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3 @ . @ 8 assists , and 1 @ . @ 5 steals per game . he also shot 45 % from the field , and 82 % from the free throw line . even though he turned 40 during the season , he scored 20 or more points 42 times , 30 or more points nine times , and 40 or more points three times . on february 21 , 2003 , jordan became the first 40 @ - @ year @ - @ old to tally 43 points in an nba game . during his stint with the wizards , all of jordan ' s home games at the mc ##i center were sold out , and the wizards were the second most
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@ - @ watched team in the nba , averaging 20 @ , @ 172 fans a game at home and 19 @ , @ 311 on the road . however , neither of jordan ' s final two seasons resulted in a playoff appearance for the wizards , and jordan was often un ##sat ##is ##fied with the play of those around him . at several points he openly criticized his teammates to the media , citing their lack of focus and intensity , notably that of the number one draft pick in the 2001 nba draft , kw ##ame brown . with the recognition that 2002 – 03 would be jordan ' s final season , tribute ##s were paid to him throughout the
| 640 |
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nba . in his final game at his old home court , the united center in chicago , jordan received a four @ - @ minute standing o ##vation . the miami heat retired the number 23 jersey on april 11 , 2003 , even though jordan never played for the team . at the 2003 all @ - @ star game , jordan was offered a starting spot from tracy mc ##grad ##y and allen iv ##erson , but refused both . in the end he accepted the spot of vince carter , who decided to give it up under great public pressure . jordan ' s final nba game was on april 16 , 2003 in philadelphia . after scoring only 13 points in
| 640 |
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the game , jordan went to the bench with 4 minutes and 13 seconds remaining in the third quarter and with his team trailing the philadelphia 76 ##ers , 75 – 56 . just after the start of the fourth quarter , the first union center crowd began chanting " we want mike ! " . after much encouragement from coach doug collins , jordan finally rose from the bench and re @ - @ entered the game , replacing larry hughes with 2 : 35 remaining . at 1 : 45 , jordan was intentionally foul ##ed by the 76 ##ers ' eric snow , and stepped to the line to make both free throws . after the second foul shot , the 76 ##ers
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in @ - @ bounded the ball to rookie john salmon ##s , who in turn was intentionally foul ##ed by bobby simmons one second later , stopping time so that jordan could return to the bench . jordan received a three @ - @ minute standing o ##vation from his teammates , his opponents , the officials and the crowd of 21 @ , @ 257 fans . = = olympic career = = jordan played on two olympic gold medal @ - @ winning american basketball teams . as a college player he participated , and won the gold , in the 1984 summer olympics . the team was coached by bob knight and featured players such as patrick ewing , sam perkins ,
| 624 |
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chris mu ##llin , steve alf ##ord , and way ##man tis ##dale . jordan led the team in scoring , averaging 17 @ . @ 1 pp ##g for the tournament . in the 1992 summer olympics , he was a member of the star @ - @ stud ##ded squad that included magic johnson , larry bird , and david robinson and was dubbed the " dream team " . jordan was the only player to start all 8 games in the olympics . playing limited minutes due to the frequent blow ##outs , jordan averaged 14 @ . @ 9 pp ##g , finishing second on the team in scoring . jordan and fellow dream team members patrick ewing and chris mu ##llin
| 713 |
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are the only american men ' s basketball players to win olympic gold as amateurs and professionals . after his third retirement , jordan assumed that he would be able to return to his front office position of director of basketball operations with the wizards . however , his previous tenure in the wizards ' front office had produced the aforementioned mixed results and may have also influenced the trade of richard " rip " hamilton for jerry stack ##house ( although jordan was not technically director of basketball operations in 2002 ) . on may 7 , 2003 , wizards owner abe poll ##in fired jordan as washington ' s president of basketball operations . jordan later stated that he felt betrayed , and that
| 622 |
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if he knew he would be fired upon retiring he never would have come back to play for the wizards . jordan kept busy over the next few years by staying in shape , playing golf in celebrity charity tournaments , spending time with his family in chicago , promoting his jordan brand clothing line , and riding motorcycles . since 2004 , jordan has owned michael jordan motorsports , a professional closed @ - @ course motorcycle road racing team that competed with two suzuki ##s in the premier superb ##ike championship sanctioned by the american motor ##cy ##cl ##ist association ( ama ) until the end of the 2013 season . jordan and his then @ - @ wife juan ##ita pledged $ 5
| 98 |
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million to chicago ' s hale ##s franciscan high school in 2006 , and the jordan brand has made donations to habitat for humanity and a louisiana branch of the boys & girls clubs of america . = = = charlotte bob ##cats / hornets = = = on june 15 , 2006 , jordan bought a minority stake in the charlotte bob ##cats , becoming the team ' s second @ - @ largest shareholder behind majority owner robert l . johnson . as part of the deal , jordan took full control over the basketball side of the operation , with the title " managing member of basketball operations . " despite jordan ' s previous success as an end ##ors ##er , he
| 622 |
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has made an effort not to be included in charlotte ' s marketing campaigns . a decade earlier , jordan had made a bid to become part @ - @ owner of charlotte ' s original nba team , the charlotte hornets , but talks collapsed when owner george shin ##n refused to give jordan complete control of basketball operations . in february 2010 , it was reported that jordan was seeking majority ownership of the bob ##cats . as february wore on , it emerged that the leading contenders for the team were jordan and former houston rockets president george post ##olo ##s . on february 27 , the bob ##cats announced that johnson had reached an agreement with jordan and his group , m
| 640 |
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] | 910 |
##j basketball holdings , to buy the team pending nba approval . on march 17 , the nba board of governors unanimously approved jordan ' s purchase , making him the first former player ever to become the majority owner of an nba team . it also made him the league ' s only african @ - @ american majority owner . during the 2011 nba lock ##out , the new york times wrote that jordan led a group of 10 to 14 hard ##line owners wanting to cap the players ' share of basketball @ - @ related income at 50 percent and as low as 47 . journalists observed that , during the labor dispute in 1998 , jordan had told washington wizards then
| 640 |
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] | 911 |
@ - @ owner abe poll ##in , " if you can ' t make a profit , you should sell your team . " jason w ##hit ##lock of fox ##sport ##s . com called jordan a " sell ##out " wanting " current players to pay for his inc ##omp ##ete ##nce . " he cited jordan ' s executive decisions to draft disappointing players kw ##ame brown and adam morrison . during the 2011 – 12 nba season , which was shortened to 66 games , the bob ##cats posted a 7 – 59 record . their . 106 winning percentage was the worst in nba history . " i ' m not real happy about the record book scenario last year .
| 713 |
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] | 912 |
it ' s very , very frustrating " , jordan said later that year . on may 21 , 2013 , jordan filed papers to change the bob ##cats ' name to the hornets , effective with the 2014 – 15 season . the hornets name had become available when the original hornets , who had moved to new orleans in 2002 , changed their name to the new orleans pe ##lica ##ns for the 2013 – 14 season . the nba approved the change on july 18 . the name change became official on may 20 , 2014 . on the same day , the team announced that it had reclaimed the history and records of the original 1988 – 2002 hornets . = =
| 53 |
[
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] | 913 |
player profile = = jordan was a shooting guard who was also capable of playing as a small forward ( the position he would primarily play during his second return to professional basketball with the washington wizards ) , and as a point guard . jordan was known throughout his career for being a strong clutch performer . with the bulls , he decided 25 games with field goals or free throws in the last 30 seconds , including two nba finals games and five other playoff contests . his competitive ##ness was visible in his prolific trash @ - @ talk and well @ - @ known work et ##hic . as the bulls organization built the franchise around jordan , management had to trade
| 640 |
[
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"\"",
"love"
] | 914 |
away players who were not " tough enough " to compete with him in practice . to help improve his defense , he spent extra hours studying film of opponents . on offense , he relied more upon instinct and improvisation at game time . noted as a durable player , jordan did not miss four or more games while active for a full season from 1986 – 87 to 2001 – 02 , when he injured his right knee . he played all 82 games nine times . jordan has frequently cited david thompson , walter davis , and jerry west as influences . from the start of his career , jordan was unique among nba players in that he had a special " love
| 640 |
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"made",
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] | 915 |
of the game clause " written into his contract , which allowed him to play basketball against anyone at any time , anywhere . jordan had a versatile offensive game . he was capable of aggressively driving to the basket , as well as drawing foul ##s from his opponents at a high rate ; his 8 @ , @ 77 ##2 free throw attempts are the ninth @ - @ highest total of all time . as his career progressed , jordan also developed the ability to post up his opponents and score with his trademark fade ##away jump shot , using his leaping ability to " fade away " from block attempts . according to hub ##ie brown , this move alone made him
| 624 |
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] | 916 |
nearly un ##sto ##ppa ##ble . despite media criticism as a " selfish " player early in his career , jordan ' s 5 @ . @ 3 assists per game also indicate his willingness to def ##er to his teammates . in later years , the nba shortened its three @ - @ point line to 22 feet ( from 23 feet , 9 inches ) , which coupled with jordan ' s extended shooting range to make him a long @ - @ range threat as well — his 3 @ - @ point stroke developed from a low 9 / 52 rate ( . 173 ) in his rookie year into a stellar 111 / 260 ( . 42 ##7 ) shooter in
| 640 |
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] | 917 |
the 1995 – 96 season . for a guard , jordan was also a good rebound ##er ( 6 @ . @ 2 per game ) . in 1988 , jordan was honored with the nba ' s defensive player of the year award and became the first nba player to win both the defensive player of the year and mvp awards in a career ( since equal ##ed by ha ##kee ##m ol ##aj ##uw ##on , david robinson , and kevin ga ##rnet ##t ; ol ##aj ##uw ##on is the only player other than jordan to win both during the same season ) . in addition he set both seasonal and career records for blocked shots by a guard , and combined this
| 640 |
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] | 918 |
with his ball @ - @ th ##ieving ability to become a stand ##out defensive player . he ranks third in nba history in total steals with 2 @ , @ 51 ##4 , trailing john stockton and jason kidd . jerry west often stated that he was more impressed with jordan ' s defensive contributions than his offensive ones . he was also known to have strong eyes ##ight ; broadcaster al michaels said that he was able to read baseball box scores on a 27 @ - @ inch television clearly from about 50 feet away . = = nba career statistics = = jordan ' s marked talent was clear from his rookie season . in his first game in madison square garden
| 640 |
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] | 919 |
against the new york knicks , jordan received a prolonged standing o ##vation , a ra ##rity for an opposing player . after jordan scored a playoff record 63 points against the boston celtics on april 20 , 1986 , celtics star larry bird described him as " god disguised as michael jordan . " jordan led the nba in scoring in 10 seasons ( nba record ) and tied wil ##t chamberlain ' s record of seven consecutive scoring titles . he was also a fixture on the nba all @ - @ defensive first team , making the roster nine times ( nba record shared with gary payton , kevin ga ##rnet ##t and kobe bryant ) . jordan also holds the top career
| 640 |
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] | 920 |
regular season and playoff scoring averages of 30 @ . @ 1 and 33 @ . @ 4 points per game , respectively . by 1998 , the season of his finals @ - @ winning shot against the jazz , he was well known throughout the league as a clutch performer . in the regular season , jordan was the bulls ' primary threat in the final seconds of a close game and in the playoffs , jordan would always demand the ball at crunch time . jordan ' s total of 5 @ , @ 98 ##7 points in the playoffs is the highest in nba history . he retired with 32 @ , @ 292 points in regular season play , placing him
| 640 |
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fourth on the nba ' s all @ - @ time scoring list behind ka ##ree ##m abdul @ - @ ja ##bba ##r , karl malone , and kobe bryant . with five regular @ - @ season mvp ##s ( tied for second place with bill russell ; only ka ##ree ##m abdul @ - @ ja ##bba ##r has won more , six ) , six finals mvp ##s ( nba record ) , and three all @ - @ star mvp ##s , jordan is the most decorated player ever to play in the nba . jordan finished among the top three in regular @ - @ season mvp voting a record 10 times , and was named one of the 50
| 640 |
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] | 922 |
greatest players in nba history in 1996 . he is one of only seven players in history to win an ncaa championship , an nba championship , and an olympic gold medal ( doing so twice with the 1984 and 1992 u . s . men ' s basketball teams ) . many of jordan ' s contemporaries say that jordan is the greatest basketball player of all time . in 1999 , an espn survey of journalists , athletes and other sports figures ranked jordan the greatest north american athlete of the 20th century , above such lu ##mina ##ries as babe ruth and muhammad ali . jordan placed second to babe ruth in the associated press ' s december 1999 list of 20th century
| 640 |
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] | 923 |
athletes . in addition , the associated press voted him as the basketball player of the 20th century . jordan has also appeared on the front cover of sports illustrated a record 50 times . in the september 1996 issue of sport , which was the publication ' s 50th anniversary issue , jordan was named the greatest athlete of the past 50 years . jordan ' s athletic leaping ability , highlighted in his back @ - @ to @ - @ back slam dun ##k contest championships in 1987 and 1988 , is credited by many with having influenced a generation of young players . several current nba all @ - @ stars have stated that they considered jordan their role model while growing
| 640 |
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] | 924 |
up , including le ##bron james and d ##wy ##ane wade . in addition , commentators have dubbed a number of next @ - @ generation players " the next michael jordan " upon their entry to the nba , including an ##fer ##nee " penny " hard ##away , grant hill , allen iv ##erson , kobe bryant , le ##bron james , vince carter , and d ##wy ##ane wade . although jordan was a well @ - @ rounded player , his " air jordan " image is also often credited with inadvertently decreasing the jump shooting skills , defense , and fundamental ##s of young players , a fact jordan himself has lame ##nted . i think it was the exposure of
| 700 |
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] | 925 |
michael jordan ; the marketing of michael jordan . everything was marketed towards the things that people wanted to see , which was scoring and dun ##king . that michael jordan still played defense and an all @ - @ around game , but it was never really publicized . although jordan has done much to increase the status of the game , some of his impact on the game ' s popularity in america appears to be fleeting . television ratings in particular increased only during his time in the league , and finals ratings have not returned to the level reached during his last championship @ - @ winning season . in august 2009 , the basketball hall of fame in springfield , massachusetts
| 860 |
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] | 926 |
, opened a michael jordan exhibit containing items from his college and nba careers , as well as from the 1992 " dream team " . the exhibit also has a batting glove to sign ##ify jordan ' s short career in baseball . after jordan received word of his being accepted into the hall of fame , he selected class of 1996 member david thompson to present him . as jordan would later explain during his induction speech in september 2009 , growing up in north carolina , he was not a fan of the tar heels , and greatly admired thompson , who played at rival north carolina state . he was inducted into the hall in september , with several former bulls teammates
| 650 |
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] | 927 |
