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] | 1,100 |
the tomb . this second phase probably began in 37 ##30 – 354 ##0 cal bce ( 95 % probability ) or 36 ##70 – 356 ##0 cal bce ( 68 % probability ) . the radio ##carbon dating of the human remains does not provide a date for the construction of cold ##rum long barrow itself ; it is possible that the individuals died either some time before or after the monument ' s construction . cut @ - @ marks were identified on a number of the bones ( two fe ##mora , two inn ##omi ##nate ##s , and one cr ##ani ##um ) , with os ##te ##oa ##rch ##ae ##ological specialists suggesting that these had been created post @ - @
| 509 |
[
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] | 1,101 |
mort ##em as the bodies were di ##sm ##em ##bered and the bones removed from their attached ligament ##s . however , they further suggested that the lack of such cut @ - @ marks on certain bones was suggest ##ive that the body had already undergone partial decomposition or the removal of soft tissues prior to the process of di ##sm ##em ##ber ##ment . the precision of the cut @ - @ marks suggests that this di ##sm ##em ##ber ##ment was done carefully ; " they do not suggest fr ##en ##zie ##d hacking or mu ##tila ##tion . " none of the criteria that os ##te ##oa ##rch ##ae ##ologists dee ##m diagnostic of can ##ni ##bal ##ism were found on the
| 505 |
[
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] | 1,102 |
bones . this cut @ - @ marked human bone ass ##em ##bla ##ge represented the largest yet identified from within a neolithic long barrow in southern britain , although similar evidence for di ##sm ##em ##ber ##ment has been found from a number of other neolithic british sites , such as west trump , e ##y ##ford , al ##des ##tro ##p , and had ##den ##ham . there are two possibilities for how this material developed . the first is that the bodies of the dead were ex ##car ##nated or exposed to the elements , followed by a secondary burial within the tomb . the second is that they were placed in the tomb , where the flesh deco ##mp ##osed , before
| 505 |
[
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"="
] | 1,103 |
the bodies were then rear ##rang ##ed within the tomb itself . these practices may have been accompanied by nec ##rop ##ha ##gy , shaman ##ism , or magical practices , direct evidence for which does not survive . the inclusion of occupational debris over the bones was not unique to the site but common in chamber ##ed tombs from southern england . on the basis of an example discovered at kit ' s cot ##y house , ash ##bee thought it apparent that the contents of the cold ##rum ' s chamber would have been compartment ##alis ##ed by medial slabs , which served the same purpose as the side chambers of west ken ##net and way ##land ' s smith ##y . = =
| 514 |
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] | 1,104 |
damage and dil ##ap ##ida ##tion = = all of the surviving mega ##lithic tombs from the early neolithic period have suffered from neglect and the ra ##va ##ges of agriculture . although archaeologist paul ash ##bee noted that the cold ##rum stones represent " kent ' s least damaged mega ##lithic long barrow " , it too has suffered considerable damage , having become dilapidated and fallen apart over the six millennia since its original construction . most prominently , the eastern side has largely collapsed , with the stones that once helped to hold up the side of the barrow having fallen to the bottom of the slope . conversely , it is possible that the sar ##sen ##s at the bottom of the
| 114 |
[
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] | 1,105 |
slope were not part of the original monument , but were stones found in nearby fields which were deposited there by farmers . excavation of chestnut ##s long barrow revealed that it had been systematically destroyed in one event , and ash ##bee suggested that the same may have happened to the cold ##rum stones . he believed that the ke ##rb @ - @ stones around the barrow were toppled , laid pro ##stra ##te in the surrounding ditch , and then buried during the late thirteenth or early fourteenth century , by christians seeking to ob ##lite ##rate non @ - @ christian monuments . conversely , the archaeologist john alexander — who excavated chestnut ##s — suggested that the med ##way tombs were
| 352 |
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] | 1,106 |
destroyed by robbers seeking to locate treasure within them . as evidence , he pointed to the close roll of 123 ##7 , which ordered the opening of barrow ##s on the isle of wight in search for treasure , a practice which may have spread to kent around the same time . alexander believed that the destruction n kent may have been brought about by a special commissioner , highlighting that the " expert ##ness and thorough ##ness of the robbery " at chestnut ##s would have necessitated resources beyond that which a local community could likely produce . ash ##bee further suggested that in subsequent centuries , locals raided the damaged cold ##rum tomb for lo ##amy chalk and stone , which was then
| 114 |
[
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] | 1,107 |
re @ - @ used as building material . = = folklore and folk tradition = = in a 1946 paper published in the folklore journal , john h . evans recorded the existence of a local folk belief that a battle was fought at the site of the cold ##rum stones , and that a " black prince " was buried within its chamber . he suggested that the tales of battles taking place at this site and at other med ##way mega ##lit ##hs had not developed independently among the local population but had " per ##cola ##ted down from the theories of anti ##qua ##ries " who believed that the early medieval battle of a ##yles ##ford , which was recorded in the
| 283 |
[
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] | 1,108 |
anglo @ - @ saxon chronicle , took place in the area . evans also recorded that there was a folk belief in the area that applied to all of the med ##way mega ##lit ##hs and which had been widespread " up to the last generation " ; this was that it was impossible for any human being to successfully count the number of stones in the monuments . this " countless stones " motif is not unique to this particular site , and can be found at various other mega ##lithic monuments in britain . the earliest textual evidence for it is found in an early sixteenth @ - @ century document , where it applies to the stone circle of stone ##hen ##ge
| 352 |
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"order"
] | 1,109 |
in wiltshire , although in an early seventeenth @ - @ century document it was being applied to the hu ##rle ##rs , a set of three stone circles in cornwall . later records reveal that it had gained widespread distribution in england , as well as a single occurrence each in wales and ireland . the folk ##lor ##ist s . p . men ##efe ##e suggested that it could be attributed to an an ##imi ##stic understanding that these mega ##lit ##hs had lives of their own . in the early twenty @ - @ first century , a tradition developed in which the hartley morris men , a morris dancing side , travel to the site at dawn every may day in order
| 137 |
[
"to",
"\"",
"sing",
"up",
"the",
"sun",
"\"",
".",
"this",
"consists",
"of",
"a",
"number",
"of",
"dances",
"performed",
"within",
"the",
"stones",
"on",
"top",
"of",
"the",
"barrow",
",",
"followed",
"by",
"a",
"song",
"performed",
"at",
"the",
"base",
"of",
"the",
"monument",
".",
"=",
"=",
"anti",
"##qua",
"##rian",
"and",
"archaeological",
"investigation",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"early",
"anti",
"##qua",
"##rian",
"descriptions",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"the",
"earliest",
"anti",
"##qua",
"##rian",
"accounts",
"of",
"cold",
"##rum",
"long",
"barrow",
"were",
"never",
"published",
".",
"there",
"are",
"claims",
"that",
"at",
"the",
"start",
"of",
"the",
"nineteenth",
"century",
",",
"the",
"reverend",
"mark",
"noble",
",",
"rector",
"of",
"bar",
"##ming",
",",
"prepared",
"a",
"plan",
"of",
"the",
"site",
"for",
"gentleman",
"'",
"s",
"magazine",
",",
"although",
"no",
"copies",
"have",
"been",
"produced",
"to",
"verify",
"this",
".",
"between",
"1842",
"and",
"1844",
",",
"the",
"reverend",
"beale",
"post"
] | 1,110 |
to " sing up the sun " . this consists of a number of dances performed within the stones on top of the barrow , followed by a song performed at the base of the monument . = = anti ##qua ##rian and archaeological investigation = = = = = early anti ##qua ##rian descriptions = = = the earliest anti ##qua ##rian accounts of cold ##rum long barrow were never published . there are claims that at the start of the nineteenth century , the reverend mark noble , rector of bar ##ming , prepared a plan of the site for gentleman ' s magazine , although no copies have been produced to verify this . between 1842 and 1844 , the reverend beale post
| 352 |
[
"authored",
"dr",
"##uid",
"##ical",
"remains",
"at",
"cold",
"##rum",
",",
"in",
"which",
"he",
"described",
"the",
"monument",
",",
"although",
"it",
"remained",
"unpublished",
"at",
"the",
"time",
".",
"ass",
"##oc",
"##iating",
"the",
"site",
"with",
"the",
"dr",
"##uid",
"##s",
"of",
"britain",
"'",
"s",
"iron",
"age",
",",
"post",
"'",
"s",
"suggestion",
"was",
"that",
"the",
"name",
"\"",
"cold",
"##rum",
"\"",
"derived",
"from",
"the",
"linguistic",
"##ally",
"celtic",
"\"",
"gael",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"dun",
"\"",
",",
"and",
"that",
"the",
"chiefs",
"of",
"some",
"of",
"the",
"bel",
"##gic",
"gaul",
"##s",
"were",
"interned",
"there",
".",
"he",
"further",
"reported",
"that",
"in",
"both",
"1804",
"and",
"1825",
",",
"skulls",
"had",
"been",
"found",
"at",
"the",
"site",
".",
"in",
"1844",
",",
"an",
"anti",
"##qua",
"##rian",
"named",
"thomas",
"wright",
"published",
"a",
"note",
"on",
"the",
"cold",
"##rum",
"stones",
"and",
"other",
"med",
"##way",
"mega",
"##lit",
"##hs"
] | 1,111 |
authored dr ##uid ##ical remains at cold ##rum , in which he described the monument , although it remained unpublished at the time . ass ##oc ##iating the site with the dr ##uid ##s of britain ' s iron age , post ' s suggestion was that the name " cold ##rum " derived from the linguistic ##ally celtic " gael @ - @ dun " , and that the chiefs of some of the bel ##gic gaul ##s were interned there . he further reported that in both 1804 and 1825 , skulls had been found at the site . in 1844 , an anti ##qua ##rian named thomas wright published a note on the cold ##rum stones and other med ##way mega ##lit ##hs
