tokens
list | idx
int64 0
894k
| text
stringlengths 316
895
| cluster
int64 0
999
|
|---|---|---|---|
[
"both",
"sides",
"had",
"captured",
"numerous",
"merchant",
"ships",
"and",
"minor",
"warships",
"and",
"had",
"engaged",
"in",
"two",
"partial",
",",
"but",
"inc",
"##on",
"##clusive",
",",
"fleet",
"actions",
".",
"the",
"british",
"channel",
"fleet",
"under",
"admiral",
"lord",
"howe",
"attempted",
"to",
"prevent",
"the",
"passage",
"of",
"a",
"vital",
"french",
"grain",
"convoy",
"from",
"the",
"united",
"states",
",",
"which",
"was",
"protected",
"by",
"the",
"french",
"atlantic",
"fleet",
",",
"commanded",
"by",
"rear",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"admiral",
"villa",
"##ret",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"joy",
"##eus",
"##e",
".",
"the",
"two",
"forces",
"clashed",
"in",
"the",
"atlantic",
"ocean",
",",
"some",
"400",
"nautical",
"miles",
"(",
"700",
"km",
")",
"west",
"of",
"the",
"french",
"island",
"of",
"us",
"##han",
"##t",
"on",
"1",
"june",
"1794",
".",
"during",
"the",
"battle",
",",
"howe",
"def",
"##ied",
"naval",
"convention",
"by",
"ordering",
"his",
"fleet",
"to",
"turn",
"towards",
"the",
"french",
"and",
"for",
"each"
] | 3,400 |
both sides had captured numerous merchant ships and minor warships and had engaged in two partial , but inc ##on ##clusive , fleet actions . the british channel fleet under admiral lord howe attempted to prevent the passage of a vital french grain convoy from the united states , which was protected by the french atlantic fleet , commanded by rear @ - @ admiral villa ##ret @ - @ joy ##eus ##e . the two forces clashed in the atlantic ocean , some 400 nautical miles ( 700 km ) west of the french island of us ##han ##t on 1 june 1794 . during the battle , howe def ##ied naval convention by ordering his fleet to turn towards the french and for each
| 971 |
[
"of",
"his",
"vessels",
"to",
"rake",
"and",
"engage",
"their",
"immediate",
"opponent",
".",
"this",
"unexpected",
"order",
"was",
"not",
"understood",
"by",
"all",
"of",
"his",
"captains",
",",
"and",
"as",
"a",
"result",
"his",
"attack",
"was",
"more",
"piece",
"##me",
"##al",
"than",
"he",
"intended",
".",
"nevertheless",
",",
"his",
"ships",
"inflicted",
"a",
"severe",
"tactical",
"defeat",
"on",
"the",
"french",
"fleet",
".",
"in",
"the",
"aftermath",
"of",
"the",
"battle",
"both",
"fleets",
"were",
"left",
"shattered",
";",
"in",
"no",
"condition",
"for",
"further",
"combat",
",",
"howe",
"and",
"villa",
"##ret",
"returned",
"to",
"their",
"home",
"ports",
".",
"despite",
"losing",
"seven",
"of",
"his",
"ships",
"of",
"the",
"line",
",",
"villa",
"##ret",
"had",
"bought",
"enough",
"time",
"for",
"the",
"french",
"grain",
"convoy",
"to",
"reach",
"safety",
"un",
"##im",
"##ped",
"##ed",
"by",
"howe",
"'",
"s",
"fleet",
",",
"securing",
"a",
"strategic",
"success",
".",
"however",
",",
"he",
"was",
"also",
"forced"
] | 3,401 |
of his vessels to rake and engage their immediate opponent . this unexpected order was not understood by all of his captains , and as a result his attack was more piece ##me ##al than he intended . nevertheless , his ships inflicted a severe tactical defeat on the french fleet . in the aftermath of the battle both fleets were left shattered ; in no condition for further combat , howe and villa ##ret returned to their home ports . despite losing seven of his ships of the line , villa ##ret had bought enough time for the french grain convoy to reach safety un ##im ##ped ##ed by howe ' s fleet , securing a strategic success . however , he was also forced
| 243 |
[
"to",
"withdraw",
"his",
"battle",
"fleet",
"back",
"to",
"port",
",",
"leaving",
"the",
"british",
"free",
"to",
"conduct",
"a",
"campaign",
"of",
"blockade",
"for",
"the",
"remainder",
"of",
"the",
"war",
".",
"in",
"the",
"immediate",
"aftermath",
"both",
"sides",
"claimed",
"victory",
"and",
"the",
"outcome",
"of",
"the",
"battle",
"was",
"seized",
"upon",
"by",
"the",
"press",
"of",
"both",
"nations",
"as",
"a",
"demonstration",
"of",
"the",
"prowess",
"and",
"bravery",
"of",
"their",
"respective",
"na",
"##vies",
".",
"the",
"glorious",
"first",
"of",
"june",
"demonstrated",
"a",
"number",
"of",
"the",
"major",
"problems",
"inherent",
"in",
"the",
"french",
"and",
"british",
"na",
"##vies",
"at",
"the",
"start",
"of",
"the",
"revolutionary",
"wars",
".",
"both",
"admiral",
"##s",
"were",
"faced",
"with",
"di",
"##so",
"##bed",
"##ience",
"from",
"their",
"captains",
",",
"along",
"with",
"ill",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"discipline",
"and",
"poor",
"training",
"among",
"their",
"short",
"##hand",
"##ed",
"crews",
",",
"and",
"they",
"failed",
"to"
] | 3,402 |
to withdraw his battle fleet back to port , leaving the british free to conduct a campaign of blockade for the remainder of the war . in the immediate aftermath both sides claimed victory and the outcome of the battle was seized upon by the press of both nations as a demonstration of the prowess and bravery of their respective na ##vies . the glorious first of june demonstrated a number of the major problems inherent in the french and british na ##vies at the start of the revolutionary wars . both admiral ##s were faced with di ##so ##bed ##ience from their captains , along with ill @ - @ discipline and poor training among their short ##hand ##ed crews , and they failed to
| 229 |
[
"control",
"their",
"fleets",
"effectively",
"during",
"the",
"height",
"of",
"the",
"combat",
".",
"=",
"=",
"background",
"=",
"=",
"since",
"early",
"1792",
"france",
"had",
"been",
"at",
"war",
"with",
"four",
"of",
"its",
"neighbours",
"on",
"two",
"fronts",
",",
"battling",
"austria",
"and",
"prussia",
"in",
"the",
"austrian",
"netherlands",
",",
"and",
"the",
"austrians",
"and",
"piedmont",
"##ese",
"in",
"italy",
".",
"on",
"2",
"january",
"1793",
",",
"almost",
"one",
"year",
"into",
"the",
"french",
"revolutionary",
"war",
",",
"republican",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"held",
"forts",
"at",
"brest",
"in",
"brittany",
"fired",
"on",
"the",
"british",
"brig",
"hms",
"child",
"##ers",
".",
"[",
"note",
"b",
"]",
"a",
"few",
"weeks",
"later",
",",
"following",
"the",
"execution",
"of",
"the",
"imprisoned",
"king",
"louis",
"xvi",
",",
"diplomatic",
"ties",
"between",
"britain",
"and",
"france",
"were",
"broken",
".",
"on",
"1",
"february",
"france",
"declared",
"war",
"on",
"both",
"britain",
"and",
"the",
"dutch",
"republic",
"."
] | 3,403 |
control their fleets effectively during the height of the combat . = = background = = since early 1792 france had been at war with four of its neighbours on two fronts , battling austria and prussia in the austrian netherlands , and the austrians and piedmont ##ese in italy . on 2 january 1793 , almost one year into the french revolutionary war , republican @ - @ held forts at brest in brittany fired on the british brig hms child ##ers . [ note b ] a few weeks later , following the execution of the imprisoned king louis xvi , diplomatic ties between britain and france were broken . on 1 february france declared war on both britain and the dutch republic .
| 425 |
[
"protected",
"from",
"immediate",
"invasion",
"by",
"the",
"english",
"channel",
",",
"britain",
"prepared",
"for",
"an",
"extensive",
"naval",
"campaign",
"and",
"dispatched",
"troops",
"to",
"the",
"netherlands",
"for",
"service",
"against",
"the",
"french",
".",
"throughout",
"the",
"remainder",
"of",
"1793",
",",
"the",
"british",
"and",
"french",
"na",
"##vies",
"undertook",
"minor",
"operations",
"in",
"northern",
"waters",
",",
"the",
"mediterranean",
"and",
"the",
"west",
"and",
"east",
"indies",
",",
"where",
"both",
"nations",
"maintained",
"colonies",
".",
"the",
"closest",
"the",
"channel",
"fleet",
"had",
"come",
"to",
"an",
"engagement",
"was",
"when",
"it",
"had",
"narrowly",
"missed",
"intercept",
"##ing",
"the",
"french",
"convoy",
"from",
"the",
"caribbean",
",",
"escorted",
"by",
"15",
"ships",
"of",
"the",
"line",
"on",
"2",
"august",
".",
"the",
"only",
"major",
"clash",
"was",
"the",
"siege",
"of",
"toulon",
",",
"a",
"confused",
"and",
"bloody",
"affair",
"in",
"which",
"the",
"british",
"force",
"holding",
"the",
"town",
"—",
"alongside",
"spanish",
",",
"sardinia"
] | 3,404 |
protected from immediate invasion by the english channel , britain prepared for an extensive naval campaign and dispatched troops to the netherlands for service against the french . throughout the remainder of 1793 , the british and french na ##vies undertook minor operations in northern waters , the mediterranean and the west and east indies , where both nations maintained colonies . the closest the channel fleet had come to an engagement was when it had narrowly missed intercept ##ing the french convoy from the caribbean , escorted by 15 ships of the line on 2 august . the only major clash was the siege of toulon , a confused and bloody affair in which the british force holding the town — alongside spanish , sardinia
| 975 |
[
"##n",
",",
"austrian",
"and",
"french",
"royalist",
"troops",
"—",
"had",
"to",
"be",
"evacuated",
"by",
"the",
"royal",
"navy",
"to",
"prevent",
"its",
"imminent",
"defeat",
"at",
"the",
"hands",
"of",
"the",
"french",
"republican",
"army",
".",
"the",
"aftermath",
"of",
"this",
"siege",
"was",
"pun",
"##ctuated",
"by",
"rec",
"##rim",
"##inations",
"and",
"accusations",
"of",
"coward",
"##ice",
"and",
"betrayal",
"among",
"the",
"allies",
",",
"eventually",
"resulting",
"in",
"spain",
"switching",
"allegiance",
"with",
"the",
"signing",
"of",
"the",
"treaty",
"of",
"san",
"il",
"##de",
"##fo",
"##ns",
"##o",
"two",
"years",
"later",
".",
"nevertheless",
",",
"the",
"siege",
"produced",
"one",
"major",
"success",
":",
"sir",
"sidney",
"smith",
",",
"with",
"parties",
"of",
"sailors",
"from",
"the",
"retreating",
"british",
"fleet",
",",
"accomplished",
"the",
"destruction",
"of",
"substantial",
"french",
"naval",
"stores",
"and",
"shipping",
"in",
"toulon",
".",
"more",
"might",
"have",
"been",
"achieved",
"had",
"the",
"spanish",
"raiding",
"parties",
"that",
"accompanied",
"smith",
"not"
] | 3,405 |
##n , austrian and french royalist troops — had to be evacuated by the royal navy to prevent its imminent defeat at the hands of the french republican army . the aftermath of this siege was pun ##ctuated by rec ##rim ##inations and accusations of coward ##ice and betrayal among the allies , eventually resulting in spain switching allegiance with the signing of the treaty of san il ##de ##fo ##ns ##o two years later . nevertheless , the siege produced one major success : sir sidney smith , with parties of sailors from the retreating british fleet , accomplished the destruction of substantial french naval stores and shipping in toulon . more might have been achieved had the spanish raiding parties that accompanied smith not
| 420 |
[
"been",
"issued",
"with",
"secret",
"orders",
"to",
"stall",
"the",
"destruction",
"of",
"the",
"french",
"fleet",
".",
"the",
"situation",
"in",
"europe",
"remained",
"volatile",
"into",
"1794",
".",
"off",
"northern",
"france",
",",
"the",
"french",
"atlantic",
"fleet",
"had",
"mu",
"##tin",
"##ied",
"due",
"to",
"errors",
"in",
"provisions",
"and",
"pay",
".",
"in",
"consequence",
",",
"the",
"french",
"navy",
"officer",
"corps",
"suffered",
"greatly",
"from",
"the",
"effects",
"of",
"the",
"reign",
"of",
"terror",
",",
"with",
"many",
"experienced",
"sailors",
"being",
"executed",
",",
"imprisoned",
"or",
"dismissed",
"from",
"the",
"service",
"for",
"perceived",
"di",
"##sl",
"##oya",
"##lty",
".",
"the",
"shortage",
"of",
"provisions",
"was",
"more",
"than",
"a",
"navy",
"problem",
"though",
";",
"france",
"itself",
"was",
"starving",
"because",
"the",
"social",
"up",
"##hea",
"##val",
"##s",
"of",
"the",
"previous",
"year",
"had",
"combined",
"with",
"a",
"harsh",
"winter",
"to",
"ruin",
"the",
"harvest",
".",
"by",
"this",
"time",
"at",
"war",
"with"
] | 3,406 |
been issued with secret orders to stall the destruction of the french fleet . the situation in europe remained volatile into 1794 . off northern france , the french atlantic fleet had mu ##tin ##ied due to errors in provisions and pay . in consequence , the french navy officer corps suffered greatly from the effects of the reign of terror , with many experienced sailors being executed , imprisoned or dismissed from the service for perceived di ##sl ##oya ##lty . the shortage of provisions was more than a navy problem though ; france itself was starving because the social up ##hea ##val ##s of the previous year had combined with a harsh winter to ruin the harvest . by this time at war with
| 230 |
[
"all",
"her",
"neighbours",
",",
"france",
"had",
"nowhere",
"to",
"turn",
"for",
"overland",
"imports",
"of",
"fresh",
"provisions",
".",
"eventually",
"a",
"solution",
"to",
"the",
"food",
"crisis",
"was",
"agreed",
"by",
"the",
"national",
"convention",
":",
"food",
"produced",
"in",
"france",
"'",
"s",
"overseas",
"colonies",
"would",
"be",
"concentrated",
"on",
"board",
"a",
"fleet",
"of",
"merchant",
"ships",
"gathered",
"in",
"chesapeake",
"bay",
",",
"and",
"augmented",
"with",
"food",
"and",
"goods",
"purchased",
"from",
"the",
"united",
"states",
".",
"during",
"april",
"and",
"may",
"1794",
",",
"the",
"merchant",
"##men",
"would",
"convoy",
"the",
"supplies",
"across",
"the",
"atlantic",
"to",
"brest",
",",
"protected",
"by",
"elements",
"of",
"the",
"french",
"atlantic",
"fleet",
".",
"the",
"na",
"##vies",
"of",
"britain",
"and",
"france",
"in",
"1794",
"were",
"at",
"very",
"different",
"stages",
"of",
"development",
".",
"although",
"the",
"british",
"fleet",
"was",
"numerical",
"##ly",
"superior",
",",
"the",
"french",
"ships",
"were",
"larger",
"and",
"stronger"
] | 3,407 |
all her neighbours , france had nowhere to turn for overland imports of fresh provisions . eventually a solution to the food crisis was agreed by the national convention : food produced in france ' s overseas colonies would be concentrated on board a fleet of merchant ships gathered in chesapeake bay , and augmented with food and goods purchased from the united states . during april and may 1794 , the merchant ##men would convoy the supplies across the atlantic to brest , protected by elements of the french atlantic fleet . the na ##vies of britain and france in 1794 were at very different stages of development . although the british fleet was numerical ##ly superior , the french ships were larger and stronger
| 975 |
[
",",
"and",
"carried",
"a",
"heavier",
"weight",
"of",
"shot",
".",
"the",
"largest",
"french",
"ships",
"were",
"three",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"decker",
"first",
"rates",
",",
"carrying",
"110",
"or",
"120",
"guns",
",",
"against",
"100",
"guns",
"on",
"the",
"largest",
"british",
"vessels",
".",
"since",
"the",
"spanish",
"armament",
"of",
"1790",
",",
"the",
"royal",
"navy",
"had",
"been",
"at",
"sea",
"in",
"a",
"state",
"of",
"readiness",
"for",
"over",
"three",
"years",
".",
"the",
"navy",
"'",
"s",
"dockyard",
"##s",
"under",
"first",
"lord",
"of",
"the",
"admiralty",
"charles",
"middleton",
"were",
"all",
"fully",
"fitted",
"and",
"prepared",
"for",
"conflict",
".",
"this",
"was",
"quite",
"unlike",
"the",
"disasters",
"of",
"the",
"american",
"revolutionary",
"war",
"ten",
"years",
"earlier",
",",
"when",
"an",
"ill",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"prepared",
"royal",
"navy",
"had",
"taken",
"too",
"long",
"to",
"reach",
"full",
"effectiveness",
"and",
"was",
"consequently",
"unable",
"to",
"support",
"the",
"north",
"american",
"campaign"
] | 3,408 |
, and carried a heavier weight of shot . the largest french ships were three @ - @ decker first rates , carrying 110 or 120 guns , against 100 guns on the largest british vessels . since the spanish armament of 1790 , the royal navy had been at sea in a state of readiness for over three years . the navy ' s dockyard ##s under first lord of the admiralty charles middleton were all fully fitted and prepared for conflict . this was quite unlike the disasters of the american revolutionary war ten years earlier , when an ill @ - @ prepared royal navy had taken too long to reach full effectiveness and was consequently unable to support the north american campaign
| 944 |
[
"—",
"which",
"ended",
"in",
"defeat",
"at",
"the",
"battle",
"of",
"york",
"##town",
"due",
"to",
"lack",
"of",
"supplies",
".",
"with",
"british",
"dockyard",
"##s",
"now",
"readily",
"turning",
"out",
"cannon",
",",
"shot",
",",
"sails",
",",
"provisions",
"and",
"other",
"essential",
"equipment",
",",
"the",
"only",
"remaining",
"problem",
"was",
"that",
"of",
"manning",
"the",
"several",
"hundred",
"ships",
"on",
"the",
"navy",
"list",
".",
"unfortunately",
"for",
"the",
"british",
",",
"gathering",
"sufficient",
"manpower",
"was",
"difficult",
"and",
"never",
"sat",
"##is",
"##fa",
"##ctor",
"##ily",
"accomplished",
"throughout",
"the",
"entire",
"war",
".",
"the",
"shortage",
"of",
"seamen",
"was",
"such",
"that",
"press",
"gangs",
"were",
"forced",
"to",
"take",
"thousands",
"of",
"men",
"with",
"no",
"experience",
"on",
"the",
"sea",
",",
"meaning",
"that",
"training",
"and",
"preparing",
"them",
"for",
"naval",
"life",
"would",
"take",
"quite",
"some",
"time",
".",
"the",
"lack",
"of",
"royal",
"marines",
"was",
"even",
"more",
"urgent",
",",
"and"
] | 3,409 |
— which ended in defeat at the battle of york ##town due to lack of supplies . with british dockyard ##s now readily turning out cannon , shot , sails , provisions and other essential equipment , the only remaining problem was that of manning the several hundred ships on the navy list . unfortunately for the british , gathering sufficient manpower was difficult and never sat ##is ##fa ##ctor ##ily accomplished throughout the entire war . the shortage of seamen was such that press gangs were forced to take thousands of men with no experience on the sea , meaning that training and preparing them for naval life would take quite some time . the lack of royal marines was even more urgent , and
| 67 |
[
"soldiers",
"from",
"the",
"british",
"army",
"were",
"drafted",
"into",
"the",
"fleet",
"for",
"service",
"at",
"sea",
".",
"men",
"of",
"the",
"2nd",
".",
"regiment",
"of",
"foot",
"-",
"the",
"queen",
"'",
"s",
"(",
"royal",
"west",
"surrey",
"regiment",
")",
"and",
"the",
"29th",
"regiment",
"of",
"foot",
"served",
"aboard",
"royal",
"navy",
"ships",
"during",
"the",
"campaign",
";",
"their",
"descendant",
"regiments",
"still",
"maintain",
"the",
"battle",
"honour",
"\"",
"1",
"june",
"1794",
"\"",
".",
"despite",
"these",
"difficulties",
",",
"the",
"channel",
"fleet",
"was",
"possessed",
"of",
"one",
"of",
"the",
"best",
"naval",
"commanders",
"of",
"the",
"age",
";",
"its",
"commander",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"in",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"chief",
",",
"richard",
"howe",
",",
"1st",
"earl",
"howe",
",",
"had",
"learned",
"his",
"trade",
"under",
"sir",
"edward",
"hawke",
"and",
"fought",
"at",
"the",
"battle",
"of",
"qui",
"##ber",
"##on",
"bay",
"in",
"1759",
".",
"in",
"the",
"spring",
"of"
] | 3,410 |
soldiers from the british army were drafted into the fleet for service at sea . men of the 2nd . regiment of foot - the queen ' s ( royal west surrey regiment ) and the 29th regiment of foot served aboard royal navy ships during the campaign ; their descendant regiments still maintain the battle honour " 1 june 1794 " . despite these difficulties , the channel fleet was possessed of one of the best naval commanders of the age ; its commander @ - @ in @ - @ chief , richard howe , 1st earl howe , had learned his trade under sir edward hawke and fought at the battle of qui ##ber ##on bay in 1759 . in the spring of
| 999 |
[
"1794",
",",
"with",
"the",
"french",
"convoy",
"'",
"s",
"arrival",
"in",
"european",
"waters",
"imminent",
",",
"howe",
"had",
"dispersed",
"his",
"fleet",
"in",
"three",
"groups",
".",
"george",
"montagu",
",",
"in",
"hms",
"hector",
",",
"was",
"sent",
"with",
"six",
"ships",
"of",
"the",
"line",
"and",
"two",
"frigates",
"to",
"guard",
"british",
"convoys",
"to",
"the",
"east",
"indies",
",",
"west",
"indies",
"and",
"newfoundland",
"as",
"far",
"as",
"cape",
"fin",
"##ister",
"##re",
".",
"peter",
"rain",
"##ier",
",",
"in",
"hms",
"suffolk",
"and",
"commanding",
"six",
"other",
"ships",
",",
"was",
"to",
"escort",
"the",
"convoys",
"for",
"the",
"rest",
"of",
"their",
"passage",
".",
"the",
"third",
"force",
"consisted",
"of",
"26",
"ships",
"of",
"the",
"line",
",",
"with",
"several",
"supporting",
"vessels",
",",
"under",
"howe",
"'",
"s",
"direct",
"command",
".",
"they",
"were",
"to",
"patrol",
"the",
"bay",
"of",
"bis",
"##ca",
"##y",
"for",
"the",
"arriving",
"french",
".",
"in"
] | 3,411 |
1794 , with the french convoy ' s arrival in european waters imminent , howe had dispersed his fleet in three groups . george montagu , in hms hector , was sent with six ships of the line and two frigates to guard british convoys to the east indies , west indies and newfoundland as far as cape fin ##ister ##re . peter rain ##ier , in hms suffolk and commanding six other ships , was to escort the convoys for the rest of their passage . the third force consisted of 26 ships of the line , with several supporting vessels , under howe ' s direct command . they were to patrol the bay of bis ##ca ##y for the arriving french . in
| 975 |
[
"contrast",
"to",
"their",
"british",
"counterparts",
",",
"the",
"french",
"navy",
"was",
"in",
"a",
"state",
"of",
"confusion",
".",
"although",
"the",
"quality",
"of",
"the",
"fleet",
"'",
"s",
"ships",
"was",
"high",
",",
"the",
"fleet",
"hierarchy",
"was",
"ri",
"##ven",
"by",
"the",
"same",
"crises",
"that",
"had",
"torn",
"through",
"france",
"since",
"the",
"revolution",
"five",
"years",
"earlier",
".",
"consequently",
",",
"the",
"high",
"standard",
"of",
"ships",
"and",
"ordnance",
"was",
"not",
"matched",
"by",
"that",
"of",
"the",
"available",
"crews",
",",
"which",
"were",
"largely",
"un",
"##train",
"##ed",
"and",
"inexperienced",
".",
"with",
"the",
"terror",
"resulting",
"in",
"the",
"death",
"or",
"dismissal",
"of",
"many",
"senior",
"french",
"sailors",
"and",
"officers",
",",
"political",
"appoint",
"##ees",
"and",
"con",
"##script",
"##s",
"–",
"many",
"of",
"whom",
"had",
"never",
"been",
"to",
"sea",
"at",
"all",
",",
"let",
"alone",
"in",
"a",
"fighting",
"vessel",
"–",
"filled",
"the",
"atlantic",
"fleet",
"."
