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] | 500 |
2 ##so ##ch ##2 and ( dime ##thy ##ls ##ulf ##ani ##um ##yl ) met ##hani ##de , ( ch ##3 ) 2 ##sch ##2 ( known as corey – cha ##yk ##ovsky re ##age ##nts ) by corey and cha ##yk ##ovsky as efficient methyl ##ene @ - @ transfer re ##age ##nts established the reaction as a part of the organic canon . = = mechanism = = the reaction mechanism for the johnson – corey – cha ##yk ##ovsky reaction consists of nu ##cle ##op ##hil ##ic addition of the y ##lide to the carbon ##yl or im ##ine group . a negative charge is transferred to the het ##ero ##ato ##m and because the sul ##fo ##nium cat ##ion is a good
| 556 |
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] | 501 |
leaving group it gets expelled forming the ring . in the related wit ##ti ##g reaction , the formation of the much stronger phosphorus @ - @ oxygen double bond prevents ox ##ira ##ne formation and instead , ole ##fin ##ation takes place through a 4 @ - @ member ##ed cyclic intermediate . the trans dia ##ster ##eo ##sel ##ect ##ivity observed results from the rev ##ers ##ibility of the initial addition , allowing e ##quil ##ib ##ration to the favored anti beta ##ine over the syn beta ##ine . initial addition of the y ##lide results in a beta ##ine with adjacent charges ; density functional theory calculations have shown that the rate @ - @ limiting step is rotation of the central bond
| 556 |
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] | 502 |
into the conform ##er necessary for backside attack on the sul ##fo ##nium . the degree of rev ##ers ##ibility in the initial step ( and therefore the dia ##ster ##eo ##sel ##ect ##ivity ) depends on four factors , with greater rev ##ers ##ibility corresponding to higher select ##ivity : stability of the substrate with higher stability leading to greater rev ##ers ##ibility by favor ##ing the starting material over the beta ##ine . stability of the y ##lide with higher stability similarly leading to greater rev ##ers ##ibility . ste ##ric hind ##rance in the beta ##ine with greater hind ##rance leading to greater rev ##ers ##ibility by di ##sf ##av ##orin ##g formation of the intermediate and slowing the rate @ - @
| 548 |
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] | 503 |
limiting rotation of the central bond . sol ##vation of charges in the beta ##ine by counter ##ions such as lithium with greater sol ##vation allowing more fa ##ci ##le rotation in the beta ##ine intermediate , lowering the amount of rev ##ers ##ibility . the application of the johnson – corey – cha ##yk ##ovsky reaction in organic synthesis is diverse . the reaction has come to encompass reactions of many types of sulfur y ##lide ##s with electro ##phile ##s well beyond the original publications . it has seen use in a number of high @ - @ profile total synth ##eses , as detailed below , and is generally recognized as a powerful transform ##ative tool in the organic repertoire . many types
| 556 |
[
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"the",
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] | 504 |
of y ##lide ##s can be prepared with various functional groups both on the an ##ion ##ic carbon center and on the sulfur . the substitution pattern can influence the ease of preparation for the re ##age ##nts ( typically from the sul ##fo ##nium hal ##ide , e . g . trim ##eth ##yl ##sul ##fo ##nium io ##di ##de ) and overall reaction rate in various ways . the general format for the re ##age ##nt is shown on the right . use of a sul ##fo ##xon ##ium allows more fa ##ci ##le preparation of the re ##age ##nt using weaker bases as compared to sul ##fo ##nium y ##lide ##s . ( the difference being that a sul ##fo ##xon ##ium contains
| 578 |
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] | 505 |
a do ##ub ##ly bonded oxygen whereas the sul ##fo ##nium does not . ) the former react slower due to their increased stability . in addition , the dial ##ky ##ls ##ulf ##oxide by @ - @ products of sul ##fo ##xon ##ium re ##age ##nts are greatly preferred to the significantly more toxic , volatile , and odor ##ous dial ##ky ##ls ##ulf ##ide by @ - @ products from sul ##fo ##nium re ##age ##nts . the vast majority of re ##age ##nts are mono ##su ##bs ##tituted at the y ##lide carbon ( either r ##1 or r ##2 as hydrogen ) . di ##su ##bs ##tituted re ##age ##nts are much rare ##r but have been described : if the y
| 577 |
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] | 506 |
##lide carbon is substituted with an electron @ - @ withdrawing group ( e ##wg ) , the re ##age ##nt is referred to as a stabilized y ##lide . these , similarly to sul ##fo ##xon ##ium re ##age ##nts , react much slower and are typically easier to prepare . these are limited in their useful ##ness as the reaction can become prohibit ##ively slug ##gis ##h : examples involving amid ##es are widespread , with many fewer involving este ##rs and virtually no examples involving other e ##wg ' s . for these , the related dar ##zen ##s reaction is typically more appropriate . if the y ##lide carbon is substituted with an ar ##yl or ally ##l group , the re
| 571 |
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] | 507 |
##age ##nt is referred to as a semi @ - @ stabilized y ##lide . these have been developed extensively , second only to the classical methyl ##ene re ##age ##nts ( r ##1 = r ##2 = h ) . the substitution pattern on ar ##yl re ##age ##nts can heavily influence the select ##ivity of the reaction as per the criteria above . if the y ##lide carbon is substituted with an al ##ky ##l group the re ##age ##nt is referred to as an un ##sta ##bil ##ized y ##lide . the size of the al ##ky ##l groups are the major factors in select ##ivity with these re ##age ##nts . the r @ - @ groups on the sulfur , though
| 556 |
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] | 508 |
typically methyl ##s , have been used to synth ##es ##ize re ##age ##nts that can perform en ##ant ##ios ##ele ##ctive variants of the reaction ( see variations below ) . the size of the groups can also influence dia ##ster ##eo ##sel ##ect ##ivity in ali ##cy ##cl ##ic substrates . = = = synthesis of ep ##oxide ##s = = = reactions of sulfur y ##lide ##s with ke ##tones and al ##deh ##yde ##s to form ep ##oxide ##s are by far the most common application of the johnson – corey – cha ##yk ##ovsky reaction . examples involving complex substrates and ' exotic ' y ##lide ##s have been reported , as shown below . the reaction has been used in
| 556 |
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"##azi",
"##rid",
"##ines",
".",
"though",
"less",
"widely",
"applied",
",",
"the",
"reaction",
"has",
"a",
"similar",
"substrate",
"scope",
"and",
"functional",
"group",
"tolerance",
"to",
"the",
"carbon",
"##yl",
"equivalent",
".",
"the",
"examples",
"shown"
] | 509 |
a number of notable total synth ##eses including the danish ##ef ##sky tax ##ol total synthesis , which produces the che ##mot ##her ##ape ##uti ##c drug tax ##ol , and the ku ##eh ##ne st ##ry ##ch ##nine total synthesis which produces the pest ##icide st ##ry ##ch ##nine . = = = synthesis of az ##iri ##dine ##s = = = the synthesis of az ##iri ##dine ##s from im ##ines is another important application of the johnson – corey – cha ##yk ##ovsky reaction and provides an alternative to amin ##e transfer from ox ##azi ##rid ##ines . though less widely applied , the reaction has a similar substrate scope and functional group tolerance to the carbon ##yl equivalent . the examples shown
| 556 |
[
"below",
"are",
"representative",
";",
"in",
"the",
"latter",
",",
"an",
"az",
"##iri",
"##dine",
"forms",
"in",
"situ",
"and",
"is",
"opened",
"via",
"nu",
"##cle",
"##op",
"##hil",
"##ic",
"attack",
"to",
"form",
"the",
"corresponding",
"amin",
"##e",
".",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"synthesis",
"of",
"cy",
"##cl",
"##op",
"##rop",
"##ane",
"##s",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"for",
"addition",
"of",
"sulfur",
"y",
"##lide",
"##s",
"to",
"en",
"##ones",
",",
"higher",
"1",
"@",
",",
"@",
"4",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"select",
"##ivity",
"is",
"typically",
"obtained",
"with",
"sul",
"##fo",
"##xon",
"##ium",
"re",
"##age",
"##nts",
"than",
"with",
"sul",
"##fo",
"##nium",
"re",
"##age",
"##nts",
".",
"many",
"electron",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"withdrawing",
"groups",
"have",
"been",
"shown",
"compatible",
"with",
"the",
"reaction",
"including",
"ke",
"##tones",
",",
"este",
"##rs",
",",
"and",
"amid",
"##es",
"(",
"the",
"example",
"below",
"involves",
"a",
"wei",
"##nr",
"##eb",
"amid",
"##e",
")",
".",
"with"
] | 510 |
below are representative ; in the latter , an az ##iri ##dine forms in situ and is opened via nu ##cle ##op ##hil ##ic attack to form the corresponding amin ##e . = = = synthesis of cy ##cl ##op ##rop ##ane ##s = = = for addition of sulfur y ##lide ##s to en ##ones , higher 1 @ , @ 4 @ - @ select ##ivity is typically obtained with sul ##fo ##xon ##ium re ##age ##nts than with sul ##fo ##nium re ##age ##nts . many electron @ - @ withdrawing groups have been shown compatible with the reaction including ke ##tones , este ##rs , and amid ##es ( the example below involves a wei ##nr ##eb amid ##e ) . with
| 578 |
[
"further",
"con",
"##ju",
"##gated",
"systems",
"1",
"@",
",",
"@",
"6",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"addition",
"tends",
"to",
"pre",
"##dom",
"##inate",
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"1",
"@",
",",
"@",
"4",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"addition",
".",
"=",
"=",
"=",
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"=",
"=",
"=",
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"to",
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",",
"corey",
",",
"and",
"cha",
"##yk",
"##ovsky",
",",
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"y",
"##lide",
"##s",
"have",
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"homo",
"##log",
"##ation",
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"that",
"tend",
"to",
"be",
"grouped",
"under",
"the",
"same",
"name",
".",
"with",
"ep",
"##oxide",
"##s",
"and",
"az",
"##iri",
"##dine",
"##s",
"the",
"reaction",
"serves",
"as",
"a",
"ring",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"expansion",
"to",
"produce",
"the",
"corresponding",
"ox",
"##eta",
"##ne",
"or",
"az",
"##eti",
"##dine",
".",
"the",
"long",
"reaction",
"times",
"required",
"for",
"these",
"reactions",
"prevent",
"them",
"from",
"occurring",
"as",
"significant"
] | 511 |
further con ##ju ##gated systems 1 @ , @ 6 @ - @ addition tends to pre ##dom ##inate over 1 @ , @ 4 @ - @ addition . = = = other reactions = = = in addition to the reactions originally reported by johnson , corey , and cha ##yk ##ovsky , sulfur y ##lide ##s have been used for a number of related homo ##log ##ation reactions that tend to be grouped under the same name . with ep ##oxide ##s and az ##iri ##dine ##s the reaction serves as a ring @ - @ expansion to produce the corresponding ox ##eta ##ne or az ##eti ##dine . the long reaction times required for these reactions prevent them from occurring as significant
| 556 |
[
"side",
"reactions",
"when",
"synth",
"##es",
"##izing",
"ep",
"##oxide",
"##s",
"and",
"az",
"##iri",
"##dine",
"##s",
".",
"several",
"cy",
"##cl",
"##oa",
"##dd",
"##ition",
"##s",
"wherein",
"the",
"y",
"##lide",
"serves",
"as",
"a",
"\"",
"nu",
"##cle",
"##op",
"##hil",
"##ic",
"car",
"##ben",
"##oid",
"equivalent",
"\"",
"have",