| 138 |
[
"in",
"the",
"archaeological",
"journal",
".",
"wright",
"had",
"been",
"alerted",
"to",
"their",
"existence",
"by",
"a",
"local",
"vicar",
",",
"the",
"reverend",
"lambert",
"b",
".",
"larkin",
"##g",
",",
"and",
"proceeded",
"to",
"visit",
"them",
"with",
"him",
".",
"describing",
"the",
"cold",
"##rum",
"##s",
",",
"wright",
"mentioned",
"\"",
"a",
"smaller",
"circle",
"of",
"stones",
"\"",
"to",
"the",
"others",
"in",
"the",
"area",
",",
"with",
"\"",
"a",
"subterranean",
"cr",
"##om",
"##le",
"##ch",
"in",
"the",
"middle",
"\"",
".",
"he",
"further",
"added",
"that",
"\"",
"it",
"is",
"a",
"tradition",
"of",
"the",
"peasant",
"##ry",
"that",
"a",
"continuous",
"line",
"of",
"stones",
"ran",
"from",
"cold",
"##rum",
"direct",
"to",
"the",
"well",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"known",
"monument",
"called",
"kit",
"'",
"s",
"cot",
"##ty",
"[",
"sic",
"]",
"house",
"\"",
",",
"at",
"##tri",
"##bu",
"##ting",
"this",
"belief",
"to",
"the",
"variety",
"of",
"mega",
"##lit",
"##hs",
"which"
] | 1,112 |
in the archaeological journal . wright had been alerted to their existence by a local vicar , the reverend lambert b . larkin ##g , and proceeded to visit them with him . describing the cold ##rum ##s , wright mentioned " a smaller circle of stones " to the others in the area , with " a subterranean cr ##om ##le ##ch in the middle " . he further added that " it is a tradition of the peasant ##ry that a continuous line of stones ran from cold ##rum direct to the well @ - @ known monument called kit ' s cot ##ty [ sic ] house " , at ##tri ##bu ##ting this belief to the variety of mega ##lit ##hs which
| 352 |
[
"were",
"scattered",
"throughout",
"the",
"landscape",
".",
"in",
"1857",
",",
"the",
"anti",
"##qua",
"##rian",
"j",
".",
"m",
".",
"ke",
"##mble",
"excavated",
"at",
"the",
"site",
"with",
"the",
"help",
"of",
"the",
"reverend",
"larkin",
"##g",
",",
"providing",
"a",
"report",
"of",
"their",
"findings",
"to",
"the",
"central",
"committee",
"of",
"the",
"british",
"archaeological",
"association",
".",
"describing",
"the",
"monument",
"as",
"a",
"stone",
"circle",
",",
"they",
"asserted",
"that",
"they",
"discovered",
"anglo",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"saxon",
"pottery",
"at",
"the",
"site",
",",
"and",
"noted",
"that",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"being",
"called",
"the",
"cold",
"##rum",
"stones",
",",
"the",
"monument",
"also",
"had",
"the",
"name",
"of",
"the",
"ads",
"##combe",
"stones",
",",
"which",
"ke",
"##mble",
"believed",
"originated",
"with",
"the",
"old",
"english",
"word",
"for",
"funeral",
"pile",
",",
"ad",
".",
"in",
"august",
"1863",
",",
"the",
"archaeological",
"institute",
",",
"who",
"were",
"then",
"holding",
"their",
"week"
] | 1,113 |
were scattered throughout the landscape . in 1857 , the anti ##qua ##rian j . m . ke ##mble excavated at the site with the help of the reverend larkin ##g , providing a report of their findings to the central committee of the british archaeological association . describing the monument as a stone circle , they asserted that they discovered anglo @ - @ saxon pottery at the site , and noted that as well as being called the cold ##rum stones , the monument also had the name of the ads ##combe stones , which ke ##mble believed originated with the old english word for funeral pile , ad . in august 1863 , the archaeological institute , who were then holding their week
| 352 |
[
"@",
"-",
"@",
"long",
"meeting",
"in",
"rochester",
",",
"took",
"a",
"tour",
"to",
"visit",
"the",
"site",
",",
"guided",
"by",
"the",
"anti",
"##qua",
"##ry",
"charles",
"roach",
"smith",
".",
"that",
"year",
",",
"the",
"monument",
"was",
"described",
"in",
"a",
"copy",
"of",
"gentleman",
"'",
"s",
"magazine",
"by",
"yorkshire",
"anti",
"##qua",
"##ry",
"charles",
"moore",
"jess",
"##op",
",",
"who",
"believed",
"it",
"to",
"be",
"a",
"\"",
"celtic",
"\"",
"stone",
"circle",
".",
"in",
"1869",
",",
"the",
"anti",
"##qua",
"##rian",
"a",
".",
"l",
".",
"lewis",
"first",
"visited",
"the",
"site",
",",
"and",
"was",
"informed",
"by",
"locals",
"that",
"several",
"years",
"previously",
"a",
"skull",
"had",
"been",
"uncovered",
"from",
"inside",
"or",
"near",
"to",
"the",
"chamber",
",",
"but",
"that",
"they",
"believed",
"it",
"to",
"be",
"that",
"of",
"a",
"gypsy",
".",
"a",
"later",
"account",
"elaborated",
"on",
"this",
",",
"stating",
"that",
"two",
"individuals",
"excavated"
] | 1,114 |
@ - @ long meeting in rochester , took a tour to visit the site , guided by the anti ##qua ##ry charles roach smith . that year , the monument was described in a copy of gentleman ' s magazine by yorkshire anti ##qua ##ry charles moore jess ##op , who believed it to be a " celtic " stone circle . in 1869 , the anti ##qua ##rian a . l . lewis first visited the site , and was informed by locals that several years previously a skull had been uncovered from inside or near to the chamber , but that they believed it to be that of a gypsy . a later account elaborated on this , stating that two individuals excavated
| 352 |
[
"in",
"the",
"centre",
"of",
"the",
"do",
"##lm",
"##en",
"without",
"permission",
",",
"discovering",
"a",
"human",
"skeleton",
",",
"the",
"skull",
"of",
"which",
"was",
"then",
"re",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"buried",
"in",
"the",
"churchyard",
"at",
"me",
"##op",
"##ham",
".",
"in",
"an",
"1878",
"note",
"published",
"in",
"the",
"journal",
"of",
"the",
"anthropological",
"institute",
"of",
"great",
"britain",
"and",
"ireland",
",",
"lewis",
"noted",
"that",
"while",
"many",
"tourists",
"visited",
"kit",
"'",
"s",
"cot",
"##y",
"house",
",",
"\"",
"very",
"few",
"goes",
"to",
"or",
"ever",
"hears",
"of",
"a",
"yet",
"more",
"curious",
"collection",
"of",
"stones",
"at",
"colder",
"##ham",
"or",
"cold",
"##rum",
"lodge",
"\"",
".",
"he",
"believed",
"that",
"the",
"monument",
"consisted",
"of",
"both",
"a",
"\"",
"chamber",
"\"",
"and",
"an",
"\"",
"oval",
"\"",
"of",
"stones",
",",
"suggesting",
"that",
"they",
"were",
"\"",
"two",
"distinct",
"erection",
"##s",
"\"",
".",
"in",
"1880",
","
] | 1,115 |
in the centre of the do ##lm ##en without permission , discovering a human skeleton , the skull of which was then re @ - @ buried in the churchyard at me ##op ##ham . in an 1878 note published in the journal of the anthropological institute of great britain and ireland , lewis noted that while many tourists visited kit ' s cot ##y house , " very few goes to or ever hears of a yet more curious collection of stones at colder ##ham or cold ##rum lodge " . he believed that the monument consisted of both a " chamber " and an " oval " of stones , suggesting that they were " two distinct erection ##s " . in 1880 ,
| 353 |
[
"the",
"archaeologist",
"flinders",
"pet",
"##rie",
"included",
"the",
"existence",
"of",
"the",
"stones",
"at",
"\"",
"cold",
"##re",
"##ham",
"\"",
"in",
"his",
"list",
"of",
"kent",
"##ish",
"earth",
"##works",
";",
"although",
"noting",
"that",
"a",
"previous",
"commentator",
"had",
"described",
"the",
"stones",
"as",
"being",
"in",
"the",
"shape",
"of",
"an",
"oval",
",",
"he",
"instead",
"described",
"them",
"as",
"forming",
"\"",
"a",
"rec",
"##ti",
"##line",
"##ar",
"enclosure",
"\"",
"around",
"the",
"chamber",
".",
"he",
"then",
"included",
"a",
"small",
",",
"basic",
"plan",
"of",
"the",
"monument",
".",
"in",
"august",
"1889",
",",
"two",
"amateur",
"archaeologists",
",",
"george",
"payne",
"and",
"a",
".",
"a",
".",
"arnold",
",",
"came",
"across",
"the",
"monument",
",",
"which",
"they",
"noted",
"was",
"known",
"among",
"locals",
"as",
"the",
"\"",
"cold",
"##rum",
"stones",
"\"",
"and",
"\"",
"dr",
"##uid",
"temple",
"\"",
";",
"according",
"to",
"payne",
",",
"\"",
"the",
"huge",
"stones"
] | 1,116 |
the archaeologist flinders pet ##rie included the existence of the stones at " cold ##re ##ham " in his list of kent ##ish earth ##works ; although noting that a previous commentator had described the stones as being in the shape of an oval , he instead described them as forming " a rec ##ti ##line ##ar enclosure " around the chamber . he then included a small , basic plan of the monument . in august 1889 , two amateur archaeologists , george payne and a . a . arnold , came across the monument , which they noted was known among locals as the " cold ##rum stones " and " dr ##uid temple " ; according to payne , " the huge stones
| 364 |
[
"were",
"so",
"overgrown",
"with",
"bram",
"##bles",
"and",
"brush",
"##wood",
"that",
"they",
"could",
"not",
"be",
"disc",
"##ern",
"##ed",
"\"",
".",
"he",
"returned",
"the",
"next",
"year",
",",
"noting",
"that",
"at",
"this",
"point",
",",
"the",
"brush",
"##wood",
"had",
"been",
"cut",
"away",
"to",
"reveal",
"the",
"mega",
"##lit",
"##hs",
".",
"in",
"his",
"1893",
"book",
"collect",
"##ane",
"##a",
"can",
"##tian",
"##a",
",",
"payne",
"noted",
"that",
"although",
"it",
"had",
"first",
"been",
"described",
"in",
"print",
"in",
"1844",
",",
"\"",
"since",
"that",
"time",
"no",
"one",
"seems",
"to",
"have",
"taken",
"the",
"trouble",
"to",
"properly",
"record",
"them",
"or",
"make",
"a",
"plan",
"\"",
",",
"an",
"unusual",
"claim",
"given",
"that",
"a",
"copy",
"of",
"pet",
"##rie",
"'",
"s",
"published",
"plan",
"existed",
"in",
"his",
"library",
".",
"for",
"this",
"reason",
",",
"after",
"gaining",
"permission",
"from",
"the",
"landowner",
",",
"he",
"convinced",
"major",
"a"
] | 1,117 |
were so overgrown with bram ##bles and brush ##wood that they could not be disc ##ern ##ed " . he returned the next year , noting that at this point , the brush ##wood had been cut away to reveal the mega ##lit ##hs . in his 1893 book collect ##ane ##a can ##tian ##a , payne noted that although it had first been described in print in 1844 , " since that time no one seems to have taken the trouble to properly record them or make a plan " , an unusual claim given that a copy of pet ##rie ' s published plan existed in his library . for this reason , after gaining permission from the landowner , he convinced major a
| 46 |
[
".",
"o",
".",
"green",
",",
"instructor",
"in",
"survey",
"at",
"bro",
"##mpton",
",",
"to",
"conduct",
"a",
"survey",
"of",
"the",
"monument",
"in",
"august",
"1892",
".",
"he",
"also",
"wrote",
"to",
"the",
