins , " si una ve ##z " fell to number 20 on the hot latin songs chart . on november 11 , 1995 , " si una ve ##z " peaked at number one on the tropical songs chart
| 897 |
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"appearance",
","
] | 894,340 |
for one week , re ##ec ##iving airplay honors that week . = = credits and personnel = = all credits were taken from the album ' s liner notes . = sick ##le ##fin lemon shark = the sick ##le ##fin lemon shark , or sharp ##tooth lemon shark ( ne ##ga ##pr ##ion ac ##uti ##den ##s ) , is a species of requiem shark belonging to the family car ##cha ##rh ##ini ##dae , widely distributed in the tropical waters of the indo @ - @ pacific . it is closely related to the better @ - @ known lemon shark ( n . br ##ev ##iro ##st ##ris ) of the americas ; the two species are almost identical in appearance ,
| 533 |
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] | 894,341 |
both being stout @ - @ bodied sharks with broad heads , two dorsal fins of nearly equal size , and a plain yellow @ - @ tinged coloration . as its common name suggests , the sick ##le ##fin lemon shark differs from its american counterpart in having more fa ##lc ##ate ( sick ##le @ - @ shaped ) fins . this large species grows up to 3 @ . @ 8 m ( 12 ft ) long . it generally inhabit ##s water less than 92 m ( 302 ft ) deep in a variety of habitats , from mangrove est ##uaries to coral reefs . a slow @ - @ moving predator feeding mainly on bony fishes , the sick ##le ##fin
| 533 |
[
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".",
"off",
"india",
"and"
] | 894,342 |
lemon shark seldom travels long distances and many individuals can be found year @ - @ round at certain locations . like other members of its family , this species is vi ##vi ##par ##ous , with females giving birth to no more than 13 pup ##s every other year , following a ge ##station period of 10 – 11 months . although they are potentially dangerous to humans and known to respond vigorously to any pro ##vocation , under normal circumstances , sick ##le ##fin lemon sharks are cautious and tend to retreat if approached . the iucn has assessed this species as vulnerable ; its low reproductive productivity and rate of movement limits the capacity of depleted stocks to recover . off india and
| 541 |
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"-",
"@",
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"@",
"-",
"@",
"long"
] | 894,343 |
southeast asia , this species has been severely depleted or ex ##ti ##rp ##ated by un ##re ##gul ##ated exploitation for its meat , fins , and liver oil . = = taxonomy and ph ##yl ##ogen ##y = = the sick ##le ##fin lemon shark was first described as car ##cha ##ria ##s ac ##uti ##den ##s by german naturalist eduard ru ##ppel ##l , in the 1837 fis ##che des roth ##en me ##eres ( fishes of the red sea ) . in 1940 , australian ich ##thy ##ologist gilbert percy whitley moved this species to his newly formed genus ne ##ga ##pr ##ion . the type specimen , designated in 1960 , is a 68 @ - @ cm @ - @ long
| 533 |
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"##s",
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"separated",
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"sharks",
"in",
"the"
] | 894,344 |
individual caught in the red sea off jed ##dah , saudi arabia . the specific epithet ac ##uti ##den ##s is derived from the latin ac ##utus meaning " sharp " , and den ##s meaning " teeth " . the sick ##le ##fin lemon shark may also be referred to as broad ##fin shark , indian lemon shark , indo @ - @ pacific lemon shark , or simply lemon shark . based on micro ##sat ##elli ##te dna evidence , the sick ##le ##fin lemon shark is thought to have diver ##ged from its sister species n . br ##ev ##iro ##st ##ris 10 – 14 million years ago , when the closure of the te ##thy ##s sea separated lemon sharks in the
| 533 |
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"##rh",
"##inus",
"and",
"sp",
"##hy",
"##rna",
")"
] | 894,345 |
indian ocean from those in the atlantic . the ancestral lemon shark species may have been n . eu ##ry ##bat ##hr ##odon , the fossil ##ized teeth of which occur in both the united states and pakistan . morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses suggest that ne ##ga ##pr ##ion is grouped with the white ##tip reef shark ( tri ##ae ##no ##don ) and the slit ##eye shark ( lo ##x ##odon ) in occupying an intermediate position on the car ##cha ##rh ##ini ##d evolutionary tree , between the most basal genera ( gale ##oc ##er ##do , r ##hi ##zo ##pr ##ion ##odon , and sc ##olio ##don ) and the most derived ( car ##cha ##rh ##inus and sp ##hy ##rna )
| 533 |
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] | 894,346 |
. = = distribution and habitat = = the range of the sick ##le ##fin lemon shark extends from south africa to the red sea ( including mauritius , the seychelles , and madagascar ) , continuing eastward along the coast of the indian subcontinent to southeast asia , extending as far north as taiwan and the philippines , and as far south as new guinea and northern australia . this species is also found around numerous pacific islands , including new caledonia , pal ##au , the marshall islands , the solomon islands , fiji , vanuatu , and french poly ##nesia . this species likely colon ##ized the central pacific by in ##fr ##e ##quent ##ly " hopping " from one island to the
| 949 |
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] | 894,347 |
next . significant levels of genetic differentiation between sick ##le ##fin lemon sharks in australia and french poly ##nesia , 750 km ( 470 mi ) apart , suggest that little inter ##ming ##ling occurs between regional sub ##pop ##ulation ##s . an inhabit ##ant of coastal continental and ins ##ular shelves , the sick ##le ##fin lemon shark occurs from the inter ##ti ##dal zone to a depth of 92 m ( 302 ft ) . this species favors still , mu ##rky waters and is most common in bays , est ##uaries , and lagoon ##s , and over sandy flats and outer reefs . sometimes , an individual may venture into open water ; one was filmed in the 1971 documentary blue water
| 533 |
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] | 894,348 |
, white death , in the vicinity of a sperm whale ( ph ##yse ##ter macro ##ce ##pha ##lus ) car ##cas ##s . juvenile sick ##le ##fin lemon sharks are often found on reef flats or around mangrove ##s , in water so shallow that their dorsal fins are exposed . in herald big ##ht off western australia , a known nursery , juvenile sick ##le ##fin lemon sharks frequent open areas and mangrove ##s in water under 3 m ( 9 @ . @ 8 ft ) deep , but not areas covered by the sea ##grass po ##si ##don ##ia aus ##tral ##is . = = description = = the sick ##le ##fin lemon shark has a robust , stock ##y body and
| 533 |
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"teeth",
"resemble",
"the"
] | 894,349 |
a short , broad head . the snout is rounded or almost wedge @ - @ shaped , with small nostrils bearing triangular flaps of skin in front . the eyes are small , with no sp ##ira ##cles . short fur ##row ##s are present at the corners of the mouth . thirteen to 16 ( usually 14 ) tooth rows occur on either side of both jaws , not including the tiny teeth at the sy ##mp ##hy ##sis ( the jaw mid ##line ) . the upper teeth have a large cu ##sp rising from a broad base , with a notch on each side ; these teeth become increasingly angled towards the corners of the mouth . the lower teeth resemble the
| 523 |
[
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"fin",
"."