"been",
"reported",
".",
"living",
"polymer",
"##izations",
"using",
"trial",
"##ky",
"##lb",
"##oran",
"##es",
"as",
"the",
"catalyst",
"and",
"(",
"dime",
"##thy",
"##lo",
"##x",
"##os",
"##ulf",
"##ani",
"##um",
"##yl",
")",
"met",
"##hani",
"##de",
"as",
"the",
"mono",
"##mer",
"have",
"been",
"reported",
"for",
"the",
"synthesis",
"of",
"various",
"complex",
"polymers",
".",
"=",
"=",
"en",
"##ant",
"##ios",
"##ele",
"##ctive",
"variations",
"=",
"=",
"the",
"development",
"of",
"an",
"en",
"##ant",
"##ios",
"##ele",
"##ctive",
"(",
"i",
".",
"e",
".",
"yielding",
"an",
"en",
"##ant",
"##iom",
"##eric",
"excess",
",",
"which",
"is",
"labelled",
"as",
"\"",
"ee",
"\"",
")"
] | 512 |
side reactions when synth ##es ##izing ep ##oxide ##s and az ##iri ##dine ##s . several cy ##cl ##oa ##dd ##ition ##s wherein the y ##lide serves as a " nu ##cle ##op ##hil ##ic car ##ben ##oid equivalent " have been reported . living polymer ##izations using trial ##ky ##lb ##oran ##es as the catalyst and ( dime ##thy ##lo ##x ##os ##ulf ##ani ##um ##yl ) met ##hani ##de as the mono ##mer have been reported for the synthesis of various complex polymers . = = en ##ant ##ios ##ele ##ctive variations = = the development of an en ##ant ##ios ##ele ##ctive ( i . e . yielding an en ##ant ##iom ##eric excess , which is labelled as " ee " )
| 556 |
[
"variant",
"of",
"the",
"johnson",
"–",
"corey",
"–",
"cha",
"##yk",
"##ovsky",
"reaction",
"remains",
"an",
"active",
"area",
"of",
"academic",
"research",
".",
"the",
"use",
"of",
"chi",
"##ral",
"sul",
"##fide",
"##s",
"in",
"a",
"st",
"##oic",
"##hi",
"##ometric",
"fashion",
"has",
"proved",
"more",
"successful",
"than",
"the",
"corresponding",
"catalytic",
"variants",
",",
"but",
"the",
"substrate",
"scope",
"is",
"still",
"limited",
"in",
"all",
"cases",
".",
"the",
"catalytic",
"variants",
"have",
"been",
"developed",
"almost",
"exclusively",
"for",
"en",
"##ant",
"##ios",
"##ele",
"##ctive",
"purposes",
";",
"typical",
"organ",
"##os",
"##ulf",
"##ide",
"re",
"##age",
"##nts",
"are",
"not",
"prohibit",
"##ively",
"expensive",
"and",
"the",
"race",
"##mic",
"reactions",
"can",
"be",
"carried",
"out",
"with",
"e",
"##qui",
"##mo",
"##lar",
"amounts",
"of",
"y",
"##lide",
"without",
"raising",
"costs",
"significantly",
".",
"chi",
"##ral",
"sul",
"##fide",
"##s",
",",
"on",
"the",
"other",
"hand",
",",
"are",
"more",
"costly",
"to",
"prepare",
",",
"spur",
"##ring"
] | 513 |
variant of the johnson – corey – cha ##yk ##ovsky reaction remains an active area of academic research . the use of chi ##ral sul ##fide ##s in a st ##oic ##hi ##ometric fashion has proved more successful than the corresponding catalytic variants , but the substrate scope is still limited in all cases . the catalytic variants have been developed almost exclusively for en ##ant ##ios ##ele ##ctive purposes ; typical organ ##os ##ulf ##ide re ##age ##nts are not prohibit ##ively expensive and the race ##mic reactions can be carried out with e ##qui ##mo ##lar amounts of y ##lide without raising costs significantly . chi ##ral sul ##fide ##s , on the other hand , are more costly to prepare , spur ##ring
| 548 |
[
"the",
"advancement",
"of",
"catalytic",
"en",
"##ant",
"##ios",
"##ele",
"##ctive",
"methods",
".",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"st",
"##oic",
"##hi",
"##ometric",
"re",
"##age",
"##nts",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"the",
"most",
"successful",
"re",
"##age",
"##nts",
"employed",
"in",
"a",
"st",
"##oic",
"##hi",
"##ometric",
"fashion",
"are",
"shown",
"below",
".",
"the",
"first",
"is",
"a",
"bi",
"##cy",
"##cl",
"##ic",
"ox",
"##athi",
"##ane",
"that",
"has",
"been",
"employed",
"in",
"the",
"synthesis",
"of",
"the",
"β",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"ad",
"##ren",
"##er",
"##gic",
"compound",
"di",
"##ch",
"##lor",
"##ois",
"##op",
"##rot",
"##ere",
"##no",
"##l",
"(",
"dc",
"##i",
")",
"but",
"is",
"limited",
"by",
"the",
"availability",
"of",
"only",
"one",
"en",
"##ant",
"##iom",
"##er",
"of",
"the",
"re",
"##age",
"##nt",
".",
"the",
"synthesis",
"of",
"the",
"axial",
"dia",
"##ster",
"##eo",
"##mer",
"is",
"rational",
"##ized",
"via",
"the",
"1",
"@",
",",
"@",
"3",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"an"
] | 514 |
the advancement of catalytic en ##ant ##ios ##ele ##ctive methods . = = = st ##oic ##hi ##ometric re ##age ##nts = = = the most successful re ##age ##nts employed in a st ##oic ##hi ##ometric fashion are shown below . the first is a bi ##cy ##cl ##ic ox ##athi ##ane that has been employed in the synthesis of the β @ - @ ad ##ren ##er ##gic compound di ##ch ##lor ##ois ##op ##rot ##ere ##no ##l ( dc ##i ) but is limited by the availability of only one en ##ant ##iom ##er of the re ##age ##nt . the synthesis of the axial dia ##ster ##eo ##mer is rational ##ized via the 1 @ , @ 3 @ - @ an
| 556 |
[
"##ome",
"##ric",
"effect",
"which",
"reduces",
"the",
"nu",
"##cle",
"##op",
"##hil",
"##ici",
"##ty",
"of",
"the",
"equatorial",
"lone",
"pair",
".",
"the",
"conform",
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"of",
"the",
"y",
"##lide",
"is",
"limited",
"by",
"trans",
"##ann",
"##ular",
"strain",
"and",
"approach",
"of",
"the",
"al",
"##deh",
"##yde",
"is",
"limited",
"to",
"one",
"face",
"of",
"the",
"y",
"##lide",
"by",
"ste",
"##ric",
"interactions",
"with",
"the",
"methyl",
"sub",
"##sti",
"##tu",
"##ents",
".",
"the",
"other",
"major",
"re",
"##age",
"##nt",
"is",
"a",
"camp",
"##hor",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"derived",
"re",
"##age",
"##nt",
"developed",
"by",
"var",
"##ind",
"##er",
"ag",
"##gar",
"##wal",
"of",
"the",
"university",
"of",
"bristol",
".",
"both",
"en",
"##ant",
"##iom",
"##ers",
"are",
"easily",
"synthesized",
",",
"although",
"the",
"yields",
"are",
"lower",
"than",
"for",
"the",
"ox",
"##athi",
"##ane",
"re",
"##age",
"##nt",
".",
"the",
"y",
"##lide",
"conform",
"##ation",
"is",
"determined",
"by",
"interaction",
"with",
"the"
] | 515 |
##ome ##ric effect which reduces the nu ##cle ##op ##hil ##ici ##ty of the equatorial lone pair . the conform ##ation of the y ##lide is limited by trans ##ann ##ular strain and approach of the al ##deh ##yde is limited to one face of the y ##lide by ste ##ric interactions with the methyl sub ##sti ##tu ##ents . the other major re ##age ##nt is a camp ##hor @ - @ derived re ##age ##nt developed by var ##ind ##er ag ##gar ##wal of the university of bristol . both en ##ant ##iom ##ers are easily synthesized , although the yields are lower than for the ox ##athi ##ane re ##age ##nt . the y ##lide conform ##ation is determined by interaction with the
| 556 |
[
"bridge",
"##head",
"hydrogen",
"##s",
"and",
"approach",
"of",
"the",
"al",
"##deh",
"##yde",
"is",
"blocked",
"by",
"the",
"camp",
"##hor",
"moi",
"##ety",
".",
"the",
"reaction",
"employs",
"a",
"ph",
"##os",
"##pha",
"##zen",
"##e",
"base",
"to",
"promote",
"formation",
"of",
"the",
"y",
"##lide",
".",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"catalytic",
"re",
"##age",
"##nts",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"catalytic",
"re",
"##age",
"##nts",
"have",
"been",
"less",
"successful",
",",
"with",
"most",
"variations",
"suffering",
"from",
"poor",
"yield",
",",
"poor",
"en",
"##ant",
"##ios",
"##ele",
"##ct",
"##ivity",
",",
"or",
"both",
".",
"there",
"are",
"also",
"issues",
"with",
"substrate",
"scope",
",",
"most",
"having",
"limitations",
"with",
"methyl",
"##ene",
"transfer",
"and",
"ali",
"##pha",
"##tic",
"al",
"##deh",
"##yde",
"##s",
".",
"the",
"trouble",
"stems",
"from",
"the",
"need",
"for",
"a",
"nu",
"##cle",
"##op",
"##hil",
"##ic",
"sul",
"##fide",
"that",
"efficiently",
"generates",
"the",
"y",
"##lide",
"which",
"can",
"also",
"act",
"as"
] | 516 |
bridge ##head hydrogen ##s and approach of the al ##deh ##yde is blocked by the camp ##hor moi ##ety . the reaction employs a ph ##os ##pha ##zen ##e base to promote formation of the y ##lide . = = = catalytic re ##age ##nts = = = catalytic re ##age ##nts have been less successful , with most variations suffering from poor yield , poor en ##ant ##ios ##ele ##ct ##ivity , or both . there are also issues with substrate scope , most having limitations with methyl ##ene transfer and ali ##pha ##tic al ##deh ##yde ##s . the trouble stems from the need for a nu ##cle ##op ##hil ##ic sul ##fide that efficiently generates the y ##lide which can also act as
| 556 |
[
"a",
"good",
"leaving",
"group",
"to",
"form",
"the",
"ep",
"##oxide",
".",
"since",
"the",
"factors",
"underlying",
"these",
"des",
"##ider",
"##ata",
"are",
"at",
"odds",
",",
"tuning",
"of",
"the",
"catalyst",
"properties",
"has",
"proven",
"difficult",
".",
"shown",
"below",
"are",
"several",
"of",
"the",
"most",
"successful",
"catalyst",
"##s",
"along",
"with",
"the",
"yields",
"and",
"en",
"##ant",
"##iom",
"##eric",
"excess",
"for",
"their",
"use",
"in",
"synthesis",
"of",
"(",
"e",
")",
"-",
"stil",
"##ben",
"##e",
"oxide",
".",
"ag",
"##gar",
"##wal",
"has",
"developed",
"an",
"alternative",
"method",
"employing",
"the",
"same",
"sul",
"##fide",
"as",
"above",
"and",
"a",
"novel",
"al",
"##ky",
"##lation",
"involving",
"a",
"r",
"##ho",
"##dium",
"car",
"##ben",
"##oid",
"formed",
"in",
"situ",
".",
"the",
"method",
"too",
"has",
"limited",
"substrate",
"scope",
",",
"failing",
"for",
"any",
"electro",
"##phile",
"##s",
"possessing",
"basic",
"sub",
"##sti",
"##tu",
"##ents",
"due",
"to",
"competitive",
"consumption",
"of",
"the",
"car"
] | 517 |
a good leaving group to form the ep ##oxide . since the factors underlying these des ##ider ##ata are at odds , tuning of the catalyst properties has proven difficult . shown below are several of the most successful catalyst ##s along with the yields and en ##ant ##iom ##eric excess for their use in synthesis of ( e ) - stil ##ben ##e oxide . ag ##gar ##wal has developed an alternative method employing the same sul ##fide as above and a novel al ##ky ##lation involving a r ##ho ##dium car ##ben ##oid formed in situ . the method too has limited substrate scope , failing for any electro ##phile ##s possessing basic sub ##sti ##tu ##ents due to competitive consumption of the car
| 556 |
[
"##ben",
"##oid",
".",
"=",
"treaty",
"of",
"ciudad",
"juarez",
"=",
"the",
"treaty",
"of",
"ciudad",
"juarez",
"was",
"a",
"peace",
"treaty",
"signed",
"between",
"the",
"then",
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"of",
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",",
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"##rio",
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",",
"and",
"the",
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"francisco",
"made",
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"on",
"may",
"21",
",",
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".",
"the",
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"put",
"an",
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"to",
"the",
"fighting",
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"supporting",
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"##ro",
"and",
"those",
"of",
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"and",
"thus",
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"the",
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"phase",
"of",
"the",
"mexican",
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".",
"the",
"treaty",
"stipulated",
"that",
"diaz",
",",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"his",
"vice",
"president",
"ramon",
"co",
"##rral",
",",
"were",
"to",
"step",