"archaeologist",
"augustus",
"pitt",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"rivers",
",",
"encouraging",
"him",
"to",
"schedule",
"the",
"cold",
"##rum",
"stones",
"as",
"a",
"legally",
"protected",
"site",
"under",
"the",
"ancient",
"monuments",
"protection",
"act",
"1882",
".",
"payne",
"described",
"the",
"cold",
"##rum",
"stones",
"as",
"\"",
"the",
"finest",
"monument",
"of",
"its",
"class",
"in",
"the",
"county",
",",
"and",
"one",
"worthy",
"of",
"every",
"care",
"and",
"attention",
".",
"\"",
"comparing",
"it",
"to",
"other",
"monuments",
"of",
"its",
"type",
"in",
"britain",
",",
"he",
"asserted",
"that",
"it",
"was",
"undoubtedly",
"\"",
"of",
"sep",
"##ul",
"##ch",
"##ral",
"origin",
",",
"belonging",
"to",
"a",
"period",
"anterior",
"to",
"the",
"roman",
"domination",
"of",
"britain",
".",
"\"",
"payne",
"also",
"noted"
] | 1,118 |
. o . green , instructor in survey at bro ##mpton , to conduct a survey of the monument in august 1892 . he also wrote to the archaeologist augustus pitt @ - @ rivers , encouraging him to schedule the cold ##rum stones as a legally protected site under the ancient monuments protection act 1882 . payne described the cold ##rum stones as " the finest monument of its class in the county , and one worthy of every care and attention . " comparing it to other monuments of its type in britain , he asserted that it was undoubtedly " of sep ##ul ##ch ##ral origin , belonging to a period anterior to the roman domination of britain . " payne also noted
| 352 |
[
"a",
"folk",
"tradition",
"that",
"there",
"were",
"stone",
"avenues",
"connecting",
"cold",
"##rum",
"to",
"the",
"adding",
"##ton",
"long",
"barrow",
",",
"although",
"added",
"that",
"he",
"was",
"unable",
"to",
"discover",
"any",
"evidence",
"for",
"the",
"existence",
"of",
"this",
"feature",
".",
"in",
"1904",
",",
"george",
"clinch",
"published",
"a",
"note",
"on",
"the",
"med",
"##way",
"mega",
"##lit",
"##hs",
"in",
"the",
"royal",
"anthropological",
"institute",
"'",
"s",
"journal",
",",
"man",
",",
"in",
"which",
"he",
"referred",
"to",
"the",
"cold",
"##rum",
"stones",
"as",
"\"",
"at",
"once",
"the",
"most",
"remarkable",
"and",
"the",
"least",
"known",
"of",
"the",
"whole",
"series",
".",
"\"",
"suggesting",
"that",
"its",
"design",
"indicates",
"that",
"it",
"was",
"built",
"during",
"\"",
"a",
"late",
"date",
"in",
"the",
"neolithic",
"age",
"\"",
",",
"he",
"compared",
"the",
"work",
"##manship",
"in",
"producing",
"the",
"mega",
"##lit",
"##hs",
"to",
"that",
"at",
"the",
"stone",
"circle",
"of",
"stone"
] | 1,119 |
a folk tradition that there were stone avenues connecting cold ##rum to the adding ##ton long barrow , although added that he was unable to discover any evidence for the existence of this feature . in 1904 , george clinch published a note on the med ##way mega ##lit ##hs in the royal anthropological institute ' s journal , man , in which he referred to the cold ##rum stones as " at once the most remarkable and the least known of the whole series . " suggesting that its design indicates that it was built during " a late date in the neolithic age " , he compared the work ##manship in producing the mega ##lit ##hs to that at the stone circle of stone
| 48 |
[
"##hen",
"##ge",
"in",
"wiltshire",
",",
"although",
"noted",
"that",
"they",
"differed",
"in",
"that",
"the",
"cold",
"##rum",
"stones",
"clearly",
"represented",
"\"",
"a",
"sep",
"##ul",
"##ch",
"##ral",
"pile",
"\"",
".",
"ultimately",
",",
"he",
"ended",
"his",
"note",
"by",
"urging",
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"the",
"site",
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"be",
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"under",
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".",
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",",
"lewis",
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"note",
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"which",
"he",
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"been",
"covered",
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"an",
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"##en",
"tu",
"##mu",
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"no",
"evidence",
"that",
"anything",
"of",
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"kind",
"ever",
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"\"",
",",
"and",
"instead",
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"circle",
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"it",
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",",
"arbor",
"##low",
",",
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"stanton",
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",",
"suggesting",
"that",
"the",
"central"
] | 1,120 |
##hen ##ge in wiltshire , although noted that they differed in that the cold ##rum stones clearly represented " a sep ##ul ##ch ##ral pile " . ultimately , he ended his note by urging for the site to be protected under the ancient monuments protection act 1900 . in that same issue , lewis included an added note in which he rejected the idea that the monument had once been covered by an earth ##en tu ##mu ##lus because he could see " no evidence that anything of that kind ever existed " , and instead he interpreted the site as a stone circle , comparing it to the examples at ave ##bury , arbor ##low , and stanton drew , suggesting that the central
| 352 |
[
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"=",
"=",
"=",
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"=",
"=",
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"after",
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"barrow",
".",
"he",
"soon",
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"bones",
"\"",
"under",
"only",
"a",
"few",
"inches",
"of",
"chalk",
"##y",
"soil",
"\"",
".",
"he",
"returned",
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"the",
"site",
"for",
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"1910",
",",
"this",
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"his",
"niece",
"and",
"her",
"husband",
",",
"both",
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"whom",
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"skull",
",",
"which",
"they",
"were",
"able",
"to"
] | 1,121 |
chamber was a shrine . = = = archaeological excavation = = = the cold ##rum stones have been excavated on multiple occasions . on 16 april 1910 , the amateur archaeologist f . j . bennett began excavation at the site , after previously having uncovered some neolithic lit ##hic ##s from adding ##ton long barrow . he soon discovered human bones " under only a few inches of chalk ##y soil " . he returned to the site for further excavation in august 1910 , this time with his niece and her husband , both of whom were dentist ##s with an interest in cr ##ani ##ology ; on that day they discovered pieces of a human skull , which they were able to
| 352 |
[
"largely",
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"few",
"days",
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".",
"w",
".",
"fi",
"##lk",
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"and",
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".",
"later",
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"month",
",",
"george",
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"f",
".",
"w",
".",
"reader",
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"to",
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".",
"with",
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"two",
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"interested",
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",",
"mr",
"boyd",
"and",
"miss",
"ha",
"##rke",
"##r",
",",
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"##ing",
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"resumed",
"in",
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",",
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"megan",
"brick",
"##ley",
"asserted",
"that",
"bennett",
"'",
"s",
"excavations"
] | 1,122 |
largely rec ##ons ##truct . a few days later he returned to ex ##ca ##vate on the north @ - @ west corner of the do ##lm ##en with the architect e . w . fi ##lk ##ins ; that day , they found a second skull , further bones , a flint tool , and pieces of pottery . later that month , george payne and f . w . reader met with bennett to discuss his finds . with the aid of two other interested amateur archaeologists , mr boyd and miss ha ##rke ##r , both from mall ##ing , excavation resumed in early september . in 2009 , the archaeologists martin smith and megan brick ##ley asserted that bennett ' s excavations
| 367 |
[
"had",
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"-",
"@",
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"they",
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",",
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"and",
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".",
"\"",
"suggesting",
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",",
"in",
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",",
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",",
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".",
"\"",
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"to",
"theo",
"##rise",
"that",
"the",
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"remains",
"found",
"at",
"the",
"site",
"were",
"the"
] | 1,123 |
had taken hee ##d of the advice of pitt @ - @ rivers that excavations should be recorded in full . they noted that bennett had provided " clear plan and section drawings , photographs of the monument and careful attempts to consider site formation processes . " suggesting that the monument was constructed on agricultural land , in his published report bennett cited the ideas of anthropologist james fra ##zer in the golden bo ##ugh to suggest that the cold ##rum stones " monument may at one time have been dedicated , though not necessarily initially so , to the worship of the corn god and of agriculture . " he proceeded to theo ##rise that the human remains found at the site were the
| 364 |
[
"victims",
"of",
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"in",
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"rites",
".",
"however",
",",
"evans",
"later",
"stated",
"that",
"\"",
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"whether",
