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] | 3,600 |
of ex ##ti ##rp ##ation . until medieval times ireland was heavily forested with oak , pine and birch . forests today cover about 12 @ . @ 6 % of ireland , of which 4 @ , @ 450 km ² or one million acres is owned by coil ##lt ##e , the republic ' s forestry service . as of 2012 the republic is one of the least forested countries in europe . much of the land is now covered with pasture and there are many species of wild @ - @ flower . go ##rse ( ul ##ex europa ##eus ) , a wild fur ##ze , is commonly found growing in the upland ##s and ferns are pl ##ent ##iful in the
| 530 |
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] | 3,601 |
more moist regions , especially in the western parts . it is home to hundreds of plant species , some of them unique to the island , and has been " invaded " by some grasses , such as spa ##rti ##na ang ##lica . the al ##gal and sea ##weed flora is that of the cold @ - @ temperate variety . the total number of species is 57 ##4 and is distributed as follows : 264 r ##ho ##do ##phy ##ta ( red algae ) 152 ph ##ae ##op ##hy ##ceae ( brown algae including ke ##lp ##s ) 114 ch ##lor ##op ##yt ##a ( green algae ) 31 cy ##ano ##phy ##ta ( blue @ - @ green algae ) rare ##r
| 531 |
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] | 3,602 |
species include : ito ##no ##a margin ##ifer ##a ( j . ag ##ard ##h ) mas ##uda & gui ##ry sc ##hmi ##tz ##ia his ##cock ##iana mag ##gs & gui ##ry gel ##idi ##ella cal ##cic ##ola mag ##gs & gui ##ry gel ##idium mag ##gs ##iae rico & gui ##ry hal ##yme ##nia la ##ti ##folia p . l . cr ##ou ##an & h . m . cr ##ou ##an ex ku ##tz ##ing . the island has been invaded by some algae , some of which are now well established . for example : as ##para ##go ##psis arm ##ara harvey , which originated in australia and was first recorded by m . de vale ##ra in 1939 col ##po ##men
| 102 |
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] | 3,603 |
##ia pere ##grin ##a sa ##u ##va ##ge ##au , which is now locally abundant and first recorded in the 1930s sar ##gas ##sum mu ##tic ##um ( yen ##do ) fen ##sho ##lt , now well established in a number of localities on the south , west , and north @ - @ east coasts cod ##ium fragile ss ##p . fragile ( formerly reported as ss ##p . tome ##nto ##sum ) , now well established . cod ##ium fragile ss ##p . atlantic ##um has been established to be native , although for many years it was regarded as an alien species . because of its mild climate , many species , including sub @ - @ tropical species such as palm trees
| 578 |
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] | 3,604 |
, are grown in ireland . ph ##yt ##oge ##ographic ##ally , ireland belongs to the atlantic european province of the ci ##rc ##umb ##ore ##al region within the bore ##al kingdom . the island itself can be subdivided into two eco ##region ##s : the celtic broad ##leaf forests and north atlantic moist mixed forests . = = = impact of agriculture = = = the long history of agricultural production , coupled with modern intensive agricultural methods such as pest ##icide and fe ##rti ##lis ##er use and runoff from con ##tam ##ina ##nts into streams , rivers and lakes , impact the natural fresh @ - @ water ecosystems and have placed pressure on biodiversity in ireland . a land of green fields
| 528 |
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for crop cultivation and cattle rear ##ing limits the space available for the establishment of native wild species . hedge ##row ##s , however , traditionally used for maintaining and dem ##ar ##cating land boundaries , act as a refuge for native wild flora . this ecosystem stretches across the countryside and acts as a network of connections to preserve remnants of the ecosystem that once covered the island . subsidies under the common agricultural policy , which supported agricultural practices that preserved hedge ##row environments , are undergoing reforms . the common agricultural policy had in the past sub ##si ##dis ##ed potentially destructive agricultural practices , for example by emphasis ##ing production without placing limits on ind ##is ##cr ##imi ##nate use of fe
| 328 |
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##rti ##lis ##ers and pest ##icides ; but reforms have gradually deco ##up ##led subsidies from production levels and introduced environmental and other requirements . forest covers about 12 @ . @ 6 % of the country , most of it designated for commercial production . forested areas typically consist of mono ##culture plantations of non @ - @ native species , which may result in habitats that are not suitable for supporting native species of invertebrates . remnants of native forest can be found scattered around the island , in particular in the kill ##arney national park . natural areas require fencing to prevent over @ - @ grazing by deer and sheep that roam over un ##cu ##lt ##ivated areas . grazing in this
| 530 |
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] | 3,607 |
manner is one of the main factors preventing the natural regeneration of forests across many regions of the country . = = demographics = = people have lived in ireland for over 9 @ , @ 000 years . the different eras are termed me ##sol ##ith ##ic , neolithic , bronze age , and iron age . early historical and genealogical records note the existence of major groups such as the cr ##uth ##in , co ##rc ##u lo ##ig ##de , dal ri ##ata , dai ##rine , dei ##rg ##tine , del ##bh ##na , era ##inn , lai ##gin , ul ##aid . slightly later major groups included the connacht ##a , cia ##nna ##cht ##a , e ##ogan ##ach ##ta .
| 138 |
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smaller groups included the ai ##the ##cht ##hua ##tha ( see at ##ta ##cott ##i ) , cal ##rai ##gh ##e , cia ##rra ##ige , con ##ma ##ic ##ne , dart ##rai ##gh ##e , dei ##si , e ##ile , fir bo ##l ##g , fort ##ua ##tha , gail ##eng ##a , ga ##man ##rai ##ge , mai ##rti ##ne , mu ##sc ##rai ##ge , part ##rai ##ge , so ##gh ##ain , ua ##ith ##ni , ui maine , ui lia ##tha ##in . many survived into late medieval times , others vanished as they became politically un ##im ##port ##ant . over the past 1200 years , vikings , norman ##s , welsh , fleming ##s , scots , english
| 215 |
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] | 3,609 |
, africans , eastern europeans and south americans have all added to the population and have had significant influences on irish culture . ireland ' s largest religious group is christianity . the largest denomination is roman catholicism representing over 73 % for the island ( and about 87 % of the republic of ireland ) . most of the rest of the population adhere to one of the various protestant denominations ( about 48 % of northern ireland ) . the largest is the anglican church of ireland . the muslim community is growing in ireland , mostly through increased immigration , with a 50 % increase in the republic between the 2006 and 2011 census . the island has a small jewish community .
| 429 |
[
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] | 3,610 |
about 4 % of the republic ' s population and about 14 % of the northern ireland population describe themselves as of no religion . in a 2010 survey conducted on behalf of the irish times , 32 % of respondents said they went to a religious service more than once a week . the population of ireland rose rapidly from the 16th century until the mid @ - @ 19th century , but a devastating famine in the 1840s caused one million deaths and forced over one million more to emi ##grate in its immediate wake . over the following century the population was reduced by over half , at a time when the general trend in european countries was for populations to rise by
| 313 |
[
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] | 3,611 |
an average of three @ - @ fold . = = = divisions and settlements = = = traditionally , ireland is subdivided into four provinces : connacht ( west ) , leinster ( east ) , munster ( south ) , and ulster ( north ) . in a system that developed between the 13th and 17th centuries , ireland has 32 traditional counties . twenty @ - @ six of these counties are in the republic of ireland and six are in northern ireland . the six counties that constitute northern ireland are all in the province of ulster ( which has nine counties in total ) . as such , ulster is often used as a synonym for northern ireland , although the
| 144 |
[
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",",
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] | 3,612 |
two are not cote ##rmin ##ous . in the republic of ireland , counties form the basis of the system of local government . counties dublin , cork , limerick , galway , waterford and tipperary have been broken up into smaller administrative areas . however , they are still treated as counties for cultural and some official purposes , for example postal addresses and by the ordnance survey ireland . counties in northern ireland are no longer used for local governmental purposes , but , as in the republic , their traditional boundaries are still used for informal purposes such as sports leagues and in cultural or tourism contexts . city status in ireland is decided by legislative or royal charter . dublin , with
| 328 |
[
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] | 3,613 |
over 1 million residents in the greater dublin area , is the largest city on the island . belfast , with 57 ##9 @ , @ 72 ##6 residents , is the largest city in northern ireland . city status does not directly e ##qua ##te with population size . for example , armagh , with 14 @ , @ 590 is the seat of the church of ireland and the roman catholic primate of all ireland and was re @ - @ granted city status by queen elizabeth ii in 1994 ( having lost that status in local government reforms of 1840 ) . in the republic of ireland , kilkenny , seat of the butler dynasty , while no longer a city for administrative
| 439 |
[
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] | 3,614 |
purposes ( since the 2001 local government act ) , is entitled by law to continue to use the description . the population of ireland collapsed dramatically during the second half of the 19th century . a population of over 8 million in 1841 was reduced to slightly more than 4 million by 1921 . in part , the fall in population was due to death from the great famine of 1845 to 1852 , which took about 1 million lives . however , by far the greater cause of population decline was the dire economic state of the country which led to an en ##tre ##nched culture of emigration lasting until the 21st century . emigration from ireland in the 19th century contributed to the
| 343 |
[
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",",
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",",
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"significant",
"immigration",
"from",
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",",
"the",
"czech",
"republic",
"and"
] | 3,615 |
populations of england , the united states , canada and australia , where a large irish diaspora lives . as of 2006 , 4 @ . @ 3 million canadians , or 14 % of the population , are of irish descent . as of 2013 , a total of 34 @ . @ 5 million americans claim irish ancestry . with growing prosperity since the last decade of the 20th century , ireland became a destination for immigrants . since the european union expanded to include poland in 2004 , polish people have made up the largest number of immigrants ( over 150 @ , @ 000 ) from central europe . there has also been significant immigration from lithuania , the czech republic and
| 328 |
[
"latvia",
".",
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"of",
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"in",
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] | 3,616 |
latvia . the republic of ireland in particular has seen large @ - @ scale immigration , with 420 @ , @ 000 foreign nationals as of 2006 , about 10 % of the population . a quarter of births ( 24 percent ) in 2009 were to mothers born outside ireland . chinese and nigerian ##s , along with people from other african countries , have accounted for a large proportion of the non – european union migrants to ireland . up to 50 @ , @ 000 eastern and central european migrant workers left ireland in response to the irish financial crisis . two main languages are spoken in ireland : irish and english . both languages have widely contributed to literature . irish
| 313 |
[
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] | 3,617 |
, now a minority but official language of the republic of ireland , was the vernacular of the irish people for over two thousand years and was probably introduced by some sort of proto @ - @ gaelic migration during the iron age , possibly earlier . it began to be written down after christian ##isation in the 5th century and spread to scotland and the isle of man where it evolved into the scottish gaelic and man ##x languages respectively . the irish language has a vast treasure of written texts from many centuries , and is divided by linguist ##s into old irish from the 6th to 10th century , middle irish from the 10th to 13th century , early modern irish until the
| 429 |
[
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",",
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"it",
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"gael",
"##ta",
"##cht",
"areas",
"near",
"dung",
"##ar",
"##van"
] | 3,618 |
17th century , and the modern irish spoken today . it remained the dominant language of ireland for most of those periods , having influences from latin , old norse , french and english . it declined under british rule but remained the majority tongue until the early 19th century , and since then has been a minority language , although revival efforts are continuing in both the republic of ireland and northern ireland . gael ##ta ##cht or irish @ - @ speaking areas are still seeing a decline in the language . the main gael ##ta ##cht areas are down the west of the country , in donegal , mayo , galway and kerry with smaller gael ##ta ##cht areas near dung ##ar ##van
| 257 |
[
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"@",
"-",
"@"
] | 3,619 |
in waterford , na ##van , in meath , and the shaw ' s road in belfast . irish language is a compulsory subject in the state education system in the republic , and the gael ##sco ##il movement has seen many irish medium schools established in both jurisdictions . english was first introduced to ireland in the norman invasion . it was spoken by a few peasants and merchants brought over from england , and was largely replaced by irish before the tudor conquest of ireland . it was introduced as the official language with the tudor and cromwell ##ian conquest ##s . the ulster plantations gave it a permanent foot ##hold in ulster , and it remained the official and upper @ - @
| 257 |
[
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"of",
"the",
"charter"
] | 3,620 |
class language elsewhere , the irish @ - @ speaking chieftain ##s and nobility having been deposed . language shift during the 19th century replaced irish with english as the first language for a vast majority of the population . less than 10 % of the population of the republic of ireland today speak irish regularly outside of the education system and 38 % of those over 15 years are classified as " irish speakers " . in northern ireland , english is the de facto official language , but official recognition is afforded to irish , including specific protective measures under part iii of the european charter for regional or minority languages . a lesser status ( including recognition under part ii of the charter
| 257 |
[
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".",
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"american",
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"in",
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",",
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",",
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"of",
"man",
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"this",
"combination",
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] | 3,621 |
) is given to ulster scots dialects , which are spoken by roughly 2 % of northern ireland residents , and also spoken by some in the republic of ireland . since the 1960s with the increase in immigration , many more languages have been introduced , particularly der ##iving from asia and eastern europe . ireland ' s culture comprises elements of the culture of ancient peoples , later immigrant and broadcast cultural influences ( chiefly gaelic culture , ang ##lic ##isation , american ##isation and aspects of broader european culture ) . in broad terms , ireland is regarded as one of the celtic nations of europe , alongside scotland , wales , cornwall , isle of man and brittany . this combination of
| 328 |
[
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"the",
"missions",
"of"
] | 3,622 |
cultural influences is visible in the intricate designs termed irish inter ##lace or celtic knot ##work . these can be seen in the or ##name ##ntation of medieval religious and secular works . the style is still popular today in jewellery and graphic art , as is the distinctive style of traditional irish music and dance , and has become indicative of modern " celtic " culture in general . religion has played a significant role in the cultural life of the island since ancient times ( and since the 17th century plantations , has been the focus of political identity and divisions on the island ) . ireland ' s pre @ - @ christian heritage fused with the celtic church following the missions of
| 352 |
[
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"'",
"s",
"national",
"theatre",
"is",
"the",
"abbey",
"theatre",
",",
"which"
] | 3,623 |
saint patrick in the 5th century . the hi ##ber ##no @ - @ scottish missions , begun by the irish monk saint col ##umb ##a , spread the irish vision of christianity to pagan england and the frankish empire . these missions brought written language to an ill ##iter ##ate population of europe during the dark ages that followed the fall of rome , earning ireland the sob ##ri ##quet , " the island of saints and scholars " . since the 20th century the irish pubs worldwide have become , especially those with a full range of cultural and gas ##tron ##omic offerings , outpost ##s of irish culture . the republic of ireland ' s national theatre is the abbey theatre , which
| 429 |
[
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",",
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",",
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",",
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"for",
"works",
"such",
"as"
] | 3,624 |
was founded in 1904 , and the national irish @ - @ language theatre is an tai ##bh ##dh ##ear ##c , which was established in 1928 in galway . playwright ##s such as sean o ' casey , brian fr ##iel , sebastian barry , conor mcpherson and billy roche are internationally renowned . ireland has made a large contribution to world literature in all its branches , particularly in the english language . poetry in irish is among the oldest vernacular poetry in europe , with the earliest examples dating from the 6th century . in english , jonathan swift , still often called the foremost sat ##iri ##st in the english language , was very popular in his day for works such as
| 257 |
[
"gu",
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"\"",
".",
"modern",
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"often",
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"with",
"its",
"rural"
] | 3,625 |
gu ##lli ##ver ' s travels and a modest proposal , and oscar wilde is known most for his often quoted wit ##tic ##isms . in the 20th century , ireland produced four winners of the nobel prize for literature : george bernard shaw , william butler ye ##ats , samuel beckett and seamus he ##ane ##y . although not a nobel prize winner , james joyce is widely considered to be one of the most significant writers of the 20th century . joyce ' s 1922 novel ulysses is considered one of the most important works of modernist literature and his life is celebrated annually on 16 june in dublin as " blooms ##day " . modern irish literature is often connected with its rural
| 198 |
[
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")",
".",
"vocal",
"and",
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"music",
"(",
"e",
".",
"g",
"."