"down",
"by",
"the",
"end",
"of",
"may",
",",
"and",
"that",
"he",
"was",
"to",
"be",
"replaced",
"by",
"francisco",
"leon",
"de",
"la",
"barr",
"##a",
"as",
"interim",
"president",
"and",
"hold",
"presidential",
"elections",
".",
"those",
"who",
"had",
"suffered",
"losses",
"due",
"to"
] | 518 |
##ben ##oid . = treaty of ciudad juarez = the treaty of ciudad juarez was a peace treaty signed between the then president of mexico , por ##fi ##rio diaz , and the revolutionary francisco made ##ro on may 21 , 1911 . the treaty put an end to the fighting between forces supporting made ##ro and those of diaz and thus concluded the initial phase of the mexican revolution . the treaty stipulated that diaz , as well as his vice president ramon co ##rral , were to step down by the end of may , and that he was to be replaced by francisco leon de la barr ##a as interim president and hold presidential elections . those who had suffered losses due to
| 468 |
[
"the",
"revolution",
"would",
"be",
"the",
"ind",
"##em",
"##nified",
",",
"and",
"there",
"would",
"be",
"a",
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"amnesty",
".",
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"25",
",",
"and",
"interim",
"president",
"francisco",
"leon",
"de",
"la",
"barr",
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",",
"a",
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] | 519 |
the revolution would be the ind ##em ##nified , and there would be a general amnesty . diaz resigned on may 25 , and interim president francisco leon de la barr ##a was the new incumbent . diaz and his family , his vice president co ##rral , plus jose yves lima ##nto ##ur and rosen ##do pine ##da left mexico for exile . significantly , the treaty did not mention or institute any social reforms that made ##ro had vaguely promised on previous occasions . it also left the por ##fi ##rian state essentially intact . additionally , made ##ro supported the unpopular idea that all land disputes were to be settled through the courts , staffed by the old judges , a decision that
| 453 |
[
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","
] | 520 |
led to outbreak ##s of sporadic violence , particularly in rural areas . on june 7 , 1911 , made ##ro entered mexico city . in october 1911 he was elected president , under the banner of the part ##ido con ##sti ##tu ##cion ##al pro ##gre ##sis ##ta , along with jose maria pin ##o suarez , his new running mate as vice @ - @ president . made ##ro pushed aside francisco va ##zquez gomez , the vice presidential candidate for the anti @ - @ reelection ##ist party in 1910 , as being too moderate . = = military developments leading up to the treaty = = the rebellion against the government of por ##fi ##rio diaz broke out in late 1910 ,
| 486 |
[
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"'",
"clothing",
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"with"
] | 521 |
after diaz had his rival francisco made ##ro imprisoned and had announced his own victory in a fa ##ls ##ified election . made ##ro ' s earlier vague promises of agrarian reforms had attracted many supporters . he himself escaped from prison and fled to texas , from where he issued his famous plan of san luis pot ##osi . this manifesto called for an armed uprising against the por ##fi ##ria ##to and establishment of free and democratic elections . as a response to made ##ro ' s proclamation , violent clashes began throughout mexico in november 1910 . in the guerrero district of chihuahua , pas ##cu ##al oro ##z ##co attacked federal troops and sent dead soldiers ' clothing back to diaz with
| 443 |
[
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"=",
"=",
"=",
"encouraged",
"by",
"the",
"news",
"of"
] | 522 |
the message , " ah ##i te van las ho ##jas , man ##dam ##e mas tam ##ales " ( " here are the wrap ##pers , send me more tam ##ales . " ) he then began operations which threatened ciudad juarez . additionally , political support for made ##ro ' s rebellion came from abraham gonzalez , who accepted the plan of san luis pot ##osi . at roughly the same time , agrarian unrest in the state of more ##los turned into a full blown rebellion under the leadership of the za ##pa ##ta brothers , emilia ##no and eu ##fe ##mi ##o . = = = oro ##z ##co and villa take ciudad juarez = = = encouraged by the news of
| 230 |
[
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"until",
"reinforcements",
"arrived",
".",
"concerned"
] | 523 |
the uprising ##s , made ##ro crossed the border back into mexico in february 1911 . he was joined by pan ##cho villa and oro ##z ##co and in april the army began approaching ciudad juarez . oro ##z ##co and villa led the way with 500 men each , while made ##ro followed up with 1 @ , @ 500 riders . the city was besieged by the end of the month , after made ##ro ' s army encountered some resistance in the chihuahua ##n countryside . made ##ro asked the commander of the city ' s garrison to surrender but the latter refused , hoping that the fortifications he had constructed would allow him to defend the city until reinforcements arrived . concerned
| 236 |
[
"also",
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"wanted",
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"for",
"his",
"previous",
"killing",
"of",
"rebel",
"pow",
"##s"
] | 524 |
also with the possibility that a direct attack on the town would cause artillery shells to cross the border into the united states which could provoke an outside intervention , and faced with a series of peace proposals from diaz , made ##ro hesitated in attacking the city . he in fact ordered his commanders to lift the siege . oro ##z ##co , however disregard ##ed the order and , joined by villa , attacked . after two days of fighting the city fell to the insurrection ##ists . made ##ro intervened personally to spare the life of the city ' s commander , gen . navarro , whom both oro ##z ##co and villa wanted executed for his previous killing of rebel pow ##s
| 950 |
[
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"he",
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"all",
"the",
"major",
"towns"
] | 525 |
. this , coupled with the fact that both leaders were ignored by made ##ro in his political appointments , outraged and estranged them from him . = = = za ##pa ##ta in south and central mexico = = = at about the same time that villa and oro ##z ##co were marching on ciudad juarez , the za ##pati ##sta revolt gathered strength and spread to the states of puebla , t ##la ##x ##cala , mexico , mic ##ho ##aca ##n and guerrero . on april 14 , made ##ro had emilia ##no za ##pa ##ta officially designated as his representative in the region . however , za ##pa ##ta was worried that if he did not fully control all the major towns
| 235 |
[
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"he",
"made",
"a"
] | 526 |
in more ##los by the time that made ##ro concluded negotiations with diaz , the demands of his agrarian movement and the issue of the autonomy of more ##los would be ignored or side ##lined . za ##pa ##ta ' s first military action was to take the town of china ##me ##ca where he obtained essential supplies . subsequently za ##pa ##ta , for political and strategic reasons , decided to attack the city of cu ##au ##tl ##a . in order to mis ##lea ##d his opponents however , he initially attacked and captured the towns of i ##zu ##car de mata ##mo ##ros ( which was subsequently re ##taken by federal forces ) and chi ##et ##la . from there he made a
| 443 |
[
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"most",
"terrible",
"days"
] | 527 |
wide circle around cu ##au ##tl ##a and captured ya ##ute ##pe ##c and jon ##aca ##te ##pe ##c where he gathered more supplies , munitions and soldiers . by may , out of all the major urban centers in the region , only cu ##au ##tl ##a and the capital of more ##los , cue ##rna ##vac ##a , remained outside of his control . za ##pa ##ta began the attack on cu ##au ##tl ##a on may 13 with 4000 troops against 400 elite soldiers of the so @ - @ called " golden fifth " ; the fifth cavalry regiment of the federal army . the battle took almost a week and has been described as " six of the most terrible days
| 953 |
[
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"throughout",
"mexico",
"and"
] | 528 |
of battle in the whole revolution " . it consisted of house to house fighting , hand @ - @ to @ - @ hand combat , and no quarter given by either side . general victorian ##o hue ##rta arrived in nearby cue ##rna ##vac ##a with 600 reinforcements , but decided not to come to the relief of cu ##au ##tl ##a as he was afraid that the capital would revolt in his absence . on may 19 , the remains of the " golden fifth " pulled out of the town which was then occupied by za ##pa ##ta ' s soldiers . the successful capture of cu ##au ##tl ##a made za ##pa ##ta a hero to ordinary people throughout mexico and
| 953 |
[
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"##pa",
"##ta",
"'",
"s",
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"of",
"cu",
"##au",
"##tl",
"##a",
",",
"the",
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"some",
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".",
"por",
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",",
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"that",
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"could",
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"and",
"oro",
"##z",
"##co",
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",",
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"##au",
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"##a",
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"as",
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"1911",
",",
"made",
"##ro",
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"'",
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",",
"jose",
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",",
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"the",
"mexican",
"ambassador",
"to",
"the",
"us",
"in",
"order",
"to",
"discuss",
"the"
] | 529 |
new co ##rri ##dos were written about him . after za ##pa ##ta ' s taking of cu ##au ##tl ##a , the federal government controlled only five states and some urban areas . por ##fi ##rio diaz himself later stated that , while he felt that he could defend against villa and oro ##z ##co in chihuahua , the fall of cu ##au ##tl ##a was the event which persuaded him to agree to peace with made ##ro . = = the compromise = = as early as march 1911 , made ##ro ' s representatives met in new york with diaz ' s finance minister , jose yves lima ##nto ##ur , and the mexican ambassador to the us in order to discuss the
| 443 |
[
"possibility",
"of",
"peace",
"between",
"the",
"two",
"sides",
".",
"lima",
"##nto",
"##ur",
"proposed",
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"to",
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"and",
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",",
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"then",
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"ramon",
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",",
"the",
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"##ro",
",",
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"which",
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".",
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"ciudad",
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"and",
"the",
"outbreak",