in attendance , including scott ##ie pip ##pen , dennis rod ##man , charles oakley , ron harper , steve kerr , and toni ku ##ko ##c . former coaches of jordan ' s , dean smith and doug collins , were also among those present . his emotional reaction during his speech , when he began to cry , was captured by associated press photographer stephan sa ##vo ##ia and would later become widely shared on social media as the crying jordan internet me ##me . = = personal life = = he married juan ##ita van ##oy in september 1989 , and they have two sons , jeffrey michael and marcus james , and a daughter , jasmine . jordan and van ##oy filed
| 679 |
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] | 928 |
for divorce on january 4 , 2002 , citing ir ##re ##con ##ci ##lab ##le differences , but reconciled shortly thereafter . they again filed for divorce and were granted a final decree of dissolution of marriage on december 29 , 2006 , commenting that the decision was made " mutually and ami ##ca ##bly " . it is reported that juan ##ita received a $ 168 million settlement ( equivalent to $ 197 million in 2015 ) , making it the largest celebrity divorce settlement in history at the time on public record . in 1991 , jordan purchased a lot in highland park , illinois , to build a 56 @ , @ 000 square foot mansion , which was completed four years later
| 157 |
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] | 929 |
. both of his sons attended loyola academy , a private roman catholic high school located in wil ##met ##te , illinois . jeffrey graduated as a member of the 2007 graduating class and played his first collegiate basketball game on november 11 , 2007 , for the university of illinois . after two seasons , jeffrey left the illinois basketball team in 2009 . he later rejoined the team for a third season , then received a release to transfer to the university of central florida , where marcus was attending . marcus transferred to whitney young high school after his sophomore year at loyola academy and graduated in 2009 . he began attending uc ##f in the fall of 2009 , and played three
| 622 |
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",",
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] | 930 |
seasons of basketball for the school . on july 21 , 2006 , a judge in cook county , illinois , determined that jordan did not owe his alleged former lover karl ##a kn ##af ##el $ 5 million in a breach of contract claim . jordan had allegedly paid kn ##af ##el $ 250 @ , @ 000 to keep their relationship a secret . kn ##af ##el claimed jordan promised her $ 5 million for remaining silent and agreeing not to file a pat ##ern ##ity suit after kn ##af ##el learned she was pregnant in 1991 . a dna test showed jordan was not the father of the child . he proposed to his longtime girlfriend , cuban @ - @ american model
| 139 |
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] | 931 |
y ##vet ##te pri ##eto , on christmas eve , 2011 , and they were married on april 27 , 2013 , at beth ##es ##da @ - @ by @ - @ the @ - @ sea episcopal church . it was announced on november 30 , 2013 , that the two were expecting their first child together . jordan listed his highland park mansion for sale in 2012 . on february 11 , 2014 , pri ##eto gave birth to identical twin daughters named victoria and y ##sa ##bel . jordan ' s private jet features a stripe in carolina blue , the " air jordan " logo on the tail , and references to his career in the identification number . = =
| 117 |
[
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] | 932 |
media figure and business interests = = jordan is one of the most marketed sports figures in history . he has been a major spokesman for such brands as nike , coca @ - @ cola , chevrolet , ga ##tor ##ade , mcdonald ' s , ball park franks , ray ##ova ##c , wheat ##ies , han ##es , and mc ##i . jordan has had a long relationship with ga ##tor ##ade , appearing in over 20 commercials for the company since 1991 , including the " be like mike " commercials in which a song was sung by children wishing to be like jordan . nike created a signature shoe for him , called the air jordan . one of jordan '
| 122 |
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] | 933 |
s more popular commercials for the shoe involved spike lee playing the part of mars black ##mon . in the commercials lee , as black ##mon , attempted to find the source of jordan ' s abilities and became convinced that " it ' s gotta be the shoes " . the h ##ype and demand for the shoes even brought on a spat ##e of " shoe @ - @ jack ##ings " where people were robbed of their sneakers at gun ##point . subsequently , nike spun off the jordan line into its own division named the " jordan brand " . the company features an impressive list of athletes and celebrities as end ##ors ##ers . the brand has also sponsored college sports
| 713 |
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] | 934 |
programs such as those of north carolina , cal , georgetown , and marquette . jordan also has been associated with the lo ##oney tunes cartoon characters . a nike commercial shown during 1992 ' s super bowl xx ##vi featured jordan and bugs bunny playing basketball . the super bowl commercial inspired the 1996 live action / animated film space jam , which starred jordan and bugs in a fictional story set during the former ' s first retirement from basketball . they have subsequently appeared together in several commercials for mc ##i . jordan also made an appearance in the music video of michael jackson ' s " jam " ( 1992 ) . jordan ' s yearly income from the endorsement ##s is
| 713 |
[
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"\""
] | 935 |
estimated to be over forty million dollars . in addition , when jordan ' s power at the ticket gates was at its highest point , the bulls regularly sold out both their home and road games . due to this , jordan set records in player salary by signing annual contracts worth in excess of us $ 30 million per season . an academic study found that jordan ' s first nba comeback resulted in an increase in the market capital ##ization of his client firms of more than $ 1 billion . most of jordan ' s endorsement deals , including his first deal with nike , were engineered by his agent , david fa ##lk . jordan has described fa ##lk as "
| 350 |
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] | 936 |
the best at what he does " and that " marketing @ - @ wise , he ' s great . he ' s the one who came up with the concept of ' air jordan . ' " in june 2010 , jordan was ranked by forbes magazine as the 20th @ - @ most powerful celebrity in the world with $ 55 million earned between june 2009 and june 2010 . according to the forbes article , jordan brand generates $ 1 billion in sales for nike . in june 2014 , jordan was named the first nba player to become a billionaire , after he increased his stake in the charlotte hornets from 80 % to 89 @ . @ 5 % .
| 350 |
[
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"genocide",
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"in",
"the",
"deaths",
"of",
"thousands"
] | 937 |
on january 20 , 2015 , jordan was honored with the charlotte business journal ' s business person of the year for 2014 . as of november 2015 , his current net worth is estimated at $ 1 @ . @ 1 billion by forbes . jordan is the second @ - @ richest african @ - @ american in the world as of 2015 . = = awards and honors = = = polish culture during world war ii = polish culture during world war ii was suppressed by the occupying powers of nazi germany and the soviet union , both of whom were hostile to poland ' s people and cultural heritage . policies aimed at cultural genocide resulted in the deaths of thousands
| 350 |
[
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] | 938 |
of scholars and artists , and the theft and destruction of inn ##ume ##rable cultural artifacts . the " mal ##tre ##at ##ment of the poles was one of many ways in which the nazi and soviet regimes had grown to resemble one another " , wrote british historian niall ferguson . the o ##cc ##up ##iers looted and destroyed much of poland ' s cultural and historical heritage , while per ##se ##cuting and murdering members of the polish cultural elite . most polish schools were closed , and those that remained open saw their cu ##rri ##cula altered significantly . nevertheless , underground organizations and individuals – in particular the polish underground state – saved much of poland ' s most valuable cultural treasures
| 203 |
[
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] | 939 |
, and worked to salvage as many cultural institutions and artifacts as possible . the catholic church and wealthy individuals contributed to the survival of some artists and their works . despite severe retribution by the nazis and soviets , polish underground cultural activities , including publications , concerts , live theater , education , and academic research , continued throughout the war . = = background = = in 1795 poland ceased to exist as an sovereign nation and throughout the 19th century remained partition ##ed by degrees between prussian , austrian and russian empires . not until the end of world war i was independence restored and the nation reunited , although the drawing of boundary lines was , of necessity , a contentious
| 328 |
[
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",",
"and",
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"17",
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",",
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"##ov",
"@",
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"@",
"rib",
"##ben",
"##tro",
"##p",
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",",
"poland",
"was",
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"the",
"soviet",
"union",
".",
"subsequently",
"poland",
"was",
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"these",
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"of",
"the",
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".",
"by",
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"october",
",",
"germany",
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",",
"although",
"the",
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",",
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"the",
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"state",
",",
"subordinate",
"to",
"the",
"polish",
"government",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"in",
"@",
"-",
"@"
] | 940 |
issue . independent poland lasted for only 21 years before it was again attacked and divided among foreign powers . on 1 september 1939 , germany invaded poland , initiating world war ii in europe , and on 17 september , pursuant to the mo ##lot ##ov @ - @ rib ##ben ##tro ##p pact , poland was invaded by the soviet union . subsequently poland was partition ##ed again – between these two powers – and remained under occupation for most of the war . by 1 october , germany and the soviet union had completely overrun poland , although the polish government never formally surrendered , and the polish underground state , subordinate to the polish government @ - @ in @ - @
| 478 |
[
"exile",
",",
"was",
"soon",
"formed",
".",
"on",
"8",
"october",
",",
"nazi",
"germany",
"annexed",
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"@",
"war",
"poland",
"and",
",",
"in",
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"of",
"the",
"occupied",
"area",
",",
"established",
"the",
"general",
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".",
"the",
"soviet",
"union",
"had",
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"it",
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"in",
"1939",
"due",
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"the",
"german",
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"of",
"the",
"soviet",
"union",
",",
"but",
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"@",
"-",
"@",
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"much",
"of",
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"territory",
"after",
"winning",
"it",
"back",
"in",
"mid",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"1944",
".",
"over",
"the",
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"of",
"the",
"war",
",",
"poland",
"lost",
"over",
"20",
"%",
"of",
"its",
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"@",
"-",
"@",
"war",
"population",
"amid",
"an",
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"that",
"marked",
"the",
"end",
"of",
"the",
"second",
"polish",
"republic",
".",
"=",
"=",
"destruction",
"of",
"polish",
"culture",
"=",
"="
] | 941 |
exile , was soon formed . on 8 october , nazi germany annexed the western areas of pre @ - @ war poland and , in the remainder of the occupied area , established the general government . the soviet union had to temporarily give up the territorial gains it made in 1939 due to the german invasion of the soviet union , but permanently re @ - @ annexed much of this territory after winning it back in mid @ - @ 1944 . over the course of the war , poland lost over 20 % of its pre @ - @ war population amid an occupation that marked the end of the second polish republic . = = destruction of polish culture = =
| 959 |
[
"=",
"=",
"=",
"german",
"occupation",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"germany",
"'",
"s",
"policy",
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"the",
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".",
"many",
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"given",
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"the",
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",",
"but",
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".",
"immediately",
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",",
"the",
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"the",
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"the",
"\"",
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"\"",
")",
"of",
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"##pl",
"##an",
"os",
"##t",
".",
"the",
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"policy",
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"outlined",
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"of",
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"document",
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"former",
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",",
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"a",
"racial",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"political",
"stand",
"##point",
".",
"slavic",
"people",
"living"
] | 942 |
= = = german occupation = = = germany ' s policy toward the polish nation and its culture evolved during the course of the war . many german officials and military officers were initially not given any clear guidelines on the treatment of polish cultural institutions , but this quickly changed . immediately following the invasion of poland in september 1939 , the nazi german government implemented the first stages ( the " small plan " ) of general ##pl ##an os ##t . the basic policy was outlined by the berlin office of racial policy in a document titled concerning the treatment of the inhabitants of the former polish territories , from a racial @ - @ political stand ##point . slavic people living
| 473 |
[
"east",
"of",
"the",
"pre",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"war",
"german",
"border",
"were",
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"be",
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"##ized",
",",
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",",
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"or",
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".",
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"the",
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"policy",
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"was",
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"the",
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"general",
"government",
",",
"hans",
"frank",
",",
"and",
"nazi",
"minister",
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"joseph",
"go",
"##eb",
"##bel",
"##s",
",",
"at",
"łodz",
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"31",
"october",
"1939",
".",
"go",
"##eb",
"##bel",
"##s",
"declared",
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"\"",
"the",
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"nation",
"is",
"not",
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"be",
"called",
"a",
"culture",
"##d",
"nation",
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".",
"he",
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"the",
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"to",
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"their",
"culture",
"should",
"be",
"severely",
"restricted",
":",
"no",
"theaters",
","
] | 943 |
east of the pre @ - @ war german border were to be german ##ized , enslaved or era ##dicated , depending on whether they lived in the territories directly annexed into the german state or in the general government . much of the german policy on polish culture was formulated during a meeting between the governor of the general government , hans frank , and nazi minister of propaganda joseph go ##eb ##bel ##s , at łodz on 31 october 1939 . go ##eb ##bel ##s declared that " the polish nation is not worthy to be called a culture ##d nation " . he and frank agreed that opportunities for the poles to experience their culture should be severely restricted : no theaters ,
| 207 |
[
"cinemas",
"or",
"cabaret",
"##s",
";",
"no",
"access",
"to",
"radio",
"or",
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";",
"and",
"no",
"education",
".",
"frank",
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".",
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",",
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",",
"and",
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".",
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"1940",
",",
"all",
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"(",
"ab",
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"##il",
"##ung",
"fur",
"vol",
"##ks",
"##au",
"##fk",
"##lar",
"##ung"
] | 944 |
