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"methodist",
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",",
"a",
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"##ron",
",",
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"and",
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".",
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","
] | 3,500 |
methodist world peace commission two . each camp was assigned a director responsible for supervising camp operation . the director managed the needs of the men , oversaw maintenance of the camp facilities , handled community relations and reported to selective service officials . initially a pastor had the camp director role . later , capable men from among the cp ##s workers directed the camps . besides the director , a mat ##ron , business manager and diet ##itia ##n staffed a typical camp . an educational director was responsible for creating recreational , social and educational programs for the men . church history , bible and first aid were standard course topics . the strength of instructional programs varied from camp to camp ,
| 252 |
[
"and",
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",",
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"worship",
"services"
] | 3,501 |
and after nine hours of physical labor , it could be difficult to mo ##tiv ##ate the men to attend classes . most camps had libraries , some showed current films and camp number 56 ( camp angel ) near wal ##dp ##ort , oregon had a particular emphasis on the arts . camps produced newsletter ##s and yearbook ##s documenting their experiences . the camp diet ##itia ##n , with the help of men assigned as cooks , prepared all of the meals . camps with large gardens provided their own fresh vegetables . sponsoring congregations also supplied home canned and fresh produce . the camps were subject to the same shortages and ratio ##ning as the rest of the nation . sunday worship services
| 250 |
[
"were",
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",",
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",",
"38",
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"4",
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"claimed",
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".",
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"##working",
",",
"rug",
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",",
"leather",
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".",
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".",
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"and",
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"performing",
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"towns",
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"these",
"days",
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"be",
"saved",
"to",
"allow",
"enough",
"time",
"to",
"travel",
"several",
"hundred",
"miles",
"home",
"or"
] | 3,502 |
were organized by the camp director if he was a pastor , by a visiting pastor , or by the cp ##s men themselves . while the historic peace churches organized the cp ##s , 38 % of the men came from other denominations and 4 % claimed no religious affiliation . men spent their free time doing crafts such as wood ##working , rug ##making , leather ##work and photography . outdoor activities included hiking and swimming . men formed choirs and music ensembles , performing in neighboring towns when relations were good . the men earned two days of fur ##lou ##gh for each month of service . these days could be saved to allow enough time to travel several hundred miles home or
| 251 |
[
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".",
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",",
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"farms",
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"available",
",",
"families",
"could",
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"together",
"in",
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".",
"men",
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"selective",
"service",
"system",
"."
] | 3,503 |
in some cases traded to other men in exchange for cash . men with wives and dependent ##s found it difficult to support their families . beyond a small allowance , the men did not get paid for their service , nor were their dependent ##s given an allowance . to be closer to their husbands , women sought employment near their husband ' s assignment . later , when jobs on dairy farms became available , families could live together in housing provided for farm workers . men who became un ##co ##oper ##ative with the cp ##s system and were unable to adjust to the church @ - @ managed camps were reassigned to a few camps managed by the selective service system .
| 334 |
[
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"of",
"the",
"conscription",
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"the",
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"and",
"the",
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"the",
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"and",
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"the",
"camp",
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".",
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"of",
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"$",
"2",
"@",
".",
"@",
"50",
"and",
"$",
"5",
"@"
] | 3,504 |
these camps tended to be the least productive and most difficult to administer . men who felt compelled to protest the restrictions of the conscription law attempted to disrupt the program through the use of various techniques , including the initiation of work slow ##down ##s and labor strikes . routine rule breaking frustrated camp directors . the most difficult cases were given to the federal court system and the men imprisoned . churches were primarily responsible for financing civilian public service , providing for the men ' s food , clothes , and other material needs . the churches also provided and paid for the camp director . the men received an allowance of between $ 2 @ . @ 50 and $ 5 @
| 443 |
[
".",
"@",
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".",
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"and",
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",",
"which",
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".",
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"this",
"practice",
"developed",
"immediately",
"because",
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"men",
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"were",
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"to",
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"the",
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"a",
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"where",
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"were",
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"end",
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] | 3,505 |
. @ 00 monthly for personal needs . when jobs were available in surrounding farms and communities , those willing to work beyond their regular cp ##s jobs could earn extra spending money . the federal government spent $ 1 @ . @ 3 million on the cp ##s program . the men performed $ 6 million of unpaid labor in return . men who worked for farmers or psychiatric hospitals received regular wages , which they were required to give to the federal government . objections to this practice developed immediately because the men felt they were helping to fund the war . a compromise was reached where the wages were put into a special fund that was unused until after the end of the
| 441 |
[
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"=",
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"the",
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"@",
"-",
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"by",
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"550",
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"farms",
"and",
"with",
"milk",
"testing",
".",
"labor",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"intensive"
] | 3,506 |
war . at one point , church representatives attempted unsuccessfully to have these funds used for providing a living allowance for the men ' s dependent ##s . the first civilian public service projects were in rural areas where the men performed tasks related to soil conservation , agriculture and forestry . later men were assigned to projects in cities where they worked in hospitals , psychiatric wards , and university research centers . = = = soil conservation and agriculture = = = anticipating the rural background of most men , the initial camps provided soil conservation and farming @ - @ related projects . by august 1945 , 550 men worked on dairy farms and with milk testing . labor @ - @ intensive
| 328 |
[
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"parkway",
"and",
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"of",
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"are",
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"of",
"cp",
"##s"
] | 3,507 |
farming operations like dai ##ries were short of workers and accepted co ##s to help fill the gap . men assigned to the bureau of reclamation built con ##tour ##s to prevent soil erosion , constructed 164 reservoirs and 249 dams . a sixth of all cp ##s work was performed in this area . = = = forestry and national parks = = = at forest service and national park service camps , cp ##s men were responsible for fire control . between fires they built forest trails , cared for nursery stock , planted thousands of seed ##lings and engaged in pest control . campground ##s and roadway ##s on the blue ridge parkway and skyline drive of virginia are products of cp ##s
| 334 |
[
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"##s",
"men",
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] | 3,508 |
labor . hundreds of men volunteered for smoke jumping , showing their willingness to take great personal risks . when fire was detected by a lookout , smoke jumper ##s were flown directly to the site and dropped by parachute to quickly contain and ex ##ting ##uis ##h the fire . from base camps scattered through the forests of montana , idaho and oregon , the men were flown as many as 200 miles to fire sites , carrying fire ##fighting tools and a two @ - @ day supply of k @ - @ rations . for larger fires , additional men , supplies and food were air ##drop ##ped to expand the effort . up to 240 cp ##s men served in this specialized
| 149 |
[
"eventually",
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"1942",
":",
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"of",
"like"
] | 3,509 |
eventually the men received permission to work for the mental institutions as attendants or psychiatric aide ##s . individuals who found jobs at the rural camps un ##ful ##fi ##lling and meaningless , volunteered for this new type of assignment . the mental health field promised to provide the work of national importance that the program was designed to produce . by the end of 1945 , more than 2000 cp ##s men worked in 41 institutions in 20 states . the cp ##s men discovered app ##all ##ing conditions in the mental hospital wards . in an interview , a con ##sc ##ient ##ious object ##or described his experience when he first entered a mental hospital in october 1942 : it is sort of like
| 340 |
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] | 3,510 |
a perpetual bad dream . the smells , the sounds of the insane voices , the bad equipment . the long , dark corridors . i tell you , it is all very much like a medieval fairy ##tale of the net ##her regions . we ’ d heard about how these patients had been treated by the attendants , beat with rods , you know , do all kind of things . we took a vow before we left the camp , we decided that we would not assault or in any way , strike a patient . i opened one of those rooms , and there was a man lying on the floor . i leaned over to try to see what i could
| 822 |
[
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"and",
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] | 3,511 |
do to minister to him in some way , do something for him . he may have been on a mattress or he may have been on the bare floor . no he was on the bare floor , because when i tried to move him , his skin came off . his skin was bloody and stuck to the floor and when i tried to lift him up it just peeled his skin off . he was in the last stages of sy ##phi ##lis . he died less than a week afterwards . now that was my first introduction to what was badly needed in that institution . the cp ##s men objected to the mist ##rea ##tment and abuse of patients and determined
| 114 |
[
"to",
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"around",
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"unarmed",
"attendant",
"telling"
] | 3,512 |
to improve conditions in the psychiatric wards . they wanted to show other attendants alternatives to violence when dealing with patients . frank ol ##ms ##tead , chairman of the war resist ##ers league observed : one object ##or assigned to a violent ward refused to take the broom ##stick offered by the charge . when he entered the ward the patients crowded around asking , " where is your broom ##stick ? " he said he thought he would not need it . " but suppose some of us gang up on you ? " the co guessed they wouldn ' t do that and started talking about other things . within a few days the patients were seen gathering around the unarmed attendant telling
| 5 |
[
"him",
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"month",
"or"
] | 3,513 |
him of their troubles . he felt much safer than the charge who had only his broom ##stick for company . outraged workers surveyed cp ##s men in other hospitals and learned of the degree of abuse throughout the psychiatric care system . contact ##ing church managers and government officials , the co ##s begin advocating for reforms to end the abuses . conditions were exposed in institutions such as cleveland state hospital , eastern state hospital in virginia and hudson river state hospital . one explained : and the governor came in and they cleaned out the hospital . i mean , they had hearings . we all had to appear in court and all that kind of stuff . and within a month or
| 205 |
[
"so",
",",
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".",
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"foundation",
"."