] | 894,350 |
upper teeth , but are narrower and more erect . the teeth of sharks over 1 @ . @ 4 m ( 4 @ . @ 6 ft ) long are finely serra ##ted . the fins ( especially the dorsal , pe ##ctor ##al , and pe ##l ##vic ##s ) of the sick ##le ##fin lemon shark are more fa ##lc ##ate ( sick ##le @ - @ shaped ) than those of the otherwise very similar american lemon shark . the first dorsal fin is positioned closer to the pe ##l ##vic than the pe ##ctor ##al fins . the second dorsal fin , nearly equal to the first in size , is located over or slightly forward of the anal fin .
| 533 |
[
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".",
"@",
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"m",
"(",
"12",
"ft",
")",
",",
"though",
"it"
] | 894,351 |
no ridge is seen between the dorsal fins . the pe ##ctor ##al fins are long and broad , originating below the space between the third and fourth gill slits . the anal fin has a strong notch in the rear margin . the pre ##ca ##uda ##l pit ( a cavity just forward of the ca ##uda ##l fin ) is oriented longitudinal ##ly . the large der ##mal dent ##icles are overlapping and bear three to five horizontal ridges each . the coloration is a plain yellowish brown or gray above and lighter below , with more yellow on the fins . this species attain ##s a maximum known length of 3 @ . @ 8 m ( 12 ft ) , though it
| 533 |
[
"typically",
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"=",
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"-",
"@",
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"##da",
"##bra",
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"the",
"seychelles",
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",",
"over",
"90",
"%",
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"still",
"within",
"2",
"km",
"(",
"1",
"@",
"."
] | 894,352 |
typically does not exceed 3 @ . @ 1 m ( 10 ft ) . = = biology and ecology = = a slug ##gis ##h species , the sick ##le ##fin lemon shark is usually seen cruising se ##date ##ly just above the sea bottom or lying still on it , as unlike most requiem sharks , it is capable of actively pumping water over its gills . however , it will approach the surface in pursuit of food . this shark seldom undertake ##s long @ - @ distance movements . a study at al ##da ##bra atoll in the seychelles found , of the tagged sharks that were later recaptured , over 90 % were still within 2 km ( 1 @ .
| 533 |
[
"@",
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"of",
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"##nesia",
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"-",
"@",
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"island",
",",
"while",
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"and",
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".",
"over",
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"sick",
"##le",
"##fin",
"lemon",
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"'",
"s",
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"and",
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"@",
"-",
"@",
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"##sts",
",",
"including",
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",",
"mu",
"##llet",
"##s",
",",
"mack",
"##ere",
"##l",
",",
"silver",
"##side",
"##s",
",",
"needle",
"##fish",
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"sm",
"##elt",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"w",
"##hiti",
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"por",
"##gies",
",",
"sea",
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",",
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"##fish",
",",
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"##fish",
",",
"and",
"por",
"##cup",
"##ine",
"##fish",
".",
"occasionally",
",",
"they",
"may"
] | 894,353 |
@ 2 mi ) of their initial tag ##ging location . another study at moore ##a in french poly ##nesia found that some of the local sharks were year @ - @ round residents of the island , while others were more transit ##ory and visited only occasionally . over 90 % of the sick ##le ##fin lemon shark ' s diet consists of bottom - and shore @ - @ dwelling tel ##eo ##sts , including herring , mu ##llet ##s , mack ##ere ##l , silver ##side ##s , needle ##fish , sm ##elt @ - @ w ##hiti ##ng ##s , por ##gies , sea catfish , trigger ##fish , parrot ##fish , and por ##cup ##ine ##fish . occasionally , they may
| 533 |
[
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"and",
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"##s",
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".",
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",",
"and",
"pl",
"##at",
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"##um",
"jon",
"##do",
"##eo",
"##rum",
".",
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"##le",
"##fin",
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"and",
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"##cit",
"##ing",
"cleaning",
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"by",
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"##tre",
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"##s",
"(",
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"##roid",
"##es",
"dim",
"##idia",
"##tus",
")",
",",
"during",
"which",
"they",
"may"
] | 894,354 |
also take ce ##pha ##lo ##pods and crust ##ace ##ans , and older individuals have been known to consume sting ##ray ##s and guitar ##fish . this species may be prey ##ed upon by larger sharks . known parasites include the tape ##worm ##s para ##ory ##gm ##ato ##bot ##hri ##um arnold ##i , pseudo ##gr ##illo ##tia sp ##rat ##ti , ph ##ore ##io ##bot ##hri ##um per ##ilo ##cr ##oco ##di ##lus , and pl ##at ##y ##bot ##hri ##um jon ##do ##eo ##rum . sick ##le ##fin lemon sharks have been documented resting on the bottom and eli ##cit ##ing cleaning ##s by blues ##tre ##ak cleaner wr ##asse ##s ( lab ##roid ##es dim ##idia ##tus ) , during which they may
| 518 |
[
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"to",
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"pup",
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"##t",
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"##opa",
"##tric",
"(",
"returns",
"to",
"the",
"site",
"of",
"their",
"birth"
] | 894,355 |
open their mouths and stop res ##pi ##ring for as long as 150 seconds to give the wr ##asse ##s access to their mouths and gills . as with other members of its family , the sick ##le ##fin lemon shark is vi ##vi ##par ##ous ; the developing embryo ##s are sustained by a place ##ntal connection formed from their depleted yo ##lk sac ##s . females give birth to one to 13 ( usually six to 12 ) pup ##s every other year in shallow nursery areas , following a ge ##station period of 10 – 11 months . unlike in the american lemon shark , can ##t evidence indicates this species is phil ##opa ##tric ( returns to the site of their birth
| 533 |
[
"to",
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")",
".",
"part",
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"or",
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"##bra",
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"the",
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"cm",