cinemas or cabaret ##s ; no access to radio or press ; and no education . frank suggested that the poles should periodically be shown films highlighting the achievements of the third reich and should eventually be addressed only by mega ##phone . during the following weeks polish schools beyond middle vocational levels were closed , as were theaters and many other cultural institutions . the only polish @ - @ language newspaper published in occupied poland was also closed , and the arrests of polish intellectuals began . in march 1940 , all cultural activities came under the control of the general government ' s department of people ' s education and propaganda ( ab ##te ##il ##ung fur vol ##ks ##au ##fk ##lar ##ung
| 259 |
[
"und",
"propaganda",
")",
",",
"whose",
"name",
"was",
"changed",
"a",
"year",
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"to",
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"\"",
"(",
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"##ab",
"##te",
"##il",
"##ung",
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".",
"further",
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"early",
"summer",
"reflected",
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"that",
"had",
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"outlined",
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"and",
"go",
"##eb",
"##bel",
"##s",
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"previous",
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".",
"one",
"of",
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"'",
"s",
"earliest",
"decrees",
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"of",
"all",
"but",
"the",
"most",
"\"",
"primitive",
"\"",
"of",
"cultural",
"activities",
"without",
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"'",
"s",
"prior",
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".",
"spectacle",
"##s",
"of",
"\"",
"low",
"quality",
"\"",
",",
"including",
"those",
"of",
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"or",
"pornographic",
"nature",
",",
"were",
"however",
"an",
"exception",
"—",
"those",
"were",
"to",
"be",
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"app",
"##ease",
"the",
"population",
"and",
"to",
"show",
"the",
"world",
"the",
"\"",
"real"
] | 945 |
und propaganda ) , whose name was changed a year later to the " chief propaganda department " ( ha ##upt ##ab ##te ##il ##ung propaganda ) . further directive ##s issued in the spring and early summer reflected policies that had been outlined by frank and go ##eb ##bel ##s during the previous autumn . one of the department ' s earliest decrees prohibited the organization of all but the most " primitive " of cultural activities without the department ' s prior approval . spectacle ##s of " low quality " , including those of an erotic or pornographic nature , were however an exception — those were to be popularized to app ##ease the population and to show the world the " real
| 119 |
[
"\"",
"polish",
"culture",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"to",
"create",
"the",
"impression",
"that",
"germany",
"was",
"not",
"preventing",
"poles",
"from",
"expressing",
"themselves",
".",
"german",
"propaganda",
"specialists",
"invited",
"critics",
"from",
"neutral",
"countries",
"to",
"specially",
"organized",
"\"",
"polish",
"\"",
"performances",
"that",
"were",
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"to",
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",",
"and",
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"them",
"as",
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".",
"polish",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"german",
"cooperation",
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"matters",
",",
"such",
"as",
"joint",
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"performances",
",",
"was",
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".",
"meanwhile",
",",
"a",
"compulsory",
"registration",
"scheme",
"for",
"writers",
"and",
"artists",
"was",
"introduced",
"in",
"august",
"1940",
".",
"then",
",",
"in",
"october",
",",
"the",
"printing",
"of",
"new",
"polish",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"language",
"books",
"was",
"prohibited",
";",
"existing",
"titles",
"were",
"ce",
"##nsor",
"##ed",
",",
"and",
"often",
"confiscated",
"and",
"withdrawn",
".",
"in",
"1941",
",",
"german",
"policy"
] | 946 |
" polish culture as well as to create the impression that germany was not preventing poles from expressing themselves . german propaganda specialists invited critics from neutral countries to specially organized " polish " performances that were specifically designed to be boring or pornographic , and presented them as typical polish cultural activities . polish @ - @ german cooperation in cultural matters , such as joint public performances , was strictly prohibited . meanwhile , a compulsory registration scheme for writers and artists was introduced in august 1940 . then , in october , the printing of new polish @ - @ language books was prohibited ; existing titles were ce ##nsor ##ed , and often confiscated and withdrawn . in 1941 , german policy
| 259 |
[
"evolved",
"further",
",",
"calling",
"for",
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"complete",
"destruction",
"of",
"the",
"polish",
"people",
",",
"whom",
"the",
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"regarded",
"as",
"\"",
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"\"",
"(",
"un",
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".",
"within",
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",",
"the",
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"were",
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"entirely",
"cleared",
"of",
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"poles",
"and",
"settled",
"by",
"german",
"colonists",
".",
"the",
"policy",
"was",
"relaxed",
"somewhat",
"in",
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"years",
"of",
"occupation",
"(",
"1943",
"–",
"44",
")",
",",
"in",
"view",
"of",
"german",
"military",
"defeats",
"and",
"the",
"approaching",
"eastern",
"front",
".",
"the",
"germans",
"hoped",
"that",
"a",
"more",
"len",
"##ient",
"cultural",
"policy",
"would",
"less",
"##en",
"unrest",
"and",
"weaken",
"the",
"polish",
"resistance",
".",
"poles",
"were",
"allowed",
"back",
"into",
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"museums",
"that",
"now",
"supported",
"german",
"propaganda",
"and",
"indo",
"##ct",
"##rina",
"##tion",
",",
"such",
"as",
"the"
] | 947 |
evolved further , calling for the complete destruction of the polish people , whom the nazis regarded as " sub ##hum ##ans " ( un ##ter ##men ##schen ) . within ten to twenty years , the polish territories under german occupation were to be entirely cleared of ethnic poles and settled by german colonists . the policy was relaxed somewhat in the final years of occupation ( 1943 – 44 ) , in view of german military defeats and the approaching eastern front . the germans hoped that a more len ##ient cultural policy would less ##en unrest and weaken the polish resistance . poles were allowed back into those museums that now supported german propaganda and indo ##ct ##rina ##tion , such as the
| 242 |
[
"newly",
"created",
"chopin",
"museum",
",",
"which",
"emphasized",
"the",
"composer",
"'",
"s",
"invented",
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".",
"restrictions",
"on",
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",",
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"and",
"music",
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".",
"given",
"that",
"the",
"second",
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"republic",
"was",
"a",
"multicultural",
"state",
",",
"german",
"policies",
"and",
"propaganda",
"also",
"sought",
"to",
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"and",
"encourage",
"conflicts",
"between",
"ethnic",
"groups",
",",
"fuel",
"##ing",
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"between",
"poles",
"and",
"jews",
",",
"and",
"between",
"poles",
"and",
"ukrainian",
"##s",
".",
"in",
"łodz",
",",
"the",
"germans",
"forced",
"jews",
"to",
"help",
"destroy",
"a",
"monument",
"to",
"a",
"polish",
"hero",
",",
"tad",
"##eus",
"##z",
"ko",
"##sc",
"##ius",
"##zko",
",",
"and",
"filmed",
"them",
"committing",
"the",
"act",
".",
"soon",
"afterward",
",",
"the",
"germans",
"set",
"fire",
"to",
"a",
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"synagogue",
"and",
"filmed",
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"by",
"##stand",
"##ers",
",",
"portraying",
"them",
"in",
"propaganda",
"releases",
"as",
"a",
"\"",
"ve"
] | 948 |
newly created chopin museum , which emphasized the composer ' s invented german roots . restrictions on education , theater and music performances were eased . given that the second polish republic was a multicultural state , german policies and propaganda also sought to create and encourage conflicts between ethnic groups , fuel ##ing tension between poles and jews , and between poles and ukrainian ##s . in łodz , the germans forced jews to help destroy a monument to a polish hero , tad ##eus ##z ko ##sc ##ius ##zko , and filmed them committing the act . soon afterward , the germans set fire to a jewish synagogue and filmed polish by ##stand ##ers , portraying them in propaganda releases as a " ve
| 242 |
[
"##nge",
"##ful",
"mob",
".",
"\"",
"this",
"di",
"##vis",
"##ive",
"policy",
"was",
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"education",
",",
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",",
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".",
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",",
"\"",
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"everything",
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",",
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",",
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".",
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"in",
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",",
"as",
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",",
"the",
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"state",
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".",
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"and",
"taken",
"to",
"germany",
",",
"in",
"line",
"with",
"a",
"plan",
"that",
"had"
] | 949 |
##nge ##ful mob . " this di ##vis ##ive policy was reflected in the germans ' decision to destroy polish education , while at the same time , showing relative tolerance toward the ukrainian school system . as the high @ - @ ranking nazi official erich koch explained , " we must do everything possible so that when a pole meets a ukrainian , he will be willing to kill the ukrainian and conversely , the ukrainian will be willing to kill the pole . " in 1939 , as the occupation regime was being established , the nazis confiscated polish state property and much private property . countless art objects were looted and taken to germany , in line with a plan that had
| 203 |
[
"been",
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"well",
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".",
"the",
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",",
"ein",
"##sat",
"##z",
"##gr",
"##uppe",
"##n",
"units",
",",
"who",
"were",
"responsible",
"for",
"art",
",",
"and",
"by",
"experts",
"of",
"ha",
"##upt",
"##tre",
"##uh",
"##ands",
"##tell",
"##e",
"os",
"##t",
",",
"who",
"were",
"responsible",
"for",
"more",
"mundane",
"objects",
".",
"notable",
"items",
"pl",
"##under",
"##ed",
"by",
"the",
"nazis",
"included",
"the",
"altar",
"of",
"ve",
"##it",
"st",
"##oss",
"and",
"paintings",
"by",
"raphael",
",",
"re",
"##mb",
"##rand",
"##t",
",",
"leonardo",
"da",
"vinci",
",",
"canal",
"##etto",
"and",
"ba",
"##cci",
"##are",
"##lli",
".",
"most",
"of",
"the",
"important",
"art",
"pieces",
"had",
"been",
"\"",
"secured",
"\"",
"by",
"the",
"nazis",
"within",
"six",
"months",
"of",
"september",
"1939",
";",
"by",
"the",
"end",
"of"
] | 950 |
been drawn up well in advance of the invasion . the looting was supervised by experts of the ss @ - @ ah ##nen ##er ##be , ein ##sat ##z ##gr ##uppe ##n units , who were responsible for art , and by experts of ha ##upt ##tre ##uh ##ands ##tell ##e os ##t , who were responsible for more mundane objects . notable items pl ##under ##ed by the nazis included the altar of ve ##it st ##oss and paintings by raphael , re ##mb ##rand ##t , leonardo da vinci , canal ##etto and ba ##cci ##are ##lli . most of the important art pieces had been " secured " by the nazis within six months of september 1939 ; by the end of
| 373 |
[
"1942",
",",
"german",
"officials",
"estimated",
"that",
"\"",
"over",
"90",
"%",
"\"",
"of",
"the",
"art",
"previously",
"in",
"poland",
"was",
"in",
"their",
"possession",
".",
"some",
"art",
"was",
"shipped",
"to",
"german",
"museums",
",",
"such",
"as",
"the",
"planned",
"fu",
"##hrer",
"##mus",
"##eum",
"in",
"lin",
"##z",
",",
"while",
"other",
"art",
"became",
"the",
"private",
"property",
"of",
"nazi",
"officials",
".",
"over",
"51",
"##6",
"@",
",",
"@",
"000",
"individual",
"art",
"pieces",
"were",
"taken",
",",
"including",
"2",
"@",
",",
"@",
"800",
"paintings",
"by",
"european",
"painters",
";",
"11",
"@",
",",
"@",
"000",
"works",
"by",
"polish",
"painters",
";",
"1",
"@",
",",
"@",
"400",
"sculptures",
",",
"75",
"@",
",",
"@",
"000",
"manuscripts",
",",
"25",
"@",
",",
"@",
"000",
"maps",
",",
"and",
"90",
"@",
",",
"@",
"000",
"books",
"(",
"including",
"over",
"20",
"@",
",",
"@",
"000",
"printed",
"before",
"1800"
] | 951 |
1942 , german officials estimated that " over 90 % " of the art previously in poland was in their possession . some art was shipped to german museums , such as the planned fu ##hrer ##mus ##eum in lin ##z , while other art became the private property of nazi officials . over 51 ##6 @ , @ 000 individual art pieces were taken , including 2 @ , @ 800 paintings by european painters ; 11 @ , @ 000 works by polish painters ; 1 @ , @ 400 sculptures , 75 @ , @ 000 manuscripts , 25 @ , @ 000 maps , and 90 @ , @ 000 books ( including over 20 @ , @ 000 printed before 1800
| 373 |
[
")",
";",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"hundreds",
"of",
"thousands",
"of",
"other",
"objects",
"of",
"artistic",
"and",
"historic",
"value",
".",
"even",
"exotic",
"animals",
"were",
"taken",
"from",
"the",
"zoo",
"##s",
".",
"many",
"places",
"of",
"learning",
"and",
"culture",
"—",
"universities",
",",
"schools",
",",
"libraries",
",",
"museums",
",",
"theaters",
"and",
"cinemas",
"—",
"were",
"either",
"closed",
"or",
"designated",
"as",
"\"",
"nur",
"fur",
"deutsche",
"\"",
"(",
"for",
"germans",
"only",
")",
".",
"twenty",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"five",
"museums",
"and",
"a",
"host",
"of",
"other",
"institutions",
"were",
"destroyed",
"during",
"the",
"war",
".",
"according",
"to",
"one",
"estimate",
",",
"by",
"war",
"'",
"s",
"end",
"43",
"%",
"of",
"the",
"infrastructure",
"of",
"poland",
"'",
"s",
"educational",
"and",
"research",
"institutions",
"and",
"14",
"%",
"of",
"its",
"museums",
"had",
"been",
"destroyed",
".",
"according",
"to",
"another",
",",
"only",
"105",
"of",
"pre",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"war"
] | 952 |
) ; as well as hundreds of thousands of other objects of artistic and historic value . even exotic animals were taken from the zoo ##s . many places of learning and culture — universities , schools , libraries , museums , theaters and cinemas — were either closed or designated as " nur fur deutsche " ( for germans only ) . twenty @ - @ five museums and a host of other institutions were destroyed during the war . according to one estimate , by war ' s end 43 % of the infrastructure of poland ' s educational and research institutions and 14 % of its museums had been destroyed . according to another , only 105 of pre @ - @ war
| 317 |
[
"poland",
"'",
"s",
"175",
"museums",
"survived",
"the",
"war",
",",
"and",
"just",
"33",
"of",
"these",
"institutions",
"were",
"able",
"to",
"re",
"##open",
".",
"of",
"pre",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"war",
"poland",
"'",
"s",
"60",
"##3",
"scientific",
"institutions",
",",
"about",
"half",
"were",
"totally",
"destroyed",
",",
"and",
"only",
"a",
"few",
"survived",
"the",
"war",
"relatively",
"intact",
".",
"many",
"university",
"professors",
",",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"teachers",
",",
"lawyers",
",",
"artists",
",",
"writers",
",",
"priests",
"and",
"other",
"members",
"of",
"the",
"polish",
"intelligent",
"##sia",
"were",
"arrested",
"and",
"executed",
",",
"or",
"transported",
"to",
"concentration",
"camps",
",",
"during",
"operations",
"such",
"as",
"ab",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"ak",
"##tion",
".",
"this",
"particular",
"campaign",
"resulted",
"in",
"the",
"infamous",
"son",
"##der",
"##ak",
"##tion",
"k",
"##rak",
"##au",
"and",
"the",
"massacre",
"of",
"l",
"##wo",
"##w",
"professors",
".",
"during",
"world",
"war",
"ii",
"poland",
"lost"
] | 953 |
poland ' s 175 museums survived the war , and just 33 of these institutions were able to re ##open . of pre @ - @ war poland ' s 60 ##3 scientific institutions , about half were totally destroyed , and only a few survived the war relatively intact . many university professors , as well as teachers , lawyers , artists , writers , priests and other members of the polish intelligent ##sia were arrested and executed , or transported to concentration camps , during operations such as ab @ - @ ak ##tion . this particular campaign resulted in the infamous son ##der ##ak ##tion k ##rak ##au and the massacre of l ##wo ##w professors . during world war ii poland lost
| 242 |
[
"39",
"%",
"to",
"45",
"%",
"of",
"its",
"physicians",
"and",
"dentist",
"##s",
",",
"26",
"%",
"to",
"57",
"%",
"of",
"its",
"lawyers",
",",
"15",
"%",
"to",
"30",
"%",
"of",
"its",
"teachers",
",",
"30",
"%",
"to",
"40",
"%",
"of",
"its",
"scientists",
"and",
"university",
"professors",
",",
"and",
"18",
"%",
"to",
"28",
"%",
"of",
"its",
"clergy",
".",
"the",
"jewish",
"intelligent",
"##sia",
"was",
"ex",
"##ter",
"##minated",
"altogether",
".",
"the",
"reasoning",
"behind",
"this",
"policy",
"was",
"clearly",
"articulated",
"by",
"a",
"nazi",
"gaul",
"##eit",
"##er",
":",
"\"",
"in",
"my",
"district",
",",
"[",
"any",
"pole",
"who",
"]",
"shows",
"signs",
"of",
"intelligence",
"will",
"be",
"shot",
".",
"\"",
"as",
"part",
"of",
"their",
"program",
"to",
"suppress",
"polish",
"culture",
",",
"the",
"german",
"nazis",
"attempted",
"to",
"destroy",
"christianity",
"in",
"poland",
",",
"with",
"a",
"particular",
"emphasis",
"on",
"the",
"roman",
"catholic",
"church",
"."