] | 3,514 |
so , the hospital was completely changed . the superintendent was fired and the new superintendent was put in , and not only did they do our hospital , they did all the hospitals , mental hospitals in virginia . the reformer ##s were especially active at the by ##berry hospital in philadelphia where four friends initiated the the attendant magazine as a way to communicate ideas and promote reform . this periodical later became the psychiatric aide , a professional journal for mental health workers . on may 6 , 1946 life magazine printed an expose of the mental healthcare system based on the reports of co ##s . another effort of cp ##s , mental hygiene project became the national mental health foundation .
| 340 |
[
"initially",
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",",
"eleanor",
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",",
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".",
"=",
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"such",
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"school",
",",
"yale",
"and",
"stanford"
] | 3,515 |
initially skeptical about the value of civilian public service , eleanor roosevelt , impressed by the changes introduced by co ##s in the mental health system , became a sponsor of the national mental health foundation and actively inspired other prominent citizens including owen j . roberts , pearl buck and harry emerson f ##os ##dick to join her in advancing the organization ' s objectives of reform and humane treatment of patients . = = = medical experiments = = = draft ##ees in civilian public service became medical and scientific research test subjects in human medical experiments under the direction of the office of scientific research and development and the surgeon general at medical institutions such as harvard medical school , yale and stanford
| 340 |
[
"universities",
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",",
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".",
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",",
"c",
".",
"everett",
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"##op",
"was",
"part",
"of",
"the"
] | 3,516 |
universities , and massachusetts general hospital . these experiments involved a range of research topics , sometimes end ##anger ##ing the health of the co ##s . hepatitis : during the 1940s the cause , method of communication and treatment of infectious hepatitis was not well understood . experimentation began with co ##s working at psychiatric hospitals and was expanded to a major research project with 30 to 60 test subjects at the university of pennsylvania and yale university . the men were in ##oc ##ulated with infected blood plasma , swallowed nose and throat washing ##s and the human body waste ##s of infected patients , and drank contaminated water . as a young surgeon , c . everett ko ##op was part of the
| 562 |
[
"research",
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",",
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",",
"you"
] | 3,517 |
research team at the university of pennsylvania school of medicine . he related his experience with cp ##s test subjects : and the first time i was introduced to this whole program when i as a young surgeon , was asked to do serial bio ##ps ##ies on their liver ##s to see what the effect of the virus was in the production of the changes in the liver . and in that way , i got to know that a lot of these young men had no idea that the risk they were taking also included death . and some of those young ##sters did die and it was a very difficult thing for me to be part of , because you know , you
| 822 |
[
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"-",
"@",
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"##l"
] | 3,518 |
’ re powerless , when you ’ re part of the big team . it couldn ' t happen today . internal review boards would not permit the use of a live virus in human subjects unless they really understood what was going to happen to them . and i doubt that even if they knew what the risk was , that an internal review board in any academic institution would consent to that kind of experimental work . the hepatitis research was instrumental in determining a virus is responsible for the disease and that it is transmitted through human fi ##lth , serum and drinking water . malaria : during the early 1940s , qui ##nine was the chief anti @ - @ malaria ##l
| 702 |
[
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":",
"a",
"hundred",
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"men",
"participated",
"with",
"tests"
] | 3,519 |
drug . made from the bark of the south american ci ##nch ##ona tree , qui ##nine was in short supply during the war , so scientists began searching for an alternative treatment . the test subjects allowed themselves to be bitten by malaria ##l mosquito ##es and when the fever reached its peak in three to four days , were given experimental treatments . at the university of minnesota , twelve cp ##s men underwent tests to determine the recovery period for those infected with malaria . this research documented the de ##bil ##itating effects of the disease and the amount of time required for a complete recovery . common cold and at ##yp ##ical pneumonia : a hundred cp ##s men participated with tests
| 561 |
[
"such",
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such that they inhaled or drank throat washing ##s from soldiers with cold ##s and pneumonia . this research proved that cold ##s and some types of pneumonia are cause by a virus , not bacteria . minnesota starvation experiment : to study the effects of diet and nutrition , dr . an ##cel keys of the university of minnesota laboratory of physiological hygiene placed 32 con ##sc ##ient ##ious object ##ors on a controlled diet . for three months they were given a normal 3 @ , @ 200 cal ##ories ( 13 @ , @ 000 k ##j ) diet . this was followed by six months of an 1 @ , @ 800 cal ##ories ( 7 @ , @ 500 k ##j
| 548 |
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) diet , fewer cal ##ories than provided by the famine diet experienced by the civilian population in wartime europe . the research documented the men ' s ability to maintain physical output and the psychological effects such as intro ##version , let ##har ##gy , ir ##rita ##bility and severe depression . the study then followed the men ' s long recovery as they returned to a normal diet and regained the weight lost during the experimentation . the study provided valuable insights into hunger and starvation and the results were made available to all major relief agencies concerned with postwar food and nutrition problems , helping to inspire the marshall plan . = = closure and impact = = civilian public service men were
| 555 |
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released from their assignments and the camps closed during march 1947 , nineteen months after the end of the war in the pacific . reforms in the mental health system continued after the war . the experience of men ##non ##ite co ##s was instrumental in creating regional mental health facilities in california , kansas and maryland . lewis hill , who was in cp ##s camp number 37 near cole ##ville , california , together with several other co ##s founded pacific ##a network and k ##pf ##a radio in berkeley , california , the world ' s first listener @ - @ sponsored radio station . poets william ever ##son and william stafford were both in cp ##s camps . actor francis ( fritz
| 340 |
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) william weaver spent time in the big flats ( new york ) cp ##s camp number 46 . men from the historic peace churches volunteered for relief and reconstruction after their release from cp ##s . the 1947 nobel peace prize was awarded to american and british friends service committees for their relief work in europe after the war . men ##non ##ite central committee red ##ire ##cted its effort from camp administration to relief and reconstruction in europe after the war . civilian public service created a precedent for the alternative service program for con ##sc ##ient ##ious object ##ors in the united states during the korean and vietnam wars . although the cp ##s program was not duplicate ##d , the idea of
| 252 |
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] | 3,524 |
offering men an opportunity to do " work of national importance " instead of military service was established . = ireland = ireland ( / ˈ ##a ##ɪ ##ə ##rl ##ə ##nd / ; irish : e ##ire [ ˈ ##e ##ː ##ɾ ##ʲ ##ə ] ; ulster @ - @ scots : air ##lan ##n [ ˈ ##ɑ ##ː ##rl ##ə ##n ] ) is an island in the north atlantic . it is separated from great britain to its east by the north channel , the irish sea , and st george ' s channel . ireland is the second @ - @ largest island of the british isles , the third @ - @ largest in europe , and the twentieth @ -
| 156 |
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] | 3,525 |
@ largest on earth . politically , ireland is divided between the republic of ireland ( officially named ireland ) , which covers five @ - @ sixth ##s of the island , and northern ireland , which is part of the united kingdom , in the northeast of the island . in 2011 the population of ireland was about 6 @ . @ 4 million , ranking it the second @ - @ most populous island in europe after great britain . just under 4 @ . @ 6 million live in the republic of ireland and just over 1 @ . @ 8 million live in northern ireland . the island ' s geography comprises relatively low @ - @ lying mountains surrounding a
| 7 |
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] | 3,526 |
central plain , with several navigable rivers extending inland . the island has lush vegetation , a product of its mild but change ##able climate which avoids extremes in temperature . thick woodlands covered the island until the middle ages . as of 2013 , the amount of land that is wooded in ireland is about 11 % of the total , compared with a european average of 35 % . there are twenty @ - @ six extant mammal species native to ireland . the irish climate is very moderate ##d and classified as oceanic . as a result , winters are mild ##er than expected for such a north ##erly area . however , summers are cooler than those in continental europe . rainfall
| 524 |
[
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] | 3,527 |
and cloud cover are abundant . the earliest evidence of human presence in ireland is dated at 10 @ , @ 500 bc . gaelic ireland had emerged by the 1st century ad and lasted until the first world war . the island was christian ##ised from the 5th century onward . following the norman invasion in the 12th century , england claimed sovereignty over ireland . however , english rule did not extend over the whole island until the 16th – 17th century tudor conquest , which led to colon ##isation by settlers from britain . in the 1690 ##s , a system of protestant english rule was designed to material ##ly disadvantage the catholic majority and protestant dissent ##ers , and was extended during
| 429 |
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] | 3,528 |
the 18th century . with the acts of union in 1801 , ireland became a part of the united kingdom . a war of independence in the early 20th century was followed by the partition of the island , creating the irish free state , which became increasingly sovereign over the following decades , and northern ireland , which remained a part of the united kingdom . northern ireland saw much civil unrest from the late 1960s until the 1990s . this subsided following a political agreement in 1998 . in 1973 the republic of ireland joined the european economic community while the united kingdom , and northern ireland , as part of it , did the same . irish culture has had a significant influence
| 343 |
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] | 3,529 |
on other cultures , especially in the fields of literature . alongside mainstream western culture , a strong indigenous culture exists , as expressed through gaelic games , irish music , and the irish language . the culture of the island also shares many features with that of great britain , including the english language , and sports such as association football , rugby , horse racing , and golf . ireland consists of old irish er ##iu + english land . er ##iu derives from proto @ - @ celtic * iv ##eri ##u ( compare welsh i ##wer ##dd ##on ) , which is also the source of latin hi ##ber ##nia . iv ##eri ##u derives from a root meaning " fat ,
