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##isto ##n : from friends to films author kim et ##ing ##off , the actress ' own fame " outs ##hone " those of her co @ - @ stars , becoming the first cast member to " rise to prominence " ; the actress continues to experience the most post @ - @ friends success . an ##isto ##n ' s performance in friends led to a successful film career . according to the in ##qui ##sit ##r news , rachel is " the role that would end up launching [ an ##isto ##n ' s ] success " , while bradford evans of splits ##ider believes " that jennifer an ##isto ##n likely wouldn ' t have become a major movie star without friends
| 748 |
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| 749 |
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film ##ography remains limited to playing rachel @ - @ like roles in romantic comedies , save for some exceptions . ryan gil ##bey of the guardian noted that " consequently , many of an ##isto ##n ' s movie roles . . . have been rachel in all but name . " andrew collins of radio times agreed , writing that an ##isto ##n " seems trapped , perpetual ##ly playing variations of rachel " . according to tv guide , an ##isto ##n is " usually called upon to play a variation of her ne ##uro ##tic and adorable friends character " . an ##isto ##n cites rachel as one of three roles for which she is most grateful , to whom she "
| 760 |
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owe [ s ] everything " . on being type ##cast , an ##isto ##n admits that at times it " gives you more of a challenge , to shape people ’ s perceptions of you " . as audiences struggle " to lose the rachel tag that has made her one of the world ' s most rec ##og ##nis ##able faces " . = = = relationships = = = rachel has had several romantic relationships throughout friends decade @ - @ long run , the most famous and prominent of which remains her on @ - @ again , off @ - @ again relationship with friend ross . although wildly popular among audiences , the couple has been met with mixed reviews
| 760 |
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from critics . katherine has ##sel of the daily express described the characters ' relationship as " the heart of the show " . china daily cited ross and rachel ' s reunion during the series finale " the last one " among the episode ' s highlights , while gary su ##sman of rolling stone believes that audiences would not have been happy had the couple not ultimately reunited . contrasting ##ly , the wire ' s joe reid is of the opinion that the show ' s second season is " the only time ross / rachel was truly great " . virgin media wrote that the couple ' s dynamics " had grown might ##ily ted ##ious " by season ten . e
| 760 |
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! cable network ranked rachel and ross the ninth greatest friends couple , writing that their relationship gave " friends fans enough iconic quotes to fill a book " , considering phoebe ' s line " see ? [ ross is ] her lobster ! " to be among show ' s most iconic . ross and rachel ' s season three breakup has spawned a debate among friends fans , who continue to argue over which of the two was at fault : rachel for suggesting that they take a break from their relationship , or ross for sleeping with another woman immediately afterwards . writing for e ! , jenna mu ##llins ruled in favor of rachel , el ##ab ##ora ##ting , "
| 760 |
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there is no excuse for ross sleeping with someone else after his lobster suggested taking a break " , concluding that ross " blew it " . the jewish community was particularly rec ##eptive to the fact that a jewish @ - @ american couple existed on prime time television , described by lilith magazine as " a tel ##ev ##is ##ual first " . rachel and ross are considered to be among television ' s greatest and most beloved couples . nine ##ms ##n referred to them as " everyone ' s favourite on . . . off . . . on ( a break ! ) duo , " while us weekly and buzz ##fe ##ed ranked them the first and second best television
| 684 |
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couple , respectively . tv guide ranked ross and rachel the third greatest television couple , dub ##bing them " the most iconic tv couple in recent memory " . extra placed the couple at number eight , writing , " never did we want two people to get together more than ross . . . and rachel " . refinery ##29 included rachel and ross in the website ' s " 16 tv couples we want to be together forever " list . the pair is also often ranked among television ' s greatest " will they or won ' t they " couples . naming ross and rachel the greatest " will they , won ' t they " couple , network ten believes
| 760 |
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they defined the term , while suggest dubbed them " the qui ##ntes ##sen ##tial will they / won ’ t they couple . " according to sarah dora ##n of radio times , the couple " became synonymous with the phrase ' we ' re on a break ' " . phoebe ' s line , in which she refers to the couple as each other ' s lobster ##s , has become one of the show ' s most popular and of ##t @ - @ quoted . kai ##tl ##in reilly of bust ##le magazine defined the term as " the person of whom another is meant to be with forever " . tara aquino of complex magazine believes that " every other
| 684 |
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person can tell you what exactly a ' ross and rachel ' relationship means " . ultimately , rachel ' s season eight pregnancy arc is credited with rev ##iving the show ' s ratings and reviews . rachel ' s brief romantic relationship with friend joey during season ten drew strong criticism from both critics and fans alike , although viewers ##hip was not harmed . in fact , joshua ku ##rp of splits ##ider believes that the only reason the show ' s final two seasons performed well in spite of lack ##lus ##ter reviews " was because of the joey / rachel / ross love triangle " . eric goldman of ign referred to the rachel @ - @ joey storyline as "
| 760 |
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questionable . " entertainment tonight canada ranked " the one after rachel and joey kiss " among the show ' s ten worst episodes at number five , with author i . p . johnson pan ##ning it as " desperate " , concluding , " je ##ers for even con ##ce ##iving this romantic plot ; cheers for abandoning it " . bust ##le also cited the same episode as one of the show ' s worst , calling it " the most non ##sen ##sic ##al idea to ever be . " contra ##rily , e ! enjoyed rachel and joey as a couple because they brought out positive aspects in each other ' s personalities . their relationship also spawned a debate among
| 882 |
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fans , who argued over whether making rachel and joey a couple was a bad idea . jenna mu ##llins of e ! determined that it is because " it was too far into the series to throw these two together . they didn ' t make sense and their romantic scenes felt forced " . both rachel and an ##isto ##n have become fashion icons due to their combined influence on women ##sw ##ear during the 1990s and onwards , particularly among british women . according to vogue magazine ' s edward bars ##ami ##an , rachel ' s fashion sense inspired " the cool new york look " . according to st ##yl ##ist magazine , rachel " revived [ a ] love of
| 760 |
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denim shirts and dung ##are ##es " , while mahogany clayton of style ##bla ##zer believes that the character " managed to dominate every fashion trend that passed by her radar in the most st ##yl ##ish ways possible " . hail ##ing her as the " fa ##sh queen " , heat magazine observed the character ' s influence on plaid skirts , denim and overall ##s . citing every costume the character wore during the first season of friends , buzz ##fe ##ed determined that rachel popularized the mu ##llet dress . tv guide published a list of " the 17 ways rachel from friends changed ' 90s fashion " . rachel is often ranked among television ' s best dressed characters . elle
| 760 |
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included rachel in the magazine ' s " 50 best dressed women on tv " list . pops ##uga ##r ranked friends 15th on the website ' s list of " 50 tv shows that changed the way we dress " , citing rachel ' s " impressive " wardrobe . ins ##tyle ranked friends the 36th most fashionable television show of all @ - @ time , praising rachel , monica and phoebe ' s costumes . style ##caster ranked rachel among " the 50 most st ##yl ##ish tv characters of all time " at number 28 . cosmopolitan magazine compiled a list of " 16 things rachel green wore to work that we ' d totally wear today " , while virgin media
| 760 |
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ranked the character among television ' s sex ##iest . bride ##s magazine ranked rachel ' s wedding dress among " the best tv wedding dresses " . named after the character , the " rachel " refers to a bo ##un ##cy layered sha ##g inspired by the way in which an ##isto ##n wore her hair on friends between 1994 and 1996 , during the first and second seasons of the series . the " rachel " debuted in the show ' s 20th episode , " the one with the evil or ##th ##odon ##tist " . an ##isto ##n believes that her hair st ##yl ##ist , chris mcmillan , created the hair ##cut while he was " stone ##d " .