] | 954 |
39 % to 45 % of its physicians and dentist ##s , 26 % to 57 % of its lawyers , 15 % to 30 % of its teachers , 30 % to 40 % of its scientists and university professors , and 18 % to 28 % of its clergy . the jewish intelligent ##sia was ex ##ter ##minated altogether . the reasoning behind this policy was clearly articulated by a nazi gaul ##eit ##er : " in my district , [ any pole who ] shows signs of intelligence will be shot . " as part of their program to suppress polish culture , the german nazis attempted to destroy christianity in poland , with a particular emphasis on the roman catholic church .
| 427 |
[
"in",
"some",
"parts",
"of",
"occupied",
"poland",
",",
"poles",
"were",
"restricted",
",",
"or",
"even",
"forbidden",
",",
"from",
"attending",
"religious",
"services",
".",
"at",
"the",
"same",
"time",
",",
"church",
"property",
"was",
"confiscated",
",",
"prohibition",
"##s",
"were",
"placed",
"on",
"using",
"the",
"polish",
"language",
"in",
"religious",
"services",
",",
"organizations",
"affiliated",
"with",
"the",
"catholic",
"church",
"were",
"abolished",
",",
"and",
"it",
"was",
"forbidden",
"to",
"perform",
"certain",
"religious",
"songs",
"—",
"or",
"to",
"read",
"passages",
"of",
"the",
"bible",
"—",
"in",
"public",
".",
"the",
"worst",
"conditions",
"were",
"found",
"in",
"the",
"reich",
"##sg",
"##au",
"war",
"##the",
"##land",
",",
"which",
"the",
"nazis",
"treated",
"as",
"a",
"laboratory",
"for",
"their",
"anti",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"religious",
"policies",
".",
"polish",
"clergy",
"and",
"religious",
"leaders",
"figured",
"prominently",
"among",
"portions",
"of",
"the",
"intelligent",
"##sia",
"that",
"were",
"targeted",
"for",
"ex",
"##ter",
"##mina",
"##tion",
".",
"to"
] | 955 |
in some parts of occupied poland , poles were restricted , or even forbidden , from attending religious services . at the same time , church property was confiscated , prohibition ##s were placed on using the polish language in religious services , organizations affiliated with the catholic church were abolished , and it was forbidden to perform certain religious songs — or to read passages of the bible — in public . the worst conditions were found in the reich ##sg ##au war ##the ##land , which the nazis treated as a laboratory for their anti @ - @ religious policies . polish clergy and religious leaders figured prominently among portions of the intelligent ##sia that were targeted for ex ##ter ##mina ##tion . to
| 259 |
[
"forest",
"##all",
"the",
"rise",
"of",
"a",
"new",
"generation",
"of",
"educated",
"poles",
",",
"german",
"officials",
"decreed",
"that",
"the",
"schooling",
"of",
"polish",
"children",
"would",
"be",
"limited",
"to",
"a",
"few",
"years",
"of",
"elementary",
"education",
".",
"reich",
"##sf",
"##uh",
"##rer",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"ss",
"heinrich",
"him",
"##mler",
"wrote",
",",
"in",
"a",
"memorandum",
"of",
"may",
"1940",
":",
"\"",
"the",
"sole",
"purpose",
"of",
"this",
"schooling",
"is",
"to",
"teach",
"them",
"simple",
"arithmetic",
",",
"nothing",
"above",
"the",
"number",
"500",
";",
"how",
"to",
"write",
"one",
"'",
"s",
"name",
";",
"and",
"the",
"doctrine",
"that",
"it",
"is",
"divine",
"law",
"to",
"obey",
"the",
"germans",
".",
".",
".",
".",
"i",
"do",
"not",
"regard",
"a",
"knowledge",
"of",
"reading",
"as",
"desirable",
".",
"\"",
"hans",
"frank",
"echoed",
"him",
":",
"\"",
"the",
"poles",
"do",
"not",
"need",
"universities",
"or",
"secondary",
"schools",
";",
"the",
"polish"
] | 956 |
forest ##all the rise of a new generation of educated poles , german officials decreed that the schooling of polish children would be limited to a few years of elementary education . reich ##sf ##uh ##rer @ - @ ss heinrich him ##mler wrote , in a memorandum of may 1940 : " the sole purpose of this schooling is to teach them simple arithmetic , nothing above the number 500 ; how to write one ' s name ; and the doctrine that it is divine law to obey the germans . . . . i do not regard a knowledge of reading as desirable . " hans frank echoed him : " the poles do not need universities or secondary schools ; the polish
| 207 |
[
"lands",
"are",
"to",
"be",
"converted",
"into",
"an",
"intellectual",
"desert",
".",
"\"",
"the",
"situation",
"was",
"particularly",
"dire",
"in",
"the",
"former",
"polish",
"territories",
"beyond",
"the",
"general",
"government",
",",
"which",
"had",
"been",
"annexed",
"to",
"the",
"third",
"reich",
".",
"the",
"specific",
"policy",
"varied",
"from",
"territory",
"to",
"territory",
",",
"but",
"in",
"general",
",",
"there",
"was",
"no",
"polish",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"language",
"education",
"at",
"all",
".",
"german",
"policy",
"constituted",
"a",
"crash",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"german",
"##ization",
"of",
"the",
"populace",
".",
"polish",
"teachers",
"were",
"dismissed",
",",
"and",
"some",
"were",
"invited",
"to",
"attend",
"\"",
"orientation",
"\"",
"meetings",
"with",
"the",
"new",
"administration",
",",
"where",
"they",
"were",
"either",
"sum",
"##mar",
"##ily",
"arrested",
"or",
"executed",
"on",
"the",
"spot",
".",
"some",
"polish",
"school",
"##child",
"##ren",
"were",
"sent",
"to",
"german",
"schools",
",",
"while",
"others",
"were",
"sent",
"to",
"special",
"schools"
] | 957 |
lands are to be converted into an intellectual desert . " the situation was particularly dire in the former polish territories beyond the general government , which had been annexed to the third reich . the specific policy varied from territory to territory , but in general , there was no polish @ - @ language education at all . german policy constituted a crash @ - @ german ##ization of the populace . polish teachers were dismissed , and some were invited to attend " orientation " meetings with the new administration , where they were either sum ##mar ##ily arrested or executed on the spot . some polish school ##child ##ren were sent to german schools , while others were sent to special schools
| 393 |
[
"where",
"they",
"spent",
"most",
"of",
"their",
"time",
"as",
"unpaid",
"laborers",
",",
"usually",
"on",
"german",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"run",
"farms",
";",
"speaking",
"polish",
"brought",
"severe",
"punishment",
".",
"it",
"was",
"expected",
"that",
"polish",
"children",
"would",
"begin",
"to",
"work",
"once",
"they",
"finished",
"their",
"primary",
"education",
"at",
"age",
"12",
"to",
"15",
".",
"in",
"the",
"eastern",
"territories",
"not",
"included",
"in",
"the",
"general",
"government",
"(",
"be",
"##zi",
"##rk",
"bi",
"##aly",
"##sto",
"##k",
",",
"reich",
"##sko",
"##mm",
"##issa",
"##ria",
"##t",
"os",
"##tland",
"and",
"reich",
"##sko",
"##mm",
"##issa",
"##ria",
"##t",
"ukraine",
")",
"many",
"primary",
"schools",
"were",
"closed",
",",
"and",
"most",
"education",
"was",
"conducted",
"in",
"non",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"polish",
"languages",
"such",
"as",
"ukrainian",
",",
"bel",
"##orus",
"##sian",
",",
"and",
"lithuanian",
".",
"in",
"the",
"be",
"##zi",
"##rk",
"bi",
"##aly",
"##sto",
"##k",
"region",
",",
"for",
"example"
] | 958 |
where they spent most of their time as unpaid laborers , usually on german @ - @ run farms ; speaking polish brought severe punishment . it was expected that polish children would begin to work once they finished their primary education at age 12 to 15 . in the eastern territories not included in the general government ( be ##zi ##rk bi ##aly ##sto ##k , reich ##sko ##mm ##issa ##ria ##t os ##tland and reich ##sko ##mm ##issa ##ria ##t ukraine ) many primary schools were closed , and most education was conducted in non @ - @ polish languages such as ukrainian , bel ##orus ##sian , and lithuanian . in the be ##zi ##rk bi ##aly ##sto ##k region , for example
| 203 |
[
",",
"86",
"%",
"of",
"the",
"schools",
"that",
"had",
"existed",
"before",
"the",
"war",
"were",
"closed",
"down",
"during",
"the",
"first",
"two",
"years",
"of",
"german",
"occupation",
",",
"and",
"by",
"the",
"end",
"of",
"the",
"following",
"year",
"that",
"figure",
"had",
"increased",
"to",
"93",
"%",
".",
"the",
"state",
"of",
"polish",
"primary",
"schools",
"was",
"somewhat",
"better",
"in",
"the",
"general",
"government",
",",
"though",
"by",
"the",
"end",
"of",
"1940",
",",
"only",
"30",
"%",
"of",
"pre",
"##war",
"schools",
"were",
"operational",
",",
"and",
"only",
"28",
"%",
"of",
"pre",
"##war",
"polish",
"children",
"attended",
"them",
".",
"a",
"german",
"police",
"memorandum",
"of",
"august",
"1943",
"described",
"the",
"situation",
"as",
"follows",
":",
"pupils",
"sit",
"cr",
"##ammed",
"together",
"without",
"necessary",
"materials",
",",
"and",
"often",
"without",
"skilled",
"teaching",
"staff",
".",
"moreover",
",",
"the",
"polish",
"schools",
"are",
"closed",
"during",
"at",
"least",
"five",
"months",
"out",
"of"
] | 959 |
, 86 % of the schools that had existed before the war were closed down during the first two years of german occupation , and by the end of the following year that figure had increased to 93 % . the state of polish primary schools was somewhat better in the general government , though by the end of 1940 , only 30 % of pre ##war schools were operational , and only 28 % of pre ##war polish children attended them . a german police memorandum of august 1943 described the situation as follows : pupils sit cr ##ammed together without necessary materials , and often without skilled teaching staff . moreover , the polish schools are closed during at least five months out of
| 393 |
[
"the",
"ten",
"months",
"of",
"the",
"school",
"year",
"due",
"to",
"lack",
"of",
"coal",
"or",
"other",
"fuel",
".",
"of",
"twenty",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"thirty",
"spacious",
"school",
"buildings",
"which",
"krakow",
"had",
"before",
"1939",
",",
"today",
"the",
"worst",
"two",
"buildings",
"are",
"used",
".",
".",
".",
"every",
"day",
",",
"pupils",
"have",
"to",
"study",
"in",
"several",
"shifts",
".",
"under",
"such",
"circumstances",
",",
"the",
"school",
"day",
",",
"which",
"normally",
"lasts",
"five",
"hours",
",",
"is",
"reduced",
"to",
"one",
"hour",
".",
"in",
"the",
"general",
"government",
",",
"the",
"remaining",
"schools",
"were",
"sub",
"##ju",
"##gated",
"to",
"the",
"german",
"educational",
"system",
",",
"and",
"the",
"number",
"and",
"competence",
"of",
"their",
"polish",
"staff",
"was",
"steadily",
"scaled",
"down",
".",
"all",
"universities",
"and",
"most",
"secondary",
"schools",
"were",
"closed",
",",
"if",
"not",
"immediately",
"after",
"the",
"invasion",
",",
"then",
"by",
"mid",
"@",
"-",
"@"
] | 960 |
the ten months of the school year due to lack of coal or other fuel . of twenty @ - @ thirty spacious school buildings which krakow had before 1939 , today the worst two buildings are used . . . every day , pupils have to study in several shifts . under such circumstances , the school day , which normally lasts five hours , is reduced to one hour . in the general government , the remaining schools were sub ##ju ##gated to the german educational system , and the number and competence of their polish staff was steadily scaled down . all universities and most secondary schools were closed , if not immediately after the invasion , then by mid @ - @
| 610 |
[
"1940",
".",
"by",
"late",
"1940",
",",
"no",
"official",
"polish",
"educational",
"institutions",
"more",
"advanced",
"than",
"a",
"vocational",
"school",
"remained",
"in",
"operation",
",",
"and",
"they",
"offered",
"nothing",
"beyond",
"the",
"elementary",
"trade",
"and",
"technical",
"training",
"required",
"for",
"the",
"nazi",
"economy",
".",
"primary",
"schooling",
"was",
"to",
"last",
"for",
"seven",
"years",
",",
"but",
"the",
"classes",
"in",
"the",
"final",
"two",
"years",
"of",
"the",
"program",
"were",
"to",
"be",
"limited",
"to",
"meeting",
"one",
"day",
"per",
"week",
".",
"there",
"was",
"no",
"money",
"for",
"heating",
"of",
"the",
"schools",
"in",
"winter",
".",
"classes",
"and",
"schools",
"were",
"to",
"be",
"merged",
",",
"polish",
"teachers",
"dismissed",
",",
"and",
"the",
"resulting",
"savings",
"used",
"to",
"sponsor",
"the",
"creation",
"of",
"schools",
"for",
"children",
"of",
"the",
"german",
"minority",
"or",
"to",
"create",
"barracks",
"for",
"german",
"troops",
".",
"no",
"new",
"polish",
"teachers",
"were",
"to",
"be",
"trained"
] | 961 |
1940 . by late 1940 , no official polish educational institutions more advanced than a vocational school remained in operation , and they offered nothing beyond the elementary trade and technical training required for the nazi economy . primary schooling was to last for seven years , but the classes in the final two years of the program were to be limited to meeting one day per week . there was no money for heating of the schools in winter . classes and schools were to be merged , polish teachers dismissed , and the resulting savings used to sponsor the creation of schools for children of the german minority or to create barracks for german troops . no new polish teachers were to be trained
| 393 |
[
".",
"the",
"educational",
"curriculum",
"was",
"ce",
"##nsor",
"##ed",
";",
"subjects",
"such",
"as",
"literature",
",",
"history",
"and",
"geography",
"were",
"removed",
".",
"old",
"textbooks",
"were",
"confiscated",
"and",
"school",
"libraries",
"were",
"closed",
".",
"the",
"new",
"educational",
"aims",
"for",
"poles",
"included",
"convincing",
"them",
"that",
"their",
"national",
"fate",
"was",
"hopeless",
",",
"and",
"teaching",
"them",
"to",
"be",
"sub",
"##missive",
"and",
"respectful",
"to",
"germans",
".",
"this",
"was",
"accomplished",
"through",
"deliberate",
"tactics",
"such",
"as",
"police",
"raids",
"on",
"schools",
",",
"police",
"inspections",
"of",
"student",
"belongings",
",",
"mass",
"arrests",
"of",
"students",
"and",
"teachers",
",",
"and",
"the",
"use",
"of",
"students",
"as",
"forced",
"laborers",
",",
"often",
"by",
"transporting",
"them",
"to",
"germany",
"as",
"seasonal",
"workers",
".",
"the",
"germans",
"were",
"especially",
"active",
"in",
"the",
"destruction",
"of",
"jewish",
"culture",
"in",
"poland",
";",
"nearly",
"all",
"of",
"the",
"wooden",
"synagogue",
"##s",
"there",
"were"
] | 962 |
. the educational curriculum was ce ##nsor ##ed ; subjects such as literature , history and geography were removed . old textbooks were confiscated and school libraries were closed . the new educational aims for poles included convincing them that their national fate was hopeless , and teaching them to be sub ##missive and respectful to germans . this was accomplished through deliberate tactics such as police raids on schools , police inspections of student belongings , mass arrests of students and teachers , and the use of students as forced laborers , often by transporting them to germany as seasonal workers . the germans were especially active in the destruction of jewish culture in poland ; nearly all of the wooden synagogue ##s there were
| 401 |
[
"destroyed",
".",
"moreover",
",",
"the",
"sale",
"of",
"jewish",
"literature",
"was",
"banned",
"throughout",
"poland",
".",
"polish",
"literature",
"faced",
"a",
"similar",
"fate",
"in",
"territories",
"annexed",
"by",
"germany",
",",
"where",
"the",
"sale",
"of",
"polish",
"books",
"was",
"forbidden",
".",
"the",
"public",
"destruction",
"of",
"polish",
"books",
"was",
"not",
"limited",
"to",
"those",
"seized",
"from",
"libraries",
",",
"but",
"also",
"included",
"those",
"books",
"that",
"were",
"confiscated",
"from",
"private",
"homes",
".",
"the",
"last",
"polish",
"book",
"titles",
"not",
"already",
"pro",
"##scribe",
"##d",
"were",
"withdrawn",
"in",
"1943",
";",
"even",
"polish",
"prayer",
"books",
"were",
"confiscated",
".",
"soon",
"after",
"the",
"occupation",
"began",
",",
"most",
"libraries",
"were",
"closed",
";",
"in",
"krakow",
",",
"about",
"80",
"%",
"of",
"the",
"libraries",
"were",
"closed",
"immediately",
",",
"while",
"the",
"remainder",
"saw",
"their",
"collections",
"dec",
"##imated",
"by",
"ce",
"##nsor",
"##s",
".",
"the",
"occupying",
"powers",
"destroyed",
"polish"
] | 963 |