"of",
"rebellion",
"in",
"more",
"##los"
] | 530 |
possibility of peace between the two sides . lima ##nto ##ur proposed an end to the hostilities and offered an amnesty for all revolutionaries , the resignation of the then vice president ramon co ##rral , the replacement of four diaz cabinet ministers and ten state governors by ones chosen by made ##ro , and the establishment of the principle of " no @ - @ reelection " which would prevent diaz from seeking yet another term as president ( which would have been his ninth ) . made ##ro responded positively although he also stated that any kind of peace deal had to include an immediate resignation by diaz . faced with the siege of ciudad juarez and the outbreak of rebellion in more ##los
| 470 |
[
",",
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"wrote",
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"there",
"were",
"two",
"revolutions"
] | 531 |
, diaz and members of his cabinet became more willing to negotiate and launched a " skill ##ful peace offensive " aimed at made ##ro . this was largely a result of panic among the large landowners associated with the diaz regime ( the ha ##cend ##ados ) and the financial elite , which represented a " moderate " wing within the government . some among the por ##fi ##rist ##as in fact , expected that za ##pa ##ta would soon march on mexico city itself , unless peace was concluded with made ##ro . the moderate view within the diaz government was represented by jorge vera est ##ano ##l who in a memo to the minister of foreign affairs wrote that there were two revolutions
| 473 |
[
"taking",
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",",
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".",
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"\"",
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",",
"est",
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"would",
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"by",
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".",
"est",
"##ano",
"##l",
"'",
"s",
"views"
] | 532 |
taking place in mexico : a political revolution , based mostly in the north , whose aim was mostly to establish free elections and remove diaz himself from power , and a social revolution whose aim was " anarchy " which was spreading throughout the mexican countryside . est ##ano ##l recommended coming to terms with the first group of revolutionaries , by agreeing to the principle of no re @ - @ election and a general amnesty , in order to prevent the second group from succeeding . in addition to his fear of " anarchy " , est ##ano ##l was also worried that the social revolution would lead to a military intervention by the united states . est ##ano ##l ' s views
| 229 |
[
"represented",
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"of",
"the",
"portion",
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"the",
"upper",
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",",
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",",
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"lima",
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",",
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"##ano",
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",",
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"of",
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"international",
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",",
"as",
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"if",
"it",
"would",
"put",
"an",
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"to",
"the",
"agrarian",
"uprising",
"##s"
] | 533 |
represented those of the portion of the upper class which was willing to come to terms with at least a portion of the middle class in order to crush the peasant uprising ##s , as exemplified by those of za ##pa ##ta , which were er ##upt ##ing throughout mexico . lima ##nto ##ur , who broadly agreed with est ##ano ##l , had the support of the mexican fin ##an ##cier ##s , who feared the down ##grad ##ing of mexican international credit and a general economic crisis as a result of ongoing social unrest , as well as that of the large landowners who were willing to come to terms with made ##ro if it would put an end to the agrarian uprising ##s
| 343 |
[
".",
"these",
"social",
"group",
"were",
"in",
"turn",
"opposed",
"by",
"the",
"more",
"reaction",
"##ary",
"elements",
"within",
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"'",
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",",
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",",
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"this",
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"##o",
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",",
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"likewise",
",",
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"general",
",",
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",",
"bernardo",
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"##ur",
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"\"",
".",
"in",
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"end",
"however",
",",
"diaz"
] | 534 |
. these social group were in turn opposed by the more reaction ##ary elements within diaz ' s government , mostly concentrated in the federal army , who though that the rebels should be dealt with through brute force . this faction was represented by general victorian ##o hue ##rta , who would later carry out an attempted coup d ' etat against made ##ro . likewise , the general , and potential successor to diaz , bernardo reyes stated in a letter to lima ##nto ##ur that " the repression ( against the insurrection ##ists ) should be carried out with the great ##es energy , punish ##ing without any pity anyone participating in the armed struggle " . in the end however , diaz
| 443 |
[
"dismissed",
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"generals",
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"the",
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"land",
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"that",
"were",
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"their",
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".",
"the",
"most",
"significant"
] | 535 |
dismissed the advice from his generals as " custer @ - @ like blu ##ster " and chose to seek peace with the moderate wing of the revolution . lima ##nto ##ur had finally managed to persuade him to resign . at the same time there was also disagreement among the rebels . the " left wing " of the revolutionary movement , represented by za ##pa ##ta and oro ##z ##co ( villa for the time being tended to support made ##ro ) , warned against any possible compromise ##s with diaz . in the end their suspicions proved correct as the treaty that was eventually signed neglected issues of social and agrarian land reform that were central to their struggle . the most significant
| 469 |
[
"point",
"of",
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",",
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",",
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".",
"made",
"##ro",
"and",
"his",
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"the",
"right",
"to",
"name"
] | 536 |
point of the treaty was that por ##fi ##rio diaz , and his vice president , ramon co ##rral , resign and that de la barr ##a , acting as interim president organize free elections as soon as possible . additionally , the treaty stipulated that : an amnesty for all revolutionaries be declared , with the option for some of them to apply for membership in the rural ##es . the revolutionary forces were to be demo ##bil ##ized as soon as possible and the federal forces were to be the only army in mexico . this was in order to app ##ease the army , which had opposed a compromise with made ##ro . made ##ro and his supporters had the right to name
| 443 |
[
"fourteen",
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",",
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"=",
"implementation",
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"=",
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",",
"and",
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"time",
"being",
"the",
"fighting",
"in",
"more",
"##los",
"continued"
] | 537 |
fourteen provisional state governors , and to approve la barr ##a ' s cabinet . pensions were to be established for relatives of the soldiers who had died fighting the rebels . policemen and judges , as well as state legislators , that had been appointed or " elected " under diaz were to retain their offices . = = implementation and results = = the treaty was signed on may 21 . diaz resigned accordingly on may 25 . francisco de la barr ##a became the interim president . made ##ro entered mexico city on june 7 . za ##pa ##ta however refused to recognize the interim government of de la barr ##a , and for the time being the fighting in more ##los continued
| 450 |
[
".",
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"##pa",
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"treaty",
".",
"sporadic",
"fighting",
"in"
] | 538 |
. made ##ro met with za ##pa ##ta on several occasions during june . while initially za ##pa ##ta trusted made ##ro , with time he became increasingly concerned that the goals of " his revolution " were not being fulfilled . he was particularly angry that made ##ro did not plan on carrying out any kind of agrarian reform , or the breakup of large ha ##cend ##ias . additionally , the press in mexico city , controlled by the landowners began referring to za ##pa ##ta as a bandit and federal generals , such as hue ##rta , continued attacking his troops under the pre ##text that za ##pa ##ta failed to demo ##bil ##ize in violation of the treaty . sporadic fighting in
| 443 |
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] | 539 |
southern mexico continued . in november 1911 , shortly after made ##ro ' s inauguration , za ##pa ##ta issued the famous plan of a ##yala , in which the za ##pati ##sta ##s denounced made ##ro and instead recognized pas ##cu ##al oro ##z ##co as the rightful president and leader of the revolution . made ##ro also earned the great displeasure of other revolutionaries , including , pas ##cu ##al oro ##z ##co . made ##ro ' s first act after the treaty was signed was a gesture of reconciliation with the diaz regime . as a result of the treaty he was given the right to appoint members of the la barr ##a cabinet . he chose mostly upper class made ##rist ##as
| 229 |
[
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] | 540 |
, including his wife for the post in the treasury . he also maintained the existing federal system , by keeping the sitting judges of the supreme court , the legislators in federal and state assemblies and the bureau ##crats of the various federal agencies . venus ##tian ##o carr ##anza , who was going to become a major revolutionary in his own right and a future president of mexico , stated that , after the treaty , made ##ro had " deliver ( ed ) to the reaction ##aries a dead revolution which will have to be fought over again " . diaz , after leaving for exile in france , observed that " made ##ro has unleashed a tiger , let us see if
| 441 |
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] | 541 |
