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] | 3,000 |
pennsylvania in 1792 . = = = nineteenth century = = = lock haven was laid out as a town in 1833 , and it became the county seat in 1839 , when the county was created out of parts of l ##y ##coming and centre counties . incorporated as a borough in 1840 and as a city in 1870 , lock haven pro ##sper ##ed in the 19th century largely because of timber and transportation . the forests of clinton county and counties up ##river held a huge supply of white pine and hem ##lock as well as oak , ash , maple , pop ##lar , cherry , beech , and magnolia . the wood was used locally for such things as frame houses
| 592 |
[
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] | 3,001 |
, shin ##gles , canal boats , and wooden bridges , and whole logs were floated to chesapeake bay and on to baltimore , to make spa ##rs for ships . log driving and log raft ##ing , competing forms of transporting logs to sawmill ##s , began along the west branch around 1800 . by 1830 , slightly before the founding of the town , the lumber industry was well established . the west branch canal , which opened in 1834 , ran 73 miles ( 117 km ) from northumberland to far ##rand ##sville , about 5 miles ( 8 km ) upstream from lock haven . a state @ - @ funded extension called the bald eagle cut ran from the west branch
| 602 |
[
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"m",
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"passengers"
] | 3,002 |
through lock haven and fleming ##ton to bald eagle creek . a privately funded extension , the bald eagle and spring creek navigation , eventually reached belle ##fo ##nte , 24 miles ( 39 km ) upstream . lock haven ' s founder , jeremiah church , and his brother , willard , chose the town site in 1833 partly because of the river , the creek , and the canal . church named the town lock haven because it had a canal lock and because it was a haven for log ##gers , boat ##men , and other travelers . over the next quarter century , canal boats 12 feet ( 4 m ) wide and 80 feet ( 24 m ) long carried passengers
| 589 |
[
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",",
"stretched",
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] | 3,003 |
and mail as well as cargo such as coal , ashes for l ##ye and soap , fire ##wood , food , furniture , dry goods , and clothing . a rapid increase in lock haven ' s population ( to 83 ##0 by 1850 ) followed the opening of the canal . a lock haven log boom , smaller than but otherwise similar to the susquehanna boom at williams ##port , was constructed in 1849 . large cr ##ib ##s of timbers weighted with tons of stone were arranged in the pool behind the dunn ##stown dam , named for a settlement on the shore opposite lock haven . the piers , about 150 feet ( 46 m ) from one another , stretched in
| 594 |
[
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"coal",
",",
"iron",
"ore"
] | 3,004 |
a line from the dam to a point 3 miles ( 5 km ) up ##river . connected by timbers shack ##led together with iron yo ##kes and rings , the piers anchored an enclosure into which the river current forced floating logs . workers called boom rats sorted the captured logs , branded like cattle , for delivery to sawmill ##s and other owners . lock haven became the lumber center of clinton county and the site of many businesses related to forest products . the sun ##bury and erie railroad , renamed the philadelphia and erie railroad in 1861 , reached lock haven in 1859 , and with it came a building boom . hoping that the area ' s coal , iron ore
| 606 |
[
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] | 3,005 |
, white pine , and high @ - @ quality clay would produce significant future wealth , railroad investors led by christopher and john fallon financed a line to lock haven . on the strength of the railroad ' s potential value to the city , local residents had invested heavily in housing , building large homes between 1854 and 1856 . although the fallon ##s ' coal and iron ventures failed , gothic revival , greek revival , and italianate mansions and commercial buildings such as the fallon house , a large hotel , remained , and the railroad provided a new mode of transport for the ongoing timber era . a second rail line , the bald eagle valley railroad , originally organized as
| 606 |
[
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] | 3,006 |