| 257 |
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"me",
"##sol"
] | 3,530 |
prosperous " . = = = prehistoric ireland = = = during the last glacial period , and up until about 900 ##0 years ago , most of ireland was covered with ice , most of the time . sea levels were lower and ireland , like great britain , formed part of continental europe . by 12 @ , @ 000 bc , rising sea levels due to ice melting caused ireland to become separated from great britain . later , around 560 ##0 bc , great britain itself became separated from continental europe . the earliest evidence of human presence in ireland is dated at 10 @ , @ 500 bc . until recently the earliest evidence of humans in ireland were me ##sol
| 521 |
[
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"350",
"##0",
"bc"
] | 3,531 |
##ith ##ic people who arrived by boat from britain between 800 ##0 bc and 700 ##0 bc . from about 450 ##0 bc , neolithic settlers arrived introducing cereal cult ##ivar ##s , a housing culture ( similar to those of the same period in scotland ) and stone monuments . a more advanced agriculture was to develop . at the ce ##ide fields , preserved beneath a blanket of peat in present @ - @ day county mayo , is an extensive field system , arguably the oldest in the world , dating from not long after this period . consisting of small divisions separated by dry @ - @ stone walls , the fields were farm ##ed for several centuries between 350 ##0 bc
| 365 |
[
"and",
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"age",
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] | 3,532 |
and 3000 bc . wheat and barley were the principal crops imported from the iberian peninsula . the bronze age – defined by the use of metal – began around 2500 bc , with technology changing people ' s everyday lives during this period through innovations such as the wheel , harness ##ing ox ##en , weaving textiles , brewing alcohol , and ski ##lf ##ul metal ##working , which produced new weapons and tools , along with fine gold decoration and jewellery , such as bro ##oche ##s and tor ##cs . according to john t . koch and others , ireland in the late bronze age was part of a maritime trading @ - @ network ##ed culture called the atlantic bronze age that
| 357 |
[
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".",
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"@",
"-",
"@"
] | 3,533 |
also included britain , western france and ib ##eria , and that this is where celtic languages developed . this contrasts with the traditional view that their origin lies in mainland europe with the halls ##tat ##t culture . = = = = emergence of celtic ireland = = = = during the iron age , a celtic language and culture emerged in ireland . how and when the island of ireland became celtic has been debated for close to a century , with the migration ##s of the ce ##lts being one of the more enduring themes of archaeological and linguistic studies . today , there is more than one school of thought on how this occurred in ireland . the long @ - @
| 259 |
[
"standing",
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"and",
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".",
"later"
] | 3,534 |
standing traditional view , once widely accepted , is that celtic language , og ##ham script and culture were brought to ireland by waves of invading or migrating ce ##lts from mainland europe . this theory draws on the le ##bor ga ##bala er ##en ##n , a medieval christian pseudo @ - @ history of ireland along with the presence of celtic culture , language and artefacts found in ireland such as celtic bronze spears , shields , tor ##cs and other finely crafted celtic associated possessions . the theory holds that there were four separate celtic invasions of ireland . the pri ##ten ##i were said to be the first , followed by the bel ##ga ##e from northern gaul and britain . later
| 259 |
[
",",
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".",
"this",
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] | 3,535 |
, lai ##ghi ##n tribes from armor ##ica ( present @ - @ day brittany ) were said to have invaded ireland and britain more or less simultaneously . lastly , the miles ##ians ( gael ##s ) were said to have reached ireland from either northern ib ##eria or southern gaul . it was claimed that a second wave named the eu ##ern ##i , belonging to the bel ##ga ##e people of northern gaul , began arriving about the sixth century bc . they were said to have given their name to the island . a more recent theory , with broad support among archaeologists , is that celtic culture and language arrived in ireland as a result of cultural diffusion . this theory
| 259 |
[
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"##s",
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"sc",
"##ept",
"##ical",
"that"
] | 3,536 |
proposes that the celtic ##isation of ireland may have been the cu ##lm ##ination of a long process of social and economic interaction between ireland , britain and adjacent parts of continental europe . the theory was advanced in part because of lack of archeological evidence for large @ - @ scale celtic immigration , though it is accepted that such movements are notorious ##ly difficult to identify . some proponents of this theory hold that it is likely that there was migration of smaller groups of ce ##lts to ireland , with sufficiently regular traffic to constitute a " migration stream , " but that this was not the fundamental cause of ins ##ular celtic ##isation . historical linguist ##s are sc ##ept ##ical that
| 343 |
[
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"could",
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"\"",
"atlantic",
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"##lts",
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"ib",
"##eria",
"to",
"western",
"scandinavia",
"rather",
"than",
"substantially",
"central"
] | 3,537 |
this method alone could account for the absorption of the celtic language , with some saying that an assumed procession ##al view of celtic linguistic formation is ' an especially hazardous exercise ' . genetic lineage investigation into the area of celtic migration to ireland has led to findings that showed no significant differences in mitochondrial dna between ireland and large areas of continental europe , in contrast to parts of the y @ - @ chromosome pattern . when taking both into account a recent study drew the conclusion that modern celtic speakers in ireland could be thought of as european " atlantic ce ##lts " showing a shared ancestry throughout the atlantic zone from northern ib ##eria to western scandinavia rather than substantially central
| 511 |
[
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",",
"in",
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",",
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"have",
"been",
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"before"
] | 3,538 |
european . = = = late antiquity and early medieval times = = = the earliest written records of ireland come from classical greco @ - @ roman geo ##grapher ##s . ptolemy in his alma ##ges ##t refers to ireland as mi ##kra brett ##ania ( little britain ) , in contrast to the larger island , which he called mega ##le brett ##ania ( great britain ) . in his later work , geography , ptolemy refers to ireland as io ##uer ##nia and to great britain as albion . these " new " names were likely to have been the local names for the islands at the time . the earlier names , in contrast , were likely to have been coined before
| 264 |
[
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"a"
] | 3,539 |
direct contact with local peoples was made . the romans would later refer to ireland by this name too in its latin ##ised form , hi ##ber ##nia , or scotia . ptolemy records sixteen nations inhabit ##ing every part of ireland in 100 ad . the relationship between the roman empire and the kingdoms of ancient ireland is unclear . however , a number of finds of roman coins have been made , for example at the iron age settlement of free ##stone hill near go ##wr ##an and new ##gra ##nge . ireland continued as a patch ##work of rival kingdoms but , beginning in the 7th century ad , a concept of national kings ##hip gradually became articulated through the concept of a
| 404 |
[
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] | 3,540 |
high king of ireland . medieval irish literature portrays an almost unbroken sequence of high kings stretching back thousands of years but modern historians believe the scheme was constructed in the 8th century to justify the status of powerful political grouping ##s by projecting the origins of their rule into the remote past . the high king was said to pre ##side over the provincial kingdoms that together formed ireland . all of these kingdoms had their own kings but were at least nominally subject to the high king . the high king was drawn from the ranks of the provincial kings and ruled also the royal kingdom of meath , with a ceremonial capital at the hill of tara . the concept only became a
| 429 |
[
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] | 3,541 |
political reality in the viking age and even then was not a consistent one . ireland did have a culturally un ##ifying rule of law : the early written judicial system , the br ##eh ##on laws , administered by a professional class of jurist ##s known as the br ##eh ##ons . however , a united kingdom of gaelic ireland was never achieved . the chronicle of ireland records that in 43 ##1 ad bishop pal ##lad ##ius arrived in ireland on a mission from pope ce ##les ##tine i to minister to the irish " already believing in christ " . the same chronicle records that saint patrick , ireland ' s best known patron saint , arrived the following year . there is
| 433 |
[
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] | 3,542 |
continued debate over the missions of pal ##lad ##ius and patrick but the consensus is that they both took place and that the older dr ##uid tradition collapsed in the face of the new religion . irish christian scholars excelled in the study of latin and greek learning and christian theology . in the monastic culture that followed the christian ##isation of ireland , latin and greek learning was preserved in ireland during the early middle ages in contrast to elsewhere in europe , where the dark ages followed the decline of the roman empire . the arts of manuscript illumination , metal ##working and sculpture flourished and produced treasures such as the book of ke ##lls , ornate jewellery and the many carved stone crosses
| 403 |
[
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"deep",
"@"
] | 3,543 |
that still dot the island today . a mission founded in 56 ##3 on iona by the irish monk saint col ##umb ##a began a tradition of irish missionary work that spread celtic christianity and learning to scotland , england and the frankish empire on continental europe after the fall of rome . these missions continued until the late middle ages , establishing monasteries and centres of learning , producing scholars such as se ##du ##lius scott ##us and johannes er ##iu ##gen ##a and ex ##ert ##ing much influence in europe . from the 9th century , waves of viking raiders pl ##under ##ed irish monasteries and towns . these raids added to a pattern of raiding and endemic warfare that was already deep @
| 413 |
[
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"strong",
"##bow",
"due",
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"his",
"prowess",
"as",
"an"
] | 3,544 |
- @ seated in ireland . the vikings also were involved in establishing most of the major coastal settlements in ireland : dublin , limerick , cork , wexford , waterford , and also carl ##ing ##ford , st ##rang ##ford , anna ##gas ##san , ark ##low , you ##gh ##al , lough f ##oy ##le and lough re ##e . = = = norman and english invasions = = = on 1 may 116 ##9 , an expedition of cam ##bro @ - @ norman knights with an army of about six hundred landed at ban ##now strand in present @ - @ day county wexford . it was led by richard de clare , called strong ##bow due to his prowess as an