he can control him " . oro ##z ##co , who saw himself as being instrumental in made ##ro ' s victory over diaz , was merely appointed as a commander of the rural ##es in chihuahua , which increased his resentment . when he tried to run for governor of the state , made ##ro supported his opponent , abraham gonzalez and eventually pressured oro ##z ##co to drop out of the race . when , in the aftermath of the plan of a ##yala , made ##ro ordered oro ##z ##co to lead federal troops to suppress za ##pa ##ta , oro ##z ##co refused . in march 1912 , oro ##z ##co issued his plan of em ##pac ##ador ##a and formally declared
| 443 |
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] | 542 |
himself in rebellion against made ##ro . = the feast of the goat = the feast of the goat ( spanish : la fiesta del chi ##vo , 2000 ) is a novel by the peruvian nobel prize in literature laureate mario vargas ll ##osa . the book is set in the dominican republic and portrays the assassination of dominican dictator rafael tr ##uj ##illo , and its aftermath , from two distinct stand ##points a generation apart : during and immediately after the assassination itself , in may 1961 ; and thirty five years later , in 1996 . throughout , there is also extensive reflection on the hey ##day of the dictatorship , in the 1950s , and its significance for the island and
| 102 |
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"of",
"whom"
] | 543 |
its inhabitants . the novel follows three inter ##wo ##ven storylines . the first concerns a woman , ur ##ania cab ##ral , who is back in the dominican republic , after a long absence , to visit her ai ##ling father ; she ends up recalling incidents from her youth and rec ##ount ##ing a long @ - @ held secret to her aunt and cousins . the second story line focuses on the last day in tr ##uj ##illo ' s life from the moment he wakes up onwards , and shows us the regime ' s inner circle , to which ur ##ania ' s father once belonged . the third strand depicts tr ##uj ##illo ' s assassins , many of whom
| 102 |
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"-",
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] | 544 |
had previously been government loyalists , as they wait for his car late that night ; after the assassination , this story line shows us the assassins ' persecution . each aspect of the book ' s plot reveals a different viewpoint on the dominican republic ' s political and social environment , past and present . readers are shown the regime ' s downward spiral , tr ##uj ##illo ' s assassination , and its aftermath through the eyes of insider ##s , con ##sp ##ira ##tors , and a middle @ - @ aged woman looking back . the novel is therefore a ka ##lei ##dos ##copic portrait of dictator ##ial power , including its psychological effects , and its long @ - @
| 753 |
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] | 545 |
term impact . the novel ' s themes include the nature of power and corruption , and their relationship to mach ##ism ##o and sexual per ##version in a rigid ##ly hierarchical society with strongly gender ##ed roles . memory , and the process of remembering , is also an important theme , especially in ur ##ania ' s narrative as she recalls her youth in the dominican republic . her story ( and the book as a whole ) ends when she recounts the terrible events that led to her leaving the country at the age of 14 . the book itself serves as a reminder of the atrocities of dictatorship , to ensure that the dangers of absolute power will be remembered by a
| 671 |
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] | 546 |
new generation . vargas ll ##osa inter ##lace ##s fictional elements and historical events : the book is not a documentary , and the cab ##ral family , for instance , is completely fictional . on the other hand , the characters of tr ##uj ##illo and tr ##uj ##illo ' s assassins are drawn from the historical record ; vargas ll ##osa weave ##s real historical incidents of brutality and oppression into these people ' s stories , to further ill ##umi ##nate the nature of the regime and the responses it provoked . in vargas ll ##osa ' s words , " it ' s a novel , not a history book , so i took many , many liberties . [ . .
| 112 |
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] | 547 |
. ] i have respected the basic facts , but i have changed and def ##or ##med many things in order to make the story more per ##su ##asi ##ve — and i have not exaggerated . " the feast of the goat received largely positive reviews , with several reviewers commenting on the book ' s depiction of the relationship between sexuality and power , and on the graphic descriptions of violent events . a film version of the novel was released in 2005 , starring isabella ross ##elli ##ni , paul freeman , and tomas mil ##ian . jorge ali tri ##ana and his daughter veronica tri ##ana wrote a theatrical adaptation in 2003 . = = background = = the feast of the
| 710 |
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"'"
] | 548 |
goat is only the second of vargas ll ##osa ' s novels to be set outside peru ( the first being the war of the end of the world ) . it is also unusual because it is the first to have a female protagonist : as critic lynn wal ##ford writes of the leading character in the feast of the goat , and also vargas ll ##osa ' s subsequent book the way to paradise , " both are utterly unlike any of the other female characters in his previous novels " . the novel examines the dictator ##ial regime of rafael leonid ##as tr ##uj ##illo molina in the dominican republic . tr ##uj ##illo was , in historian eric ro ##ord ##a '
| 102 |
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] | 549 |
s words , " a towering influence in dominican and caribbean history " who presided over " one of the most durable regimes of the twentieth century " during the thirty @ - @ one years between his seizure of power in 1930 and his assassination in 1961 . tr ##uj ##illo had trained with the united states marine corps during the united states occupation of the island , and graduated from the hai ##na military academy in 1921 . after the u . s . departed in 1924 , he became head of the dominican national police which , under his command , was transformed into the dominican national army and tr ##uj ##illo ' s personal " virtually autonomous power base " . tr
| 195 |
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";",
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] | 550 |
##uj ##illo was officially dictator only from 1930 to 1938 , and from 1942 to 1952 , but remained in effective power throughout the entire period . though his regime was broadly nationalist , daniel chi ##rot comments that he had " no particular ideology " and that his economic and social policies were basically progressive . the novel ' s title is taken from the popular dominican mere ##ng ##ue mata ##ron al chi ##vo ( " they killed the goat " ) , which refers to tr ##uj ##illo ' s assassination on may 30 , 1961 . mere ##ng ##ue is a style of music created by nico lo ##ra in the 1920s and actively promoted by tr ##uj ##illo himself ; it
| 7 |
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"s",
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] | 551 |
is now considered the country ' s national music . cultural critics julie sellers and stephen ro ##pp comment about this particular mere ##ng ##ue that , by en ##vis ##aging the dictator as an animal who could be turned into a stew ( as frequently happened with goats struck down on the dominican republic ' s highways ) , the song " gave those performing , listening to and dancing to this mere ##ng ##ue a sense of control over him and over themselves that they had not experienced for over three decades . " vargas ll ##osa quotes the lyrics to mata ##ron al chi ##vo at the beginning of the novel . = = plot summary = = the novel ' s narrative
| 793 |
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] | 552 |
is divided into three distinct strands . one is centred on ur ##ania cab ##ral , a fictional dominican character ; another deals with the con ##sp ##ira ##tors involved in tr ##uj ##illo ' s assassination ; and the third focuses on tr ##uj ##illo himself . the novel alternate ##s between these storylines , and also jumps back and forth from 1961 to 1996 , with frequent flashbacks to periods earlier in tr ##uj ##illo ' s regime . the feast of the goat begins with the return of ur ##ania to her hometown of santo domingo , a city which had been renamed ciudad tr ##uj ##illo during tr ##uj ##illo ' s time in power . this storyline is largely intro ##sp
| 102 |
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] | 553 |
##ect ##ive and deals with ur ##ania ' s memories and her inner turmoil over the events preceding her departure from the dominican republic thirty @ - @ five years earlier . ur ##ania escaped the crumbling tr ##uj ##illo regime in 1961 by claiming she planned to study under the tu ##tel ##age of nuns in michigan . in the following decades , she becomes a prominent and successful new york lawyer . she finally returns to the dominican republic in 1996 , on a w ##him , and finds herself compelled to confront her father and elements of her past she has long ignored . as ur ##ania speaks to her ai ##ling father , agustin cab ##ral , she recalls more and more
| 188 |
[
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] | 554 |
of the anger and disgust that led to her thirty @ - @ five years of silence . ur ##ania re ##tell ##s her father ' s descent into political disgrace , and the betrayal that forms the cr ##ux of both ur ##ania ' s storyline and that of tr ##uj ##illo himself . the second and third storylines are set in 1961 , in the weeks prior to and following tr ##uj ##illo ' s assassination on 30 may . each assassin has his own background story , explaining his motivation for his involvement in the assassination plot . each has been wrong ##ed by tr ##uj ##illo and his regime , by torture and brutality , or through assaults on their pride ,
| 753 |
[
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] | 555 |
their religious faith , their morality , or their loved ones . vargas ll ##osa weave ##s the tale of the men as memories recalled on the night of tr ##uj ##illo ' s death , as the con ##sp ##ira ##tors lie in wait for " the goat " . inter ##connected with these stories are the actions of other famous tr ##uj ##ill ##ista ##s of the time : joaquin bala ##gue ##r , the puppet president ; johnny ab ##bes garcia , the mer ##ci ##less head of the military intelligence service ( sim ) ; and various others — some real , some composite ##s of historical figures , and some purely fictional . the third storyline is concerned with the thoughts
| 834 |
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] | 556 |
and motives of rafael leonid ##as tr ##uj ##illo molina himself . the chapters concerning the goat recall the major events of his time , including the slaughter of thousands of dominican haitian ##s in 1937 . they also deal with the dominican republic ' s tense international relationships during the cold war , especially with the united states under the presidency of john f . kennedy , and cuba under castro . vargas ll ##osa also spec ##ulates upon tr ##uj ##illo ' s inner ##most thoughts and paints a picture of a man whose physical body is failing him . tr ##uj ##illo is tormented by inc ##ont ##inen ##ce and imp ##ote ##nce ; and this storyline intersects with ur ##ania ' s
| 134 |
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] | 557 |