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"31",
"in",
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".",
"juvenile",
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"5",
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"15",
"@",
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"4",
"@",
".",
"@",
"9",
"–",
"6",
"@",
".",
"@",
"1",
"in",
")",
"per"
] | 894,356 |
to reproduce ) . part ##uri ##tion occurs in october or november at madagascar and al ##da ##bra , and in january at french poly ##nesia ; o ##vu ##lation and mating for non ##pre ##gnant females takes place at around the same time . the embryo ##s develop a place ##nta after around four months of ge ##station , when they still possess vest ##ige ##s of external gills . the young are born at a length of 45 – 80 cm ( 18 – 31 in ) . juvenile sharks grow slowly , at a rate of 12 @ . @ 5 – 15 @ . @ 5 cm ( 4 @ . @ 9 – 6 @ . @ 1 in ) per
| 541 |
[
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"humans",
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"the",
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"##le",
"##fin",
"lemon",
"shark",
".",
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"and",
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";",
"in",
"one",
"case",
",",
"a",
"shark",
"forced",
"a",
"swimmer",
"to",
"seek"
] | 894,357 |
year . both sexes attain sexual maturity at a length of 2 @ . @ 2 – 2 @ . @ 4 m ( 7 @ . @ 2 – 7 @ . @ 9 ft ) . = = human interactions = = several apparently un ##pro ##vo ##ked attacks on humans have been attributed to the sick ##le ##fin lemon shark . due to its formidable size and teeth , it is regarded as potentially dangerous , and certainly this species has been known to defend itself quickly and vigorously if touched , spear ##ed , or otherwise provoked or alarmed . once agitated , this shark can be a persistent adversary ; in one case , a shark forced a swimmer to seek
| 533 |
[
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"and",
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"for",
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"before",
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",",
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"-",
"@",
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"this",
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"and",
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"##s",
".",
"the",
"iucn",
"has",
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"the",
"sick",
"##le",
"##fin",
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"shark",
"globally",
"as",
"vulnerable",
";",
"it",
"is",
"harvested",
"using",
"anchored"
] | 894,358 |
refuge atop a coral head , and circled for hours before giving up . however , observations by divers show that normally this shark is shy and hesitant to approach , even when presented with bait . often , the shark will move away when a diver enters visual range . young sharks are reportedly more aggressive and in ##qui ##sit ##ive than the adults . at moore ##a , sick ##le ##fin lemon sharks are the main attraction of daily shark @ - @ feeding eco ##tour ##ism dive ##s . this shark adapt ##s well to captivity and is displayed in public aquarium ##s . the iucn has assessed the sick ##le ##fin lemon shark globally as vulnerable ; it is harvested using anchored
| 533 |
[
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"the",
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",",
"due",
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",",
"un",
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",",
"and",
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",",
"and",
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"iucn",
".",
"widespread",
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",",
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"on",
"coral",
"reefs",
"and",
"def",
"##orestation",
"in",
"mangrove",
"##s",
","
] | 894,359 |
and floating gill ##nets , beach nets , and long ##lines . the meat is sold fresh or dried and salt ##ed for human consumption , the fins used for shark fin soup , and the liver oil is processed for vitamin ##s . the sick ##le ##fin lemon shark is highly susceptible to local over ##fish ##ing , due to its slow reproductive rate and limited movements . off southeast asia , this shark has become scarce under the pressure of expanding , un ##mon ##itor ##ed , and un ##re ##gul ##ated fisheries , and has been assessed there as endangered by the iucn . widespread habitat degradation , including pollution and blast fishing on coral reefs and def ##orestation in mangrove ##s ,
| 533 |
[
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",",
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"=",
"fl",
"##am",
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"##am",
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"ty",
"##ran",
"##nidae",
"family",
"and",
"is",
"the",
"only",
"species"
] | 894,360 |
poses an additional threat to the survival of this species in the region . already , the sick ##le ##fin lemon shark has been ex ##ti ##rp ##ated in parts of india and thailand , and has not been reported from indonesian markets in recent years despite being historically abundant there . off australia , the sick ##le ##fin lemon shark is taken in only small numbers intentionally and as by ##cat ##ch , and has been listed under least concern . = fl ##am ##mu ##lated fly ##cat ##cher = the fl ##am ##mu ##lated fly ##cat ##cher ( delta ##rh ##yn ##chus fl ##am ##mu ##lat ##us ) is a species of bird in the ty ##ran ##nidae family and is the only species
| 533 |
[
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",",
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",",
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",",
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",",
"black",
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",",
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",",
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"under",
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".",
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"twigs",
"that",
"it",
"spots",
"from",
"an",
"exposed",
"perch",
".",
"the",
"female",
"lays"
] | 894,361 |
in the mono ##typic genus delta ##rh ##yn ##chus , although it is closely related to the birds of the genus my ##ia ##rch ##us . it is endemic to the dry deciduous forest , arid thorn forest , and scrub ##by woodland of mexico ’ s pacific coast . the fly ##cat ##cher is an olive to gray @ - @ brown bird with a streaked , pale gray chest , white throat , black bill , dark gray feet , and dark brown wings . it is a sk ##ul ##king bird that typically remains hidden in the under ##brush . it feeds by g ##lean ##ing insects off of leaves and twigs that it spots from an exposed perch . the female lays
| 545 |
[
"approximately",
"three",
"eggs",
"in",
"a",
"nest",
"made",
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"##ni",
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"##ologist",
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"##bold",
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",",
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".",