the tyrone and lock haven railroad and completed in the 1860s , linked lock haven to tyrone , 56 miles ( 90 km ) to the southwest . the two rail lines soon became part of the network controlled by the pennsylvania railroad . during the era of log floating , log ##ja ##ms sometimes occurred when logs struck an obstacle . log raft ##s floating down the west branch had to pass through chu ##tes in canal dams . the raft ##s were commonly 28 feet ( 9 m ) wide — narrow enough to pass through the chu ##tes — and 150 feet ( 46 m ) to 200 feet ( 61 m ) long . in 1874 , a large raft got wedge
| 606 |
[
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",",
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] | 3,007 |
##d in the chu ##te of the dunn ##stown dam and caused a jam that blocked the channel from bank to bank with a pile of logs 16 feet ( 5 m ) high . the jam eventually trapped another 200 log raft ##s , and 2 canal boats , the mammoth of newport and the sarah dunbar . in terms of board feet , the peak of the lumber era in pennsylvania arrived in about 1885 , when 1 @ . @ 9 million logs went through the boom at williams ##port . these logs produced a total of about 226 million board feet ( 53 ##3 @ , @ 000 m3 ) of saw ##ed lumber . after that , production steadily declined throughout
| 318 |
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".",
"="
] | 3,008 |
the state . lock haven ' s timber business was also affected by flooding , which badly damaged the canals and destroyed the log boom in 1889 . the central state normal school , established to train teachers for central pennsylvania , held its first classes in 1877 at a site overlooking the west branch susquehanna river . the small school , with enrollment ##s below 150 until the 1940s , eventually became lock haven university of pennsylvania . in the early 1880s , the new york and pennsylvania paper mill in cast ##ane ##a township near fleming ##ton began paper production on the site of a former sawmill ; the paper mill remained a large employer until the end of the 20th century . =
| 604 |
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] | 3,009 |
= = twentieth century = = = as older forms of transportation such as the canal boat disappeared , new forms arose . one of these , the electric trolley , began operation in lock haven in 1894 . the lock haven electric railway , managed by the lock haven traction company and after 1900 by the susquehanna traction company , ran passenger trolley ##s between lock haven and mill hall , about 3 miles ( 5 km ) to the west . the trolley line extended from the philadelphia and erie railroad station in lock haven to a station of the central railroad of pennsylvania , which served mill hall . the route went through lock haven ' s downtown , close to the normal
| 606 |
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",",
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"##ton",
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"eagle",
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",",
"and",
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"hall",
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"what",
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",",
"belle",
"##fo",
"##nte",
",",
"and",
"ni",
"##tta",
"##ny",
"valley",
"turnpike",
".",
"plans",
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"the",
"line",
"from",
"mill",
"hall",
"to",
"salon",
"##a",
",",
"3",
"miles",
"(",
"5",
"km",
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"miles",
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"mill",
"hall",
",",
"and",
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"##is",
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"miles",
"(",
"16",
"km",
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"of",
"lock",
"haven",
",",
"were",
"never",
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"out",
",",
"and",
"the",
"line",
"remained",
"un",
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"to",
"other",
"trolley",
"lines",
".",
"the",
"system",
",",
"always",
"financially",
"marginal",
",",
"declined",
"after",
"world",
"war",
"i",
".",
"losing"
] | 3,010 |
school , across town to the trolley car barn on the southwest edge of the city , through fleming ##ton , over the bald eagle canal and bald eagle creek , and on to mill hall via what was then known as the lock haven , belle ##fo ##nte , and ni ##tta ##ny valley turnpike . plans to extend the line from mill hall to salon ##a , 3 miles ( 5 km ) miles south of mill hall , and to av ##is 10 miles ( 16 km ) northeast of lock haven , were never carried out , and the line remained un ##connected to other trolley lines . the system , always financially marginal , declined after world war i . losing
| 598 |
[
"business",
"to",
"automobiles",
"and",
"buses",
",",
"it",
"ceased",
"operations",
"around",
"1930",
".",
"william",
"t",
".",
"piper",
",",
"sr",