| 760 |
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the " rachel " immediately became popular among women , launching an international hair trend . the popularity of the " rachel " coincided with the popularity of friends during the mid @ - @ to @ - @ late @ - @ 1990s . marie claire estimates that 11 million women don ##ned the hairs ##tyle throughout the decade , while the daily express determined that the hairs ##tyle was most popular among british women , who went to hair salon ##s " clutching magazine pictures of an ##isto ##n " and asking hair ##dre ##sser ##s to give them the look . according to vanity fair , the hairs ##tyle ' s " widespread popularity . . . in the show ’ s very
| 722 |
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first year cement ##ed the sitcom early on as heavily influential when it came to style . " the " rachel " remains one of the most popular hairs ##tyle ##s in history , and became the most popular hairs ##tyle in the united states since actress far ##rah fa ##wc ##ett ' s . hair st ##yl ##ists credit its appeal and popularity to its medium length and volume , combined with its tendency to frame the face flat ##tering ##ly . hair ##dre ##sser mark wool ##ley described it as " a cut that flat ##ters almost everyone , designed to make women look beautiful " . the " rachel " is often ranked among the greatest and most iconic hairs ##tyle ##s of
| 732 |
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all @ - @ time , with red ##book placing it at number four and time ranking it ninth . the huffington post determined that the hairs ##tyle is one of " the most famous tv hairs ##tyle ##s of all time " . us weekly ranked the " rachel " the 17th most iconic hairs ##tyle . glamour magazine ranked the " rachel " fourth on the magazine ' s list of " the 100 best hairs ##tyle ##s of all time " . meanwhile , glamour also cited it among " the very best hair to have grace ##d the small screen " , while ranking it the most memorable hairs ##tyle in television history . the sydney morning herald ranked it the second
| 742 |
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greatest television hairs ##tyle , while metro ranked the " rachel " the character ' s second @ - @ best hairs ##tyle . ranked sixth on entertainment weekly ' s list of the " 25 fashion moments that changed entertainment " , the hair ##cut was declared the most " desired " hairs ##tyle of the clinton era . za ##hra barnes of self magazine joked that the character ' s hair was the " true star of the show " , while its popularity led to virgin media coin ##ing rachel " the one with the hair " . lau ##ding the " rachel " as one of television ' s greatest hairs ##tyle ##s , sarah carr ##illo of elle magazine believed that
| 678 |
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its popularity " helped make friends the phenomenon it was " . op ##ining that friends spawned few memorable catch ##ph ##rase ##s in comparison to its contemporaries , tom ji ##cha of the baltimore sun attributed much of the show ' s legacy to the hairs ##tyle , calling it the show ' s " only cultural trend " . josh robertson of complex magazine felt that " with the hair ##cut , the tv fame , and a true gift for comedy . . . combined , an ##isto ##n became a big star " , replacing court ##ene ##y cox . according to jim vo ##rel of paste magazine , " ' the rachel ' hairs ##tyle became the decade ’ s defining
| 742 |
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' do , calling it " the definition of influence " . in the second season episode " the one with the lesbian wedding " , rachel complain ##s that her over ##be ##aring mother ( mar ##lo thomas ) is trying to pattern her own life after hers , lame ##nting , " couldn ' t she just copy my hair ##cut ? " although an ##isto ##n eventually abandoned the " rachel " for a straight ##er , longer look , the hairs ##tyle remained popular nonetheless . despite her association with the cut , an ##isto ##n disliked the hairs ##tyle . she found maintaining the hairs ##tyle without mcmillan ' s help difficult , stating " i ' d curse chris every
| 762 |
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time i had to blow ##dry . it took three brushes — it was like doing surgery ! " and that she would rather shave her head than have to wear it for the rest of her life . since an ##isto ##n , several other celebrities have worn variations of the " rachel " , among them actresses cameron diaz , rachel mca ##dam ##s , emma watson , reese with ##ers ##poo ##n , julia roberts , comedian tina fey , model ty ##ra banks , and singer lily allen . = k ##rak des chevalier ##s = k ##rak des chevalier ##s ( french pronunciation : [ k ##ʁ ##ak de ʃ ##ə ##va ##ˈ ##l ##je ] ; arabic : ح ##ص
| 762 |
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##ن ا ##ل ##ف ##ر ##س ##ان ) , also cr ##ac des chevalier ##s , ho ##s ##n al @ - @ ak ##rad ( ح ##ص ##ن ا ##ل ##ا ##ك ##ر ##ا ##د ) , castle al ##hs ##n , formerly cr ##ac de l ' os ##pit ##al , is a crusader castle in syria and one of the most important preserved medieval castles in the world . the site was first inhabited in the 11th century by a settlement of kurdish troops dispatched there by the mir ##das ##ids ; as a result it was known as his ##n al @ - @ ak ##rad , meaning the " castle of the ku ##rds " . in 114 ##2 it was
| 587 |
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given by raymond ii , count of tripoli , to the knights hospital ##ler . it remained in their possession until it fell in 127 ##1 . it became known as cr ##ac de l ' os ##pit ##al ; the name k ##rak des chevalier ##s was coined in the 19th century . the hospital ##lers began rebuilding the castle in the 114 ##0s and were finished by 117 ##0 when an earthquake damaged the castle . the order controlled a number of castles along the border of the county of tripoli , a state founded after the first crusade . k ##rak des chevalier ##s was among the most important , and acted as a center of administration as well as a military base
| 588 |
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] | 3,124 |
. after a second phase of building was undertaken in the 13th century , k ##rak des chevalier ##s became a con ##centric castle . this phase created the outer wall and gave the castle its current appearance . the first half of the century has been described as k ##rak des chevalier ##s ' " golden age " . at its peak , k ##rak des chevalier ##s housed a garrison of around 2 @ , @ 000 . such a large garrison allowed the hospital ##lers to extract tribute from a wide area . from the 125 ##0s the fortunes of the knights hospital ##ler took a turn for the worse and in 127 ##1 ma ##ml ##uk sultan bai ##bar ##s captured k
| 588 |
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] | 3,125 |
##rak des chevalier ##s after a siege lasting 36 days , supposedly by way of a forged letter purported ##ly from the hospital ##lers ' grand master that caused the knights to surrender . renewed interest in crusader castles in the 19th century led to the investigation of k ##rak des chevalier ##s , and architectural plans were drawn up . in the late 19th or early 20th century a settlement had been created within the castle , causing damage to its fabric . the 500 inhabitants were moved in 1933 and the castle was given over to the french state , which carried out a program of clearing and restoration . when syria declared independence in 1946 , it assumed control . today , a
| 588 |
[
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] | 3,126 |
village called al @ - @ hu ##s ##n exists around the castle and has a population of nearly 9 @ , @ 000 . k ##rak des chevalier ##s is located approximately 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) west of the city of ho ##ms , close to the border of lebanon , and is administratively part of the ho ##ms governorate . since 2006 , the castles of k ##rak des chevalier ##s and q ##al ' at sal ##ah el @ - @ din have been recognized by unesco as a world heritage site . it was partially damaged in the syrian civil war from shell ##ing : the full extent of the damage is unknown , but there have been reports of
| 588 |
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hasty repairs . = = etymology = = the modern arabic word for a castle is kala ##a ( ق ##ل ##ع ##ة ) , but k ##rak des cha ##val ##iers is known as a " ho ##s ##n " ( ح ##ص ##ن ) , or " fort " . this derives from the name of an earlier fortification on the same site called ho ##s ##n al @ - @ ak ##rad ( ح ##ص ##ن ا ##ل ##ا ##ك ##ر ##ا ##د ) , meaning " fort of the ku ##rds " . it was called by the franks le cr ##at and then by a confusion with kara ##k ( fortress ) , le cr ##ac . cr ##at was probably
| 267 |
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] | 3,128 |
the frankish version of ak ##rad , the word for ku ##rds . after the knights hospital ##ler took control of the castle , it became known as cr ##ac de l ' os ##pit ##al ; the name cr ##ac des chevalier ##s ( alternatively sp ##elt k ##rak des chevalier ##s ) was introduced by guillaume rey in the 19th century . the castle sits atop a 650 @ - @ metre @ - @ high ( 2 @ , @ 130 ft ) hill east of tar ##tus , syria , in the ho ##ms gap . on the other side of the gap , 27 kilometres ( 17 mi ) away , was the 12th @ - @ century gi ##bel ##aca
| 588 |
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"to",
"the",
"knights",
"templar",
"in",
"the",
"114",
"##0s",
",",
"included",
"the",
"castle",
"of",
"the",
"ku",
"##rds",
",",
"the",
"towns",
"of",
"raf",
"##ane",
"##a",
"and",
"mont",
"##fer",
"##rand",
","
] | 3,129 |
##r castle . the route through the strategically important ho ##ms gap connects the cities of tripoli and ho ##ms . to the north of the castle lies the je ##bel an ##sari ##yah , and to the south lebanon . the surrounding area is fertile , benefit ##ing from streams and abundant rainfall . compared to the kingdom of jerusalem , the other crusader states had less land suitable for farming ; however , the limestone peaks of tripoli were well @ - @ suited to defensive sites . property in the county of tripoli , granted to the knights templar in the 114 ##0s , included the castle of the ku ##rds , the towns of raf ##ane ##a and mont ##fer ##rand ,
| 588 |
[
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"bu",
"##qa",
"##i",
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"##ms",
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"-",
"@",
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"##wl",
"##a",
",",
"established",
"a",
"settlement",
"of"
] | 3,130 |
and the bu ##qa ##i ' ah plain separating ho ##ms and tripoli . ho ##ms was never under crusader control , so the region around the castle of the ku ##rds was vulnerable to expeditions from the city . while its proximity caused the knights problems with regard to defending their territory , it also meant ho ##ms was close enough for them to raid . because of the castle ' s command of the plain , it became the knights ' most important base in the area . according to 13th @ - @ century arab historian ibn sha ##dda ##d , the mir ##das ##id emir of aleppo , shi ##bl ad @ - @ da ##wl ##a , established a settlement of
| 588 |
[
"kurdish",
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"-",
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"##wi",
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"##ms",
"and",
"tripoli",
".",
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"muslims",
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"sites",
"such",
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"hills",
"and",
"mountains",
"that",
"provided",
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"109",
"##9",
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"jerusalem",
"during",
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"first",
"crusade",
",",
"the",
"company",
"of",
"raymond",
"iv",
"of",
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"came",
"under",
"attack",
"from",
"the",
"garrison",
"of",
"his",
"##n",
"al",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"ak"
] | 3,131 |
kurdish tribes ##men at the site of the future castle in 103 ##1 ce , hence the castle ' s arabic name " his ##n al @ - @ ak ##rad " ( castle of the ku ##rds ) . the site was strategically located at the southern edge of the ji ##bal al @ - @ ala ##wi ##yin mountain range and dominated the road between ho ##ms and tripoli . when building castles , muslims often chose elevated sites such as hills and mountains that provided natural obstacles . in january 109 ##9 on the journey to jerusalem during the first crusade , the company of raymond iv of toulouse came under attack from the garrison of his ##n al @ - @ ak
| 587 |
[
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",",
"the",