destroyed . moreover , the sale of jewish literature was banned throughout poland . polish literature faced a similar fate in territories annexed by germany , where the sale of polish books was forbidden . the public destruction of polish books was not limited to those seized from libraries , but also included those books that were confiscated from private homes . the last polish book titles not already pro ##scribe ##d were withdrawn in 1943 ; even polish prayer books were confiscated . soon after the occupation began , most libraries were closed ; in krakow , about 80 % of the libraries were closed immediately , while the remainder saw their collections dec ##imated by ce ##nsor ##s . the occupying powers destroyed polish
| 203 |
[
"book",
"collections",
",",
"including",
"the",
"se",
"##jm",
"and",
"senate",
"library",
",",
"the",
"pr",
"##zed",
"##zie",
"##cki",
"estate",
"library",
",",
"the",
"za",
"##mo",
"##ys",
"##ki",
"estate",
"library",
",",
"the",
"central",
"military",
"library",
",",
"and",
"the",
"rappers",
"##wil",
"collection",
".",
"in",
"1941",
",",
"the",
"last",
"remaining",
"polish",
"public",
"library",
"in",
"the",
"german",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"occupied",
"territories",
"was",
"closed",
"in",
"warsaw",
".",
"during",
"the",
"war",
",",
"warsaw",
"libraries",
"lost",
"about",
"a",
"million",
"volumes",
",",
"or",
"30",
"%",
"of",
"their",
"collections",
".",
"more",
"than",
"80",
"%",
"of",
"these",
"losses",
"were",
"the",
"direct",
"result",
"of",
"purge",
"##s",
"rather",
"than",
"wartime",
"conflict",
".",
"overall",
",",
"it",
"is",
"estimated",
"that",
"about",
"10",
"million",
"volumes",
"from",
"state",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"owned",
"libraries",
"and",
"institutions",
"perished",
"during",
"the",
"war",
".",
"polish",
"flags",
"and",
"other"
] | 964 |
book collections , including the se ##jm and senate library , the pr ##zed ##zie ##cki estate library , the za ##mo ##ys ##ki estate library , the central military library , and the rappers ##wil collection . in 1941 , the last remaining polish public library in the german @ - @ occupied territories was closed in warsaw . during the war , warsaw libraries lost about a million volumes , or 30 % of their collections . more than 80 % of these losses were the direct result of purge ##s rather than wartime conflict . overall , it is estimated that about 10 million volumes from state @ - @ owned libraries and institutions perished during the war . polish flags and other
| 372 |
[
"symbols",
"were",
"confiscated",
".",
"the",
"war",
"on",
"the",
"polish",
"language",
"included",
"the",
"tearing",
"down",
"of",
"signs",
"in",
"polish",
"and",
"the",
"banning",
"of",
"polish",
"speech",
"in",
"public",
"places",
".",
"persons",
"who",
"spoke",
"polish",
"in",
"the",
"streets",
"were",
"often",
"insulted",
"and",
"even",
"physically",
"assaulted",
".",
"the",
"german",
"##ization",
"of",
"place",
"names",
"prevailed",
".",
"many",
"treasures",
"of",
"polish",
"culture",
"–",
"including",
"memorials",
",",
"plaques",
"and",
"monuments",
"to",
"national",
"heroes",
"(",
"e",
".",
"g",
".",
",",
"krakow",
"'",
"s",
"adam",
"mick",
"##ie",
"##wicz",
"monument",
")",
"–",
"were",
"destroyed",
".",
"in",
"tor",
"##un",
",",
"all",
"polish",
"monuments",
"and",
"plaques",
"were",
"torn",
"down",
".",
"dozens",
"of",
"monuments",
"were",
"destroyed",
"throughout",
"poland",
".",
"the",
"nazis",
"planned",
"to",
"level",
"entire",
"cities",
".",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"censorship",
"and",
"propaganda",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"the"
] | 965 |
symbols were confiscated . the war on the polish language included the tearing down of signs in polish and the banning of polish speech in public places . persons who spoke polish in the streets were often insulted and even physically assaulted . the german ##ization of place names prevailed . many treasures of polish culture – including memorials , plaques and monuments to national heroes ( e . g . , krakow ' s adam mick ##ie ##wicz monument ) – were destroyed . in tor ##un , all polish monuments and plaques were torn down . dozens of monuments were destroyed throughout poland . the nazis planned to level entire cities . = = = = censorship and propaganda = = = = the
| 352 |
[
"germans",
"prohibited",
"publication",
"of",
"any",
"regular",
"polish",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"language",
"book",
",",
"literary",
"study",
"or",
"scholarly",
"paper",
".",
"in",
"1940",
",",
"several",
"german",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"controlled",
"printing",
"houses",
"began",
"operating",
"in",
"occupied",
"poland",
",",
"publishing",
"items",
"such",
"as",
"polish",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"german",
"di",
"##ction",
"##aries",
"and",
"anti",
"##se",
"##mit",
"##ic",
"and",
"anti",
"##com",
"##mun",
"##ist",
"novels",
".",
"censorship",
"at",
"first",
"targeted",
"books",
"that",
"were",
"considered",
"to",
"be",
"\"",
"serious",
"\"",
",",
"including",
"scientific",
"and",
"educational",
"texts",
"and",
"texts",
"that",
"were",
"thought",
"to",
"promote",
"polish",
"patriot",
"##ism",
";",
"only",
"fiction",
"that",
"was",
"free",
"of",
"anti",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"german",
"over",
"##tones",
"was",
"permitted",
".",
"banned",
"literature",
"included",
"maps",
",",
"atlas",
"##es",
"and",
"english",
"-",
"and",
"french",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"language",
"publications",
",",
"including",
"di"
] | 966 |
germans prohibited publication of any regular polish @ - @ language book , literary study or scholarly paper . in 1940 , several german @ - @ controlled printing houses began operating in occupied poland , publishing items such as polish @ - @ german di ##ction ##aries and anti ##se ##mit ##ic and anti ##com ##mun ##ist novels . censorship at first targeted books that were considered to be " serious " , including scientific and educational texts and texts that were thought to promote polish patriot ##ism ; only fiction that was free of anti @ - @ german over ##tones was permitted . banned literature included maps , atlas ##es and english - and french @ - @ language publications , including di
| 257 |
[
"##ction",
"##aries",
".",
"several",
"non",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"public",
"index",
"##es",
"of",
"prohibited",
"books",
"were",
"created",
",",
"and",
"over",
"1",
"@",
",",
"@",
"500",
"polish",
"writers",
"were",
"declared",
"\"",
"dangerous",
"to",
"the",
"german",
"state",
"and",
"culture",
"\"",
".",
"the",
"index",
"of",
"banned",
"authors",
"included",
"such",
"polish",
"authors",
"as",
"adam",
"mick",
"##ie",
"##wicz",
",",
"julius",
"##z",
"s",
"##ł",
"##owa",
"##cki",
",",
"stanisław",
"w",
"##ys",
"##pia",
"##nsk",
"##i",
",",
"bo",
"##les",
"##ław",
"pr",
"##us",
",",
"stefan",
"zero",
"##ms",
"##ki",
",",
"jozef",
"ign",
"##acy",
"k",
"##ras",
"##ze",
"##wski",
",",
"w",
"##ła",
"##dy",
"##sław",
"rey",
"##mont",
",",
"stanisław",
"w",
"##ys",
"##pia",
"##nsk",
"##i",
",",
"julian",
"tu",
"##wi",
"##m",
",",
"ko",
"##rne",
"##l",
"ma",
"##kus",
"##zyn",
"##ski",
",",
"leopold",
"staff",
",",
"eliza",
"or",
"##zes",
"##zko",
"##wa",
"and",
"maria",
"ko",
"##no",
"##p"
] | 967 |
##ction ##aries . several non @ - @ public index ##es of prohibited books were created , and over 1 @ , @ 500 polish writers were declared " dangerous to the german state and culture " . the index of banned authors included such polish authors as adam mick ##ie ##wicz , julius ##z s ##ł ##owa ##cki , stanisław w ##ys ##pia ##nsk ##i , bo ##les ##ław pr ##us , stefan zero ##ms ##ki , jozef ign ##acy k ##ras ##ze ##wski , w ##ła ##dy ##sław rey ##mont , stanisław w ##ys ##pia ##nsk ##i , julian tu ##wi ##m , ko ##rne ##l ma ##kus ##zyn ##ski , leopold staff , eliza or ##zes ##zko ##wa and maria ko ##no ##p
| 203 |
[
"##nick",
"##a",
".",
"mere",
"possession",
"of",
"such",
"books",
"was",
"illegal",
"and",
"punish",
"##able",
"by",
"imprisonment",
".",
"door",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"to",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"door",
"sale",
"of",
"books",
"was",
"banned",
",",
"and",
"bookstore",
"##s",
"—",
"which",
"required",
"a",
"license",
"to",
"operate",
"—",
"were",
"either",
"emptied",
"out",
"or",
"closed",
".",
"poles",
"were",
"forbidden",
",",
"under",
"penalty",
"of",
"death",
",",
"to",
"own",
"radios",
".",
"the",
"press",
"was",
"reduced",
"from",
"over",
"2",
"@",
",",
"@",
"000",
"publications",
"to",
"a",
"few",
"dozen",
",",
"all",
"ce",
"##nsor",
"##ed",
"by",
"the",
"germans",
".",
"all",
"pre",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"war",
"newspapers",
"were",
"closed",
",",
"and",
"the",
"few",
"that",
"were",
"published",
"during",
"the",
"occupation",
"were",
"new",
"creations",
"under",
"the",
"total",
"control",
"of",
"the",
"germans",
".",
"such",
"a",
"thorough",
"destruction",
"of",
"the",
"press",
"was",
"unprecedented"
] | 968 |
##nick ##a . mere possession of such books was illegal and punish ##able by imprisonment . door @ - @ to @ - @ door sale of books was banned , and bookstore ##s — which required a license to operate — were either emptied out or closed . poles were forbidden , under penalty of death , to own radios . the press was reduced from over 2 @ , @ 000 publications to a few dozen , all ce ##nsor ##ed by the germans . all pre @ - @ war newspapers were closed , and the few that were published during the occupation were new creations under the total control of the germans . such a thorough destruction of the press was unprecedented
| 83 |
[
"in",
"contemporary",
"history",
".",
"the",
"only",
"officially",
"available",
"reading",
"matter",
"was",
"the",
"propaganda",
"press",
"that",
"was",
"di",
"##sse",
"##minated",
"by",
"the",
"german",
"occupation",
"administration",
".",
"cinemas",
",",
"now",
"under",
"the",
"control",
"of",
"the",
"german",
"propaganda",
"machine",
",",
"saw",
"their",
"programming",
"dominated",
"by",
"nazi",
"german",
"movies",
",",
"which",
"were",
"preceded",
"by",
"propaganda",
"news",
"##ree",
"##ls",
".",
"the",
"few",
"polish",
"films",
"permitted",
"to",
"be",
"shown",
"(",
"about",
"20",
"%",
"of",
"the",
"total",
"programming",
")",
"were",
"edited",
"to",
"eliminate",
"references",
"to",
"polish",
"national",
"symbols",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"jewish",
"actors",
"and",
"producers",
".",
"several",
"propaganda",
"films",
"were",
"shot",
"in",
"polish",
",",
"although",
"no",
"polish",
"films",
"were",
"shown",
"after",
"1943",
".",
"as",
"all",
"profits",
"from",
"polish",
"cinemas",
"were",
"officially",
"directed",
"toward",
"german",
"war",
"production",
",",
"attendance",
"was",
"discouraged",
"by",
"the",
"polish"
] | 969 |
in contemporary history . the only officially available reading matter was the propaganda press that was di ##sse ##minated by the german occupation administration . cinemas , now under the control of the german propaganda machine , saw their programming dominated by nazi german movies , which were preceded by propaganda news ##ree ##ls . the few polish films permitted to be shown ( about 20 % of the total programming ) were edited to eliminate references to polish national symbols as well as jewish actors and producers . several propaganda films were shot in polish , although no polish films were shown after 1943 . as all profits from polish cinemas were officially directed toward german war production , attendance was discouraged by the polish
| 207 |
[
"underground",
";",
"a",
"famous",
"underground",
"slogan",
"declared",
":",
"\"",
"ty",
"##lk",
"##o",
"sw",
"##ini",
"##e",
"si",
"##ed",
"##za",
"w",
"kin",
"##ie",
"\"",
"(",
"\"",
"only",
"pigs",
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"the",
"movies",
"\"",
")",
".",
"a",
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",",
"which",
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"by",
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"to",
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"\"",
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".",
"indeed",
",",
"a",
"number",
"of",
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"pieces",
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",",
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".",
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",",
"actors",
"were",
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"and",
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"that",
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"would",
"be",
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"as",
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"if",
"they",
"failed",
"to",
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".",
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",",
"restrictions",
"on",
"cultural",
"performances",
"were",
"eased",
"in",
"jewish",
"ghetto",
"##s",
",",
"given",
"that",
"the",
"germans",
"wished",
"to",
"distract",
"ghetto",
"inhabitants",
"and",
"prevent"
] | 970 |
underground ; a famous underground slogan declared : " ty ##lk ##o sw ##ini ##e si ##ed ##za w kin ##ie " ( " only pigs attend the movies " ) . a similar situation faced theaters , which were forbidden by the germans to produce " serious " spectacle ##s . indeed , a number of propaganda pieces were created for theater stages . hence , theatrical productions were also boycott ##ed by the underground . in addition , actors were discouraged from performing in them and warned that they would be labeled as collaborators if they failed to comply . ironically , restrictions on cultural performances were eased in jewish ghetto ##s , given that the germans wished to distract ghetto inhabitants and prevent
| 683 |
[
"them",
"from",
"grasping",
"their",
"eventual",
"fate",
".",
"music",
"was",
"the",
"least",
"restricted",
"of",
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"activities",
",",
"probably",
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".",
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"time",
",",
"he",
"ordered",
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"and",
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"of",
"the",
"general",
"government",
"in",
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"capital",
",",
"krakow",
".",
"numerous",
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"were",
"permitted",
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"and",
"churches",
",",
"and",
"the",
"polish",
"underground",
"chose",
"to",
"boycott",
"only",
"the",
"prop",
"##aga",
"##ndi",
"##st",
"operas",
".",
"visual",
"artists",
",",
"including",
"painters",
"and",
"sculptors",
",",
"were",
"compelled",
"to",
"register",
"with",
"the",
"german",
"government",
";",
"but",
"their",
"work",
"was",
"generally",
"tolerated",
"by",
"the",
"underground",
",",
"unless",
"it",
"conveyed",
"prop",
"##aga",
"##ndi",
"##st",
"themes",
".",
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"replaced",
"by",
"occasional",
"art",
"exhibitions",
"that",
"frequently",
"conveyed",
"prop",
"##aga"
] | 971 |
them from grasping their eventual fate . music was the least restricted of cultural activities , probably because hans frank regarded himself as a fan of serious music . in time , he ordered the creation of the orchestra and symphony of the general government in its capital , krakow . numerous musical performances were permitted in cafes and churches , and the polish underground chose to boycott only the prop ##aga ##ndi ##st operas . visual artists , including painters and sculptors , were compelled to register with the german government ; but their work was generally tolerated by the underground , unless it conveyed prop ##aga ##ndi ##st themes . shutter ##ed museums were replaced by occasional art exhibitions that frequently conveyed prop ##aga
| 171 |
[
"##ndi",
"##st",
"themes",
".",
"the",
"development",
"of",
"nazi",
"propaganda",
"in",
"occupied",
"poland",
"can",
"be",