"however",
",",
"in",
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"##ia",
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"into",
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",",
"mono",
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"##rh",
"##yn",
"##chus",
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"rid",
"##g",
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"and",
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",",
"more",
"rounded",
"wings",
",",
"and",
"partially",
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"under",
"##parts",
".",
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"by",
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"bow",
"##dler",
"sharpe",
"and",
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".",
"however",
",",
"in",
"1977",
"or",
"##ni",
"##th",
"##ologist",
"melvin",
"al",
"##vah",
"tray",
"##lor",
"jr",
".",
",",
"while",
"uphold",
"##ing",
"its",
"status",
"as"
] | 894,362 |
approximately three eggs in a nest made in a shallow tree cavity . the species was first described in 1875 by or ##ni ##th ##ologist george new ##bold lawrence , who placed this species in the genus my ##ia ##rch ##us . however , in 1893 it was split from my ##ia ##rch ##us into the new , mono ##typic genus delta ##rh ##yn ##chus by robert rid ##g ##way because of its shorter and broader bill , more rounded wings , and partially streaked under ##parts . this change was upheld in 1901 by richard bow ##dler sharpe and by subsequent authors . however , in 1977 or ##ni ##th ##ologist melvin al ##vah tray ##lor jr . , while uphold ##ing its status as
| 501 |
[
"a",
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"##typic",
"genus",
",",
"said",
"that",
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"##ia",
"##rch",
"##us",
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"to",
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"by",
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"lan",
"##yon",
"'",
"s",
"research",
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"the",
"fly",
"##cat",
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"in",
"1979",
",",
"which",
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"'",
"s",
"placement",
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"genus",
".",
"delta",
"##rh",
"##yn",
"##chus",
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"the",
"genus",
"my",
"##ia",
"##rch",
"##us",
",",
"but",
"is",
"distinguished",
"from",
"it",
"by",
"a",
"broader",
"and",
"shorter",
"bill",
",",
"more",
"rounded",
"wings",
",",
"a",
"different",
"face",
"pattern",
",",
"pale",
"cinnamon",
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"and",
"tail",
"ed",
"##ging",
"##s",
",",
"voice",
",",
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"##ing",
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"the",
"chest",
",",
"and",
"the",
"bird",
"'",
"s",
"sk",
"##ul",
"##king",
"habits"
] | 894,363 |
a mono ##typic genus , said that the species should be lump ##ed back into my ##ia ##rch ##us if its nesting habits were similar to those of that genus . these doubts were put to rest by wesley lan ##yon ' s research of the fly ##cat ##cher in 1979 , which confirmed the bird ' s placement in a mono ##typic genus . delta ##rh ##yn ##chus is similar to the genus my ##ia ##rch ##us , but is distinguished from it by a broader and shorter bill , more rounded wings , a different face pattern , pale cinnamon wing and tail ed ##ging ##s , voice , streak ##ing on the chest , and the bird ' s sk ##ul ##king habits
| 501 |
[
".",
"the",
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"##am",
"##mu",
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"@",
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",",
"\"",
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"\"",
",",
"and",
"r",
"##hy",
"##nch",
"##os",
",",
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"\"",
".",
"its",
"specific",
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"##am",
"##mu",
"##la",
",",
"which",
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"\"",
".",
"the",
"fly",
"##cat",
"##cher",
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".",
"=",
"=",
"description",
"=",
"=",
"the",
"fl",
"##am",
"##mu",
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"fly",
"##cat",
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"6",
"to",
"6",
"@",
".",
"@",
"5",
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"(",
"15",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"16",
"@",
".",
"@",
"5",
"cm",
")",
"in",
"length",
"and",
"has",
"a",
"chunk",
"##y",
"body",
"."
] | 894,364 |
. the fl ##am ##mu ##lated fly ##cat ##cher ' s generic name is derived from the ancient greek words delta , which means " delta @ - @ shaped " or , in this case , " wedge " , and r ##hy ##nch ##os , which means " beak " . its specific epithet is derived from the latin word fl ##am ##mu ##la , which means " little flame " . the fly ##cat ##cher has no subspecies . = = description = = the fl ##am ##mu ##lated fly ##cat ##cher is approximately 6 to 6 @ . @ 5 inches ( 15 @ - @ 16 @ . @ 5 cm ) in length and has a chunk ##y body .
| 498 |
[
"adult",
"males",
"and",
"females",
"are",
"similar",
"in",
"plumage",
",",
"with",
"each",
"possessing",
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"to",
"a",
"worn",
"gray",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"brown",
"upper",
"##parts",
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".",
"a",
"whitish",
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"s",
"eyes",
".",
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"also",
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"##y",
"lore",
".",
"the",
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"is",
"a",
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"##ons",
"##pic",
"##uous",
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"##y",
"streak",
"##ing",
",",
"while",
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"belly",
"and",
"under",
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"##s",
"are",
"a",
"pale",
"yellow",
".",
"additionally",
",",
"this",
"species",
"has",
"dark",
"brown",
",",
"well",
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"-",
"@",
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"cinnamon",
"@",
"-",
"@",
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"##s",
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"re",
"##mi",
"##ges",
".",
"the",
"wings",
"are",
"about",
"3",
"inches",
"(",
"76",
"mm",
")",
"long",
".",
"the"
] | 894,365 |
adult males and females are similar in plumage , with each possessing olive to a worn gray @ - @ brown upper ##parts and head . a whitish su ##pr ##alo ##ral stripe and crescent are behind the bird ' s eyes . it also has a dusk ##y lore . the throat is whitish and the chest is a pale gray with inc ##ons ##pic ##uous dusk ##y streak ##ing , while the belly and under ##tail covert ##s are a pale yellow . additionally , this species has dark brown , well @ - @ rounded wings with pale cinnamon @ - @ edged covert ##s and re ##mi ##ges . the wings are about 3 inches ( 76 mm ) long . the
| 541 |
[
"tail",