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"of",
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"##rak",
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".",
"the",
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"the",
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"in",
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"of",
"the",
"same",
"year",
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"it",
"when",
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"111",
"##0",
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"##cre",
"##d",
",",
"prince",
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".",
"the",
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"different",
"from",
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"and",
"no",
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"this",
"first",
"castle",
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"at",
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".",
"the",
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"are",
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"order",
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"the",
"107",
"##0s",
"in",
"jerusalem",
".",
"it",
"started",
"as",
"a",
"religious",
"order"
] | 3,132 |
##rad , the forerunner of the k ##rak , who ha ##rrie ##d raymond ' s for ##ager ##s . the following day raymond marched on the castle and found it deserted . the crusaders briefly occupied the castle in february of the same year but abandoned it when they continued their march towards jerusalem . permanent occupation began in 111 ##0 when tan ##cre ##d , prince of galilee took control of the site . the early castle was substantially different from the extant remains and no trace of this first castle survives at the site . the origins of the knights hospital ##ler are unclear , but the order probably emerged around the 107 ##0s in jerusalem . it started as a religious order
| 587 |
[
"which",
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"and",
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"##lk",
",",
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"##gi",
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"113",
"##6",
".",
"a",
"papal",
"bull",
"from",
"between",
"113",
"##9",
"and"
] | 3,133 |
which cared for the sick , and later looked after pilgrims to the holy land . after the success of the first crusade in capturing jerusalem in 109 ##9 , many crusaders donated their new property in the levant to the hospital of st john . early donations were in the newly formed kingdom of jerusalem , but over time the order extended its holdings to the crusader states of the county of tripoli and the principality of antioch . evidence suggests that in the 113 ##0s the order became mil ##ita ##rized when fu ##lk , king of jerusalem , granted the newly built castle at beth ##gi ##bel ##in to the order in 113 ##6 . a papal bull from between 113 ##9 and
| 418 |
[
"114",
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"##4",
"raymond",
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"-",
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"smith",
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"the",
"hospital",
"##lers",
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"established",
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"\"",
"within",
"tripoli",
".",
"the",
"property",
"included",
"castles",
"with",
"which",
"the",
"hospital",
"##lers",
"were",
"expected",
"to",
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".",
"along",
"with",
"k",
"##rak",
"des",
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"##s",
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"the",
"hospital",
"##lers",
"were",
"given",
"four",
"other",
"castles",
"along",
"the",
"borders",
"of",
"the",
"state",
"which",
"allowed",
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"order",
"to",
"dominate",
"the",
"area",
".",
"the",
"order",
"'",
"s",
"agreement",
"with"
] | 3,134 |
114 ##3 may indicate the order hiring people to defend pilgrims . there were also other military orders , such as the knights templar , which offered protection to pilgrims . between 114 ##2 and 114 ##4 raymond ii , count of tripoli , granted the order property in the county . according to historian jonathan riley @ - @ smith , the hospital ##lers effectively established a " palatinate " within tripoli . the property included castles with which the hospital ##lers were expected to defend tripoli . along with k ##rak des chevalier ##s , the hospital ##lers were given four other castles along the borders of the state which allowed the order to dominate the area . the order ' s agreement with
| 205 |
[
"raymond",
"ii",
"stated",
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"if",
"he",
"did",
"not",
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"of",
"the",
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"the",
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"they",
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"kurdish",
"fortification",
".",
"this",
"work",
"lasted",
"until",
"117",
"##0",
",",
"when"
] | 3,135 |
raymond ii stated that if he did not accompany knights of the order on campaign , the spoil ##s belonged entirely to the order , and if he was present it was split equally between the count and the order . raymond ii could further not make peace with the muslims without the permission of the hospital ##lers . the hospital ##lers made k ##rak des chevalier ##s a center of administration for their new property , undertaking work at the castle that would make it one of the most elaborate crusader fortifications in the levant . after acquiring the site in 114 ##2 , they began building a new castle to replace the former kurdish fortification . this work lasted until 117 ##0 , when
| 588 |
[
"an",
"earthquake",
"damaged",
"the",
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".",
"an",
"arab",
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"-",
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"bu",
"##qa",
"##ia",
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"k",
"##rak",
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"##s",
".",
"drought",
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"117",
"##5",
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"118",
"##0",
"prompted",
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"two",
"@",
"-",
"@",
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"muslims",
",",
"but",
"without",
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"118",
"##0s",
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"118",
"##0",
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"salad",
"##in",
"ventured",
"into",
"the",
"county",
"of",
"tripoli",
",",
"ra",
"##va"
] | 3,136 |
an earthquake damaged the castle . an arab source mentions that the quake destroyed the castle ' s chapel , which was replaced by the present chapel . in 116 ##3 the crusaders emerged victorious over nur ad @ - @ din in the battle of al @ - @ bu ##qa ##ia near k ##rak des chevalier ##s . drought conditions between 117 ##5 and 118 ##0 prompted the crusaders to sign a two @ - @ year truce with the muslims , but without tripoli included in the terms . during the 118 ##0s raids by christians and muslims into each other ' s territory became more frequent . in 118 ##0 , salad ##in ventured into the county of tripoli , ra ##va
| 588 |
[
"##ging",
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"unwilling",
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"the",
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"##7",
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"guy",
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",",
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"a",
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".",
"afterwards",
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"##in",
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",",
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"of",
"the",
"two",
"orders",
"in",
"defending",
"the",
"crusader",
"states"
] | 3,137 |
##ging the area . unwilling to meet him in open battle , the crusaders retreated to the relative safety of their fortifications . without capturing the castles , salad ##in could not secure control of the area , and once he retreated the hospital ##lers were able to rev ##ital ##ize their damaged lands . the battle of hat ##tin in 118 ##7 was a disastrous defeat for the crusaders : guy of lu ##si ##gnan , king of jerusalem , was captured , as was the true cross , a relic discovered during the first crusade . afterwards salad ##in ordered the execution of the captured templar and hospital ##ler knights , such was the importance of the two orders in defending the crusader states
| 230 |
[
".",
"after",
"the",
"battle",
",",
"the",
"hospital",
"##ler",
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"belmont",
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"118",
"##8",
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"##in",
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"##rak",
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"hospital",
"##ler",
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"of",
"mar",
"##gat",
",",
"which",
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"another",
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"120",
"##2",
",",
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"@",
"-",
"@",
"century",
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"was",
"the",
"last",
"period",
"of",
"building",
"at"
] | 3,138 |
. after the battle , the hospital ##ler castles of belmont , bel ##vo ##ir , and beth ##gi ##bel ##in fell to muslim armies . following these losses , the order focused its attention on its castles in tripoli . in may 118 ##8 salad ##in led an army to attack k ##rak des chevalier ##s , but on seeing the castle decided it was too well defended and instead marched on the hospital ##ler castle of mar ##gat , which he also failed to capture . another earthquake struck in 120 ##2 , and it may have been after this event that the castle was re ##mo ##dell ##ed . the 13th @ - @ century work was the last period of building at
| 588 |
[
"k",
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"of",
"the",
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"century",
"has",
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"as",
"k",
"##rak",
"des",
"chevalier",
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",",
"k",
"##rak",
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"@",
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"the",
"center"
] | 3,139 |
k ##rak des chevalier ##s and gave it its current appearance . an en ##cl ##osing stone circuit was built between 114 ##2 and 117 ##0 ; the earlier structure became the castle ' s inner court or ward . if there was a circuit of walls surrounding the inner court that pre @ - @ dated the current outer walls , no trace of it has been discovered . the first half of the 13th century has been characterized as k ##rak des chevalier ##s ' " golden age " . while other crusader stronghold ##s came under threat , k ##rak des chevalier ##s and its garrison of 2 @ , @ 000 soldiers dominated the surrounding area . it was effectively the center
| 609 |
[
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"a",
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",",
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"##roy",
"de",
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"k",
"##rak",
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"##s",
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"120",
"##3",
"or",
"120"
] | 3,140 |
of a principality which remained in crusader hands until 127 ##1 and was the only major inland area to remain constantly under crusader control during this period . crusaders who passed through the area would often stop at the castle , and probably made donations . king andrew ii of hungary visited in 121 ##8 and proclaimed the castle the " key of the christian lands " . he was so impressed with the castle that he gave a yearly income of 60 marks to the master and 40 to the brothers . geoff ##roy de join ##ville , uncle of the noted chronicle ##r of the crusade ##s jean de join ##ville , died at k ##rak des chevalier ##s in 120 ##3 or 120
| 587 |
[
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"##rak",
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"which",
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"120",
"##3",
"the",
"garrison",
"were",
"making",
"raids",
"on",
"mont",
"##fer",
"##rand",
"(",
"which",
"was"
] | 3,141 |