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"in",
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",",
"fi",
"##lk",
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"this",
"time",
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"of",
"a",
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"##end",
",",
"charles",
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"through",
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"and",
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"##qua",
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",",
"with",
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"##lk",
"##ins",
"noting",
"that",
"at",
"the",
"time",
"of",
"its",
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",",
"\"",
"a",
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"\"",
"had",
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"the",
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".",
"excavation",
"continued",
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"##ally",
"until",
"at",
"least",
"1926",
".",
"human",
"remains",
"were"
] | 1,124 |
victims of human sacrifice killed in fertility rites . however , evans later stated that " we have no means of knowing " whether human sacrifice had taken place at the site . in september 1922 , fi ##lk ##ins once again began ex ##ca ##vating at the site , this time with the aid of a resident of graves ##end , charles gilbert . their project was financed through grants provided by the british association and the society of anti ##qua ##ries , with fi ##lk ##ins noting that at the time of its commencement , " a miniature jungle " had grown up around the site which had to be cleared . excavation continued sporadic ##ally until at least 1926 . human remains were
| 79 |
[
"discovered",
",",
"and",
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"into",
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"possession",
"of",
"sir",
"arthur",
"keith",
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".",
"this",
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"all",
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"sar",
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"a",
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"the",
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"of",
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"##lm",
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"fi",
"##lk",
"##ins",
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"##ins",
"'",
"excavation",
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",",
"it",
"did",
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",",
"packing",
"stones",
",",
"and",
"their",
"relationship",
"to",
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".",
"in",
"1998",
",",
"ash",
"##bee",
"noted",
"that",
"while",
"from",
"\"",
"a",
"present",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"day",
"perspective",
",",
"it",
"is",
"possible",
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"short",
"##coming",
"##s",
"[",
".",
".",
".",
"]",
"in",
"terms",
"of",
"the",
"general",
"standards"
] | 1,125 |
discovered , and placed into the possession of sir arthur keith of the royal college of surgeons . this excavation revealed all the existing sar ##sen ##s surrounding the monument , a number of which had previously been buried beneath earth . the stones of the do ##lm ##en were shore ##d up with concrete foundations where fi ##lk ##ins deemed it necessary . although fi ##lk ##ins ' excavation was comprehensive , it did ignore stone holes , packing stones , and their relationship to the mound . in 1998 , ash ##bee noted that while from " a present @ - @ day perspective , it is possible to see short ##coming ##s [ . . . ] in terms of the general standards
| 352 |
[
"of",
"the",
"early",
"part",
"of",
"this",
"century",
",",
"there",
"is",
"much",
"to",
"com",
"##men",
"##d",
".",
"\"",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"management",
"by",
"the",
"national",
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"=",
"=",
"=",
"in",
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"publication",
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"kent",
",",
"the",
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"o",
".",
"g",
".",
"s",
".",
"crawford",
",",
"then",
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"as",
"the",
"archaeological",
"officer",
"for",
"the",
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",",
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"cold",
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"stones",
"alongside",
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"med",
"##way",
"mega",
"##lit",
"##hs",
".",
"in",
"1926",
",",
"the",
"cold",
"##rum",
"stones",
"were",
"given",
"to",
"the",
"national",
"trust",
",",
"who",
"dedicated",
"it",
"as",
"a",
"memorial",
"to",
"the",
"kent",
"##ish",
"historian",
"benjamin",
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".",
"a",
"plaque",
"was",
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"to",
"mark",
"this",
",",
"which",
"erroneously",
"termed",
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"a",
"stone",
"circle",
";",
"in",
"1953",
",",
"the",
"archaeologist",
"leslie",
"grins",
"##ell",
"expressed",
"the"
] | 1,126 |
of the early part of this century , there is much to com ##men ##d . " = = = management by the national trust = = = in his 1924 publication dealing with kent , the archaeologist o . g . s . crawford , then working as the archaeological officer for the ordnance survey , listed the cold ##rum stones alongside the other med ##way mega ##lit ##hs . in 1926 , the cold ##rum stones were given to the national trust , who dedicated it as a memorial to the kent ##ish historian benjamin harrison . a plaque was erected to mark this , which erroneously termed the monument a stone circle ; in 1953 , the archaeologist leslie grins ##ell expressed the
| 364 |
[
"view",
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"\"",
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"hoped",
"that",
"this",
"error",
"may",
"be",
"rec",
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"\"",
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"still",
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",",
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".",
"john",
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"mega",
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"=",
"soviet",
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"k",
"##ras",
"##ny",
"##i",
"ka",
"##v",
"##ka",
"##z",
"=",
"k",
"##ras",
"##ny",
"##i",
"ka",
"##v",
"##ka",
"##z",
"(",
"from",
"russian",
":",
"\"",
"к"
] | 1,127 |
view that " it is hoped that this error may be rec ##ti ##fied in the near future " . still owned by the trust , the site is open to visitors all year round , free of charge . on their website , the trust advises visitors to look for " stunning views from the top of the barrow " . john h . evans characterised the site as " the most impressive " of the med ##way mega ##lit ##hs , while grins ##ell described it as " the finest and most complete " of the group . = soviet cruiser k ##ras ##ny ##i ka ##v ##ka ##z = k ##ras ##ny ##i ka ##v ##ka ##z ( from russian : " к
| 613 |
[
"##р",
"##а",
"##с",
"##н",
"##ы",
"##и",
"к",
"##а",
"##в",
"##ка",
"##з",
"\"",
"-",
"\"",
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"\"",
")",
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"of",
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"that",
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"i",
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".",
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"and",
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"in",
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"during",
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"siege",
"of",
"odessa",
",",
"siege",
"of",
"se",
"##vas",
"##top",
"##ol",
",",
"and",
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"##rch",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"fe",
"##od",
"##osi",
"##ya",
"operation",
"in",
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"winter",
"of",
"1941",
"—",
"42",
".",
"she",
"was",
"awarded",
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"title",
"on",
"3",
"april",
"1942",
".",
"she",
"was",
"rec",
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"as",
"a",
"training",
"ship",
"in",
"may",
"1947",
"before",
"being",
"used",
"as",
"a",
"target"
] | 1,128 |
##р ##а ##с ##н ##ы ##и к ##а ##в ##ка ##з " - " red caucasus " ) was a cruiser of the soviet navy that began construction during world war i , but was still incomplete during the russian revolution . her design was heavily modified by the soviets and she was completed in 1932 . during world war ii she supported soviet troops during the siege of odessa , siege of se ##vas ##top ##ol , and the ke ##rch @ - @ fe ##od ##osi ##ya operation in the winter of 1941 — 42 . she was awarded the guards title on 3 april 1942 . she was rec ##lassified as a training ship in may 1947 before being used as a target
| 959 |
[
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"=",
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",",
"the",
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"\"",
"het",
"##man",
"pet",
"##ro",
"do",
"##ros",
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] | 1,129 |
in 1952 . = = service history = = laid down on 18 october 1913 at the ross ##ud dockyard as admiral la ##zar ##ev for the imperial russian navy as a cruiser of the sv ##et ##lana class , she was launched on 8 june 1916 . construction was abandoned in 1917 during the october revolution when the ship was 63 % complete . in the second half of 1918 , the marine department of het ##man pa ##v ##lo sk ##oro ##pad ##sky ##i was engaged in completion of ship . on 25 january 1919 , the ship was formally renamed in " het ##man pet ##ro do ##ros ##henko " , but my ##ko ##lai ##v was captured shortly afterward by the en
| 968 |
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] | 1,130 |