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"narrow",
"band",
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",",
"curved",
",",
"and",
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".",
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".",
"the",
"juvenile",
"is",
"similar",
"to",
"the",
"adult",
",",
"although",
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"tail",
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".",
"=",
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"=",
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"from",
"april",
"to",
"august",
",",
"which",
"includes",
"its",
"breeding"
] | 894,366 |
tail is also a dark brown edged with a narrow band of pale cinnamon . it is barely shorter than the wing and slightly rounded . the bird ' s bill is black , broad , and triangular with a slightly paler base and about half the length of the its head . the legs are a dark gray and end with large , curved , and sharp claws . it has an orange mouth and a brown eye . the juvenile is similar to the adult , although the tail has a broad band of pale cinnamon . = = = vocal ##ization = = = the fl ##am ##mu ##lated fly ##cat ##cher mostly sings from april to august , which includes its breeding
| 545 |
[
"season",
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"the",
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"a",
"dawn",
"song",
"every",
"morning",
",",
"which",
"includes",
"the",
"calls",
"che"
] | 894,367 |
season , and tends to remain hidden while singing . the song of the fly ##cat ##cher is a plain ##tive whistle followed by a short but quick roll . it can also give a plain ##tive and sl ##ur ##red chew call , which is often sung three to five times in a descending series , as well as a squeak ##y chatter . calls are the same for males and females and are given throughout the day to give a location , identify an individual , sound an alarm , and mark the limits of a territory , among other functions . during the breeding season , males give what is known as a dawn song every morning , which includes the calls che
| 540 |
[
"##e",
"@",
"-",
"@",
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"##rr",
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"although",
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"the",
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"to",
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"@",
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"in",
"low",
"den",
"##sities",
"when",
"present",
".",
"it",
"lives"
] | 894,368 |
##e @ - @ bee bee ##t and chu ##rr @ - @ r @ - @ r @ - @ bee bee in alter ##nation . = = distribution and habitat = = this fly ##cat ##cher is endemic to the pacific lowlands of mexico ' s western coast from sin ##alo ##a to western chi ##apa ##s , while possibly extending into guatemala , although this has not been confirmed . the total area that it lives in is estimated to be 66 @ , @ 000 km ##2 ( 25 @ , @ 48 ##2 @ . @ 7 sq mi ) . its range is disco ##nti ##nu ##ous and it is found in low den ##sities when present . it lives
| 528 |
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"10",
"@",
",",
"@",
"000",
"individuals",
";",
"however",
",",
"no",
"precise",
"estimate",
"on",
"the",
"bird",
"'",
"s",
"population",
"exists",
".",
"while",
"the",
"species",
"is",
"known",
"to",
"be",
"uncommon",
"in",
"parts",
"of",
"its",
"range",
",",
"its",
"population",
"is",
"not",
"believed",
"to",
"be",
"declining",
"enough",
"to",
"pass"
] | 894,369 |
in dry deciduous forest , arid and semi @ - @ arid thorn forest , and scrub ##by woodland at about 1000 – 1400 meters ( 328 ##0 – 45 ##9 ##3 ft ) above sea level . this species is non @ - @ migratory . the fl ##am ##mu ##lated fly ##cat ##cher is listed as being of least concern on the iucn red list due to its large range and the belief that the total population numbers over 10 @ , @ 000 individuals ; however , no precise estimate on the bird ' s population exists . while the species is known to be uncommon in parts of its range , its population is not believed to be declining enough to pass
| 530 |
[
"the",
"threshold",
"of",
"30",
"%",
"in",
"ten",
"years",
"or",
"three",
"generations",
"necessary",
"to",
"be",
"listed",
"as",
"near",
"threatened",
",",
"although",
"the",
"exact",
"population",
"trends",
"also",
"have",
"not",
"been",
"quan",
"##ti",
"##fied",
".",
"=",
"=",
"ecology",
"and",
"behavior",
"=",
"=",
"this",
"fly",
"##cat",
"##cher",
"is",
"a",
"slug",
"##gis",
"##h",
"and",
"sk",
"##ul",
"##king",
"species",
"that",
"usually",
"remains",
"in",
"the",
"under",
"##brush",
".",
"when",
"excited",
"either",
"by",
"an",
"intruder",
"or",
"when",
"attempting",
"to",
"attract",
"a",
"mate",
",",
"this",
"species",
"raises",
"the",
"feathers",
"on",
"its",
"crown",
"to",
"form",
"what",
"appears",
"to",
"be",
"a",
"crest",
";",
"however",
",",
"unlike",
"the",
"closely",
"related",
"genus",
"my",
"##ia",
"##rch",
"##us",
",",
"it",
"does",
"not",
"bob",
"its",
"head",
"while",
"displaying",
"the",
"crest",
".",
"the",
"fl",
"##am",
"##mu",
"##lated",
"fly",
"##cat",
"##cher",
"for",
"##ages",
"by"
] | 894,370 |
the threshold of 30 % in ten years or three generations necessary to be listed as near threatened , although the exact population trends also have not been quan ##ti ##fied . = = ecology and behavior = = this fly ##cat ##cher is a slug ##gis ##h and sk ##ul ##king species that usually remains in the under ##brush . when excited either by an intruder or when attempting to attract a mate , this species raises the feathers on its crown to form what appears to be a crest ; however , unlike the closely related genus my ##ia ##rch ##us , it does not bob its head while displaying the crest . the fl ##am ##mu ##lated fly ##cat ##cher for ##ages by
| 501 |
[
"perch",
"##ing",
"on",
"an",
"open",
"branch",
"and",
"looking",
"outward",
"and",
"downward",
"for",
"prey",
",",
"which",
"primarily",
"consists",
"of",
"insects",
".",
"once",
"it",
"spots",
"a",
"potential",
"meal",
",",
"the",
"fly",
"##cat",
"##cher",
"rapidly",
"and",
"directly",
"flies",
"at",
"the",
"insect",
",",
"which",
"is",
"normally",
"on",
"the",
"exposed",
"upper",
"surface",
"of",
"a",
"leaf",
"or",
"t",
"##wig",
".",
"it",
"hove",
"##rs",
"briefly",
"before",
"the",
"insect",
"before",
"grabbing",
"it",
"in",
"its",
"beak",
"and",
"flying",
"away",
"to",
"typically",
"a",
"new",
"perch",
".",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"reproduction",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"the",
"fly",
"##cat",
"##cher",
"breeds",
"around",
"june",
"of",
"each",
"year",
".",
"it",
"nests",
"in",
"shallow",
"tree",
"ca",
"##vi",
"##ties",
"that",
"are",
"surprisingly",
"close",
"to",
"the",
"ground",
",",
"at",
"approximately",
"90",
"centimeters",
"above",
"it",
".",
"the",
"nest",
"is",
"shaped",
"like",
"a",
"cup",
"and",
"is"
] | 894,371 |
perch ##ing on an open branch and looking outward and downward for prey , which primarily consists of insects . once it spots a potential meal , the fly ##cat ##cher rapidly and directly flies at the insect , which is normally on the exposed upper surface of a leaf or t ##wig . it hove ##rs briefly before the insect before grabbing it in its beak and flying away to typically a new perch . = = = reproduction = = = the fly ##cat ##cher breeds around june of each year . it nests in shallow tree ca ##vi ##ties that are surprisingly close to the ground , at approximately 90 centimeters above it . the nest is shaped like a cup and is