] | 3,412 |
contrast to their british counterparts , the french navy was in a state of confusion . although the quality of the fleet ' s ships was high , the fleet hierarchy was ri ##ven by the same crises that had torn through france since the revolution five years earlier . consequently , the high standard of ships and ordnance was not matched by that of the available crews , which were largely un ##train ##ed and inexperienced . with the terror resulting in the death or dismissal of many senior french sailors and officers , political appoint ##ees and con ##script ##s – many of whom had never been to sea at all , let alone in a fighting vessel – filled the atlantic fleet .
| 229 |
[
"the",
"manpower",
"problem",
"was",
"compound",
"##ed",
"by",
"the",
"supply",
"crisis",
"which",
"was",
"affecting",
"the",
"entire",
"nation",
",",
"with",
"the",
"fleet",
"going",
"unpaid",
"and",
"largely",
"un",
"##fed",
"for",
"months",
"at",
"times",
".",
"in",
"august",
"1793",
",",
"these",
"problems",
"came",
"to",
"a",
"head",
"in",
"the",
"fleet",
"off",
"brest",
",",
"when",
"a",
"lack",
"of",
"provisions",
"resulted",
"in",
"a",
"mutiny",
"among",
"the",
"regular",
"sailors",
".",
"the",
"crews",
"over",
"##ru",
"##led",
"their",
"officers",
"and",
"brought",
"their",
"ships",
"into",
"harbour",
"in",
"search",
"of",
"food",
",",
"leaving",
"the",
"french",
"coast",
"und",
"##efe",
"##nded",
".",
"the",
"national",
"convention",
"responded",
"instantly",
"by",
"executing",
"a",
"swat",
"##he",
"of",
"senior",
"officers",
"and",
"ship",
"'",
"s",
"non",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"commissioned",
"officers",
".",
"hundreds",
"more",
"officers",
"and",
"sailors",
"were",
"imprisoned",
",",
"banished",
"or",
"dismissed",
"from",
"naval",
"service",
"."
] | 3,413 |
the manpower problem was compound ##ed by the supply crisis which was affecting the entire nation , with the fleet going unpaid and largely un ##fed for months at times . in august 1793 , these problems came to a head in the fleet off brest , when a lack of provisions resulted in a mutiny among the regular sailors . the crews over ##ru ##led their officers and brought their ships into harbour in search of food , leaving the french coast und ##efe ##nded . the national convention responded instantly by executing a swat ##he of senior officers and ship ' s non @ - @ commissioned officers . hundreds more officers and sailors were imprisoned , banished or dismissed from naval service .
| 954 |
[
"the",
"effect",
"of",
"this",
"purge",
"was",
"devastating",
",",
"seriously",
"de",
"##grad",
"##ing",
"the",
"fighting",
"ability",
"of",
"the",
"fleet",
"by",
"removing",
"at",
"a",
"stroke",
"many",
"of",
"its",
"most",
"capable",
"personnel",
".",
"in",
"their",
"places",
"were",
"promoted",
"junior",
"officers",
",",
"merchant",
"captains",
"and",
"even",
"civilians",
"who",
"expressed",
"sufficient",
"revolutionary",
"ze",
"##al",
",",
"although",
"few",
"of",
"them",
"knew",
"how",
"to",
"fight",
"or",
"control",
"a",
"battle",
"fleet",
"at",
"sea",
".",
"the",
"newly",
"appointed",
"commander",
"of",
"this",
"troubled",
"fleet",
"was",
"villa",
"##ret",
"de",
"joy",
"##eus",
"##e",
";",
"although",
"formerly",
"in",
"a",
"junior",
"position",
",",
"he",
"was",
"known",
"to",
"possess",
"a",
"high",
"degree",
"of",
"tactical",
"ability",
";",
"he",
"had",
"trained",
"under",
"admiral",
"pierre",
"andre",
"de",
"su",
"##ff",
"##ren",
"in",
"the",
"indian",
"ocean",
"during",
"the",
"american",
"war",
".",
"however",
",",
"villa",
"##ret",
"'"
] | 3,414 |
the effect of this purge was devastating , seriously de ##grad ##ing the fighting ability of the fleet by removing at a stroke many of its most capable personnel . in their places were promoted junior officers , merchant captains and even civilians who expressed sufficient revolutionary ze ##al , although few of them knew how to fight or control a battle fleet at sea . the newly appointed commander of this troubled fleet was villa ##ret de joy ##eus ##e ; although formerly in a junior position , he was known to possess a high degree of tactical ability ; he had trained under admiral pierre andre de su ##ff ##ren in the indian ocean during the american war . however , villa ##ret '
| 940 |
[
"s",
"attempts",
"to",
"mo",
"##uld",
"his",
"new",
"officer",
"corps",
"into",
"an",
"effective",
"fighting",
"unit",
"were",
"hampered",
"by",
"another",
"new",
"appoint",
"##ee",
",",
"a",
"deputy",
"of",
"the",
"national",
"convention",
"named",
"jean",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"bon",
"saint",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"andre",
".",
"saint",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"andre",
"'",
"s",
"job",
"was",
"to",
"report",
"directly",
"to",
"the",
"national",
"convention",
"on",
"the",
"revolutionary",
"ar",
"##dou",
"##r",
"of",
"both",
"the",
"fleet",
"and",
"its",
"admiral",
".",
"he",
"frequently",
"intervened",
"in",
"strategic",
"planning",
"and",
"tactical",
"operations",
".",
"shortly",
"after",
"his",
"arrival",
",",
"saint",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"andre",
"proposed",
"issuing",
"a",
"decree",
"ordering",
"that",
"any",
"officer",
"deemed",
"to",
"have",
"shown",
"insufficient",
"ze",
"##al",
"in",
"defending",
"his",
"ship",
"in",
"action",
"should",
"be",
"put",
"to",
"death",
"on",
"his",
"return",
"to",
"france",
",",
"although",
"this",
"highly",
"controversial"
] | 3,415 |
s attempts to mo ##uld his new officer corps into an effective fighting unit were hampered by another new appoint ##ee , a deputy of the national convention named jean @ - @ bon saint @ - @ andre . saint @ - @ andre ' s job was to report directly to the national convention on the revolutionary ar ##dou ##r of both the fleet and its admiral . he frequently intervened in strategic planning and tactical operations . shortly after his arrival , saint @ - @ andre proposed issuing a decree ordering that any officer deemed to have shown insufficient ze ##al in defending his ship in action should be put to death on his return to france , although this highly controversial
| 955 |
[
"legislation",
"does",
"not",
"appear",
"to",
"have",
"ever",
"been",
"acted",
"upon",
".",
"although",
"his",
"interference",
"was",
"a",
"source",
"of",
"frustration",
"for",
"villa",
"##ret",
",",
"saint",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"andre",
"'",
"s",
"dispatch",
"##es",
"to",
"paris",
"were",
"published",
"regularly",
"in",
"le",
"mon",
"##ite",
"##ur",
",",
"and",
"did",
"much",
"to",
"popular",
"##ise",
"the",
"navy",
"in",
"france",
".",
"the",
"french",
"atlantic",
"fleet",
"was",
"even",
"more",
"dispersed",
"than",
"the",
"british",
"in",
"the",
"spring",
"of",
"1794",
":",
"rear",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"admiral",
"pierre",
"vans",
"##ta",
"##bel",
"had",
"been",
"dispatched",
",",
"with",
"five",
"ships",
"including",
"two",
"of",
"the",
"line",
",",
"to",
"meet",
"the",
"much",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"needed",
"french",
"grain",
"convoy",
"off",
"the",
"american",
"eastern",
"sea",
"##board",
".",
"rear",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"admiral",
"joseph",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"marie",
"ni",
"##ell",
"##y",
"had",
"sailed"
] | 3,416 |
legislation does not appear to have ever been acted upon . although his interference was a source of frustration for villa ##ret , saint @ - @ andre ' s dispatch ##es to paris were published regularly in le mon ##ite ##ur , and did much to popular ##ise the navy in france . the french atlantic fleet was even more dispersed than the british in the spring of 1794 : rear @ - @ admiral pierre vans ##ta ##bel had been dispatched , with five ships including two of the line , to meet the much @ - @ needed french grain convoy off the american eastern sea ##board . rear @ - @ admiral joseph @ - @ marie ni ##ell ##y had sailed
| 971 |
[
"from",
"roche",
"##fort",
"with",
"five",
"ships",
"of",
"the",
"line",
"and",
"ass",
"##orted",
"cruising",
"warships",
"to",
"rendezvous",
"with",
"the",
"convoy",
"in",
"the",
"mid",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"atlantic",
".",
"this",
"left",
"villa",
"##ret",
"with",
"25",
"ships",
"of",
"the",
"line",
"at",
"brest",
"to",
"meet",
"the",
"threat",
"posed",
"by",
"the",
"british",
"fleet",
"under",
"lord",
"howe",
".",
"by",
"early",
"spring",
"of",
"1794",
",",
"the",
"situation",
"in",
"france",
"was",
"dire",
".",
"with",
"famine",
"looming",
"after",
"the",
"failure",
"of",
"the",
"harvest",
"and",
"the",
"blockade",
"of",
"french",
"ports",
"and",
"trade",
",",
"the",
"french",
"government",
"was",
"forced",
"to",
"look",
"overseas",
"for",
"su",
"##sten",
"##ance",
".",
"turning",
"to",
"france",
"'",
"s",
"colonies",
"in",
"the",
"americas",
",",
"and",
"the",
"agricultural",
"bounty",
"of",
"the",
"united",
"states",
",",
"the",
"national",
"convention",
"gave",
"orders",
"for",
"the",
"formation",
"of",
"a",
"large"
] | 3,417 |
from roche ##fort with five ships of the line and ass ##orted cruising warships to rendezvous with the convoy in the mid @ - @ atlantic . this left villa ##ret with 25 ships of the line at brest to meet the threat posed by the british fleet under lord howe . by early spring of 1794 , the situation in france was dire . with famine looming after the failure of the harvest and the blockade of french ports and trade , the french government was forced to look overseas for su ##sten ##ance . turning to france ' s colonies in the americas , and the agricultural bounty of the united states , the national convention gave orders for the formation of a large
| 949 |
[
"convoy",
"of",
"sailing",
"vessels",
"to",
"gather",
"at",
"hampton",
"roads",
"in",
"the",
"chesapeake",
"bay",
",",
"where",
"admiral",
"vans",
"##ta",
"##bel",
"would",
"wait",
"for",
"them",
".",
"according",
"to",
"contemporary",
"historian",
"william",
"james",
"this",
"cong",
"##lom",
"##eration",
"of",
"ships",
"was",
"said",
"to",
"be",
"over",
"350",
"strong",
",",
"although",
"he",
"disputes",
"this",
"figure",
",",
"citing",
"the",
"number",
"as",
"117",
"(",
"in",
"addition",
"to",
"the",
"french",
"warships",
")",
".",
"the",
"convoy",
"had",
"also",
"been",
"augmented",
"by",
"the",
"united",
"states",
"government",
",",
"in",
"both",
"cargo",
"and",
"shipping",
",",
"as",
"repay",
"##ment",
"for",
"french",
"financial",
",",
"moral",
"and",
"military",
"support",
"during",
"the",
"american",
"revolution",
".",
"in",
"supporting",
"the",
"french",
"revolution",
"in",
"this",
"way",
",",
"the",
"american",
"government",
",",
"urged",
"especially",
"by",
"ambassador",
"go",
"##uve",
"##rne",
"##ur",
"morris",
",",
"was",
"fulfilling",
"its",
"ten",
"@"
] | 3,418 |
convoy of sailing vessels to gather at hampton roads in the chesapeake bay , where admiral vans ##ta ##bel would wait for them . according to contemporary historian william james this cong ##lom ##eration of ships was said to be over 350 strong , although he disputes this figure , citing the number as 117 ( in addition to the french warships ) . the convoy had also been augmented by the united states government , in both cargo and shipping , as repay ##ment for french financial , moral and military support during the american revolution . in supporting the french revolution in this way , the american government , urged especially by ambassador go ##uve ##rne ##ur morris , was fulfilling its ten @
| 975 |
[
"-",
"@",
"year",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"old",
"debt",
"to",
"france",
".",
"friendly",
"relations",
"between",
"the",
"united",
"states",
"and",
"france",
"did",
"not",
"long",
"survive",
"the",
"jay",
"treaty",
"which",
"came",
"into",
"effect",
"in",
"1796",
";",
"by",
"1798",
"the",
"two",
"nations",
"would",
"be",
"engaged",
"in",
"the",
"quasi",
"war",
".",
"the",
"french",
"convoy",
",",
"escorted",
"by",
"vans",
"##ta",
"##bel",
",",
"departed",
"america",
"from",
"virginia",
"on",
"2",
"april",
",",
"and",
"howe",
"sailed",
"from",
"portsmouth",
"on",
"2",
"may",
",",
"taking",
"his",
"entire",
"fleet",
"to",
"both",
"escort",
"british",
"convoys",
"to",
"the",
"western",
"approaches",
"and",
"intercept",
"the",
"french",
".",
"checking",
"that",
"villa",
"##ret",
"was",
"still",
"in",
"brest",
",",
"howe",
"spent",
"two",
"weeks",
"searching",
"the",
"bay",
"of",
"bis",
"##ca",
"##y",
"for",
"the",
"grain",
"convoy",
",",
"returning",
"to",
"brest",
"on",
"18",
"may",
"to",
"discover",
"that",
"villa"
] | 3,419 |
- @ year @ - @ old debt to france . friendly relations between the united states and france did not long survive the jay treaty which came into effect in 1796 ; by 1798 the two nations would be engaged in the quasi war . the french convoy , escorted by vans ##ta ##bel , departed america from virginia on 2 april , and howe sailed from portsmouth on 2 may , taking his entire fleet to both escort british convoys to the western approaches and intercept the french . checking that villa ##ret was still in brest , howe spent two weeks searching the bay of bis ##ca ##y for the grain convoy , returning to brest on 18 may to discover that villa
| 975 |
[
"##ret",
"had",
"sailed",
"the",
"previous",
"day",
".",
"[",
"note",
"c",
"]",
"returning",
"to",
"sea",
"in",
"search",
"of",
"his",
"opponent",
",",
"howe",
"pursued",
"villa",
"##ret",
"deep",
"into",
"the",
"atlantic",
".",
"also",
"at",
"sea",
"during",
"this",
"period",
"were",
"the",
"squadrons",
"of",
"ni",
"##ell",
"##y",
"(",
"french",
")",
"and",
"montagu",
"(",
"british",
")",
",",
"both",
"of",
"whom",
"had",
"met",
"with",
"some",
"success",
";",
"ni",
"##ell",
"##y",
"had",
"captured",
"a",
"number",
"of",
"british",
"merchant",
"ships",
"and",
"montagu",
"had",
"taken",
"several",
"back",
".",
"ni",
"##ell",
"##y",
"was",
"the",
"first",
"to",
"encounter",
"the",
"grain",
"convoy",
",",
"deep",
"in",
"the",
"atlantic",
"in",
"the",
"second",
"week",
"of",
"may",
".",
"he",
"took",
"it",
"under",
"escort",
"as",
"it",
"moved",
"closer",
"to",
"europe",
",",
"while",
"montagu",
"was",
"searching",
"fruit",
"##lessly",
"to",
"the",
"south",
".",
"despite",
"howe",
"'"
] | 3,420 |
##ret had sailed the previous day . [ note c ] returning to sea in search of his opponent , howe pursued villa ##ret deep into the atlantic . also at sea during this period were the squadrons of ni ##ell ##y ( french ) and montagu ( british ) , both of whom had met with some success ; ni ##ell ##y had captured a number of british merchant ships and montagu had taken several back . ni ##ell ##y was the first to encounter the grain convoy , deep in the atlantic in the second week of may . he took it under escort as it moved closer to europe , while montagu was searching fruit ##lessly to the south . despite howe '
| 975 |
[
"s",
"pursuit",
",",
"the",
"main",
"french",
"sort",
"##ie",
"found",
"initial",
"success",
",",
"running",
"into",
"a",
"dutch",
"convoy",
"and",
"taking",
"20",
"ships",
"from",
"it",
"on",
"villa",
"##ret",
"'",
"s",
"first",
"day",
"at",
"sea",
".",
"for",
"the",
"next",
"week",
"howe",
"continued",
"to",
"follow",
"the",
"french",
",",
"seizing",
"and",
"burning",
"a",
"trail",
"of",
"french",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"held",
"dutch",
"ships",
"and",
"enemy",
"corvette",
"##s",
".",
"on",
"25",
"may",
"howe",
"spotted",
"a",
"st",
"##rag",
"##gler",
"from",
"villa",
"##ret",
"'",
"s",
"fleet",
"and",
"gave",
"chase",
";",
"au",
"##da",
"##cie",
"##ux",
"led",
"howe",
"straight",
"to",
"his",
"opponent",
"'",
"s",
"location",
".",
"having",
"finally",
"found",
"villa",
"##ret",
",",
"on",
"28",
"may",
"howe",
"attacked",
",",
"using",
"a",
"flying",
"squadron",
"of",
"his",
"fastest",
"ships",
"to",
"cut",
"off",
"its",
"rear",
"##most",
"vessel",
"revolution",
"##naire",
".",
"this"
] | 3,421 |
s pursuit , the main french sort ##ie found initial success , running into a dutch convoy and taking 20 ships from it on villa ##ret ' s first day at sea . for the next week howe continued to follow the french , seizing and burning a trail of french @ - @ held dutch ships and enemy corvette ##s . on 25 may howe spotted a st ##rag ##gler from villa ##ret ' s fleet and gave chase ; au ##da ##cie ##ux led howe straight to his opponent ' s location . having finally found villa ##ret , on 28 may howe attacked , using a flying squadron of his fastest ships to cut off its rear ##most vessel revolution ##naire . this
| 977 |
[
"first",
"rate",
"was",
"at",
"various",
"times",
"engaged",
"with",
"six",
"british",
"ships",
"and",
"took",
"heavy",
"damage",
",",
"possibly",
"striking",
"her",
"colours",
"late",
"in",
"the",
"action",
".",
"as",
"darkness",
"fell",
"the",
"british",
"and",
"french",
"fleets",
"separated",
",",
"leaving",
"revolution",
"##naire",
"and",
"her",
"final",
"enemy",
",",
"hms",
"au",
"##da",
"##cious",
",",
"still",
"locked",
"in",
"combat",
"behind",
"them",
".",
"these",
"two",
"ships",
"parted",
"company",
"during",
"the",
"night",
"and",
"eventually",
"returned",
"to",
"their",
"respective",
"home",
"ports",
".",
"by",
"this",
"stage",
"villa",
"##ret",
"knew",
"through",
"his",
"patrolling",
"frigates",
"that",
"the",
"grain",
"convoy",
"was",
"close",
",",
"and",
"deliberately",
"took",
"his",
"fleet",
"to",
"the",
"west",
",",
"hoping",
"to",
"deco",
"##y",
"howe",
"away",
"from",
"the",
"vital",
"convoy",
".",
"taking",
"the",
"bait",
",",
"the",
"following",
"day",
"howe",
"attacked",
"again",
",",
"but",
"his",
"attempt",
"to",
"split",
"the"
] | 3,422 |
first rate was at various times engaged with six british ships and took heavy damage , possibly striking her colours late in the action . as darkness fell the british and french fleets separated , leaving revolution ##naire and her final enemy , hms au ##da ##cious , still locked in combat behind them . these two ships parted company during the night and eventually returned to their respective home ports . by this stage villa ##ret knew through his patrolling frigates that the grain convoy was close , and deliberately took his fleet to the west , hoping to deco ##y howe away from the vital convoy . taking the bait , the following day howe attacked again , but his attempt to split the
| 975 |
[
"french",
"fleet",
"in",
"half",
"was",
"unsuccessful",
"when",
"his",
"lead",
"ship",
",",
"hms",
"caesar",
",",
"failed",
"to",
"follow",
"orders",
".",
"much",
"damage",
"was",
"done",
"to",
"both",
"fleets",
"but",
"the",
"action",
"was",
"inc",
"##on",
"##clusive",
",",
"and",
"the",
"two",
"forces",
"again",
"separated",
"without",
"having",
"settled",
"the",
"issue",
".",
"howe",
"had",
"however",
"gained",
"an",
"important",
"advantage",
"during",
"the",
"engagement",
"by",
"seizing",
"the",
"weather",
"gage",
",",
"enabling",
"him",
"to",
"further",
"attack",
"villa",
"##ret",
"at",
"a",
"time",
"of",
"his",
"choosing",
".",
"three",
"french",
"ships",
"were",
"sent",
"back",
"to",
"port",
"with",
"damage",
",",
"but",
"these",
"losses",
"were",
"offset",
"by",
"reinforcements",
"gained",
"the",
"following",
"day",
"with",
"the",
"arrival",
"of",
"ni",
"##ell",
"##y",
"'",
"s",
"detached",
"squadron",
".",
"battle",
"was",
"postponed",
"during",
"the",
"next",
"two",
"days",
"because",
"of",
"thick",
"fog",
",",
"but",
"when",
"the"
] | 3,423 |
french fleet in half was unsuccessful when his lead ship , hms caesar , failed to follow orders . much damage was done to both fleets but the action was inc ##on ##clusive , and the two forces again separated without having settled the issue . howe had however gained an important advantage during the engagement by seizing the weather gage , enabling him to further attack villa ##ret at a time of his choosing . three french ships were sent back to port with damage , but these losses were offset by reinforcements gained the following day with the arrival of ni ##ell ##y ' s detached squadron . battle was postponed during the next two days because of thick fog , but when the
| 978 |
[
"haze",
"lifted",
"on",
"1",
"june",
"1794",
",",
"the",
"battle",
"lines",
"were",
"only",
"6",
"miles",
"(",
"10",
"km",
")",
"apart",
"and",
"howe",
"was",
"prepared",
"to",
"force",
"a",
"decisive",
"action",
".",
"although",
"howe",
"was",
"in",
"a",
"favourable",
"position",
",",
"villa",
"##ret",
"had",
"not",
"been",
"idle",
"during",
"the",
"night",
".",
"he",
"had",
"attempted",
",",
"with",
"near",
"success",
",",
"to",
"distance",
"his",
"ships",
"from",
"the",
"british",
"fleet",
";",
"when",
"dawn",
"broke",
"at",
"05",
":",
"00",
"he",
"was",
"within",
"a",
"few",
"hours",
"of",
"gaining",
"enough",
"wind",
"to",
"escape",
"over",
"the",
"horizon",
".",
"allowing",
"his",
"men",
"to",
"breakfast",
",",
"howe",
"took",
"full",
"advantage",
"of",
"his",
"position",
"on",
"the",
"weather",
"gage",
"to",
"close",
"with",
"villa",
"##ret",
",",
"and",
"by",
"08",
":",
"12",
"the",
"british",
"fleet",
"was",
"just",
"four",
"miles",
"(",
"6",
"km",
")"
] | 3,424 |
haze lifted on 1 june 1794 , the battle lines were only 6 miles ( 10 km ) apart and howe was prepared to force a decisive action . although howe was in a favourable position , villa ##ret had not been idle during the night . he had attempted , with near success , to distance his ships from the british fleet ; when dawn broke at 05 : 00 he was within a few hours of gaining enough wind to escape over the horizon . allowing his men to breakfast , howe took full advantage of his position on the weather gage to close with villa ##ret , and by 08 : 12 the british fleet was just four miles ( 6 km )
| 243 |
[
"from",
"the",
"enemy",
".",
"by",
"this",
"time",
",",
"howe",
"'",
"s",
"formation",
"was",
"strung",