##4 and was buried in the castle ' s chapel . the main contemporary accounts relating to k ##rak des chevalier ##s are of muslim origin and tend to emphasize muslim success while overlooking set ##backs against the crusaders although they suggest that the knights hospital ##ler forced the settlements of ham ##a and ho ##ms to pay tribute to the order . this situation lasted as long as salad ##in ' s successors war ##red between themselves . the proximity of k ##rak des chevalier ##s to muslim territories allowed it to take on an offensive role , acting as a base from which neighboring areas could be attacked . by 120 ##3 the garrison were making raids on mont ##fer ##rand ( which was
| 230 |
[
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"and",
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"##7",
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"##rak",
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",",
"@",
"000",
"men",
"ravaged",
"the",
"countryside",
"around",
"the",
"castle",
"in"
] | 3,142 |
under muslim control ) and ham ##a , and in 120 ##7 and 120 ##8 the castle ' s soldiers took part in an attack on ho ##ms . k ##rak des chevalier ##s acted as a base for expeditions to ham ##a in 123 ##0 and 123 ##3 after the amir refused to pay tribute . the former was unsuccessful , but the 123 ##3 expedition was a show of force that demonstrated the importance of k ##rak des chevalier ##s . in the 125 ##0s , the fortunes of the hospital ##lers at k ##rak des chevalier ##s took a turn for the worse . a muslim army estimated to number 10 @ , @ 000 men ravaged the countryside around the castle in
| 588 |
[
"125",
"##2",
"after",
"which",
"the",
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"s",
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"126",
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"##bar",
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"##tu",
"##z",
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",",
"muslim",
"settlements",
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"had",
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"paid",
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"to",
"the",
"hospital"
] | 3,143 |
125 ##2 after which the order ' s finances declined sharply . in 126 ##8 master hugh rev ##el complained that the area , previously home to around 10 @ , @ 000 people , now stood deserted and that the order ' s property in the kingdom of jerusalem produced little income . he also noted that by this point there were only 300 of the order ' s brethren left in the east . on the muslim side , in 126 ##0 bai ##bar ##s became sultan of egypt , following his overthrow of the incumbent ruler qu ##tu ##z , and went on to unite egypt and syria . as a result , muslim settlements that had previously paid tribute to the hospital
| 253 |
[
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"127",
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"k",
"##rak",
"des",
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".",
"on",
"3",
"march",
",",
"bai",
"##bar",
"##s",
"'",
"army"
] | 3,144 |
##lers at k ##rak des chevalier ##s no longer felt intimidated into doing so . bai ##bar ##s ventured into the area around k ##rak des chevalier ##s in 127 ##0 and allowed his men to graz ##e their animals on the fields around the castle . when he received news that year of the eighth crusade led by king louis ix of france , bai ##bar ##s left for cairo to avoid a confrontation . after louis died in 127 ##1 bai ##bar ##s returned to deal with k ##rak des chevalier ##s . before he marched on the castle the sultan captured the smaller castles in the area , including cha ##ste ##l blanc . on 3 march , bai ##bar ##s ' army
| 588 |
[
"arrived",
"at",
"k",
"##rak",
"des",
"chevalier",
"##s",
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"time",
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"##ml",
"##uk",
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"and",
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".",
"as",
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"##bar",
"##s",
"arrived",
"he",
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"mango",
"##nel",
"##s",
",",
"powerful",
"siege",
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"a",
"walled",
"suburb",
"outside",
"the",
"castle",
"'",
"s",
"entrance",
",",
"ibn"
] | 3,145 |
arrived at k ##rak des chevalier ##s . by the time the sultan appeared on the scene , the castle may already have been blockade ##d by ma ##ml ##uk forces for several days . of the three arabic accounts of the siege only one was contemporary , that of ibn sha ##dda ##d , although he was not present at the siege . peasants who lived in the area had fled to the castle for safety and were kept in the outer ward . as soon as bai ##bar ##s arrived he erected mango ##nel ##s , powerful siege weapons which he would later turn on the castle . in a probable reference to a walled suburb outside the castle ' s entrance , ibn
| 587 |
[
"sha",
"##dda",
"##d",
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"##bar",
"##s",
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"the",
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"retreated",
"to",
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] | 3,146 |
sha ##dda ##d records that two days later the first line of defences fell to the be ##sie ##gers . rain interrupted the siege , but on 21 march , immediately south of k ##rak des chevalier ##s , bai ##bar ' s forces captured a triangular out ##work possibly defended by a timber pali ##sa ##de . on 29 march , the attackers undermine ##d a tower in the southwest corner causing it to collapse whereupon bai ##bar ##s ' army attacked through the breach . in the outer ward they encountered the peasants who had sought refuge in the castle . though the outer ward had fallen , with a handful of the garrison killed in the process , the crusaders retreated to the
| 947 |
[
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"129",
"##1",
",",
"european",
"familiarity",
"with",
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"castles",
"of"
] | 3,147 |
more formidable inner ward . after a lu ##ll of ten days , the be ##sie ##gers conveyed a letter to the garrison , supposedly from the grand master of the knights hospital ##ler in tripoli , which granted permission for them to surrender . although the letter was a forge ##ry , the garrison cap ##it ##ulated and the sultan spared their lives . the new owners of the castle undertook repairs , focused mainly on the outer ward . the hospital ##ler chapel was converted to a mosque and two mi ##hra ##bs were added to the interior . = = later history = = after the franks were driven from the holy land in 129 ##1 , european familiarity with the castles of
| 204 |
[
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"guillaume",
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"been",
"lost",
"."
] | 3,148 |
the crusade ##s declined . it was not until the 19th century that interest in these buildings was renewed , so there are no detailed plans from before 1837 . guillaume rey was the first european researcher to scientific ##ally study crusader castles in the holy land . in 1871 he published the work etudes sur les monuments de l ' architecture mil ##itaire des cr ##oise ##s en sy ##rie et dans l ' ile de ch ##yp ##re ; it included plans and drawings of the major crusader castles in syria , including k ##rak des chevalier ##s . in some instances his drawings were inaccurate , however for k ##rak des cha ##val ##iers they record features which have since been lost .
| 371 |
[
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"of",
"les"
] | 3,149 |
paul des ##champ ##s visited the castle in february 1927 . since rey had visited in the 19th century a village of 500 people had been established within the castle . renewed inhabit ##ation had damaged the site : underground vaults had been used as rubbish tips and in some places the battle ##ments had been destroyed . des ##champ ##s and fellow architect francois an ##us attempted to clear some of the det ##rit ##us ; general maurice game ##lin assigned 60 ala ##wi ##te soldiers to help . des ##champ ##s left in march 1927 , and work resumed when he returned two years later . the cu ##lm ##ination of des ##champ ' s work at the castle was the publication of les
| 588 |
[
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"##x",
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"en",
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"i",
":",
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".",
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"state",
",",
"and",
"cared",
"for",
"by",
"the",
"academie",
"des",
"beaux",
"@"
] | 3,150 |
chateau ##x des cr ##oise ##s en terre sainte i : le cr ##ac des chevalier ##s in 1934 , with detailed plans by an ##us . the survey has been widely praised , described as " brilliant and exhaust ##ive " by military historian d . j . cat ##hc ##art king in 1949 and " perhaps the finest account of the archaeology and history of a single medieval castle ever written " by historian hugh kennedy in 1994 . as early as 1929 there were suggestions that the castle should be taken under french control . on 16 november 1933 k ##rak des chevalier ##s was given into the control of the french state , and cared for by the academie des beaux @
| 588 |
[
"-",
"@",
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"no",
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"the",
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"and",
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"which",
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"1946",
"with",
"the",
"declaration",
"of",
"syrian",
"independence",
".",
"the",
"castle",
"was"
] | 3,151 |
- @ arts . the villagers were moved and paid f1 million between them in compensation . over the following two years a programme of cleaning and restoration was carried out by a force of 120 workers . once finished , k ##rak des chevalier ##s was one of the key tourist attractions in the french levant . pierre coupe ##l , who had undertaken similar work at the tower of the lions and the two castles at sid ##on , super ##vi ##zed the work . despite the restoration , no archaeological excavations were carried out . the french mandate of syria and lebanon , which had been established in 1920 , ended in 1946 with the declaration of syrian independence . the castle was
| 588 |
[
"made",
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"that",
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"sites",
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"##rak",
"des",
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"##s",
".",
"it"
] | 3,152 |
made a world heritage site by unesco , along with q ##al ’ at sal ##ah el @ - @ din , in 2006 , and is owned by the syrian government . several of the castle ' s former residents built their houses outside the fortress and a village called al @ - @ hu ##s ##n has since developed . many of the al @ - @ hu ##s ##n ' s roughly 9 @ , @ 000 muslim residents benefit economically from the tourism generated by the site . during the syrian civil war which began in 2011 , unesco voiced concerns that the war might lead to the damage of important cultural sites such as k ##rak des chevalier ##s . it
| 595 |
[
"has",
"been",
"reported",
"that",
"the",
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"was",
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"august",
"2012",
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".",
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"##ms",
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"is",
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"the",
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"army",
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"@",
"-",
"@",
"ho",
"##s",
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"20",
",",
"2014",
",",
"although",
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"extent",
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"earlier",
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"hits",
"remained",
"unclear",
".",
"=",
"=",
"architecture",
"=",
"=",
"writing",
"in",
"the",
"early",
"20th",
"century",
",",
"t",
".",
"e",
".",
"lawrence"
] | 3,153 |
has been reported that the castle was shell ##ed in august 2012 by the syrian arab army , and the crusader chapel has been damaged . the castle was reported to have been damaged in july 2013 by an airs ##tri ##ke during the siege of ho ##ms , and once more on the 18th of august 2013 it was clearly damaged yet the amount of destruction is unknown . the syrian arab army recaptured the castle and the village of al @ - @ ho ##s ##n from rebel forces on march 20 , 2014 , although the extent of damage from earlier mortar hits remained unclear . = = architecture = = writing in the early 20th century , t . e . lawrence