narrative when it is revealed that ur ##ania was sexually assaulted by tr ##uj ##illo . he is unable to achieve an erection with ur ##ania , and in frustration and anger he rape ##s her with his hands . this event is the core of ur ##ania ' s shame , and her hatred towards her father . in addition , it is the cause of tr ##uj ##illo ' s repeated anger over the " an ##emi ##c little bitch " that witnessed his imp ##ote ##nce and emotion , and the reason he is en route to sleep with another girl on the night of his assassination . in the novel ' s final chapters , the three storylines intersect with increasing frequency
| 681 |
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"of",
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] | 558 |
. the tone of these chapters is especially dark as they deal primarily with the horrific torture and death of the assassins at the hands of the sim , the failure of the coup , the rape of ur ##ania , and the concessions made to tr ##uj ##illo ' s most vicious supporters allowing them to en ##act their horrific revenge on the con ##sp ##ira ##tors and then escape the country . the book ends as ur ##ania prepares to return home , determined this time to keep in touch with her family back on the island . = = characters = = ur ##ania cab ##ral and her father agustin cab ##ral appear in both the modern day and historical portions of the
| 230 |
[
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] | 559 |
novel . in the year 1996 , ur ##ania returns to the dominican republic for the first time since her departure at the age of 14 . she is a successful new york lawyer who has spent most of the past 35 years trying to overcome the trauma ##s of her childhood , a goal she pursue ##s through an academic fascination with tr ##uj ##illo and dominican history . ur ##ania is deeply troubled by the events of her past , and is compelled to confront her father agustin about his role in those events . ur ##ania visits her father , finding him weakened by age and a severe stroke , so much so that he is barely able to respond physically to her
| 102 |
[
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"'",
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] | 560 |
presence , let alone speak . agustin listen ##s helplessly as ur ##ania recounts his past as " egg ##head cab ##ral " , a high @ - @ ranking member of tr ##uj ##illo ' s inner circle , and his drastic fall from grace . ur ##ania details agustin ' s role in the events that led to her rape by the dominican leader , and to her subsequent lifetime of ce ##lib ##acy and emotional trauma . agustin ' s character in the modern day portion of the novel serves primarily as a sounding board for ur ##ania ' s rec ##oll ##ection ##s of the tr ##uj ##illo era and the events that surrounded both agustin cab ##ral ' s disgrace and
| 102 |
[
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"vargas",
"ll",
"##osa",
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"##s",
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"inner",
"##most",
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] | 561 |
ur ##ania ' s escape from the country . his responses are minimal and non @ - @ vocal , despite the arden ##cy of ur ##ania ' s accusations and the en ##or ##mity of his own actions during tr ##uj ##illo ' s reign . = = = the tr ##uj ##illo regime = = = rafael tr ##uj ##illo , known also as the goat , the chief , and the benefactor , is a fictional ##ized character based on the real dictator of the dominican republic from 1930 to 1961 and the official president of the republic from 1930 to 1938 and 1943 to 1952 . in the feast of the goat , vargas ll ##osa imagine ##s the inner ##most thoughts
| 102 |
[
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] | 562 |
of the dictator , and re ##tell ##s the goat ' s last hours from his own perspective . tr ##uj ##illo ' s character struggles with aging and the physical problems of inc ##ont ##inen ##ce and imp ##ote ##nce . through fictional events and first person narrative , the reader is given insight into the man who , during his " thirty @ - @ one years of ho ##rre ##ndo ##us political crimes " , modernized the country ' s infrastructure and military , but whose regime ' s attacks against its enemies overseas ( particularly the attempted assassination of rom ##ulo beta ##nco ##urt , president of venezuela ) led to the imp ##osition of economic sanctions on the dominican republic by
| 270 |
[
"the",
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"states",
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"@",
"-",
"@",
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"##fest",
"##ed",
"waters",
"."
] | 563 |
the organization of american states in the 1950s . the resultant economic down ##turn , in conjunction with other factors , leads to the cia supported assassination plot that ends tr ##uj ##illo ' s life on may 30 , 1961 . tr ##uj ##illo ' s regime is supported by johnny ab ##bes garcia , the head of the military intelligence service ( sim ) , a brutal man to whom many " disappearance ##s , . . . executions , . . . sudden falls into disgrace " are attributed . ab ##bes and his intelligence officers are notorious for their cruelty , particularly their habit of killing di ##ssi ##dents by throwing them into shark @ - @ in ##fest ##ed waters .
| 247 |
[
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",",
"general",
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"roman",
","
] | 564 |
colonel ab ##bes " may be the devil , but he ' s useful to the chief ; everything bad is attributed to him and only the good to tr ##uj ##illo " . tr ##uj ##illo ' s son , ram ##fi ##s tr ##uj ##illo , is a loyal supporter of the chief . after unsuccessful attempts at schooling in the united states , ram ##fi ##s returns to the dominican republic to serve in his father ' s military . he is a well @ - @ known woman ##izer . upon tr ##uj ##illo ' s death , ram ##fi ##s seeks revenge , even going so far as to torture and kill his uncle by marriage , general jose roman ,
| 217 |
[
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] | 565 |
for his part in the assassination conspiracy . joaquin bala ##gue ##r , tr ##uj ##illo ' s puppet president is also a supporter , and initially his seemingly inn ##oc ##uous character holds no real power . following tr ##uj ##illo ' s death , the calm and ser ##enity of bala ##gue ##r bring about real change in his character , and general roman comments that " this insignificant man whom everyone had always considered a mere clerk , a purely decorative figure in the regime , began to acquire surprising authority " . it is bala ##gue ##r who guides much of the action in the last sections of the book . the storyline concerning the assassination primarily follows the four con ##sp
| 102 |
[
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] | 566 |
##ira ##tors who directly participate in tr ##uj ##illo ' s death . antonio im ##bert barre ##ra is one of the few con ##sp ##ira ##tors who survives the violent rep ##ris ##als that follow tr ##uj ##illo ' s assassination . im ##bert is a politician who becomes di ##sil ##lusion ##ed with the deception and cruelty of the tr ##uj ##illo regime . his first plan to kill tr ##uj ##illo was foil ##ed by the unsuccessful attempted overthrow of the regime by cuban paramilitary forces . now convinced of the difficulty of his task , im ##bert joins the other con ##sp ##ira ##tors in plotting tr ##uj ##illo ' s death . among the others is antonio de la ma ##za
| 233 |
[
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] | 567 |
, one of tr ##uj ##illo ' s personal guards . antonio ' s brother is killed as part of a government cover @ - @ up and antonio swear ##s revenge upon tr ##uj ##illo . salvador est ##rella sad ##hala , known as " turk " , is a devout catholic who , in ind ##ign ##ation at the regime ' s many crimes against god , swear ##s an oath against tr ##uj ##illo . turk eventually turns himself in for fear that the regime was tor ##turing his family . both turk and his innocent brother are then tortured for months . his father remains loyal to tr ##uj ##illo and di ##so ##wn ##s turk to his face . despite all
| 102 |
[
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"di",
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"##ment",
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"##illo",
".",
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"he",
"hides",
"out",
"with",
"de",
"la",
"ma",
"##za",
"and"
] | 568 |
of this , turk refuses to commit suicide and does not lose faith in god . he is later executed by ram ##fi ##s and other high level government men . turk ' s close friend , ama ##do garcia guerrero , known as ama ##dit ##o , is a lieutenant in the army who gave up his beloved as proof of his loyalty to tr ##uj ##illo , and then later was forced to kill her brother to prove himself to tr ##uj ##illo . ama ##dit ##o ' s disgust with himself and di ##sil ##lusion ##ment with the regime lead to his decision to help to kill tr ##uj ##illo . following the assassination he hides out with de la ma ##za and
| 176 |
[
"dies",
"fighting",
".",
"in",
"the",
"aftermath",
"of",
"the",
"assassination",
",",
"ama",
"##dit",
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"and",
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",",
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",",
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",",
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"age",
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"ll",
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"'",
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".",
"=",
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"=",
"=",
"=",
"the",
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"of",
"dominican",
"society",
"was",
"hierarchical",
","
] | 569 |
dies fighting . in the aftermath of the assassination , ama ##dit ##o and antonio de la ma ##za choose to fight the members of sim who come to arrest them , opt ##ing to die in battle rather than be captured and tortured . = = major themes = = the feast of the goat ' s major themes include political corruption , mach ##ism ##o , memory , and writing and power . olga lorenzo , reviewer for the melbourne age , suggests that overall vargas ll ##osa ' s aim is to reveal the irrational forces of latin tradition that give rise to des ##pot ##ism . = = = political corruption = = = the structure of dominican society was hierarchical ,
| 227 |
[
"with",
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".",
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",",
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".",
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"##uj",
"##illo",
"violate",
"##s",
"women",
"and"
] | 570 |
with strongly gender ##ed roles . rafael tr ##uj ##illo , the ruler , was a cruel dictator who haunt ##s the people of santo domingo even 35 years after his death . he is a true ca ##udi ##llo , ruling with brutality and corruption . he creates a personality cult in his capitalist society and encourages decade ##nce within his regime . prior to promotion to a position of responsibility , an officer is required to pass a " test of loyalty " . his people are to remain loyal to him all cost , and are periodically tested by public humiliation and ce ##ns ##ure even though acts of di ##sl ##oya ##lty were rare . tr ##uj ##illo violate ##s women and
| 4 |
[
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"\"",
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"fathers",
",",
"our",
"brothers",
",",
"our",
"friends",
"."