| 77 |
[
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",",
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"beyond",
"his"
] | 3,545 |
archer . the invasion , which coincided with a period of renewed norman expansion , was at the invitation of der ##mot mac mu ##rro ##ugh , the king of leinster . in 116 ##6 , mac mu ##rro ##ugh had fled to an ##jou , france , following a war involving ti ##gh ##ear ##nan ua ru ##air ##c , of br ##ei ##f ##ne , and sought the assistance of the ang ##ev ##in king , henry ii , in rec ##ap ##turing his kingdom . in 117 ##1 , henry arrived in ireland in order to review the general progress of the expedition . he wanted to re @ - @ ex ##ert royal authority over the invasion which was expanding beyond his
| 246 |
[
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"115",
"##2"
] | 3,546 |
control . henry successfully re @ - @ imposed his authority over strong ##bow and the cam ##bro @ - @ norman warlord ##s and persuaded many of the irish kings to accept him as their over ##lord , an arrangement confirmed in the 117 ##5 treaty of windsor . the invasion was leg ##iti ##mise ##d by the provisions of the papal bull lau ##da ##bil ##iter , issued by adrian iv in 115 ##5 . the bull encouraged henry to take control in ireland in order to oversee the financial and administrative reorganisation of the irish church and its integration into the roman church system . some restructuring had already begun at the ecclesiastical level following the synod of ke ##lls in 115 ##2
| 421 |
[
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".",
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"defined",
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] | 3,547 |
. there has been significant controversy regarding the authenticity of lau ##da ##bil ##iter , and there is no general agreement as to whether the bull was genuine or a forge ##ry . in 117 ##2 , the new pope , alexander iii , further encouraged henry to advance the integration of the irish church with rome . henry was authorised to impose a ti ##the of one penny per hearth as an annual contribution . this church levy , called peter ' s pen ##ce , is extant in ireland as a voluntary donation . in turn , henry accepted the title of lord of ireland which henry conferred on his younger son , john lack ##land , in 118 ##5 . this defined the
| 418 |
[
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",",
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] | 3,548 |
irish state as the lordship of ireland . when henry ' s successor died unexpectedly in 119 ##9 , john inherited the crown of england and retained the lordship of ireland . over the century that followed , norman feudal law gradually replaced the gaelic br ##eh ##on law so that by the late 13th century the norman @ - @ irish had established a feudal system throughout much of ireland . norman settlements were characterised by the establishment of baron ##ies , manor ##s , towns and the seeds of the modern county system . a version of the magna cart ##a ( the great charter of ireland ) , sub ##stituting dublin for london and irish church for church of england , was published
| 429 |
[
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"english",
",",
"follow",
"english",
"customs",
"and",
"ab",
"##ide",
"by"
] | 3,549 |
in 121 ##6 and the parliament of ireland was founded in 129 ##7 . from the mid @ - @ 14th century , after the black death , norman settlements in ireland went into a period of decline . the norman rulers and the gaelic irish elites inter ##mar ##ried and the areas under norman rule became gaelic ##ised . in some parts , a hybrid hi ##ber ##no @ - @ norman culture emerged . in response , the irish parliament passed the statutes of kilkenny in 136 ##7 . these were a set of laws designed to prevent the assimilation of the norman ##s into irish society by requiring english subjects in ireland to speak english , follow english customs and ab ##ide by
| 429 |
[
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"law",
".",
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"central",
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"##4",
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"the",
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"parliament",
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"=",
"=",
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"the",
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"of",
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"##2",
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"viii",
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"then",
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"of",
"england",
",",
"of",
"the",
"tudor",
"dynasty",
".",
"english"
] | 3,550 |
english law . by the end of the 15th century central english authority in ireland had all but disappeared and a renewed irish culture and language , albeit with norman influences , was dominant again . english crown control remained relatively un ##sha ##ken in an amor ##ph ##ous foot ##hold around dublin known as the pale , and under the provisions of po ##yn ##ings ' law of 149 ##4 , the irish parliamentary legislation was subject to the approval of the english parliament . = = = the kingdom of ireland = = = the title of king of ireland was re @ - @ created in 154 ##2 by henry viii , then king of england , of the tudor dynasty . english
| 483 |
[
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".",
"a",
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"complete",
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"by",
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".",
"this",
"control",
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"during",
"the",
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"and",
"conflicts",
"of",
"the",
"17th",
"century",
",",
"which",
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"and",
"scottish",
"colon",
"##isation",
"in",
"the",
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"of",
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",",
"the",
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"of",
"the",
"three",
"kingdoms",
"and",
"the",
"william",
"##ite",
"war",
".",
"irish",
"losses",
"during",
"the",
"wars",
"of",
"the",
"three",
"kingdoms",
"(",
"which",
",",
"in",
"ireland",
",",
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"the",
"irish",
"confederacy",
"and",
"the",
"cromwell",
"##ian",
"conquest",
"of",
"ireland",
")",
"are",
"estimated",
"to",
"include",
"20",
"@"
] | 3,551 |
rule of law was reinforced and expanded in ireland during the latter part of the 16th century , leading to the tudor conquest of ireland . a near complete conquest was achieved by the turn of the 17th century , following the nine years ' war and the flight of the earls . this control was further consolidated during the wars and conflicts of the 17th century , which witnessed english and scottish colon ##isation in the plantations of ireland , the wars of the three kingdoms and the william ##ite war . irish losses during the wars of the three kingdoms ( which , in ireland , included the irish confederacy and the cromwell ##ian conquest of ireland ) are estimated to include 20 @
| 429 |
[
",",
"@",
"000",
"battlefield",
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".",
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"@",
",",
"@",
"000",
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"@",
"000",
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"into",
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"ser",
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"##tu",
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"the",
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".",
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"as",
"half",
"of",
"the",
"pre",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"war",
"population",
"of",
"ireland",
"may",
"have",
"died",
"as",
"a",
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"of",
"the",
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"the",
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"struggles",
"of",
"the",
"17th",
"century",
"left",
"a",
"deep",
"sect",
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"division",
"in",
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".",
"religious",
"allegiance",
"now",
"determined",
"the",
"perception",
"in",
"law",
"of",
"loyalty",
"to",
"the",
"irish",
"king"
] | 3,552 |
, @ 000 battlefield casualties . 200 @ , @ 000 civilians are estimated to have died as a result of a combination of war @ - @ related famine , displacement , guerrilla activity and pest ##ile ##nce over the duration of the war . a further 50 @ , @ 000 were sent into ind ##ent ##ured ser ##vi ##tu ##de in the west indies . some historians estimate that as much as half of the pre @ - @ war population of ireland may have died as a result of the conflict . the religious struggles of the 17th century left a deep sect ##arian division in ireland . religious allegiance now determined the perception in law of loyalty to the irish king
| 304 |
[
"and",
"parliament",
".",
"after",
"the",
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"of",
"the",
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"1672",
",",
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"the",
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"of",
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"and",
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"the",
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"##s",
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"roman",
"catholics",
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"even",
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".",
"additional",
"reg",
"##ress",
"##ive",
"pun",
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"legislation",
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"1703",
",",
"1709",
"and",
"1728",
".",
"this",
"completed",
"a",
"comprehensive",
"systemic",
"effort",
"to",
"material",
"##ly",
"disadvantage",
"roman",
"catholics",
"and",
"protestant",
"dissent",
"##ers",
",",
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"en",
"##rich",
"##ing",
"a",
"new",
"ruling",
"class",
"of",
"anglican",
"conform",
"##ists"
] | 3,553 |
and parliament . after the passing of the test act 1672 , and with the victory of the forces of the dual monarchy of william and mary over the jacobite ##s , roman catholics and non ##con ##form ##ing protestant dissent ##ers were barred from sitting as members in the irish parliament . under the emerging penal laws , irish roman catholics and dissent ##ers were increasingly deprived of various and sun ##dry civil rights even to the ownership of hereditary property . additional reg ##ress ##ive pun ##itive legislation followed 1703 , 1709 and 1728 . this completed a comprehensive systemic effort to material ##ly disadvantage roman catholics and protestant dissent ##ers , while en ##rich ##ing a new ruling class of anglican conform ##ists
| 483 |
[
".",
"the",
"new",
"anglo",
"@",
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"class",
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".",
"an",
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"between",
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"and",
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",",
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".",
"the",
"winters",
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"crops",
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"potatoes",
"and",
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"and",
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".",
"this",
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".",
"an",
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",",
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".",
"the",
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"and",
"kept",
"the",
"army",
"in",
"quarters",
"but",
"did",
"little",
"more",
".",
"local",
"gentry"
] | 3,554 |