| 587 |
[
",",
"popularly",
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"of",
"arabia",
",",
"remarked",
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"k",
"##rak",
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"[",
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"]",
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"account",
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".",
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"in",
"the",
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"the",
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"defence",
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"paramount",
"and",
"was",
"reflected",
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"castle",
"design",
".",
"kennedy",
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"that",
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"the",
"castle",
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"##ally",
"designed",
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"machine",
"surely",
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"ap",
"##oge",
"##e",
"in",
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"like",
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"##ac",
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".",
"\"",
"k",
"##rak",
"des",
"chevalier",
"##s",
"can",
"be"
] | 3,154 |
, popularly known as lawrence of arabia , remarked that k ##rak des chevalier ##s was " perhaps the best preserved and most wholly ad ##mir ##able castle in the world , [ a castle which ] forms a fitting commentary on any account of the cr ##usa ##ding buildings of syria " . castles in europe provided lord ##ly accommodation for their owners and were centers of administration ; in the levant the need for defence was paramount and was reflected in castle design . kennedy suggests that " the castle scientific ##ally designed as a fighting machine surely reached its ap ##oge ##e in great buildings like mar ##gat and cr ##ac des chevalier ##s . " k ##rak des chevalier ##s can be
| 587 |
[
"classified",
"both",
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"spur",
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",",
"due",
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",",
"and",
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"@",
"-",
"@",
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".",
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"##du",
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"the",
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"is",
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"which",
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"to",
"the",
"south",
"of",
"the",
"outer",
"ward"
] | 3,155 |
classified both as a spur castle , due to its site , and after the 13th @ - @ century expansion a fully developed con ##centric castle . it was similar in size and layout to va ##du ##m jacob , a crusader castle built in the late 117 ##0s . mar ##gat has also been cited as k ##rak des chevalier ##s ' sister castle . the main building material at k ##rak des chevalier ##s was limestone ; the ash ##lar facing is so fine that the mortar is barely noticeable . outside the castle ' s entrance was a " walled suburb " known as a bu ##rg ##us , no trace of which remains . to the south of the outer ward
| 587 |
[
"was",
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"##2",
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"by",
"a",
"stone",
"curtain",
"wall",
"stud"
] | 3,156 |
was a triangular out ##work and the crusaders may have intended to build stone walls and towers around it . it is unknown how it was defended at the time of the 127 ##1 siege , though it has been suggested it was surrounded by a timber pali ##sa ##de . south of the castle the spur on which it stands is connected to the next hill , so that siege engines can approach on level ground . the inner defences are strongest at this point , with a cluster of towers connected by a thick wall . between 114 ##2 and 117 ##0 the knights hospital ##ler undertook a building programme on the site . the castle was defended by a stone curtain wall stud
| 588 |
[
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"##rak",
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"13th",
"century",
",",
"new",
"walls"
] | 3,157 |
##ded with square towers which projected slightly . the main entrance was between two towers on the eastern side , and there was a poster ##n gate in the northwest tower . at the center was a courtyard surrounded by vaulted chambers . the lay of the land dictated the castle ' s irregular shape . a site with natural defences was a typical location for crusader castles and steep slopes provided k ##rak des chevalier ##s with defences on all sides bar one , where the castle ' s defences were concentrated . this phase of building was incorporated into the later castle ' s construction . when k ##rak des chevalier ##s was re ##mo ##dell ##ed in the 13th century , new walls
| 588 |
[
"surrounding",
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"earlier",
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"##ler",
".",
"though",
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"which",
"once",
"crested",
"the",
"walls",
"of",
"the"
] | 3,158 |
surrounding the inner court were built . they followed the earlier walls , with a narrow gap between them in the west and south which was turned into a gallery from which defenders could un ##lea ##sh missiles . in this area , the walls were supported by a steep ##ly sloping g ##la ##cis which provided additional protection against both siege weapons and earthquakes . four large , round towers project vertically from the g ##la ##cis ; they were used as accommodation for the knights of the garrison , about 60 at its peak . the southwest tower was designed to house the rooms of the grand master of the knights hospital ##ler . though the defences which once crested the walls of the
| 609 |
[
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".",
"it",
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"##pl",
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"of",
"the",
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";",
"the",
"vaulted",
"area",
"beneath"
] | 3,159 |
inner wards no longer survive in most places , it seems that they did not extend for the entire circuit . mach ##ico ##lation ##s were absent from the southern face . the area between the inner court and the outer walls was narrow and not used for accommodation . in the east , where the defences were weak ##est , there was an open cis ##tern filled by an aqueduct . it acted both as a moat and water supply for the castle . at the north end of the small courtyard is a chapel and at the southern end is an es ##pl ##ana ##de . the es ##pl ##ana ##de is raised above the rest of the courtyard ; the vaulted area beneath
| 588 |
[
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"would",
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"and",
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"though",
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",",
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"the",
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"which",
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"and",
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"the",
"original",
"chapel",
".",
"the",
"later",
"chapel",
"had"
] | 3,160 |
it would have provided storage and could have acted as stab ##ling and shelter from missiles . lining the west of the courtyard is the hall of the knights . though probably first built in the 12th century , the interior dates from the 13th @ - @ century re ##mo ##dell ##ing . the trace ##ry and delicate decoration is a sophisticated example of gothic architecture , probably dating from the 123 ##0s . the current chapel was probably built to replace the one destroyed by an earthquake in 117 ##0 . only the east end of the original chapel , which housed the ap ##se , and a small part of the south wall survive from the original chapel . the later chapel had
| 371 |
[
"a",
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"##se",
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"its",
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",",
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"##gat",
".",
"it",
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"into",
"three",
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"bays",
".",
"a",
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"and",
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",",
"it",
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"21",
"@",
".",
"@",
"5",
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"71",
"ft",
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"long",
"and",
"8",
"@",
".",
"@",
"5",
"metres",
"(",
"28",
"ft",
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"wide",
"with",
"the",
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"and",
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"one",
"in",
"the",
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".",
"when",
"the",
"castle",
"was",
"re",
"##mo",
"##dell",
"##ed",
"in",
"the",
"early"
] | 3,161 |
a barrel vault and an un ##com ##pl ##icated ap ##se ; its design would have been considered out ##mo ##ded by contemporary standards in france , but bears similarities to that built around 118 ##6 at mar ##gat . it was divided into three roughly equal bays . a cornice runs round the chapel at the point where the vault ends and the wall begins . oriented roughly east to west , it was 21 @ . @ 5 metres ( 71 ft ) long and 8 @ . @ 5 metres ( 28 ft ) wide with the main entrance from the west and a second smaller one in the north wall . when the castle was re ##mo ##dell ##ed in the early
| 609 |
[
"13th",
"century",
",",
"the",
"entrance",
"was",
"moved",
"to",
"the",
"south",
"wall",
".",
"the",
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"the",
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",",
"one",
"at",
"the",
"west",
"end",
",",
"one",
"on",
"either",
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"of",
"the",
"east",
"bay",
",",
"and",
"one",
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"the",
"south",
"side",
"of",
"the",
"central",
"bay",
",",
"and",
"the",
"ap",
"##se",
"at",
"the",
"east",
"end",
"had",
"a",
"large",
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".",
"in",
"1935",
"a",
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"chapel",
"was",
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"outside",
"the",
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"'",
"s",
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"entrance",
",",
"however",
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"no",
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".",
"the",
"second",
"phase",
"of",
"building",
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"by",
"the",
"hospital",
"##lers",
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"the",
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"century",
"and",
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"decades",
".",
"the",
"outer",
"walls",
"were",
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"in",
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"last",
"major",
"construction",
"on",
"the",
"site",
",",
"lending",
"the",
"k",
"##rak",
"des",
"chevalier",
"##s",
"its",
"current"
] | 3,162 |
13th century , the entrance was moved to the south wall . the chapel was lit by windows above the cornice , one at the west end , one on either side of the east bay , and one on the south side of the central bay , and the ap ##se at the east end had a large window . in 1935 a second chapel was discovered outside the castle ' s main entrance , however it no longer survives . the second phase of building work undertaken by the hospital ##lers began in the early 13th century and lasted decades . the outer walls were built in the last major construction on the site , lending the k ##rak des chevalier ##s its current
| 588 |
[
"appearance",
".",
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"9",
"metres",
"(",
"30",
"ft",
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",",
"the",
"outer",
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"that",
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"while",
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"inner",
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".",
"this",
"design",
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"and",
"even",
"contemporary",
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"castles",
"did",
"not",
"have",
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"towers",