"divided",
"into",
"two",
"main",
"phases",
".",
"initial",
"efforts",
"were",
"directed",
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"a",
"negative",
"image",
"of",
"pre",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"war",
"poland",
",",
"and",
"later",
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"@",
"-",
"@",
"soviet",
",",
"anti",
"##se",
"##mit",
"##ic",
",",
"and",
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"@",
"-",
"@",
"german",
"attitudes",
".",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"soviet",
"occupation",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"after",
"the",
"soviet",
"invasion",
"of",
"poland",
"(",
"beginning",
"17",
"september",
"1939",
")",
"that",
"followed",
"the",
"german",
"invasion",
"that",
"had",
"marked",
"the",
"start",
"of",
"world",
"war",
"ii",
"(",
"beginning",
"1",
"september",
"1939",
")",
",",
"the",
"soviet",
"union",
"annexed",
"the",
"eastern",
"parts",
"(",
"\"",
"k",
"##res",
"##y",
"\"",
")",
"of",
"the",
"second",
"polish",
"republic",
",",
"comprising"
] | 972 |
##ndi ##st themes . the development of nazi propaganda in occupied poland can be divided into two main phases . initial efforts were directed towards creating a negative image of pre @ - @ war poland , and later efforts were aimed at foster ##ing anti @ - @ soviet , anti ##se ##mit ##ic , and pro @ - @ german attitudes . = = = soviet occupation = = = after the soviet invasion of poland ( beginning 17 september 1939 ) that followed the german invasion that had marked the start of world war ii ( beginning 1 september 1939 ) , the soviet union annexed the eastern parts ( " k ##res ##y " ) of the second polish republic , comprising
| 959 |
[
"201",
"@",
",",
"@",
"01",
"##5",
"square",
"kilometres",
"(",
"77",
"@",
",",
"@",
"61",
"##2",
"sq",
"mi",
")",
"and",
"a",
"population",
"of",
"13",
"@",
".",
"@",
"299",
"million",
".",
"hitler",
"and",
"stalin",
"shared",
"the",
"goal",
"of",
"ob",
"##lite",
"##rating",
"poland",
"'",
"s",
"political",
"and",
"cultural",
"life",
",",
"so",
"that",
"poland",
"would",
",",
"according",
"to",
"historian",
"niall",
"ferguson",
",",
"\"",
"cease",
"to",
"exist",
"not",
"merely",
"as",
"a",
"place",
",",
"but",
"also",
"as",
"an",
"idea",
"\"",
".",
"the",
"soviet",
"authorities",
"regarded",
"service",
"to",
"the",
"pre",
"##war",
"polish",
"state",
"as",
"a",
"\"",
"crime",
"against",
"revolution",
"\"",
"and",
"\"",
"counter",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"revolutionary",
"activity",
"\"",
"and",
"arrested",
"many",
"members",
"of",
"the",
"polish",
"intelligent",
"##sia",
",",
"politicians",
",",
"civil",
"servants",
"and",
"academics",
",",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"ordinary",
"persons",
"suspected",
"of"
] | 973 |
201 @ , @ 01 ##5 square kilometres ( 77 @ , @ 61 ##2 sq mi ) and a population of 13 @ . @ 299 million . hitler and stalin shared the goal of ob ##lite ##rating poland ' s political and cultural life , so that poland would , according to historian niall ferguson , " cease to exist not merely as a place , but also as an idea " . the soviet authorities regarded service to the pre ##war polish state as a " crime against revolution " and " counter @ - @ revolutionary activity " and arrested many members of the polish intelligent ##sia , politicians , civil servants and academics , as well as ordinary persons suspected of
| 242 |
[
"posing",
"a",
"threat",
"to",
"soviet",
"rule",
".",
"more",
"than",
"a",
"million",
"polish",
"citizens",
"were",
"deported",
"to",
"siberia",
",",
"many",
"to",
"gu",
"##lag",
"concentration",
"camps",
",",
"for",
"years",
"or",
"decades",
".",
"others",
"died",
",",
"including",
"over",
"20",
"@",
",",
"@",
"000",
"military",
"officers",
"who",
"perished",
"in",
"the",
"katy",
"##n",
"massacre",
"##s",
".",
"the",
"soviets",
"quickly",
"soviet",
"##ized",
"the",
"annexed",
"lands",
",",
"introducing",
"compulsory",
"collect",
"##iv",
"##ization",
".",
"they",
"proceeded",
"to",
"con",
"##fi",
"##sca",
"##te",
",",
"national",
"##ize",
"and",
"red",
"##ist",
"##ri",
"##bu",
"##te",
"private",
"and",
"state",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"owned",
"polish",
"property",
".",
"in",
"the",
"process",
",",
"they",
"banned",
"political",
"parties",
"and",
"public",
"associations",
"and",
"imprisoned",
"or",
"executed",
"their",
"leaders",
"as",
"\"",
"enemies",
"of",
"the",
"people",
"\"",
".",
"in",
"line",
"with",
"soviet",
"anti",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"religious"
] | 974 |
posing a threat to soviet rule . more than a million polish citizens were deported to siberia , many to gu ##lag concentration camps , for years or decades . others died , including over 20 @ , @ 000 military officers who perished in the katy ##n massacre ##s . the soviets quickly soviet ##ized the annexed lands , introducing compulsory collect ##iv ##ization . they proceeded to con ##fi ##sca ##te , national ##ize and red ##ist ##ri ##bu ##te private and state @ - @ owned polish property . in the process , they banned political parties and public associations and imprisoned or executed their leaders as " enemies of the people " . in line with soviet anti @ - @ religious
| 478 |
[
"policy",
",",
"churches",
"and",
"religious",
"organizations",
"were",
"persecuted",
".",
"on",
"10",
"february",
"1940",
",",
"the",
"nk",
"##vd",
"unleashed",
"a",
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"of",
"terror",
"against",
"\"",
"anti",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"soviet",
"\"",
"elements",
"in",
"occupied",
"poland",
".",
"the",
"soviets",
"'",
"targets",
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"persons",
"who",
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",",
"persons",
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"correspondence",
",",
"es",
"##per",
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"##ists",
",",
"phil",
"##ate",
"##lists",
",",
"red",
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",",
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",",
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",",
"priests",
"and",
"members",
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"religious",
"congregations",
",",
"the",
"nobility",
",",
"landowners",
",",
"wealthy",
"merchants",
",",
"bankers",
",",
"industrialist",
"##s",
",",
"and",
"hotel",
"and",
"restaurant",
"owners",
".",
"stalin",
",",
"like",
"hitler",
",",
"worked",
"to",
"eliminate",
"polish",
"society",
".",
"the",
"soviet",
"authorities",
"sought",
"to",
"remove",
"all",
"trace",
"of",
"the",
"polish",
"history",
"of",
"the",
"area",
"now",
"under",
"their",
"control"
] | 975 |
policy , churches and religious organizations were persecuted . on 10 february 1940 , the nk ##vd unleashed a campaign of terror against " anti @ - @ soviet " elements in occupied poland . the soviets ' targets included persons who often traveled abroad , persons involved in overseas correspondence , es ##per ##ant ##ists , phil ##ate ##lists , red cross workers , refugees , smug ##glers , priests and members of religious congregations , the nobility , landowners , wealthy merchants , bankers , industrialist ##s , and hotel and restaurant owners . stalin , like hitler , worked to eliminate polish society . the soviet authorities sought to remove all trace of the polish history of the area now under their control
| 478 |
[
".",
"the",
"name",
"\"",
"poland",
"\"",
"was",
"banned",
".",
"polish",
"monuments",
"were",
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"down",
".",
"all",
"institutions",
"of",
"the",
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"polish",
"state",
",",
"including",
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"l",
"##wo",
"##w",
"university",
",",
"were",
"closed",
",",
"then",
"reopened",
",",
"mostly",
"with",
"new",
"russian",
"directors",
".",
"soviet",
"communist",
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"became",
"paramount",
"in",
"all",
"teaching",
".",
"polish",
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"and",
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"were",
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"soviet",
"authorities",
",",
"and",
"the",
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"language",
"was",
"replaced",
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"or",
"ukrainian",
".",
"polish",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"language",
"books",
"were",
"burned",
"even",
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"the",
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"schools",
".",
"polish",
"teachers",
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"not",
"allowed",
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"the",
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",",
"and",
"many",
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".",
"classes",
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"in",
"bel",
"##orus",
"##sian",
",",
"lithuanian",
"and",
"ukrainian",
",",
"with",
"a",
"new",
"pro",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"soviet",
"curriculum",
".",
"as",
"polish"
] | 976 |
. the name " poland " was banned . polish monuments were torn down . all institutions of the dismantled polish state , including the l ##wo ##w university , were closed , then reopened , mostly with new russian directors . soviet communist ideology became paramount in all teaching . polish literature and language studies were dissolved by the soviet authorities , and the polish language was replaced with russian or ukrainian . polish @ - @ language books were burned even in the primary schools . polish teachers were not allowed in the schools , and many were arrested . classes were held in bel ##orus ##sian , lithuanian and ukrainian , with a new pro @ - @ soviet curriculum . as polish
| 393 |
[
"@",
"-",
"@",
"canadian",
"historian",
"pi",
"##ot",
"##r",
"wr",
"##obe",
"##l",
"noted",
",",
"citing",
"british",
"historians",
"m",
".",
"r",
".",
"d",
".",
"foot",
"and",
"i",
".",
"c",
".",
"b",
".",
"dear",
",",
"majority",
"of",
"scholars",
"believe",
"that",
"\"",
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"the",
"soviet",
"occupation",
"zone",
",",
"conditions",
"were",
"only",
"marginal",
"##ly",
"less",
"harsh",
"than",
"under",
"the",
"germans",
".",
"\"",
"in",
"september",
"1939",
",",
"many",
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"jews",
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"fled",
"east",
";",
"after",
"some",
"months",
"of",
"living",
"under",
"soviet",
"rule",
",",
"some",
"of",
"them",
"wanted",
"to",
"return",
"to",
"the",
"german",
"zone",
"of",
"occupied",
"poland",
".",
"all",
"publications",
"and",
"media",
"were",
"subjected",
"to",
"censorship",
".",
"the",
"soviets",
"sought",
"to",
"recruit",
"polish",
"left",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"wing",
"intellectuals",
"who",
"were",
"willing",
"to",
"cooperate",
".",
"soon",
"after",
"the",
"soviet",
"invasion",
",",
"the",
"writers"
] | 977 |
@ - @ canadian historian pi ##ot ##r wr ##obe ##l noted , citing british historians m . r . d . foot and i . c . b . dear , majority of scholars believe that " in the soviet occupation zone , conditions were only marginal ##ly less harsh than under the germans . " in september 1939 , many polish jews had fled east ; after some months of living under soviet rule , some of them wanted to return to the german zone of occupied poland . all publications and media were subjected to censorship . the soviets sought to recruit polish left @ - @ wing intellectuals who were willing to cooperate . soon after the soviet invasion , the writers
| 959 |
[
"'",
"association",
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"soviet",
"ukraine",
"created",
"a",
"local",
"chapter",
"in",
"l",
"##wo",
"##w",
";",
"there",
"was",
"a",
"polish",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"language",
"theater",
"and",
"radio",
"station",
".",
"polish",
"cultural",
"activities",
"in",
"minsk",
"and",
"wil",
"##no",
"were",
"less",
"organized",
".",
"these",
"activities",
"were",
"strictly",
"controlled",
"by",
"the",
"soviet",
"authorities",
",",
"which",
"saw",
"to",
"it",
"that",
"these",
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"portrayed",
"the",
"new",
"soviet",
"regime",
"in",
"a",
"positive",
"light",
"and",
"vi",
"##li",
"##fied",
"the",
"former",
"polish",
"government",
".",
"the",
"soviet",
"propaganda",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"motivated",
"support",
"for",
"polish",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"language",
"cultural",
"activities",
",",
"however",
",",
"clashed",
"with",
"the",
"official",
"policy",
"of",
"russ",
"##ification",
".",
"the",
"soviets",
"at",
"first",
"intended",
"to",
"phase",
"out",
"the",
"polish",
"language",
"and",
"so",
"banned",
"polish",
"from",
"schools",
",",
"street",
"signs",
",",
"and",
"other",
"aspects"
] | 978 |
' association of soviet ukraine created a local chapter in l ##wo ##w ; there was a polish @ - @ language theater and radio station . polish cultural activities in minsk and wil ##no were less organized . these activities were strictly controlled by the soviet authorities , which saw to it that these activities portrayed the new soviet regime in a positive light and vi ##li ##fied the former polish government . the soviet propaganda @ - @ motivated support for polish @ - @ language cultural activities , however , clashed with the official policy of russ ##ification . the soviets at first intended to phase out the polish language and so banned polish from schools , street signs , and other aspects
| 478 |
[
"of",
"life",
".",
"this",
"policy",
"was",
",",
"however",
",",
"reversed",
"at",
"times",
"—",
"first",
"before",
"the",
"elections",
"in",
"october",
"1939",
";",
"and",
"later",
",",
"after",
"the",
"german",
"conquest",
"of",
"france",
".",
"in",
"november",
"1940",
",",
"the",
"poles",
"of",
"l",
"##wo",
"##w",
"observed",
"the",
"85",
"##th",
"anniversary",
"of",
"adam",
"mick",
"##ie",
"##wicz",
"'",
"s",
"death",
".",
"soon",
",",
"however",
",",
"stalin",
"decided",
"to",
"re",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"implement",
"the",
"russ",
"##ification",
"policies",
".",
"he",
"reversed",
"his",
"decision",
"again",
",",
"however",
",",
"when",
"a",
"need",
"arose",
"for",
"polish",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"language",
"pro",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"soviet",
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"the",
"german",
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"of",
"the",
"soviet",
"union",
";",
"as",
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"stalin",
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"of",
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"forces",
"in",
"the",
"east",
"and",
"later",
"decided",
"to",
"create",
"a",
"communist",
"people"
] | 979 |
of life . this policy was , however , reversed at times — first before the elections in october 1939 ; and later , after the german conquest of france . in november 1940 , the poles of l ##wo ##w observed the 85 ##th anniversary of adam mick ##ie ##wicz ' s death . soon , however , stalin decided to re @ - @ implement the russ ##ification policies . he reversed his decision again , however , when a need arose for polish @ - @ language pro @ - @ soviet propaganda following the german invasion of the soviet union ; as a result stalin permitted the creation of polish forces in the east and later decided to create a communist people
| 478 |
[
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"s",
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"poland",
".",
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",",
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",",
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",",
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"ł",
"##opa",
"##le",
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",",