. the new anglo @ - @ irish ruling class became known as the protestant as ##cend ##ancy . an extraordinary climatic shock known as the " great frost " struck ireland and the rest of europe between december 1739 and september 1741 , after a decade of relatively mild winters . the winters destroyed stored crops of potatoes and other staples and the poor summers severely damaged harvest ##s . this resulted in the famine of 1740 . an estimated 250 @ , @ 000 people ( about one in eight of the population ) died from the ensuing pest ##ile ##nce and disease . the irish government halted export of corn and kept the army in quarters but did little more . local gentry
| 77 |
[
"and",
"charitable",
"organisations",
"provided",
"relief",
"but",
"could",
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"to",
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".",
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"an",
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"149",
"##5",
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"the",
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",",
"however",
",",
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"=",
"=",
"=",
"in",
"1798",
",",
"members",
"of",
"the"
] | 3,555 |
and charitable organisations provided relief but could do little to prevent the ensuing mortality . in the aftermath of the famine , an increase in industrial production and a surge in trade brought a succession of construction boom ##s . the population soared in the latter part of this century and the architectural legacy of georgian ireland was built . in 1782 , po ##yn ##ings ' law was repealed , giving ireland legislative independence from great britain for the first time since 149 ##5 . the british government , however , still retained the right to nominate the government of ireland without the consent of the irish parliament . = = = union with great britain = = = in 1798 , members of the
| 483 |
[
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"##ities",
",",
"having",
"failed",
"on",
"the",
"first",
"attempt",
"in",
"1799"
] | 3,556 |
protestant dissent ##er tradition ( mainly presbyterian ) made common cause with roman catholics in a republican rebellion inspired and led by the society of united irish ##men , with the aim of creating an independent ireland . despite assistance from france the rebellion was put down by british and irish government and yeomanry forces . in 1800 , the british and irish parliament ##s both passed acts of union that , with effect from 1 january 1801 , merged the kingdom of ireland and the kingdom of great britain to create a united kingdom of great britain and ireland . the passage of the act in the irish parliament was ultimately achieved with substantial major ##ities , having failed on the first attempt in 1799
| 483 |
[
".",
"according",
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",",
"this",
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",",
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"because",
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"the",
"impact",
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"union",
"with",
"the",
"structurally",
"superior",
"economy",
"of",
"england",
",",
"which"
] | 3,557 |
. according to contemporary documents and historical analysis , this was achieved through a considerable degree of bribery , with funding provided by the british secret service office , and the awarding of peerage ##s , places and honours to secure votes . thus , the parliament in ireland was abolished and replaced by a united parliament at westminster in london , though resistance remained , as evidenced by robert em ##met ' s failed irish rebellion of 1803 . aside from the development of the linen industry , ireland was largely passed over by the industrial revolution , partly because it lacked coal and iron resources and partly because of the impact of the sudden union with the structurally superior economy of england , which
| 484 |
[
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".",
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".",
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"that",
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"century",
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".",
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"en",
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"##nched",
"and",
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"to",
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"-",
"@",
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"@",
".",
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"the",
"1841",
"census",
".",
"the",
"population",
"has",
"never",
"returned",
"to",
"this"
] | 3,558 |
saw ireland as a source of agricultural produce and capital . the great famine of the 1840s caused the deaths of one million irish people and over a million more emigrated to escape it . by the end of the decade , half of all immigration to the united states was from ireland . the period of civil unrest that followed until the end of the 19th century is referred to as the land war . mass emigration became deeply en ##tre ##nched and the population continued to decline until the mid @ - @ 20th century . immediately prior to the famine the population was recorded as 8 @ . @ 2 million by the 1841 census . the population has never returned to this
| 341 |
[
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".",
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"@"
] | 3,559 |
level since . the population continued to fall until 1961 and it was not until the 2006 census that the last county of ireland ( county lei ##tri ##m ) to record a rise in population since 1841 did so . the 19th and early 20th centuries saw the rise of modern irish nationalism , primarily among the roman catholic population . the pre @ - @ eminent irish political figure after the union was daniel o ' connell . he was elected as member of parliament for en ##nis in a surprise result and despite being unable to take his seat as a roman catholic . o ' connell spearheaded a vigorous campaign that was taken up by the prime minister , the irish @
| 483 |
[
"-",
"@",
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",",
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"george",
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"within",
"the"
] | 3,560 |
- @ born soldier and statesman , the duke of wellington . steering the catholic relief bill through parliament , aided by future prime minister robert peel , wellington prevailed upon a reluctant george iv to sign the bill and pro ##claim it into law . george ' s father had opposed the plan of the earlier prime minister , pitt the younger , to introduce such a bill following the union of 1801 , fearing catholic emancipation to be in conflict with the act of settlement 1701 . daniel o ' connell led a subsequent campaign , for the repeal of the act of union , which failed . later in the century , charles stewart par ##nell and others campaigned for autonomy within the
| 483 |
[
"union",
",",
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"\"",
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"six",
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"of",
"ulster",
"that",
"would",
"become",
"northern",
"ireland"
] | 3,561 |
union , or " home rule " . unionist ##s , especially those located in ulster , were strongly opposed to home rule , which they thought would be dominated by catholic interests . after several attempts to pass a home rule bill through parliament , it looked certain that one would finally pass in 1914 . to prevent this from happening , the ulster volunteers were formed in 1913 under the leadership of edward carson . their formation was followed in 1914 by the establishment of the irish volunteers , whose aim was to ensure that the home rule bill was passed . the act was passed but with the " temporary " exclusion of the six counties of ulster that would become northern ireland
| 483 |
[
".",
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",",
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"the",
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",",
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"175",
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".",
"a",
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",",
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"s",
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"the",
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"the",
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",",
"executing",
"fifteen",
"leaders",
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"the",
"rising",
"over",
"a",
"period",
"of",
"ten"
] | 3,562 |
. before it could be implemented , however , the act was suspended for the duration of the first world war . the irish volunteers split into two groups . the majority , approximately 175 @ , @ 000 in number , under john red ##mond , took the name national volunteers and supported irish involvement in the war . a minority , approximately 13 @ , @ 000 , retained the irish volunteers ' name , and opposed ireland ' s involvement in the war . the easter rising of 1916 was carried out by the latter group together with a smaller socialist militia , the irish citizen army . the british response , executing fifteen leaders of the rising over a period of ten
| 235 |
[
"days",
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"support",
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",",
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",",
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"a",
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"-",
"@",
"year",
"guerrilla",
"war",
",",
"which",
"ended",
"in",
"a",
"truce",
"in",
"july",
"1921"
] | 3,563 |
days and imp ##ris ##oning or intern ##ing more than a thousand people , turned the mood of the country in favour of the rebels . support for irish republican ##ism increased further due to the ongoing war in europe , as well as the conscription crisis of 1918 . the pro @ - @ independence republican party , sinn fein , received overwhelming endorsement in the general election of 1918 , and in 1919 proclaimed an irish republic , setting up its own parliament ( dail eireann ) and government . simultaneously the volunteers , which became known as the irish republican army ( ira ) , launched a three @ - @ year guerrilla war , which ended in a truce in july 1921
| 489 |
[
"(",
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"1922",
",",
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",",
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",",
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"free",
"state",
"and",
"those",
"opposed",
"to",
"the",
"treaty"
] | 3,564 |
( although violence continued until june 1922 , mostly in northern ireland ) . in december 1921 , the anglo @ - @ irish treaty was concluded between the british government and representatives of the second dail . it gave ireland complete independence in its home affairs and practical independence for foreign policy , but an opt @ - @ out clause allowed northern ireland to remain within the united kingdom , which it immediately exercised as expected . additionally , an oath of allegiance to the king was to be taken . disagreements over these provisions led to a split in the nationalist movement and a subsequent irish civil war between the new government of the irish free state and those opposed to the treaty
| 473 |
[
",",
"led",
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"##ra",
".",
"the",
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",",
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".",
"when",
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"he",
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"in",
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"the",
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"in",
"1937",
"a",
"new",
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".",
"this",
"completed",
"a",
"process",
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"the",
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"that",
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"since",
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".",
"however",
",",
"it",
"was",
"not",
"until",
"1949",
"that",
"the",
"state"
] | 3,565 |