".",
",",
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"piper",
"aircraft",
"corporation",
"factory",
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"lock",
"haven",
"in",
"1937",
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"'",
"s",
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"manufacturing",
"plant",
"in",
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",",
"pennsylvania",
",",
"was",
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"fire",
".",
"the",
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"a",
"building",
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"mill",
".",
"as",
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",",
"the",
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"factory",
"expanded",
"to",
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"and",
"office",
"buildings",
".",
"piper",
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"the",
"city",
"until",
"1984",
",",
"when",
"its",
"new",
"owner",
",",
"lear",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"si",
"##eg",
"##ler",
",",
"moved",
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"to",
"ve",
"##ro",
"beach",
",",
"florida",
".",
"the",
"clinton",
"county",
"historical",
"society",
"opened",
"the",
"piper",
"aviation",
"museum",
"at",
"the",
"site",
"of",
"the",
"former"
] | 3,011 |
business to automobiles and buses , it ceased operations around 1930 . william t . piper , sr . , built the piper aircraft corporation factory in lock haven in 1937 after the company ' s taylor aircraft manufacturing plant in bradford , pennsylvania , was destroyed by fire . the factory began operations in a building that once housed a silk mill . as the company grew , the original factory expanded to include engineering and office buildings . piper remained in the city until 1984 , when its new owner , lear @ - @ si ##eg ##ler , moved production to ve ##ro beach , florida . the clinton county historical society opened the piper aviation museum at the site of the former
| 592 |
[
"factory",
"in",
"1985",
",",
"and",
"10",
"years",
"later",
"the",
"museum",
"became",
"an",
"independent",
"organization",
".",
"the",
"state",
"of",
"pennsylvania",
"acquired",
"central",
"state",
"normal",
"school",
"in",
"1915",
"and",
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"lock",
"haven",
"state",
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"1927",
".",
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"1970",
",",
"the",
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"2",
"@",
",",
"@",
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"the",
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"25",
"to",
"170",
",",
"and",
"the",
"college",
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"out",
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"large",
"building",
"program",
".",
"the",
"school",
"'",
"s",
"name",
"was",
"changed",
"to",
"lock",
"haven",
"state",
"college",
"in",
"1960",
",",
"and",
"its",
"emphasis",
"shifted",
"to",
"include",
"the",
"humanities",
",",
"fine",
"arts",
",",
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",",
"and",
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"sciences",
",",
"as",
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"education",
".",
"becoming",
"lock",
"haven",
"university",
"of",
"pennsylvania",
"in",
"1983",
","
] | 3,012 |
factory in 1985 , and 10 years later the museum became an independent organization . the state of pennsylvania acquired central state normal school in 1915 and renamed it lock haven state teachers college in 1927 . between 1942 and 1970 , the student population grew from 146 to more than 2 @ , @ 300 ; the number of teaching faculty rose from 25 to 170 , and the college carried out a large building program . the school ' s name was changed to lock haven state college in 1960 , and its emphasis shifted to include the humanities , fine arts , mathematics , and social sciences , as well as teacher education . becoming lock haven university of pennsylvania in 1983 ,
| 394 |
[
"it",
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"branch",
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"in",
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"##field",
",",
"48",
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"77",
"km",
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"haven",
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"@",
"-",
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"(",
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".",
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"haven",
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"un",