".",
"the",
"technique",
"was",
"developed",
"at",
"chateau",
"gail",
"##lard",
"in",
"france",
"by",
"richard",
"the",
"lion",
"##heart",
"between",
"119",
"##6",
"and",
"119",
"##8",
".",
"the",
"extension",
"to",
"the",
"southeast",
"is",
"of",
"lesser",
"quality",
"than",
"the",
"rest",
"of",
"the",
"circuit",
"and",
"was",
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"at",
"an",
"unknown",
"date",
".",
"probably",
"around",
"the",
"125",
"##0s",
"a",
"poster",
"##n",
"was"
] | 3,163 |
appearance . standing 9 metres ( 30 ft ) high , the outer circuit had towers that projected strongly from the wall . while the towers of the inner court had a square plan and did not project far beyond the wall , the towers of the 13th @ - @ century outer walls were rounded . this design was new and even contemporary templar castles did not have rounded towers . the technique was developed at chateau gail ##lard in france by richard the lion ##heart between 119 ##6 and 119 ##8 . the extension to the southeast is of lesser quality than the rest of the circuit and was built at an unknown date . probably around the 125 ##0s a poster ##n was
| 609 |
[
"added",
"to",
"the",
"north",
"wall",
".",
"arrow",
"slits",
"in",
"the",
"walls",
"and",
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"the",
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"the",
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"##lation",
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"the",
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",",
"offering",
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"a",
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"hu",
"##rl",
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"##s",
"towards",
"enemies",
"at",
"the",
"foot",
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".",
"they",
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"so",
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"would",
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"them",
".",
"the",
"box",
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":",
"those",
"at",
"k",
"##rak",
"des",
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"##s",
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"those",
"at",
"sao",
"##ne",
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"mar",
"##gat",
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"no",
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".",
"however",
",",
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",",
"such",
"as",
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"defences",
"at",
"the",
"citadel",
"of",
"aleppo",
".",
"it",
"is",
"unclear",
"which"
] | 3,164 |
added to the north wall . arrow slits in the walls and towers were distributed to minimize the amount of dead ground around the castle . mach ##ico ##lation ##s crowned the walls , offering defenders a way to hu ##rl projectile ##s towards enemies at the foot of the wall . they were so cramped archers would have had to crouch inside them . the box mach ##ico ##lation ##s were unusual : those at k ##rak des chevalier ##s were more complex that those at sao ##ne or mar ##gat and there were no comparable features amongst crusader castles . however , they bore similarities to muslim work , such as the contemporary defences at the citadel of aleppo . it is unclear which
| 609 |
[
"side",
"im",
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"other",
",",
"as",
"the",
"date",
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"in",
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"the",
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"of",
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"\"",
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"and",
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"the",
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"east",
".",
".",
".",
"the",
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"structure",
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"a",
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"##ly",
"designed",
"and",
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"##ly",
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"fighting",
"machine",
"\"",
".",
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"the",
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"century",
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"entrance",
"was",
"enhanced",
".",
"a",
"vaulted",
"corridor",
"led",
"up",
"##hill",
"from"
] | 3,165 |
side im ##itated the other , as the date they were added to k ##rak des chevalier ##s is unknown , but it does provide evidence for the diffusion of military ideas between the muslim and christian armies . these defences were accessed by a wall @ - @ walk known as a che ##min de ron ##de . in the opinion of historian hugh kennedy the defences of the outer wall were " the most elaborate and developed anywhere in the latin east . . . the whole structure is a brilliant ##ly designed and superb ##ly built fighting machine " . when the outer walls were built in the 13th century the main entrance was enhanced . a vaulted corridor led up ##hill from
| 55 |
[
"the",
"outer",
"gate",
"in",
"the",
"northeast",
".",
"the",
"corridor",
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"a",
"hair",
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",",
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".",
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"450",
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",",
"and",
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"@",
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"with",
"missiles",
".",
"anyone",
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"rather",
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"s",
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"ward",
",",
"the",
"passage",
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"to",
"be",
"followed",
"round",
".",
"despite",
"its",
"predominantly",
"military",
"character",
",",
"the",
"castle"
] | 3,166 |
the outer gate in the northeast . the corridor made a hair ##pin turn halfway along its length , making it an example of a bent entrance . bent entrances were a byzantine innovation , but that at k ##rak des chevalier ##s was a particularly complex example . it extended for 137 metres ( 450 ft ) , and along its length were murder @ - @ holes which allowed defenders to shower attackers with missiles . anyone going straight ahead rather than following the hair ##pin turn would emerge in the area between the castle ' s two circuits of walls . to access the inner ward , the passage had to be followed round . despite its predominantly military character , the castle
| 588 |
[
"is",
"one",
"of",
"the",
"few",
"sites",
"where",
"crusader",
"art",
"(",
"in",
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".",
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"1935",
",",
"1955",
",",
"and",
"1978",
"medieval",
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".",
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",",
"which",
"no",
"longer",
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"writing",
"in",
"1982",
",",
"historian",
"jar",
"##oslav",
"fold",
"##a",
"noted",
"that",
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"time",
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"had",
"been",
"little",
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"frescoes",
"that",
"would",
"provide",
"a",
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"##rak",
"des",
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"##s",
".",
"those",
"in",
"the",
"chapel",
"were",
"painted",
"on",
"the",
"masonry"
] | 3,167 |
is one of the few sites where crusader art ( in the form of frescoes ) has been preserved . in 1935 , 1955 , and 1978 medieval frescoes were discovered within k ##rak des chevalier ##s after later plaster and white @ - @ wash had decay ##ed . the fresco ##s were painted on the interior and exterior of the main chapel and the chapel outside the main entrance , which no longer survives . writing in 1982 , historian jar ##oslav fold ##a noted that at the time there had been little investigation of crusader frescoes that would provide a comparison for the fragment ##ary remains found at k ##rak des chevalier ##s . those in the chapel were painted on the masonry
| 366 |
[
"from",
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"117",
"##0",
"–",
"120",
"##2",
"rebuild",
".",
"mold",
",",
"smoke",
",",
"and",
"moisture",
"have",
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"blue",
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"means",
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"are",
"difficult",
"to",
"assess",
".",
"the",
"one",
"on",
"the",
"exterior",
"of",
"the",
"chapel",
"depicted",
"the",
"presentation",
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"temple",
".",
"=",
"the",
"importance",
"of",
"being",
"earnest",
"=",
"the",
"importance",
"of",
"being",
"earnest",
",",
"a",
"trivial",
"comedy",
"for",
"serious",
"people",
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"a",
"play",
"by",
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"wilde",
".",
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"on",
"14",
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"1895",
"at",
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"st",
"james",
"'",
"s",
"theatre",
"in",
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",",
"it",
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"far",
"##cic",
"##al",
"comedy",
"in",
"which",
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"protagonists",
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"fictitious",
"person",
"##æ",
"to",
"escape",
"burden",
"##some",
"social",
"obligations",
".",
"working"
] | 3,168 |
from the 117 ##0 – 120 ##2 rebuild . mold , smoke , and moisture have made it difficult to preserve the frescoes . the fragment ##ary nature of the red and blue frescoes inside the chapel means they are difficult to assess . the one on the exterior of the chapel depicted the presentation of jesus at the temple . = the importance of being earnest = the importance of being earnest , a trivial comedy for serious people is a play by oscar wilde . first performed on 14 february 1895 at the st james ' s theatre in london , it is a far ##cic ##al comedy in which the protagonists maintain fictitious person ##æ to escape burden ##some social obligations . working
| 848 |
[
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"."
] | 3,169 |
within the social conventions of late victorian london , the play ' s major themes are the trivial ##ity with which it treats institutions as serious as marriage , and the resulting satire of victorian ways . contemporary reviews all praised the play ' s humour , though some were cautious about its explicit lack of social messages , while others fore ##sa ##w the modern consensus that it was the cu ##lm ##ination of wilde ' s artistic career so far . its high far ##ce and witty dialogue have helped make the importance of being earnest wilde ' s most enduring ##ly popular play . the successful opening night marked the climax of wilde ' s career but also herald ##ed his downfall .
| 670 |
[
"the",
"marquess",
"of",
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"##berry",
",",
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"being",
"earnest",
"has",
"been",
"revived",
"many"
] | 3,170 |
the marquess of queens ##berry , whose son lord alfred douglas was wilde ' s lover , planned to present the writer with a bouquet of rotten vegetables and disrupt the show . wilde was tipped off and queens ##berry was refused admission . soon afterwards their feud came to a climax in court , where wilde ' s homosexual double life was revealed to the victorian public and he was eventually sentenced to imprisonment . his notoriety caused the play , despite its early success , to be closed after 86 performances . after his release , he published the play from exile in paris , but he wrote no further comic or dramatic work . the importance of being earnest has been revived many
| 681 |
[
"times",
"since",
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".",
"it",
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",",
"wilde",
"'",
"s",
"producers",
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"him",
"to",
"write",
"further"
] | 3,171 |
times since its premiere . it has been adapted for the cinema on three occasions . in the importance of being earnest ( 1952 ) , dame edith evans reprised her celebrated interpretation of lady bra ##ck ##nell ; the importance of being earnest ( 1992 ) by kurt baker used an all @ - @ black cast ; and oliver parker ' s the importance of being earnest ( 2002 ) incorporated some of wilde ' s original material cut during the preparation of the original stage production . = = composition = = after the success of wilde ' s plays lady wind ##er ##mere ' s fan and a woman of no importance , wilde ' s producers urged him to write further