] | 571 |
children as an expression of political and sexual power , and in some cases takes the wife or child of his lieutenant ##s , many of whom still remain blindly loyal . even the church and military institutions are employed to give women to the tyrant for pleasure . many of the assassins had belonged to the tr ##uj ##illo regime or had at one point been its staunch supporters , only to find their support for him eroded by the state ' s crimes against its people . im ##bert , one of the assassins , sums up this realization in a comment prompted by the murder of the mira ##bal sisters : " they kill our fathers , our brothers , our friends .
| 176 |
[
"and",
"now",
"they",
"'",
"re",
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"women",
".",
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",",
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",",
"while",
"hyper",
"@"
] | 572 |
and now they ' re killing our women . and here we sit , resigned , waiting our turn . " in an interview , vargas ll ##osa describes the corruption and brutality of tr ##uj ##illo ' s regime : " he had more or less all the common traits of a latin american dictator , but pushed to the extreme . in cruelty , i think he went far far away from the rest — and in corruption , too . " according to literary scholar peter anthony ni ##ess ##a , the two important components of mach ##ism ##o are aggressive behaviour and hyper @ - @ sexuality . aggressive behaviour is exhibited by displays of power and strength , while hyper @
| 708 |
[
"-",
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"and",
"daughters",
".",
"mario"
] | 573 |
- @ sexuality is revealed through sexual activity with as many partners as possible . these two components shape the portrayal of tr ##uj ##illo and his regime in the feast of the goat . as lorenzo observes , vargas ll ##osa " reveals traditions of mach ##ism ##o , of abusive fathers , and of child @ - @ rear ##ing practices that repeat the sham ##ing of children , so that each generation be ##que ##ath ##s a with ##ering of the soul to the subsequent one . " in a display of both aspects of mach ##ism ##o , tr ##uj ##illo demanded of his aide ##s and cabinet that they provide him with sexual access to their wives and daughters . mario
| 271 |
[
"vargas",
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"##osa",
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"##uj",
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"##o",
".",
"in",
"ni",
"##ess",
"##a",
"'",
"s",
"words",
",",
"\""
] | 574 |
vargas ll ##osa wrote of tr ##uj ##illo ' s mach ##ism ##o and treatment of women , " [ h ] e went to bed with his ministers ' wives , not only because he liked these ladies but because it was a way to test his ministers . he wanted to know if they were ready to accept this extreme humiliation . mainly the ministers were prepared to play this grotesque role — and they remained loyal to tr ##uj ##illo even after his death . " tr ##uj ##illo ' s sexual conquest ##s and public humiliation ##s of his enemies also serve to af ##firm his political power and mach ##ism ##o . in ni ##ess ##a ' s words , "
| 139 |
[
"the",
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"first",
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"in",
"30"
] | 575 |
the implication is that maximum vi ##ril ##ity equals political dominance . " tr ##uj ##illo ' s attempted sexual conquest of ur ##ania is an example of both political manipulation of agustin cab ##ral and sexual power over young women . however , as tr ##uj ##illo ' s penis remains fl ##ac ##ci ##d throughout the encounter and he is humiliated in front of the young girl , the encounter fails to satisfy his requirements for mach ##ism ##o . all of the novel ' s storylines concern memory in some sense or another . the most apparent confrontation of memory is on the part of ur ##ania cab ##ral , who has returned to the dominican republic for the first time in 30
| 102 |
[
"years",
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"many",
"things",
","
] | 576 |
years , and is forced to confront her father and the trauma ##s that led her to leave the country at 14 . she was the victim of sexual abuse at the hands of the dictator himself , a sacrifice her father made to try to gain favor with the dictator again , a fact to which she all ##udes throughout the book , but which is only revealed at the very end : the book concludes with her rec ##ount ##ing the memory of that night to her aunt and cousins , who never knew the true reason she left the country . when her aunt is surprised that she remembers all these details , she responds that while she forget ##s many things ,
| 710 |
[
"\"",
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"about",
"that",
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".",
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"##ez",
"kidnapping",
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"murder",
",",
"the",
"1960"
] | 577 |
" i remember everything about that night . " for ur ##ania , forgetting the atrocities committed by the regime is unacceptable . her father , on the other hand , is not capable of joining her in this process of remembering , since he has suffered a stroke and is not capable of speaking ; however , ur ##ania is angry that he chose to forget these things while he was still capable of acknowledging them . memory is also important in the sections of the novel that deal with the assassins . each recalls the events that led him to take part in the assassination of tr ##uj ##illo . these incidents included the 1956 gal ##ind ##ez kidnapping and murder , the 1960
| 83 |
[
"murder",
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] | 578 |
murder of the mira ##bal sisters , and the 1961 split with the catholic church . these historical events are used by vargas ll ##osa to connect the assassins with specific moments that demonstrate the violence of tr ##uj ##illo ' s regime . tr ##uj ##illo , too , is shown reflecting on the past , not least his own formation and training at the hands of the us marines . but above all mario vargas ll ##osa uses the fictional ur ##ania to facilitate the novel ' s attempt at remembering the regime . the novel opens and closes with ur ##ania ' s story , effectively framing the narrative in the terms of remembering the past and understanding its legacy in the present
| 4 |
[
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] | 579 |
. in addition , because of her academic study of the history of the tr ##uj ##illo regime , ur ##ania is also confronting the memory of the regime for the country as a whole . this is in keeping with one purpose of the book , which is to ensure that the atrocities of the dictatorship and the dangers of absolute power will be remembered by a new generation . in her treatment of the novel , maria regina ruiz claims that power gives its wi ##eld ##er the ability to make prohibition ##s ; prohibition ##s that are reflected in history , the study of which reveals what is and what is not told . the government ' s actions in the feast of
| 82 |
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] | 580 |
the goat demonstrate the discourse of prohibition : foreign newspapers and magazines were prohibited from entering tr ##uj ##illo ' s country as they were seen as a threat to the government ' s ideas . mario vargas ll ##osa takes part in this discourse by rec ##ount ##ing what was prohibited . ruiz notes that writing also has the power to transform reality . it brings the reader back to the past , allowing the reader to comprehend myths or distorted stories told by historians . ruiz contend ##s that knowing the past is crucial to one ' s understanding of the present that takes us to post ##mo ##dern ##ism , and argues that the feast of the goat can thus be seen as
| 833 |
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"="
] | 581 |
a post ##mo ##dern discourse that gives power to history recreation . the construction of fiction ##s surrounding the events of tr ##uj ##illo ' s regime allow a degree of freedom from the horrors that took places . author julia alvarez contend ##s that these events can " only finally be understood by fiction , only finally be red ##eem ##ed by the imagination " , while richard patterson claims that vargas ll ##osa " rec ##on ##fi ##gur ##es , and to a large degree dem ##yt ##hol ##og ##izes " tr ##uj ##illo and his brutal reign through use of narrative structure . vargas ll ##osa ' s writing acts as a cat ##hart ##ic force for this period in history . =
| 829 |
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] | 582 |
= fact and fiction = = the novel is a combination of fact and fiction . blending together these two elements is important in any historical novel , but especially in the feast of the goat because vargas ll ##osa chose to na ##rra ##te an actual event through the minds of both real and fictional characters . some characters are fictional , and those that are non @ - @ fictional still have fictional ##ized aspects in the book . the general details of the assassination are true , and the assassins are all real people . while they lie in wait for the dictator to arrive , they rec ##ount actual crimes of the regime , such as the murder of the mira ##bal
| 829 |
[
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","
] | 583 |
sisters . however , other details are invented by vargas ll ##osa , such as ama ##dit ##o ' s murder of the brother of the woman he loved . those within the regime are also a mix of fictional characters and real people . president bala ##gue ##r is real , but the entire cab ##ral family is completely fictional . according to wolff , vargas ll ##osa " uses history as a starting point in constructing a fictional ##ized account of tr ##uj ##illo ' s " spiritual colonization " of the dominican republic as experienced by one dominican family . the fictional cab ##ral family allows vargas ll ##osa to show two sides of the tr ##uj ##illo regime : through agustin ,
| 102 |
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] | 584 |
the reader sees ultimate dedication and sacrifice to the leader of the nation ; through ur ##ania , the violence of the regime and the legacy of pain it left behind . vargas ll ##osa also fictional ##ized the internal thoughts of the characters who were non @ - @ fictional , especially those of the goat himself . according to literary scholar richard patterson , " vargas ll ##osa ' s expands all the way into the very " dark area " of tr ##uj ##illo ' s consciousness ( as the story ##tell ##er dare ##s to con ##ce ##ive it ) . " vargas ll ##osa also built an image of the regime with the troubled historical events . with regard to the
| 705 |