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"sites",
"(",
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"in",
"1982",
".",
"drake",
"chemical",
",",
"which",
"went",
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"in",
"1981",
",",
"made",
"ingredients",
"for",
"pest",
"##icides",
"and",
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"1981",
".",
"starting",
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"1982",
",",
"the",
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"states",
"environmental",
"protection",
"agency",
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"@",
"-",
"@",
"up",
"of",
"contaminated",
"containers",
",",
"buildings",
",",
"and"
] | 3,013 |
it opened a branch campus in clear ##field , 48 miles ( 77 km ) west of lock haven , in 1989 . an 8 @ - @ acre ( 3 @ . @ 2 ha ) industrial area in cast ##ane ##a township adjacent to lock haven was placed on the national priorities list of un ##con ##tro ##lled hazardous waste sites ( commonly referred to as super ##fu ##nd sites ) in 1982 . drake chemical , which went bankrupt in 1981 , made ingredients for pest ##icides and other compounds at the site from the 1960s to 1981 . starting in 1982 , the united states environmental protection agency began a clean @ - @ up of contaminated containers , buildings , and
| 592 |
[
"soils",
"at",
"the",
"site",
"and",
"by",
"the",
"late",
"1990s",
"had",
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"the",
"soils",
".",
"equipment",
"to",
"treat",
"contaminated",
"groundwater",
"at",
"the",
"site",
"was",
"installed",
"in",
"2000",
"and",
"continues",
"to",
"operate",
".",
"pennsylvania",
"'",
"s",
"streams",
"have",
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"flooded",
".",
"according",
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"william",
"h",
".",
"shan",
"##k",
",",
"the",
"native",
"americans",
"of",
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"warned",
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"settlers",
"that",
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"occurred",
"on",
"the",
"delaware",
"and",
"susquehanna",
"rivers",
"every",
"14",
"years",
".",
"shan",
"##k",
"tested",
"this",
"idea",
"by",
"tab",
"##ulating",
"the",
"highest",
"floods",
"on",
"record",
"at",
"key",
"points",
"throughout",
"the",
"state",
"over",
"a",
"200",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"year",
"period",
"and",
"found",
"that",
"a",
"major",
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"had",
"occurred",
",",
"on",
"average",
",",
"once",
"every",
"25",
"years",
"between",
"1784",
"and",
"1972",
".",
"big",
"floods",
"recorded",
"at",
"harrisburg",
",",
"on",
"the",
"main"
] | 3,014 |
soils at the site and by the late 1990s had replaced the soils . equipment to treat contaminated groundwater at the site was installed in 2000 and continues to operate . pennsylvania ' s streams have frequently flooded . according to william h . shan ##k , the native americans of pennsylvania warned white settlers that great floods occurred on the delaware and susquehanna rivers every 14 years . shan ##k tested this idea by tab ##ulating the highest floods on record at key points throughout the state over a 200 @ - @ year period and found that a major flood had occurred , on average , once every 25 years between 1784 and 1972 . big floods recorded at harrisburg , on the main
| 240 |
[
"stem",
"of",
"the",
"susquehanna",
"about",
"120",
"miles",
"(",
"193",
"km",
")",
"miles",
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"haven",
",",
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",",
"1865",
",",
"1889",
",",
"1894",
",",
"1902",
",",
"1936",
",",
"and",
"1972",
".",
"readings",
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"##port",
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"24",
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"39",
"km",
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"miles",
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"haven",
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",",
"showed",
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"between",
"1889",
"and",
"1972",
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"the",
"same",
"years",
"as",
"the",
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"station",
";",
"in",
"addition",
",",
"a",
"large",
"flood",
"occurred",
"on",
"the",
"west",
"branch",
"at",
"williams",
"##port",
"in",
"1946",
".",
"estimated",
"flood",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"crest",
"readings",
"between",
"1847",
"and",
"1979",
"—",
"based",
"on",
"data",