| 675 |
[
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".",
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"is",
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"agreement",
"among",
"wilde"
] | 3,172 |
plays . in july 1894 he mo ##oted his idea for the importance of being earnest to george alexander , the actor @ - @ manager of the st james ' s theatre . wilde spent the summer with his family at worth ##ing , where he wrote the play quickly in august . his fame now at its peak , he used the working title lady lan ##cing to avoid pre @ - @ em ##ptive speculation of its content . many names and ideas in the play were borrowed from people or places the author had known ; lady queens ##berry , lord alfred douglas ' s mother , for example , lived at bra ##ck ##nell . there is widespread agreement among wilde
| 848 |
[
"scholars",
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".",
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".",
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"far",
"##cic",
"##al",
"incidents",
",",
"broad",
"pun",
"##s",
","
] | 3,173 |
scholars that the most important influence on the play was w . s . gilbert ' s 1877 far ##ce engaged ; wilde borrowed from gilbert not only several incidents but , in russell jackson ' s phrase " the gravity of tone demanded by gilbert of his actors " . wilde continually revised the text over the next months : no line was left untouched , and " in a play so economical with its language and effects , [ the revisions ] had serious consequences " . so ##s el ##tis describes wilde ' s revisions as a refined art at work : the earliest , longest hand ##written drafts of the play labour over far ##cic ##al incidents , broad pun ##s ,
| 690 |
[
"nonsense",
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".",
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",",
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"\"",
".",
"when",
"henry",
"james",
"'",
"s",
"guy",
"dom",
"##ville",
"failed",
","
] | 3,174 |
nonsense dialogue and conventional comic turns . in rev ##ising as he did , " wilde transformed standard nonsense into the more systemic and disco ##nce ##rting ill ##ogical ##ity which character ##ises earnest ' s dialogue " . richard el ##lman ##n argues that wilde had reached his artistic maturity and wrote this work more surely and rapidly than before . wilde hesitated about submit ##ting the script to alexander , worrying that it might be unsuitable for the st james ' s theatre , whose typical repertoire was relatively serious , and explaining that it had been written in response to a request for a play " with no real serious interest " . when henry james ' s guy dom ##ville failed ,
| 848 |
[
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",",
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"al",
"##ger",
"##non",
",",
"who",
"is",
"posing",
"as",
"\"",
"ernest",
"\""
] | 3,175 |
alexander turned to wilde and agreed to put on his play . alexander began his usual met ##ic ##ulous preparations , inter ##ro ##gating the author on each line and planning stage movements with a toy theatre . in the course of these rehearsals alexander asked wilde to short ##en the play from four acts to three . wilde agreed and combined elements of the second and third acts . the largest cut was the removal of the character of mr . gr ##ib ##sby , a solicitor who comes from london to arrest the prof ##liga ##te " ernest " ( i . e . , jack ) for his unpaid dining bills . al ##ger ##non , who is posing as " ernest "
| 848 |
[
",",
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"'",
"s",
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".",
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] | 3,176 |
, will be led away to holloway jail unless he settles his accounts immediately . jack finally agrees to pay for ernest , everyone thinking that it is al ##ger ##non ' s bill when in fact it is his own . the four @ - @ act version was first played on the radio in a bbc production and is still sometimes performed . peter ra ##by argues that the three @ - @ act structure is more effective , and that the shorter original text is more theatrical ##ly res ##ona ##nt than the expanded published edition . = = productions = = the play was first produced at the st james ' s theatre on valentine ' s day 1895 . it was
| 848 |
[
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",",
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] | 3,177 |
freezing cold but wilde arrived dressed in " fl ##ori ##d sob ##riety " , wearing a green car ##nation . the audience , according to one report , " included many members of the great and good , former cabinet ministers and privy councillors , as well as actors , writers , academics , and enthusiasts " . allan a ##yne ##sworth , who played al ##ger ##non mon ##cr ##ie ##ff , recalled to he ##ske ##th pearson that " in my fifty @ - @ three years of acting , i never remember a greater triumph than [ that ] first night " . a ##yne ##sworth was himself " de ##bon ##air and st ##yl ##ish " , and alexander , who
| 734 |
[
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] | 3,178 |
played jack worth ##ing , " dem ##ure " . the cast was : john worth ##ing , j . p . — george alexander al ##ger ##non mon ##cr ##ie ##ff — allan a ##yne ##sworth mer ##rim ##an — frank d ##yal ##l lane — f . kin ##sey pei ##le lady bra ##ck ##nell — rose le ##cle ##rc ##q hon . gwen ##do ##len fairfax — irene van ##br ##ugh cecil ##y card ##ew — evelyn mill ##ard miss prism — mrs . george canning ##e the marquess of queens ##berry , the father of wilde ' s lover lord alfred douglas ( who was on holiday in algiers at the time ) , had planned to disrupt the play by throwing
| 10 |
[
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] | 3,179 |
a bouquet of rotten vegetables at the playwright when he took his bow at the end of the show . wilde and alexander learned of the plan , and the latter cancelled queens ##berry ' s ticket and arranged for policemen to bar his entrance . nevertheless , he continued hara ##ssing wilde , who eventually launched a private prosecution against the peer for criminal libel , triggering a series of trials ending in wilde ' s imprisonment for gross ind ##ece ##ncy . alexander tried , unsuccessfully , to save the production by removing wilde ' s name from the billing , but the play had to close after only 86 performances . the play ' s original broadway production opened at the empire theatre
| 94 |
[
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] | 3,180 |
on 22 april 1895 , but closed after sixteen performances . its cast included william fa ##vers ##ham as al ##gy , henry miller as jack , viola allen as gwen ##do ##len , and ida vernon as lady bra ##ck ##nell . the australian premiere was in melbourne on 10 august 1895 , presented by dion bo ##uc ##ica ##ult , jr . and robert bro ##ugh , and the play was an immediate success . wilde ' s downfall in england did not affect the popularity of his plays in australia . = = = critical reception = = = in contrast to much theatre of the time , the importance of being earnest ' s light plot does not tackle serious social and
| 848 |
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] | 3,181 |
political issues , something of which contemporary reviewers were wary . though unsure of wilde ' s seriousness as a drama ##tist , they recognised the play ' s clever ##ness , humour and popularity with audiences . george bernard shaw , for example , reviewed the play in the saturday review , arguing that comedy should touch as well as am ##use , " i go to the theatre to be moved to laughter . " later in a letter he said , the play , though " extremely funny " , was wilde ' s " first really heart ##less [ one ] " . in the world , william archer wrote that he had enjoyed watching the play but found it to be
| 860 |
[
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] | 3,182 |
empty of meaning , " what can a poor critic do with a play which raises no principle , whether of art or morals , creates its own canons and conventions , and is nothing but an absolutely wil ##ful expression of an ir ##re ##press ##ibly witty personality ? " in the speaker , a . b . walk ##ley admired the play and was one of few to see it as the cu ##lm ##ination of wilde ' s dramatic career . he denied the term " far ##ce " was der ##oga ##tory , or even lacking in seriousness , and said " it is of nonsense all compact , and better nonsense , i think , our stage has not seen .
| 726 |
[
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] | 3,183 |
" h . g . wells , in an unsigned review for the pal ##l mall gazette , called earnest one of the fresh ##est comedies of the year , saying " more humorous dealing with theatrical conventions it would be difficult to imagine . " he also questioned whether people would fully see its message , " . . . how serious people will take this trivial comedy intended for their learning remains to be seen . no doubt seriously . " the play was so light @ - @ hearted that many reviewers compared it to comic opera rather than drama . w . h . au ##den later called it " a pure verbal opera " , and the times commented , "
| 853 |
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] | 3,184 |
the story is almost too prep ##ost ##ero ##us to go without music . " mary mccarthy , in sights and spectacle ##s ( 1959 ) , however , and despite thinking the play extremely funny , would call it " a ferocious id ##yl ##l " ; " de ##pr ##avi ##ty is the hero and the only character . " the importance of being earnest is wilde ' s most popular work and is continually revived . max beer ##bo ##hm called the play wilde ' s " finest , most und ##enia ##bly his own " , saying that in his other comedies — lady wind ##er ##mere ' s fan , a woman of no importance and an ideal husband — the
| 675 |
[
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] | 3,185 |
plot , following the manner of victor ##ien sar ##dou , is unrelated to the theme of the work , while in earnest the story is " dissolved " into the form of the play . until after wilde ' s death in 1900 his name remained disgrace ##d , and few discussed , let alone performed , his work in britain . alexander revived the importance in a small theatre in not ##ting hill , outside the west end , in 1901 ; in the same year he presented the piece on tour , playing jack worth ##ing with a cast including the young lil ##ian bra ##ith ##waite as cecil ##y . the play returned to the west end when alexander presented a revival
| 848 |
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] | 3,186 |
at the st james ' s in 1902 . broadway revival ##s were mounted in 1902 and again in 1910 , each production running for six weeks . a collected edition of wilde ' s works , published in 1908 and edited by robert ross , helped to restore his reputation as an author . alexander presented another revival of the importance at the st james ' s in 1909 , when he and a ##yne ##sworth reprised their original roles ; the revival ran for 316 performances . max beer ##bo ##hm said that the play was sure to become a classic of the english repertory , and that its humour was as fresh then as when it had been written , adding that the
| 734 |
[
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] | 3,187 |
actors had " worn as well as the play " . for a 1913 revival at the same theatre the young actors gerald ames and a . e . matthews succeeded the creators as jack and al ##gy . john dev ##ere ##ll as jack and margaret sc ##uda ##more as lady bra ##ck ##nell headed the cast in a 1923 production at the hay ##market theatre . many revival ##s in the first decades of the 20th century treated " the present " as the current year . it was not until the 1920s that the case for 1890s costumes was established ; as a critic in the manchester guardian put it , " thirty years on , one begins to feel that wilde should
| 849 |
[
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] | 3,188 |
be done in the costume of his period — that his wit today needs the backing of the atmosphere that gave it life and truth . … wilde ' s glittering and complex verbal fe ##lic ##ities go ill with the shin ##gle and the short skirt . " in sir nigel play ##fa ##ir ' s 1930 production at the lyric , hammersmith , john gi ##el ##gu ##d played jack to the lady bra ##ck ##nell of his aunt , mabel terry @ - @ lewis . gi ##el ##gu ##d produced and starred in a production at the globe ( now the gi ##el ##gu ##d ) theatre in 1939 , in a cast that included edith evans as lady bra ##ck ##nell