] | 3,626 |
heritage through writers such as john mc ##ga ##her ##n and poets such as seamus he ##ane ##y . music has been in evidence in ireland since prehistoric times . although in the early middle ages the church was " quite unlike its counterpart in continental europe " , there was considerable interchange between monastic settlements in ireland and the rest of europe that contributed to what is known as gregorian chant . outside religious establishments , musical genres in early gaelic ireland are referred to as a triad of weeping music ( go ##lt ##rai ##ge ) , laughing music ( ge ##ant ##rai ##ge ) and sleeping music ( su ##ant ##rai ##ge ) . vocal and instrumental music ( e . g .
| 304 |
[
"for",
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",",
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",",
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"to",
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"classes",
"of",
"society",
"."
] | 3,627 |
for the harp , pipes , and various string instruments ) was transmitted oral ##ly , but the irish harp , in particular , was of such significance that it became ireland ' s national symbol . classical music following european models first developed in urban areas , in establishments of anglo @ - @ irish rule such as dublin castle , st patrick ' s cathedral and christ church as well as the country houses of the anglo @ - @ irish as ##cend ##ancy , with the first performance of handel ' s messiah ( 1742 ) being among the highlights of the baroque era . in the 19th century , public concerts provided access to classical music to all classes of society .
| 290 |
[
"yet",
",",
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"tones",
",",
"the",
"clancy",
"brothers",
",",
"sweeney",
"'",
"s"
] | 3,628 |
yet , for political and financial reasons ireland has been too small to provide a living to many musicians , so the names of the better @ - @ known irish composers of this time belong to emi ##grants . irish traditional music and dance has seen a surge in popularity and global coverage since the 1960s . in the middle years of the 20th century , as irish society was modern ##ising , traditional music had fallen out of favour , especially in urban areas . however during the 1960s , there was a revival of interest in irish traditional music led by groups such as the dublin ##ers , the chieftain ##s , the wolfe tones , the clancy brothers , sweeney ' s
| 333 |
[
"men",
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"##s",
",",
"van",
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"thin",
"liz",
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"traditional",
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",",
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"folk",
"metal"
] | 3,629 |
men and individuals like sean o ri ##ada and christy moore . groups and musicians including ho ##rs ##lip ##s , van morrison and thin liz ##zy incorporated elements of irish traditional music into contemporary rock music and , during the 1970s and 1980s , the distinction between traditional and rock musicians became blurred , with many individuals regularly crossing over between these styles of playing . this trend can be seen more recently in the work of artists like en ##ya , the saw doctors , the co ##rr ##s , sin ##ead o ' connor , clan ##nad , the cr ##an ##berries and the po ##gues among others . since then there have been a number of stylistic fusion ##s including folk metal
| 283 |
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"sc",
"##ot",
"##us",
"er"
] | 3,630 |
and others , while some contemporary music groups stick closer to a " traditional " sound . the earliest known irish graphic art and sculpture are neolithic carvings found at sites such as new ##gra ##nge and is traced through bronze age artefacts and the religious carvings and illuminated manuscripts of the medieval period . during the course of the 19th and 20th centuries , a strong tradition of painting emerged , including such figures as john butler ye ##ats , william or ##pen , jack ye ##ats and louis le bro ##c ##qu ##y . contemporary irish visual artists of note include sean scully , kevin ab ##os ##ch , and alice ma ##her . the irish philosopher and theologian johannes sc ##ot ##us er
| 374 |
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"##nda",
"##ll",
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] | 3,631 |
##iu ##gen ##a was considered one of the leading intellectuals of his early middle ages . sir ernest henry shack ##leton , an irish explorer , was one of the principal figures of antarctic exploration . he , along with his expedition , made the first ascent of mount er ##eb ##us and the discovery of the approximate location of the south magnetic pole . robert boyle was a 17th @ - @ century natural philosopher , chemist , physicist , inventor and early gentleman scientist . he is largely regarded one of the founders of modern chemistry and is best known for the formulation of boyle ' s law . 19th century physicist , john ty ##nda ##ll , discovered the ty ##nda ##ll effect
| 202 |
[
".",
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".",
"sir",
"joseph",
"la",
"##rm",
"##or"
] | 3,632 |
. father nicholas joseph call ##an , professor of natural philosophy in may ##no ##oth college , is best known for his invention of the induction coil , transform ##er and he discovered an early method of gal ##vani ##sation in the 19th century . other notable irish physicist ##s include ernest walton , winner of the 1951 nobel prize in physics . with sir john douglas cock ##croft , he was the first to split the nucleus of the atom by artificial means and made contributions to the development of a new theory of wave equation . william thomson , or lord kelvin , is the person whom the absolute temperature unit , the kelvin , is named after . sir joseph la ##rm ##or
| 296 |
[
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"##ater",
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"##ns",
".",
"francis",
"y",
"##si",
"##dro",
"edge"
] | 3,633 |
, a physicist and mathematician , made innovations in the understanding of electricity , dynamics , the ##rm ##od ##yna ##mics and the electron theory of matter . his most influential work was ae ##ther and matter , a book on theoretical physics published in 1900 . george johnstone stone ##y introduced the term electron in 1891 . john stewart bell was the origin ##ator of bell ' s theorem and a paper concerning the discovery of the bell @ - @ jack ##i ##w @ - @ adler anomaly and was nominated for a nobel prize . notable mathematicians include sir william rowan hamilton , famous for work in classical mechanics and the invention of qu ##ater ##nio ##ns . francis y ##si ##dro edge
| 573 |
[
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",",
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"college",
","
] | 3,634 |
##worth ' s contribution of the edge ##worth box remains influential in neo @ - @ classical micro ##economic theory to this day ; while richard can ##till ##on inspired adam smith , among others . john b . co ##sg ##rave was a specialist in number theory and discovered a 2000 @ - @ digit prime number in 1999 and a record composite fe ##rma ##t number in 2003 . john light ##on syn ##ge made progress in different fields of science , including mechanics and geometric ##al methods in general relativity . he had mathematician john nash as one of his students . ireland has nine universities , seven in the republic of ireland and two in northern ireland , including trinity college ,
| 399 |
[
"dublin",
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",",
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"island",
".",
"in",
"2003"
] | 3,635 |
dublin and the university college dublin , as well as numerous third @ - @ level colleges and institutes and a branch of the open university , the open university in ireland . the island of ireland fields a single international team in most sports . one notable exception to this is association football , although both associations continued to field international teams under the name " ireland " until the 1950s . an all @ - @ ireland club competition for soccer , the set ##anta cup , was created in 2005 . gaelic football is the most popular sport in ireland in terms of match attendance and community involvement , with about 2 @ , @ 600 clubs on the island . in 2003
| 122 |
[
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"northern",
"ireland"
] | 3,636 |
it represented 34 % of total sports attendance ##s at events in ireland and abroad , followed by hurling at 23 % , soccer at 16 % and rugby at 8 % and the all @ - @ ireland football final is the most watched event in the sporting calendar . soccer is the most widely played team game on the island , and the most popular in northern ireland . swimming , golf , aero ##bic ##s , soccer , cycling , gaelic football and bill ##iard ##s / snooker are the sporting activities with the highest levels of playing participation . the sport is also the most notable exception where the republic of ireland and northern ireland field separate international teams . northern ireland
| 122 |
[
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] | 3,637 |
has produced two world snooker champions . many other sports are also played and followed , including basketball , boxing , cricket , fishing , greyhound racing , handball , hockey , horse racing , motor sport , show jumping and tennis . gaelic football , hurling and handball are the best @ - @ known of the irish traditional sports , collectively known as gaelic games . gaelic games are governed by the gaelic athletic association ( gaa ) , with the exception of ladies ' gaelic football and cam ##og ##ie ( women ' s variant of hurling ) , which are governed by separate organisations . the headquarters of the gaa ( and the main stadium ) is located at the 82 @
| 629 |
[
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] | 3,638 |
, @ 500 capacity cr ##oke park in north dublin . many major gaa games are played there , including the semi @ - @ finals and finals of the all @ - @ ireland senior football championship and all @ - @ ireland senior hurling championship . during the redevelopment of the lan ##sd ##own ##e road stadium in 2007 – 10 , international rugby and soccer were played there . all gaa players , even at the highest level , are amateurs , receiving no wages , although they are permitted to receive a limited amount of sport @ - @ related income from commercial sponsorship . the irish football association ( if ##a ) was originally the governing body for soccer across the
| 632 |
[
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] | 3,639 |
island . the game has been played in an organised fashion in ireland since the 1870s , with clifton ##ville f . c . in belfast being ireland ' s oldest club . it was most popular , especially in its first decades , around belfast and in ulster . however , some clubs based outside belfast thought that the if ##a largely favoured ulster @ - @ based clubs in such matters as selection for the national team . in 1921 , following an incident in which , despite an earlier promise , the if ##a moved an irish cup semi @ - @ final replay from dublin to belfast , dublin @ - @ based clubs broke away to form the football association of
| 160 |
[
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] | 3,640 |
the irish free state . today the southern association is known as the football association of ireland ( fai ) . despite being initially black ##list ##ed by the home nations ' associations , the fai was recognised by fifa in 1923 and organised its first international fixture in 1926 ( against italy ) . however , both the if ##a and fai continued to select their teams from the whole of ireland , with some players earning international caps for matches with both teams . both also referred to their respective teams as ireland . in 1950 , fifa directed the associations only to select players from within their respective territories and , in 1953 , directed that the fai ' s team be known
| 77 |
[
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] | 3,641 |
only as " republic of ireland " and that the if ##a ' s team be known as " northern ireland " ( with certain exceptions ) . northern ireland qualified for the world cup finals in 1958 ( reaching the quarter @ - @ finals ) , 1982 and 1986 . the republic qualified for the world cup finals in 1990 ( reaching the quarter @ - @ finals ) , 1994 , 2002 and the european championships in 1988 and 2012 . across ireland , there is significant interest in the english and , to a lesser extent , scottish soccer leagues . unlike soccer , ireland continues to field a single national rugby team and a single association , the irish rugby football
| 632 |
[
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] | 3,642 |
union ( ir ##fu ) , govern ##s the sport across the island . the irish rugby team have played in every rugby world cup , making the quarter @ - @ finals in four of them . ireland also hosted games during the 1991 and the 1999 rugby world cups ( including a quarter @ - @ final ) . there are four professional irish teams ; all four play in the mag ##ners league ( now called the ra ##bo ##di ##re ##ct pro ##12 ) and at least three compete for the he ##ine ##ken cup . irish rugby has become increasingly competitive at both the international and provincial levels since the sport went professional in 1994 . during that time , ulster
| 632 |
[
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"a",
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] | 3,643 |
( 1999 ) , munster ( 2006 and 2008 ) and leinster ( 2009 , 2011 and 2012 ) have won the he ##ine ##ken cup . in addition to this , the irish international side has had increased success in the six nations championship against the other european elite sides . this success , including triple crowns in 2004 , 2006 and 2007 , culminated with a clean sweep of victories , known as a grand slam , in 2009 . horse racing and greyhound racing are both popular in ireland . there are frequent horse race meetings and greyhound stadiums are well @ - @ attended . the island is noted for the breeding and training of race horses and is also a large