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"service",
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"gauge",
"at",
"lock",
"haven",
"—",
"show",
"that",
"flooding",
"likely",
"occurred",
"in",
"the"
] | 3,015 |
stem of the susquehanna about 120 miles ( 193 km ) miles downstream from lock haven , occurred in 1784 , 1865 , 1889 , 1894 , 1902 , 1936 , and 1972 . readings from the williams ##port stream gauge , 24 miles ( 39 km ) miles below lock haven on the west branch of the susquehanna , showed major flooding between 1889 and 1972 in the same years as the harrisburg station ; in addition , a large flood occurred on the west branch at williams ##port in 1946 . estimated flood @ - @ crest readings between 1847 and 1979 — based on data from the national weather service flood gauge at lock haven — show that flooding likely occurred in the
| 156 |
[
"city",
"19",
"times",
"in",
"132",
"years",
".",
"the",
"biggest",
"flood",
"occurred",
"on",
"march",
"18",
",",
"1936",
",",
"when",
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"32",
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".",
"@",
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"(",
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"@",
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"6",
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".",
"the",
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",",
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"29",
"@",
".",
"@",
"8",
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"(",
"9",
"@",
".",
"@",
"1",
"m",
")",
"in",
"lock",
"haven",
",",
"occurred",
"on",
"june",
"1",
",",
"1889",
",",
"and",
"coincided",
"with",
"the",
"johns",
"##town",
"flood",
".",
"the",
"flood",
"demolished",
"lock",
"haven",
"'",
"s",
"log",
"boom",
",",
"and",
"millions",
"of",
"feet",
"of",
"stored",
"timber",
"were",
"swept"
] | 3,016 |
city 19 times in 132 years . the biggest flood occurred on march 18 , 1936 , when the river crested at 32 @ . @ 3 feet ( 9 @ . @ 8 m ) , which was about 11 feet ( 3 @ . @ 4 m ) above the flood stage of 21 feet ( 6 @ . @ 4 m ) . the third biggest flood , crest ##ing at 29 @ . @ 8 feet ( 9 @ . @ 1 m ) in lock haven , occurred on june 1 , 1889 , and coincided with the johns ##town flood . the flood demolished lock haven ' s log boom , and millions of feet of stored timber were swept
| 172 |
[
"away",
".",
"the",
"flood",
"damaged",
"the",
"canals",
",",
"which",
"were",
"subsequently",
"abandoned",
",",
"and",
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"the",
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"of",
"the",
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"boats",
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"in",
"the",
"city",
".",
"the",
"most",
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"haven",
"flood",
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"caused",
"by",
"the",
"remnants",
"of",
"hurricane",
"agnes",
"in",
"1972",
".",
"the",
"storm",
",",
"just",
"below",
"hurricane",
"strength",
"when",
"it",
"reached",
"the",
"region",
",",
"made",
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"on",
"june",
"22",
"near",
"new",
"york",
"city",
".",
"agnes",
"merged",
"with",
"a",
"non",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"tropical",
"low",
"on",
"june",
"23",
",",
"and",
"the",
"combined",
"system",
"affected",
"the",
"northeastern",
"united",
"states",
"until",
"june",
"25",
".",
"the",
"combination",
"produced",
"widespread",
"rains",
"of",
"6",
"to",
"12",
"inches",
"(",
"152",
"to",
"305",
"mm",
")",
"with",
"local",
"amounts",
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"to",
"19",
"inches",
"(",
"48",
"##3",
"mm",
")",
"in",
"western",
"sc",
"##hu",
"##yl"
] | 3,017 |
away . the flood damaged the canals , which were subsequently abandoned , and destroyed the last of the canal boats based in the city . the most damaging lock haven flood was caused by the remnants of hurricane agnes in 1972 . the storm , just below hurricane strength when it reached the region , made landfall on june 22 near new york city . agnes merged with a non @ - @ tropical low on june 23 , and the combined system affected the northeastern united states until june 25 . the combination produced widespread rains of 6 to 12 inches ( 152 to 305 mm ) with local amounts up to 19 inches ( 48 ##3 mm ) in western sc ##hu ##yl
| 956 |
[
"##kill",
"county",
",",
"about",
"75",
"miles",
"(",
"121",
"km",
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"haven",
".",
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"haven",
",",
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"23",