| 848 |
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"and",
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"during",
"and",
"after",
"the",
"second",
"world",
"war",
",",
"with",
"mostly"
] | 3,189 |
, joyce carey as gwen ##do ##len , angela bad ##del ##ey as cecil ##y and margaret rutherford as miss prism . the times considered the production the best since the original , and praised it for its fidelity to wilde ' s conception , its " air ##y , responsive ball @ - @ playing quality . " later in the same year gi ##el ##gu ##d presented the work again , with jack hawkins as al ##gy , gwen ff ##rang ##con @ - @ davies as gwen ##do ##len and peggy ash ##croft as cecil ##y , with evans and rutherford in their previous roles . the production was presented in several seasons during and after the second world war , with mostly
| 840 |
[
"the",
"same",
"main",
"players",
".",
"during",
"a",
"1946",
"season",
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"the",
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".",
"by",
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"its",
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"the",
"journalist",
"mark",
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"\"",
"the",
"second",
"most",
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"and",
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"after",
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".",
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"sir",
"peter",
"hall",
"'",
"s",
"1982",
"production",
"at",
"the",
"national",
"theatre"
] | 3,190 |
the same main players . during a 1946 season at the hay ##market the king and queen attended a performance , which , as the journalist geoffrey wheat ##croft put it , gave the play " a final acc ##ola ##de of respect ##ability . " the production toured north america , and was successfully staged on broadway in 1947 . as wilde ' s work came to be read and performed again , it was the importance of being earnest that received the most productions . by the time of its centenary the journalist mark lawson described it as " the second most known and quoted play in english after hamlet . " for sir peter hall ' s 1982 production at the national theatre
| 846 |
[
"the",
"cast",
"included",
"ju",
"##di",
"den",
"##ch",
"as",
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"bra",
"##ck",
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",",
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",",
"nigel",
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"zoe",
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"##do",
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"nicholas",
"h",
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"##wy",
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"dublin",
",",
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"-",
"@",
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"wilde",
"as",
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"the",
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"opens",
"with",
"him",
"drinking",
"in",
"a",
"parisian",
"cafe",
",",
"dreaming",
"of",
"his",
"play",
".",
"the",
"melbourne",
"theatre",
"company",
"staged",
"a",
"production",
"in",
"december",
"2011",
"with",
"geoffrey"
] | 3,191 |
the cast included ju ##di den ##ch as lady bra ##ck ##nell , martin jarvis as jack , nigel have ##rs as al ##gy , zoe wan ##ama ##ker as gwen ##do ##len and anna massey as miss prism . nicholas h ##yt ##ner ' s 1993 production at the al ##d ##wy ##ch theatre , starring maggie smith , had occasional references to the supposed gay sub ##text . in 2005 the abbey theatre , dublin , produced the play with an all @ - @ male cast ; it also featured wilde as a character — the play opens with him drinking in a parisian cafe , dreaming of his play . the melbourne theatre company staged a production in december 2011 with geoffrey
| 849 |
[
"rush",
"as",
"lady",
"bra",
"##ck",
"##nell",
".",
"in",
"2011",
"the",
"roundabout",
"theatre",
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"based",
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"##ck",
"##nell",
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"airlines",
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"2011",
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"the",
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"iv",
"##ey",
"as",
"miss",
"prism",
",",
"paxton",
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"as",
"canon",
"cha",
"##su",
"##ble",
",",
"sant",
"##ino",
"fontana",
"as",
"al",
"##ger",
"##non",
",",
"paul",
"o",
"'",
"brien",
"as",
"lane",
",",
"charlotte",
"parry",
"as",
"cecil",
"##y",
",",
"david",
"fur",
"##r",
"as",
"jack",
"and",
"sara",
"top",
"##ham",
"as",
"gwen",
"##do",
"##len",
".",
"it",
"was",
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"for",
"three",
"tony",
"awards",
".",
"the",
"play",
"was",
"also",
"presented",
"internationally",
",",
"in",
"singapore",
","
] | 3,192 |
rush as lady bra ##ck ##nell . in 2011 the roundabout theatre company produced a broadway revival based on the 2009 stratford shakespeare festival production featuring brian bedford as director and as lady bra ##ck ##nell . it opened at the american airlines theatre on 13 january and ran until 3 july 2011 . the cast also included dana iv ##ey as miss prism , paxton whitehead as canon cha ##su ##ble , sant ##ino fontana as al ##ger ##non , paul o ' brien as lane , charlotte parry as cecil ##y , david fur ##r as jack and sara top ##ham as gwen ##do ##len . it was nominated for three tony awards . the play was also presented internationally , in singapore ,
| 846 |
[
"in",
"october",
"2004",
",",
"by",
"the",
"british",
"theatre",
"playhouse",
",",
"and",
"the",
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"'",
"s",
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".",
"al",
"##ger",
"##non",
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"##ie",
"##ff",
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"##cr",
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",",
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",",
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"##ger",
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",",
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"##do",
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"al",
"##ger",
"##non",
",",
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"inscription",
",",
"\"",
"from",
"little",
"cecil",
"##y",
",",
"with",
"her",
"fond",
"##est",
"love"
] | 3,193 |
in october 2004 , by the british theatre playhouse , and the same company brought it to london ' s greenwich theatre in april 2005 . al ##ger ##non mon ##cr ##ie ##ff ' s flat in half moon street , w the play opens with al ##ger ##non mon ##cr ##ie ##ff , an idle young gentleman , receiving his best friend , john worth ##ing , whom he knows as ernest . ernest has come from the country to propose to al ##ger ##non ' s cousin , gwen ##do ##len fairfax . al ##ger ##non , however , refuses his consent until ernest explains why his cigarette case bears the inscription , " from little cecil ##y , with her fond ##est love
| 848 |
[
"to",
"her",
"dear",
"uncle",
"jack",
".",
"\"",
"'",
"ernest",
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".",
"in",
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",",
"meanwhile",
",",
"he",
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"the",
"identity",
"of",
"the",
"li",
"##bert",
"##ine",
"ernest",
".",
"al",
"##ger",
"##non",
"confesses",
"a",
"similar",
"deception",
":",
"he",
"pretend",
"##s",
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"an",
"invalid",
"friend",
"named",
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"##bury",
"in",
"the",
"country",
",",
"whom",
"he",
"can",
"\"",
"visit",
"\"",
"whenever"
] | 3,194 |
to her dear uncle jack . " ' ernest ' is forced to admit to living a double life . in the country , he assumes a serious attitude for the benefit of his young ward , the heiress cecil ##y card ##ew , and goes by the name of john ( or , as a nickname , jack ) , while pretending that he must worry about a was ##tre ##l younger brother named ernest in london . in the city , meanwhile , he assumes the identity of the li ##bert ##ine ernest . al ##ger ##non confesses a similar deception : he pretend ##s to have an invalid friend named bun ##bury in the country , whom he can " visit " whenever
| 840 |
[
"he",
"wishes",
"to",
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"an",
"un",
"##we",
"##lco",
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"##ger",
"##non",
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"gwen",
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"discovering",
"them",
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"this",
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",",
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"##ck",
"##nell",
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"horrified",
"to",
"learn",
"that",
"he",
"was",
"adopted",
"after",
"being",
"discovered",
"as",
"a"
] | 3,195 |
he wishes to avoid an un ##we ##lco ##me social obligation . jack refuses to tell al ##ger ##non the location of his country estate . gwen ##do ##len and her formidable mother lady bra ##ck ##nell now call on al ##ger ##non who distract ##s lady bra ##ck ##nell in another room while jack proposes to gwen ##do ##len . she accepts , but seems to love him very largely for his prof ##essed name of ernest . jack accordingly resolve ##s to himself to be rec ##hri ##sten ##ed " ernest " . discovering them in this intimate exchange , lady bra ##ck ##nell interviews jack as a prospective suit ##or . horrified to learn that he was adopted after being discovered as a
| 839 |
[
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",",
"and",
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"cecil",
"##y",
".",
"long",
"fascinated"
] | 3,196 |
baby in a hand ##bag at victoria station , she refuses him and forbid ##s further contact with her daughter . gwen ##do ##len , though , manages covert ##ly to promise to him her und ##ying love . as jack gives her his address in the country , al ##ger ##non sur ##re ##pt ##iti ##ously notes it on the cuff of his sleeve : jack ' s revelation of his pretty and wealthy young ward has motivated his friend to meet her . the garden of the manor house , wool ##ton cecil ##y is studying with her govern ##ess , miss prism . al ##ger ##non arrives , pretending to be ernest worth ##ing , and soon charms cecil ##y . long fascinated
| 840 |
[
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".",
"gwen",
"##do",
"##len",
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] | 3,197 |
by uncle jack ' s hit ##her ##to absent black sheep brother , she is pre ##dis ##posed to fall for al ##ger ##non in his role of ernest ( a name she , like gwen ##do ##len , is apparently particularly fond of ) . therefore , al ##ger ##non , too , plans for the rector , dr . cha ##su ##ble , to rec ##hri ##sten him " ernest " . jack , meanwhile , has decided to abandon his double life . he arrives in full mourning and announces his brother ' s death in paris of a severe chill , a story undermine ##d by al ##ger ##non ' s presence in the guise of ernest . gwen ##do ##len now
| 59 |
[
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"engagement"
] | 3,198 |
enters , having run away from home . during the temporary absence of the two men , she meets cecil ##y , each woman ind ##ignant ##ly declaring that she is the one engaged to " ernest " . when jack and al ##ger ##non re ##app ##ear , their deception ##s are exposed . morning @ - @ room at the manor house , wool ##ton arriving in pursuit of her daughter , lady bra ##ck ##nell is astonished to be told that al ##ger ##non and cecil ##y are engaged . the revelation of cecil ##y ' s trust fund soon di ##sp ##els lady bra ##ck ##nell ' s initial doubts over the young lady ' s suit ##ability , but any engagement
| 54 |
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] | 3,199 |
is forbidden by her guardian jack : he will consent only if lady bra ##ck ##nell agrees to his own union with gwen ##do ##len — something she declines to do . the imp ##asse is broken by the return of miss prism , whom lady bra ##ck ##nell recognise ##s as the person who , twenty @ - @ eight years earlier , as a family nurse ##maid , had taken a baby boy for a walk in a per ##am ##bula ##tor ( baby carriage ) and never returned . challenged , miss prism explains that she had absent ##mind ##edly put the manuscript of a novel she was writing in the per ##am ##bula ##tor , and the baby in a hand ##bag
| 840 |
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