| 388 |
[
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] | 3,644 |
export ##er of racing dogs . the horse racing sector is largely concentrated in the county kildare . irish athletics has seen a heightened success rate since the year 2000 , with sonia o ' sullivan winning two medals at 5 @ , @ 000 metres on the track ; gold at the 1995 world championships and silver at the 2000 sydney olympics . gillian o ' sullivan won silver in the 20 ##k walk at the 2003 world championships , while sprint hurdle ##r der ##val o ' rourke won gold at the 2006 world indoor championship in moscow . olive lough ##nan ##e won a silver medal in the 20 ##k walk in the world athletics championships in berlin in 2009 . ireland has
| 391 |
[
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] | 3,645 |
won more medals in boxing than in any other olympic sport . boxing is governed by the irish amateur boxing association . michael carr ##uth won a gold medal and wayne mcc ##ull ##ough won a silver medal in the barcelona olympic games and in 2008 kenneth egan won a silver medal in the beijing games . paddy barnes secured bronze in those games and gold in the 2010 european amateur boxing championships ( where ireland came 2nd in the overall medal table ) and 2010 commonwealth games . katie taylor has won gold in every european and world championship since 2005 . in august 2012 at the olympic games in london katie taylor created history by becoming the first irish woman to win a gold
| 641 |
[
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".",
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] | 3,646 |
medal in boxing in the 60 kg lightweight . golf is very popular and golf tourism is a major industry attracting more than 240 @ , @ 000 golf ##ing visitors annually . the 2006 ryder cup was held at the k club in county kildare . pad ##rai ##g harrington became the first irish ##man since fred daly in 1947 to win the british open at car ##nous ##tie in july 2007 . he successfully defended his title in july 2008 before going on to win the pga championship in august . harrington became the first european to win the pga championship in 78 years and was the first winner from ireland . three golfer ##s from northern ireland have been particularly successful . in
| 77 |
[
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".",
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] | 3,647 |
2010 , graeme mcdowell became the first irish golfer to win the u . s . open , and the first european to win that tournament since 1970 . rory mc ##il ##roy , at the age of 22 , won the 2011 u . s . open , while darren clarke ' s latest victory was the 2011 open championship at royal st . george ' s . in august 2012 , mc ##il ##roy won his 2nd major championship by winning the us ##pg ##a championship by a record margin of 8 shots . the west coast of ireland , la ##hin ##ch and donegal bay in particular , have popular surfing beaches , being fully exposed to the atlantic ocean . donegal bay
| 10 |
[
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] | 3,648 |
is shaped like a funnel and catches west / south @ - @ west atlantic winds , creating good surf , especially in winter . since just before the year 2010 , bun ##dora ##n has hosted european championship surfing . scuba diving is increasingly popular in ireland with clear waters and large populations of sea life , particularly along the western sea ##board . there are also many ship ##wr ##eck ##s along the coast of ireland , with some of the best wreck dive ##s being in mali ##n head and off the county cork coast . with thousands of lakes , over 14 @ , @ 000 kilometres ( 8 @ , @ 700 mi ) of fish bearing rivers and over 3
| 526 |
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"##rs",
",",
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"in",
"2006",
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"the",
"salmon",
"drift",
"##net",
"fishery",
".",
"coarse",
"fishing",
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"its",
"profile",
".",
"sea",
"ang",
"##ling",
"is",
"developed",
"with",
"many",
"beaches",
"mapped",
"and",
"sign",
"##post",
"##ed",
",",
"and",
"the",
"range",
"of",
"sea",
"ang",
"##ling",
"species",
"is",
"around",
"80",
".",
"food",
"and",
"cuisine",
"in",
"ireland",
"takes",
"its",
"influence",
"from",
"the",
"crops",
"grown",
"and",
"animals",
"farm",
"##ed",
"in",
"the",
"island",
"'",
"s",
"temperate",
"climate",
"and",
"from",
"the",
"social"
] | 3,649 |
@ , @ 700 kilometres ( 2 @ , @ 300 mi ) of coastline , ireland is a popular ang ##ling destination . the temperate irish climate is suited to sport ang ##ling . while salmon and trout fishing remain popular with angle ##rs , salmon fishing in particular received a boost in 2006 with the closing of the salmon drift ##net fishery . coarse fishing continues to increase its profile . sea ang ##ling is developed with many beaches mapped and sign ##post ##ed , and the range of sea ang ##ling species is around 80 . food and cuisine in ireland takes its influence from the crops grown and animals farm ##ed in the island ' s temperate climate and from the social
| 527 |
[
"and",
"political",
"circumstances",
"of",
"irish",
"history",
".",
"for",
"example",
",",
"whilst",
"from",
"the",
"middle",
"ages",
"until",
"the",
"arrival",
"of",
"the",
"potato",
"in",
"the",
"16th",
"century",
"the",
"dominant",
"feature",
"of",
"the",
"irish",
"economy",
"was",
"the",
"herd",
"##ing",
"of",
"cattle",
",",
"the",
"number",
"of",
"cattle",
"a",
"person",
"owned",
"was",
"e",
"##qua",
"##ted",
"to",
"their",
"social",
"standing",
".",
"thus",
"herd",
"##ers",
"would",
"avoid",
"slaughter",
"##ing",
"a",
"milk",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"producing",
"cow",
".",
"for",
"this",
"reason",
",",
"pork",
"and",
"white",
"meat",
"were",
"more",
"common",
"than",
"beef",
"and",
"thick",
"fatty",
"strips",
"of",
"salt",
"##ed",
"bacon",
"(",
"or",
"rash",
"##ers",
")",
"and",
"the",
"eating",
"of",
"salt",
"##ed",
"butter",
"(",
"i",
".",
"e",
".",
"a",
"dairy",
"product",
"rather",
"than",
"beef",
"itself",
")",
"have",
"been",
"a",
"central",
"feature",
"of",
"the",
"diet",
"in",
"ireland"
] | 3,650 |
and political circumstances of irish history . for example , whilst from the middle ages until the arrival of the potato in the 16th century the dominant feature of the irish economy was the herd ##ing of cattle , the number of cattle a person owned was e ##qua ##ted to their social standing . thus herd ##ers would avoid slaughter ##ing a milk @ - @ producing cow . for this reason , pork and white meat were more common than beef and thick fatty strips of salt ##ed bacon ( or rash ##ers ) and the eating of salt ##ed butter ( i . e . a dairy product rather than beef itself ) have been a central feature of the diet in ireland
| 329 |
[
"since",
"the",
"middle",
"ages",
".",
"the",
"practice",
"of",
"bleeding",
"cattle",
"and",
"mixing",
"the",
"blood",
"with",
"milk",
"and",
"butter",
"(",
"not",
"unlike",
"the",
"practice",
"of",
"the",
"ma",
"##asa",
"##i",
")",
"was",
"common",
"and",
"black",
"pudding",
",",
"made",
"from",
"blood",
",",
"grain",
"(",
"usually",
"barley",
")",
"and",
"season",
"##ing",
",",
"remains",
"a",
"breakfast",
"staple",
"in",
"ireland",
".",
"all",
"of",
"these",
"influences",
"can",
"be",
"seen",
"today",
"in",
"the",
"phenomenon",
"of",
"the",
"\"",
"breakfast",
"roll",
"\"",
".",
"the",
"introduction",
"of",
"the",
"potato",
"in",
"the",
"second",
"half",
"of",
"the",
"16th",
"century",
"heavily",
"influenced",
"cuisine",
"thereafter",
".",
"great",
"poverty",
"encouraged",
"a",
"subsistence",
"approach",
"to",
"food",
"and",
"by",
"the",
"mid",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"19th",
"century",
"the",
"vast",
"majority",
"of",
"the",
"population",
"su",
"##ffi",
"##ced",
"with",
"a",
"diet",
"of",
"potatoes",
"and",
"milk",
".",
"a"
] | 3,651 |
since the middle ages . the practice of bleeding cattle and mixing the blood with milk and butter ( not unlike the practice of the ma ##asa ##i ) was common and black pudding , made from blood , grain ( usually barley ) and season ##ing , remains a breakfast staple in ireland . all of these influences can be seen today in the phenomenon of the " breakfast roll " . the introduction of the potato in the second half of the 16th century heavily influenced cuisine thereafter . great poverty encouraged a subsistence approach to food and by the mid @ - @ 19th century the vast majority of the population su ##ffi ##ced with a diet of potatoes and milk . a
| 286 |
[
"typical",
"family",
",",
"consisting",
"of",
"a",
"man",
",",
"a",
"woman",
"and",
"four",
"children",
",",
"would",
"eat",
"18",
"stone",
"(",
"110",
"kg",
")",
"of",
"potatoes",
"a",
"week",
".",
"consequently",
",",
"dishes",
"that",
"are",
"considered",
"as",
"national",
"dishes",
"represent",
"a",
"fundamental",
"un",
"##sop",
"##his",
"##tica",
"##tion",
"to",
"cooking",
",",
"such",
"as",
"the",
"irish",
"stew",
",",
"bacon",
"and",
"cabbage",
",",
"box",
"##ty",
",",
"a",
"type",
"of",
"potato",
"pan",
"##cake",
",",
"or",
"col",
"##can",
"##non",
",",
"a",
"dish",
"of",
"mas",
"##hed",
"potatoes",
"and",
"ka",
"##le",
"or",
"cabbage",
".",
"since",
"the",
"last",
"quarter",
"of",
"the",
"20th",
"century",
",",
"with",
"a",
"re",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"emergence",
"of",
"wealth",
"in",
"ireland",
",",
"a",
"\"",
"new",
"irish",
"cuisine",
"\"",
"based",
"on",
"traditional",
"ingredients",
"incorporating",
"international",
"influences",
"has",
"emerged",
".",
"this",
"cuisine",
"is",
"based",
"on"
] | 3,652 |
typical family , consisting of a man , a woman and four children , would eat 18 stone ( 110 kg ) of potatoes a week . consequently , dishes that are considered as national dishes represent a fundamental un ##sop ##his ##tica ##tion to cooking , such as the irish stew , bacon and cabbage , box ##ty , a type of potato pan ##cake , or col ##can ##non , a dish of mas ##hed potatoes and ka ##le or cabbage . since the last quarter of the 20th century , with a re @ - @ emergence of wealth in ireland , a " new irish cuisine " based on traditional ingredients incorporating international influences has emerged . this cuisine is based on
| 111 |
[
"fresh",
"vegetables",
",",
"fish",
"(",
"especially",
"salmon",
",",
"trout",
",",
"oyster",
"##s",
",",
"mu",
"##ssel",
"##s",
"and",
"other",
"shell",
"##fish",
")",
",",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"traditional",
"soda",
"bread",
"##s",
"and",
"the",
"wide",
"range",
"of",
"hand",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"made",
"cheese",
"##s",
"that",
"are",
"now",
"being",
"produced",
"across",
"the",
"country",
".",
"the",
"potato",
"remains",
"however",
"a",
"fundamental",
"feature",
"of",
"this",
"cuisine",
"and",
"the",
"irish",
"remain",
"the",
"highest",
"per",
"capita",
"consumers",
"of",
"potatoes",
"in",
"europe",
".",
"an",
"example",
"of",
"this",
"new",
"cuisine",
"is",
"\"",
"dublin",
"lawyer",
"\"",
":",
"lobster",
"cooked",
"in",
"whiskey",
"and",
"cream",
".",
"traditional",
"regional",
"foods",
"can",
"be",
"found",
"throughout",
"the",
"country",
",",
"for",
"example",
"cod",
"##dle",
"in",
"dublin",
"or",
"dr",
"##ish",
"##een",
"in",
"cork",
",",
"both",
"a",
"type",
"of",
"sausage",
",",
"or",
"b",
"##la",
"##a"
] | 3,653 |
fresh vegetables , fish ( especially salmon , trout , oyster ##s , mu ##ssel ##s and other shell ##fish ) , as well as traditional soda bread ##s and the wide range of hand @ - @ made cheese ##s that are now being produced across the country . the potato remains however a fundamental feature of this cuisine and the irish remain the highest per capita consumers of potatoes in europe . an example of this new cuisine is " dublin lawyer " : lobster cooked in whiskey and cream . traditional regional foods can be found throughout the country , for example cod ##dle in dublin or dr ##ish ##een in cork , both a type of sausage , or b ##la ##a
| 526 |
[
",",
"a",
"dough",
"##y",
"white",
"bread",
"particular",
"to",
"waterford",
".",
"ireland",
"once",
"dominated",
"the",
"world",
"'",
"s",
"market",
"for",
"whiskey",
",",
"producing",
"90",
"%",
"of",
"the",
"world",
"'",
"s",
"whiskey",
"at",
"the",
"start",
"of",
"the",
"20th",
"century",
".",
"however",
",",
"as",
"a",
"consequence",
"of",
"boot",
"##leg",
"##gers",
"during",
"the",
"prohibition",
"in",
"the",
"united",
"states",
"(",
"who",
"sold",
"poor",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"quality",
"whiskey",
"bearing",
"irish",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"sounding",
"names",
"thus",
"er",
"##od",
"##ing",
"the",
"pre",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"prohibition",
"popularity",
"for",
"irish",
"brands",
")",
"and",
"tariffs",
"on",
"irish",
"whiskey",
"across",
"the",
"british",
"empire",
"during",
"the",
"anglo",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"irish",
"trade",
"war",
"of",
"the",
"1930s",
",",
"sales",
"of",
"irish",
"whiskey",
"worldwide",
"fell",
"to",
"a",
"mere",
"2",
"%",
"by",
"the",
"mid",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"20th",
"century"
] | 3,654 |
, a dough ##y white bread particular to waterford . ireland once dominated the world ' s market for whiskey , producing 90 % of the world ' s whiskey at the start of the 20th century . however , as a consequence of boot ##leg ##gers during the prohibition in the united states ( who sold poor @ - @ quality whiskey bearing irish @ - @ sounding names thus er ##od ##ing the pre @ - @ prohibition popularity for irish brands ) and tariffs on irish whiskey across the british empire during the anglo @ - @ irish trade war of the 1930s , sales of irish whiskey worldwide fell to a mere 2 % by the mid @ - @ 20th century
| 347 |
[
".",
"in",
"1953",
",",
"an",
"irish",
"government",
"survey",