"julius",
"##z",
"klein",
"##er",
",",
"jan",
"ko",
"##tt",
",",
"ja"
] | 980 |
' s republic of poland . many polish writers collaborated with the soviets , writing pro @ - @ soviet propaganda . they included je ##rzy bore ##js ##za , tad ##eus ##z boy @ - @ ze ##len ##ski , ka ##zi ##mie ##rz brandy ##s , jan ##ina bro ##nie ##ws ##ka , jan br ##zo ##za , te ##od ##or bu ##jn ##ick ##i , leon ch ##wi ##ste ##k , zu ##zan ##na gin ##cz ##an ##ka , hal ##ina go ##rsk ##a , mi ##ec ##zy ##sław ja ##st ##run , stefan jed ##ry ##cho ##wski , stanisław je ##rzy le ##c , tad ##eus ##z ł ##opa ##le ##wski , julius ##z klein ##er , jan ko ##tt , ja
| 203 |
[
"##lu",
"ku",
"##rek",
",",
"ka",
"##rol",
"ku",
"##ryl",
"##uk",
",",
"leopold",
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",",
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"je",
"##rzy",
"raw",
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",",
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"##d",
"##nick",
"##i",
",",
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"##ł",
"##ob",
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"##nik",
",",
"w",
"##ł",
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"##zi",
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"##ski",
",",
"el",
"##z",
"##bie",
"##ta",
"s",
"##ze",
"##mp",
"##lins",
"##ka",
",",
"ana",
"##to",
"##l",
"stern",
",",
"julian",
"st",
"##ry",
"##jk",
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",",
"luc",
"##jan",
"s",
"##zen",
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",",
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",",
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"##ka",
",",
"stanisław",
"was",
"##ile",
"##wski",
",",
"adam",
"wa",
"##zy",
"##k",
",",
"ale",
"##ks"
] | 981 |
##lu ku ##rek , ka ##rol ku ##ryl ##uk , leopold lew ##in , ana ##to ##l mi ##ku ##ł ##ko , je ##rzy pan ##ski , leon paste ##rna ##k , julian pr ##zy ##bos , je ##rzy put ##ram ##ent , je ##rzy raw ##icz , adolf ru ##d ##nick ##i , w ##ł ##od ##zi ##mie ##rz s ##ł ##ob ##od ##nik , w ##ł ##od ##zi ##mie ##rz so ##kor ##ski , el ##z ##bie ##ta s ##ze ##mp ##lins ##ka , ana ##to ##l stern , julian st ##ry ##jk ##owski , luc ##jan s ##zen ##wald , leopold ty ##rman ##d , wanda was ##ile ##ws ##ka , stanisław was ##ile ##wski , adam wa ##zy ##k , ale ##ks
| 224 |
[
"##ander",
"wei",
"##nt",
"##ra",
"##ub",
"and",
"bruno",
"win",
"##aw",
"##er",
".",
"other",
"polish",
"writers",
",",
"however",
",",
"rejected",
"the",
"soviet",
"persuasion",
"##s",
"and",
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"underground",
":",
"ja",
"##d",
"##wig",
"##a",
"czech",
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"##icz",
"##own",
"##a",
",",
"je",
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"##nsk",
"##i",
",",
"ja",
"##d",
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"##a",
"ga",
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"@",
"-",
"@",
"ł",
"##em",
"##pic",
"##ka",
",",
"her",
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"##a",
"na",
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",",
"os",
"##ta",
"##p",
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"##t",
"##win",
",",
"tad",
"##eus",
"##z",
"pei",
"##per",
",",
"te",
"##od",
"##or",
"par",
"##nick",
"##i",
",",
"julius",
"##z",
"pet",
"##ry",
".",
"some",
"writers",
",",
"such",
"as",
"w",
"##ła",
"##dy",
"##sław",
"bro",
"##nie",
"##wski",
",",
"after",
"collaborating",
"with",
"the",
"soviets",
"for",
"a",
"few",
"months",
",",
"joined",
"the",
"anti",
"@",
"-"
] | 982 |
##ander wei ##nt ##ra ##ub and bruno win ##aw ##er . other polish writers , however , rejected the soviet persuasion ##s and instead published underground : ja ##d ##wig ##a czech ##ow ##icz ##own ##a , je ##rzy ho ##rdy ##nsk ##i , ja ##d ##wig ##a ga ##ms ##ka @ - @ ł ##em ##pic ##ka , her ##mini ##a na ##gler ##owa , beat ##a obe ##rt ##yn ##ska , os ##ta ##p or ##t ##win , tad ##eus ##z pei ##per , te ##od ##or par ##nick ##i , julius ##z pet ##ry . some writers , such as w ##ła ##dy ##sław bro ##nie ##wski , after collaborating with the soviets for a few months , joined the anti @ -
| 203 |
[
"@",
"soviet",
"opposition",
".",
"similarly",
",",
"ale",
"##ks",
"##ander",
"wat",
",",
"initially",
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"to",
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"=",
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"(",
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",",
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"(",
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"jan",
"stanisław",
"jan",
"##kowski",
"and",
",",
"later",
",",
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"mate",
"##ja",
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"and",
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"department",
"for",
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"of",
"the",
"effects",
"of",
"war",
"(",
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"anton",
"##i",
"ol",
"##sz",
"##ew",
"##ski",
"and",
"bro",
"##nis",
"##ław",
"dom",
"##os",
"##ław",
"##ski",
")",
",",
"became",
"underground",
"patrons",
"of",
"polish",
"culture",
".",
"these"
] | 983 |
@ soviet opposition . similarly , ale ##ks ##ander wat , initially sympathetic to communism , was arrested by the soviet nk ##vd secret police and exiled to kazakhstan . = = underground culture = = polish culture persisted in underground education , publications , even theater . the polish underground state created a department of education and culture ( under stanisław loren ##tz ) which , along with a department of labor and social welfare ( under jan stanisław jan ##kowski and , later , stefan mate ##ja ) and a department for elimination of the effects of war ( under anton ##i ol ##sz ##ew ##ski and bro ##nis ##ław dom ##os ##ław ##ski ) , became underground patrons of polish culture . these
| 203 |
[
"departments",
"oversaw",
"efforts",
"to",
"save",
"from",
"looting",
"and",
"destruction",
"works",
"of",
"art",
"in",
"state",
"and",
"private",
"collections",
"(",
"most",
"notably",
",",
"the",
"giant",
"paintings",
"by",
"jan",
"mate",
"##jk",
"##o",
"that",
"were",
"concealed",
"throughout",
"the",
"war",
")",
".",
"they",
"compiled",
"reports",
"on",
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"and",
"destroyed",
"works",
"and",
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"and",
"scholars",
"with",
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"their",
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"and",
"their",
"publications",
"and",
"to",
"support",
"their",
"families",
".",
"thus",
",",
"they",
"sponsored",
"the",
"underground",
"publication",
"(",
"bi",
"##bu",
"##ła",
")",
"of",
"works",
"by",
"winston",
"churchill",
"and",
"ark",
"##ady",
"fi",
"##ed",
"##ler",
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"of",
"10",
"@",
",",
"@",
"000",
"copies",
"of",
"a",
"polish",
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"@",
"-",
"@",
"school",
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"and",
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"(",
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"was",
"then",
"di",
"##sse",
"##minated",
"by",
"operation",
"n",
"and",
"like",
"activities"
] | 984 |
departments oversaw efforts to save from looting and destruction works of art in state and private collections ( most notably , the giant paintings by jan mate ##jk ##o that were concealed throughout the war ) . they compiled reports on looted and destroyed works and provided artists and scholars with means to continue their work and their publications and to support their families . thus , they sponsored the underground publication ( bi ##bu ##ła ) of works by winston churchill and ark ##ady fi ##ed ##ler and of 10 @ , @ 000 copies of a polish primary @ - @ school prime ##r and commissioned artists to create resistance artwork ( which was then di ##sse ##minated by operation n and like activities
| 373 |
[
")",
".",
"also",
"occasionally",
"sponsored",
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"secret",
"art",
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",",
"theater",
"performances",
"and",
"concerts",
".",
"other",
"important",
"patrons",
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"culture",
"included",
"the",
"roman",
"catholic",
"church",
"and",
"polish",
"ari",
"##sto",
"##crats",
",",
"who",
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"and",
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"(",
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"adam",
"stefan",
"sap",
"##ie",
"##ha",
"and",
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"former",
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",",
"jan",
"##us",
"##z",
"ra",
"##d",
"##zi",
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"##ł",
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".",
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",",
"including",
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"kam",
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"##ki",
",",
"z",
"##bi",
"##gni",
"##ew",
"mit",
"##z",
"##ner",
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"os",
"##sol",
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"house",
",",
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"that",
"would",
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"war",
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"closure",
"and",
"censorship",
"of",
"polish",
"schools",
",",
"resistance",
"among",
"teachers",
"led",
"almost",
"immediately",
"to",
"the",
"creation"
] | 985 |
) . also occasionally sponsored were secret art exhibitions , theater performances and concerts . other important patrons of polish culture included the roman catholic church and polish ari ##sto ##crats , who likewise supported artists and safeguard ##ed polish heritage ( notable patrons included cardinal adam stefan sap ##ie ##ha and a former politician , jan ##us ##z ra ##d ##zi ##wi ##ł ##ł ) . some private publishers , including stefan kam ##iens ##ki , z ##bi ##gni ##ew mit ##z ##ner and the os ##sol ##ine ##um publishing house , paid writers for books that would be delivered after the war . in response to the german closure and censorship of polish schools , resistance among teachers led almost immediately to the creation
| 203 |
[
"of",
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"@",
"-",
"@",
"scale",
"underground",
"educational",
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"##zy",
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",",
"ton",
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"other",
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";",
"after",
"1940",
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"the",
"underground",
"'",
"s",
"state",
"department",
"of",
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"and",
"education",
",",
"which",
"was",
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"1941",
"and",
"headed",
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"##zes",
"##ław",
"w",
"##yce",
"##ch",
",",
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".",
"classes",
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"under",
"the",
"cover",
"of",
"officially",
"permitted",
"activities",
"or",
"in",
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"and",
"other",
"venues",
".",
"by",
"1942",
",",
"about",
"1",
"@",
",",
"@",
"500",
"@"
] | 986 |
of large @ - @ scale underground educational activities . most notably , the secret teaching organization ( ta ##jn ##a organ ##iza ##c ##ja na ##uc ##zy ##cie ##ls ##ka , ton ) was created as early as in october 1939 . other organizations were created locally ; after 1940 they were increasingly subordinate ##d and coordinated by the ton , working closely with the underground ' s state department of culture and education , which was created in autumn 1941 and headed by c ##zes ##ław w ##yce ##ch , creator of the ton . classes were either held under the cover of officially permitted activities or in private homes and other venues . by 1942 , about 1 @ , @ 500 @
| 196 |
[
",",
"@",
"000",
"students",
"took",
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"1944",
",",
"its",
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"@",
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",",
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"-",
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"war",
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"@",
",",
"@",
"000",
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"1938",
"/",
"1939",
"year",
")",
".",
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"90",
"@",
",",
"@",
"000",
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"@",
"-",
"@",
"school",
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"by",
"nearly",
"6",
"@",
",",
"@",
"000",
"teachers",
"between",
"1943",
"and",
"1944",
"in",
"four",
"districts",
"of",
"the",
"general",
"government",
"(",
"centered",
"on",
"the",
"cities",
"of",
"warsaw",
",",
"krakow",
",",
"ra",
"##dom",
"and",
"lublin",
")",
".",
"overall",
",",
"in",
"that",
"period"
] | 987 |
, @ 000 students took part in underground primary education ; in 1944 , its secondary school system covered 100 @ , @ 000 people , and university level courses were attended by about 10 @ , @ 000 students ( for comparison , the pre @ - @ war enrollment at polish universities was about 30 @ , @ 000 for the 1938 / 1939 year ) . more than 90 @ , @ 000 secondary @ - @ school pupils attended underground classes held by nearly 6 @ , @ 000 teachers between 1943 and 1944 in four districts of the general government ( centered on the cities of warsaw , krakow , ra ##dom and lublin ) . overall , in that period
| 401 |
[
"in",
"the",
"general",
"government",
",",
"one",
"of",
"every",
"three",
"children",
"was",
"receiving",
"some",
"sort",
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"education",
"from",
"the",
"underground",
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";",
"the",
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"about",
"70",
"%",
"for",
"children",
"old",
"enough",
"to",
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"secondary",
"school",
".",
"it",
"is",
"estimated",
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"areas",
",",
"the",
"educational",
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"actually",
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"(",
"most",
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"were",
"being",
"organized",
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"some",
"cases",
"by",
"teachers",
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"or",
"deported",
"from",
"the",
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")",
".",
"compared",
"to",
"pre",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"war",
"classes",
",",
"the",
"absence",
"of",
"polish",
"jewish",
"students",
"was",
"notable",
",",
"as",
"they",
"were",
"confined",
"by",
"the",
"nazi",
"germans",
"to",
"ghetto",
"##s",
";",
"there",
"was",
",",
"however",
",",
"underground",
"jewish",
"education",
"in",
"the",
"ghetto",
"##s",
",",
"often",
"organized",
"with",
"support",
"from",
"polish",
"organizations",
"like",
"ton",
"."
] | 988 |
in the general government , one of every three children was receiving some sort of education from the underground organizations ; the number rose to about 70 % for children old enough to attend secondary school . it is estimated that in some rural areas , the educational coverage was actually improved ( most likely as courses were being organized in some cases by teachers escaped or deported from the cities ) . compared to pre @ - @ war classes , the absence of polish jewish students was notable , as they were confined by the nazi germans to ghetto ##s ; there was , however , underground jewish education in the ghetto ##s , often organized with support from polish organizations like ton .