, led by ea ##mon de vale ##ra . the civil war officially ended in may 1923 when de vale ##ra issued a cease @ - @ fire order . during its first decade , the newly formed irish free state was governed by the victor ##s of the civil war . when de vale ##ra achieved power , he took advantage of the statute of westminster and political circumstances to build upon in ##ro ##ads to greater sovereignty made by the previous government . the oath was abolished and in 1937 a new constitution was adopted . this completed a process of gradual separation from the british empire that governments had pursued since independence . however , it was not until 1949 that the state
| 460 |
[
"was",
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",",
"officially",
",",
"to",
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"the",
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".",
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"the",
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".",
"german",
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"operations",
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",",
"counter",
"##int",
"##elli",
"##gence",
"was",
"a",
"fundamental",
"line",
"of"
] | 3,566 |
was declared , officially , to be the republic of ireland . the state was neutral during world war ii , but offered clandestine assistance to the allies , particularly in the potential defence of northern ireland . despite their country ' s neutrality , approximately 50 @ , @ 000 volunteers from independent ireland joined the british forces during the war , four being awarded victoria crosses . the ab ##wehr was also active in ireland . german intelligence operations effectively ended in september 1941 when police made arrests on the basis of surveillance carried out on the key diplomatic leg ##ations in dublin , including that of the united states . to the authorities , counter ##int ##elli ##gence was a fundamental line of
| 233 |
[
"defence",
".",
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"of",
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",",
"and",
"with",
"limited",
"supplies",
"of",
"modern",
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",",
"the",
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".",
"large",
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"-",
"@",
"wwii",
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"(",
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",",
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",",
"and",
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".",
"this",
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".",
"the",
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"'",
"s",
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"by",
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"@",
".",
"@",
"6",
"%",
"per",
"annum",
"between",
"1995",
"and",
"1999",
","
] | 3,567 |
defence . with a regular army of only slightly over seven thousand men at the start of the war , and with limited supplies of modern weapons , the state would have had great difficulty in defending itself from invasion from either side in the conflict . large @ - @ scale emigration marked most of the post @ - @ wwii period ( particularly during the 1950s and 1980s ) , but beginning in 1987 the economy improved , and the 1990s saw the beginning of substantial economic growth . this period of growth became known as the celtic tiger . the republic ' s real gdp grew by an average of 9 @ . @ 6 % per annum between 1995 and 1999 ,
| 342 |
[
"in",
"which",
"year",
"the",
"republic",
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"the",
"euro",
".",
"in",
"2000",
",",
"it",
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".",
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",",
"most",
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"the",
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".",
"gdp",
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"%",
"in",
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"and",
"by",
"7",
"@",
".",
"@",
"1",
"%",
"in",
"2009",
",",
"the",
"worst",
"year",
"since",
"records",
"began",
"(",
"although",
"earnings",
"by",
"foreign",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"owned",
"businesses",
"continued",
"to",
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".",
"the",
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"deep",
"recession",
",",
"with",
"unemployment",
",",
"which",
"doubled",
"during",
"2009",
",",
"remaining",
"above",
"14",
"%",
"in",
"2012"
] | 3,568 |
in which year the republic joined the euro . in 2000 , it was the sixth @ - @ richest country in the world in terms of gdp per capita . social changes also occurred in this time , most markedly with the decline in authority of the catholic church . the financial crisis that began in 2008 dramatically ended this period of boom . gdp fell by 3 % in 2008 and by 7 @ . @ 1 % in 2009 , the worst year since records began ( although earnings by foreign @ - @ owned businesses continued to grow ) . the state has since experienced deep recession , with unemployment , which doubled during 2009 , remaining above 14 % in 2012
| 333 |
[
".",
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] | 3,569 |
. northern ireland was created as a division of the united kingdom by the government of ireland act 1920 and until 1972 it was a self @ - @ governing jurisdiction within the united kingdom with its own parliament and prime minister . northern ireland , as part of the united kingdom , was not neutral during the second world war and belfast suffered four bombing raids in 1941 . conscription was not extended to northern ireland and roughly an equal number volunteered from northern ireland as volunteered from the south . one , james joseph mage ##nnis , received the victoria cross for val ##our . although northern ireland was largely spared the strife of the civil war , in decades that followed partition there
| 18 |
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] | 3,570 |
were sporadic episodes of inter @ - @ communal violence . nationalists , mainly roman catholic , wanted to unite ireland as an independent republic , whereas unionist ##s , mainly protestant , wanted northern ireland to remain in the united kingdom . the protestant and catholic communities in northern ireland voted largely along sect ##arian lines , meaning that the government of northern ireland ( elected by " first @ - @ past @ - @ the @ - @ post " from 1929 ) was controlled by the ulster unionist party . over time , the minority catholic community felt increasingly alien ##ated with further di ##sa ##ffe ##ction fuel ##led by practices such as gerry ##man ##der ##ing and discrimination in housing and
| 427 |
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] | 3,571 |
employment . in the late 1960s , nationalist gr ##ie ##vances were aired publicly in mass civil rights protests , which were often confronted by loyalist counter @ - @ protests . the government ' s reaction to confrontation ##s was seen to be one @ - @ sided and heavy @ - @ handed in favour of unionist ##s . law and order broke down as unrest and inter @ - @ communal violence increased . the northern ireland government requested the british army to aid the police , who were exhausted after several nights of serious riot ##ing . in 1969 , the paramilitary provisional ira , which favoured the creation of a united ireland , emerged from a split in the irish republican
| 453 |
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] | 3,572 |
army and began a campaign against what it called the " british occupation of the six counties " . other groups , on both the unionist side and the nationalist side , participated in violence and a period known as the troubles began . over 3 @ , @ 600 deaths resulted over the subsequent three decades of conflict . owing to the civil unrest during the troubles , the british government suspended home rule in 1972 and imposed direct rule . there were several unsuccessful attempts to end the troubles politically , such as the sunni ##ng ##dale agreement of 1973 . in 1998 , following a ceasefire by the provisional ira and multi @ - @ party talks , the good friday agreement was
| 315 |
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] | 3,573 |
concluded as a treaty between the british and irish governments , annex ##ing the text agreed in the multi @ - @ party talks . the substance of the agreement ( formally referred to as the belfast agreement ) was later endorsed by referendum ##s in both parts of ireland . the agreement restored self @ - @ government to northern ireland on the basis of power @ - @ sharing in a regional executive drawn from the major parties in a new northern ireland assembly , with en ##tre ##nched protections for the two main communities . the executive is jointly headed by a first minister and deputy first minister drawn from the unionist and nationalist parties . violence had decreased greatly after the provisional
| 468 |
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] | 3,574 |
ira and loyalist ceasefire ##s in 1994 and in 2005 the provisional ira announced the end of its armed campaign and an independent commission supervised its di ##sar ##mament and that of other nationalist and unionist paramilitary organisations . the assembly and power @ - @ sharing executive were suspended several times but were restored again in 2007 . in that year the british government officially ended its military support of the police in northern ireland ( operation banner ) and began withdrawing troops . on 27 june 2012 , northern ireland ' s deputy first minister and former ira commander , martin mc ##gui ##nne ##ss , shook hands with queen elizabeth ii in belfast , symbol ##ising reconciliation between the two sides . politically
| 448 |
[
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] | 3,575 |
, the island is divided between the republic of ireland , an independent state , and northern ireland ( a constituent country of the united kingdom ) . they share an open border and both are part of the common travel area . both the republic of ireland and the united kingdom are members of the european union , and as a consequence there is free movement of people , goods , services and capital across the border . = = = republic of ireland = = = the republic of ireland is a parliamentary democracy based on the british model , with a written constitution and a popularly elected president who has mostly ceremonial powers . the government is headed by a prime minister ,
| 469 |
[
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] | 3,576 |
the tao ##ise ##ach , who is appointed by the president on the nomination of the lower house of parliament , the dail . members of the government are chosen from both the dail and the upper house of parliament , the sean ##ad . its capital is dublin . the republic today ranks amongst the wealthiest countries in the world in terms of gdp per capita and in 2012 was ranked the seventh most developed nation in the world by the united nations ' human development index . a period of rapid economic expansion from 1995 onwards became known as the celtic tiger period , was brought to an end in 2008 with an unprecedented financial crisis and an economic depression in 2009 . =
| 483 |
[
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] | 3,577 |
= = northern ireland = = = northern ireland is a part of the united kingdom with a local executive and assembly which exercise dev ##olved powers . the executive is jointly headed by the first and deputy @ - @ first minister , with the ministries being allocated in proportion with each party ' s representation in the assembly . its capital is belfast . ultimately political power is held by the uk government , from which northern ireland has gone through intermittent periods of direct rule during which dev ##olved powers have been suspended . northern ireland elects 18 of the uk house of commons ' 650 mps . the northern ireland secretary is a cabinet @ - @ level post in the british
| 448 |
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] | 3,578 |