"out",
"in",
"an",
"organised",
"line",
"parallel",
"to",
"the",
"french",
",",
"with",
"frigates",
"acting",
"as",
"repeat",
"##ers",
"for",
"the",
"admiral",
"'",
"s",
"commands",
".",
"the",
"french",
"were",
"likewise",
"in",
"line",
"ahead",
"and",
"the",
"two",
"lines",
"began",
"exchanging",
"long",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"range",
"gunfire",
"at",
"09",
":",
"24",
",",
"whereupon",
"howe",
"unleashed",
"his",
"innovative",
"battle",
"##pl",
"##an",
".",
"it",
"was",
"normal",
"in",
"fleet",
"actions",
"of",
"the",
"18th",
"century",
"for",
"the",
"two",
"lines",
"of",
"battle",
"to",
"pass",
"one",
"another",
"se",
"##date",
"##ly",
",",
"exchanging",
"fire",
"at",
"long",
"ranges",
"and",
"then",
"wearing",
"away",
",",
"often",
"without",
"either",
"side",
"losing",
"a",
"ship",
"or",
"taking",
"an",
"enemy",
".",
"in",
"contrast",
",",
"howe",
"was",
"counting",
"on",
"the",
"professional",
"##ism"
] | 3,425 |
from the enemy . by this time , howe ' s formation was strung out in an organised line parallel to the french , with frigates acting as repeat ##ers for the admiral ' s commands . the french were likewise in line ahead and the two lines began exchanging long @ - @ range gunfire at 09 : 24 , whereupon howe unleashed his innovative battle ##pl ##an . it was normal in fleet actions of the 18th century for the two lines of battle to pass one another se ##date ##ly , exchanging fire at long ranges and then wearing away , often without either side losing a ship or taking an enemy . in contrast , howe was counting on the professional ##ism
| 243 |
[
"of",
"his",
"captains",
"and",
"crews",
"combined",
"with",
"the",
"advantage",
"of",
"the",
"weather",
"gage",
"to",
"attack",
"the",
"french",
"directly",
",",
"driving",
"through",
"their",
"line",
".",
"however",
",",
"this",
"time",
"he",
"did",
"not",
"plan",
"to",
"man",
"##oe",
"##u",
"##vre",
"in",
"the",
"way",
"he",
"had",
"during",
"the",
"two",
"previous",
"encounters",
";",
"each",
"ship",
"following",
"in",
"the",
"wake",
"of",
"that",
"in",
"front",
"to",
"create",
"a",
"new",
"line",
"arrow",
"##ing",
"through",
"his",
"opponent",
"'",
"s",
"force",
"(",
"as",
"rodney",
"had",
"done",
"at",
"the",
"battle",
"of",
"the",
"sainte",
"##s",
"12",
"years",
"earlier",
")",
".",
"instead",
",",
"howe",
"ordered",
"each",
"of",
"his",
"ships",
"to",
"turn",
"individually",
"towards",
"the",
"french",
"line",
",",
"intending",
"to",
"breach",
"it",
"at",
"every",
"point",
"and",
"rake",
"the",
"french",
"ships",
"at",
"both",
"bow",
"and",
"stern",
".",
"the",
"british",
"captains",
"would"
] | 3,426 |
of his captains and crews combined with the advantage of the weather gage to attack the french directly , driving through their line . however , this time he did not plan to man ##oe ##u ##vre in the way he had during the two previous encounters ; each ship following in the wake of that in front to create a new line arrow ##ing through his opponent ' s force ( as rodney had done at the battle of the sainte ##s 12 years earlier ) . instead , howe ordered each of his ships to turn individually towards the french line , intending to breach it at every point and rake the french ships at both bow and stern . the british captains would
| 59 |
[
"then",
"pull",
"up",
"on",
"the",
"lee",
"##ward",
"side",
"of",
"their",
"opposite",
"numbers",
",",
"cutting",
"them",
"off",
"from",
"their",
"retreat",
"down",
"##wind",
",",
"and",
"engage",
"them",
"directly",
",",
"hopefully",
"forcing",
"each",
"to",
"surrender",
"and",
"consequently",
"destroying",
"the",
"french",
"atlantic",
"fleet",
".",
"=",
"=",
"british",
"break",
"the",
"line",
"=",
"=",
"within",
"minutes",
"of",
"issuing",
"the",
"signal",
"and",
"turning",
"his",
"flagship",
"hms",
"queen",
"charlotte",
",",
"howe",
"'",
"s",
"plan",
"began",
"to",
"fa",
"##lter",
".",
"many",
"of",
"the",
"british",
"captains",
"had",
"either",
"misunderstood",
"or",
"ignored",
"the",
"signal",
"and",
"were",
"hanging",
"back",
"in",
"the",
"original",
"line",
".",
"other",
"ships",
"were",
"still",
"struggling",
"with",
"damage",
"from",
"howe",
"'",
"s",
"earlier",
"engagements",
"and",
"could",
"not",
"get",
"into",
"action",
"fast",
"enough",
".",
"the",
"result",
"was",
"a",
"ragged",
"formation",
"tipped",
"by",
"queen",
"charlotte",
"that",
"headed"
] | 3,427 |
then pull up on the lee ##ward side of their opposite numbers , cutting them off from their retreat down ##wind , and engage them directly , hopefully forcing each to surrender and consequently destroying the french atlantic fleet . = = british break the line = = within minutes of issuing the signal and turning his flagship hms queen charlotte , howe ' s plan began to fa ##lter . many of the british captains had either misunderstood or ignored the signal and were hanging back in the original line . other ships were still struggling with damage from howe ' s earlier engagements and could not get into action fast enough . the result was a ragged formation tipped by queen charlotte that headed
| 940 |
[
"uneven",
"##ly",
"for",
"villa",
"##ret",
"'",
"s",
"fleet",
".",
"the",
"french",
"responded",
"by",
"firing",
"on",
"the",
"british",
"ships",
"as",
"they",
"approached",
",",
"but",
"the",
"lack",
"of",
"training",
"and",
"coordination",
"in",
"the",
"french",
"fleet",
"was",
"obvious",
";",
"many",
"ships",
"which",
"did",
"obey",
"howe",
"'",
"s",
"order",
"and",
"attacked",
"the",
"french",
"directly",
"arrived",
"in",
"action",
"without",
"significant",
"damage",
".",
"although",
"queen",
"charlotte",
"pressed",
"on",
"all",
"sail",
",",
"she",
"was",
"not",
"the",
"first",
"through",
"the",
"enemy",
"line",
".",
"that",
"distinction",
"belonged",
"to",
"a",
"ship",
"of",
"the",
"van",
"squadron",
"under",
"admiral",
"graves",
":",
"hms",
"defence",
"under",
"captain",
"james",
"ga",
"##mb",
"##ier",
",",
"a",
"notorious",
"##ly",
"do",
"##ur",
"officer",
"nicknamed",
"\"",
"di",
"##sma",
"##l",
"jimmy",
"\"",
"by",
"his",
"contemporaries",
".",
"defence",
",",
"the",
"seventh",
"ship",
"of",
"the",
"british",
"line",
",",
"successfully"
] | 3,428 |
uneven ##ly for villa ##ret ' s fleet . the french responded by firing on the british ships as they approached , but the lack of training and coordination in the french fleet was obvious ; many ships which did obey howe ' s order and attacked the french directly arrived in action without significant damage . although queen charlotte pressed on all sail , she was not the first through the enemy line . that distinction belonged to a ship of the van squadron under admiral graves : hms defence under captain james ga ##mb ##ier , a notorious ##ly do ##ur officer nicknamed " di ##sma ##l jimmy " by his contemporaries . defence , the seventh ship of the british line , successfully
| 978 |
[
"cut",
"the",
"french",
"line",
"between",
"its",
"sixth",
"and",
"seventh",
"ships",
";",
"mu",
"##cius",
"and",
"tour",
"##ville",
".",
"ra",
"##king",
"both",
"opponents",
",",
"defence",
"soon",
"found",
"herself",
"in",
"difficulty",
"due",
"to",
"the",
"failure",
"of",
"those",
"ships",
"behind",
"her",
"to",
"properly",
"follow",
"up",
".",
"this",
"left",
"her",
"vulnerable",
"to",
"mu",
"##cius",
",",
"tour",
"##ville",
"and",
"the",
"ships",
"following",
"them",
",",
"with",
"which",
"she",
"began",
"a",
"furious",
"fu",
"##sil",
"##lad",
"##e",
".",
"however",
",",
"defence",
"was",
"not",
"the",
"only",
"ship",
"of",
"the",
"van",
"to",
"break",
"the",
"french",
"line",
";",
"minutes",
"later",
"george",
"cr",
"##an",
"##field",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"berkeley",
"in",
"hms",
"marlborough",
"executed",
"howe",
"'",
"s",
"man",
"##oe",
"##u",
"##vre",
"perfectly",
",",
"ra",
"##king",
"and",
"then",
"en",
"##tang",
"##ling",
"his",
"ship",
"with",
"imp",
"##et",
"##ue",
"##ux",
".",
"in",
"front"
] | 3,429 |
cut the french line between its sixth and seventh ships ; mu ##cius and tour ##ville . ra ##king both opponents , defence soon found herself in difficulty due to the failure of those ships behind her to properly follow up . this left her vulnerable to mu ##cius , tour ##ville and the ships following them , with which she began a furious fu ##sil ##lad ##e . however , defence was not the only ship of the van to break the french line ; minutes later george cr ##an ##field @ - @ berkeley in hms marlborough executed howe ' s man ##oe ##u ##vre perfectly , ra ##king and then en ##tang ##ling his ship with imp ##et ##ue ##ux . in front
| 134 |
[
"of",
"marlborough",
"the",
"rest",
"of",
"the",
"van",
"had",
"mixed",
"success",
".",
"hms",
"belle",
"##rop",
"##hon",
"and",
"hms",
"levi",
"##athan",
"were",
"both",
"still",
"suffering",
"the",
"effects",
"of",
"their",
"ex",
"##ert",
"##ions",
"earlier",
"in",
"the",
"week",
"and",
"did",
"not",
"breach",
"the",
"enemy",
"line",
".",
"instead",
"they",
"pulled",
"along",
"the",
"near",
"side",
"of",
"e",
"##ole",
"and",
"america",
"respectively",
"and",
"brought",
"them",
"to",
"close",
"gunnery",
"duel",
"##s",
".",
"rear",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"admiral",
"thomas",
"pas",
"##ley",
"of",
"belle",
"##rop",
"##hon",
"was",
"an",
"early",
"casualty",
",",
"losing",
"a",
"leg",
"in",
"the",
"opening",
"exchanges",
".",
"hms",
"royal",
"sovereign",
",",
"graves",
"'",
"s",
"flagship",
",",
"was",
"less",
"successful",
"due",
"to",
"a",
"mis",
"##cal",
"##cula",
"##tion",
"of",
"distance",
"that",
"resulted",
"in",
"her",
"pulling",
"up",
"too",
"far",
"from",
"the",
"french",
"line",
"and",
"coming",
"under",
"heavy"
] | 3,430 |
of marlborough the rest of the van had mixed success . hms belle ##rop ##hon and hms levi ##athan were both still suffering the effects of their ex ##ert ##ions earlier in the week and did not breach the enemy line . instead they pulled along the near side of e ##ole and america respectively and brought them to close gunnery duel ##s . rear @ - @ admiral thomas pas ##ley of belle ##rop ##hon was an early casualty , losing a leg in the opening exchanges . hms royal sovereign , graves ' s flagship , was less successful due to a mis ##cal ##cula ##tion of distance that resulted in her pulling up too far from the french line and coming under heavy
| 971 |
[
"fire",
"from",
"her",
"opponent",
"terrible",
".",
"in",
"the",
"time",
"it",
"took",
"to",
"engage",
"terrible",
"more",
"closely",
",",
"royal",
"sovereign",
"suffered",
"a",
"severe",
"pounding",
"and",
"admiral",
"graves",
"was",
"badly",
"wounded",
".",
"more",
"disturbing",
"to",
"lord",
"howe",
"were",
"the",
"actions",
"of",
"hms",
"russell",
"and",
"hms",
"caesar",
".",
"russell",
"'",
"s",
"captain",
"john",
"will",
"##ett",
"payne",
"was",
"criticised",
"at",
"the",
"time",
"for",
"failing",
"to",
"get",
"to",
"grips",
"with",
"the",
"enemy",
"more",
"closely",
"and",
"allowing",
"her",
"opponent",
"temeraire",
"to",
"badly",
"damage",
"her",
"rig",
"##ging",
"in",
"the",
"early",
"stages",
",",
"although",
"later",
"commentators",
"blamed",
"damage",
"received",
"on",
"29",
"may",
"for",
"her",
"poor",
"start",
"to",
"the",
"action",
".",
"there",
"were",
"no",
"such",
"excuses",
",",
"however",
",",
"for",
"captain",
"anthony",
"mo",
"##llo",
"##y",
"of",
"caesar",
",",
"who",
"totally",
"failed",
"in",
"his",
"duty",
"to"
] | 3,431 |
fire from her opponent terrible . in the time it took to engage terrible more closely , royal sovereign suffered a severe pounding and admiral graves was badly wounded . more disturbing to lord howe were the actions of hms russell and hms caesar . russell ' s captain john will ##ett payne was criticised at the time for failing to get to grips with the enemy more closely and allowing her opponent temeraire to badly damage her rig ##ging in the early stages , although later commentators blamed damage received on 29 may for her poor start to the action . there were no such excuses , however , for captain anthony mo ##llo ##y of caesar , who totally failed in his duty to
| 971 |
[
"engage",
"the",
"enemy",
".",
"mo",
"##llo",
"##y",
"completely",
"ignored",
"howe",
"'",
"s",
"signal",
"and",
"continued",
"ahead",
"as",
"if",
"the",
"british",
"battle",
"##line",
"was",
"following",
"him",
"rather",
"than",
"engaging",
"the",
"french",
"fleet",
"directly",
".",
"caesar",
"did",
"participate",
"in",
"a",
"des",
"##ult",
"##ory",
"exchange",
"of",
"fire",
"with",
"the",
"leading",
"french",
"ship",
"tr",
"##ajan",
"but",
"her",
"fire",
"had",
"little",
"effect",
",",
"while",
"tr",
"##ajan",
"inflicted",
"much",
"damage",
"to",
"caesar",
"'",
"s",
"rig",
"##ging",
"and",
"was",
"subsequently",
"able",
"to",
"attack",
"belle",
"##rop",
"##hon",
"as",
"well",
",",
"roaming",
"un",
"##che",
"##cked",
"through",
"the",
"melee",
"developing",
"at",
"the",
"head",
"of",
"the",
"line",
".",
"the",
"centre",
"of",
"the",
"two",
"fleets",
"was",
"divided",
"by",
"two",
"separate",
"squadrons",
"of",
"the",
"british",
"line",
":",
"the",
"forward",
"division",
"under",
"admiral",
"##s",
"benjamin",
"caldwell",
"and",
"george",
"bow",
"##yer"
] | 3,432 |
engage the enemy . mo ##llo ##y completely ignored howe ' s signal and continued ahead as if the british battle ##line was following him rather than engaging the french fleet directly . caesar did participate in a des ##ult ##ory exchange of fire with the leading french ship tr ##ajan but her fire had little effect , while tr ##ajan inflicted much damage to caesar ' s rig ##ging and was subsequently able to attack belle ##rop ##hon as well , roaming un ##che ##cked through the melee developing at the head of the line . the centre of the two fleets was divided by two separate squadrons of the british line : the forward division under admiral ##s benjamin caldwell and george bow ##yer
| 4 |
[
"and",
"the",
"rear",
"under",
"lord",
"howe",
".",
"while",
"howe",
"in",
"queen",
"charlotte",
"was",
"engaging",
"the",
"french",
"closely",
",",
"his",
"subordinate",
"##s",
"in",
"the",
"forward",
"division",
"were",
"less",
"active",
".",
"instead",
"of",
"moving",
"in",
"on",
"their",
"opposite",
"numbers",
"directly",
",",
"the",
"forward",
"division",
"se",
"##date",
"##ly",
"closed",
"with",
"the",
"french",
"in",
"line",
"ahead",
"formation",
",",
"engaging",
"in",
"a",
"long",
"distance",
"duel",
"which",
"did",
"not",
"prevent",
"their",
"opponents",
"from",
"hara",
"##ssing",
"the",
"em",
"##bat",
"##tled",
"defence",
"just",
"ahead",
"of",
"them",
".",
"of",
"all",
"the",
"ships",
"in",
"this",
"squadron",
"only",
"hms",
"invincible",
",",
"under",
"thomas",
"pak",
"##enham",
",",
"ranged",
"close",
"to",
"the",
"french",
"lines",
".",
"invincible",
"was",
"badly",
"damaged",
"by",
"her",
"lone",
"charge",
"but",
"managed",
"to",
"engage",
"the",
"larger",
"just",
"##e",
".",
"hms",
"bar",
"##fle",
"##ur",
"under",
"bow",
"##yer"
] | 3,433 |
and the rear under lord howe . while howe in queen charlotte was engaging the french closely , his subordinate ##s in the forward division were less active . instead of moving in on their opposite numbers directly , the forward division se ##date ##ly closed with the french in line ahead formation , engaging in a long distance duel which did not prevent their opponents from hara ##ssing the em ##bat ##tled defence just ahead of them . of all the ships in this squadron only hms invincible , under thomas pak ##enham , ranged close to the french lines . invincible was badly damaged by her lone charge but managed to engage the larger just ##e . hms bar ##fle ##ur under bow ##yer
| 978 |
[
"did",
"later",
"enter",
"the",
"action",
",",
"but",
"bow",
"##yer",
"was",
"not",
"present",
",",
"having",
"lost",
"a",
"leg",
"in",
"the",
"opening",
"exchanges",
".",
"howe",
"and",
"queen",
"charlotte",
"led",
"the",
"fleet",
"by",
"example",
",",
"sailing",
"directly",
"at",
"the",
"french",
"flagship",
"mont",
"##agne",
".",
"passing",
"between",
"mont",
"##agne",
"and",
"the",
"next",
"in",
"line",
"ve",
"##nge",
"##ur",
"du",
"pe",
"##up",
"##le",
",",
"queen",
"charlotte",
"raked",
"both",
"and",
"hauled",
"up",
"close",
"to",
"mont",
"##agne",
"to",
"engage",
"in",
"a",
"close",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"range",
"artillery",
"battle",
".",
"as",
"she",
"did",
"so",
",",
"queen",
"charlotte",
"also",
"became",
"briefly",
"en",
"##tangled",
"with",
"jacob",
"##in",
",",
"and",
"exchanged",
"fire",
"with",
"her",
"too",
",",
"causing",
"serious",
"damage",
"to",
"both",
"french",
"ships",
".",
"to",
"the",
"right",
"of",
"queen",
"charlotte",
",",
"hms",
"brunswick",
"had",
"initially",
"struggled",
"to",
"join"
] | 3,434 |
did later enter the action , but bow ##yer was not present , having lost a leg in the opening exchanges . howe and queen charlotte led the fleet by example , sailing directly at the french flagship mont ##agne . passing between mont ##agne and the next in line ve ##nge ##ur du pe ##up ##le , queen charlotte raked both and hauled up close to mont ##agne to engage in a close @ - @ range artillery battle . as she did so , queen charlotte also became briefly en ##tangled with jacob ##in , and exchanged fire with her too , causing serious damage to both french ships . to the right of queen charlotte , hms brunswick had initially struggled to join
| 438 |
[
"the",
"action",
".",
"labour",
"##ing",
"behind",
"the",
"flagship",
",",
"her",
"captain",
"john",
"harvey",
"received",
"a",
"re",
"##bu",
"##ke",
"from",
"howe",
"for",
"the",
"delay",
".",
"spurred",
"by",
"this",
"signal",
",",
"harvey",
"pushed",
"his",
"ship",
"forward",
"and",
"almost",
"outs",
"##trip",
"##ped",
"queen",
"charlotte",
",",
"blocking",
"her",
"view",
"of",
"the",
"eastern",
"half",
"of",
"the",
"french",
"fleet",
"for",
"a",
"time",
"and",
"taking",
"severe",
"damage",
"from",
"french",
"fire",
"as",
"she",
"did",
"so",
".",
"harvey",
"hoped",
"to",
"run",
"aboard",
"jacob",
"##in",
"and",
"support",
"his",
"admiral",
"directly",
",",
"but",
"was",
"not",
"fast",
"enough",
"to",
"reach",
"her",
"and",
"so",
"attempted",
"to",
"cut",
"between",
"ac",
"##hill",
"##e",
"and",
"ve",
"##nge",
"##ur",
"du",
"pe",
"##up",
"##le",
".",
"this",
"man",
"##oe",
"##u",
"##vre",
"failed",
"when",
"brunswick",
"'",
"s",
"anchors",
"became",
"en",
"##tangled",
"in",
"ve",
"##nge",
"##ur",
"'"
] | 3,435 |
the action . labour ##ing behind the flagship , her captain john harvey received a re ##bu ##ke from howe for the delay . spurred by this signal , harvey pushed his ship forward and almost outs ##trip ##ped queen charlotte , blocking her view of the eastern half of the french fleet for a time and taking severe damage from french fire as she did so . harvey hoped to run aboard jacob ##in and support his admiral directly , but was not fast enough to reach her and so attempted to cut between ac ##hill ##e and ve ##nge ##ur du pe ##up ##le . this man ##oe ##u ##vre failed when brunswick ' s anchors became en ##tangled in ve ##nge ##ur '
| 59 |
[
"s",
"rig",
"##ging",
".",
"harvey",
"'",
"s",
"master",
"asked",
"if",
"ve",
"##nge",
"##ur",
"should",
"be",
"cut",
"loose",
",",
"to",
"which",
"harvey",
"replied",
"\"",
"no",
";",
"we",
"have",
"got",
"her",
"and",
"we",
"will",
"keep",
"her",
"\"",
".",
"the",
"two",
"ships",
"swung",
"so",
"close",
"to",
"each",
"other",
"that",
"brunswick",
"'",
"s",
"crew",
"could",
"not",
"open",
"their",
"gun",
"##ports",
"and",
"had",
"to",
"fire",
"through",
"the",
"closed",
"lids",
",",
"the",
"ships",
"batter",
"##ing",
"each",
"other",
"from",
"a",
"distance",
"of",
"just",
"a",
"few",
"feet",
".",
"behind",
"this",
"combat",
",",
"other",
"ships",
"of",
"the",
"centre",
"division",
"struck",
"the",
"french",
"line",
",",
"hms",
"valiant",
"under",
"thomas",
"pri",
"##ng",
"##le",
"passing",
"close",
"to",
"patriot",
"##e",
"which",
"pulled",
"away",
",",
"her",
"crew",
"suffering",
"from",
"con",
"##tag",
"##ion",
"and",
"unable",
"to",
"take",
"their",
"ship",
"into",
"battle"
] | 3,436 |
s rig ##ging . harvey ' s master asked if ve ##nge ##ur should be cut loose , to which harvey replied " no ; we have got her and we will keep her " . the two ships swung so close to each other that brunswick ' s crew could not open their gun ##ports and had to fire through the closed lids , the ships batter ##ing each other from a distance of just a few feet . behind this combat , other ships of the centre division struck the french line , hms valiant under thomas pri ##ng ##le passing close to patriot ##e which pulled away , her crew suffering from con ##tag ##ion and unable to take their ship into battle
| 186 |
[
".",
"valiant",
"instead",
"turned",
"her",
"attention",
"on",
"ac",
"##hill",
"##e",
",",
"which",
"had",
"already",
"been",
"raked",
"by",
"queen",
"charlotte",
"and",
"brunswick",
",",
"and",
"badly",
"damaged",
"her",
"before",
"pressing",
"on",
"sail",
"to",
"join",
"the",
"em",
"##bat",
"##tled",
"van",
"division",
".",
"hms",
"orion",
"under",
"john",
"thomas",
"duck",
"##worth",
"and",
"hms",
"queen",
"under",
"admiral",
"alan",
"gardner",
"both",
"attacked",
"the",
"same",
"ship",
",",
"queen",
"suffering",
"severely",
"from",
"the",
"earlier",
"actions",
"in",
"which",
"her",
"mast",
"##s",
"were",
"badly",
"damaged",
"and",
"her",
"captain",
"john",
"hut",
"##t",
"mortally",
"wounded",
".",
"both",
"ships",
"bore",
"down",
"on",
"the",
"french",
"northumberland",
",",
"which",
"was",
"soon",
"di",
"##sma",
"##sted",
"and",
"left",
"attempting",
"to",
"escape",
"on",
"only",
"the",
"stump",
"of",
"a",
"mast",
".",
"queen",
"was",
"too",
"slow",
"to",
"engage",
"northumberland",
"as",
"closely",
"as",
"orion",
",",
"and",
"soon",
"fell"
] | 3,437 |