",",
"found",
"that",
"50",
"per",
"cent",
"of",
"whiskey",
"drink",
"##ers",
"in",
"the",
"united",
"states",
"had",
"never",
"heard",
"of",
"irish",
"whiskey",
".",
"irish",
"whiskey",
",",
"as",
"researched",
"in",
"2009",
"by",
"the",
"cn",
"##bc",
"american",
"broadcaster",
",",
"remains",
"popular",
"domestically",
"and",
"has",
"grown",
"in",
"international",
"sales",
"steadily",
"over",
"a",
"few",
"decades",
".",
"typically",
"cn",
"##bc",
"states",
"irish",
"whiskey",
"is",
"not",
"as",
"smoky",
"as",
"a",
"scotch",
"whisky",
",",
"but",
"not",
"as",
"sweet",
"as",
"american",
"or",
"canadian",
"w",
"##his",
"##kie",
"##s",
".",
"whiskey",
"forms",
"the",
"basis",
"of",
"traditional",
"cream",
"li",
"##que",
"##urs",
",",
"such",
"as",
"bailey",
"##s",
",",
"and",
"the",
"\"",
"irish",
"coffee",
"\"",
"(",
"a",
"cocktail",
"of",
"coffee",
"and",
"whiskey",
"reputed",
"##ly",
"invented",
"at",
"f",
"##oy",
"##nes",
"flying",
"@",
"-",
"@"
] | 3,655 |
. in 1953 , an irish government survey , found that 50 per cent of whiskey drink ##ers in the united states had never heard of irish whiskey . irish whiskey , as researched in 2009 by the cn ##bc american broadcaster , remains popular domestically and has grown in international sales steadily over a few decades . typically cn ##bc states irish whiskey is not as smoky as a scotch whisky , but not as sweet as american or canadian w ##his ##kie ##s . whiskey forms the basis of traditional cream li ##que ##urs , such as bailey ##s , and the " irish coffee " ( a cocktail of coffee and whiskey reputed ##ly invented at f ##oy ##nes flying @ - @
| 133 |
[
"boat",
"station",
")",
"is",
"probably",
"the",
"best",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"known",
"irish",
"cocktail",
".",
"stout",
",",
"a",
"kind",
"of",
"porter",
"beer",
",",
"particularly",
"guinness",
",",
"is",
"typically",
"associated",
"with",
"ireland",
",",
"although",
"historically",
"it",
"was",
"more",
"closely",
"associated",
"with",
"london",
".",
"porter",
"remains",
"very",
"popular",
",",
"although",
"it",
"has",
"lost",
"sales",
"since",
"the",
"mid",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"20th",
"century",
"to",
"la",
"##ger",
".",
"cid",
"##er",
",",
"particularly",
"mag",
"##ners",
"(",
"marketed",
"in",
"the",
"republic",
"of",
"ireland",
"as",
"bu",
"##lmer",
"##s",
")",
",",
"is",
"also",
"a",
"popular",
"drink",
".",
"red",
"lemon",
"##ade",
",",
"a",
"soft",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"drink",
",",
"is",
"consumed",
"on",
"its",
"own",
"and",
"as",
"a",
"mixer",
",",
"particularly",
"with",
"whiskey",
".",
"=",
"st",
"na",
"##zai",
"##re",
"raid",
"=",
"the",
"st",
"na",
"##zai",
"##re",
"raid"
] | 3,656 |
boat station ) is probably the best @ - @ known irish cocktail . stout , a kind of porter beer , particularly guinness , is typically associated with ireland , although historically it was more closely associated with london . porter remains very popular , although it has lost sales since the mid @ - @ 20th century to la ##ger . cid ##er , particularly mag ##ners ( marketed in the republic of ireland as bu ##lmer ##s ) , is also a popular drink . red lemon ##ade , a soft @ - @ drink , is consumed on its own and as a mixer , particularly with whiskey . = st na ##zai ##re raid = the st na ##zai ##re raid
| 77 |
[
"or",
"operation",
"chariot",
"was",
"a",
"successful",
"british",
"amphibious",
"attack",
"on",
"the",
"heavily",
"defended",
"norman",
"##die",
"dry",
"dock",
"at",
"st",
"na",
"##zai",
"##re",
"in",
"german",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"occupied",
"france",
"during",
"the",
"second",
"world",
"war",
".",
"the",
"operation",
"was",
"undertaken",
"by",
"the",
"royal",
"navy",
"and",
"british",
"commandos",
"under",
"the",
"auspices",
"of",
"combined",
"operations",
"headquarters",
"on",
"28",
"march",
"1942",
".",
"st",
"na",
"##zai",
"##re",
"was",
"targeted",
"because",
"the",
"loss",
"of",
"its",
"dry",
"dock",
"would",
"force",
"any",
"large",
"german",
"warship",
"in",
"need",
"of",
"repairs",
",",
"such",
"as",
"the",
"ti",
"##rp",
"##itz",
",",
"to",
"return",
"to",
"home",
"waters",
"via",
"either",
"the",
"english",
"channel",
"or",
"the",
"gi",
"##uk",
"gap",
",",
"both",
"of",
"which",
"were",
"heavily",
"defended",
"by",
"british",
"units",
"including",
"the",
"royal",
"navy",
"'",
"s",
"home",
"fleet",
",",
"rather",
"than",
"having"
] | 3,657 |
or operation chariot was a successful british amphibious attack on the heavily defended norman ##die dry dock at st na ##zai ##re in german @ - @ occupied france during the second world war . the operation was undertaken by the royal navy and british commandos under the auspices of combined operations headquarters on 28 march 1942 . st na ##zai ##re was targeted because the loss of its dry dock would force any large german warship in need of repairs , such as the ti ##rp ##itz , to return to home waters via either the english channel or the gi ##uk gap , both of which were heavily defended by british units including the royal navy ' s home fleet , rather than having
| 939 |
[
"a",
"haven",
"available",
"on",
"the",
"atlantic",
"coast",
".",
"the",
"obsolete",
"destroyer",
"hms",
"camp",
"##belt",
"##own",
",",
"accompanied",
"by",
"18",
"smaller",
"craft",
",",
"crossed",
"the",
"english",
"channel",
"to",
"the",
"atlantic",
"coast",
"of",
"france",
"and",
"was",
"rammed",
"into",
"the",
"norman",
"##die",
"dock",
"gates",
".",
"the",
"ship",
"had",
"been",
"packed",
"with",
"delayed",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"action",
"explosives",
",",
"well",
"hidden",
"within",
"a",
"steel",
"and",
"concrete",
"case",
",",
"that",
"detonated",
"later",
"that",
"day",
",",
"putting",
"the",
"dock",
"out",
"of",
"service",
"for",
"the",
"remainder",
"of",
"the",
"war",
"and",
"up",
"to",
"five",
"years",
"after",
".",
"a",
"force",
"of",
"commandos",
"landed",
"to",
"destroy",
"machinery",
"and",
"other",
"structures",
".",
"heavy",
"german",
"gunfire",
"sank",
",",
"set",
"ab",
"##laze",
"or",
"im",
"##mo",
"##bilis",
"##ed",
"all",
"the",
"small",
"craft",
"intended",
"to",
"transport",
"the",
"commandos",
"back",
"to",
"england"
] | 3,658 |
a haven available on the atlantic coast . the obsolete destroyer hms camp ##belt ##own , accompanied by 18 smaller craft , crossed the english channel to the atlantic coast of france and was rammed into the norman ##die dock gates . the ship had been packed with delayed @ - @ action explosives , well hidden within a steel and concrete case , that detonated later that day , putting the dock out of service for the remainder of the war and up to five years after . a force of commandos landed to destroy machinery and other structures . heavy german gunfire sank , set ab ##laze or im ##mo ##bilis ##ed all the small craft intended to transport the commandos back to england
| 974 |
[
";",
"the",
"commandos",
"had",
"to",
"fight",
"their",
"way",
"out",
"through",
"the",
"town",
"to",
"try",
"to",
"escape",
"overland",
".",
"they",
"were",
"forced",
"to",
"surrender",
"when",
"their",
"ammunition",
"was",
"ex",
"##pen",
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"as",
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] | 3,659 |
; the commandos had to fight their way out through the town to try to escape overland . they were forced to surrender when their ammunition was ex ##pen ##ded and they were surrounded . after the raid 228 men of the force of 61 ##1 returned to britain ; 169 were killed and 215 became prisoners of war . german casualties were over 360 dead , some killed after the raid when camp ##belt ##own exploded . to recognise their bravery , 89 decorations were awarded to members of the raiding party , including five victoria crosses . after the war , st na ##zai ##re was one of 38 battle honours awarded to the commandos ; the operation has since become known as the
| 952 |
[
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"##in"
] | 3,660 |
greatest raid of all within military circles . = = background = = st na ##zai ##re is on the north bank of the loire 400 km ( 250 miles ) from the nearest british port . in 1942 , it had a population of 50 @ , @ 000 . the st na ##zai ##re port has an outer harbour known as the avant port , formed by two piers ju ##tting out into the atlantic ocean . this leads to two lock gates before the bass ##in de st na ##zai ##re . these gates control the water level in the basin so that it is not affected by the tide . beyond the basin is the larger inner dock called the bass ##in
| 156 |
[
"de",
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"pri",
"##nz",
"eugen",
"and",
"the",
"british",
"ships",
"hms",
"prince"
] | 3,661 |
de pen ##hoe ##t , which can accommodate ships up to 10 @ , @ 000 tons . there is also an old entrance to the bass ##in de st na ##zai ##re located southwest of the norman ##die dry dock . built to house the ocean liner ss norman ##die , this dock was the largest dry dock in the world when it was completed in 1932 . the " old mole " jett ##y ju ##ts into the loire halfway between the southern pier of the avant port and the old entrance into the basin . on 24 may 1941 , the battle of the denmark strait was fought between the german ships bismarck and pri ##nz eugen and the british ships hms prince
| 967 |
[
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"(",
"raf",
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"were",
"already",
"drawing",
"up"
] | 3,662 |
of wales and hms hood . hood was sunk and the damaged prince of wales was forced to retire . bismarck , also damaged , ordered her consort to proceed independently while she headed for the french port of st na ##zai ##re , which was the only port on the atlantic coast with a dry dock able to accommodate a ship of her size . she was intercepted by the british and sunk en route . britain ' s naval intelligence division first proposed a commando raid on the dock in late 1941 . when the german battleship ti ##rp ##itz was declared operational in january 1942 , the royal navy ( rn ) and royal air force ( raf ) were already drawing up
| 967 |
[
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".",
"this",
"ruled",
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"a",
"bombing",
"attack"
] | 3,663 |
plans to attack her . planners from combined operations headquarters were looking at potential scenarios if ti ##rp ##itz escaped the naval blockade and reached the atlantic . they decided the only port able to accommodate her was st na ##zai ##re , especially if , like the bismarck , she was damaged en route and needed repairs . they came to the conclusion that if the dock at st na ##zai ##re were unavailable the germans were unlikely to risk sending ti ##rp ##itz into the atlantic . combined operations examined a number of options while planning the destruction of the dock . at this stage of the war the british government still tried to avoid civilian casualties . this ruled out a bombing attack
| 939 |
[
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"a",
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"force",
"was",
"feasible",
"to",
"accomplish"
] | 3,664 |
by the raf , which at the time did not possess the accuracy needed to destroy the dock without serious loss of civilian life . the special operations executive were approached to see if its agents could destroy the dock gates . they decided that the mission was beyond their capabilities because the weight of explosives required would have needed too many agents to carry them . the royal navy was also unable to mount an operation , as st na ##zai ##re is 8 km ( 5 miles ) up the loire estuary . any naval ships large enough to cause sufficient damage would be detected well before they were within range . the planners then examined whether a commando force was feasible to accomplish
| 174 |
[
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",",
"and",
"any",
"u",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"boats",
"or",
"other"
] | 3,665 |
the task . an unusually high spring tide was due in march 1942 which would allow a light ship to pass over the sand banks in the estuary and approach the docks , bypass ##ing the heavily defended dr ##edge ##d channel . the approach was too shallow for an infantry landing ship , but the planners believed if a destroyer could be light ##ened it might have a draft shallow enough to enable it to get through . the purpose of the raid was to destroy three objectives : the norman ##die dock , the old gates into the bass ##in de st na ##zai ##re together with the water pumping machinery and other installations , and any u @ - @ boats or other
| 940 |
[
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"the",
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] | 3,666 |
shipping in the area . the initial combined operations plan required two specially light ##ened destroyers to carry out the raid . the first would be packed with explosives and rammed into the dock gates . commandos on board would then di ##se ##mba ##rk and use demolition charges to destroy nearby dock installations , search ##lights and gun em ##pl ##ace ##ments . the destroyer would then be blown up , and the second ship would come in and evacuate the ship ' s crew and the commandos . at the same time the raf would carry out a number of diversion ##ary air raids in the area . when the plan was presented to the admiralty they refused to support it . the certain
| 974 |
[
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";",
"the",
"number",
"of",
"aircraft",
"assigned",
"by",
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] | 3,667 |
loss of one or both destroyers to eliminate the dry dock was out of the question . they suggested they could provide an old free french destroyer , the our ##aga ##n , and a flotilla of small motor launches to transport the commandos and evacuate them afterwards . approval for the mission , code ##name ##d operation chariot , was given on 3 march 1942 . using a french ship would involve using the free french forces and increase the number of people aware of the raid . consequently , it was decided the navy would have to provide a ship of their own . the raf complained that the raid would draw heavily on their resources ; the number of aircraft assigned by raf