| 546 |
[
"composed",
"of",
"fine",
"vegetable",
"fibers",
",",
"dried",
"leaves",
",",
"and",
"shredded",
"bark",
".",
"unlike",
"the",
"similar",
"my",
"##ia",
"##rch",
"##us",
"fly",
"##cat",
"##chers",
",",
"it",
"does",
"not",
"use",
"snakes",
"##kin",
"or",
"other",
"materials",
"to",
"build",
"its",
"nest",
".",
"the",
"female",
"lays",
"three",
"eggs",
"that",
"are",
"creamy",
"to",
"pink",
"##ish",
"in",
"color",
"and",
"are",
"decorated",
"with",
"brown",
"and",
"gray",
"sp",
"##lot",
"##ches",
".",
"=",
"ontario",
"highway",
"89",
"=",
"king",
"'",
"s",
"highway",
"89",
",",
"commonly",
"referred",
"to",
"as",
"highway",
"89",
",",
"is",
"an",
"east",
"–",
"west",
"provincial",
"##ly",
"maintained",
"highway",
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"the",
"southwestern",
"portion",
"of",
"the",
"canadian",
"province",
"of",
"ontario",
",",
"stretching",
"107",
"kilometres",
"(",
"66",
"mi",
")",
"from",
"the",
"junction",
"of",
"highway",
"9",
"and",
"highway",
"23",
"in",
"harris",
"##ton",
"in",
"the",
"west",
",",
"to",
"highway",
"400"
] | 894,372 |
composed of fine vegetable fibers , dried leaves , and shredded bark . unlike the similar my ##ia ##rch ##us fly ##cat ##chers , it does not use snakes ##kin or other materials to build its nest . the female lays three eggs that are creamy to pink ##ish in color and are decorated with brown and gray sp ##lot ##ches . = ontario highway 89 = king ' s highway 89 , commonly referred to as highway 89 , is an east – west provincial ##ly maintained highway in the southwestern portion of the canadian province of ontario , stretching 107 kilometres ( 66 mi ) from the junction of highway 9 and highway 23 in harris ##ton in the west , to highway 400
| 504 |
[
"just",
"east",
"of",
"cooks",
"##town",
"in",
"the",
"east",
".",
"the",
"principal",
"urban",
"centres",
"along",
"the",
"highway",
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"all",
"##isto",
"##n",
",",
"she",
"##lb",
"##urne",
"and",
"mount",
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".",
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"the",
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"ontario",
".",
"highway",
"89",
"was",
"established",
"in",
"1937",
"as",
"a",
"result",
"of",
"the",
"re",
"##rou",
"##ting",
"of",
"highway",
"9",
"between",
"orange",
"##ville",
"and",
"highway",
"27",
".",
"in",
"1963",
",",
"the",
"route",
"was",
"extended",
"west",
"to",
"palmer",
"##ston",
"and",
"east",
"to",
"highway",
"400",
".",
"plans",
"were",
"conceived",
"during",
"the",
"late",
"1970s",
"to",
"push",
"the",
"highway",
"further",
"east",
"to",
"highway",
"12",
"via",
"ravens",
"##hoe",
"road",
",",
"resulting",
"in",
"a",
"brief",
"extension",
"to",
"highway",
"11",
".",
"however",
",",
"environmental",
"protest",
"over",
"the",
"chosen",
"route"
] | 894,373 |
just east of cooks ##town in the east . the principal urban centres along the highway include all ##isto ##n , she ##lb ##urne and mount forest . outside of these towns , the highway travels through rural farmland across a large part of southwestern ontario . highway 89 was established in 1937 as a result of the re ##rou ##ting of highway 9 between orange ##ville and highway 27 . in 1963 , the route was extended west to palmer ##ston and east to highway 400 . plans were conceived during the late 1970s to push the highway further east to highway 12 via ravens ##hoe road , resulting in a brief extension to highway 11 . however , environmental protest over the chosen route
| 596 |
[
"through",
"the",
"holland",
"marsh",
"resulted",
"in",
"the",
"cancellation",
"of",
"plans",
"in",
"1986",
".",
"in",
"1997",
",",
"the",
"section",
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"400",
"and",
"highway",
"11",
"was",
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".",
"the",
"most",
"recent",
"change",
"to",
"the",
"route",
"took",
"place",
"in",
"2003",
",",
"when",
"the",
"section",
"of",
"highway",
"89",
"between",
"palmer",
"##ston",
"and",
"harris",
"##ton",
"was",
"renumbered",
"as",
"part",
"of",
"highway",
"23",
",",
"creating",
"a",
"shared",
"terminus",
"at",
"a",
"junction",
"with",
"highway",
"9",
".",
"=",
"=",
"route",
"description",
"=",
"=",
"the",
"route",
"forms",
"the",
"main",
"streets",
"of",
"several",
"of",
"the",
"small",
"towns",
"that",
"dot",
"the",
"highway",
"east",
"to",
"west",
",",
"namely",
"cooks",
"##town",
",",
"all",
"##isto",
"##n",
"and",
"she",
"##lb",
"##urne",
".",
"the",
"highway",
"also",
"forms",
"the",
"backbone",
"of",
"many",
"small",
"villages",
"and",
"hamlets",
"between",
"the",
"larger",
"centres",
",",
"such"
] | 894,374 |
through the holland marsh resulted in the cancellation of plans in 1986 . in 1997 , the section between highway 400 and highway 11 was decommissioned . the most recent change to the route took place in 2003 , when the section of highway 89 between palmer ##ston and harris ##ton was renumbered as part of highway 23 , creating a shared terminus at a junction with highway 9 . = = route description = = the route forms the main streets of several of the small towns that dot the highway east to west , namely cooks ##town , all ##isto ##n and she ##lb ##urne . the highway also forms the backbone of many small villages and hamlets between the larger centres , such
| 592 |
[
"as",
"con",
"##n",
",",
"ke",
"##ldon",
",",
"pri",
"##m",
"##rose",
",",
"violet",
"hill",
",",
"rose",
"##mont",
"and",
"nico",
"##lston",
".",
"the",
"highway",
"formerly",
"continued",
"past",
"its",
"current",
"eastern",
"terminus",
"at",
"highway",
"400",
"to",
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"##e",
"street",
",",
"formerly",
"highway",
"11",
",",
"in",
"the",
"hamlet",
"of",
"fen",
"##nell",
".",
"this",
"section",
"is",
"now",
"numbered",
"as",
"sim",
"##coe",
"county",
"route",
"3",
"and",
"known",
"locally",
"as",
"shore",
"acres",
"drive",
".",
"the",
"highway",
"also",
"continued",
"past",
"its",
"current",
"western",
"terminus",
"in",
"harris",
"##ton",
",",
"taking",
"the",
"route",
"to",
"palmer",
"##ston",
"that",
"is",
"now",
"numbered",
"as",
"highway",
"23",
".",
"the",
"highway",
"mostly",
"runs",
"through",
"farmland",
"and",
"small",
"communities",
",",
"although",
"the",
"route",
"does",
"pass",
"by",
"earl",
"rowe",
"provincial",
"park",
"and",
"the",
"honda",
"car",
"manufacturing",
"plant",
"in",
"the",
"all",
"##isto",
"##n",
"area"
] | 894,375 |
as con ##n , ke ##ldon , pri ##m ##rose , violet hill , rose ##mont and nico ##lston . the highway formerly continued past its current eastern terminus at highway 400 to yong ##e street , formerly highway 11 , in the hamlet of fen ##nell . this section is now numbered as sim ##coe county route 3 and known locally as shore acres drive . the highway also continued past its current western terminus in harris ##ton , taking the route to palmer ##ston that is now numbered as highway 23 . the highway mostly runs through farmland and small communities , although the route does pass by earl rowe provincial park and the honda car manufacturing plant in the all ##isto ##n area