. valiant instead turned her attention on ac ##hill ##e , which had already been raked by queen charlotte and brunswick , and badly damaged her before pressing on sail to join the em ##bat ##tled van division . hms orion under john thomas duck ##worth and hms queen under admiral alan gardner both attacked the same ship , queen suffering severely from the earlier actions in which her mast ##s were badly damaged and her captain john hut ##t mortally wounded . both ships bore down on the french northumberland , which was soon di ##sma ##sted and left attempting to escape on only the stump of a mast . queen was too slow to engage northumberland as closely as orion , and soon fell
| 971 |
[
"in",
"with",
"jem",
"##ma",
"##ppe",
"##s",
",",
"both",
"ships",
"batter",
"##ing",
"each",
"other",
"severely",
".",
"of",
"the",
"british",
"rear",
"ships",
",",
"only",
"two",
"made",
"a",
"determined",
"effort",
"to",
"break",
"the",
"french",
"line",
".",
"admiral",
"hood",
"'",
"s",
"flagship",
"hms",
"royal",
"george",
"pierced",
"it",
"between",
"republic",
"##ain",
"and",
"sans",
"par",
"##eil",
",",
"engaging",
"both",
"closely",
",",
"while",
"hms",
"glory",
"came",
"through",
"the",
"line",
"behind",
"sans",
"par",
"##eil",
"and",
"threw",
"herself",
"into",
"the",
"melee",
"as",
"well",
".",
"the",
"rest",
"of",
"the",
"british",
"and",
"french",
"rear",
"##guard",
"did",
"not",
"participate",
"in",
"this",
"close",
"combat",
";",
"hms",
"montagu",
"fought",
"a",
"long",
"range",
"gunnery",
"duel",
"with",
"neptune",
"which",
"damaged",
"neither",
"ship",
"severely",
",",
"although",
"the",
"british",
"captain",
"james",
"montagu",
"was",
"killed",
"in",
"the",
"opening",
"exchanges",
",",
"command",
"dev",
"##ol",
"##ving",
"on"
] | 3,438 |
in with jem ##ma ##ppe ##s , both ships batter ##ing each other severely . of the british rear ships , only two made a determined effort to break the french line . admiral hood ' s flagship hms royal george pierced it between republic ##ain and sans par ##eil , engaging both closely , while hms glory came through the line behind sans par ##eil and threw herself into the melee as well . the rest of the british and french rear ##guard did not participate in this close combat ; hms montagu fought a long range gunnery duel with neptune which damaged neither ship severely , although the british captain james montagu was killed in the opening exchanges , command dev ##ol ##ving on
| 971 |
[
"lieutenant",
"ross",
"donnelly",
".",
"next",
"in",
"line",
",",
"hms",
"ram",
"##ill",
"##ies",
"ignored",
"her",
"opponent",
"completely",
"and",
"sailed",
"west",
",",
"captain",
"henry",
"harvey",
"seeking",
"brunswick",
",",
"his",
"brother",
"'",
"s",
"ship",
",",
"in",
"the",
"confused",
"action",
"around",
"queen",
"charlotte",
".",
"three",
"other",
"british",
"ships",
"failed",
"to",
"respond",
"to",
"the",
"signal",
"from",
"howe",
",",
"including",
"hms",
"alfred",
"which",
"engaged",
"the",
"french",
"line",
"at",
"extreme",
"range",
"without",
"noticeable",
"effect",
",",
"and",
"captain",
"charles",
"cotton",
"in",
"hms",
"majestic",
"who",
"likewise",
"did",
"little",
"until",
"the",
"action",
"was",
"decided",
",",
"at",
"which",
"point",
"he",
"took",
"the",
"surrender",
"of",
"several",
"already",
"shattered",
"french",
"ships",
".",
"finally",
"hms",
"thunder",
"##er",
"under",
"al",
"##be",
"##mar",
"##le",
"bertie",
"took",
"no",
"part",
"in",
"the",
"initial",
"action",
"at",
"all",
",",
"standing",
"well",
"away",
"from",
"the",
"british",
"line"
] | 3,439 |
lieutenant ross donnelly . next in line , hms ram ##ill ##ies ignored her opponent completely and sailed west , captain henry harvey seeking brunswick , his brother ' s ship , in the confused action around queen charlotte . three other british ships failed to respond to the signal from howe , including hms alfred which engaged the french line at extreme range without noticeable effect , and captain charles cotton in hms majestic who likewise did little until the action was decided , at which point he took the surrender of several already shattered french ships . finally hms thunder ##er under al ##be ##mar ##le bertie took no part in the initial action at all , standing well away from the british line
| 967 |
[
"and",
"failing",
"to",
"engage",
"the",
"enemy",
"despite",
"the",
"signal",
"for",
"close",
"engagement",
"hanging",
"limp",
"##ly",
"from",
"her",
"main",
"##mas",
"##t",
".",
"the",
"french",
"rear",
"ships",
"were",
"no",
"less",
"idle",
",",
"with",
"en",
"##tre",
"##pre",
"##nant",
"and",
"pe",
"##llet",
"##ier",
"firing",
"at",
"any",
"british",
"ships",
"in",
"range",
"but",
"refusing",
"to",
"close",
"or",
"participate",
"in",
"the",
"melee",
"##s",
"on",
"either",
"side",
".",
"the",
"french",
"rear",
"ship",
"sci",
"##pio",
"##n",
"did",
"not",
"attempt",
"to",
"join",
"the",
"action",
"either",
",",
"but",
"could",
"not",
"avoid",
"becoming",
"em",
"##bro",
"##iled",
"in",
"the",
"group",
"around",
"royal",
"george",
"and",
"republic",
"##ain",
"and",
"suffered",
"severe",
"damage",
".",
"within",
"an",
"hour",
"of",
"their",
"opening",
"volley",
"##s",
"the",
"british",
"and",
"french",
"lines",
"were",
"hopeless",
"##ly",
"confused",
",",
"with",
"three",
"separate",
"engagements",
"being",
"fought",
"within",
"sight",
"of",
"one"
] | 3,440 |
and failing to engage the enemy despite the signal for close engagement hanging limp ##ly from her main ##mas ##t . the french rear ships were no less idle , with en ##tre ##pre ##nant and pe ##llet ##ier firing at any british ships in range but refusing to close or participate in the melee ##s on either side . the french rear ship sci ##pio ##n did not attempt to join the action either , but could not avoid becoming em ##bro ##iled in the group around royal george and republic ##ain and suffered severe damage . within an hour of their opening volley ##s the british and french lines were hopeless ##ly confused , with three separate engagements being fought within sight of one
| 946 |
[
"another",
".",
"in",
"the",
"van",
",",
"caesar",
"had",
"finally",
"attempted",
"to",
"join",
"the",
"fight",
",",
"only",
"to",
"have",
"a",
"vital",
"spa",
"##r",
"shot",
"away",
"by",
"tr",
"##ajan",
"which",
"caused",
"her",
"to",
"slip",
"down",
"the",
"two",
"em",
"##bat",
"##tled",
"fleets",
"without",
"contributing",
"significantly",
"to",
"the",
"battle",
".",
"belle",
"##rop",
"##hon",
"and",
"levi",
"##athan",
"were",
"in",
"the",
"thick",
"of",
"the",
"action",
",",
"the",
"outnumbered",
"belle",
"##rop",
"##hon",
"taking",
"serious",
"damage",
"to",
"her",
"rig",
"##ging",
".",
"this",
"left",
"her",
"unable",
"to",
"man",
"##oe",
"##u",
"##vre",
"and",
"in",
"danger",
"from",
"her",
"opponents",
",",
"of",
"which",
"e",
"##ole",
"also",
"suffered",
"severely",
".",
"captain",
"william",
"johnstone",
"hope",
"sought",
"to",
"extract",
"his",
"ship",
"from",
"her",
"per",
"##ilo",
"##us",
"position",
"and",
"called",
"up",
"support",
";",
"the",
"frigate",
"hms",
"la",
"##ton",
"##a",
"under",
"captain",
"edward"
] | 3,441 |
another . in the van , caesar had finally attempted to join the fight , only to have a vital spa ##r shot away by tr ##ajan which caused her to slip down the two em ##bat ##tled fleets without contributing significantly to the battle . belle ##rop ##hon and levi ##athan were in the thick of the action , the outnumbered belle ##rop ##hon taking serious damage to her rig ##ging . this left her unable to man ##oe ##u ##vre and in danger from her opponents , of which e ##ole also suffered severely . captain william johnstone hope sought to extract his ship from her per ##ilo ##us position and called up support ; the frigate hms la ##ton ##a under captain edward
| 59 |
[
"thorn",
"##bro",
"##ugh",
"arrived",
"to",
"provide",
"assistance",
".",
"thorn",
"##bro",
"##ugh",
"brought",
"his",
"small",
"ship",
"between",
"the",
"ships",
"of",
"the",
"french",
"battle",
"##line",
"and",
"opened",
"fire",
"on",
"e",
"##ole",
",",
"helping",
"to",
"drive",
"off",
"three",
"ships",
"of",
"the",
"line",
"and",
"then",
"towing",
"belle",
"##rop",
"##hon",
"to",
"safety",
".",
"levi",
"##athan",
",",
"under",
"lord",
"hugh",
"seymour",
",",
"had",
"been",
"more",
"successful",
"than",
"belle",
"##rop",
"##hon",
",",
"her",
"gunnery",
"di",
"##sma",
"##sti",
"##ng",
"america",
"despite",
"receiving",
"fire",
"from",
"e",
"##ole",
"and",
"tr",
"##ajan",
"in",
"passing",
".",
"levi",
"##athan",
"only",
"left",
"america",
"after",
"a",
"two",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"hour",
"duel",
",",
"sailing",
"at",
"11",
":",
"50",
"to",
"join",
"queen",
"charlotte",
"in",
"the",
"centre",
".",
"russell",
"had",
"not",
"broken",
"the",
"french",
"line",
"and",
"her",
"opponent",
"temeraire",
"got",
"the",
"better",
"of"
] | 3,442 |
thorn ##bro ##ugh arrived to provide assistance . thorn ##bro ##ugh brought his small ship between the ships of the french battle ##line and opened fire on e ##ole , helping to drive off three ships of the line and then towing belle ##rop ##hon to safety . levi ##athan , under lord hugh seymour , had been more successful than belle ##rop ##hon , her gunnery di ##sma ##sti ##ng america despite receiving fire from e ##ole and tr ##ajan in passing . levi ##athan only left america after a two @ - @ hour duel , sailing at 11 : 50 to join queen charlotte in the centre . russell had not broken the french line and her opponent temeraire got the better of
| 54 |
[
"her",
",",
"knocking",
"away",
"a",
"top",
"##mas",
"##t",
"and",
"escaping",
"to",
"wind",
"##ward",
"with",
"tr",
"##ajan",
"and",
"e",
"##ole",
".",
"russell",
"then",
"fired",
"on",
"several",
"passing",
"french",
"ships",
"before",
"joining",
"levi",
"##athan",
"in",
"attacking",
"the",
"centre",
"of",
"the",
"french",
"line",
".",
"russell",
"'",
"s",
"boats",
"also",
"took",
"the",
"surrender",
"of",
"america",
",",
"her",
"crew",
"boarding",
"the",
"vessel",
"to",
"make",
"her",
"a",
"prize",
"(",
"although",
"later",
"replaced",
"by",
"men",
"from",
"royal",
"sovereign",
")",
".",
"royal",
"sovereign",
"lost",
"admiral",
"graves",
"to",
"a",
"serious",
"wound",
"and",
"lost",
"her",
"opponent",
"as",
"well",
",",
"as",
"terrible",
"fell",
"out",
"of",
"the",
"line",
"to",
"wind",
"##ward",
"and",
"joined",
"a",
"growing",
"collection",
"of",
"french",
"ships",
"forming",
"a",
"new",
"line",
"on",
"the",
"far",
"side",
"of",
"the",
"action",
".",
"villa",
"##ret",
"was",
"leading",
"this",
"line",
"in"
] | 3,443 |
her , knocking away a top ##mas ##t and escaping to wind ##ward with tr ##ajan and e ##ole . russell then fired on several passing french ships before joining levi ##athan in attacking the centre of the french line . russell ' s boats also took the surrender of america , her crew boarding the vessel to make her a prize ( although later replaced by men from royal sovereign ) . royal sovereign lost admiral graves to a serious wound and lost her opponent as well , as terrible fell out of the line to wind ##ward and joined a growing collection of french ships forming a new line on the far side of the action . villa ##ret was leading this line in
| 971 |
[
"his",
"flagship",
"mont",
"##agne",
",",
"which",
"had",
"escaped",
"from",
"queen",
"charlotte",
",",
"and",
"it",
"was",
"mont",
"##agne",
"which",
"royal",
"sovereign",
"engaged",
"next",
",",
"pursuing",
"her",
"close",
"to",
"the",
"new",
"french",
"line",
"accompanied",
"by",
"valiant",
",",
"and",
"beginning",
"a",
"long",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"range",
"action",
".",
"behind",
"royal",
"sovereign",
"was",
"marlborough",
",",
"in",
"##ex",
"##tric",
"##ably",
"tangled",
"with",
"imp",
"##et",
"##ue",
"##ux",
".",
"badly",
"damaged",
"and",
"on",
"the",
"verge",
"of",
"surrender",
",",
"imp",
"##et",
"##ue",
"##ux",
"was",
"briefly",
"rep",
"##rie",
"##ved",
"when",
"mu",
"##cius",
"appeared",
"through",
"the",
"smoke",
"and",
"collided",
"with",
"both",
"ships",
".",
"the",
"three",
"en",
"##tangled",
"ships",
"continued",
"exchanging",
"fire",
"for",
"some",
"time",
",",
"all",
"suffering",
"heavy",
"casualties",
"with",
"marlborough",
"and",
"imp",
"##et",
"##ue",
"##ux",
"losing",
"all",
"three",
"of",
"their",
"mast",
"##s",
".",
"this",
"combat"
] | 3,444 |
his flagship mont ##agne , which had escaped from queen charlotte , and it was mont ##agne which royal sovereign engaged next , pursuing her close to the new french line accompanied by valiant , and beginning a long @ - @ range action . behind royal sovereign was marlborough , in ##ex ##tric ##ably tangled with imp ##et ##ue ##ux . badly damaged and on the verge of surrender , imp ##et ##ue ##ux was briefly rep ##rie ##ved when mu ##cius appeared through the smoke and collided with both ships . the three en ##tangled ships continued exchanging fire for some time , all suffering heavy casualties with marlborough and imp ##et ##ue ##ux losing all three of their mast ##s . this combat
| 134 |
[
"continued",
"for",
"several",
"hours",
".",
"captain",
"berkeley",
"of",
"marlborough",
"had",
"to",
"retire",
"below",
"with",
"serious",
"wounds",
",",
"and",
"command",
"fell",
"to",
"lieutenant",
"john",
"monk",
"##ton",
",",
"who",
"signal",
"##led",
"for",
"help",
"from",
"the",
"frigates",
"in",
"reserve",
".",
"robert",
"stop",
"##ford",
"responded",
"in",
"hms",
"a",
"##quil",
"##on",
",",
"which",
"had",
"the",
"assignment",
"of",
"repeating",
"signals",
",",
"and",
"towed",
"marlborough",
"out",
"of",
"the",
"line",
"as",
"mu",
"##cius",
"freed",
"herself",
"and",
"made",
"for",
"the",
"reg",
"##roup",
"##ed",
"french",
"fleet",
"to",
"the",
"north",
".",
"imp",
"##et",
"##ue",
"##ux",
"was",
"in",
"too",
"damaged",
"a",
"state",
"to",
"move",
"at",
"all",
",",
"and",
"was",
"soon",
"seized",
"by",
"sailors",
"from",
"hms",
"russell",
".",
"di",
"##sma",
"##sted",
",",
"defence",
"was",
"unable",
"to",
"hold",
"any",
"of",
"her",
"various",
"opponents",
"to",
"a",
"pro",
"##tracted",
"duel",
",",
"and"
] | 3,445 |
continued for several hours . captain berkeley of marlborough had to retire below with serious wounds , and command fell to lieutenant john monk ##ton , who signal ##led for help from the frigates in reserve . robert stop ##ford responded in hms a ##quil ##on , which had the assignment of repeating signals , and towed marlborough out of the line as mu ##cius freed herself and made for the reg ##roup ##ed french fleet to the north . imp ##et ##ue ##ux was in too damaged a state to move at all , and was soon seized by sailors from hms russell . di ##sma ##sted , defence was unable to hold any of her various opponents to a pro ##tracted duel , and
| 967 |
[
"by",
"13",
":",
"00",
"was",
"threatened",
"by",
"the",
"damaged",
"republic",
"##ain",
"moving",
"from",
"the",
"east",
".",
"although",
"republic",
"##ain",
"later",
"hauled",
"off",
"to",
"join",
"villa",
"##ret",
"to",
"the",
"north",
",",
"ga",
"##mb",
"##ier",
"requested",
"support",
"for",
"his",
"ship",
"from",
"the",
"fleet",
"'",
"s",
"frigates",
"and",
"was",
"aided",
"by",
"hms",
"ph",
"##ae",
"##ton",
"under",
"captain",
"william",
"bent",
"##in",
"##ck",
".",
"as",
"imp",
"##et",
"##ue",
"##ux",
"passed",
"she",
"fired",
"on",
"ph",
"##ae",
"##ton",
",",
"to",
"which",
"bent",
"##in",
"##ck",
"responded",
"with",
"several",
"broad",
"##side",
"##s",
"of",
"his",
"own",
".",
"invincible",
",",
"the",
"only",
"ship",
"of",
"the",
"forward",
"division",
"of",
"the",
"british",
"centre",
"to",
"engage",
"the",
"enemy",
"closely",
",",
"became",
"em",
"##bro",
"##iled",
"in",
"the",
"confusion",
"surrounding",
"queen",
"charlotte",
".",
"invincible",
"'",
"s",
"guns",
"drove",
"just",
"##e",
"onto",
"the"
] | 3,446 |
by 13 : 00 was threatened by the damaged republic ##ain moving from the east . although republic ##ain later hauled off to join villa ##ret to the north , ga ##mb ##ier requested support for his ship from the fleet ' s frigates and was aided by hms ph ##ae ##ton under captain william bent ##in ##ck . as imp ##et ##ue ##ux passed she fired on ph ##ae ##ton , to which bent ##in ##ck responded with several broad ##side ##s of his own . invincible , the only ship of the forward division of the british centre to engage the enemy closely , became em ##bro ##iled in the confusion surrounding queen charlotte . invincible ' s guns drove just ##e onto the
| 948 |
[
"broad",
"##side",
"of",
"queen",
"charlotte",
",",
"where",
"she",
"was",
"forced",
"to",
"surrender",
"to",
"lieutenant",
"henry",
"black",
"##wood",
"in",
"a",
"boat",
"from",
"invincible",
".",
"among",
"the",
"other",
"ships",
"of",
"the",
"division",
"there",
"were",
"only",
"minor",
"casualties",
",",
"although",
"hms",
"imp",
"##re",
"##gna",
"##ble",
"lost",
"several",
"yards",
"and",
"was",
"only",
"brought",
"back",
"into",
"line",
"by",
"the",
"quick",
"reactions",
"of",
"two",
"junior",
"officers",
",",
"lieutenant",
"robert",
"ot",
"##way",
"and",
"mid",
"##ship",
"##man",
"charles",
"dash",
"##wood",
".",
"the",
"conflict",
"between",
"queen",
"charlotte",
"and",
"mont",
"##agne",
"was",
"oddly",
"one",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"sided",
",",
"the",
"french",
"flagship",
"failing",
"to",
"make",
"use",
"of",
"her",
"lower",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"deck",
"guns",
"and",
"consequently",
"suffering",
"extensive",
"damage",
"and",
"casualties",
".",
"queen",
"charlotte",
"in",
"her",
"turn",
"was",
"damaged",
"by",
"fire",
"from",
"nearby",
"ships",
"and",
"was"
] | 3,447 |
broad ##side of queen charlotte , where she was forced to surrender to lieutenant henry black ##wood in a boat from invincible . among the other ships of the division there were only minor casualties , although hms imp ##re ##gna ##ble lost several yards and was only brought back into line by the quick reactions of two junior officers , lieutenant robert ot ##way and mid ##ship ##man charles dash ##wood . the conflict between queen charlotte and mont ##agne was oddly one @ - @ sided , the french flagship failing to make use of her lower @ - @ deck guns and consequently suffering extensive damage and casualties . queen charlotte in her turn was damaged by fire from nearby ships and was
| 954 |
[
"therefore",
"unable",
"to",
"follow",
"when",
"mont",
"##agne",
"set",
"her",
"remaining",
"sails",
"and",
"slipped",
"to",
"the",
"north",
"to",
"create",
"a",
"new",
"focal",
"point",
"for",
"the",
"survivors",
"of",
"the",
"french",
"fleet",
".",
"queen",
"charlotte",
"also",
"took",
"fire",
"during",
"the",
"engagement",
"from",
"hms",
"gibraltar",
",",
"under",
"thomas",
"mackenzie",
",",
"which",
"had",
"failed",
"to",
"close",
"with",
"the",
"enemy",
"and",
"instead",
"fired",
"at",
"random",
"into",
"the",
"smoke",
"bank",
"surrounding",
"the",
"flagship",
".",
"captain",
"sir",
"andrew",
"snap",
"##e",
"douglas",
"was",
"seriously",
"wounded",
"by",
"this",
"fire",
".",
"following",
"mont",
"##agne",
"'",
"s",
"escape",
",",
"queen",
"charlotte",
"engaged",
"jacob",
"##in",
"and",
"republic",
"##ain",
"as",
"they",
"passed",
",",
"and",
"was",
"successful",
"in",
"forcing",
"the",
"surrender",
"of",
"just",
"##e",
".",
"to",
"the",
"east",
"of",
"queen",
"charlotte",
",",
"brunswick",
"and",
"ve",
"##nge",
"##ur",
"du",
"pe",
"##up",
"##le"
] | 3,448 |
therefore unable to follow when mont ##agne set her remaining sails and slipped to the north to create a new focal point for the survivors of the french fleet . queen charlotte also took fire during the engagement from hms gibraltar , under thomas mackenzie , which had failed to close with the enemy and instead fired at random into the smoke bank surrounding the flagship . captain sir andrew snap ##e douglas was seriously wounded by this fire . following mont ##agne ' s escape , queen charlotte engaged jacob ##in and republic ##ain as they passed , and was successful in forcing the surrender of just ##e . to the east of queen charlotte , brunswick and ve ##nge ##ur du pe ##up ##le
| 952 |
[
"continued",
"their",
"bitter",
"combat",
",",
"locked",
"together",
"and",
"firing",
"main",
"broad",
"##side",
"##s",
"from",
"point",
"blank",
"range",
".",
"captain",
"harvey",
"of",
"brunswick",
"was",
"mortally",
"wounded",
"early",
"in",
"this",
"action",
"by",
"lang",
"##rage",
"fire",
"from",
"ve",
"##nge",
"##ur",
",",
"but",
"refused",
"to",
"quit",
"the",
"deck",
",",
"ordering",
"more",
"fire",
"into",
"his",
"opponent",
".",
"brunswick",
"also",
"managed",
"to",
"drive",
"ac",
"##hill",
"##e",
"off",
"from",
"her",
"far",
"side",
"when",
"the",
"french",
"ship",
"attempted",
"to",
"intervene",
".",
"ac",
"##hill",
"##e",
",",
"already",
"damaged",
",",
"was",
"totally",
"di",
"##sma",
"##sted",
"in",
"the",
"exchange",
"and",
"briefly",
"surrendered",
",",
"although",
"her",
"crew",
"res",
"##cin",
"##ded",
"this",
"when",
"it",
"became",
"clear",
"brunswick",
"was",
"in",
"no",
"position",
"to",
"take",
"possession",
".",
"with",
"her",
"colours",
"re",
"##ho",
"##iste",
"##d",
",",
"ac",
"##hill",
"##e",
"then",
"made",
"what"
] | 3,449 |
continued their bitter combat , locked together and firing main broad ##side ##s from point blank range . captain harvey of brunswick was mortally wounded early in this action by lang ##rage fire from ve ##nge ##ur , but refused to quit the deck , ordering more fire into his opponent . brunswick also managed to drive ac ##hill ##e off from her far side when the french ship attempted to intervene . ac ##hill ##e , already damaged , was totally di ##sma ##sted in the exchange and briefly surrendered , although her crew res ##cin ##ded this when it became clear brunswick was in no position to take possession . with her colours re ##ho ##iste ##d , ac ##hill ##e then made what
| 952 |
[
"sail",
"she",
"could",
"in",
"an",
"attempt",
"to",
"join",
"villa",
"##ret",
"to",
"the",
"north",
".",
"it",
"was",
"not",