| 974 |
[
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] | 3,668 |
bomber command was reduced time and again before the day of the raid . british prime minister winston churchill further complicated matters when he ordered that bombing should only take place if targets were clearly identified . combined operations headquarters worked closely with several intelligence organisations to plan the raid . the naval intelligence division compiled information from a variety of sources . a detailed plan of the town of st na ##zai ##re was provided by the secret intelligence service , and information on the coastal artillery nearby was sourced from the war office ' s military intelligence branch . intelligence about the dock itself came from pre @ - @ war technical journals . the rn ' s operational intelligence centre selected the route
| 950 |
[
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"patrols",
"compiled",
"by",
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"air",
"ministry",
"'",
"s",
"air",
"intelligence",
"branch",
".",
"when",
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",",
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"no",
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".",
"the",
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"and",
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"from",
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"##belt",
"##own",
"would",
"board",
"the",
"motor",
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"return",
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"base",
".",
"=",
"=",
"composition",
"of",
"the",
"raiding",
"force",
"=",
"=",
"the",
"revised",
"combined",
"operations",
"plan",
"required",
"one",
"destroyer",
"to",
"ram",
"the",
"dock",
"gates",
"and",
"a",
"number",
"of",
"smaller",
"craft",
"to",
"transport",
"the",
"commandos",
".",
"the",
"royal"
] | 3,669 |
and timing for the raid based on intelligence about the location of mine ##fields and german recognition signals sourced from enigma dec ##ry ##pts and knowledge of luftwaffe patrols compiled by the air ministry ' s air intelligence branch . when all the plans had been pulled together and the timing worked out , the raid was expected to last no longer than two hours . the commandos and crew from camp ##belt ##own would board the motor launches at the old mole jett ##y and then return to base . = = composition of the raiding force = = the revised combined operations plan required one destroyer to ram the dock gates and a number of smaller craft to transport the commandos . the royal
| 251 |
[
"navy",
"would",
"therefore",
"provide",
"the",
"largest",
"contingent",
"for",
"the",
"raid",
",",
"under",
"the",
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"command",
"of",
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"officer",
",",
"commander",
"robert",
"ryder",
".",
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"dock",
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"was",
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"##belt",
"##own",
",",
"commanded",
"by",
"lieutenant",
"commander",
"stephen",
"hal",
"##den",
"beat",
"##tie",
".",
"camp",
"##belt",
"##own",
"was",
"a",
"first",
"world",
"war",
"destroyer",
"and",
"had",
"previously",
"been",
"the",
"uss",
"buchanan",
"in",
"the",
"united",
"states",
"navy",
".",
"she",
"had",
"come",
"into",
"rn",
"service",
"in",
"1940",
"as",
"one",
"of",
"50",
"destroyers",
"transferred",
"to",
"the",
"united",
"kingdom",
"under",
"the",
"destroyers",
"for",
"bases",
"agreement",
".",
"converting",
"camp",
"##belt",
"##own",
"for",
"the",
"raid",
"took",
"ten",
"days",
".",
"she",
"had",
"to",
"be",
"light",
"##ened",
"to",
"raise",
"her",
"draught",
"to",
"get",
"over",
"the",
"sand",
"banks",
"in",
"the"
] | 3,670 |
navy would therefore provide the largest contingent for the raid , under the overall command of the senior naval officer , commander robert ryder . the ship selected to ram into the dock gates was hms camp ##belt ##own , commanded by lieutenant commander stephen hal ##den beat ##tie . camp ##belt ##own was a first world war destroyer and had previously been the uss buchanan in the united states navy . she had come into rn service in 1940 as one of 50 destroyers transferred to the united kingdom under the destroyers for bases agreement . converting camp ##belt ##own for the raid took ten days . she had to be light ##ened to raise her draught to get over the sand banks in the
| 974 |
[
"estuary",
".",
"this",
"was",
"achieved",
"by",
"completely",
"stripping",
"all",
"her",
"internal",
"compartments",
".",
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"(",
"100",
"mm",
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"torpedoes",
"and",
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"deck",
"and",
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"forward",
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"with",
"a",
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"–",
"firing",
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"(",
"3",
"\"",
")",
".",
"eight",
"20",
"mm",
"o",
"##er",
"##lik",
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"were",
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"on",
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"##s",
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"deck",
"level",
".",
"the",
"bridge",
"and",
"wheel",
"##house",
"were",
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"extra",
"armour",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"plate",
"protection",
",",
"and",
"two",
"rows",
"of",
"armour",
"were",
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"the",
"sides",
"of",
"the",
"ship",
"to",
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"the",
"commandos",
"on",
"the",
"open",
"deck",
".",
"two",
"of",
"her",
"four",
"funnel",
"##s",
"were",
"removed",
",",
"and",
"the",
"forward",
"two",
"were",
"cut",
"at",
"an",
"angle",
"to",
"resemble",
"those"
] | 3,671 |
estuary . this was achieved by completely stripping all her internal compartments . the dockyard removed her three 4 inch ( 100 mm ) guns , torpedoes and depth charges from the deck and replaced the forward gun with a light quick – firing 12 pounder ( 3 " ) . eight 20 mm o ##er ##lik ##ons were installed on mounting ##s raised above deck level . the bridge and wheel ##house were given extra armour @ - @ plate protection , and two rows of armour were fixed along the sides of the ship to protect the commandos on the open deck . two of her four funnel ##s were removed , and the forward two were cut at an angle to resemble those
| 987 |
[
"of",
"a",
"german",
"destroyer",
".",
"the",
"bow",
"was",
"packed",
"with",
"4",
"@",
".",
"@",
"5",
"tons",
"of",
"high",
"explosives",
",",
"which",
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"in",
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".",
"it",
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"to",
"det",
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"after",
"the",
"raiders",
"had",
"left",
"the",
"harbour",
".",
"to",
"prevent",
"the",
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"towing",
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"away",
",",
"the",
"crew",
"would",
"open",
"the",
"ship",
"'",
"s",
"sea",
"##cock",
"##s",
"before",
"abandoning",
"the",
"ship",
".",
"should",
"she",
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"disabled",
"or",
"sunk",
"before",
"getting",
"to",
"the",
"dock",
",",
"four",
"motor",
"launches",
"had",
"been",
"detailed",
"to",
"take",
"off",
"the",
"crew",
"and",
"put",
"the",
"commandos",
"ashore",
".",
"the",
"charge",
"would",
"be",
"reset",
"to",
"explode",
"after",
"the",
"last",
"boat",
"had",
"left",
".",
"other",
"naval",
"units",
"involved",
"were",
"two",
"hunt",
"class",
"destroyers",
",",
"hms",
"tyne"
] | 3,672 |
of a german destroyer . the bow was packed with 4 @ . @ 5 tons of high explosives , which were set in concrete . it was decided that the explosive charge would be timed to det ##onate after the raiders had left the harbour . to prevent the germans towing her away , the crew would open the ship ' s sea ##cock ##s before abandoning the ship . should she become disabled or sunk before getting to the dock , four motor launches had been detailed to take off the crew and put the commandos ashore . the charge would be reset to explode after the last boat had left . other naval units involved were two hunt class destroyers , hms tyne
| 974 |
[
"##dale",
"(",
"l",
"##9",
"##6",
")",
"and",
"at",
"##hers",
"##tone",
"(",
"l",
"##0",
"##5",
")",
",",
"which",
"would",
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"the",
"force",
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"and",
"from",
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"french",
"coast",
"and",
"remain",
"out",
"at",
"sea",
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"the",
"raid",
".",
"a",
"motor",
"gun",
"boat",
"(",
"mg",
"##b",
"314",
")",
"was",
"the",
"headquarters",
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"raid",
",",
"with",
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"ryder",
"and",
"the",
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"officer",
"of",
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".",
"a",
"motor",
"torpedo",
"boat",
"(",
"mt",
"##b",
"74",
")",
",",
"commanded",
"by",
"sub",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"lieutenant",
"michael",
"wynn",
",",
"had",
"two",
"objectives",
":",
"if",
"the",
"outer",
"norman",
"##die",
"dock",
"gates",
"were",
"open",
",",
"she",
"had",
"to",
"torpedo",
"the",
"inner",
"dock",
"gates",
".",
"if",
"the",
"gates",
"were",
"closed",
"she",
"would",
"instead",
"torpedo",
"the",
"gates",
"at",
"the",
"old",
"entrance",
"into",
"the"
] | 3,673 |
##dale ( l ##9 ##6 ) and at ##hers ##tone ( l ##0 ##5 ) , which would accompany the force to and from the french coast and remain out at sea during the raid . a motor gun boat ( mg ##b 314 ) was the headquarters ship for the raid , with commander ryder and the commanding officer of the commandos on board . a motor torpedo boat ( mt ##b 74 ) , commanded by sub @ - @ lieutenant michael wynn , had two objectives : if the outer norman ##die dock gates were open , she had to torpedo the inner dock gates . if the gates were closed she would instead torpedo the gates at the old entrance into the
| 973 |
[
"st",
"na",
"##zai",
"##re",
"basin",
".",
"to",
"assist",
"in",
"transporting",
"the",
"commandos",
",",
"12",
"motor",
"launches",
"(",
"ml",
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"were",
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"from",
"the",
"20th",
"and",
"28th",
"motor",
"launch",
"flotilla",
"##s",
".",
"these",
"boats",
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"re",
"@",
"-",
"@",
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"o",
"##er",
"##lik",
"##on",
"20",
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"guns",
"mounted",
"forward",
"and",
"aft",
"to",
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"their",
"twin",
"lewis",
"guns",
".",
"at",
"the",
"last",
"minute",
"another",
"four",
"mls",
"were",
"assigned",
"from",
"the",
"7th",
"motor",
"launch",
"flotilla",
"(",
"see",
"foot",
"##notes",
"for",
"flotilla",
"details",
")",
".",
"these",
"four",
"boats",
"were",
"also",
"armed",
"with",
"two",
"torpedoes",
"each",
".",
"instead",
"of",
"transporting",
"the",
"commandos",
",",
"these",
"boats",
"were",
"to",
"engage",
"any",
"german",
"shipping",
"found",
"in",
"the",
"estuary",
".",
"all",
"the",
"mls",
"had",
"a",
"500",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"gallon",
"auxiliary",
"fuel",
"tank"
] | 3,674 |
st na ##zai ##re basin . to assist in transporting the commandos , 12 motor launches ( ml ) were assigned from the 20th and 28th motor launch flotilla ##s . these boats were re @ - @ armed with two o ##er ##lik ##on 20 mm guns mounted forward and aft to complement their twin lewis guns . at the last minute another four mls were assigned from the 7th motor launch flotilla ( see foot ##notes for flotilla details ) . these four boats were also armed with two torpedoes each . instead of transporting the commandos , these boats were to engage any german shipping found in the estuary . all the mls had a 500 @ - @ gallon auxiliary fuel tank
| 973 |
[
"fixed",
"to",
"the",
"upper",
"deck",
"to",
"increase",
"their",
"range",
".",
"the",
"s",
"class",
"submarine",
"hms",
"stu",
"##rgeon",
"would",
"leave",
"before",
"the",
"rest",
"of",
"the",
"convoy",
"and",
"be",
"in",
"position",
"to",
"act",
"as",
"a",
"navigation",
"##al",
"beacon",
"to",
"guide",
"the",
"convoy",
"into",
"the",
"loire",
"estuary",
".",
"the",
"man",
"selected",
"to",
"lead",
"the",
"commando",
"force",
"was",
"lieutenant",
"colonel",
"charles",
"newman",
";",
"his",
"no",
".",
"2",
"commando",
"would",
"provide",
"the",
"largest",
"commandos",
"contingent",
",",
"173",
"men",
",",
"for",
"the",
"raid",
".",
"the",
"special",
"service",
"brigade",
"headquarters",
"used",
"the",
"raid",
"to",
"provide",
"experience",
"for",
"their",
"other",
"units",
"and",
"92",
"men",
"were",
"drawn",
"from",
"nos",
"1",
",",
"3",
",",
"4",
",",
"5",
",",
"9",
",",
"and",
"12",
"commandos",
".",
"the",
"commandos",
"were",
"divided",
"into",
"three",
"groups",
";",
"one",
"and",
"two",
"would"
] | 3,675 |
fixed to the upper deck to increase their range . the s class submarine hms stu ##rgeon would leave before the rest of the convoy and be in position to act as a navigation ##al beacon to guide the convoy into the loire estuary . the man selected to lead the commando force was lieutenant colonel charles newman ; his no . 2 commando would provide the largest commandos contingent , 173 men , for the raid . the special service brigade headquarters used the raid to provide experience for their other units and 92 men were drawn from nos 1 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 9 , and 12 commandos . the commandos were divided into three groups ; one and two would