##ten ##te . the hull was relatively und ##ama ##ged and the soviets decided to finish the ship to a modified design . she was renamed k ##ras ##ny ##i ka ##v ##ka ##z on 14 december 1926 , and completed to a modernized design , being commissioned on 25 january 1932 . k ##ras ##ny ##i ka ##v ##ka ##z was initially intended to accommodate eight 8 @ - @ inch ( 200 mm ) guns in four twin turrets , but this was impossible given her small and lightly constructed hull . three twin turrets mounting the new 57 @ - @ caliber 180 mm ( 7 @ . @ 1 in ) b @ - @ 1 @ - @ k gun under
| 985 |
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"-",
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] | 1,131 |
development also proved imp ##rac ##tica ##ble and the soviets had to settle for four mk @ - @ 1 @ - @ 180 single 180 mm gun turrets , two at each end . her superstructure was massive ##ly revised to fit these turrets and all of the original case ##mate ##d 130 @ - @ mill ##imeter ( 5 @ . @ 1 in ) / 55 b ##7 pattern 1913 guns were removed . as completed her secondary armament was only four 30 @ - @ caliber 76 @ . @ 2 mm lend ##er aa guns mounted between her funnel ##s . her original internal torpedo tubes were replaced by four triple 53 ##3 @ - @ mill ##ime ##tre ( 21
| 985 |
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] | 1,132 |
@ . @ 0 in ) torpedo mounts mounted on each side of the main deck aba ##ft the forecast ##le break . she was given an aircraft @ - @ handling crane , but a cat ##ap ##ult wasn ' t installed aft of her rear funnel until 1935 when a he ##ink ##el cat ##ap ##ult was imported from germany . she was also fitted for mine rails with a capacity of up to 120 mines . the light cruiser ko ##min ##tern collided with her in may 1932 , shortly after her commissioning , and badly damaged her bow . it was extensively rebuilt and increased her overall length by over 11 metres ( 36 ft ) . in 1933 she made port
| 985 |
[
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"(",
"0",
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] | 1,133 |
visits in turkey , greece and italy . she was refit ##ted before operation bar ##bar ##ossa , probably about 1940 , her cat ##ap ##ult was removed , and her anti @ - @ aircraft armament was greatly increased . her four 76 @ . @ 2 mm lend ##er aa guns were exchanged for four italian mini ##zin ##i twin gun 50 @ - @ caliber 100 mm ( 3 @ . @ 9 in ) aa mounts and she received four single mounts for the semi @ - @ automatic 76 @ . @ 2 mm 34 @ - @ k were fitted as well as six 12 @ . @ 7 mm ( 0 @ . @ 50 in ) aa machine
| 985 |
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".",
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"1944",
"she",
"was",
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"carrying",
"one",
"quad"
] | 1,134 |
guns . two single mounts for 76 @ . @ 2 mm ( 3 @ . @ 00 in ) 34 @ - @ k guns were also fitted , one on each side of the quarter ##deck just aft of the rear ##most main gun turret . some of these guns may have been received earlier , the sources are unclear . while under repair at pot ##i in late 1942 she landed her aft pair of torpedo tubes and received two more mini ##zin ##i mounts salvage ##d from the sunken cruiser cher ##von ##a uk ##rain ##a . ten single mounts for the naval version of the 37 mm aa gun was also fitted . by 1944 she was also carrying one quad
| 985 |
[
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"one",
"battalion",
"of",
"the",
"3rd",
"marine",
"regiment",
"from",
"se"
] | 1,135 |
##rup ##le vickers . 50 machine gun mk iii mount on top of each of her super ##fi ##ring main gun turrets and she may have been using o ##er ##lik ##on 20 mm cannon . k ##ras ##ny ##i ka ##v ##ka ##z , in company with the cruisers cher ##von ##a uk ##rain ##a , ko ##min ##tern and a number of destroyers , laid down a defensive mine barrage protecting the black sea fleet base at se ##vas ##top ##ol on 22 june . she provided gunfire support to soviet forces defending odessa and escorted convoys bringing the 157 ##th rifle division into odessa during the month of september 1941 . she also transported one battalion of the 3rd marine regiment from se
| 988 |
[
"##vas",
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] | 1,136 |
##vas ##top ##ol in a successful amphibious assault behind romanian lines to destroy romanian coastal batteries near font ##an ##ka and do ##fin ##ov ##ka . she escorted convoys from 3 — 6 october that evacuated the 157 ##th rifle division from odessa to se ##vas ##top ##ol and escorted the final evacuation convoy during the night of 15 – 16 october . during the siege of se ##vas ##top ##ol she provided gunfire support and evacuated cut @ - @ off troops from elsewhere in the crimea into se ##vas ##top ##ol and brought in reinforcements from caucasian ports . she helped to transport the 38 ##8th rifle division from novo ##ross ##iy ##sk and tu ##ap ##se to se ##vas ##top ##ol between 7
| 947 |
[
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"german",
"junk",
"##ers",
"ju",
"87",
"stu",
"##ka",
"dive"
] | 1,137 |
and 13 december and the 354 ##th rifle division between 21 and 22 december , bomb ##arding german positions in the interim . during the ke ##rch @ - @ fe ##od ##osi ##ya operation k ##ras ##ny ##i ka ##v ##ka ##z sailed into the harbor of fe ##od ##osi ##ya on 29 december 1941 and di ##se ##mba ##rked reinforcements and provided gunfire support for soviet troops already ashore . she was hit seventeen times by axis artillery and mortar fire in retaliation . on 1 and 3 january she fe ##rrie ##d supplies and reinforcements for the soviet bridge ##head on the ke ##rch peninsula . on the return voyage she was severely damaged by german junk ##ers ju 87 stu ##ka dive
| 959 |
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"-",
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"guards",
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"3",
"april",
"in",
"recognition"
] | 1,138 |
@ - @ bombers from ii . / st ##g 77 . four near @ - @ misses close to her stern damaged her steering , her left propeller shaft , blew off one propeller and put enough holes in her stern that flooding caused her draft to increase by 5 metres ( 16 ft ) . she made it to novo ##ross ##iy ##sk , escorted by the destroyer sp ##oso ##bn ##yi , where she was patch ##ed up enough to make to pot ##i where more permanent repairs could be made . these took until october 1942 and the opportunity was taken to reinforce her anti @ - @ aircraft armament . she was awarded the guards title on 3 april in recognition
| 974 |
[
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] | 1,139 |
of her performance . between 20 and 23 october , k ##ras ##ny ##i ka ##v ##ka ##z , her half @ - @ sister k ##ras ##ny ##i k ##ry ##m , and three destroyers fe ##rrie ##d 12 @ , @ 600 men of the 8th , 9th and 10th guards rifle brigades from pot ##i to tu ##ap ##se to reinforce the defenses there . on the night of 4 february 1943 the soviets made a series of amphibious landings to the west of novo ##ross ##iy ##sk , behind german lines . k ##ras ##ny ##i k ##ry ##m , k ##ras ##ny ##i ka ##v ##ka ##z , and three destroyers provided fire support for the main landing , but the
| 948 |
[
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".",
"=",
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] | 1,140 |
soviet troops there were wiped out by 6 february , although one secondary landing was successful . the loss of three destroyers attempting to inter ##dict the german evacuation of the tam ##an bridge ##head on 6 october 1943 caused stalin to forbid the deployment of large naval units without his express permission and this meant the end of k ##ras ##ny ##i ka ##v ##ka ##z ' s active participation in the war . little is known about her activities after the end of the war other than she was redesignated as a training ship on 12 may 1947 . she was sunk as a target ship by ss @ - @ n @ - @ 1 missiles on 21 november 1952 . = rhode
| 959 |
[
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] | 1,141 |
island route 4 = route 4 , also known as the colonel rod ##man highway , is a 10 @ . @ 37 @ - @ mile ( 16 @ . @ 69 km ) long numbered state highway located in washington county and southern kent county , rhode island , united states . the route is a major north – south freeway in the southern providence metropolitan area , directly linking providence with eastern washington county , the beaches of na ##rra ##gan ##sett and south kings ##town , and the city of newport . route 4 begins as a two @ - @ lane divided highway at an intersection with u . s . route 1 ( us 1 ) in the town of
| 615 |
[
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"@"
] | 1,142 |
north kings ##town , becoming a limited @ - @ access freeway after 1 @ . @ 89 miles ( 3 @ . @ 04 km ) . the route has four numbered interchange ##s before terminating in the city of warwick , where the northbound lanes merge into interstate 95 ( i @ - @ 95 ) . the origins of route 4 date back to 1952 , when construction began on a short , un ##num ##bered arterial from us 1 to the modern location of exit 5 at routes 2 and 102 in wi ##ck ##ford . in 1965 , the rhode island department of public works began work on a 5 @ . @ 4 @ - @ mile ( 8 @
| 615 |
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"be",
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] | 1,143 |
. @ 7 km ) freeway from modern exit 6 north to the merge with i @ - @ 95 . the freeway , designated as route 4 , was completed in 1972 . at that time , the route 4 designation was also applied to the wi ##ck ##ford arterial . in 1988 , the missing link in route 4 between exits 5 and 6 was completed and opened . the rhode island department of transportation has long @ - @ term plans to upgrade the southernmost portion of route 4 to freeway status by constructing over ##pass ##es at oak hill road and west allen ##ton road and a grade separation with us 1 . although the project was originally scheduled to be completed
| 615 |
[
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] | 1,144 |
by 2007 , the $ 55 million project has been postponed indefinitely . = = route description = = route 4 begins at a fork in the alignment of u . s . route 1 in the community of north kings ##town ; the two left lanes of us 1 default onto route 4 north , with the right @ - @ hand lane carrying tower hill road and us 1 north into the village of wi ##ck ##ford . route 4 heads in a northwestern direction as a four @ - @ lane divided highway , crossing west allen ##ton road at an at @ - @ grade intersection with a traffic signal after approximately 0 @ . @ 5 miles ( 0 @ .