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".",
"@",
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".",
"federal",
",",
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",",
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"1992",
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".",
"the",
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"a",
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"of",
"36",
"@",
",",
"@",
"000",
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"(",
"10",
"@",
",",
"@",
"97",
"##3",
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"of",
"1",
"@",
",",
"@",
"000",
"feet",
"(",
"305",
"m",
")",
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"the",
"susquehanna",
"river",
"and",
"bald",
"eagle",
"creek",
",",
"closure",
"structures",
","
] | 3,018 |
##kill county , about 75 miles ( 121 km ) southeast of lock haven . at lock haven , the river crested on june 23 at 31 @ . @ 3 feet ( 9 @ . @ 5 m ) , second only to the 1936 crest . the flood greatly damaged the paper mill and piper aircraft . federal , state , and local governments began construction in 1992 of barriers to protect the city . the project included a lev ##ee of 36 @ , @ 000 feet ( 10 @ , @ 97 ##3 m ) and a flood wall of 1 @ , @ 000 feet ( 305 m ) along the susquehanna river and bald eagle creek , closure structures ,
| 592 |
[
"retention",
"basins",
",",
"a",
"pumping",
"station",
",",
"and",
"some",
"relocation",
"of",
"roads",
"and",
"buildings",
".",
"completed",
"in",
"1995",
",",
"the",
"lev",
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"the",
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"water",
"in",
"the",
"year",
"of",
"the",
"blizzard",
"of",
"1996",
",",
"and",
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"2004",
",",
"when",
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"from",
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"remnants",
"of",
"hurricane",
"ivan",
"threatened",
"the",
"city",
".",
"=",
"=",
"geography",
"=",
"=",
"lock",
"haven",
"is",
"the",
"county",
"seat",
"of",
"clinton",
"county",
".",
"according",
"to",
"the",
"united",
"states",
"census",
"bureau",
",",
"the",
"city",
"has",
"a",
"total",
"area",
"of",
"2",
"@",
".",
"@",
"7",
"square",
"miles",
"(",
"7",
"@",
".",
"@",
"0",
"km",
"##2",
")",
",",
"2",
"@",
".",
"@",
"5",
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"miles",
"(",
"6",
"@",
".",
"@",
"5",
"km",
"##2",
")",
"of",
"which",
"is",
"land",
".",
"about",
"0",
"@",
".",
"@"
] | 3,019 |
retention basins , a pumping station , and some relocation of roads and buildings . completed in 1995 , the lev ##ee protected the city from high water in the year of the blizzard of 1996 , and again 2004 , when rainfall from the remnants of hurricane ivan threatened the city . = = geography = = lock haven is the county seat of clinton county . according to the united states census bureau , the city has a total area of 2 @ . @ 7 square miles ( 7 @ . @ 0 km ##2 ) , 2 @ . @ 5 square miles ( 6 @ . @ 5 km ##2 ) of which is land . about 0 @ . @
| 610 |
[
"2",
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"(",
"0",
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".",
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",",
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] | 3,020 |
2 square miles ( 0 @ . @ 5 km ##2 ) , 6 percent , is water . lock haven is at 56 ##1 feet ( 171 m ) above sea level near the confluence of bald eagle creek and the west branch susquehanna river in north @ - @ central pennsylvania . the city is about 200 miles ( 320 km ) by highway northwest of philadelphia and 175 miles ( 280 km ) northeast of pittsburgh . u . s . route 220 , a major transportation corridor , skirts the city on its south edge , intersecting with pennsylvania route 120 , which passes through the city and connects it with reno ##vo in northern clinton county . other highways entering lock
| 604 |
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] | 3,021 |
haven include pennsylvania route 66 ##4 and pennsylvania route 150 , which connects to av ##is . the city and nearby smaller communities — cast ##ane ##a , dunn ##stown , fleming ##ton , and mill hall — are mainly at valley level in the ridge @ - @ and @ - @ valley appalachian ##s , a mountain belt characterized by long even valleys running between long continuous ridges . bald eagle mountain , one of these ridges , runs parallel to bald eagle creek on the south side of the city . upstream of the confluence with bald eagle creek , the west branch susquehanna river drains part of the allegheny plateau , a region of di ##sse ##cted highlands ( also called the
| 589 |
[