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] | 585 |
historical accuracy of the book , vargas ll ##osa has said " it ' s a novel , not a history book , so i took many , many liberties . the only limitation i imposed on myself was that i was not going to in ##vent anything that couldn ' t have happened within the framework of life in the dominican republic . i have respected the basic facts , but i have changed and def ##or ##med many things in order to make the story more per ##su ##asi ##ve — and i have not exaggerated . " = = critical reception = = the real ##ist style of the feast of the goat is recognized by some reviewers as being a break from
| 710 |
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] | 586 |
a more all ##egorical approach to the dictator novel . the novel received largely positive reviews , most of which were willing to accept sacrifices of historical accuracy in favour of good storytelling . a common comment on the novel is the graphic nature of the many acts of torture and murder which are depicted in the novel . vargas lets the reader see the realities of an oppressive regime with a degree of detail not often used by his com ##pa ##tri ##ots in latin american literature , as michael wood suggests in the london review of books : " vargas ll ##osa . . . tells us far more about the details of day @ - @ to @ - @ day int ##rigue
| 825 |
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] | 587 |
, and the so ##rdi ##d , sad ##istic min ##uti ##ae of torture and murder . " walter ki ##rn of the new york times suggests that the " gr ##is ##ly scenes of dungeon interrogation ##s and torture sessions " cast other aspects of the novel in a pale light , draining them of their significance and impact . similarly , ki ##rn implies that the " narrative machinery " mentioned by wood as being somewhat un ##wi ##eld ##y also produces a largely super ##fl ##uous storyline . the plot line centered on ur ##ania cab ##ral is described by stu ##rro ##ck as being an emotional centre that focuses the novel , and wood agrees that her confrontation ##s with past demons
| 752 |
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] | 588 |
hold the readers attention . in contrast , ki ##rn ' s review states that ur ##ania ' s segments are " talk ##y and atmospheric . . . [ and ] seem to be on loan from another sort of book . " most reviews of the feast of the goat make either indirect of direct reference to the relationship between sexuality and power . salon reviewer laura miller , writer for the observer jonathan he ##aw ##ood , walter ki ##rn , and michael wood each detail the connection between tr ##uj ##illo ' s gradual loss of ultimate control , both over his body and his followers . the means by which tr ##uj ##illo reinforce ##s political power through sexual acts and
| 725 |
[
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] | 589 |
begins to lose personal conviction as his body fails him are topics of frequent discussion among reviewers . in 2011 bernard died ##eric ##h , author of the 1978 non @ - @ fiction book tr ##uj ##illo . the death of the goat , accused vargas @ - @ ll ##osa of pl ##agi ##aris ##m . = = adaptations = = an english @ - @ language film adaptation of the novel was made in 2005 , directed by luis ll ##osa , mario vargas ll ##osa ' s cousin . it stars isabella ross ##elli ##ni as ur ##ania cab ##ral , paul freeman as her father agustin , stephanie leonid ##as as ur ##ani ##ta and tomas mil ##ian as rafael leonid
| 829 |
[
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"##ert",
"##orio"
] | 590 |
##as tr ##uj ##illo . it was filmed in both the dominican republic and in spain . reviewing the film for the trade paper variety , critic jonathan holland called it " less a feast than a somewhat rushed , but thoroughly enjoyable , three @ - @ course meal " , commenting that the main difference from the source novel was the sacrifice of psychological nu ##ance . the novel has also been adapted for the stage , by jorge ali tri ##ana and his daughter veronica tri ##ana , directed by jorge tri ##ana : the play was put on ( in spanish , but with simultaneous translation to english ) at rep ##ert ##orio es ##pan ##ol ( www . rep ##ert ##orio
| 224 |
[
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",",
"he",
"joined",
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] | 591 |
. org / chi ##vo ) in new york in 2003 ; and the production moved to lima in 2007 . a feature of the novel ' s stage version is that the same actor plays both agustin cab ##ral and rafael tr ##uj ##illo . for reviewer bruce weber , this makes the point " that tr ##uj ##illo ' s control of the nation depended on gut ##less collaborators " . = charles eaton ( raaf officer ) = charles eaton , obe , afc ( 21 december 1895 – 12 november 1979 ) was a senior officer and aviator in the royal australian air force ( raaf ) , who later served as a diplomat . born in london , he joined the
| 736 |
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"to",
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] | 592 |
british army upon the outbreak of world war i and saw action on the western front before transferring to the royal flying corps in 1917 . posted as a bomber pilot to no . 206 squadron , he was twice captured by german forces , and twice escaped . eaton left the military in 1920 and worked in india until moving to australia in 1923 . two years later he joined the raaf , serving initially as an instructor at no . 1 flying training school . between 1929 and 1931 , he was chosen to lead three expeditions to search for lost aircraft in central australia , gaining national attention and earning the air force cross for his " ze ##al and devotion to duty
| 979 |
[
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"-",
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] | 593 |
" . in 1939 , on the eve of world war ii , eaton became the inaugural commanding officer of no . 12 ( general purpose ) squadron at the newly established raaf station darwin in northern australia . promoted group captain the following year , he was appointed an officer of the order of the british empire in 1942 . he took command of no . 79 wing at batch ##elo ##r , northern territory , in 1943 , and was mentioned in des ##pa ##tch ##es during operations in the south west pacific . retiring from the raaf in december 1945 , eaton took up diplomatic posts in the dutch east indies , heading a united nations commission as consul @ - @ general
| 979 |
[
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] | 594 |
during the indonesian national revolution . he returned to australia in 1950 , and served in canberra for a further two years . popularly known as " moth " eaton , he was a farmer in later life , and died in 1979 at the age of 83 . he is commemorated by several memorials in the northern territory . = = early life and world war i = = charles eaton was born on 21 december 1895 in lamb ##eth , london , the son of william wal ##pole eaton , a butcher , and his wife grace . school ##ed in wand ##sworth , charles worked in batter ##sea town council from the age of fourteen , before joining the london regiment upon the
| 10 |
[
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] | 595 |
outbreak of world war i in august 1914 . attached to a bicycle company in the 24th battalion of the 47th division , he arrived at the western front in march 1915 . he took part in trench bombing missions and attacks on enemy lines of communication , seeing action in the battles of au ##bers ridge , fest ##uber ##t , lo ##os , and the somme . on 14 may 1915 , eaton transferred to the royal flying corps ( rfc ) , undergoing initial pilot training at oxford . while he was landing his maurice farm ##an short ##horn at the end of his first solo flight , another student collided with him and was killed , but eaton emerged un ##in ##jured
| 988 |
[
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] | 596 |
. he was commissioned in august and was awarded his wings in october . ranked lieutenant , he served with no . 110 squadron , which operated martins ##yde g . 100 " elephant " fighters out of se ##dge ##ford , defending london against zeppelin airship ##s . transferred to the newly formed royal air force ( raf ) in april 1918 , he was posted the following month to france flying air ##co dh . 9 single @ - @ engined bombers with no . 206 squadron . on 29 june , he was shot down behind enemy lines and captured in the vicinity of ni ##ep ##pe . incarcerated in ho ##lz ##mind ##en prisoner @ - @ of @ - @ war
| 979 |
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] | 597 |
camp , germany , eaton escaped but was recaptured and court @ - @ martial ##led , after which he was kept in solitary confinement . he later effect ##ed another escape and succeeded in rejoin ##ing his squadron in the final days of the war . = = between the wars = = eaton remained in the raf following the ce ##ssa ##tion of hostilities . he married beatrice godfrey in st . thomas ' s church at shepherd ' s bush , london , on 11 january 1919 . posted to no . 1 squadron , he was a pilot on the first regular passenger service between london and paris , ferry ##ing delegates to and from the peace conference at versailles . eaton
| 979 |
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] | 598 |
was sent to india in december to undertake aerial survey work , including the first such survey of the himalayas . he resigned from the raf in july 1920 , remaining in india to take up employment with the imperial forest service . after successfully applying for a position with the queensland forestry service , he and his family migrated to australia in 1923 . moving to south ya ##rra , victoria , he enlisted as a flying officer in the royal australian air force ( raaf ) at la ##vert ##on on 14 august 1925 . he was posted to no . 1 flying training school at raaf point cook , as a flight instructor , where he became known as a strict disc ##ip
| 965 |
[
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] | 599 |
##lina ##rian who " trained his pilots well " . here eaton acquired his nickname of " moth " , the air force ' s basic trainer at this time being the de havilland dh . 60 moth . promoted flight lieutenant in february 1928 , he flew a moth in the 1929 east @ - @ west air race from sydney to perth , as part of the celebrations for the western australia centenary ; he was the sixth competitor across the line , after fellow rfc veteran jerry pen ##tland . regarded as one of the raaf ' s most ski ##lf ##ul cross @ - @ country pilots and navigator ##s , eaton came to public attention as leader of three military expeditions
| 76 |
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