| 399 |
[
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"often",
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",",
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",",
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"18",
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"and",
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"more",
"than",
"1",
"@",
",",
"@",
"000",
"students",
"per",
"year",
".",
"throughout",
"poland",
",",
"many",
"other"
] | 989 |
students at the underground schools were often also members of the polish resistance . in warsaw , there were over 70 underground schools , with 2 @ , @ 000 teachers and 21 @ , @ 000 students . underground warsaw university educated 3 @ , @ 700 students , issuing 64 masters and 7 doctoral degrees . warsaw polite ##ch ##nic under occupation educated 3 @ , @ 000 students , issuing 186 engineering degrees , 18 doctoral ones and 16 ha ##bil ##itation ##s . ja ##gie ##llon ##ian university issued 46 ##8 masters and 62 doctoral degrees , employed over 100 professors and teachers , and served more than 1 @ , @ 000 students per year . throughout poland , many other
| 401 |
[
"universities",
"and",
"institutions",
"of",
"higher",
"education",
"(",
"of",
"music",
",",
"theater",
",",
"arts",
",",
"and",
"others",
")",
"continued",
"their",
"classes",
"throughout",
"the",
"war",
".",
"even",
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"academic",
"research",
"was",
"carried",
"out",
"(",
"for",
"example",
",",
"by",
"w",
"##ła",
"##dy",
"##sław",
"tatar",
"##kiewicz",
",",
"a",
"leading",
"polish",
"philosopher",
",",
"and",
"zen",
"##on",
"k",
"##lem",
"##ens",
"##ie",
"##wicz",
",",
"a",
"linguist",
")",
".",
"nearly",
"1",
"@",
",",
"@",
"000",
"polish",
"scientists",
"received",
"funds",
"from",
"the",
"underground",
"state",
",",
"enabling",
"them",
"to",
"continue",
"their",
"research",
".",
"the",
"german",
"attitude",
"to",
"underground",
"education",
"varied",
"depending",
"on",
"whether",
"it",
"took",
"place",
"in",
"the",
"general",
"government",
"or",
"the",
"annexed",
"territories",
".",
"the",
"germans",
"had",
"almost",
"certainly",
"realized",
"the",
"full",
"scale",
"of",
"the",
"polish",
"underground",
"education",
"system",
"by",
"about",
"1943",
",",
"but",
"lacked"
] | 990 |
universities and institutions of higher education ( of music , theater , arts , and others ) continued their classes throughout the war . even some academic research was carried out ( for example , by w ##ła ##dy ##sław tatar ##kiewicz , a leading polish philosopher , and zen ##on k ##lem ##ens ##ie ##wicz , a linguist ) . nearly 1 @ , @ 000 polish scientists received funds from the underground state , enabling them to continue their research . the german attitude to underground education varied depending on whether it took place in the general government or the annexed territories . the germans had almost certainly realized the full scale of the polish underground education system by about 1943 , but lacked
| 203 |
[
"the",
"manpower",
"to",
"put",
"an",
"end",
"to",
"it",
",",
"probably",
"prior",
"##iti",
"##zing",
"resources",
"to",
"dealing",
"with",
"the",
"armed",
"resistance",
".",
"for",
"the",
"most",
"part",
",",
"closing",
"underground",
"schools",
"and",
"colleges",
"in",
"the",
"general",
"government",
"was",
"not",
"a",
"top",
"priority",
"for",
"the",
"germans",
".",
"in",
"1943",
"a",
"german",
"report",
"on",
"education",
"admitted",
"that",
"control",
"of",
"what",
"was",
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"in",
"schools",
",",
"particularly",
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"ones",
",",
"was",
"difficult",
",",
"due",
"to",
"lack",
"of",
"manpower",
",",
"transportation",
",",
"and",
"the",
"activities",
"of",
"the",
"polish",
"resistance",
".",
"some",
"schools",
"semi",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"openly",
"taught",
"unauthorized",
"subjects",
"in",
"defiance",
"of",
"the",
"german",
"authorities",
".",
"hans",
"frank",
"noted",
"in",
"1944",
"that",
"although",
"polish",
"teachers",
"were",
"a",
"\"",
"mortal",
"enemy",
"\"",
"of",
"the",
"german",
"states",
",",
"they",
"could",
"not",
"all"
] | 991 |
the manpower to put an end to it , probably prior ##iti ##zing resources to dealing with the armed resistance . for the most part , closing underground schools and colleges in the general government was not a top priority for the germans . in 1943 a german report on education admitted that control of what was being taught in schools , particularly rural ones , was difficult , due to lack of manpower , transportation , and the activities of the polish resistance . some schools semi @ - @ openly taught unauthorized subjects in defiance of the german authorities . hans frank noted in 1944 that although polish teachers were a " mortal enemy " of the german states , they could not all
| 393 |
[
"be",
"disposed",
"of",
"immediately",
".",
"it",
"was",
"perceived",
"as",
"a",
"much",
"more",
"serious",
"issue",
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"the",
"annexed",
"territories",
",",
"as",
"it",
"hind",
"##ered",
"the",
"process",
"of",
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"##ization",
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"involvement",
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"the",
"underground",
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"in",
"those",
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"was",
"much",
"more",
"likely",
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"result",
"in",
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"a",
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"there",
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"1",
"@",
",",
"@",
"000",
"underground",
"newspapers",
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"the",
"most",
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"were",
"the",
"bi",
"##ule",
"##tyn",
"inform",
"##acy",
"##jn",
"##y",
"of",
"arm",
"##ia",
"k",
"##raj",
"##owa",
"and",
"r",
"##ze",
"##cz",
"##po",
"##sp",
"##oli",
"##ta",
"of",
"the",
"government",
"delegation",
"for",
"poland",
".",
"in",
"addition",
"to",
"publication",
"of",
"news",
"(",
"from",
"intercepted",
"western",
"radio",
"transmissions",
")",
",",
"there",
"were",
"hundreds",
"of",
"underground",
"publications",
"dedicated",
"to",
"politics",
",",
"economics",
",",
"education",
",",
"and",
"literature"
] | 992 |
be disposed of immediately . it was perceived as a much more serious issue in the annexed territories , as it hind ##ered the process of german ##ization ; involvement in the underground education in those territories was much more likely to result in a sentence to a concentration camp . there were over 1 @ , @ 000 underground newspapers ; among the most important were the bi ##ule ##tyn inform ##acy ##jn ##y of arm ##ia k ##raj ##owa and r ##ze ##cz ##po ##sp ##oli ##ta of the government delegation for poland . in addition to publication of news ( from intercepted western radio transmissions ) , there were hundreds of underground publications dedicated to politics , economics , education , and literature
| 251 |
[
"(",
"for",
"example",
",",
"s",
"##z",
"##tu",
"##ka",
"i",
"na",
"##rod",
")",
".",
"the",
"highest",
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"volume",
"was",
"an",
"issue",
"of",
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"##ule",
"##tyn",
"inform",
"##acy",
"##jn",
"##y",
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"@",
",",
"@",
"000",
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"average",
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"@",
",",
"@",
"000",
"–",
"5",
"@",
",",
"@",
"000",
"copies",
".",
"the",
"polish",
"underground",
"also",
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"and",
"leaflets",
"from",
"imaginary",
"anti",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"nazi",
"german",
"organizations",
"aimed",
"at",
"spreading",
"di",
"##sin",
"##form",
"##ation",
"and",
"lowering",
"morale",
"among",
"the",
"germans",
".",
"books",
"were",
"also",
"sometimes",
"printed",
".",
"other",
"items",
"were",
"also",
"printed",
",",
"such",
"as",
"patriotic",
"posters",
"or",
"fake",
"german",
"administration",
"posters",
",",
"ordering",
"the",
"germans",
"to",
"evacuate",
"poland",
"or",
"telling",
"poles",
"to",
"register",
"household",
"cats",
".",
"the"
] | 993 |
( for example , s ##z ##tu ##ka i na ##rod ) . the highest recorded publication volume was an issue of bi ##ule ##tyn inform ##acy ##jn ##y printed in 43 @ , @ 000 copies ; average volume of larger publication was 1 @ , @ 000 – 5 @ , @ 000 copies . the polish underground also published booklet ##s and leaflets from imaginary anti @ - @ nazi german organizations aimed at spreading di ##sin ##form ##ation and lowering morale among the germans . books were also sometimes printed . other items were also printed , such as patriotic posters or fake german administration posters , ordering the germans to evacuate poland or telling poles to register household cats . the
| 203 |
[
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"propaganda",
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"##e",
"za",
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"##t",
"##kowski",
"(",
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"arm",
"##ia",
"k",
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"##owa",
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"was",
"probably",
"the",
"largest",
"underground",
"publisher",
"in",
"the",
"world",
".",
"in",
"addition",
"to",
"polish",
"titles",
",",
"arm",
"##ia",
"k",
"##raj",
"##owa",
"also",
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"false",
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"newspapers",
"designed",
"to",
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"of",
"the",
"occupying",
"german",
"forces",
"(",
"as",
"part",
"of",
"action",
"n",
")",
".",
"the",
"majority",
"of",
"polish",
"underground",
"presses",
"were",
"located",
"in",
"occupied",
"warsaw",
";",
"until",
"the",
"warsaw",
"uprising",
"in",
"the",
"summer",
"of"
] | 994 |
two largest underground publishers were the bureau of information and propaganda of arm ##ia k ##raj ##owa and the government delegation for poland . ta ##jn ##e wo ##js ##kow ##e za ##k ##ła ##dy w ##yd ##aw ##nic ##ze ( secret military publishing house ) of je ##rzy ru ##t ##kowski ( subordinate ##d to the arm ##ia k ##raj ##owa ) was probably the largest underground publisher in the world . in addition to polish titles , arm ##ia k ##raj ##owa also printed false german newspapers designed to decrease morale of the occupying german forces ( as part of action n ) . the majority of polish underground presses were located in occupied warsaw ; until the warsaw uprising in the summer of
| 203 |
[
"1944",
"the",
"germans",
"found",
"over",
"16",
"underground",
"printing",
"presses",
"(",
"whose",
"crews",
"were",
"usually",
"executed",
"or",
"sent",
"to",
"concentration",
"camps",
")",
".",
"the",
"second",
"largest",
"center",
"for",
"polish",
"underground",
"publishing",
"was",
"krakow",
".",
"there",
",",
"writers",
"and",
"editors",
"faced",
"similar",
"dangers",
":",
"for",
"example",
",",
"almost",
"the",
"entire",
"editorial",
"staff",
"of",
"the",
"underground",
"satirical",
"paper",
"na",
"uc",
"##ho",
"was",
"arrested",
",",
"and",
"its",
"chief",
"editors",
"were",
"executed",
"in",
"krakow",
"on",
"27",
"may",
"1944",
".",
"(",
"na",
"uc",
"##ho",
"was",
"the",
"longest",
"published",
"polish",
"underground",
"paper",
"devoted",
"to",
"satire",
";",
"20",
"issues",
"were",
"published",
"starting",
"in",
"october",
"1943",
".",
")",
"the",
"underground",
"press",
"was",
"supported",
"by",
"a",
"large",
"number",
"of",
"activists",
";",
"in",
"addition",
"to",
"the",
"crews",
"manning",
"the",
"printing",
"presses",
",",
"scores",
"of",
"underground",
"courier",
"##s"
] | 995 |
1944 the germans found over 16 underground printing presses ( whose crews were usually executed or sent to concentration camps ) . the second largest center for polish underground publishing was krakow . there , writers and editors faced similar dangers : for example , almost the entire editorial staff of the underground satirical paper na uc ##ho was arrested , and its chief editors were executed in krakow on 27 may 1944 . ( na uc ##ho was the longest published polish underground paper devoted to satire ; 20 issues were published starting in october 1943 . ) the underground press was supported by a large number of activists ; in addition to the crews manning the printing presses , scores of underground courier ##s
| 203 |
[
"distributed",
"the",
"publications",
".",
"according",
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"some",
"statistics",
",",
"these",
"courier",
"##s",
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"germans",
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"under",
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"occupation",
",",
"the",
"professions",
"of",
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"virtually",
"eliminated",
",",
"as",
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"had",
"little",
"opportunity",
"to",
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"their",
"work",
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"the",
"underground",
"state",
"'",
"s",
"department",
"of",
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"sponsored",
"various",
"initiatives",
"and",
"individuals",
",",
"enabling",
"them",
"to",
"continue",
"their",
"work",
"and",
"aiding",
"in",
"their",
"publication",
".",
"novels",
"and",
"anthologies",
"were",
"published",
"by",
"underground",
"presses",
";",
"over",
"1",
"@",
",",
"@",
"000",
"works",
"were",
"published",
"underground",
"over",
"the",
"course",
"of",
"the",
"war",
".",
"literary",
"discussions",
"were",
"held",
",",
"and",
"prominent",
"writers",
"of",
"the",
"period",
"working",
"in",
"poland",
"included",
",",
"among",
"others",
",",
"k",
"##rzy",
"##sz",
"##to",
"##f",
"kam"
] | 996 |
distributed the publications . according to some statistics , these courier ##s were among the underground members most frequently arrested by the germans . under german occupation , the professions of polish journalists and writers were virtually eliminated , as they had little opportunity to publish their work . the underground state ' s department of culture sponsored various initiatives and individuals , enabling them to continue their work and aiding in their publication . novels and anthologies were published by underground presses ; over 1 @ , @ 000 works were published underground over the course of the war . literary discussions were held , and prominent writers of the period working in poland included , among others , k ##rzy ##sz ##to ##f kam
| 203 |
[
"##il",
"ba",
"##cz",
"##yn",
"##ski",
",",
"les",
"##law",
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"##ki",
",",
"tad",
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",",
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",",
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",",
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"mi",
"##ł",
"##os",
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",",
"z",
"##of",
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"##ł",
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"##ska",
",",
"jan",
"para",
"##ndo",
"##wski",
",",
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"staff",
",",
"ka",
"##zi",
"##mie",
"##rz",
"w",
"##yk",
"##a",
",",
"and",
"je",
"##rzy",
"za",
"##wi",
"##ey",
"##ski",
".",
"writers",
"wrote",
"about",
"the",
"difficult",
"conditions",
"in",
"the",
"prisoner",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"of",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"war",
"camps",
"(",
"ko",
"##nst",
"##ant",
"##y"
] | 997 |
##il ba ##cz ##yn ##ski , les ##law bart ##els ##ki , tad ##eus ##z bo ##row ##ski , tad ##eus ##z boy @ - @ ze ##len ##ski , maria da ##bro ##ws ##ka , tad ##eus ##z ga ##j ##cy , zu ##zan ##na gin ##cz ##an ##ka , jar ##os ##ław i ##was ##z ##kiewicz , future nobel prize winner c ##zes ##ław mi ##ł ##os ##z , z ##of ##ia na ##ł ##kow ##ska , jan para ##ndo ##wski , leopold staff , ka ##zi ##mie ##rz w ##yk ##a , and je ##rzy za ##wi ##ey ##ski . writers wrote about the difficult conditions in the prisoner @ - @ of @ - @ war camps ( ko ##nst ##ant ##y
| 390 |
[
"il",
"##de",
"##fo",
"##ns",
"ga",
"##ł",
"##cz",
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",",
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",",
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",",
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",",
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",",
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",",
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"ku",
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"##ki",
")",
".",
"many",
"writers",
"did",
"not",
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"the",
"war",
",",
"among",
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"k",
"##rzy",
"##sz",
"##to",
"##f",
"kam",
"##il",
"ba",
"##cz",
"##yn",
"##ski",
",",
"wa",
"##c",
"##ław",
"be",
"##rent",
",",
"tad",
"##eus",
"##z",
"boy"
] | 998 |
il ##de ##fo ##ns ga ##ł ##cz ##yn ##ski , stefan flu ##kowski , leon k ##ru ##cz ##kowski , and ##rz ##ej now ##ick ##i and marian pie ##cha ##ła ) , the ghetto ##s , and even from inside the concentration camps ( jan maria gi ##sg ##es , hal ##ina go ##ł ##cz ##owa , z ##of ##ia go ##rsk ##a ( romano ##wicz ##owa ) , tad ##eus ##z ho ##ł ##uj , ka ##zi ##mie ##rz and ##rz ##ej jaw ##ors ##ki and marian ku ##bic ##ki ) . many writers did not survive the war , among them k ##rzy ##sz ##to ##f kam ##il ba ##cz ##yn ##ski , wa ##c ##ław be ##rent , tad ##eus ##z boy
| 203 |
[
"@",
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",",
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",",
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@ - @ ze ##len ##ski , tad ##eus ##z ga ##j ##cy , zu ##zan ##na gin ##cz ##an ##ka , julius ##z kade ##n @ - @ band ##row ##ski , stefan ki ##ed ##rzy ##nsk ##i , jan ##us ##z ko ##rc ##zak , hal ##ina k ##rah ##els ##ka , tad ##eus ##z ho ##llen ##der , wit ##old hu ##le ##wicz , fe ##rdy ##nan ##d anton ##i os ##sen ##do ##wski , w ##ł ##od ##zi ##mie ##rz pie ##tr ##zak , leon po ##mir ##owski , ka ##zi ##mie ##rz pr ##zer ##wa @ - @ te ##tma ##jer and bruno sc ##hul ##z . with the censorship of polish theater ( and the virtual end of the polish
| 203 |
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