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] | 3,022 |
" deep valleys section " ) generally north of the city . the geologic formations in the southeastern part of the city are mostly limestone , while those to the north and west consist mostly of si ##lts ##tone and shale . large parts of the city are flat , but slopes rise to the west , and very steep slopes are found along the river , on the university campus , and along pennsylvania route 120 as it approaches u . s . route 220 . under the koppen climate classification , lock haven is in zone d ##fa meaning a humid continental climate with hot or very warm summers . the average temperature here in january is 28 ° f ( − 2 °
| 524 |
[
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] | 3,023 |
c ) , and in july it is 73 ° f ( 23 ° c ) . between 1888 and 1996 , the highest recorded temperature for the city was 106 ° f ( 41 ° c ) in 1936 , and the lowest recorded temperature was − 22 ° f ( − 30 ° c ) in 1912 . the average wet ##test month is june . between 1926 and 1977 the mean annual precipitation was about 39 inches ( 99 ##0 mm ) , and the number of days each year with precipitation of 0 @ . @ 1 inches ( 2 @ . @ 5 mm ) or more was 77 . annual snowfall amounts between 1888 and 1996 varied from 0 in
| 945 |
[
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] | 3,024 |
several years to about 65 inches ( 170 cm ) in 1942 . the maximum recorded snowfall in a single month was 38 inches ( 97 cm ) in april 1894 . = = demographics = = as of the census of 2010 , there were 9 @ , @ 77 ##2 people living in 3 @ , @ 62 ##4 housing units spread across the city . the average household size during the years 2009 – 13 was 2 @ . @ 38 . during those same years , multi @ - @ unit structures made up 57 percent of the housing @ - @ unit total . the rate of home ownership was 35 percent , and the median value of owner @ -
| 987 |
[
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"'",
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] | 3,025 |
@ occupied units was about $ 100 @ , @ 000 . the estimated population of the city in 2013 was 10 @ , @ 02 ##5 , an increase of 2 @ . @ 6 percent after 2010 . the population density in 2010 was 3 @ , @ 91 ##5 people per square mile ( 1 @ , @ 50 ##6 per km ##2 ) . the reported racial makeup of the city was about 93 percent white and about 4 percent african @ - @ american , with other categories totaling about 3 percent . people of hispanic or latino origin accounted for about 2 percent of the residents . between 2009 and 2013 , about 2 percent of the city ' s
| 310 |
[
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"640",
"businesses",
"operated",
"in",
"lock",
"haven"
] | 3,026 |
residents were foreign @ - @ born , and about 5 percent of the population over the age of 5 spoke a language other than english at home . in 2010 , the city ' s population included about 16 percent under the age of 18 and about 12 percent who were 65 years of age or older . females accounted for 54 percent of the total . students at the university comprised about a third of the city ' s population . between 2009 and 2013 , of the people who were older than 25 , 82 percent had graduated from high school , and 20 percent had at least a bachelor ' s degree . in 2007 , 640 businesses operated in lock haven
| 399 |
[
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",",
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"on",
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"to",
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] | 3,027 |
. the mean travel time to work for employees who were at least 16 years old was 16 minutes . the median income for a household in the city during 2009 – 13 was about $ 25 @ , @ 000 compared to about $ 53 @ , @ 000 for the entire state of pennsylvania . the per capita income for the city was about $ 19 @ , @ 000 , and about 40 percent of lock haven ' s residents lived below the poverty line . lock haven ' s economy , from the city ' s founding in 1833 until the end of the 19th century , depended heavily on natural resources , particularly timber , and on cheap transportation to eastern
| 341 |
[
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"aircraft",
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",",
"maker",
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"cub",
"and",
"other"
] | 3,028 |