government . along with england , wales and scotland , northern ireland forms one of the three separate legal jurisdictions of the uk , all of which share the supreme court of the united kingdom as their court of final appeal . = = = all @ - @ island institutions = = = as part of the good friday agreement , the british and irish governments agreed on the creation of all @ - @ island institutions and areas of cooperation . the north / south ministerial council is an institution through which ministers from the government of ireland and the northern ireland executive agree all @ - @ island policies . at least six of these policy areas must have an associated all @
| 466 |
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- @ island " implementation bodies " and at least six others must be implemented separately in each jurisdiction . the implementation bodies are : waterways ireland , the food safety promotion board , inter ##tra ##de ##ire ##land , the special european union programmes body , the north / south language body and the f ##oy ##le , carl ##ing ##ford and irish lights commission . the british – irish inter ##go ##vern ##mental conference provides for co @ - @ operation between the government of ireland and the government of the united kingdom on all matter of mutual interest , especially northern ireland . in light of the republic ' s particular interest in the governance of northern ireland , " regular and frequent
| 259 |
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" meetings co @ - @ chaired by the roi minister for foreign affairs and the uk secretary of state for northern ireland , dealing with non @ - @ dev ##olved matters to do with northern ireland and non @ - @ dev ##olved all @ - @ ireland issues , are required to take place under the establishing treaty . the north / south inter @ - @ parliamentary association is a joint parliamentary forum for the island of ireland . it has no formal powers but operates as a forum for discussing matters of common concern between the respective legislatures . despite the two jurisdictions using two distinct cu ##rre ##ncies ( the euro and pound sterling ) , a growing amount of
| 473 |
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commercial activity is carried out on an all @ - @ ireland basis . this has been facilitated by the two jurisdictions ' shared membership of the european union , and there have been calls from members of the business community and policy ##makers for the creation of an " all @ - @ ireland economy " to take advantage of economies of scale and boost competitive ##ness . there are two multi @ - @ city regions on the island of ireland : cork @ - @ limerick @ - @ galway corridor - 1 m below is a comparison of the regional gdp on the island of ireland . the bmw region of the republic of ireland ( consisting of connacht , counties lao
| 329 |
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##is , off ##aly , west ##me ##ath , long ##ford , donegal , mona ##ghan , ca ##van , lou ##th ) the s & e region of the republic of ireland ( consisting of munster , counties dublin , wi ##ck ##low , meath , kildare , kilkenny , carlo ##w , wexford ) . ireland has an ancient industry based on peat ( known locally as " turf " ) as a source of energy for home fires . a form of biomass energy , this source of heat is still widely used in rural areas . however , due to the ecological importance of peat ##lands in storing carbon and their ra ##rity , the eu is attempting to protect this habitat
| 576 |
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] | 3,583 |
by fin ##ing ireland if they are dug up . in cities , heat is generally supplied by heating oil , although some urban suppliers distribute " so ##ds of turf " as " smoke ##less fuel " . an area in which the island operates as a single market is electricity . for much of their existence electricity networks in the republic of ireland and northern ireland were entirely separate . both networks were designed and constructed independently post partition . however , as a result of changes over recent years they are now connected with three inter ##link ##s and also connected through great britain to mainland europe . the situation in northern ireland is complicated by the issue of private companies not supplying
| 347 |
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] | 3,584 |
northern ireland electricity ( ni ##e ) with enough power . in the republic of ireland , the es ##b has failed to modern ##ise its power stations and the availability of power plants has recently averaged only 66 % , one of the worst such rates in western europe . e ##ir ##gr ##id is building a h ##vd ##c transmission line between ireland and great britain with a capacity of 500 mw , about 10 % of ireland ' s peak demand . as with electricity , the natural gas distribution network is also now all @ - @ island , with a pipeline linking gorman ##ston , county meath , and ball ##y ##cl ##are , county antrim completed in 2007 . most
| 332 |
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] | 3,585 |
of ireland ' s gas comes through inter ##con ##ne ##ctors between t ##wyn ##holm in scotland and ball ##yl ##um ##ford , county antrim and lough ##shin ##ny , county dublin . a decreasing supply is coming from the kin ##sal ##e gas field off the county cork coast and the co ##rri ##b gas field off the coast of county mayo has yet to come on @ - @ line . the county mayo field is facing some local ##ised opposition over a controversial decision to ref ##ine the gas on ##shore . the republic of ireland has shown a strong commitment to renewable energy , ranking as one of the top 10 markets for clean ##tech investment in the 2014 global green economy
| 576 |
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] | 3,586 |
index . research and development in ireland in renewable energy such as wind power has increased since 2004 . large wind farms are being constructed in coastal counties such as cork , donegal , mayo and antrim . the construction of wind farms has in some cases been delayed by opposition from local communities , some of whom overall consider the wind turbines to be un ##sight ##ly . the republic of ireland is also hind ##ered by an age ##ing network that was not designed to handle the varying availability of power that comes from wind farms . the es ##b ' s tu ##rl ##ough hill facility is the only power @ - @ storage facility in the state . = = geography =
| 328 |
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] | 3,587 |
= the island of ireland is located in the north @ - @ west of europe , between latitude ##s 51 ° and 56 ° n , and longitude ##s 11 ° and 5 ° w . it is separated from the neighbouring island of great britain by the irish sea and the north channel , which has a width of 23 kilometres ( 14 mi ) at its narrow ##est point . to the west is the northern atlantic ocean and to the south is the celtic sea , which lies between ireland and brittany , in france . ireland has a total area of 84 @ , @ 421 km ##2 ( 32 @ , @ 59 ##5 sq mi ) . ireland and
| 154 |
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] | 3,588 |
great britain , together with many nearby smaller islands , are known collectively as the british isles . as the term british isles is controversial in relation to ireland , the alternate term britain and ireland is often used as a neutral term for the islands . a ring of coastal mountains surround low plains at the centre of the island . the highest of these is carr ##au ##nto ##oh ##il ( irish : co ##rran tu ##ath ##ail ) in county kerry , which rises to 1 @ , @ 03 ##8 m ( 3 @ , @ 406 ft ) above sea level . the most arab ##le land lies in the province of leinster . western areas can be mountainous and rocky
| 154 |
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"##ri",
"##quet",
"the",
"emerald",
"isle",
".",
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"ireland",
"has",
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"but",
"change",
"##able",
"oceanic",
"climate",
"with",
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".",
"the",
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"the",
"world",
"at",
"similar",
"latitude",
"##s",
".",
"this",
"is",
"a",
"result"
] | 3,589 |
with green pan ##ora ##mic vista ##s . the river shannon , the island ' s longest river at 38 ##6 km ( 240 mi ) long , rises in county ca ##van in the north west and flows 113 kilometres ( 70 mi ) to limerick city in the mid west . the island ' s lush vegetation , a product of its mild climate and frequent rainfall , earn ##s it the sob ##ri ##quet the emerald isle . overall , ireland has a mild but change ##able oceanic climate with few extremes . the climate is typically ins ##ular and is temperate avoiding the extremes in temperature of many other areas in the world at similar latitude ##s . this is a result
| 524 |
[
"of",
"the",
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",",
"particularly",
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".",
"these",
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"the",
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".",
"munster",
",",
"in",
"the",
"south",
",",
"records",
"the"
] | 3,590 |
of the mode ##rating moist winds which or ##dina ##rily pre ##va ##il from the south @ - @ western atlantic . precipitation falls throughout the year but is light overall , particularly in the east . the west tends to be wet ##ter on average and prone to atlantic storms , especially in the late autumn and winter months . these occasionally bring destructive winds and higher total rainfall to these areas , as well as sometimes snow and hail . the regions of north county galway and east county mayo have the highest incidents of recorded lightning annually for the island , with lightning occurring approximately five to ten days per year in these areas . munster , in the south , records the
| 524 |
[
"least",
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"records",
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"most",
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",",
"2003",
",",
"2006",
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".",
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",",
"ireland",
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"winter",
"of",
"2009",
"/",
"10",
".",
"temperatures",
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"as",
"low",
"as",
"−",
"17",
"@",
".",
"@",
"2",
"°",
"c",
"(",
"1",
"°",
"f",
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"mayo",
"on",
"20",
"december",
"and",
"up",
"to",
"a",
"metre",
"(",
"3"
] | 3,591 |
least snow whereas ulster , in the north , records the most . inland areas are warmer in summer and colder in winter . usually around 40 days of the year are below freezing 0 ° c ( 32 ° f ) at inland weather stations , compared to 10 days at coastal stations . ireland is sometimes affected by heat waves , most recently in 1995 , 2003 , 2006 and 2013 . in common with the rest of europe , ireland experienced unusually cold weather during the winter of 2009 / 10 . temperatures fell as low as − 17 @ . @ 2 ° c ( 1 ° f ) in county mayo on 20 december and up to a metre ( 3
| 524 |
[
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"##do",
"##vic",
"##ian",
"and",
"si",
"##lu",
"##rian",
"rocks",
",",
"with",
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"to",
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"southern",
"upland",
"##s",
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"of",
"scotland",
".",
"further",
"south",
",",
"along",
"the",
"county",
"wexford",
"coastline",
",",
"is",
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"area",
"of",
"granite",
"int",
"##rus",
"##ives",
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"##do",
"##vic",
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"and",
"si",
"##lu",
"##rian",
"rocks",
",",
"like",
"that",
"found",
"in",
"wales"
] | 3,592 |
ft ) of snow fell in mountainous areas . the island consists of varied geological provinces . in the far west , around county galway and county donegal , is a medium to high grade meta ##morphic and ign ##eous complex of cale ##don ##ide affinity , similar to the scottish highlands . across southeast ulster and extending southwest to long ##ford and south to na ##van is a province of or ##do ##vic ##ian and si ##lu ##rian rocks , with similarities to the southern upland ##s province of scotland . further south , along the county wexford coastline , is an area of granite int ##rus ##ives into more or ##do ##vic ##ian and si ##lu ##rian rocks , like that found in wales