"until",
"12",
":",
"45",
"that",
"the",
"shattered",
"ve",
"##nge",
"##ur",
"and",
"brunswick",
"pulled",
"apart",
",",
"both",
"largely",
"di",
"##sma",
"##sted",
"and",
"very",
"battered",
".",
"brunswick",
"was",
"only",
"able",
"to",
"return",
"to",
"the",
"british",
"side",
"of",
"the",
"line",
"after",
"being",
"supported",
"by",
"ram",
"##ill",
"##ies",
",",
"while",
"ve",
"##nge",
"##ur",
"was",
"unable",
"to",
"move",
"at",
"all",
".",
"ram",
"##ill",
"##ies",
"took",
"ve",
"##nge",
"##ur",
"'",
"s",
"surrender",
"after",
"a",
"brief",
"cannon",
"##ade",
"but",
"was",
"unable",
"to",
"board",
"her",
"and",
"instead",
"pursued",
"the",
"fleeing",
"ac",
"##hill",
"##e",
",",
"which",
"soon",
"surrendered",
"as",
"well",
".",
"to",
"the",
"east",
",",
"orion",
"and",
"queen",
"forced",
"the",
"surrender",
"of",
"both",
"northumberland",
"and",
"jem",
"##ma",
"##ppe"
] | 3,450 |
sail she could in an attempt to join villa ##ret to the north . it was not until 12 : 45 that the shattered ve ##nge ##ur and brunswick pulled apart , both largely di ##sma ##sted and very battered . brunswick was only able to return to the british side of the line after being supported by ram ##ill ##ies , while ve ##nge ##ur was unable to move at all . ram ##ill ##ies took ve ##nge ##ur ' s surrender after a brief cannon ##ade but was unable to board her and instead pursued the fleeing ac ##hill ##e , which soon surrendered as well . to the east , orion and queen forced the surrender of both northumberland and jem ##ma ##ppe
| 230 |
[
"##s",
",",
"although",
"queen",
"was",
"unable",
"to",
"secure",
"jem",
"##ma",
"##ppe",
"##s",
"and",
"she",
"had",
"to",
"be",
"abandoned",
"later",
".",
"queen",
"especially",
"was",
"badly",
"damaged",
"and",
"unable",
"to",
"make",
"the",
"british",
"lines",
"again",
",",
"wall",
"##owing",
"between",
"the",
"newly",
"reformed",
"french",
"fleet",
"and",
"the",
"british",
"battle",
"##line",
"along",
"with",
"several",
"other",
"shattered",
"ships",
".",
"royal",
"george",
"and",
"glory",
"had",
"between",
"them",
"disabled",
"sci",
"##pio",
"##n",
"and",
"sans",
"par",
"##eil",
"in",
"a",
"bitter",
"exchange",
",",
"but",
"were",
"also",
"too",
"badly",
"damaged",
"themselves",
"to",
"take",
"possession",
".",
"all",
"four",
"ships",
"were",
"among",
"those",
"left",
"drifting",
"in",
"the",
"gap",
"between",
"the",
"fleets",
".",
"=",
"=",
"french",
"recovery",
"=",
"=",
"villa",
"##ret",
"in",
"mont",
"##agne",
",",
"having",
"successfully",
"broken",
"contact",
"with",
"the",
"british",
"flagship",
"and",
"slipped",
"away",
"to",
"the",
"north"
] | 3,451 |
##s , although queen was unable to secure jem ##ma ##ppe ##s and she had to be abandoned later . queen especially was badly damaged and unable to make the british lines again , wall ##owing between the newly reformed french fleet and the british battle ##line along with several other shattered ships . royal george and glory had between them disabled sci ##pio ##n and sans par ##eil in a bitter exchange , but were also too badly damaged themselves to take possession . all four ships were among those left drifting in the gap between the fleets . = = french recovery = = villa ##ret in mont ##agne , having successfully broken contact with the british flagship and slipped away to the north
| 438 |
[
",",
"managed",
"to",
"gather",
"11",
"ships",
"of",
"the",
"line",
"around",
"him",
"and",
"formed",
"them",
"up",
"in",
"a",
"rec",
"##ons",
"##tituted",
"battle",
"squadron",
".",
"at",
"11",
":",
"30",
",",
"with",
"the",
"main",
"action",
"drawing",
"to",
"a",
"close",
",",
"he",
"began",
"a",
"recovery",
"man",
"##oe",
"##u",
"##vre",
"intended",
"to",
"less",
"##en",
"the",
"tactical",
"defeat",
"his",
"fleet",
"had",
"suffered",
".",
"aiming",
"his",
"new",
"squadron",
"at",
"the",
"battered",
"queen",
",",
"villa",
"##ret",
"'",
"s",
"attack",
"created",
"con",
"##ster",
"##nation",
"in",
"the",
"british",
"fleet",
",",
"which",
"was",
"un",
"##pre",
"##par",
"##ed",
"for",
"a",
"second",
"engagement",
".",
"however",
",",
"disc",
"##ern",
"##ing",
"villa",
"##ret",
"'",
"s",
"intention",
",",
"howe",
"also",
"pulled",
"his",
"ships",
"together",
"to",
"create",
"a",
"new",
"force",
".",
"his",
"reformed",
"squadron",
"consisted",
"of",
"queen",
"charlotte",
",",
"royal",
"sovereign",
",",
"valiant"
] | 3,452 |
, managed to gather 11 ships of the line around him and formed them up in a rec ##ons ##tituted battle squadron . at 11 : 30 , with the main action drawing to a close , he began a recovery man ##oe ##u ##vre intended to less ##en the tactical defeat his fleet had suffered . aiming his new squadron at the battered queen , villa ##ret ' s attack created con ##ster ##nation in the british fleet , which was un ##pre ##par ##ed for a second engagement . however , disc ##ern ##ing villa ##ret ' s intention , howe also pulled his ships together to create a new force . his reformed squadron consisted of queen charlotte , royal sovereign , valiant
| 980 |
[
",",
"levi",
"##athan",
",",
"bar",
"##fle",
"##ur",
",",
"and",
"thunder",
"##er",
".",
"howe",
"deployed",
"this",
"squadron",
"in",
"defence",
"of",
"queen",
",",
"and",
"the",
"two",
"short",
"lines",
"engaged",
"one",
"another",
"at",
"a",
"distance",
"before",
"villa",
"##ret",
"abandoned",
"his",
"man",
"##oe",
"##u",
"##vre",
"and",
"hauled",
"off",
"to",
"collect",
"several",
"of",
"his",
"own",
"di",
"##sma",
"##sted",
"ships",
"that",
"were",
"endeavour",
"##ing",
"to",
"escape",
"british",
"pursuit",
".",
"villa",
"##ret",
"was",
"subsequently",
"joined",
"by",
"the",
"battered",
"terrible",
",",
"which",
"sailed",
"straight",
"through",
"the",
"dispersed",
"british",
"fleet",
"to",
"reach",
"the",
"french",
"lines",
",",
"and",
"he",
"also",
"recovered",
"the",
"di",
"##sma",
"##sted",
"sci",
"##pio",
"##n",
",",
"mu",
"##cius",
",",
"jem",
"##ma",
"##ppe",
"##s",
",",
"and",
"republic",
"##ain",
"—",
"all",
"of",
"which",
"lay",
"within",
"reach",
"of",
"the",
"une",
"##nga",
"##ged",
"british",
"ships",
"—",
"before"
] | 3,453 |
, levi ##athan , bar ##fle ##ur , and thunder ##er . howe deployed this squadron in defence of queen , and the two short lines engaged one another at a distance before villa ##ret abandoned his man ##oe ##u ##vre and hauled off to collect several of his own di ##sma ##sted ships that were endeavour ##ing to escape british pursuit . villa ##ret was subsequently joined by the battered terrible , which sailed straight through the dispersed british fleet to reach the french lines , and he also recovered the di ##sma ##sted sci ##pio ##n , mu ##cius , jem ##ma ##ppe ##s , and republic ##ain — all of which lay within reach of the une ##nga ##ged british ships — before
| 940 |
[
"turning",
"eastward",
"##s",
"towards",
"france",
".",
"at",
"this",
"stage",
"of",
"the",
"battle",
",",
"howe",
"retired",
"below",
"and",
"the",
"british",
"consolidation",
"was",
"left",
"to",
"his",
"captain",
"of",
"the",
"fleet",
",",
"sir",
"roger",
"curtis",
".",
"curtis",
"was",
"subsequently",
"blamed",
"by",
"some",
"in",
"the",
"navy",
"for",
"not",
"capturing",
"more",
"of",
"the",
"di",
"##sma",
"##sted",
"french",
"ships",
",",
"and",
"was",
"also",
"accused",
"of",
"di",
"##ss",
"##ua",
"##ding",
"howe",
"from",
"attempting",
"further",
"pursuit",
".",
"in",
"fact",
",",
"the",
"british",
"fleet",
"was",
"unable",
"to",
"pursue",
"villa",
"##ret",
",",
"having",
"only",
"11",
"ships",
"still",
"capable",
"of",
"battle",
"to",
"the",
"french",
"12",
",",
"and",
"having",
"numerous",
"di",
"##sma",
"##sted",
"ships",
"and",
"prizes",
"to",
"protect",
".",
"retiring",
"and",
"reg",
"##roup",
"##ing",
",",
"the",
"british",
"crews",
"set",
"about",
"making",
"hasty",
"repairs",
"and",
"securing",
"their",
"prizes",
";"
] | 3,454 |
turning eastward ##s towards france . at this stage of the battle , howe retired below and the british consolidation was left to his captain of the fleet , sir roger curtis . curtis was subsequently blamed by some in the navy for not capturing more of the di ##sma ##sted french ships , and was also accused of di ##ss ##ua ##ding howe from attempting further pursuit . in fact , the british fleet was unable to pursue villa ##ret , having only 11 ships still capable of battle to the french 12 , and having numerous di ##sma ##sted ships and prizes to protect . retiring and reg ##roup ##ing , the british crews set about making hasty repairs and securing their prizes ;
| 243 |
[
"seven",
"in",
"total",
",",
"including",
"the",
"badly",
"damaged",
"ve",
"##nge",
"##ur",
"du",
"pe",
"##up",
"##le",
".",
"ve",
"##nge",
"##ur",
"had",
"been",
"hole",
"##d",
"by",
"cannon",
"firing",
"from",
"brunswick",
"directly",
"through",
"the",
"ship",
"'",
"s",
"bottom",
",",
"and",
"after",
"her",
"surrender",
"no",
"british",
"ship",
"had",
"managed",
"to",
"get",
"men",
"aboard",
".",
"this",
"left",
"ve",
"##nge",
"##ur",
"'",
"s",
"few",
"remaining",
"un",
"##wo",
"##und",
"##ed",
"crew",
"to",
"attempt",
"to",
"salvage",
"what",
"they",
"could",
"—",
"a",
"task",
"made",
"harder",
"when",
"some",
"of",
"her",
"sailors",
"broke",
"into",
"the",
"spirit",
"room",
"and",
"became",
"drunk",
".",
"ultimately",
"the",
"ship",
"'",
"s",
"pumps",
"became",
"un",
"##mana",
"##ge",
"##able",
",",
"and",
"ve",
"##nge",
"##ur",
"began",
"to",
"sink",
".",
"only",
"the",
"timely",
"arrival",
"of",
"boats",
"from",
"the",
"und",
"##ama",
"##ged",
"alfred",
"and",
"hms",
"cu",
"##llo"
] | 3,455 |
seven in total , including the badly damaged ve ##nge ##ur du pe ##up ##le . ve ##nge ##ur had been hole ##d by cannon firing from brunswick directly through the ship ' s bottom , and after her surrender no british ship had managed to get men aboard . this left ve ##nge ##ur ' s few remaining un ##wo ##und ##ed crew to attempt to salvage what they could — a task made harder when some of her sailors broke into the spirit room and became drunk . ultimately the ship ' s pumps became un ##mana ##ge ##able , and ve ##nge ##ur began to sink . only the timely arrival of boats from the und ##ama ##ged alfred and hms cu ##llo
| 967 |
[
"##den",
",",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"the",
"services",
"of",
"the",
"cutter",
"hms",
"rattle",
"##r",
",",
"saved",
"any",
"of",
"the",
"ve",
"##nge",
"##ur",
"'",
"s",
"crew",
"from",
"drowning",
",",
"these",
"ships",
"taking",
"off",
"nearly",
"500",
"sailors",
"between",
"them",
".",
"lieutenant",
"john",
"win",
"##ne",
"of",
"rattle",
"##r",
"was",
"especially",
"commended",
"for",
"this",
"hazardous",
"work",
".",
"by",
"18",
":",
"15",
",",
"ve",
"##nge",
"##ur",
"was",
"clearly",
"beyond",
"salvage",
"and",
"only",
"the",
"very",
"worst",
"of",
"the",
"wounded",
",",
"the",
"dead",
",",
"and",
"the",
"drunk",
"remained",
"aboard",
".",
"several",
"sailors",
"are",
"said",
"to",
"have",
"waved",
"the",
"tri",
"##color",
"from",
"the",
"bow",
"of",
"the",
"ship",
"and",
"cried",
"\"",
"vi",
"##ve",
"la",
"nation",
",",
"vi",
"##ve",
"la",
"rep",
"##ub",
"##li",
"##que",
"!",
"\"",
"having",
"escaped",
"to",
"the",
"east",
",",
"villa",
"##ret",
"made",
"what",
"sail"
] | 3,456 |
##den , as well as the services of the cutter hms rattle ##r , saved any of the ve ##nge ##ur ' s crew from drowning , these ships taking off nearly 500 sailors between them . lieutenant john win ##ne of rattle ##r was especially commended for this hazardous work . by 18 : 15 , ve ##nge ##ur was clearly beyond salvage and only the very worst of the wounded , the dead , and the drunk remained aboard . several sailors are said to have waved the tri ##color from the bow of the ship and cried " vi ##ve la nation , vi ##ve la rep ##ub ##li ##que ! " having escaped to the east , villa ##ret made what sail
| 952 |
[
"his",
"battered",
"fleet",
"could",
"muster",
"to",
"return",
"to",
"france",
",",
"and",
"dispatched",
"his",
"frigates",
"in",
"search",
"of",
"the",
"convoy",
".",
"villa",
"##ret",
"was",
"also",
"hoping",
"for",
"reinforcements",
";",
"eight",
"ships",
"of",
"the",
"line",
",",
"commanded",
"by",
"admiral",
"pierre",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"francois",
"corn",
"##ic",
",",
"were",
"patrolling",
"near",
"the",
"us",
"##han",
"##t",
"head",
"##land",
".",
"behind",
"him",
"to",
"the",
"west",
",",
"the",
"british",
"took",
"the",
"whole",
"night",
"to",
"secure",
"their",
"ships",
"and",
"prizes",
",",
"not",
"setting",
"out",
"to",
"return",
"to",
"britain",
"until",
"05",
":",
"00",
"on",
"2",
"june",
".",
"casualties",
"in",
"the",
"battle",
"are",
"notorious",
"##ly",
"hard",
"to",
"calculate",
"exactly",
".",
"with",
"only",
"one",
"exception",
"(",
"sci",
"##pio",
"##n",
")",
",",
"records",
"made",
"by",
"the",
"french",
"captains",
"of",
"their",
"losses",
"at",
"the",
"time",
"are",
"incomplete",
"."
] | 3,457 |
his battered fleet could muster to return to france , and dispatched his frigates in search of the convoy . villa ##ret was also hoping for reinforcements ; eight ships of the line , commanded by admiral pierre @ - @ francois corn ##ic , were patrolling near the us ##han ##t head ##land . behind him to the west , the british took the whole night to secure their ships and prizes , not setting out to return to britain until 05 : 00 on 2 june . casualties in the battle are notorious ##ly hard to calculate exactly . with only one exception ( sci ##pio ##n ) , records made by the french captains of their losses at the time are incomplete .
| 952 |
[
"the",
"only",
"immediately",
"available",
"casualty",
"counts",
"are",
"the",
"sketch",
"##y",
"reports",
"of",
"saint",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"andre",
"and",
"the",
"records",
"made",
"by",
"british",
"officers",
"aboard",
"the",
"captured",
"ships",
",",
"neither",
"of",
"which",
"can",
"be",
"treated",
"as",
"completely",
"reliable",
".",
"most",
"sources",
"accept",
"that",
"french",
"casualties",
"in",
"the",
"campaign",
"numbered",
"approximately",
"7",
"@",
",",
"@",
"000",
",",
"including",
"around",
"3",
"@",
",",
"@",
"000",
"captured",
",",
"but",
"these",
"figures",
"are",
"vague",
"and",
"frequently",
"do",
"not",
"agree",
"with",
"each",
"other",
"on",
"details",
".",
"british",
"casualties",
"are",
"easier",
"to",
"confirm",
"but",
"here",
",",
"too",
",",
"there",
"are",
"some",
"disc",
"##re",
"##pan",
"##cies",
";",
"overall",
"british",
"casualties",
"are",
"generally",
"given",
"as",
"around",
"1",
"@",
",",
"@",
"200",
".",
"=",
"=",
"the",
"convoy",
"arrives",
"=",
"=",
"with",
"a",
"large",
"portion",
"of"
] | 3,458 |
the only immediately available casualty counts are the sketch ##y reports of saint @ - @ andre and the records made by british officers aboard the captured ships , neither of which can be treated as completely reliable . most sources accept that french casualties in the campaign numbered approximately 7 @ , @ 000 , including around 3 @ , @ 000 captured , but these figures are vague and frequently do not agree with each other on details . british casualties are easier to confirm but here , too , there are some disc ##re ##pan ##cies ; overall british casualties are generally given as around 1 @ , @ 200 . = = the convoy arrives = = with a large portion of
| 952 |
[
"his",
"fleet",
"no",
"longer",
"battle",
"##worthy",
",",
"howe",
"was",
"unable",
"to",
"resume",
"his",
"search",
"for",
"the",
"french",
"convoy",
"in",
"the",
"bay",
"of",
"bis",
"##ca",
"##y",
".",
"the",
"admiralty",
",",
"though",
"unaware",
"of",
"howe",
"'",
"s",
"specific",
"circumstances",
",",
"knew",
"a",
"battle",
"had",
"taken",
"place",
"through",
"the",
"arrival",
"of",
"hms",
"au",
"##da",
"##cious",
"in",
"portsmouth",
",",
"and",
"was",
"preparing",
"a",
"second",
"expedition",
"under",
"george",
"montagu",
".",
"montagu",
"had",
"returned",
"to",
"england",
"after",
"his",
"unsuccessful",
"may",
"cruise",
",",
"and",
"was",
"refit",
"##ting",
"in",
"portsmouth",
"when",
"ordered",
"to",
"sea",
"again",
".",
"his",
"force",
"of",
"ten",
"ships",
"was",
"intended",
"to",
"both",
"cover",
"howe",
"'",
"s",
"withdrawal",
"from",
"bis",
"##ca",
"##y",
",",
"and",
"find",
"and",
"attack",
"the",
"french",
"grain",
"convoy",
".",
"montagu",
"returned",
"to",
"sea",
"on",
"3",
"june",
",",
"and",
"by"
] | 3,459 |
his fleet no longer battle ##worthy , howe was unable to resume his search for the french convoy in the bay of bis ##ca ##y . the admiralty , though unaware of howe ' s specific circumstances , knew a battle had taken place through the arrival of hms au ##da ##cious in portsmouth , and was preparing a second expedition under george montagu . montagu had returned to england after his unsuccessful may cruise , and was refit ##ting in portsmouth when ordered to sea again . his force of ten ships was intended to both cover howe ' s withdrawal from bis ##ca ##y , and find and attack the french grain convoy . montagu returned to sea on 3 june , and by
| 975 |
[
"8",
"june",
"was",
"off",
"us",
"##han",
"##t",
"searching",
"for",
"signs",
"of",
"either",
"the",
"french",
"or",
"howe",
";",
"unknown",
"to",
"him",
",",
"neither",
"had",
"yet",
"entered",
"european",
"waters",
".",
"at",
"15",
":",
"30",
"on",
"8",
"june",
"montagu",
"spotted",
"sails",
",",
"and",
"soon",
"identified",
"them",
"as",
"the",
"enemy",
".",
"he",
"had",
"located",
"corn",
"##ic",
"'",
"s",
"squadron",
",",
"which",
"was",
"also",
"patrolling",
"for",
"the",
"convoy",
"and",
"the",
"returning",
"fleets",
".",
"montagu",
"gave",
"chase",
"and",
"drove",
"corn",
"##ic",
"into",
"berth",
"##eau",
"##me",
"bay",
",",
"where",
"he",
"blockade",
"##d",
"the",
"french",
"squadron",
"overnight",
",",
"hoping",
"to",
"bring",
"them",
"to",
"action",
"the",
"following",
"day",
".",
"however",
",",
"on",
"9",
"june",
",",
"montagu",
"sighted",
"19",
"french",
"ships",
"appearing",
"from",
"the",
"west",
"—",
"the",
"remnants",
"of",
"villa",
"##ret",
"'",
"s",
"fleet",
".",
"hastily"
] | 3,460 |
8 june was off us ##han ##t searching for signs of either the french or howe ; unknown to him , neither had yet entered european waters . at 15 : 30 on 8 june montagu spotted sails , and soon identified them as the enemy . he had located corn ##ic ' s squadron , which was also patrolling for the convoy and the returning fleets . montagu gave chase and drove corn ##ic into berth ##eau ##me bay , where he blockade ##d the french squadron overnight , hoping to bring them to action the following day . however , on 9 june , montagu sighted 19 french ships appearing from the west — the remnants of villa ##ret ' s fleet . hastily
| 977 |
[
"turning",
"his",
"ships",
",",
"montagu",
"sailed",
"south",
"to",
"avoid",
"becoming",
"trapped",
"between",
"two",
"forces",
"which",
"might",
"easily",
"over",
"##w",
"##helm",
"him",
".",
"villa",
"##ret",
"and",
"corn",
"##ic",
"gave",
"chase",
"for",
"a",
"day",
"before",
"turning",
"east",
"towards",
"the",
"safety",
"of",
"the",
"french",
"ports",
".",
"howe",
"benefited",
"from",
"montagu",
"'",
"s",
"withdrawal",
",",
"as",
"his",
"own",
"battered",
"fleet",
"passed",
"close",
"to",
"the",
"scene",
"of",
"this",
"stand",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"off",
"on",
"10",
"june",
",",
"pushing",
"north",
"into",
"the",
"english",
"channel",
".",
"with",
"villa",
"##ret",
"and",
"corn",
"##ic",
"fort",
"##uit",
"##ously",
"pursuing",
"montagu",
"to",
"the",
"south",
",",
"howe",
"was",
"free",
"to",
"pass",
"us",
"##han",
"##t",
"without",
"difficulty",
"and",
"arrived",
"off",
"plymouth",
"on",
"12",
"june",
",",
"joined",
"soon",
"afterwards",
"by",
"montagu",
".",
"villa",
"##ret",
"had",
"anchored",
"with",
"corn",
"##ic",
"in"
] | 3,461 |
turning his ships , montagu sailed south to avoid becoming trapped between two forces which might easily over ##w ##helm him . villa ##ret and corn ##ic gave chase for a day before turning east towards the safety of the french ports . howe benefited from montagu ' s withdrawal , as his own battered fleet passed close to the scene of this stand @ - @ off on 10 june , pushing north into the english channel . with villa ##ret and corn ##ic fort ##uit ##ously pursuing montagu to the south , howe was free to pass us ##han ##t without difficulty and arrived off plymouth on 12 june , joined soon afterwards by montagu . villa ##ret had anchored with corn ##ic in
| 106 |
[
"berth",
"##eau",
"##me",
"bay",
"the",
"day",
"before",
",",
"but",
"saint",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"andre",
"refused",
"to",
"allow",
"him",
"to",
"enter",
"brest",
"until",
"the",
"republican",
"attitudes",
"of",
"the",
"town",
"'",
"s",
"population",
"had",
"been",
"assessed",
".",
"on",
"12",
"june",
",",
"the",
"convoy",
"from",
"america",
"finally",
"arrived",
"off",
"france",
",",
"having",
"lost",
"just",
"one",
"ship",
"in",
"passage",
"during",
"a",
"storm",
".",
"=",
"=",
"aftermath",
"=",
"=",
"both",
"britain",
"and",
"france",
"claimed",
"victory",
"in",
"the",
"battle",
":",
"britain",
"by",
"virtue",
"of",
"capturing",
"or",
"sinking",
"seven",
"french",
"ships",
"without",
"losing",
"any",
"of",
"her",
"own",
"and",
"remaining",
"in",
"control",
"of",
"the",
"battle",
"site",
";",
"france",
"because",
"the",
"vital",
"convoy",
"had",
"passed",
"through",
"the",
"atlantic",
"unharmed",
"and",
"arrived",
"in",
"france",
"without",
"significant",
"loss",
".",
"the",
"two",
"fleets",
"were",
"showered",
"by",
"their",
"respective"
] | 3,462 |