| 617 |
[
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"near",
"the",
"community",
"of",
"lafayette",
".",
"route",
"4",
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"over",
"amtrak",
"'"
] | 1,145 |
@ 80 km ) . the highway continues on a northwest ##erly projection , passing to the northeast of kettle hole pond and to the southwest of secret lake in a heavily forested region . after secret lake , the highway curves to the north , crossing oak hill road at another at @ - @ grade intersection . shortly after the intersection with oak hill road , route 4 transitions from a divided arterial highway into a four @ - @ lane limited @ - @ access freeway . the freeway passes to the west of belle ##ville pond and begins to parallel the alignment of route 102 ( ten rod road ) near the community of lafayette . route 4 passes over amtrak '
| 615 |
[
"s",
"northeast",
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"railroad",
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"at",
"exit"
] | 1,146 |
s northeast corridor railroad before entering the business district of wi ##ck ##ford junction . the freeway interchange ##s with routes 2 and 102 at exit 5 , a partial clover ##leaf interchange . after the interchange , route 4 bends to the northeast , beginning a parallel alignment with route 2 that continues to its northern terminus . route 4 crosses into the town of east greenwich , passing under south road before inter ##chang ##ing with route 2 at exit 6 , a partial clover ##leaf interchange . after exit 6 , route 4 passes the rhode island army national guard base to the east and to the hunt river to the west . route 4 northbound interchange ##s with route 403 at exit
| 618 |
[
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".",
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] | 1,147 |
7 ; route 403 , or the quo ##nse ##t freeway , is a four @ - @ lane , limited access freeway and spur route of route 4 that serves the quo ##nse ##t business park and the village of davis ##ville . heading southbound , exit 7 is split into exit 7 ##b , which serves the quo ##nse ##t freeway , and exit 7 ##a , which serves route 402 ( french ##town road ) , another spur route connecting the highway to us 1 and route 2 . after exit 7 , route 4 continues northward as a six @ - @ lane expressway , passing farmland ##s to the west and entering a suburban region of east greenwich . the highway
| 615 |
[
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] | 1,148 |
crosses under an over ##pass at middle road before inter ##chang ##ing with route 401 , the freeway ' s final spur , at another partial clover ##leaf interchange . exit 8 is also used to access route 2 and i @ - @ 95 south , which has no direct freeway connection with route 4 north . shortly after exit 8 , the route 4 designation ends and the mainline of the highway default ##s onto i @ - @ 95 north . in 1950 , the rhode island general assembly passed a $ 12 million ( equivalent to $ 118 million in 2016 ) bond issue to fund the construction of a 3 @ - @ mile ( 4 @ . @ 8 km
| 615 |
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] | 1,149 |
) , four @ - @ lane divided arterial bypass of u . s . route 1 in wi ##ck ##ford . construction on the highway began in 1952 and was completed in 1954 , at which time the roadway opened as an un ##num ##bered state highway leading from us 1 to routes 2 and 102 in wi ##ck ##ford . during the late 1950s , a few years after the completion of the arterial , the rhode island department of public works ( rid ##pw ) proposed a relocation of route 2 , which , at the time , was the major thorough ##fare in the area . no action was taken until 1964 , when the rid ##pw introduced a study for the
| 597 |
[
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] | 1,150 |
" relocated route 2 " proposal . during the study , drivers who used the colonel rod ##man highway arterial and were bound for the state capital of providence were red ##ire ##cted onto route 2 , an accident @ - @ prone , four @ - @ lane und ##iv ##ided highway near the modern exit 5 . in 1965 , the planned route 2 freeway was given the new number of route 4 , leaving route 2 on its existing alignment . a public hearing was held by the state of rhode island on the proposed freeway , which was to be four lanes and have a divided , grassy median . this proposal was later accepted , and construction began two years later
| 615 |
[
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] | 1,151 |
. construction of a 5 @ . @ 4 @ - @ mile ( 8 @ . @ 7 km ) long section of route 4 from what is now exit 6 in east greenwich to i @ - @ 95 in warwick began in 1967 and was completed in 1972 . that year , the 3 @ - @ mile ( 4 @ . @ 8 km ) arterial south of the modern exit 5 was also designated as part of route 4 . the divided highway remains largely intact to this date as the stretch of route 4 from us 1 to routes 2 and 102 at exit 5 ; the only piece of the arterial that has been significantly altered is the construction
| 591 |
[
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] | 1,152 |
of a bridge over amtrak ' s northeast corridor line . by the early 1970s , route 4 was complete north of exit 6 and south of what would become exit 5 , but there was a still a missing piece in the highway between the two exits . in the 1970s , the state of rhode island faced several budget problems and environmental concerns , both of which delayed the construction of the missing link for nearly eleven years . environmental studies on the missing link began in 1977 , and the state estimated that the 1 @ . @ 5 @ - @ mile ( 2 @ . @ 4 km ) long section of freeway would cost $ 15 – 21 million (
| 615 |
[
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] | 1,153 |
equivalent to $ 59 – 82 million in 2016 ) to construct . in 1983 , the rhode island department of transportation ( rid ##ot ) began construction of the new segment of route 4 between exits 5 and 6 . the project , which ultimately went over budget at $ 24 million ( equivalent to $ 52 million in 2016 ) ) , was financed from a $ 63 million federal grant . in 1986 , during excavation for the new right @ - @ of @ - @ way , the department of transportation found archeological items from the na ##rra ##gan ##sett indians dating from about 2 @ , @ 000 to 4 @ , @ 500 years prior . although the findings
| 443 |
[
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"-",
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] | 1,154 |
were not centralized in the area , this caused delays for the extension of the freeway . on august 6 , 1988 , rio ##dt completed construction and performed a ribbon @ - @ cutting ceremony for the new highway . in january 1990 , two police cruisers were severely damaged during a chase on route 4 . a driver was speeding in the southbound lanes of route 4 near exit 7 ; when the driver exited at route 402 ( french ##town road ) , two police officers got into serious accidents in their attempts to pursue the vehicle . after the crashes , the american civil liberties union restarted efforts to amend police chase policy and avoid further crash @ - @ related injuries
| 592 |
[
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"("
] | 1,155 |
for officers in the line of duty . in 2000 , construction began on the quo ##nse ##t freeway , a relocated route 403 that serves the quo ##nse ##t business park from route 4 . the project included the reconstruction and re ##working of exit 7 off route 4 , which was a southbound @ - @ only exit serving both route 403 and route 402 when constructed . the exit was converted into a trumpet interchange with new ramps between route 4 , route 403 and route 402 and was completed in december 2008 , one year ahead of schedule . the project included the construction of a new northbound exit 7 serving route 403 east . the rhode island department of transportation (
| 618 |
[
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] | 1,156 |
rid ##ot ) has laid out long @ - @ term plans for improvements to both the southern and northern term ##ini of route 4 . during the 1980s and 1990s , rid ##ot announced plans to eliminate the three traffic lights along the southern end of the highway . the department planned to replace the existing signal ##ized us 1 and route 4 merge , converting it into a grade @ - @ separated interchange with an extensive over ##pass . this would cut @ - @ off access to three local roads that intersect us 1 near the signal . the plan also included the replacement of the two other signaled intersections at west allen ##ton road and oak hill road with over ##pass
| 590 |
[
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] | 1,157 |
##es ; the over ##pass for west allen ##ton road is planned to be constructed as a new exit 4 . in the 1990s , the state purchased and demolished several houses in the region to allow for an expanded route 4 right @ - @ of @ - @ way in the vicinity of west allen ##ton road . the upgrade proposal proved to be very unpopular with north kings ##town residents who lived on the affected local roads . additionally , rid ##ot laid the highway out so that route 4 would cross through wetlands in the area . this sparked environmental concerns , as one of the large wetlands that would be affected , fr ##obe ##rg ' s marsh , was deemed
| 594 |
[
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] | 1,158 |
to be of high value by rhode island environmental ##ists . despite local and environmental concerns , rid ##ot still considers the route 4 upgrade to be the safe ##st way to improve traffic flow in the region . while the department of transportation considered upgrading nearby route 2 to freeway standards as a potential alternative , this plan was ultimately rejected because of its effects on wells in the area . although the project was originally scheduled to be completed by 2007 , the $ 55 million project has been postponed indefinitely . rid ##ot also has long @ - @ range plans to construct direct freeway connections linking route 4 north with i @ - @ 95 south and i @ - @ 95
| 615 |
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] | 1,159 |
north with route 4 south . as of november 2010 , environmental studies are being prepared for a rec ##on ##fi ##gur ##ation of the interchange . italics denote future exit numbers . = west end girls = " west end girls " is a song by british pop duo pet shop boys . written by neil ten ##nant and chris lowe , the song was released twice as a single . the song is influenced by hip hop music , with lyrics concerned with class and the pressures of inner @ - @ city life which were inspired partly by t . s . eliot ' s poem the waste land . it was generally well received by contemporary music critics and has been frequently
| 792 |
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] | 1,160 |
cited as a highlight in the duo ' s career . the first version of the song was produced by bobby orlando and was released on columbia records ' bob ##cat records imprint in april 1984 , becoming a club hit in the united states and some european countries . after the duo signed with emi , the song was re @ - @ recorded with producer stephen hague for their first studio album , please . in october 1985 , the new version was released , reaching number one in the united kingdom and the united states in 1986 . in 1987 , the song won best single at the brit awards , and best international hit at the ivo ##r novel ##lo awards .