| 975 |
[
"travel",
"in",
"the",
"mls",
",",
"while",
"three",
"would",
"be",
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"camp",
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".",
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"##on",
",",
"group",
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"@",
"-",
"@",
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"quay",
"##s",
".",
"they",
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"town",
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"power",
"station",
",",
"bridges",
"and",
"locks",
"for",
"the",
"new",
"entrance",
"into",
"the",
"basin",
"from",
"the",
"avant",
"port",
".",
"the",
"capture",
"of",
"the",
"mole",
"was",
"a",
"major",
"objective",
",",
"as",
"it",
"was",
"to",
"be",
"the",
"embark",
"##ation",
"point",
"for",
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"evacuation",
"after",
"the",
"mission",
".",
"group",
"two",
",",
"under",
"the",
"command",
"of",
"captain",
"burn",
",",
"would",
"land",
"at",
"the",
"old",
"entrance",
"to",
"the",
"st",
"na",
"##zai"
] | 3,676 |
travel in the mls , while three would be in camp ##belt ##own . under the command of captain hodges ##on , group one had the objectives of securing the old mole and eliminating the anti @ - @ aircraft gun positions around the southern quay ##s . they were then to move into the old town and blow up the power station , bridges and locks for the new entrance into the basin from the avant port . the capture of the mole was a major objective , as it was to be the embark ##ation point for the evacuation after the mission . group two , under the command of captain burn , would land at the old entrance to the st na ##zai
| 251 |
[
"##re",
"basin",
".",
"their",
"objectives",
"were",
"to",
"destroy",
"the",
"anti",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"aircraft",
"positions",
"in",
"the",
"area",
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"the",
"german",
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",",
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"locks",
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"at",
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"the",
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"then",
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"-",
"@",
"attack",
"from",
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"submarine",
"base",
".",
"group",
"three",
"was",
"under",
"the",
"command",
"of",
"major",
"william",
"'",
"bill",
"'",
"cop",
"##land",
",",
"who",
"was",
"also",
"the",
"commandos",
"'",
"second",
"in",
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".",
"they",
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"to",
"secure",
"the",
"immediate",
"area",
"around",
"camp",
"##belt",
"##own",
",",
"destroy",
"the",
"dock",
"'",
"s",
"water",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"pumping",
"and",
"gate",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"opening",
"machinery",
"and",
"the",
"nearby",
"underground",
"fuel",
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".",
"all",
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"groups",
"were",
"subdivided",
"into",
"assault",
",",
"demolition",
"and",
"protection",
"teams"
] | 3,677 |
##re basin . their objectives were to destroy the anti @ - @ aircraft positions in the area and the german headquarters , to blow up the locks and bridges at the old entrance into the basin and then to guard against a counter @ - @ attack from the submarine base . group three was under the command of major william ' bill ' cop ##land , who was also the commandos ' second in command . they were to secure the immediate area around camp ##belt ##own , destroy the dock ' s water @ - @ pumping and gate @ - @ opening machinery and the nearby underground fuel tanks . all three groups were subdivided into assault , demolition and protection teams
| 947 |
[
".",
"the",
"assault",
"teams",
"would",
"clear",
"the",
"way",
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"the",
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"two",
".",
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"their",
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"by",
"captain",
"bill",
"pri",
"##tch",
"##ard",
"of",
"the",
"royal",
"engineers",
",",
"who",
"had",
"pre",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"war",
"experience",
"as",
"an",
"apprentice",
"in",
"the",
"great",
"western",
"railway",
"dockyard",
"##s",
"and",
"whose",
"father",
"was",
"the",
"dock",
"master",
"of",
"cardiff",
"docks",
".",
"in",
"1940",
"while",
"part",
"of",
"the",
"british",
"expeditionary",
"force",
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"france",
",",
"his",
"duties",
"had",
"included",
"determining",
"how",
"to",
"di",
"##sable",
"the"
] | 3,678 |
. the assault teams would clear the way for the other two . the demolition teams carrying the explosive charges only had side ##arm ##s for self @ - @ defence ; the protection teams , armed with thompson sub ##mac ##hine guns , were to defend them while they completed their tasks . the commandos were aided in their planning for the operation by captain bill pri ##tch ##ard of the royal engineers , who had pre @ - @ war experience as an apprentice in the great western railway dockyard ##s and whose father was the dock master of cardiff docks . in 1940 while part of the british expeditionary force in france , his duties had included determining how to di ##sable the
| 947 |
[
"french",
"dockyard",
"##s",
"if",
"they",
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"captured",
".",
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",",
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"action",
".",
"=",
"=",
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"=",
"=",
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"had",
"around",
"5",
"@",
",",
"@",
"000",
"troops",
"in",
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"##re",
".",
"the",
"port",
"was",
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"by",
"the",
"280",
"##th",
"naval",
"artillery",
"battalion",
"under",
"the",
"command",
"of",
"ka",
"##pit",
"##an",
"zur",
"see",
"edo",
"die",
"##ckman",
"##n",
".",
"the",
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"was",
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"of",
"28",
"guns",
"of",
"various",
"cal",
"##ib",
"##res",
"from",
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"mm",
"to",
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"mm",
"railway",
"guns",
",",
"all",
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"the",
"coastal",
"approaches",
".",
"the",
"heavy",
"guns",
"were",
"supplemented",
"by",
"the",
"guns"
] | 3,679 |
french dockyard ##s if they were captured . one of the dockyard ##s he had studied was st na ##zai ##re , and he had submitted a report detailing how to put the dock out of action . = = german forces = = the germans had around 5 @ , @ 000 troops in the immediate area of st na ##zai ##re . the port was defended by the 280 ##th naval artillery battalion under the command of ka ##pit ##an zur see edo die ##ckman ##n . the battalion was composed of 28 guns of various cal ##ib ##res from 75 mm to 280 mm railway guns , all positioned to guard the coastal approaches . the heavy guns were supplemented by the guns
| 988 |
[
"and",
"search",
"##lights",
"of",
"the",
"22nd",
"naval",
"fl",
"##ak",
"brigade",
"under",
"the",
"command",
"of",
"ka",
"##pit",
"##an",
"zur",
"see",
"karl",
"@",
"-",
"@",
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"me",
"##cke",
".",
"the",
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"with",
"43",
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"-",
"@",
"aircraft",
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"ranging",
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"cal",
"##ib",
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"from",
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"40",
"mm",
".",
"these",
"guns",
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"a",
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"both",
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"@",
"-",
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"aircraft",
"and",
"coastal",
"defence",
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".",
"many",
"were",
"in",
"concrete",
"em",
"##pl",
"##ace",
"##ments",
"on",
"top",
"of",
"the",
"submarine",
"pens",
"and",
"other",
"docks",
"##ide",
"installations",
"of",
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"st",
"na",
"##zai",
"##re",
"submarine",
"base",
".",
"the",
"harbour",
"defence",
"companies",
"were",
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"for",
"local",
"defence",
"and",
"for",
"the",
"security",
"of",
"the",
"ships",
"and",
"submarines",
"moore",
"##d",
"in",
"the",
"harbour",
".",
"these",
"companies",
"and",
"the",
"harbour",
"defence"
] | 3,680 |
and search ##lights of the 22nd naval fl ##ak brigade under the command of ka ##pit ##an zur see karl @ - @ konrad me ##cke . the brigade was equipped with 43 anti @ - @ aircraft guns ranging in cal ##ib ##re from 20 to 40 mm . these guns had a dual role as both anti @ - @ aircraft and coastal defence weapons . many were in concrete em ##pl ##ace ##ments on top of the submarine pens and other docks ##ide installations of the st na ##zai ##re submarine base . the harbour defence companies were responsible for local defence and for the security of the ships and submarines moore ##d in the harbour . these companies and the harbour defence
| 991 |
[
"boats",
"used",
"to",
"patrol",
"the",
"river",
"were",
"under",
"the",
"command",
"of",
"harbour",
"commander",
"ko",
"##r",
"##vet",
"##ten",
"##ka",
"##pit",
"##an",
"keller",
"##man",
".",
"the",
"333",
"##rd",
"infantry",
"division",
"was",
"the",
"german",
"army",
"unit",
"responsible",
"for",
"the",
"defence",
"of",
"the",
"coast",
"between",
"st",
"na",
"##zai",
"##re",
"and",
"lori",
"##ent",
".",
"the",
"division",
"had",
"no",
"troops",
"based",
"in",
"the",
"town",
",",
"but",
"some",
"were",
"located",
"in",
"villages",
"nearby",
"and",
"would",
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"able",
"to",
"respond",
"to",
"any",
"attack",
"on",
"the",
"port",
".",
"the",
"k",
"##rie",
"##gs",
"##marine",
"(",
"german",
"navy",
")",
"had",
"at",
"least",
"three",
"surface",
"ships",
"in",
"the",
"loire",
"estuary",
":",
"a",
"destroyer",
",",
"an",
"armed",
"tr",
"##aw",
"##ler",
"and",
"a",
"sp",
"##er",
"##rb",
"##re",
"##cher",
"(",
"mines",
"##wee",
"##per",
")",
",",
"the",
"latter",
"being",
"the",
"guard",
"ship"
] | 3,681 |
boats used to patrol the river were under the command of harbour commander ko ##r ##vet ##ten ##ka ##pit ##an keller ##man . the 333 ##rd infantry division was the german army unit responsible for the defence of the coast between st na ##zai ##re and lori ##ent . the division had no troops based in the town , but some were located in villages nearby and would be able to respond to any attack on the port . the k ##rie ##gs ##marine ( german navy ) had at least three surface ships in the loire estuary : a destroyer , an armed tr ##aw ##ler and a sp ##er ##rb ##re ##cher ( mines ##wee ##per ) , the latter being the guard ship
| 974 |
[
"for",
"the",
"port",
".",
"on",
"the",
"night",
"of",
"the",
"raid",
"there",
"were",
"also",
"four",
"harbour",
"defence",
"boats",
"and",
"ten",
"ships",
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"16th",
"and",
"42nd",
"mines",
"##wee",
"##per",
"flotilla",
"##s",
"berth",
"##ed",
"in",
"the",
"basin",
",",
"while",
"two",
"tanker",
"##s",
"were",
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"norman",
"##die",
"dock",
".",
"the",
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"##s",
",",
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"##pit",
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"##le",
"##utnant",
"georg",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"wilhelm",
"sc",
"##hul",
"##z",
"and",
"ko",
"##r",
"##vet",
"##ten",
"##ka",
"##pit",
"##an",
"herbert",
"so",
"##hler",
"respectively",
",",
"were",
"permanently",
"based",
"in",
"the",
"port",
".",
"it",
"is",
"not",
"known",
"how",
"many",
"submarines",
"were",
"present",
"on",
"the",
"day",
"of",
"the",
"raid",
".",
"the",
"submarine",
"base",
"had",
"been",
"inspected",
"by",
"the",
"u",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"boat",
"commander"
] | 3,682 |
for the port . on the night of the raid there were also four harbour defence boats and ten ships from the 16th and 42nd mines ##wee ##per flotilla ##s berth ##ed in the basin , while two tanker ##s were berth ##ed inside the norman ##die dock . the 6th and 7th u @ - @ boat flotilla ##s , commanded by ka ##pit ##an ##le ##utnant georg @ - @ wilhelm sc ##hul ##z and ko ##r ##vet ##ten ##ka ##pit ##an herbert so ##hler respectively , were permanently based in the port . it is not known how many submarines were present on the day of the raid . the submarine base had been inspected by the u @ - @ boat commander
| 972 |
[
"in",
"chief",
",",
"viz",
"##ead",
"##mir",
"##al",
"karl",
"don",
"##itz",
",",
"the",
"day",
"before",
"the",
"raid",
".",
"he",
"asked",
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"would",
"they",
"do",
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"the",
"base",
"was",
"subject",
"to",
"an",
"attack",
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"british",
"commandos",
".",
"so",
"##hler",
"replied",
"that",
"\"",
"an",
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"the",
"base",
"would",
"be",
"hazardous",
"and",
"highly",
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"##ro",
"##ba",
"##ble",
"\"",
".",
"=",
"=",
"=",