berth ##eau ##me bay the day before , but saint @ - @ andre refused to allow him to enter brest until the republican attitudes of the town ' s population had been assessed . on 12 june , the convoy from america finally arrived off france , having lost just one ship in passage during a storm . = = aftermath = = both britain and france claimed victory in the battle : britain by virtue of capturing or sinking seven french ships without losing any of her own and remaining in control of the battle site ; france because the vital convoy had passed through the atlantic unharmed and arrived in france without significant loss . the two fleets were showered by their respective
| 975 |
[
"nations",
"with",
"both",
"praise",
"and",
"criticism",
"–",
"the",
"latter",
"particularly",
"directed",
"at",
"those",
"captains",
"not",
"felt",
"to",
"have",
"contributed",
"significantly",
"to",
"the",
"fighting",
".",
"the",
"british",
"fleet",
"in",
"spit",
"##head",
"was",
"treated",
"with",
"a",
"royal",
"visit",
"by",
"king",
"george",
"iii",
"and",
"the",
"entire",
"royal",
"household",
".",
"in",
"france",
"the",
"revolutionary",
"principles",
"of",
"e",
"##gal",
"##ite",
"pre",
"##cl",
"##uded",
"extensive",
"awards",
",",
"but",
"villa",
"##ret",
"was",
"promoted",
"to",
"vice",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"admiral",
"on",
"27",
"september",
"1794",
"and",
"other",
"minor",
"awards",
"were",
"distributed",
"to",
"the",
"admiral",
"##s",
"of",
"the",
"fleet",
".",
"in",
"addition",
"the",
"fleet",
"'",
"s",
"officers",
"took",
"part",
"in",
"a",
"ce",
"##le",
"##bra",
"##tory",
"parade",
"from",
"brest",
"to",
"paris",
",",
"accompanying",
"the",
"recently",
"arrived",
"food",
"supplies",
".",
"the",
"role",
"of",
"ve",
"##nge",
"##ur",
"du",
"pe"
] | 3,463 |
nations with both praise and criticism – the latter particularly directed at those captains not felt to have contributed significantly to the fighting . the british fleet in spit ##head was treated with a royal visit by king george iii and the entire royal household . in france the revolutionary principles of e ##gal ##ite pre ##cl ##uded extensive awards , but villa ##ret was promoted to vice @ - @ admiral on 27 september 1794 and other minor awards were distributed to the admiral ##s of the fleet . in addition the fleet ' s officers took part in a ce ##le ##bra ##tory parade from brest to paris , accompanying the recently arrived food supplies . the role of ve ##nge ##ur du pe
| 971 |
[
"##up",
"##le",
"was",
"myth",
"##ified",
"by",
"bertrand",
"barre",
"##re",
",",
"giving",
"birth",
"to",
"an",
"ex",
"##al",
"##ted",
"legend",
".",
"opinion",
"in",
"france",
"concerning",
"the",
"battle",
"'",
"s",
"outcome",
"was",
"divided",
";",
"while",
"many",
"celebrated",
"saint",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"andre",
"'",
"s",
"exaggerated",
"accounts",
"of",
"victory",
"in",
"le",
"mon",
"##ite",
"##ur",
",",
"senior",
"naval",
"officers",
"disagreed",
".",
"among",
"the",
"dissent",
"##ers",
"was",
"the",
"highly",
"experienced",
"but",
"recently",
"dismissed",
"admiral",
"ke",
"##rg",
"##uel",
"##en",
".",
"ke",
"##rg",
"##uel",
"##en",
"was",
"disgusted",
"by",
"villa",
"##ret",
"'",
"s",
"failure",
"to",
"renew",
"the",
"battle",
"after",
"he",
"had",
"reformed",
"his",
"squadron",
",",
"and",
"felt",
"that",
"the",
"french",
"fleet",
"could",
"have",
"been",
"successful",
"tactical",
"##ly",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"strategically",
"if",
"only",
"villa",
"##ret",
"had",
"made",
"greater",
"efforts",
"to",
"engage",
"the",
"remains",
"of",
"howe"
] | 3,464 |
##up ##le was myth ##ified by bertrand barre ##re , giving birth to an ex ##al ##ted legend . opinion in france concerning the battle ' s outcome was divided ; while many celebrated saint @ - @ andre ' s exaggerated accounts of victory in le mon ##ite ##ur , senior naval officers disagreed . among the dissent ##ers was the highly experienced but recently dismissed admiral ke ##rg ##uel ##en . ke ##rg ##uel ##en was disgusted by villa ##ret ' s failure to renew the battle after he had reformed his squadron , and felt that the french fleet could have been successful tactical ##ly as well as strategically if only villa ##ret had made greater efforts to engage the remains of howe
| 234 |
[
"'",
"s",
"fleet",
".",
"the",
"french",
"navy",
"had",
"suffered",
"its",
"worst",
"losses",
"in",
"a",
"single",
"day",
"since",
"the",
"battle",
"of",
"la",
"hog",
"##ue",
"in",
"1692",
".",
"ultimately",
"the",
"revolutionary",
"excess",
"##es",
"of",
"the",
"period",
"would",
"prove",
"disastrous",
"for",
"the",
"french",
"navy",
".",
"poor",
"leadership",
",",
"conflicting",
"and",
"arbitrary",
"orders",
"and",
"the",
"dec",
"##ima",
"##tion",
"of",
"the",
"experienced",
"seamen",
"in",
"the",
"ranks",
"promoted",
"a",
"negative",
"attitude",
"in",
"the",
"french",
"officer",
"corps",
".",
"the",
"french",
"battle",
"##fleet",
"did",
"not",
"contest",
"british",
"dominance",
"in",
"northern",
"european",
"waters",
"again",
",",
"and",
"their",
"raiding",
"operations",
"repeatedly",
"ended",
"in",
"failure",
"at",
"the",
"hands",
"of",
"more",
"confident",
"british",
"squadrons",
"and",
"the",
"un",
"##for",
"##giving",
"atlantic",
"weather",
".",
"by",
"1805",
",",
"when",
"the",
"last",
"great",
"french",
"fleet",
"to",
"take",
"to",
"the",
"sea",
"was",
"crushed"
] | 3,465 |
' s fleet . the french navy had suffered its worst losses in a single day since the battle of la hog ##ue in 1692 . ultimately the revolutionary excess ##es of the period would prove disastrous for the french navy . poor leadership , conflicting and arbitrary orders and the dec ##ima ##tion of the experienced seamen in the ranks promoted a negative attitude in the french officer corps . the french battle ##fleet did not contest british dominance in northern european waters again , and their raiding operations repeatedly ended in failure at the hands of more confident british squadrons and the un ##for ##giving atlantic weather . by 1805 , when the last great french fleet to take to the sea was crushed
| 955 |
[
"at",
"the",
"battle",
"of",
"tr",
"##af",
"##al",
"##gar",
",",
"poor",
"training",
"and",
"low",
"investment",
"in",
"the",
"navy",
"had",
"reduced",
"its",
"efficiency",
"to",
"levels",
"un",
"##thi",
"##nka",
"##ble",
"20",
"years",
"earlier",
".",
"in",
"britain",
",",
"numerous",
"honours",
"were",
"bestowed",
"on",
"the",
"fleet",
"and",
"its",
"commanders",
".",
"admiral",
"howe",
",",
"already",
"an",
"earl",
",",
"refused",
"any",
"further",
"elevation",
",",
"and",
"king",
"george",
"iii",
"was",
"di",
"##ss",
"##ua",
"##ded",
"from",
"making",
"him",
"a",
"knight",
"of",
"the",
"ga",
"##rter",
"by",
"one",
"of",
"howe",
"'",
"s",
"political",
"opponents",
".",
"vice",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"admiral",
"graves",
"was",
"elevated",
"to",
"the",
"peerage",
"of",
"ireland",
"as",
"baron",
"graves",
",",
"while",
"vice",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"admiral",
"hood",
"was",
"made",
"viscount",
"br",
"##id",
"##port",
".",
"rear",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"admiral",
"##s",
"bow",
"##yer",
",",
"gardner",
","
] | 3,466 |
at the battle of tr ##af ##al ##gar , poor training and low investment in the navy had reduced its efficiency to levels un ##thi ##nka ##ble 20 years earlier . in britain , numerous honours were bestowed on the fleet and its commanders . admiral howe , already an earl , refused any further elevation , and king george iii was di ##ss ##ua ##ded from making him a knight of the ga ##rter by one of howe ' s political opponents . vice @ - @ admiral graves was elevated to the peerage of ireland as baron graves , while vice @ - @ admiral hood was made viscount br ##id ##port . rear @ - @ admiral ##s bow ##yer , gardner ,
| 971 |
[
"pas",
"##ley",
"and",
"curtis",
"(",
"the",
"last",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"named",
"was",
"promoted",
"from",
"captain",
"on",
"4",
"july",
"1794",
")",
"were",
"all",
"made",
"baronet",
"##s",
",",
"and",
"bow",
"##yer",
"and",
"pas",
"##ley",
"also",
"received",
"pensions",
"of",
"£",
"1",
"@",
",",
"@",
"000",
"a",
"year",
"to",
"compensate",
"them",
"for",
"their",
"severe",
"wounds",
".",
"all",
"first",
"lieutenant",
"##s",
"were",
"promoted",
"to",
"commander",
"and",
"numerous",
"other",
"officers",
"were",
"promoted",
"in",
"consequence",
"of",
"their",
"actions",
".",
"the",
"thanks",
"of",
"parliament",
"were",
"unanimously",
"passed",
"to",
"all",
"who",
"fought",
"at",
"the",
"action",
"and",
"various",
"other",
"gifts",
"and",
"awards",
"were",
"distributed",
"among",
"the",
"fleet",
".",
"a",
"memorial",
"to",
"captains",
"john",
"hut",
"##t",
"and",
"john",
"harvey",
",",
"both",
"of",
"whom",
"had",
"died",
"of",
"their",
"wounds",
"on",
"30",
"june",
",",
"was",
"raised",
"in",
"westminster",
"abbey"
] | 3,467 |
pas ##ley and curtis ( the last @ - @ named was promoted from captain on 4 july 1794 ) were all made baronet ##s , and bow ##yer and pas ##ley also received pensions of £ 1 @ , @ 000 a year to compensate them for their severe wounds . all first lieutenant ##s were promoted to commander and numerous other officers were promoted in consequence of their actions . the thanks of parliament were unanimously passed to all who fought at the action and various other gifts and awards were distributed among the fleet . a memorial to captains john hut ##t and john harvey , both of whom had died of their wounds on 30 june , was raised in westminster abbey
| 234 |
[
".",
"there",
"was",
",",
"however",
",",
"a",
"bitter",
"consequence",
"of",
"the",
"awards",
",",
"rooted",
"in",
"howe",
"'",
"s",
"official",
"dispatch",
"to",
"the",
"admiralty",
"concerning",
"the",
"battle",
",",
"which",
"according",
"to",
"some",
"accounts",
"was",
"actually",
"written",
"by",
"curtis",
".",
"howe",
"had",
"app",
"##ended",
"a",
"list",
"to",
"his",
"report",
"containing",
"the",
"names",
"of",
"officers",
"whom",
"he",
"believed",
"merit",
"##ed",
"special",
"reward",
"for",
"their",
"part",
"in",
"the",
"battle",
".",
"the",
"list",
"included",
"vice",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"admiral",
"##s",
"graves",
"and",
"hood",
",",
"rear",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"admiral",
"##s",
"bow",
"##yer",
",",
"gardner",
",",
"and",
"pas",
"##ley",
",",
"and",
"captains",
"seymour",
",",
"pak",
"##enham",
",",
"cr",
"##an",
"##field",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"berkeley",
",",
"ga",
"##mb",
"##ier",
",",
"john",
"harvey",
",",
"payne",
",",
"henry",
"harvey",
",",
"pri",
"##ng",
"##le",
",",
"duck"
] | 3,468 |
. there was , however , a bitter consequence of the awards , rooted in howe ' s official dispatch to the admiralty concerning the battle , which according to some accounts was actually written by curtis . howe had app ##ended a list to his report containing the names of officers whom he believed merit ##ed special reward for their part in the battle . the list included vice @ - @ admiral ##s graves and hood , rear @ - @ admiral ##s bow ##yer , gardner , and pas ##ley , and captains seymour , pak ##enham , cr ##an ##field @ - @ berkeley , ga ##mb ##ier , john harvey , payne , henry harvey , pri ##ng ##le , duck
| 971 |
[
"##worth",
",",
"el",
"##phi",
"##nst",
"##one",
",",
"nichols",
",",
"and",
"hope",
".",
"also",
"mentioned",
"were",
"lieutenant",
"##s",
"monk",
"##ton",
"and",
"donnelly",
".",
"the",
"list",
"had",
"omitted",
"a",
"number",
"of",
"officers",
"who",
"had",
"served",
"in",
"the",
"battle",
",",
"and",
"the",
"justice",
"of",
"their",
"om",
"##iss",
"##ion",
"was",
"a",
"highly",
"controversial",
"issue",
"in",
"the",
"navy",
".",
"rear",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"admiral",
"caldwell",
"was",
"the",
"sole",
"british",
"flag",
"officer",
"present",
"not",
"to",
"receive",
"a",
"hereditary",
"honour",
",",
"although",
"he",
"was",
"promoted",
"to",
"vice",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"admiral",
"on",
"4",
"july",
"(",
"as",
"were",
"bow",
"##yer",
"and",
"gardner",
")",
".",
"after",
"studying",
"the",
"ship",
"'",
"s",
"logs",
"and",
"reports",
"of",
"the",
"battle",
",",
"the",
"admiralty",
"mint",
"##ed",
"a",
"medal",
"to",
"be",
"awarded",
"to",
"the",
"living",
"captains",
"on",
"the",
"list",
"only"
] | 3,469 |
##worth , el ##phi ##nst ##one , nichols , and hope . also mentioned were lieutenant ##s monk ##ton and donnelly . the list had omitted a number of officers who had served in the battle , and the justice of their om ##iss ##ion was a highly controversial issue in the navy . rear @ - @ admiral caldwell was the sole british flag officer present not to receive a hereditary honour , although he was promoted to vice @ - @ admiral on 4 july ( as were bow ##yer and gardner ) . after studying the ship ' s logs and reports of the battle , the admiralty mint ##ed a medal to be awarded to the living captains on the list only
| 971 |
[
"(",
"although",
"captain",
"william",
"parker",
"of",
"hms",
"au",
"##da",
"##cious",
"was",
"awarded",
"one",
"as",
"well",
")",
".",
"the",
"captains",
"excluded",
"from",
"the",
"list",
"were",
"furious",
",",
"and",
"the",
"fur",
"##or",
"from",
"this",
"selective",
"commendation",
"lasted",
"years",
":",
"in",
"1795",
"vice",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"admiral",
"caldwell",
"quit",
"the",
"service",
"in",
"anger",
"as",
"a",
"result",
",",
"while",
"cuthbert",
"collingwood",
",",
"flag",
"captain",
"of",
"bar",
"##fle",
"##ur",
",",
"refused",
"all",
"awards",
"for",
"future",
"service",
"until",
"the",
"glorious",
"first",
"of",
"june",
"medal",
"was",
"presented",
"to",
"him",
"as",
"well",
".",
"he",
"eventually",
"received",
"it",
"after",
"the",
"battle",
"of",
"cape",
"st",
"vincent",
"in",
"1797",
".",
"over",
"five",
"decades",
"later",
"the",
"battle",
"was",
"among",
"the",
"actions",
"recognised",
"by",
"a",
"clasp",
"attached",
"to",
"the",
"naval",
"general",
"service",
"medal",
",",
"awarded",
"upon",
"application",
"to",
"all"
] | 3,470 |
( although captain william parker of hms au ##da ##cious was awarded one as well ) . the captains excluded from the list were furious , and the fur ##or from this selective commendation lasted years : in 1795 vice @ - @ admiral caldwell quit the service in anger as a result , while cuthbert collingwood , flag captain of bar ##fle ##ur , refused all awards for future service until the glorious first of june medal was presented to him as well . he eventually received it after the battle of cape st vincent in 1797 . over five decades later the battle was among the actions recognised by a clasp attached to the naval general service medal , awarded upon application to all
| 166 |
[
"british",
"participants",
"still",
"living",
"in",
"1847",
".",
"bitter",
"##est",
"of",
"all",
"was",
"the",
"whispering",
"campaign",
"directed",
"at",
"anthony",
"mo",
"##llo",
"##y",
",",
"captain",
"of",
"hms",
"caesar",
".",
"mo",
"##llo",
"##y",
"was",
"accused",
"of",
"coward",
"##ice",
"by",
"fellow",
"officers",
"for",
"his",
"failure",
"to",
"follow",
"howe",
"'",
"s",
"orders",
"on",
"both",
"29",
"may",
"and",
"1",
"june",
".",
"mo",
"##llo",
"##y",
"'",
"s",
"request",
"for",
"an",
"official",
"court",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"martial",
"to",
"clear",
"his",
"name",
"failed",
",",
"and",
"although",
"his",
"personal",
"courage",
"was",
"not",
"called",
"into",
"question",
",",
"his",
"professional",
"ability",
"was",
".",
"mo",
"##llo",
"##y",
"was",
"dismissed",
"from",
"his",
"ship",
".",
"of",
"the",
"captured",
"ships",
",",
"several",
"were",
"purchased",
"and",
"enjoyed",
"long",
"careers",
"in",
"the",
"royal",
"navy",
",",
"in",
"particular",
"the",
"two",
"80",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"gun"
] | 3,471 |
british participants still living in 1847 . bitter ##est of all was the whispering campaign directed at anthony mo ##llo ##y , captain of hms caesar . mo ##llo ##y was accused of coward ##ice by fellow officers for his failure to follow howe ' s orders on both 29 may and 1 june . mo ##llo ##y ' s request for an official court @ - @ martial to clear his name failed , and although his personal courage was not called into question , his professional ability was . mo ##llo ##y was dismissed from his ship . of the captured ships , several were purchased and enjoyed long careers in the royal navy , in particular the two 80 @ - @ gun
| 234 |
[
"ships",
"hms",
"sans",
"par",
"##eil",
"which",
"was",
"decommissioned",
"in",
"1802",
"but",
"not",
"broken",
"up",
"until",
"1842",
",",
"and",
"hms",
"just",
"##e",
",",
"which",
"was",
"a",
"popular",
"command",
"until",
"her",
"deco",
"##mm",
"##iss",
"##ion",
"##ing",
"in",
"1802",
"at",
"the",
"peace",
"of",
"ami",
"##ens",
".",
"of",
"the",
"four",
"74",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"gun",
"prizes",
",",
"ac",
"##hill",
"##e",
"and",
"northumberland",
"(",
"both",
"74",
"##s",
"built",
"in",
"the",
"late",
"1770",
"##s",
")",
"were",
"broken",
"up",
"as",
"un",
"##ser",
"##vic",
"##ea",
"##ble",
"soon",
"after",
"arrival",
"in",
"britain",
",",
"while",
"imp",
"##et",
"##ue",
"##ux",
"was",
"destroyed",
"in",
"a",
"dockyard",
"fire",
"on",
"24",
"august",
"1794",
"while",
"undergoing",
"repairs",
".",
"america",
",",
"the",
"final",
"prize",
",",
"was",
"taken",
"into",
"the",
"royal",
"navy",
"as",
"hms",
"america",
"but",
"renamed",
"hms",
"imp",
"##et",
"##ue",
"##ux",
"in"
] | 3,472 |
ships hms sans par ##eil which was decommissioned in 1802 but not broken up until 1842 , and hms just ##e , which was a popular command until her deco ##mm ##iss ##ion ##ing in 1802 at the peace of ami ##ens . of the four 74 @ - @ gun prizes , ac ##hill ##e and northumberland ( both 74 ##s built in the late 1770 ##s ) were broken up as un ##ser ##vic ##ea ##ble soon after arrival in britain , while imp ##et ##ue ##ux was destroyed in a dockyard fire on 24 august 1794 while undergoing repairs . america , the final prize , was taken into the royal navy as hms america but renamed hms imp ##et ##ue ##ux in
| 967 |
[
"july",
"1795",
"and",
"remained",
"in",
"service",
"until",
"1813",
".",
"the",
"combined",
"prize",
"money",
"for",
"these",
"ships",
"was",
"£",
"201",
"@",
",",
"@",
"09",
"##6",
"(",
"the",
"equivalent",
"of",
"£",
"21",
"@",
",",
"@",
"000",
"@",
",",
"@",
"000",
"as",
"of",
"2016",
")",
",",
"divided",
"among",
"the",
"ships",
"under",
"lord",
"howe",
"'",
"s",
"command",
".",
"=",
"new",
"york",
"state",
"route",
"36",
"##8",
"=",
"new",
"york",
"state",
"route",
"36",
"##8",
"(",
"ny",
"36",
"##8",
")",
"was",
"a",
"state",
"highway",
"in",
"ono",
"##nda",
"##ga",
"county",
",",
"new",
"york",
",",
"in",
"the",
"united",
"states",
".",
"it",
"was",
"one",
"of",
"the",
"shortest",
"routes",
"in",
"the",
"county",
",",
"extending",
"for",
"only",
"1",
"@",
".",
"@",
"69",
"miles",
"(",
"2",
"@",
".",
"@",
"72",
"km",
")",
"between",
"ny",
"321",
"and",
"ny",
"5",
"in"
] | 3,473 |
july 1795 and remained in service until 1813 . the combined prize money for these ships was £ 201 @ , @ 09 ##6 ( the equivalent of £ 21 @ , @ 000 @ , @ 000 as of 2016 ) , divided among the ships under lord howe ' s command . = new york state route 36 ##8 = new york state route 36 ##8 ( ny 36 ##8 ) was a state highway in ono ##nda ##ga county , new york , in the united states . it was one of the shortest routes in the county , extending for only 1 @ . @ 69 miles ( 2 @ . @ 72 km ) between ny 321 and ny 5 in
| 613 |
[
"the",
"town",
"of",
"el",
"##bridge",
".",
"ny",
"36",
"##8",
"was",
"known",
"as",
"halfway",
"road",
"for",
"the",
"hamlet",
"it",
"served",
"near",
"its",
"mid",
"##point",
".",
"the",
"route",
"was",
"assigned",
"in",
"the",
"1930s",
"and",
"removed",
"in",
"1980",
"as",
"part",
"of",
"a",
"highway",
"maintenance",
"swap",
"between",
"the",
"state",
"of",
"new",
"york",
"and",
"ono",
"##nda",
"##ga",
"county",
".",
"=",
"=",
"route",
"description",
"=",
"=",
"ny",
"36",
"##8",
"began",
"at",
"an",
"intersection",
"with",
"ny",
"321",
"adjacent",
"to",
"the",
"carpenter",
"'",
"s",
"brook",
"fish",
"hatch",
"##ery",
"in",
"the",
"town",
"of",
"el",
"##bridge",
".",
"the",
"route",
"headed",
"north",
"as",
"halfway",
"road",
",",
"passing",
"by",
"farmland",
"as",
"it",
"headed",
"through",
"a",
"rural",
"area",
"of",
"ono",
"##nda",
"##ga",
"county",
"to",
"the",
"small",
"hamlet",
"of",
"halfway",
".",
"here",
",",
"ny",
"36",
"##8",
"served",
"a",
"small",
"number"
] | 3,474 |
the town of el ##bridge . ny 36 ##8 was known as halfway road for the hamlet it served near its mid ##point . the route was assigned in the 1930s and removed in 1980 as part of a highway maintenance swap between the state of new york and ono ##nda ##ga county . = = route description = = ny 36 ##8 began at an intersection with ny 321 adjacent to the carpenter ' s brook fish hatch ##ery in the town of el ##bridge . the route headed north as halfway road , passing by farmland as it headed through a rural area of ono ##nda ##ga county to the small hamlet of halfway . here , ny 36 ##8 served a small number
| 613 |
[
"of",
"homes",
"as",
"it",
"crossed",
"a",
"con",
"##rail",
"railroad",
"line",
"(",
"now",
"part",
"of",
"the",
"finger",
"lakes",
"railway",
")",
"at",
"the",
"center",
"of",
"the",
"community",
".",
"outside",
"of",
"halfway",
",",
"the",
"route",
"turned",
"to",
"the",
"northwest",
"toward",
"the",
"village",
"of",
"el",
"##bridge",
",",
"avoiding",
"a",
"marsh",
"##y",
"area",
"directly",
"north",
"of",
"halfway",
".",
"it",
"intersect",
"##ed",
"with",
"lynch",
"road",
"and",
"campbell",
"road",
"before",
"turning",
"slightly",
"northward",
"and",
"following",
"carpenter",
"'",
"s",
"brook",
"through",
"another",
"undeveloped",
"area",
"to",
"an",
"intersection",
"with",
"ny",
"5",
"east",
"of",
"the",
"village",
",",
"where",
"ny",
"36",
"##8",
"ended",
".",
"ny",
"36",
"##8",
"was",
"assigned",
"in",
"the",
"1930s",
"as",
"a",
"connector",