| 20 |
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] | 1,161 |
in 2005 , 20 years after its release , the song was awarded song of the decade between the years 1985 and 1994 by the british academy of composers and songwriters . in 2015 the song was voted by the british public as the nation ' s 12th favourite 1980s number one in a poll for itv . the song was performed by pet shop boys at the 2012 summer olympics closing ceremony and was included as part of the soundtrack of the 2013 game grand theft auto v on the non @ - @ stop @ - @ pop radio station . = = background = = = = = recording and production = = = in 1983 , neil ten ##nant met producer bobby
| 49 |
[
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"toni",
"##te",
"\""
] | 1,162 |
orlando , while on an assignment in new york interviewing sting for smash hits . after listening to some demos , orlando offered to produce for the duo . in 1983 – 84 , the duo recorded eleven songs with orlando , at unique studios in new york , " west end girls " , " opportunities ( let ' s make lots of money ) " , " one more chance " , " i want a lover " , " a man could get arrested " , " i get excited " , " two divided by zero " , " rent " , " it ' s a sin " , " pet shop boys " , and " later toni ##te "
| 820 |
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] | 1,163 |
. orlando played most of the instruments on " west end girls " , including the jazz riff at the end . lowe played one chord and the bass ##line . it included a drum part lifted from michael jackson ' s " billie jean " , and an arrangement involving what ten ##nant called " barry white chords " . orlando was thrilled by the song ' s production ; his idea was to make a rap record in a british accent . in april 1984 , " west end girls " was released , becoming a club hit in los angeles and san francisco , and a minor dance hit in belgium , and france , but was only available in the united kingdom
| 894 |
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] | 1,164 |
as a 12 " import . in march 1985 , after long negotiations , pet shop boys cut their contractual ties with orlando , and hired manager tom watkins , who signed them with emi . they re @ - @ recorded " west end girls " with producer stephen hague , and re @ - @ released the song in late 1985 , topping the charts in both the uk and the u . s . in an interview on bbc ##4 ' s synth britannia programme ( video on youtube at 1 ##h 21 ##m 19 ##s ) , neil ten ##nant explains the role of the then new sampling technology on the track and how every single sound came from the newly introduced
| 796 |
[
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] | 1,165 |
e @ - @ mu em ##ulator keyboard . " west end girls " is a synth ##pop song influenced by hip hop music . the song ' s socially conscious streak , as well as the prop ##ulsive bass line , derives from grandmaster flash ' s protest rap song " the message " . lowe and hague created a " s ##na ##ky , ob ##ses ##sive rhythm punch " for the music , replacing the song ' s previously sparse beats and minimal keyboard lines . ten ##nant started to write the song when he was staying at his cousin ' s house in nottingham while watching a gangster film . just when he was going to sleep he came up with the
| 814 |
[
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] | 1,166 |
lines : " sometimes you ' re better off dead , there ' s a gun in your hand and it ' s pointing at your head " . the lyrics were inspired by t . s . eliot ' s poem the waste land , particularly in the use of different narrative voices and arc ##ane references . the song ' s lyrics are largely concerned with class , inner @ - @ city pressure . ten ##nant later said that some listeners had assumed the song referred to prostitutes , but was actually , " about rough boys getting a bit of po ##sh . " the lyric " from lake geneva to the finland station " refers to the train route taken by
| 794 |
[
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] | 1,167 |
vladimir lenin when he was smug ##gled by the germans to russia during world war i , a pivotal event in the russian revolution . indeed , it is highly likely the lyric was inspired by the book to the finland station by edmund wilson , a very famous work on the history of revolutionary thought and socialism that ten ##nant would have at least heard of , if not read , as a student . the bobby orlando @ - @ produced version of the single included another line , " all your stopping , stall ##ing and starting , / who do you think you are , joe stalin ? " which was removed for the 1985 version . = = critical reception =
| 6 |
[
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"null"
] | 1,168 |
= " west end girls " has been generally well received by music critics . stephen thomas er ##le ##wine from allmusic in a review of the album please called the song " hypnotic " , adding that " it ' s not only a classic dance single , it ' s a classic pop single " . in a review for the group ' s second studio album actually , rob ho ##er ##burg ##er from rolling stone magazine commented that " west end girls " was " as catch ##y as anything on the radio in 1986 " , praising " its en ##tic ##ing bass line and fore ##bo ##ding synth riff ##s " , but felt that it was almost " null
| 894 |
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] | 1,169 |
##ified by pee ##vish spoken aside ##s and the cryptic post ##uring of the duo ' s lyrics " . in a review of the live album concrete , michael hubbard from music ##om ##h said that " west end girls " was one of the songs that " round out a collection that never feels too long or super ##fl ##uous " , adding that it " goes some way to installing ten ##nant and lowe as national treasures " . ni ##tsu ##h abe ##be from pitchfork media , in a review of their compilation album pop ##art : pet shop boys - the hits commented that in the song " we meet ten ##nant not as a singer , but as a speaker
| 891 |
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" , adding that " he mum ##bles the verses to us not like a star , but like a stranger in a rain ##coat , sl ##inking alongside you and pointing out the sights " . in 1987 , " west end girls " won for best single at the brit awards , and for best international hit at the ivo ##r novel ##lo awards . in 2005 , the british academy of composers and songwriters gave to west end girls the ivo ##r novel ##lo award for song of the decade between the years 1985 and 1994 . the video was directed by andy mora ##han and eric watson , and consists of shots of the duo around london . at the beginning of
| 721 |
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the video , noises from the city can be heard , a camera passes lowe on the street , and focus on two vintage dolls in a shop window . then appears a sequence of quick cuts with shots of the city ' s different sub @ - @ cultures , the video freeze ##s and cuts to ten ##nant and lowe , who walk through an empty wentworth street in pet ##tic ##oat lane market . they stand in front of a red garage door , ten ##nant is in front dressed with a long coat , white shirt and dark neck ##tie , directly addressing the camera , with lowe standing behind him with a blank expression . lowe is filmed in double @
| 737 |
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- @ exposure and appears almost ghost ##like . in other shots , ten ##nant walks imp ##eri ##ously while lowe follows behind , as if one were a master and the other an apprentice . then the video shows various shots at waterloo station , as the chorus starts . in slow motion , the camera pan ##s across the w ##hs ##mith shop on the station concourse as the duo walk past . it cuts to a brief shot of a no . 42 red double @ - @ decker bus , showing the destination as al ##d ##gate , also advertising the stage @ - @ show ev ##ita , then black and white shots of the tower bridge , westminster and the
| 737 |
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westminster palace clock tower from the sky . the duo poses on the south bank of the river thames in a past ##iche of a post ##card image , with the houses of parliament as a background . the camera shows shots of young women , and passes through arcade ##s and cinemas in leicester square . the camera now passes south africa house showing protest ##ors in the non @ - @ stop picket , an anti @ - @ apartheid vi ##gil . the video cuts to a close ##up of ten ##nant singing the chorus , with a purple neon sign passing across his face . at the end the camera passes again through leicester square , where people queue to see fl
| 608 |
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##et ##ch and desperately seeking susan . the video was nominated for best new artist in a video at the 1986 mtv video music awards , but lost to a @ - @ ha ' s take on me . = = chart performance = = " west end girls " was first released in april 1984 through writer and producer bobby orlando ' s label . the song was a club hit in the united states , and in some european countries , such as belgium , where it debuted at number 24 on the vr ##t top 30 chart on 28 july 1984 , peaking at 17 four weeks later . in canada , " west end girls " first entered the rpm singles
| 923 |
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chart in april 1985 , reaching a peak position of 81 in june 1985 . having signed with emi , the group released their first major label single " opportunities ( let ' s make lots of money ) " in mid @ - @ 1985 , but it failed to attract attention . the pet shop boys then decided to re @ - @ record " west end girls " , and issue this new version as a single . producer stephen hague helm ##ed the new , re @ - @ recorded version of " west end girls " . the re @ - @ recorded version of " west end girls " was released in the united kingdom in october 1985 , debuting
| 807 |
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on the uk singles chart at number 80 , and within eight weeks of its release it had reached the top of the chart . it maintained the number one position for two weeks and received a gold certification by the british ph ##ono ##graphic industry ( bp ##i ) in january 1986 . across europe , " west end girls " also topped the singles chart in norway , as well as peaking in the top three in belgium , germany , ireland , the netherlands , sweden , and switzerland . in canada , where the original recording of " west end girls " had already been a minor hit in 1985 , the re @ - @ recorded version was issued as a
| 923 |
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single in early 1986 . the re @ - @ recorded song entered the chart in march 1986 , peaking at number one for one week on 17 may 1986 . in the united states , west end girls debuted on the billboard hot 100 at number 71 , reaching the number one position on 10 may 1986 , and remained on the chart for 20 weeks . the song also peaked at number one on billboard ' s hot dance music / club play chart for two weeks . = = formats and track listings = = = = credits and personnel = = neil ten ##nant – vocals , lyrics chris lowe – keyboards , artwork design helena springs – additional vocals bobby orlando
| 924 |
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– producer , ( 1984 release ) stephen hague – producer ( 1985 release ) steve jerome – engineer – 1984 release david jacob – engineer frank ro ##sz ##ak – remix ##ing eric watson – photography = = charts and certification ##s = = = = = chart positions = = = = = = certification ##s = = = in 1993 east 17 covered " west end girls " for their album walt ##ham ##sto ##w , with limited chart success . . west end girls ( faces on posters mix ) . west end girls ( kicking in chairs ) = wrapped in red = wrapped in red is the sixth studio album by american recording artist kelly clarkson , released on october
| 897 |
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25 , 2013 , by rca records . the album is a follow @ - @ up to her first greatest hits album , greatest hits – chapter one , and its companion extended play , the sm ##oa ##ks ##ta ##ck sessions vol . 2 . produced by greg ku ##rst ##in , it is her first christmas album and her first record to be solely released by rca . wrapped in red consists of sixteen tracks , featuring five co @ - @ penned original songs and eleven cover versions of christmas standards and carol ##s , two of which are duets featuring recording artists ronnie dunn , re ##ba mc ##ent ##ire and tri ##sha year ##wood . weary of constantly being asked
| 898 |
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for her primary genre , clarkson had long @ - @ desired to record a christmas album as a means to def ##y genre limitations . she commissioned ku ##rst ##in , who had studied jazz music under the tu ##tel ##age of ja ##ki by ##ard , to produce the entire album . drawing inspiration ##s from the soundtracks to the features a charlie brown christmas and white christmas , as well as the christmas albums by maria ##h carey , mc ##ent ##ire , and phil spec ##tor , they experimented on various styles and sounds using spec ##tor ' s famed wall of sound technique to a create a contemporary holiday theme to classics . the christmas music of wrapped in red comprises