| 592 |
[
".",
"other",
"parks",
"and",
"natural",
"areas",
"that",
"are",
"close",
"to",
"the",
"route",
"are",
"boy",
"##ne",
"valley",
"provincial",
"park",
"and",
"mono",
"cliffs",
"provincial",
"park",
",",
"both",
"of",
"which",
"are",
"located",
"on",
"the",
"niagara",
"es",
"##car",
"##pment",
".",
"further",
"west",
"is",
"the",
"luther",
"marsh",
"conservation",
"area",
",",
"a",
"vast",
"wilderness",
"area",
"that",
"surrounds",
"luther",
"lake",
".",
"highway",
"89",
"was",
"created",
"out",
"of",
"a",
"highway",
"re",
"##rou",
"##ting",
"in",
"the",
"late",
"1930s",
".",
"originally",
",",
"it",
"formed",
"the",
"routing",
"of",
"highway",
"9",
",",
"which",
"until",
"then",
"turned",
"north",
"at",
"orange",
"##ville",
",",
"travelling",
"concurrently",
"with",
"highway",
"10",
",",
"then",
"turning",
"east",
"to",
"cooks",
"##town",
".",
"on",
"february",
"10",
",",
"1937",
",",
"highway",
"9",
"was",
"re",
"##routed",
"along",
"its",
"present",
"course",
"east",
"of",
"orange",
"##ville",
".",
"by",
"1938",
",",
"highway"
] | 894,376 |
. other parks and natural areas that are close to the route are boy ##ne valley provincial park and mono cliffs provincial park , both of which are located on the niagara es ##car ##pment . further west is the luther marsh conservation area , a vast wilderness area that surrounds luther lake . highway 89 was created out of a highway re ##rou ##ting in the late 1930s . originally , it formed the routing of highway 9 , which until then turned north at orange ##ville , travelling concurrently with highway 10 , then turning east to cooks ##town . on february 10 , 1937 , highway 9 was re ##routed along its present course east of orange ##ville . by 1938 , highway
| 604 |
[
"89",
"was",
"designated",
"along",
"the",
"former",
"route",
"of",
"highway",
"9",
".",
"highway",
"89",
"remained",
"as",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"is",
"until",
"the",
"early",
"1960s",
",",
"when",
"it",
"was",
"extended",
"west",
"to",
"palmer",
"##ston",
"and",
"east",
"to",
"highway",
"400",
".",
"on",
"april",
"1",
",",
"1963",
",",
"the",
"highway",
"was",
"assumed",
"through",
"the",
"counties",
"of",
"duff",
"##erin",
",",
"grey",
"and",
"wellington",
".",
"the",
"section",
"between",
"highway",
"27",
"and",
"highway",
"400",
"was",
"assumed",
"the",
"following",
"day",
".",
"during",
"the",
"mid",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"1970s",
",",
"highway",
"89",
"was",
"extended",
"east",
"to",
"highway",
"11",
"at",
"fen",
"##nell",
".",
"this",
"section",
"was",
"eventually",
"returned",
"to",
"the",
"jurisdiction",
"of",
"sim",
"##coe",
"county",
"on",
"april",
"1",
",",
"1997",
".",
"during",
"the",
"spring",
"of",
"2003",
",",
"the",
"mt",
"##o",
"renumbered",
"several",
"highways",
"to",
"improve",
"route"
] | 894,377 |
89 was designated along the former route of highway 9 . highway 89 remained as @ - @ is until the early 1960s , when it was extended west to palmer ##ston and east to highway 400 . on april 1 , 1963 , the highway was assumed through the counties of duff ##erin , grey and wellington . the section between highway 27 and highway 400 was assumed the following day . during the mid @ - @ 1970s , highway 89 was extended east to highway 11 at fen ##nell . this section was eventually returned to the jurisdiction of sim ##coe county on april 1 , 1997 . during the spring of 2003 , the mt ##o renumbered several highways to improve route
| 604 |
[
"continuity",
".",
"among",
"these",
"was",
"the",
"ren",
"##umber",
"##ing",
"of",
"a",
"section",
"of",
"highway",
"89",
"between",
"harris",
"##ton",
"and",
"palmer",
"##ston",
".",
"the",
"result",
"of",
"this",
"ren",
"##umber",
"##ing",
"was",
"a",
"shared",
"terminus",
"between",
"highway",
"89",
"and",
"highway",
"23",
"at",
"an",
"intersection",
"with",
"highway",
"9",
".",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"extension",
"to",
"highway",
"12",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"during",
"the",
"late",
"1970s",
",",
"plans",
"arose",
"to",
"create",
"a",
"new",
"highway",
"link",
"on",
"the",
"south",
"side",
"of",
"lake",
"sim",
"##coe",
"to",
"connect",
"highway",
"400",
"and",
"highway",
"12",
".",
"the",
"route",
"for",
"this",
"extension",
"was",
"announced",
"on",
"june",
"30",
",",
"1978",
".",
"it",
"was",
"to",
"follow",
"11th",
"line",
"from",
"highway",
"400",
"east",
"to",
"the",
"holland",
"marsh",
",",
"where",
"it",
"would",
"cross",
"towards",
"the",
"northeast",
"onto",
"the",
"alignment",
"of",
"ravens",
"##hoe"
] | 894,378 |
continuity . among these was the ren ##umber ##ing of a section of highway 89 between harris ##ton and palmer ##ston . the result of this ren ##umber ##ing was a shared terminus between highway 89 and highway 23 at an intersection with highway 9 . = = = extension to highway 12 = = = during the late 1970s , plans arose to create a new highway link on the south side of lake sim ##coe to connect highway 400 and highway 12 . the route for this extension was announced on june 30 , 1978 . it was to follow 11th line from highway 400 east to the holland marsh , where it would cross towards the northeast onto the alignment of ravens ##hoe
| 616 |
[
"road",
"(",
"york",
"road",
"32",
")",
".",
"the",
"extension",
"would",
"traverse",
"the",
"length",
"of",
"ravens",
"##hoe",
"road",
"to",
"lake",
"##ridge",
"road",
"(",
"durham",
"road",
"23",
")",
",",
"where",
"it",
"would",
"z",
"##ig",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"za",
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"road",
"7",
"to",
"end",
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"sunderland",
".",
"however",
",",
"heavy",
"environmental",
"protests",
"ensued",
"over",
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"route",
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"the",
"marsh",
".",
"consequently",
",",
"then",
"transportation",
"minister",
"ed",
"fulton",
"officially",
"cancelled",
"the",
"extension",
"on",
"april",
"21",
",",
"1986",
".",
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] | 894,379 |
road ( york road 32 ) . the extension would traverse the length of ravens ##hoe road to lake ##ridge road ( durham road 23 ) , where it would z ##ig @ - @ za ##g onto concession road 7 to end immediately north of sunderland . however , heavy environmental protests ensued over the chosen route through the marsh . consequently , then transportation minister ed fulton officially cancelled the extension on april 21 , 1986 . the proposal has since been reborn as the bradford bypass . = = major intersections = = the following table lists the major junctions along highway 89 , as noted by the ministry of transportation of ontario . = luke smith ( writer ) = luke michael
| 604 |
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smith is an american writer . he is a staff member at bun ##gie , a video game development company , and is a former video games journalist . smith wrote for a college newspaper and weekly papers in michigan before being hired as one of the first new freelance writers for kota ##ku . at kota ##ku , smith developed his writing style but soon left the site for a staff position as 1 ##up . com ' s news editor . smith made a name for himself at 1 ##up , particularly through an article he wrote focusing on problems with the game halo 2 . smith was known for his direct approach to game journalism and sc ##athing criticism of the video game