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"=",
"=",
"=",
"the",
"three",
"destroyers",
"and",
"16",
"small",
"boats",
"left",
"fa",
"##lm",
"##outh",
",",
"cornwall",
"at",
"14",
":",
"00",
"on",
"26",
"march",
"1942",
".",
"they",
"formed",
"into",
"a",
"convoy",
"of",
"three",
"lanes",
",",
"with",
"the",
"destroyers",
"in",
"the",
"middle",
".",
"on",
"arrival",
"at",
"st",
"na",
"##zai",
"##re",
"the",
"ports",
"##ide",
"mls",
"were",
"to",
"head",
"for",
"the",
"old",
"mole",
"to",
"di",
"##se",
"##mba",
"##rk",
"their"
] | 3,683 |
in chief , viz ##ead ##mir ##al karl don ##itz , the day before the raid . he asked what would they do if the base was subject to an attack by british commandos . so ##hler replied that " an attack on the base would be hazardous and highly imp ##ro ##ba ##ble " . = = = outward journey = = = the three destroyers and 16 small boats left fa ##lm ##outh , cornwall at 14 : 00 on 26 march 1942 . they formed into a convoy of three lanes , with the destroyers in the middle . on arrival at st na ##zai ##re the ports ##ide mls were to head for the old mole to di ##se ##mba ##rk their
| 975 |
[
"commandos",
",",
"while",
"the",
"starboard",
"lane",
"would",
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"old",
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"the",
"basin",
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"##se",
"##mba",
"##rk",
"theirs",
".",
"not",
"having",
"the",
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"na",
"##zai",
"##re",
"una",
"##ided",
",",
"the",
"mt",
"##b",
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"##b",
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"by",
"camp",
"##belt",
"##own",
"and",
"at",
"##hers",
"##tone",
".",
"on",
"27",
"march",
"at",
"07",
":",
"20",
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"##dale",
"reported",
"a",
"u",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"boat",
"on",
"the",
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"and",
"opened",
"fire",
".",
"the",
"two",
"escort",
"destroyers",
"left",
"the",
"convoy",
"to",
"engage",
"the",
"u",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"boat",
",",
"later",
"identified",
"as",
"u",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"59",
"##3",
".",
"the",
"u",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"boat",
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"##d",
"and",
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"unsuccessfully",
"attacked",
"by",
"depth",
"charges",
".",
"the",
"two",
"destroyers",
"returned",
"to",
"the"
] | 3,684 |
commandos , while the starboard lane would make for the old entrance to the basin to di ##se ##mba ##rk theirs . not having the range to reach st na ##zai ##re una ##ided , the mt ##b and mg ##b were taken under tow by camp ##belt ##own and at ##hers ##tone . on 27 march at 07 : 20 tyne ##dale reported a u @ - @ boat on the surface and opened fire . the two escort destroyers left the convoy to engage the u @ - @ boat , later identified as u @ - @ 59 ##3 . the u @ - @ boat promptly dive ##d and was unsuccessfully attacked by depth charges . the two destroyers returned to the
| 975 |
[
"convoy",
"at",
"09",
":",
"00",
".",
"the",
"convoy",
"next",
"encountered",
"two",
"french",
"fishing",
"tr",
"##aw",
"##lers",
".",
"both",
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"and",
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"ships",
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"they",
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"17",
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"the",
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"@",
"-",
"@",
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"@",
"-",
"@",
"chief",
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"that",
"five",
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"torpedo",
"boats",
"were",
"in",
"the",
"area",
".",
"two",
"hours",
"later",
"another",
"signal",
"informed",
"them",
"that",
"another",
"two",
"hunt",
"class",
"destroyers",
",",
"hms",
"cleveland",
"and",
"hms",
"brock",
"##les",
"##by",
",",
"had",
"been",
"dispatched",
"at",
"full",
"speed",
"to",
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"the",
"convoy",
".",
"the",
"convoy",
"reached",
"a",
"position",
"65",
"nautical",
"miles",
"(",
"120",
"km",
";",
"75",
"mi",
")",
"off",
"st",
"na",
"##zai",
"##re",
"at",
"21",
":",
"00"
] | 3,685 |
convoy at 09 : 00 . the convoy next encountered two french fishing tr ##aw ##lers . both crews were taken off and the ships sunk for fear they might report the composition and location of the convoy . at 17 : 00 the convoy received a signal from commander @ - @ in @ - @ chief plymouth that five german torpedo boats were in the area . two hours later another signal informed them that another two hunt class destroyers , hms cleveland and hms brock ##les ##by , had been dispatched at full speed to join the convoy . the convoy reached a position 65 nautical miles ( 120 km ; 75 mi ) off st na ##zai ##re at 21 : 00
| 975 |
[
"and",
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"the",
"estuary",
",",
"leaving",
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"##hers",
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"the",
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"destroyer",
",",
"with",
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"##b",
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".",
"the",
"first",
"casualty",
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"raid",
"was",
"ml",
"341",
",",
"which",
"had",
"developed",
"engine",
"trouble",
"and",
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".",
"at",
"22",
":",
"00",
"the",
"submarine",
"stu",
"##rgeon",
"directed",
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"navigation",
"beacon",
"out",
"to",
"sea",
"to",
"guide",
"the",
"convoy",
"in",
".",
"at",
"about",
"the",
"same",
"time",
"camp",
"##belt",
"##own",
"raised",
"the",
"german",
"naval",
"ensign",
"in",
"an",
"attempt"
] | 3,686 |
and changed course toward the estuary , leaving at ##hers ##tone and tyne ##dale as a sea patrol . the convoy adopted a new formation with the mg ##b and two torpedo mls in the lead , followed by camp ##belt ##own . the rest of the mls formed two columns on either side and as ##tern of the destroyer , with the mt ##b bringing up the rear . the first casualty of the raid was ml 341 , which had developed engine trouble and was abandoned . at 22 : 00 the submarine stu ##rgeon directed her navigation beacon out to sea to guide the convoy in . at about the same time camp ##belt ##own raised the german naval ensign in an attempt
| 975 |
[
"to",
"dec",
"##ei",
"##ve",
"any",
"german",
"lookout",
"##s",
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"thinking",
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"march",
",",
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"##s",
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"6",
"@",
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"@",
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"targets",
"and",
"to",
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"only",
"one",
"bomb",
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".",
"as",
"it",
"turned",
"out",
",",
"poor",
"weather",
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"port",
"(",
"10",
"/",
"10th",
"##s",
"cloud",
")",
"meant",
"that",
"only",
"four",
"aircraft"
] | 3,687 |
to dec ##ei ##ve any german lookout ##s into thinking she was a german destroyer . at 23 : 30 on 27 march , five raf squadrons ( comprising 35 whitley ##s and 27 wellington ##s ) started their bombing runs . the bombers had to stay above 6 @ , @ 000 feet ( 1 @ , @ 800 m ) and were supposed to remain over the port for 60 minutes to divert attention toward themselves and away from the sea . they had orders to only bomb clearly identified military targets and to drop only one bomb at a time . as it turned out , poor weather over the port ( 10 / 10th ##s cloud ) meant that only four aircraft
| 962 |
[
"bombed",
"targets",
"in",
"st",
"na",
"##zai",
"##re",
".",
"six",
"aircraft",
"managed",
"to",
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"other",
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"targets",
".",
"the",
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"of",
"the",
"bombers",
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"##pit",
"##an",
"zur",
"see",
"me",
"##cke",
".",
"at",
"00",
":",
"00",
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"28",
"march",
",",
"he",
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"a",
"warning",
"that",
"there",
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"a",
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".",
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"00",
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"march",
",",
"he",
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"by",
"ordering",
"all",
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"to",
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"and",
"search",
"##lights",
"to",
"be",
"extinguished",
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"case",
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"bombers",
"were",
"using",
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"port",
".",
"everyone",
"was",
"placed",
"on",
"a",
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"state",
"of",
"alert",
".",
"the",
"harbour",
"defence",
"companies",
"and",
"ships",
"'",
"crews",
"were",
"ordered",
"out",
"of",
"the",
"air",
"raid",
"shelters",
".",
"during",
"all",
"this",
"a",
"lookout",
"reported",
"seeing",
"some",
"activity"
] | 3,688 |
bombed targets in st na ##zai ##re . six aircraft managed to bomb other nearby targets . the unusual behaviour of the bombers concerned ka ##pit ##an zur see me ##cke . at 00 : 00 on 28 march , he issued a warning that there might be a parachute landing in progress . at 01 : 00 on 28 march , he followed up by ordering all guns to cease firing and search ##lights to be extinguished in case the bombers were using them to locate the port . everyone was placed on a heightened state of alert . the harbour defence companies and ships ' crews were ordered out of the air raid shelters . during all this a lookout reported seeing some activity
| 948 |
[
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",",
"so",
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"type",
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"landing",
"and",
"ordered",
"extra",
"attention",
"to",
"be",
"paid",
"to",
"the",
"approaches",
"to",
"the",
"harbour",
".",
"at",
"00",
":",
"30",
"hours",
"on",
"28",
"march",
"the",
"convoy",
"crossed",
"over",
"the",
"sho",
"##als",
"at",
"the",
"mouth",
"of",
"the",
"loire",
"estuary",
",",
"with",
"camp",
"##belt",
"##own",
"scraping",
"the",
"bottom",
"twice",
".",
"each",
"time",
"she",
"was",
"able",
"to",
"pull",
"free",
",",
"and",
"the",
"group",
"proceeded",
"on",
"up",
"toward",
"the",
"harbour",
"in",
"darkness",
".",
"they",
"had",
"got",
"to",
"within",
"about",
"eight",
"minutes",
"passage",
"from",
"the",
"dock",
"gates",
"when",
"at",
"01",
":",
"22",
"the",
"entire",
"convoy",
"was",
"illuminated",
"by",
"the",
"combined",
"search",
"##lights",
"of",
"both",
"banks",
"of",
"the",
"estuary",
".",
"a",
"naval",
"signal",
"light",
"demanded",
"their",
"identification",
".",
"the",
"mg"
] | 3,689 |
out at sea , so me ##cke began suspect ##ing some type of landing and ordered extra attention to be paid to the approaches to the harbour . at 00 : 30 hours on 28 march the convoy crossed over the sho ##als at the mouth of the loire estuary , with camp ##belt ##own scraping the bottom twice . each time she was able to pull free , and the group proceeded on up toward the harbour in darkness . they had got to within about eight minutes passage from the dock gates when at 01 : 22 the entire convoy was illuminated by the combined search ##lights of both banks of the estuary . a naval signal light demanded their identification . the mg
| 948 |
[
"##b",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"314",
"replied",
"in",
"a",
"coded",
"response",
"obtained",
"from",
"a",
"german",
"tr",
"##aw",
"##ler",
"boarded",
"during",
"the",
"va",
"##gs",
"##øy",
"raid",
".",
"a",
"few",
"bursts",
"were",
"fired",
"from",
"a",
"shore",
"battery",
"and",
"both",
"camp",
"##belt",
"##own",
"and",
"mg",
"##b",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"314",
"replied",
":",
"\"",
"ship",
"being",
"fired",
"upon",
"by",
"friendly",
"forces",
"\"",
".",
"the",
"deception",
"gave",
"them",
"a",
"little",
"more",
"time",
"before",
"every",
"german",
"gun",
"in",
"the",
"bay",
"opened",
"fire",
".",
"at",
"01",
":",
"28",
",",
"with",
"the",
"convoy",
"1",
"mile",
"(",
"1",
"@",
".",
"@",
"6",
"km",
")",
"from",
"the",
"dock",
"gates",
",",
"beat",
"##tie",
"ordered",
"the",
"german",
"flag",
"lowered",
"and",
"the",
"white",
"ensign",
"raised",
".",
"the",
"intensity",
"of",
"the",
"german",
"fire",
"seemed",
"to",
"increase",
".",
"the",
"guard",
"ship",
"opened"
] | 3,690 |
##b @ - @ 314 replied in a coded response obtained from a german tr ##aw ##ler boarded during the va ##gs ##øy raid . a few bursts were fired from a shore battery and both camp ##belt ##own and mg ##b @ - @ 314 replied : " ship being fired upon by friendly forces " . the deception gave them a little more time before every german gun in the bay opened fire . at 01 : 28 , with the convoy 1 mile ( 1 @ . @ 6 km ) from the dock gates , beat ##tie ordered the german flag lowered and the white ensign raised . the intensity of the german fire seemed to increase . the guard ship opened
| 939 |
[
"fire",
"and",
"was",
"quickly",
"silenced",
"when",
"the",
"ships",
"in",
"the",
"convoy",
"responded",
",",
"shooting",
"into",
"her",
"as",
"they",
"passed",
".",
"by",
"now",
"all",
"the",
"ships",
"in",
"the",
"convoy",
"were",
"within",
"range",
"to",
"engage",
"targets",
"ashore",
"and",
"were",
"firing",
"at",
"the",