"between",
"ny",
"321",
"and",
"ny",
"5",
"in",
"the",
"town",
"of",
"el",
"##bridge",
"by",
"way",
"of",
"the",
"hamlet",
"of",
"halfway",
".",
"it",
"remained"
] | 3,475 |
of homes as it crossed a con ##rail railroad line ( now part of the finger lakes railway ) at the center of the community . outside of halfway , the route turned to the northwest toward the village of el ##bridge , avoiding a marsh ##y area directly north of halfway . it intersect ##ed with lynch road and campbell road before turning slightly northward and following carpenter ' s brook through another undeveloped area to an intersection with ny 5 east of the village , where ny 36 ##8 ended . ny 36 ##8 was assigned in the 1930s as a connector between ny 321 and ny 5 in the town of el ##bridge by way of the hamlet of halfway . it remained
| 614 |
[
"unchanged",
"until",
"april",
"1",
",",
"1980",
",",
"when",
"ownership",
"and",
"maintenance",
"of",
"the",
"route",
"was",
"transferred",
"from",
"the",
"state",
"of",
"new",
"york",
"to",
"ono",
"##nda",
"##ga",
"county",
"as",
"part",
"of",
"a",
"highway",
"maintenance",
"swap",
"between",
"the",
"two",
"levels",
"of",
"government",
".",
"the",
"county",
"also",
"assumed",
"ownership",
"and",
"maintenance",
"of",
"the",
"ono",
"##nda",
"##ga",
"county",
"portion",
"of",
"ny",
"31",
"##b",
"as",
"part",
"of",
"the",
"exchange",
".",
"ny",
"36",
"##8",
"was",
"redesignated",
"as",
"county",
"route",
"107",
"(",
"cr",
"107",
")",
"following",
"the",
"swap",
".",
"=",
"=",
"major",
"intersections",
"=",
"=",
"the",
"entire",
"route",
"was",
"in",
"el",
"##bridge",
",",
"ono",
"##nda",
"##ga",
"county",
".",
"m",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"122",
"was",
"a",
"state",
"trunk",
"##line",
"highway",
"in",
"the",
"us",
"state",
"of",
"michigan",
"entirely",
"in",
"the",
"city",
"of",
"st",
".",
"ign"
] | 3,476 |
unchanged until april 1 , 1980 , when ownership and maintenance of the route was transferred from the state of new york to ono ##nda ##ga county as part of a highway maintenance swap between the two levels of government . the county also assumed ownership and maintenance of the ono ##nda ##ga county portion of ny 31 ##b as part of the exchange . ny 36 ##8 was redesignated as county route 107 ( cr 107 ) following the swap . = = major intersections = = the entire route was in el ##bridge , ono ##nda ##ga county . m @ - @ 122 was a state trunk ##line highway in the us state of michigan entirely in the city of st . ign
| 613 |
[
"##ace",
".",
"the",
"highway",
"connected",
"us",
"highway",
"2",
"(",
"us",
"2",
")",
"to",
"the",
"state",
"highway",
"ferry",
"dock",
"used",
"before",
"the",
"mack",
"##ina",
"##c",
"bridge",
"was",
"built",
".",
"it",
"was",
"retired",
"and",
"the",
"road",
"returned",
"to",
"local",
"control",
"in",
"1957",
".",
"=",
"=",
"route",
"description",
"=",
"=",
"prior",
"to",
"the",
"opening",
"of",
"the",
"mack",
"##ina",
"##c",
"bridge",
",",
"travelers",
"wishing",
"to",
"venture",
"from",
"st",
".",
"ign",
"##ace",
"to",
"mack",
"##ina",
"##w",
"city",
"had",
"to",
"do",
"so",
"via",
"ferry",
".",
"m",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"122",
"began",
"at",
"us",
"2",
"(",
"now",
"business",
"loop",
"interstate",
"75",
")",
"near",
"straits",
"state",
"park",
"and",
"traveled",
"through",
"town",
"along",
"ferry",
"road",
"where",
"it",
"ran",
"southeast",
"##erly",
"from",
"the",
"main",
"highway",
".",
"east",
"of",
"horn",
"##bach",
"street",
"m",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"122"
] | 3,477 |
##ace . the highway connected us highway 2 ( us 2 ) to the state highway ferry dock used before the mack ##ina ##c bridge was built . it was retired and the road returned to local control in 1957 . = = route description = = prior to the opening of the mack ##ina ##c bridge , travelers wishing to venture from st . ign ##ace to mack ##ina ##w city had to do so via ferry . m @ - @ 122 began at us 2 ( now business loop interstate 75 ) near straits state park and traveled through town along ferry road where it ran southeast ##erly from the main highway . east of horn ##bach street m @ - @ 122
| 604 |
[
"curved",
"around",
"to",
"the",
"east",
"near",
"par",
"##o",
"street",
".",
"the",
"highway",
"ended",
"at",
"the",
"state",
"ferry",
"docks",
"on",
"the",
"southeast",
"side",
"of",
"the",
"city",
"next",
"to",
"the",
"coast",
"guard",
"station",
".",
"m",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"122",
"was",
"initially",
"assumed",
"into",
"the",
"state",
"highway",
"system",
"in",
"1929",
"as",
"a",
"connector",
"between",
"us",
"31",
"and",
"straits",
"state",
"park",
".",
"in",
"1936",
",",
"us",
"2",
"was",
"routed",
"into",
"st",
".",
"ign",
"##ace",
"and",
"us",
"31",
"was",
"scaled",
"back",
"to",
"end",
"in",
"the",
"lower",
"peninsula",
"in",
"mack",
"##ina",
"##w",
"city",
".",
"m",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"122",
"now",
"provided",
"a",
"connection",
"between",
"us",
"2",
"and",
"the",
"new",
"docks",
"on",
"the",
"southeast",
"side",
"of",
"the",
"city",
".",
"it",
"existed",
"in",
"this",
"capacity",
"until",
"1957",
"when",
"the",
"mack",
"##ina",
"##c",
"bridge",
"opened"
] | 3,478 |
curved around to the east near par ##o street . the highway ended at the state ferry docks on the southeast side of the city next to the coast guard station . m @ - @ 122 was initially assumed into the state highway system in 1929 as a connector between us 31 and straits state park . in 1936 , us 2 was routed into st . ign ##ace and us 31 was scaled back to end in the lower peninsula in mack ##ina ##w city . m @ - @ 122 now provided a connection between us 2 and the new docks on the southeast side of the city . it existed in this capacity until 1957 when the mack ##ina ##c bridge opened
| 144 |
[
"to",
"traffic",
".",
"=",
"=",
"major",
"intersections",
"=",
"=",
"the",
"entire",
"highway",
"was",
"in",
"st",
".",
"ign",
"##ace",
",",
"mack",
"##ina",
"##c",
"county",
".",
"the",
"tu",
"##pole",
"##v",
"tu",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"12",
"(",
"development",
"designation",
"tu",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"77",
")",
"was",
"an",
"experimental",
"soviet",
"jet",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"powered",
"medium",
"bomber",
"developed",
"from",
"the",
"successful",
"piston",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"engined",
"tu",
"##pole",
"##v",
"tu",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"2",
"bomber",
"after",
"the",
"end",
"of",
"world",
"war",
"ii",
".",
"it",
"was",
"designed",
"as",
"a",
"transitional",
"aircraft",
"to",
"familiar",
"##ize",
"tu",
"##pole",
"##v",
"and",
"the",
"v",
"##vs",
"with",
"the",
"issues",
"involved",
"with",
"jet",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"engined",
"bombers",
".",
"=",
"=",
"development",
"=",
"=",
"the",
"tu",
"##pole",
"##v",
"tu",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"73",
"jet",
"@",
"-",
"@"
] | 3,479 |
to traffic . = = major intersections = = the entire highway was in st . ign ##ace , mack ##ina ##c county . the tu ##pole ##v tu @ - @ 12 ( development designation tu @ - @ 77 ) was an experimental soviet jet @ - @ powered medium bomber developed from the successful piston @ - @ engined tu ##pole ##v tu @ - @ 2 bomber after the end of world war ii . it was designed as a transitional aircraft to familiar ##ize tu ##pole ##v and the v ##vs with the issues involved with jet @ - @ engined bombers . = = development = = the tu ##pole ##v tu @ - @ 73 jet @ - @
| 31 |
[
"engined",
"bomber",
"project",
"was",
"suffering",
"delays",
"in",
"early",
"1947",
"and",
"tu",
"##pole",
"##v",
"suggested",
"re",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"eng",
"##ining",
"the",
"tu",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"2",
"medium",
"bomber",
"with",
"imported",
"british",
"rolls",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"royce",
"ne",
"##ne",
"jet",
"engines",
"to",
"produce",
"a",
"jet",
"bomber",
"as",
"quickly",
"as",
"possible",
".",
"design",
"work",
"began",
"well",
"before",
"official",
"approval",
"was",
"received",
"on",
"31",
"may",
"1947",
"for",
"one",
"tu",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"2",
"##s",
"to",
"be",
"converted",
"in",
"the",
"ok",
"##b",
"'",
"s",
"workshop",
"and",
"another",
"five",
"to",
"be",
"converted",
"at",
"za",
"##vo",
"##d",
"(",
"factory",
")",
"nr",
".",
"23",
",",
"but",
"construction",
"of",
"the",
"prototype",
"had",
"already",
"begun",
"in",
"early",
"may",
"under",
"the",
"bureau",
"designation",
"tu",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"77",
".",
"changes",
"from",
"the",
"standard",
"tu",
"@",
"-"
] | 3,480 |
engined bomber project was suffering delays in early 1947 and tu ##pole ##v suggested re @ - @ eng ##ining the tu @ - @ 2 medium bomber with imported british rolls @ - @ royce ne ##ne jet engines to produce a jet bomber as quickly as possible . design work began well before official approval was received on 31 may 1947 for one tu @ - @ 2 ##s to be converted in the ok ##b ' s workshop and another five to be converted at za ##vo ##d ( factory ) nr . 23 , but construction of the prototype had already begun in early may under the bureau designation tu @ - @ 77 . changes from the standard tu @ -
| 289 |
[
"@",
"2",
"were",
"minimize",
"##d",
"to",
"speed",
"production",
"and",
"they",
"consisted",
"of",
"the",
"following",
":",
"two",
"ne",
"##ne",
"jet",
"engines",
"replaced",
"the",
"standard",
"sh",
"##vet",
"##sov",
"ash",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"82",
"##f",
"##n",
"radial",
"engines",
".",
"the",
"wing",
"di",
"##hedral",
"was",
"reduced",
"to",
"3",
"°",
"from",
"6",
"°",
".",
"the",
"fuselage",
"was",
"length",
"##ened",
"400",
"mm",
"(",
"16",
"in",
")",
"and",
"the",
"rear",
"fuselage",
"was",
"heightened",
"by",
"300",
"mm",
"(",
"12",
"in",
")",
".",
"a",
"new",
"tri",
"##cycle",
"under",
"##carriage",
"was",
"fitted",
",",
"with",
"the",
"main",
"gear",
"units",
"re",
"##tra",
"##cting",
"into",
"the",
"engine",
"na",
"##cel",
"##les",
".",
"additional",
"fuel",
"tanks",
"were",
"fitted",
"and",
"the",
"design",
"of",
"the",
"tanks",
"was",
"changed",
"to",
"accommodate",
"the",
"change",
"from",
"gasoline",
"to",
"ke",
"##rose",
"##ne",
".",
"the",
"control",
"system",
"was"
] | 3,481 |
@ 2 were minimize ##d to speed production and they consisted of the following : two ne ##ne jet engines replaced the standard sh ##vet ##sov ash @ - @ 82 ##f ##n radial engines . the wing di ##hedral was reduced to 3 ° from 6 ° . the fuselage was length ##ened 400 mm ( 16 in ) and the rear fuselage was heightened by 300 mm ( 12 in ) . a new tri ##cycle under ##carriage was fitted , with the main gear units re ##tra ##cting into the engine na ##cel ##les . additional fuel tanks were fitted and the design of the tanks was changed to accommodate the change from gasoline to ke ##rose ##ne . the control system was
| 964 |
[
"revised",
"and",
"trim",
"tab",
"##s",
"were",
"fitted",
"to",
"the",
"elevators",
".",
"the",
"wing",
"and",
"tail",
"were",
"reinforced",
".",
"the",
"20",
"mm",
"(",
"0",
"@",
".",
"@",
"79",
"in",
")",
"sh",
"##va",
"##k",
"cannon",
"were",
"removed",
"from",
"the",
"wing",
"roots",
"and",
"a",
"23",
"mm",
"(",
"0",
"@",
".",
"@",
"91",
"in",
")",
"nude",
"##lman",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"sur",
"##anov",
"ns",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"23",
"cannon",
"was",
"mounted",
"in",
"an",
"external",
"fair",
"##ing",
"on",
"the",
"starboard",
"side",
"of",
"the",
"nose",
".",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"testing",
"and",
"evaluation",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"the",
"prototype",
"was",
"completed",
"in",
"july",
"and",
"was",
"first",
"flown",
"on",
"27",
"july",
"1947",
".",
"two",
"aircraft",
"were",
"shown",
"at",
"the",
"tu",
"##shin",
"##o",
"aviation",
"day",
"display",
"on",
"3",
"august",
"1947",
".",
"it",
"completed",
"its",
"manufacturer",
"'",
"s"
] | 3,482 |
revised and trim tab ##s were fitted to the elevators . the wing and tail were reinforced . the 20 mm ( 0 @ . @ 79 in ) sh ##va ##k cannon were removed from the wing roots and a 23 mm ( 0 @ . @ 91 in ) nude ##lman @ - @ sur ##anov ns @ - @ 23 cannon was mounted in an external fair ##ing on the starboard side of the nose . = = = testing and evaluation = = = the prototype was completed in july and was first flown on 27 july 1947 . two aircraft were shown at the tu ##shin ##o aviation day display on 3 august 1947 . it completed its manufacturer ' s
| 964 |
[
"trials",
"in",
"september",
"and",
"underwent",
"the",
"state",
"acceptance",
"trials",
"from",
"4",
"october",
"1947",
"to",
"27",
"february",
"1948",
"where",
"it",
"was",
"redesignated",
"as",
"the",
"tu",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"12",
".",
"the",
"ni",
"##i",
"v",
"##vs",
"(",
"na",
"##oo",
"##ch",
"##no",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"iss",
"##led",
"##ova",
"##tel",
"'",
"ski",
"##y",
"ins",
"##ti",
"##to",
"##ot",
"vo",
"##yen",
"##no",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"vo",
"##zd",
"##oo",
"##sh",
"##ny",
"##kh",
"see",
"##l",
"–",
"air",
"force",
"scientific",
"test",
"institute",
")",
"report",
"summarized",
"the",
"differences",
"between",
"the",
"tu",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"2",
"and",
"tu",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"12",
"as",
"\"",
"a",
"considerable",
"gain",
"in",
"speed",
",",
"an",
"improved",
"rate",
"of",
"climb",
",",
"a",
"higher",
"service",
"ceiling",
",",
"but",
"poorer",
"field",
"performance",
"and",
"a",
"considerably",
"greater",
"fuel",
"load",
"required",
"to",
"achieve",
"the",
"same",
"range"
] | 3,483 |
trials in september and underwent the state acceptance trials from 4 october 1947 to 27 february 1948 where it was redesignated as the tu @ - @ 12 . the ni ##i v ##vs ( na ##oo ##ch ##no @ - @ iss ##led ##ova ##tel ' ski ##y ins ##ti ##to ##ot vo ##yen ##no @ - @ vo ##zd ##oo ##sh ##ny ##kh see ##l – air force scientific test institute ) report summarized the differences between the tu @ - @ 2 and tu @ - @ 12 as " a considerable gain in speed , an improved rate of climb , a higher service ceiling , but poorer field performance and a considerably greater fuel load required to achieve the same range
| 194 |
[
"as",
"the",
"tu",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"2",
".",
"\"",
"both",
"the",
"lack",
"of",
"a",
"press",
"##urized",
"cabin",
"that",
"greatly",
"reduced",
"its",
"effectiveness",
"at",
"high",
"altitude",
"and",
"the",
"lack",
"of",
"dei",
"##cing",
"equipment",
"for",
"the",
"wing",
"and",
"tail",
"leading",
"edges",
"and",
"the",
"cockpit",
"g",
"##la",
"##zing",
"were",
"noted",
"as",
"major",
"problems",
".",
"at",
"high",
"speeds",
"it",
"was",
"virtually",
"impossible",
"to",
"traverse",
"and",
"el",
"##eva",
"##te",
"the",
"manually",
"operated",
"vu",
"##b",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"68",
"and",
"lu",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"68",
"gun",
"turrets",
".",
"the",
"vibration",
"of",
"the",
"ns",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"23",
"cannon",
"when",
"firing",
"rendered",
"the",
"equipment",
"in",
"the",
"navigator",
"'",
"s",
"cabin",
"un",
"##usa",
"##ble",
"and",
"damaged",
"the",
"cabin",
"g",
"##la",
"##zing",
".",
"turning",
"on",
"the",
"identification",
"friend",
"or",
"foe",
"(",
"if",
"##f",
")",
"system"
] | 3,484 |
as the tu @ - @ 2 . " both the lack of a press ##urized cabin that greatly reduced its effectiveness at high altitude and the lack of dei ##cing equipment for the wing and tail leading edges and the cockpit g ##la ##zing were noted as major problems . at high speeds it was virtually impossible to traverse and el ##eva ##te the manually operated vu ##b @ - @ 68 and lu @ - @ 68 gun turrets . the vibration of the ns @ - @ 23 cannon when firing rendered the equipment in the navigator ' s cabin un ##usa ##ble and damaged the cabin g ##la ##zing . turning on the identification friend or foe ( if ##f ) system
| 964 |
[
"adverse",
"##ly",
"affected",
"the",
"inter",
"##com",
"system",
"and",
"the",
"radios",
".",
"new",
"generators",
"had",
"to",
"be",
"installed",
"as",
"the",
"originals",
"did",
"not",
"produce",
"enough",
"electrical",
"power",
".",
"the",
"trials",
"conducted",
"by",
"the",
"ni",
"##i",
"v",
"##vs",
"included",
"engagements",
"between",
"the",
"tu",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"12",
"and",
"the",
"soviet",
"mig",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"9",
"and",
"ya",
"##k",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"23",
"jet",
"fighters",
"which",
"were",
"very",
"useful",
"in",
"evaluating",
"the",
"offensive",
"armament",
"of",
"the",
"fighters",
",",
"the",
"defensive",
"armament",
"of",
"the",
"bomber",
"and",
"the",
"proper",
"tactics",
"involved",
"for",
"both",
"types",
"of",
"aircraft",
".",
"the",
"tests",
"demonstrated",
"the",
"inferior",
"##ity",
"of",
"the",
"current",
"12",
"@",
".",
"@",
"7",
"mm",
"(",
"0",
"@",
".",
"@",
"50",
"in",
")",
"armament",
"and",
"meant",
"that",
"every",
"soviet",
"bomber",
"hence",
"##forth",
"would",
"have"
] | 3,485 |
adverse ##ly affected the inter ##com system and the radios . new generators had to be installed as the originals did not produce enough electrical power . the trials conducted by the ni ##i v ##vs included engagements between the tu @ - @ 12 and the soviet mig @ - @ 9 and ya ##k @ - @ 23 jet fighters which were very useful in evaluating the offensive armament of the fighters , the defensive armament of the bomber and the proper tactics involved for both types of aircraft . the tests demonstrated the inferior ##ity of the current 12 @ . @ 7 mm ( 0 @ . @ 50 in ) armament and meant that every soviet bomber hence ##forth would have
| 962 |
[
"a",
"defensive",
"armament",
"using",
"power",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"operated",
"turrets",
"that",
"carried",
"guns",
"20",
"mm",
"or",
"larger",
".",
"the",
"five",
"aircraft",
"modified",
"by",
"the",
"factory",
"were",
"given",
"the",
"k",
"##lim",
"##ov",
"rd",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"45",
"engine",
",",
"the",
"soviet",
"un",
"##lice",
"##nsed",
"copy",
"of",
"the",
"ne",
"##ne",
"engine",
",",
"and",
"all",
"six",
"aircraft",
",",
"used",
"by",
"the",
"v",
"##vs",
"for",
"air",
"##cre",
"##w",
"familiar",
"##ization",
"and",
"training",
".",
"the",
"aircraft",
"completed",
"were",
"later",
"relegated",
"to",
"test",
"duties",
".",
"one",
"aircraft",
"was",
"used",
"for",
"drone",
"tests",
"and",
"another",
",",
"redesignated",
"as",
"the",
"tu",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"12",
"##ll",
",",
"mounted",
"various",
"pulse",
"jet",
"engines",
"on",
"a",
"p",
"##yl",
"##on",
"above",
"the",
"fuselage",
".",
"=",
"=",
"operators",
"=",
"=",
"soviet",
"union",
"soviet",
"air",
"force",
"data",
"from",
"guns"
] | 3,486 |
a defensive armament using power @ - @ operated turrets that carried guns 20 mm or larger . the five aircraft modified by the factory were given the k ##lim ##ov rd @ - @ 45 engine , the soviet un ##lice ##nsed copy of the ne ##ne engine , and all six aircraft , used by the v ##vs for air ##cre ##w familiar ##ization and training . the aircraft completed were later relegated to test duties . one aircraft was used for drone tests and another , redesignated as the tu @ - @ 12 ##ll , mounted various pulse jet engines on a p ##yl ##on above the fuselage . = = operators = = soviet union soviet air force data from guns
| 964 |
[
"##ton",
",",
"tu",
"##pole",
"##v",
"aircraft",
"since",
"1922",
"general",
"characteristics",
"powerplant",
":",
"2",
"×",
"rolls",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"royce",
"ne",
"##ne",
"i",
"turbo",
"##jet",
",",
"22",
"kn",
"(",
"5",
"@",
",",
"@",
"000",
"lb",
"##f",
")",
"thrust",
"each",
"each",
"performance",
"maximum",
"speed",
":",
"78",
"##3",
"km",
"/",
"h",
"(",
"48",
"##7",
"mph",
")",
"armament",
"=",
"civilian",
"public",
"service",
"=",
"the",
"civilian",
"public",
"service",
"(",
"cp",
"##s",
")",
"was",
"a",
"program",
"of",
"the",
"united",
"states",
"government",
"that",
"provided",
"con",
"##sc",
"##ient",
"##ious",
"object",
"##ors",
"with",
"an",
"alternative",
"to",
"military",
"service",
"during",
"world",
"war",
"ii",
".",
"from",
"1941",
"to",
"1947",
",",
"nearly",
"12",
"@",
",",
"@",
"000",
"draft",
"##ees",
",",
"willing",
"to",
"serve",
"their",
"country",
"in",
"some",
"capacity",
"but",
"unwilling",
"to",
"perform",
"any",
"type",
"of",
"military",
"service",
","
] | 3,487 |
##ton , tu ##pole ##v aircraft since 1922 general characteristics powerplant : 2 × rolls @ - @ royce ne ##ne i turbo ##jet , 22 kn ( 5 @ , @ 000 lb ##f ) thrust each each performance maximum speed : 78 ##3 km / h ( 48 ##7 mph ) armament = civilian public service = the civilian public service ( cp ##s ) was a program of the united states government that provided con ##sc ##ient ##ious object ##ors with an alternative to military service during world war ii . from 1941 to 1947 , nearly 12 @ , @ 000 draft ##ees , willing to serve their country in some capacity but unwilling to perform any type of military service ,
| 964 |
[
"accepted",
"assignments",
"in",
"work",
"of",
"national",
"importance",
"in",
"152",
"cp",
"##s",
"camps",
"throughout",
"the",
"united",
"states",
"and",
"puerto",
"rico",
".",
"draft",
"##ees",
"from",
"the",
"historic",
"peace",
"churches",
"and",
"other",
"faith",
"##s",
"worked",
"in",
"areas",
"such",
"as",
"soil",
"conservation",
",",
"forestry",
",",