| 678 |
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industry . during his time at 1 ##up the site developed a greater profile and stepped out of its sister publication ' s shadow , but smith grew frustrated with the contemporary state of gaming news and what he considered manipulation of journalists and readers into accepting promotional material as news . in april 2007 he left 1 ##up to become a bun ##gie writer and co @ - @ host of the developer ' s podcast . = = early career = = smith gradually entered into game journalism while working on an english literature degree at the university of michigan , writing about media in the college newspaper . after graduation , he worked for weekly papers in dear ##born and detroit , michigan
| 194 |
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] | 894,382 |
, including real detroit weekly . clive thompson , a games writer with slate , interact ##ed with smith over ao ##l instant messenger and the two began to bounce ideas off of each other for their respective writing projects ; when games blog kota ##ku started to expand from one writer ( founder brian cr ##ece ##nte ) , thompson recommended smith . smith credits his time at kota ##ku for helping him come into his own , develop his style and learn about at ##tri ##bution and citing sources , but he left after a short period of time . " at the time stories ( on kota ##ku ) were unsigned . kota ##ku was like the brian cr ##ece ##nte vision .
| 673 |
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] | 894,383 |
if i posted something or [ fellow writer brian ash ##craft ] did people thought [ cr ##ece ##nte ] did . also , there was no health insurance , it was just full @ - @ time freelance . " = = 1 ##up . com journalism = = smith served as the news editor for 1 ##up . com , the sister site to the now @ - @ defunct magazine electronic gaming monthly . during his tenure at 1 ##up , smith wrote extensively about the halo video game franchise , as was considered a leading fan voice ; in one article , he declared halo was the only game series he cared about . smith wrote a feature story for 1 ##up
| 782 |
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] | 894,384 |
in 2005 called " broken halo " , in which he explained how developer bun ##gie could fix problems he perceived with the game ; cr ##ece ##nte said the article put smith " on the map " . smith also became one of the panel ##ists of the 1 ##up yours show , a weekly video games podcast featuring gaming editors and experts . in 2006 , edge named him one of gaming ' s top 50 journalists . play . d magazine credited smith with inspiring gamer ##s to learn more about the game industry and not accept company promotion , as well as turning 1 ##up from " the bastard child of e ##gm " to an important part of the z ##iff
| 784 |
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davis internet company ' s gaming network . his style has been described as a " robust , direct approach " to journalism and is known for his sc ##athing attacks on the industry . smith , however , felt dish ##ear ##ten ##ed by the state of game journalism . " video game journalism is just weird . you have guys married to women in marketing for the games they cover . video game journalism is still very young , very early , still trying to find out what it is , " he said . in an interview with michael zen ##ke of the es ##cap ##ist , smith said he felt game journalists were treated by developers as another part of the pr
| 708 |
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plan , with developers sending out information and the journalists " reg ##urg ##itating " it . worse , smith felt that gamer ##s had become used to this sort of information ; " we have to be responsible for our actions and held accountable when we manipulate the expectations of gamer ##s , " he told zen ##ke . while he was becoming more frustrated with the field at 1 ##up , game developer bun ##gie contacted smith about employment . after sending the company his resume , smith stopped writing about bun ##gie and microsoft to avoid a conflict of interest . smith accepted a job offer a month later . in april 2007 , smith announced on a 1 ##up podcast he was
| 87 |
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leaving the site to work for bun ##gie . reaction to smith ' s announcement varied ; some were happy or sad to see him leave , while others felt he had " sold out . " smith joined the ranks of other former game journalists who left to work for game companies , including 1 ##up ex ##pa ##tri ##ate che cho ##u , who joined microsoft game studios , and former games ##pot chief greg ka ##sa ##vin , who became an associate producer for electronic arts . bun ##gie staff hinted in a weekly update that smith might play a role in the developer ' s podcast . smith officially began work on may 7 , 2007 , as content editor , providing
| 784 |
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fans and the bun ##gie readers ##hip with information about bun ##gie ' s game and staff . smith believed that there was a special opportunity for game developers , " for someone to come in and tell the stories that people want to know [ . . . ] right now you have four bridges between developer and reader : developer to pr , to journalist to reader . [ this position ] could get rid of those middle two bridges . " while bun ##gie had historically been good at letting fans interact via forums and provided updates and artwork via their site , bun ##gie . net , the company ' s releases had a " corporate and muted tone to it ,
| 834 |
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] | 894,389 |
" and made less effort and been less successful historically at providing access to the inner workings of the game studio . as part of a change to become more transparent , bun ##gie took steps repeated throughout the industry to allow fans more say and recruiting respected voices from the community — namely , smith . robertson credited smith ' s tenure as aiding bun ##gie ' s greater focus on , " building , supporting and learning from the halo 3 community . " he is credited as a writer on halo 3 . smith also hosted bun ##gie ' s podcast show along with co @ - @ host brian jar ##rard ; in an interview with his former cow ##or ##kers at
| 710 |
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] | 894,390 |
1 ##up , smith said of the bun ##gie podcast , " we [ bun ##gie ] are focusing on getting our listeners and fans familiar with a bunch of the different faces at bun ##gie studios . " brought back after close to a year @ - @ long hiatus , the podcast now features bun ##gie news and interviews with staff members about their jobs and working at the studio . smith had the title of " bun ##gie community manager " at bun ##gie , and has given interviews with the press about the company ' s recent products , including halo 3 : o ##ds ##t . smith was among other writers @ - @ turned @ - @ game developers who
| 682 |
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