| 141 |
[
".",
"in",
"the",
"southwest",
",",
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"ban",
"##try",
"bay",
"and",
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"mountains",
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"##gill",
"##ic",
"##ud",
"##dy",
"'",
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"##s",
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",",
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"-",
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"\"",
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"a",
"blanket",
"of",
"carbon",
"##iferous",
"limestone",
"over",
"the",
"centre",
"of",
"the",
"country",
",",
"giving",
"rise",
"to",
"a",
"comparatively",
"fertile",
"and",
"lush",
"landscape",
".",
"the",
"west",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"coast",
"district",
"of",
"the",
"burr",
"##en",
"around",
"li",
"##sd",
"##oon",
"##var",
"##na",
"has",
"well",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"developed",
"ka",
"##rst",
"features",
".",
"significant",
"st",
"##rat",
"##iform",
"lead",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"zinc",
"mineral",
"##isation",
"is",
"found",
"in"
] | 3,593 |
. in the southwest , around ban ##try bay and the mountains of mac ##gill ##ic ##ud ##dy ' s re ##ek ##s , is an area of substantially def ##or ##med , but only lightly meta ##mo ##rp ##hos ##ed , devon ##ian @ - @ aged rocks . this partial ring of " hard rock " geology is covered by a blanket of carbon ##iferous limestone over the centre of the country , giving rise to a comparatively fertile and lush landscape . the west @ - @ coast district of the burr ##en around li ##sd ##oon ##var ##na has well @ - @ developed ka ##rst features . significant st ##rat ##iform lead @ - @ zinc mineral ##isation is found in
| 520 |
[
"the",
"limestone",
"##s",
"around",
"silver",
"##mine",
"##s",
"and",
"ty",
"##na",
"##gh",
".",
"hydro",
"##carbon",
"exploration",
"is",
"ongoing",
"following",
"the",
"first",
"major",
"find",
"at",
"the",
"kin",
"##sal",
"##e",
"head",
"gas",
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"@",
"-",
"@",
"1970s",
".",
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"1999",
",",
"economically",
"significant",
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"in",
"the",
"co",
"##rri",
"##b",
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"field",
"off",
"the",
"county",
"mayo",
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".",
"this",
"has",
"increased",
"activity",
"off",
"the",
"west",
"coast",
"in",
"parallel",
"with",
"the",
"\"",
"west",
"of",
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"\"",
"step",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"out",
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"from",
"the",
"north",
"sea",
"hydro",
"##carbon",
"province",
".",
"the",
"he",
"##l",
"##vic",
"##k",
"oil",
"field",
",",
"estimated",
"to",
"contain",
"over",
"28",
"million",
"barrels",
"(",
"4",
"@",
",",
"@",
"500",
"@",
",",
"@",
"000",
"m3",
")",
"of",
"oil",
",",
"is"
] | 3,594 |
the limestone ##s around silver ##mine ##s and ty ##na ##gh . hydro ##carbon exploration is ongoing following the first major find at the kin ##sal ##e head gas field off cork in the mid @ - @ 1970s . in 1999 , economically significant finds of natural gas were made in the co ##rri ##b gas field off the county mayo coast . this has increased activity off the west coast in parallel with the " west of shetland " step @ - @ out development from the north sea hydro ##carbon province . the he ##l ##vic ##k oil field , estimated to contain over 28 million barrels ( 4 @ , @ 500 @ , @ 000 m3 ) of oil , is
| 571 |
[
"another",
"recent",
"discovery",
".",
"landscapes",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"places",
"of",
"interest",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"there",
"are",
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"the",
"island",
":",
"the",
"br",
"##u",
"na",
"bo",
"##inn",
"##e",
",",
"sk",
"##elli",
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"michael",
"and",
"the",
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"'",
"s",
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".",
"a",
"number",
"of",
"other",
"places",
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"list",
",",
"for",
"example",
"the",
"burr",
"##en",
",",
"the",
"ce",
"##ide",
"fields",
"and",
"mount",
"stewart",
".",
"some",
"of",
"the",
"most",
"visited",
"sites",
"in",
"ireland",
"include",
"bun",
"##rat",
"##ty",
"castle",
",",
"the",
"rock",
"of",
"cash",
"##el",
",",
"the",
"cliffs",
"of",
"mo",
"##her",
",",
"holy",
"cross",
"abbey",
"and",
"b",
"##lar",
"##ney",
"castle",
".",
"historically",
"important",
"monastic",
"sites",
"include",
"glen",
"##dal",
"##ough",
"and",
"cl",
"##on",
"##mac",
"##no",
"##ise",
",",
"which",
"are",
"maintained",
"as",
"national",
"monuments",
"in",
"the"
] | 3,595 |
another recent discovery . landscapes = = = places of interest = = = there are three world heritage sites on the island : the br ##u na bo ##inn ##e , sk ##elli ##g michael and the giant ' s causeway . a number of other places are on the tentative list , for example the burr ##en , the ce ##ide fields and mount stewart . some of the most visited sites in ireland include bun ##rat ##ty castle , the rock of cash ##el , the cliffs of mo ##her , holy cross abbey and b ##lar ##ney castle . historically important monastic sites include glen ##dal ##ough and cl ##on ##mac ##no ##ise , which are maintained as national monuments in the
| 588 |
[
"republic",
"of",
"ireland",
".",
"dublin",
"is",
"the",
"most",
"heavily",
"tourist",
"##ed",
"region",
"and",
"home",
"to",
"several",
"of",
"the",
"most",
"popular",
"attractions",
"such",
"as",
"the",
"guinness",
"store",
"##house",
"and",
"book",
"of",
"ke",
"##lls",
".",
"the",
"west",
"and",
"south",
"west",
",",
"which",
"includes",
"the",
"lakes",
"of",
"kill",
"##arney",
"and",
"the",
"ding",
"##le",
"peninsula",
"in",
"county",
"kerry",
"and",
"con",
"##nem",
"##ara",
"and",
"the",
"ara",
"##n",
"islands",
"in",
"county",
"galway",
",",
"are",
"also",
"popular",
"tourist",
"destinations",
".",
"ac",
"##hill",
"island",
"lies",
"off",
"the",
"coast",
"of",
"county",
"mayo",
"and",
"is",
"ireland",
"'",
"s",
"largest",
"island",
".",
"it",
"is",
"a",
"popular",
"tourist",
"destination",
"for",
"surfing",
"and",
"contains",
"5",
"blue",
"flag",
"beaches",
"and",
"cr",
"##oa",
"##gh",
"##au",
"##n",
"one",
"of",
"the",
"worlds",
"highest",
"sea",
"cliffs",
".",
"state",
"##ly",
"homes",
",",
"built",
"during",
"the"
] | 3,596 |
republic of ireland . dublin is the most heavily tourist ##ed region and home to several of the most popular attractions such as the guinness store ##house and book of ke ##lls . the west and south west , which includes the lakes of kill ##arney and the ding ##le peninsula in county kerry and con ##nem ##ara and the ara ##n islands in county galway , are also popular tourist destinations . ac ##hill island lies off the coast of county mayo and is ireland ' s largest island . it is a popular tourist destination for surfing and contains 5 blue flag beaches and cr ##oa ##gh ##au ##n one of the worlds highest sea cliffs . state ##ly homes , built during the
| 220 |
[
"17th",
",",
"18th",
"and",
"19th",
"centuries",
"in",
"pal",
"##lad",
"##ian",
",",
"neoclassical",
"and",
"neo",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"gothic",
"styles",
",",
"such",
"as",
",",
"castle",
"ward",
",",
"castle",
"##town",
"house",
",",
"ban",
"##try",
"house",
",",
"glen",
"##ve",
"##agh",
"castle",
"are",
"also",
"of",
"interest",
"to",
"tourists",
".",
"some",
"have",
"been",
"converted",
"into",
"hotels",
",",
"such",
"as",
"ashford",
"castle",
",",
"castle",
"leslie",
"and",
"dr",
"##omo",
"##land",
"castle",
".",
"world",
"heritage",
"sites",
"because",
"ireland",
"became",
"isolated",
"from",
"mainland",
"europe",
"by",
"rising",
"sea",
"levels",
"before",
"the",
"last",
"ice",
"age",
"had",
"completely",
"finished",
",",
"it",
"has",
"fewer",
"land",
"animal",
"and",
"plant",
"species",
"than",
"great",
"britain",
",",
"which",
"separated",
"later",
",",
"or",
"mainland",
"europe",
".",
"there",
"are",
"55",
"mammal",
"species",
"in",
"ireland",
"and",
"of",
"them",
"only",
"26",
"land",
"mammal",
"species",
"are",
"considered",
"native"
] | 3,597 |
17th , 18th and 19th centuries in pal ##lad ##ian , neoclassical and neo @ - @ gothic styles , such as , castle ward , castle ##town house , ban ##try house , glen ##ve ##agh castle are also of interest to tourists . some have been converted into hotels , such as ashford castle , castle leslie and dr ##omo ##land castle . world heritage sites because ireland became isolated from mainland europe by rising sea levels before the last ice age had completely finished , it has fewer land animal and plant species than great britain , which separated later , or mainland europe . there are 55 mammal species in ireland and of them only 26 land mammal species are considered native
| 587 |
[
"to",
"ireland",
".",
"some",
"species",
",",
"such",
"as",
",",
"the",
"red",
"fox",
",",
"hedge",
"##hog",
"and",
"badger",
",",
"are",
"very",
"common",
",",
"whereas",
"others",
",",
"like",
"the",
"irish",
"hare",
",",
"red",
"deer",
"and",
"pine",
"mart",
"##en",
"are",
"less",
"so",
".",
"aquatic",
"wildlife",
",",
"such",
"as",
"species",
"of",
"sea",
"turtle",
",",
"shark",
",",
"seal",
",",
"whale",
",",
"and",
"dolphin",
",",
"are",
"common",
"off",
"the",
"coast",
".",
"about",
"400",
"species",
"of",
"birds",
"have",
"been",
"recorded",
"in",
"ireland",
".",
"many",
"of",
"these",
"are",
"migratory",
",",
"including",
"the",
"barn",
"swallow",
".",
"several",
"different",
"habitat",
"types",
"are",
"found",
"in",
"ireland",
",",
"including",
"farmland",
",",
"open",
"woodland",
",",
"temperate",
"broad",
"##leaf",
"and",
"mixed",
"forests",
",",
"con",
"##ifer",
"plantations",
",",
"peat",
"bog",
"##s",
"and",
"a",
"variety",
"of",
"coastal",
"habitats",
".",
"however",
",",
"agriculture"
] | 3,598 |
to ireland . some species , such as , the red fox , hedge ##hog and badger , are very common , whereas others , like the irish hare , red deer and pine mart ##en are less so . aquatic wildlife , such as species of sea turtle , shark , seal , whale , and dolphin , are common off the coast . about 400 species of birds have been recorded in ireland . many of these are migratory , including the barn swallow . several different habitat types are found in ireland , including farmland , open woodland , temperate broad ##leaf and mixed forests , con ##ifer plantations , peat bog ##s and a variety of coastal habitats . however , agriculture
| 542 |
[
"drives",
"current",
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"ireland",
",",
"limiting",
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"habitat",
"preserves",
",",
"particularly",
"for",
"larger",
"wild",
"mammals",
"with",
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"needs",
".",
"with",
"no",
"large",
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"predators",
"in",
"ireland",
"other",
"than",
"humans",
"and",
"dogs",
",",
"such",
"populations",
"of",
"animals",
"as",
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"-",
"@",
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"that",
"cannot",
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",",
"such",
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] | 3,599 |
drives current land use patterns in ireland , limiting natural habitat preserves , particularly for larger wild mammals with greater territorial needs . with no large apex predators in ireland other than humans and dogs , such populations of animals as semi @ - @ wild deer that cannot be controlled by smaller predators , such as the fox , are controlled by annual cu ##lling . there are no snakes in ireland and only one species of rep ##tile ( the common lizard ) is native to the island . extinct species include the irish elk , the great au ##k and the wolf . some previously extinct birds , such as the golden eagle , been reintroduced in about the year 2000 after decades
| 542 |
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