| 905 |
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a variety of the genres such pop , jazz , country , and soul , marking a departure from the pop rock sound established from her previous studio albums ; while its lyrics share a singular theme of the color red , which represents a pl ##eth ##ora of emotions during the holidays . wrapped in red debuted on the billboard 200 chart at number 3 and topped the billboard top holiday albums chart with 70 @ , @ 000 copies sold in its first week of release . for nine consecutive weeks , wrapped in red stayed on the top ten of both charts and was certified platinum by the recording industry association of america and music canada . by the end of 2013 ,
| 921 |
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] | 1,182 |
it became the year ' s best @ - @ selling christmas release in the united states and the second best @ - @ selling christmas release in canada . its lead single " underneath the tree " became an international top forty christmas hit song and was radio ' s most @ - @ played new holiday song of 2013 . in promoting wrapped in red , she appeared in red dresses on various televised appearances ; and filmed an accompanying television special , kelly clarkson ' s caution ##ary christmas music tale , at the venetian las vegas , which premiered on nbc on december 11 , 2013 . in 2014 , clarkson released the title track as the second single and hosted an
| 903 |
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annual christmas benefit concert , miracle on broadway , at the bridges ##tone arena on december 20 , 2014 . = = background = = clarkson had expressed interest in recording a christmas album for years , having recorded various christmas songs such as " oh holy night " and " my grown up christmas list " on the american idol : the great holiday classics ( 2003 ) , " i ' ll be home for christmas " on itunes session ( 2011 ) , and being featured on blake shelton ' s christmas album cheers , it ' s christmas ( 2012 ) . weary of constantly being asked for her primary genre , she felt that recording a christmas album would finally pa
| 810 |
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##ve a way for her to explore other different genres . she remarked , " i always get asked what genre i ' m in : ' is this country or pop or rock ? what are you ? ' and what ' s cool about making the christmas album was , ' oh , there are no limitations ! we can do whatever we want ! ' " . she further added , " the thing about christmas is that it almost doesn ' t matter what mood you ' re in or what kind of a year you ' ve had — it ' s a fresh start . i ' m going to clear the air and take stock of the good that
| 820 |
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' s happened . " discussions about making her sixth studio album being a christmas record began on december 2012 , a month after releasing her first greatest hits album , greatest hits – chapter one . having found the opportunity to do so , clarkson commissioned producer and multi @ - @ instrumentalist greg ku ##rst ##in , whom she had previously collaborated with on her albums stronger and chapter one , to solely produce the whole album . despite having been raised in a jewish faith and unfamiliar with christmas songs , ku ##rst ##in still agreed to produce the project . as a result , the record marked the second time her studio album only had a single producer ( the first being
| 906 |
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david kahn ##e solely producing my december in 2007 ) . it also marked the fourth time ku ##rst ##in had solely produced an entire studio album apart from being a member of the musical groups the bird and the bee and ge ##ggy ta ##h ( the first three being lily allen ' s it ' s not me , it ' s you in 2009 , si ##a ' s we are born in 2010 , and the shin ##s ' port of morrow in 2012 ) . = = recording = = recording sessions of the basic instrumental tracks for wrapped in red took place in ku ##rst ##in ' s echo studio in los angeles while orchestral sessions were recorded at east
| 809 |
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##west studios in hollywood and featured vocals recorded in the barn studio in nashville . in recording tracks for the album , clarkson and ku ##rst ##in wanted to showcase as many different styles as they could by experimenting in various sounds and styles to create fresh , contemporary sound to classic @ - @ sounding music . he recalled , " it was a lot of fun for us because we got to go back to our roots . when kelly started singing , it was clear she had the chop ##s and had been trained to do anything . " further adding , " we really experimented . it was so much fun and li ##ber ##ating . and it pays off . "
| 892 |
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ku ##rst ##in , who studied with jazz musician ja ##ki by ##ard at the new school for jazz and contemporary music , recruited various jazz and soul musicians such as james ga ##dson , kevin dukes , roy mcc ##ur ##dy , and bill with ##ers to perform on the record to res ##onate a memphis soul sound . he also collaborated with joseph trap ##ane ##se to arrange and conduct a chamber orchestra . in providing instrumentation for the record , ku ##rst ##in used all of his instruments such as a mel ##lot ##ron and a chamber ##lin , tap ##ing them from a distance to stimulate the wall of sound , a recording technique originally developed by phil spec ##tor that was
| 815 |
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popular in the early 1960s . he enlisted clarkson to provide all the background vocals herself . clarkson , who grew up singing in a chorus , was pleased with the aspect ; saying , " blending is something i knew how to do from childhood . sometimes i ' d have to do an alto instead of a soprano because they needed a bigger sound . but i ' ve never had to do anything like this before — doing all my backup vocals , essentially being my own choir . " together , they began to record in may 2013 and continued through the summer of that year , beginning by recording " white christmas " with clarkson in the vocal booth and with
| 892 |
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ku ##rst ##in on a piano . she commented , " the production is all him . i would be just like ' hey , can we make this more jazz ? hey , can we make this more blues ##y . and he just , like harry potter , made this happen . it ' s so weird . " = = composition = = = = = theme and influences = = = clarkson has cited the color red as the album ' s only theme . a color traditionally associated with christmas , she affiliated the color to various emotions in the holidays . wanting to stray away from her usual pop sound , she described wrapped in red ' s music as
| 806 |
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a representation to explore different genres such as jazz , country and memphis soul . she recalled , " what ' s cool about christmas albums is you can do jazz , rock and roll , you can do pop , you can do blues , like you can do all that stuff and it works — cause it ' s all classic and it ' s christmas ##y sounding . " she also noted that the album ' s multitude of styles positively contributes to her artistic goal , saying , " my best friend from childhood heard it and said , ' this is what you sound like , before everything else . ' and i agree , it ' s my core sound
| 907 |
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. back in the day , when artists came out with things like " fall to pieces " and " bridge over troubled water " , those songs trans ##cend ##ed genres . it wasn ' t , ' where is it going to fit ? ' you cater ##ed to whatever the song calls for . and that ' s exactly what i did — without having to have an umbrella for everything . " in gathering inspiration ##s for wrapped in red , clarkson started by listening to bing crosby ' s and rosemary cl ##oon ##ey ' s soundtracks from the 1954 feature film white christmas as well as maria ##h carey ' s merry christmas ( 1994 ) and merry christmas to
| 803 |
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you ( 1997 ) by re ##ba mc ##ent ##ire . while ku ##rst ##in , who used to play in a jazz band , took influences from a charlie brown christmas by the vince gu ##ara ##ld ##i trio and a christmas gift for you by phil spec ##tor as his inspiration ##s , which resulted to the album ' s wall of sound resonance . clarkson also cited that her relationship with her then @ - @ fiance brandon blacks ##tock had inspired some of the album ' s lyrical content . clarkson shares writing credits on all five original songs on wrapped in red , some of which were written in december 2012 to avoid writing christmas tunes during the 2013 summer season
| 806 |
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. she co @ - @ wrote the opening and the title track , " wrapped in red " , with ashley ar ##ris ##on , abe ##n eu ##bank ##s , and shane mca ##nally . a christmas ballad , the song was inspired by a scene in the holiday feature film love actually ( 2003 ) , in which someone confesses un ##re ##qui ##ted love towards another . critics singled out the track the one that res ##onate ##s the wall of sound the most . the second track , " underneath the tree " , was written by clarkson and ku ##rst ##in , making it the first time they had co @ - @ written a track together . clarkson remarked
| 136 |
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, " greg and i have worked a lot together , but usually i just come in and i just sing . we ' ve never have actually written a song together at this point . and he and i were like , ' let ' s just try to write something for the record . " rca records chief executive peter edge remarked that its release as a single was partly inspired by the success of " all i want for christmas is you " by carey . the following track is a rendition of the holiday standard " have yourself a merry little christmas " , which clarkson had selected for its sac ##cha ##rine content . clarkson favored " run run rudolph "
| 820 |
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as her favorite classic , saying " just because it got to be a little more rock and roll . " she also remarked that " please come home for christmas ( bells will be ringing ) " , was the first song selected for inclusion after her mother ' s recommendation and the song ' s mel ##an ##cho ##lic lyrics . written by clarkson and eu ##bank ##s , " every christmas " , was the first song to be written for the album . she revealed that the song na ##rra ##tes of her holiday life prior to meeting blacks ##tock , mc ##ent ##ire ' s steps ##on , saying " every christmas , i was just like , ' this is
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going to be different , right ? i ' m going to actually find someone and not be pathetic ##ally alone for the rest of my life ? ' " . the seventh track is a cover of elvis presley ' s " blue christmas " . its follow @ - @ up , a rendition of " baby , it ' s cold outside " , features ronnie dunn . clarkson had approached dunn thinking that his personality suited the song ' s content well , saying " like , it ' s straight @ - @ up his personality to say all of that to try and get you to stay , and have a drink . " " winter dreams ( brandon '
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s song ) " was written by clarkson , ar ##ris ##on , and eu ##bank ##s as a companion piece to " every christmas " . dedicated to blacks ##tock , the song accounts her holiday after meeting him . she remarked , " christmas changes , it mor ##phs , it comes to life a little more … it ’ s just a happier time . " the tenth track , " white christmas " , was the first song to be recorded for wrapped in red . a cover of rodgers and hammer ##stein ' s " my favorite things " follows up as the eleventh track . clarkson opted for the broadway performance of the song to stray away from julie andrews
| 718 |
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] | 1,199 |
' s version , citing " i think you shouldn ' t go near anywhere of what she ' s doing because she ' s so good . " clarkson and ku ##rst ##in co @ - @ wrote " 4 cara ##ts " with cathy dennis and liv ##vi fran ##c . originally written a pop song , they converted it as a christmas song to fit the album ' s theme , describing it as a crossover between earth ##a kit ##t ' s " santa baby " ( 1953 ) and madonna ' s " material girl " ( 1984 ) . a rendition of im ##ogen heap ' s " just for now " was described by clarkson as her highly dysfunction
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