"gun",
"em",
"##pl",
"##ace",
"##ments",
"and",
"search",
"##lights",
".",
"camp",
"##belt",
"##own",
"was",
"hit",
"a",
"number",
"of",
"times",
"and",
"increased",
"her",
"speed",
"to",
"19",
"kn",
"(",
"35",
"km",
"/",
"h",
")",
".",
"the",
"helm",
"##sman",
"on",
"her",
"bridge",
"was",
"killed",
";",
"his",
"replacement",
"was",
"wounded",
"and",
"replaced",
"as",
"well",
".",
"blinded",
"by",
"the",
"search",
"##lights",
",",
"beat",
"##tie",
"knew",
"they",
"were",
"close",
"to",
"their",
"objective",
".",
"still",
"under",
"heavy",
"fire",
",",
"the",
"mg",
"##b",
"turned",
"into",
"the",
"estuary",
"as",
"camp",
"##belt",
"##own",
"cleared",
"the",
"end",
"of"
] | 3,691 |
fire and was quickly silenced when the ships in the convoy responded , shooting into her as they passed . by now all the ships in the convoy were within range to engage targets ashore and were firing at the gun em ##pl ##ace ##ments and search ##lights . camp ##belt ##own was hit a number of times and increased her speed to 19 kn ( 35 km / h ) . the helm ##sman on her bridge was killed ; his replacement was wounded and replaced as well . blinded by the search ##lights , beat ##tie knew they were close to their objective . still under heavy fire , the mg ##b turned into the estuary as camp ##belt ##own cleared the end of
| 952 |
[
"the",
"old",
"mole",
",",
"cut",
"through",
"anti",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"torpedo",
"netting",
"strung",
"across",
"the",
"entrance",
"and",
"rammed",
"the",
"dock",
"gates",
",",
"striking",
"home",
"at",
"01",
":",
"34",
",",
"three",
"minutes",
"later",
"than",
"scheduled",
".",
"the",
"force",
"of",
"the",
"impact",
"drove",
"the",
"ship",
"33",
"feet",
"(",
"10",
"m",
")",
"onto",
"the",
"gates",
".",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"di",
"##se",
"##mba",
"##rka",
"##tion",
"from",
"camp",
"##belt",
"##own",
"and",
"the",
"mls",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"the",
"commandos",
"on",
"camp",
"##belt",
"##own",
"now",
"di",
"##se",
"##mba",
"##rked",
":",
"two",
"assault",
"teams",
",",
"five",
"demolition",
"teams",
"with",
"their",
"protector",
"##s",
"and",
"a",
"mortar",
"group",
".",
"three",
"demolition",
"teams",
"were",
"tasked",
"with",
"destroying",
"the",
"dock",
"pumping",
"machinery",
"and",
"other",
"installations",
"associated",
"with",
"the",
"dry",
"dock",
".",
"the",
"ki",
"##lt",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"wearing"
] | 3,692 |
the old mole , cut through anti @ - @ torpedo netting strung across the entrance and rammed the dock gates , striking home at 01 : 34 , three minutes later than scheduled . the force of the impact drove the ship 33 feet ( 10 m ) onto the gates . = = = di ##se ##mba ##rka ##tion from camp ##belt ##own and the mls = = = the commandos on camp ##belt ##own now di ##se ##mba ##rked : two assault teams , five demolition teams with their protector ##s and a mortar group . three demolition teams were tasked with destroying the dock pumping machinery and other installations associated with the dry dock . the ki ##lt @ - @ wearing
| 939 |
[
"captain",
"donald",
"roy",
"-",
"'",
"the",
"laird",
"'",
"-",
"and",
"his",
"14",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"man",
"assault",
"troop",
"were",
"tasked",
"with",
"ina",
"##ct",
"##ivating",
"two",
"pump",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"house",
"roof",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"top",
"gun",
"em",
"##pl",
"##ace",
"##ments",
"high",
"above",
"the",
"quay",
"##side",
"and",
"securing",
"a",
"bridge",
"to",
"provide",
"a",
"route",
"for",
"the",
"raiding",
"parties",
"to",
"exit",
"the",
"dock",
"area",
".",
"roy",
"and",
"sgt",
"don",
"randall",
"used",
"scaling",
"ladder",
"##s",
"and",
"grenades",
"to",
"accomplish",
"the",
"former",
",",
"and",
"a",
"head",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"on",
"rush",
"to",
"secure",
"the",
"bridge",
"and",
"form",
"a",
"bridge",
"##head",
"that",
"enabled",
"capt",
".",
"bob",
"montgomery",
"and",
"lt",
"co",
"##rran",
"pu",
"##rdon",
"and",
"their",
"demolition",
"teams",
"to",
"exit",
"the",
"area",
".",
"they",
"lost",
"4",
"men",
"in",
"this",
"action",
".",
"the"
] | 3,693 |
captain donald roy - ' the laird ' - and his 14 @ - @ man assault troop were tasked with ina ##ct ##ivating two pump @ - @ house roof @ - @ top gun em ##pl ##ace ##ments high above the quay ##side and securing a bridge to provide a route for the raiding parties to exit the dock area . roy and sgt don randall used scaling ladder ##s and grenades to accomplish the former , and a head @ - @ on rush to secure the bridge and form a bridge ##head that enabled capt . bob montgomery and lt co ##rran pu ##rdon and their demolition teams to exit the area . they lost 4 men in this action . the
| 114 |
[
"fifth",
"team",
"also",
"succeeded",
"in",
"completing",
"all",
"their",
"objectives",
"but",
"almost",
"half",
"its",
"men",
"were",
"killed",
".",
"the",
"other",
"two",
"commando",
"groups",
"were",
"not",
"as",
"successful",
".",
"the",
"mls",
"transporting",
"groups",
"one",
"and",
"two",
"had",
"almost",
"all",
"been",
"destroyed",
"on",
"their",
"approach",
".",
"ml",
"45",
"##7",
"was",
"the",
"only",
"boat",
"to",
"land",
"its",
"commandos",
"on",
"the",
"old",
"mole",
"and",
"only",
"ml",
"177",
"had",
"managed",
"to",
"reach",
"the",
"gates",
"at",
"the",
"old",
"entrance",
"to",
"the",
"basin",
".",
"that",
"team",
"succeeded",
"in",
"planting",
"charges",
"on",
"two",
"tug",
"##boats",
"moore",
"##d",
"in",
"the",
"basin",
".",
"there",
"were",
"only",
"two",
"other",
"mls",
"in",
"the",
"vicinity",
":",
"ml",
"160",
"had",
"continued",
"past",
"the",
"dock",
"and",
"was",
"engaging",
"targets",
"up",
"##river",
",",
"ml",
"269",
"appeared",
"to",
"be",
"out",
"of",
"control",
"and",
"was"
] | 3,694 |
fifth team also succeeded in completing all their objectives but almost half its men were killed . the other two commando groups were not as successful . the mls transporting groups one and two had almost all been destroyed on their approach . ml 45 ##7 was the only boat to land its commandos on the old mole and only ml 177 had managed to reach the gates at the old entrance to the basin . that team succeeded in planting charges on two tug ##boats moore ##d in the basin . there were only two other mls in the vicinity : ml 160 had continued past the dock and was engaging targets up ##river , ml 269 appeared to be out of control and was
| 143 |
[
"running",
"in",
"circles",
".",
"by",
"this",
"time",
"the",
"crew",
"of",
"camp",
"##belt",
"##own",
"had",
"detonated",
"the",
"sc",
"##ut",
"##tling",
"charges",
"and",
"gathered",
"at",
"the",
"rear",
"of",
"the",
"ship",
"to",
"be",
"taken",
"off",
".",
"ml",
"177",
"came",
"alongside",
"the",
"destroyer",
"and",
"took",
"30",
"men",
"on",
"board",
"including",
"beat",
"##tie",
"and",
"some",
"of",
"the",
"wounded",
".",
"major",
"cop",
"##land",
"went",
"through",
"camp",
"##belt",
"##own",
"and",
"evacuated",
"the",
"wounded",
"towards",
"the",
"old",
"mole",
",",
"not",
"knowing",
"that",
"there",
"were",
"no",
"other",
"boats",
"there",
"to",
"take",
"the",
"commandos",
"off",
".",
"lt",
"col",
"newman",
"aboard",
"the",
"mg",
"##b",
",",
"need",
"not",
"have",
"landed",
",",
"but",
"he",
"was",
"one",
"of",
"the",
"first",
"ashore",
".",
"one",
"of",
"his",
"first",
"actions",
"was",
"to",
"direct",
"mortar",
"fire",
"onto",
"a",
"gun",
"position",
"on",
"top",
"of",
"the"
] | 3,695 |
running in circles . by this time the crew of camp ##belt ##own had detonated the sc ##ut ##tling charges and gathered at the rear of the ship to be taken off . ml 177 came alongside the destroyer and took 30 men on board including beat ##tie and some of the wounded . major cop ##land went through camp ##belt ##own and evacuated the wounded towards the old mole , not knowing that there were no other boats there to take the commandos off . lt col newman aboard the mg ##b , need not have landed , but he was one of the first ashore . one of his first actions was to direct mortar fire onto a gun position on top of the
| 952 |
[
"submarine",
"pens",
"that",
"was",
"causing",
"heavy",
"casualties",
"among",
"the",
"commandos",
".",
"he",
"next",
"directed",
"machine",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"gun",
"fire",
"onto",
"an",
"armed",
"tr",
"##aw",
"##ler",
",",
"which",
"was",
"forced",
"to",
"withdraw",
"up",
"##river",
".",
"newman",
"organised",
"a",
"defence",
"that",
"succeeded",
"in",
"keeping",
"the",
"increasing",
"numbers",
"of",
"german",
"reinforcements",
"at",
"bay",
"until",
"the",
"demolition",
"parties",
"had",
"completed",
"their",
"tasks",
".",
"some",
"100",
"commandos",
"were",
"still",
"ashore",
"when",
"newman",
"realised",
"that",
"evacuation",
"by",
"sea",
"was",
"no",
"longer",
"an",
"option",
".",
"he",
"gathered",
"the",
"survivors",
"and",
"issued",
"three",
"orders",
":",
"to",
"do",
"our",
"best",
"to",
"get",
"back",
"to",
"england",
";",
"not",
"to",
"surrender",
"until",
"all",
"our",
"ammunition",
"is",
"exhausted",
";",
"not",
"to",
"surrender",
"at",
"all",
"if",
"we",
"can",
"help",
"it",
".",
"newman",
"and",
"cop",
"##land",
"led",
"the",
"charge"
] | 3,696 |
submarine pens that was causing heavy casualties among the commandos . he next directed machine @ - @ gun fire onto an armed tr ##aw ##ler , which was forced to withdraw up ##river . newman organised a defence that succeeded in keeping the increasing numbers of german reinforcements at bay until the demolition parties had completed their tasks . some 100 commandos were still ashore when newman realised that evacuation by sea was no longer an option . he gathered the survivors and issued three orders : to do our best to get back to england ; not to surrender until all our ammunition is exhausted ; not to surrender at all if we can help it . newman and cop ##land led the charge
| 952 |
[
"from",
"the",
"old",
"town",
"across",
"a",
"bridge",
"raked",
"by",
"machine",
"gun",
"fire",
"and",
"advanced",
"into",
"the",
"new",
"town",
".",
"the",
"commandos",
"attempted",
"to",
"get",
"through",
"the",
"narrow",
"streets",
"of",
"the",
"town",
"and",
"into",
"the",
"surrounding",
"countryside",
",",
"but",
"were",
"eventually",
"surrounded",
".",
"when",
"their",
"ammunition",
"was",
"ex",
"##pen",
"##ded",
"their",
"only",
"option",
"was",
"to",
"surrender",
".",
"not",
"all",
"the",
"commandos",
"were",
"captured",
";",
"five",
"men",
"reached",
"neutral",
"spain",
",",
"from",
"where",
"they",
"eventually",
"returned",
"to",
"england",
".",
"most",
"of",
"the",
"mls",
"had",
"been",
"destroyed",
"on",
"the",
"run",
"in",
"and",
"were",
"burning",
".",
"the",
"first",
"ml",
"in",
"the",
"starboard",
"column",
"was",
"the",
"first",
"boat",
"to",
"catch",
"fire",
";",
"her",
"captain",
"managed",
"to",
"beach",
"her",
"at",
"the",
"end",
"of",
"the",
"old",
"mole",
".",
"some",
"starboard",
"boats",
"managed",
"to"
] | 3,697 |
from the old town across a bridge raked by machine gun fire and advanced into the new town . the commandos attempted to get through the narrow streets of the town and into the surrounding countryside , but were eventually surrounded . when their ammunition was ex ##pen ##ded their only option was to surrender . not all the commandos were captured ; five men reached neutral spain , from where they eventually returned to england . most of the mls had been destroyed on the run in and were burning . the first ml in the starboard column was the first boat to catch fire ; her captain managed to beach her at the end of the old mole . some starboard boats managed to
| 940 |
[
"reach",
"their",
"objective",
"and",
"di",
"##se",
"##mba",
"##rk",
"their",
"commandos",
".",
"ml",
"44",
"##3",
",",
"the",
"leading",
"boat",
"in",
"the",
"port",
"column",
",",
"got",
"to",
"within",
"10",
"feet",
"(",
"3",
"@",
".",
"@",
"0",
"m",
")",
"of",
"the",
"mole",
"in",
"the",
"face",
"of",
"heavy",
"direct",
"fire",
"and",
"hand",
"grenades",
"before",
"being",
"set",
"on",
"fire",
".",
"the",
"crew",
"were",
"rescued",
"by",
"ml",
"160",
",",
"one",
"of",
"the",
"torpedo",
"mls",
"which",
"had",
"been",
"looking",
"for",
"targets",
"of",
"opportunity",
"such",
"as",
"the",
"two",
"large",
"tanker",
"##s",
"reported",
"to",
"be",
"in",
"the",
"harbour",
".",
"the",
"commanders",
"of",
"mls",
"160",
"and",
"44",
"##3",
",",
"lieutenant",
"##s",
"t",
"boyd",
"and",
"t",
"d",
"l",
"platt",
",",
"were",
"awarded",
"the",
"distinguished",
"service",
"order",
"for",
"their",
"bravery",
".",
"the",
"rest",
"of",
"the",
"port",
"column",
"had"
] | 3,698 |
reach their objective and di ##se ##mba ##rk their commandos . ml 44 ##3 , the leading boat in the port column , got to within 10 feet ( 3 @ . @ 0 m ) of the mole in the face of heavy direct fire and hand grenades before being set on fire . the crew were rescued by ml 160 , one of the torpedo mls which had been looking for targets of opportunity such as the two large tanker ##s reported to be in the harbour . the commanders of mls 160 and 44 ##3 , lieutenant ##s t boyd and t d l platt , were awarded the distinguished service order for their bravery . the rest of the port column had
| 939 |
[
"been",
"destroyed",
"or",
"disabled",
"before",
"reaching",
"the",
"mole",
".",
"mls",
"192",
"and",
"262",
"were",
"set",
"on",
"fire",
";",
"there",
"were",
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] | 3,699 |
been destroyed or disabled before reaching the mole . mls 192 and 262 were set on fire ; there were only six survivors . ml 268 was blown up ; one man survived . ml 177 , the launch that had successfully taken off some of the crew from camp ##belt ##own , was sunk on her way out of the estuary . ml 269 , another torpedo @ - @ armed boat , had the une ##n ##via ##ble task of moving up and down the river at high speed to draw german fire away from the landings . soon after passing camp ##belt ##own it was hit and its steering damaged . it took ten minutes to repair the steering . they turned and
| 973 |
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