"fire",
"fighting",
",",
"agriculture",
",",
"under",
"the",
"supervision",
"of",
"such",
"agencies",
"as",
"the",
"u",
".",
"s",
".",
"forest",
"service",
",",
"the",
"soil",
"conservation",
"service",
",",
"and",
"the",
"national",
"park",
"service",
".",
"others",
"helped",
"provide",
"social",
"services",
"and",
"mental",
"health",
"services",
".",
"the",
"cp",
"##s",
"men",
"served",
"without",
"wages",
"and",
"minimal",
"support",
"from",
"the",
"federal",
"government",
".",
"the",
"cost",
"of",
"maintaining",
"the",
"cp",
"##s",
"camps",
"and",
"providing",
"for",
"the",
"needs",
"of",
"the",
"men",
"was",
"the",
"responsibility",
"of",
"their",
"congregations",
"and",
"families",
".",
"cp",
"##s",
"men",
"served"
] | 3,488 |
accepted assignments in work of national importance in 152 cp ##s camps throughout the united states and puerto rico . draft ##ees from the historic peace churches and other faith ##s worked in areas such as soil conservation , forestry , fire fighting , agriculture , under the supervision of such agencies as the u . s . forest service , the soil conservation service , and the national park service . others helped provide social services and mental health services . the cp ##s men served without wages and minimal support from the federal government . the cost of maintaining the cp ##s camps and providing for the needs of the men was the responsibility of their congregations and families . cp ##s men served
| 340 |
[
"longer",
"than",
"regular",
"draft",
"##ees",
"and",
"were",
"not",
"released",
"until",
"well",
"after",
"the",
"end",
"of",
"the",
"war",
".",
"initially",
"skeptical",
"of",
"the",
"program",
",",
"government",
"agencies",
"learned",
"to",
"appreciate",
"the",
"men",
"'",
"s",
"service",
"and",
"requested",
"more",
"workers",
"from",
"the",
"program",
".",
"cp",
"##s",
"made",
"significant",
"contributions",
"to",
"forest",
"fire",
"prevention",
",",
"erosion",
"and",
"flood",
"control",
",",
"medical",
"science",
"and",
"reform",
"of",
"the",
"mental",
"health",
"system",
".",
"=",
"=",
"background",
"=",
"=",
"con",
"##sc",
"##ient",
"##ious",
"object",
"##ors",
"(",
"co",
"##s",
")",
"refuse",
"to",
"participate",
"in",
"military",
"service",
"because",
"of",
"belief",
"or",
"religious",
"training",
".",
"during",
"wartime",
",",
"this",
"stance",
"conflicts",
"with",
"conscription",
"efforts",
".",
"those",
"willing",
"to",
"accept",
"non",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"combat",
"##ant",
"roles",
",",
"such",
"as",
"medical",
"personnel",
",",
"are",
"accommodated",
".",
"there"
] | 3,489 |
longer than regular draft ##ees and were not released until well after the end of the war . initially skeptical of the program , government agencies learned to appreciate the men ' s service and requested more workers from the program . cp ##s made significant contributions to forest fire prevention , erosion and flood control , medical science and reform of the mental health system . = = background = = con ##sc ##ient ##ious object ##ors ( co ##s ) refuse to participate in military service because of belief or religious training . during wartime , this stance conflicts with conscription efforts . those willing to accept non @ - @ combat ##ant roles , such as medical personnel , are accommodated . there
| 340 |
[
"are",
"few",
"legal",
"options",
"for",
"draft",
"##ees",
"who",
"cannot",
"cooperate",
"with",
"the",
"military",
"in",
"any",
"way",
".",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"experiences",
"of",
"world",
"war",
"i",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"the",
"conscription",
"law",
"of",
"world",
"war",
"i",
"provided",
"for",
"non",
"##comb",
"##ata",
"##nt",
"service",
"for",
"members",
"of",
"a",
"religious",
"organization",
"whose",
"members",
"were",
"forbidden",
"from",
"participating",
"in",
"war",
"of",
"any",
"form",
".",
"this",
"exemption",
"effectively",
"limited",
"con",
"##sc",
"##ient",
"##ious",
"object",
"##or",
"status",
"to",
"members",
"of",
"the",
"historic",
"peace",
"churches",
":",
"men",
"##non",
"##ites",
"(",
"and",
"other",
"ana",
"##ba",
"##pt",
"##ist",
"groups",
"such",
"as",
"hut",
"##ter",
"##ites",
")",
",",
"religious",
"society",
"of",
"friends",
"(",
"quakers",
")",
"and",
"church",
"of",
"the",
"brethren",
".",
"the",
"law",
"gave",
"the",
"president",
"authority",
"to",
"assign",
"such",
"draft",
"##ees",
"to",
"any",
"non",
"##comb",
"##ata"
] | 3,490 |
are few legal options for draft ##ees who cannot cooperate with the military in any way . = = = experiences of world war i = = = the conscription law of world war i provided for non ##comb ##ata ##nt service for members of a religious organization whose members were forbidden from participating in war of any form . this exemption effectively limited con ##sc ##ient ##ious object ##or status to members of the historic peace churches : men ##non ##ites ( and other ana ##ba ##pt ##ist groups such as hut ##ter ##ites ) , religious society of friends ( quakers ) and church of the brethren . the law gave the president authority to assign such draft ##ees to any non ##comb ##ata
| 304 |
[
"##nt",
"military",
"role",
".",
"con",
"##sc",
"##ient",
"##ious",
"object",
"##ors",
"who",
"refused",
"non",
"##comb",
"##ata",
"##nt",
"service",
"during",
"world",
"war",
"i",
"were",
"imprisoned",
"in",
"military",
"facilities",
"such",
"as",
"fort",
"lewis",
"(",
"washington",
")",
",",
"al",
"##cat",
"##raz",
"island",
"(",
"california",
")",
"and",
"fort",
"leave",
"##n",
"##worth",
"(",
"kansas",
")",
".",
"the",
"government",
"assumed",
"that",
"co",
"##s",
"could",
"be",
"converted",
"into",
"soldiers",
"once",
"they",
"were",
"exposed",
"to",
"life",
"in",
"their",
"assigned",
"military",
"camps",
".",
"simultaneously",
"the",
"justice",
"department",
"was",
"preparing",
"to",
"ind",
"##ic",
"##t",
"181",
"men",
"##non",
"##ite",
"leaders",
"for",
"violating",
"the",
"espionage",
"act",
"because",
"of",
"a",
"statement",
"they",
"adopted",
"against",
"performing",
"military",
"service",
".",
"the",
"draft",
"##ees",
"'",
"refusal",
"to",
"put",
"on",
"a",
"uniform",
"or",
"cooperate",
"in",
"any",
"way",
"caused",
"difficulties",
"for",
"both",
"the",
"government",
"and"
] | 3,491 |
##nt military role . con ##sc ##ient ##ious object ##ors who refused non ##comb ##ata ##nt service during world war i were imprisoned in military facilities such as fort lewis ( washington ) , al ##cat ##raz island ( california ) and fort leave ##n ##worth ( kansas ) . the government assumed that co ##s could be converted into soldiers once they were exposed to life in their assigned military camps . simultaneously the justice department was preparing to ind ##ic ##t 181 men ##non ##ite leaders for violating the espionage act because of a statement they adopted against performing military service . the draft ##ees ' refusal to put on a uniform or cooperate in any way caused difficulties for both the government and
| 245 |
[
"the",
"co",
"##s",
".",
"the",
"treatment",
"received",
"by",
"nearly",
"2000",
"of",
"these",
"absolute",
"co",
"##s",
"included",
"short",
"rations",
",",
"solitary",
"confinement",
"and",
"physical",
"abuse",
"so",
"severe",
"as",
"to",
"cause",
"the",
"deaths",
"of",
"two",
"hut",
"##ter",
"##ite",
"draft",
"##ees",
".",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"preparation",
"for",
"world",
"war",
"ii",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"after",
"world",
"war",
"i",
",",
"and",
"with",
"another",
"european",
"war",
"looming",
",",
"leaders",
"from",
"the",
"historic",
"peace",
"churches",
"met",
"to",
"st",
"##rate",
"##gi",
"##ze",
"about",
"how",
"to",
"cooperate",
"with",
"the",
"government",
"to",
"avoid",
"the",
"difficulties",
"of",
"world",
"war",
"i",
".",
"holding",
"a",
"common",
"view",
"that",
"any",
"participation",
"in",
"military",
"service",
"was",
"not",
"acceptable",
",",
"they",
"devised",
"a",
"plan",
"of",
"civilian",
"alternative",
"service",
",",
"based",
"on",
"experience",
"gained",
"by",
"american",
"friends",
"service",
"committee",
"work",
"in",
"europe",
"during"
] | 3,492 |
the co ##s . the treatment received by nearly 2000 of these absolute co ##s included short rations , solitary confinement and physical abuse so severe as to cause the deaths of two hut ##ter ##ite draft ##ees . = = = preparation for world war ii = = = after world war i , and with another european war looming , leaders from the historic peace churches met to st ##rate ##gi ##ze about how to cooperate with the government to avoid the difficulties of world war i . holding a common view that any participation in military service was not acceptable , they devised a plan of civilian alternative service , based on experience gained by american friends service committee work in europe during
| 235 |
[
"and",
"after",
"world",
"war",
"i",
"and",
"forestry",
"service",
"done",
"by",
"russian",
"men",
"##non",
"##ites",
"in",
"lieu",
"of",
"military",
"service",
"in",
"tsar",
"##ist",
"russia",
".",
"as",
"the",
"united",
"states",
"prepared",
"for",
"another",
"war",
",",
"the",
"historic",
"peace",
"churches",
",",
"represented",
"by",
"friends",
"who",
"understood",
"inner",
"dealings",
"of",
"washington",
"d",
".",
"c",
".",
"politics",
",",
"attempted",
"to",
"influence",
"new",
"draft",
"bills",
"to",
"ensure",
"their",
"men",
"could",
"fulfill",
"their",
"duty",
"in",
"an",
"alternative",
",",
"non",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"military",
"type",
"of",
"service",
".",
"on",
"june",
"20",
",",
"1940",
",",
"the",
"burke",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"wa",
"##ds",
"##worth",
"bill",
"came",
"before",
"congress",
".",
"the",
"arrangements",
"for",
"con",
"##sc",
"##ient",
"##ious",
"object",
"##ors",
"were",
"almost",
"identical",
"to",
"the",
"world",
"war",
"i",
"provisions",
".",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"selective",
"service",
"act",
"=",
"="
] | 3,493 |
and after world war i and forestry service done by russian men ##non ##ites in lieu of military service in tsar ##ist russia . as the united states prepared for another war , the historic peace churches , represented by friends who understood inner dealings of washington d . c . politics , attempted to influence new draft bills to ensure their men could fulfill their duty in an alternative , non @ - @ military type of service . on june 20 , 1940 , the burke @ - @ wa ##ds ##worth bill came before congress . the arrangements for con ##sc ##ient ##ious object ##ors were almost identical to the world war i provisions . = = = selective service act = =
| 476 |
[
"=",
"the",
"friends",
"representatives",
"continued",
"attempting",
"to",
"make",
"the",
"bill",
"more",
"favorable",
"to",
"the",
"historic",
"peace",
"churches",
".",
"the",
"burke",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"wa",
"##ds",
"##worth",
"bill",
"passed",
"on",
"september",
"14",
",",
"1940",
",",
"becoming",
"the",
"selective",
"training",
"and",
"service",
"act",
"of",
"1940",
".",
"the",
"influence",
"of",
"the",
"churches",
"was",
"evident",
"in",
"section",
"5",
"(",
"g",
")",
",",
"which",
"says",
"in",
"part",
":",
"any",
"such",
"person",
"claiming",
"such",
"exemption",
"from",
"combat",
"##ant",
"training",
"and",
"service",
".",
".",
".",
"in",
"lieu",
"of",
"such",
"induction",
",",
"be",
"assigned",
"to",
"work",
"of",
"national",
"importance",
"under",
"civilian",
"direction",
".",
"the",
"bill",
"offered",
"four",
"improvements",
"from",
"the",
"perspective",
"of",
"the",
"churches",
"over",
"the",
"world",
"war",
"i",
"provisions",
".",
"the",
"exemption",
"applied",
"to",
"con",
"##sc",
"##ient",
"##ious",
"objection",
"based",
"on",
"religious",
"training"
] | 3,494 |
= the friends representatives continued attempting to make the bill more favorable to the historic peace churches . the burke @ - @ wa ##ds ##worth bill passed on september 14 , 1940 , becoming the selective training and service act of 1940 . the influence of the churches was evident in section 5 ( g ) , which says in part : any such person claiming such exemption from combat ##ant training and service . . . in lieu of such induction , be assigned to work of national importance under civilian direction . the bill offered four improvements from the perspective of the churches over the world war i provisions . the exemption applied to con ##sc ##ient ##ious objection based on religious training
| 304 |
[
"or",
"belief",
",",
"opening",
"the",
"door",
"for",
"members",
"of",
"any",
"religious",
"denomination",
"to",
"apply",
"for",
"co",
"status",
".",
"draft",
"##ees",
"turned",
"down",
"by",
"local",
"draft",
"board",
"could",
"appeal",
"under",
"the",
"new",
"law",
".",
"those",
"assigned",
"to",
"\"",
"work",
"of",
"national",
"importance",
"\"",
"would",
"be",
"under",
"civilian",
",",
"not",
"military",
",",
"control",
"and",
"violations",
"of",
"law",
"on",
"the",
"part",
"of",
"those",
"in",
"the",
"program",
"were",
"subject",
"to",
"normal",
"federal",
"jurisdiction",
",",
"not",
"the",
"military",
"justice",
"system",
".",
"from",
"the",
"military",
"perspective",
",",
"it",
"removed",
"the",
"burden",
"of",
"dealing",
"with",
"thousands",
"of",
"un",
"##co",
"##oper",
"##ative",
"draft",
"##ees",
"and",
"segregated",
"the",
"co",
"##s",
"and",
"their",
"philosophy",
"from",
"military",
"service",
"members",
".",
"unlike",
"harsh",
"##er",
"methods",
",",
"the",
"military",
"found",
"that",
"this",
"gentle",
"##r",
"approach",
"resulted",
"in",
"about",
"one"
] | 3,495 |
or belief , opening the door for members of any religious denomination to apply for co status . draft ##ees turned down by local draft board could appeal under the new law . those assigned to " work of national importance " would be under civilian , not military , control and violations of law on the part of those in the program were subject to normal federal jurisdiction , not the military justice system . from the military perspective , it removed the burden of dealing with thousands of un ##co ##oper ##ative draft ##ees and segregated the co ##s and their philosophy from military service members . unlike harsh ##er methods , the military found that this gentle ##r approach resulted in about one
| 465 |
[
"in",
"eight",
"eventually",
"transferring",
"to",
"military",
"service",
".",
"=",
"=",
"organization",
"=",
"=",
"when",
"registration",
"commenced",
"on",
"october",
"16",
",",
"1940",
",",
"no",
"structure",
"was",
"in",
"place",
"to",
"handle",
"thousands",
"of",
"anticipated",
"con",
"##sc",
"##ient",
"##ious",
"object",
"##ors",
".",
"church",
"representatives",
"meeting",
"with",
"government",
"officials",
"learned",
"that",
"little",
"thought",
"had",
"been",
"put",
"into",
"the",
"program",
",",
"and",
"the",
"churches",
"were",
"advised",
"to",
"create",
"a",
"plan",
".",
"because",
"the",
"government",
"wanted",
"to",
"deal",
"with",
"one",
"body",
",",
"not",
"individual",
"religious",
"denominations",
",",
"the",
"national",
"council",
"for",
"religious",
"con",
"##sc",
"##ient",
"##ious",
"object",
"##ors",
"was",
"formed",
"as",
"a",
"liaison",
"between",
"the",
"churches",
"and",
"the",
"federal",
"government",
".",
"the",
"historic",
"peace",
"churches",
"outlined",
"a",
"plan",
"that",
"included",
"running",
"and",
"maintaining",
"cp",
"##s",
"camps",
"under",
"church",
"control",
".",
"however",
","
] | 3,496 |
in eight eventually transferring to military service . = = organization = = when registration commenced on october 16 , 1940 , no structure was in place to handle thousands of anticipated con ##sc ##ient ##ious object ##ors . church representatives meeting with government officials learned that little thought had been put into the program , and the churches were advised to create a plan . because the government wanted to deal with one body , not individual religious denominations , the national council for religious con ##sc ##ient ##ious object ##ors was formed as a liaison between the churches and the federal government . the historic peace churches outlined a plan that included running and maintaining cp ##s camps under church control . however ,
| 443 |
[
"president",
"roosevelt",
"opposed",
"any",
"plan",
"not",
"involving",
"military",
"control",
"over",
"the",
"draft",
"##ees",
".",
"to",
"save",
"their",
"plan",
"and",
"retain",
"civilian",
"direction",
"of",
"the",
"program",
",",
"the",
"churches",
"offered",
"to",
"fund",
"the",
"camps",
".",
"aide",
"##s",
"convinced",
"roosevelt",
"that",
"putting",
"the",
"co",
"##s",
"to",
"work",
"in",
"out",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"of",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"the",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"way",
"camps",
"was",
"prefer",
"##able",
"to",
"repeating",
"the",
"difficulties",
"of",
"world",
"war",
"i",
".",
"selective",
"service",
"and",
"the",
"peace",
"churches",
"agreed",
"to",
"a",
"six",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"month",
"trial",
"of",
"church",
"supported",
"and",
"funded",
"camps",
"for",
"con",
"##sc",
"##ient",
"##ious",
"object",
"##ors",
"and",
"thus",
"civilian",
"public",
"service",
"was",
"born",
".",
"the",
"first",
"camp",
"opened",
"on",
"may",
"15",
",",
"1941",
"near",
"baltimore",
",",
"maryland",
".",
"a",
"total",
"of",
"152"
] | 3,497 |
president roosevelt opposed any plan not involving military control over the draft ##ees . to save their plan and retain civilian direction of the program , the churches offered to fund the camps . aide ##s convinced roosevelt that putting the co ##s to work in out @ - @ of @ - @ the @ - @ way camps was prefer ##able to repeating the difficulties of world war i . selective service and the peace churches agreed to a six @ - @ month trial of church supported and funded camps for con ##sc ##ient ##ious object ##ors and thus civilian public service was born . the first camp opened on may 15 , 1941 near baltimore , maryland . a total of 152
| 251 |
[
"camps",
"and",
"units",
"were",
"established",
"over",
"the",
"next",
"six",
"years",
".",
"the",
"federal",
"government",
"provided",
"work",
"projects",
",",
"housing",
",",
"camp",
"furnishings",
"and",
"paid",
"for",
"transportation",
"to",
"the",
"camps",
".",
"the",
"responsibilities",
"of",
"the",
"churches",
"included",
"day",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"to",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"day",
"management",
"of",
"the",
"camps",
",",
"subsistence",
"costs",
",",
"meals",
"and",
"healthcare",
"for",
"the",
"men",
".",
"when",
"the",
"young",
"men",
"arrived",
"at",
"the",
"first",
"camps",
",",
"they",
"started",
"a",
"six",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"month",
"experiment",
"that",
"would",
"extend",
"to",
"six",
"years",
".",
"civilian",
"public",
"service",
"men",
"lived",
"in",
"barracks",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"style",
"camps",
",",
"such",
"as",
"former",
"civilian",
"conservation",
"corps",
"facilities",
".",
"the",
"camps",
"served",
"as",
"a",
"base",
"of",
"operations",
",",
"from",
"which",
"the",
"co",
"##s",
"departed",
"to",
"their",
"daily",
"assignments"
] | 3,498 |
camps and units were established over the next six years . the federal government provided work projects , housing , camp furnishings and paid for transportation to the camps . the responsibilities of the churches included day @ - @ to @ - @ day management of the camps , subsistence costs , meals and healthcare for the men . when the young men arrived at the first camps , they started a six @ - @ month experiment that would extend to six years . civilian public service men lived in barracks @ - @ style camps , such as former civilian conservation corps facilities . the camps served as a base of operations , from which the co ##s departed to their daily assignments
| 314 |
[
".",
"sites",
"were",
"located",
"typically",
"in",
"rural",
"areas",
"near",
"the",
"agricultural",
",",
"soil",
"conservation",
"and",
"forestry",
"projects",
"where",
"the",
"work",
"took",
"place",
".",
"a",
"large",
"camp",
"such",
"as",
"number",
"57",
"near",
"hill",
"city",
",",
"south",
"dakota",
",",
"had",
"five",
"dorm",
"##itor",
"##ies",
"and",
"housed",
"as",
"many",
"as",
"172",
"men",
"building",
"the",
"deer",
"##field",
"dam",
".",
"later",
",",
"with",
"projects",
"located",
"in",
"urban",
"areas",
",",
"the",
"men",
"lived",
"in",
"smaller",
"units",
",",
"communal",
"housing",
"near",
"their",
"assignments",
".",
"cp",
"##s",
"men",
"typically",
"worked",
"nine",
"hours",
",",
"six",
"days",
"per",
"week",
".",
"men",
"##non",
"##ite",
"central",
"committee",
",",
"american",
"friends",
"service",
"committee",
"and",
"brethren",
"service",
"committee",
"administered",
"almost",
"all",
"of",
"the",
"camps",
".",
"the",
"association",
"of",
"catholic",
"con",
"##sc",
"##ient",
"##ious",
"object",
"##ors",
"managed",
"four",
"camps",
"and",
"the"
] | 3,499 |
. sites were located typically in rural areas near the agricultural , soil conservation and forestry projects where the work took place . a large camp such as number 57 near hill city , south dakota , had five dorm ##itor ##ies and housed as many as 172 men building the deer ##field dam . later , with projects located in urban areas , the men lived in smaller units , communal housing near their assignments . cp ##s men typically worked nine hours , six days per week . men ##non ##ite central committee , american friends service committee and brethren service committee administered almost all of the camps . the association of catholic con ##sc ##ient ##ious object ##ors managed four camps and the
| 328 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.