markets . log ##gers used the susquehanna river and bald eagle creek to float timber to sawmill ##s in lock haven and nearby towns . the west branch canal , reaching the city in 1834 , connected to large markets downstream , and shorter canals along bald eagle creek added other connections . in 1859 , the first railroad arrived in lock haven , spur ##ring trade and economic growth . by 1900 , the lumber industry had declined , and the city ' s economic base rested on other industries , including a furniture factory , a paper mill , a fire brick plant , and a silk mill . in 1938 , the piper aircraft corporation , maker of the piper cub and other
| 589 |
[
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",",
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] | 3,029 |
light aircraft , moved its production plant to lock haven . it remained one of the city ' s biggest employers until the 1980s , when , after major flood damage and losses related to hurricane agnes in 1972 , it moved to florida . the loss of piper aircraft contributed to an unemployment rate of more than 20 % in lock haven in the early 1980s , though the rate had declined to about 9 % by 2000 . another large plant , the paper mill that had operated since the 1880s in cast ##ane ##a township , closed in 2001 . by 2005 , 32 % of the city ' s labor force was employed in health care , education , or social services
| 340 |
[
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] | 3,030 |
, 16 % in manufacturing , 14 % in retail trade , 13 % in arts , entertainment , recreation , accommodation , and food services , and smaller fraction ##s in other sectors . the city ' s biggest employers , lock haven university of pennsylvania and lock haven hospital , are among the seven biggest employers in clinton county . = = arts , culture , historic sites , and media = = lock haven university presents public concerts , plays , art exhibits , and student recital ##s at the price performance center , the sloan auditorium , and the sloan fine arts gallery on campus . the mill ##brook playhouse in mill hall has produced plays since 1963 . summer concerts are
| 352 |
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] | 3,031 |
held in city parks , and the local junior chamber international ( jay ##ce ##es ) chapter sponsors an annual boat regatta on the river . the city sponsors a festival called air ##fest at the airport in the summer , a halloween parade in october , and a holiday parade in december . light @ - @ airplane pilots travel to the city in vintage piper planes to attend sentimental journey fly @ - @ ins , which have been held each summer since 1986 . enthusiasts of radio @ - @ controlled model airplanes meet annually at the william t . piper memorial airport to fly their planes . the central library for clinton county is the annie hale ##nb ##ake ross library in
| 372 |
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] | 3,032 |
lock haven ; it has about 130 @ , @ 000 books , subscription ##s to periodicals , electronic resources , and other materials . stevenson library on the university campus has additional collections . the piper aviation museum exhibits aircraft and aircraft equipment , documents , photographs , and memorabilia related to piper aircraft . an eight @ - @ room home , the he ##ise ##y house , restored to its mid @ - @ 19th century appearance , displays victorian @ - @ era collections ; it was added to the national register of historic places in 1972 and is home to the clinton county historical society . the pennsylvania historical and museum commission has placed three cast aluminum markers — clinton county
| 601 |
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] | 3,033 |
, fort reed , and pennsylvania canal ( west branch division ) — in lock haven to commemorate historic places . the water street district , a mix of 19th - and 20th @ - @ century architecture near the river , was added to the national register of historic places in 1973 . memorial park site 36 ##c ##n ##16 ##4 , an archaeological site of prehistoric significance discovered near the airport , was added to the national register in 1982 . the city ' s media include the express , a daily newspaper , and the eagle eye , the student newspaper at the university . radio stations wb ##p ##z ( am ) and w ##s ##q ##v ( fm ) broadcast from
| 601 |
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] | 3,034 |
the city . a television station , haven ##scope ( available on @ - @ campus only ) , and a radio station , w ##l ##hu ( internet station only , with no fcc broadcast license ) , both managed by students , operate on the university campus . = = parks and recreation = = the city has 14 municipal parks and playground ##s ranging in size from the 0 @ . @ 75 @ - @ acre ( 0 @ . @ 30 ha ) triangle park in downtown to the 80 @ - @ acre ( 32 ha ) douglas h . pe ##dd ##ie memorial park along route 120 . fields maintained by the city accommodate baseball for the pony league
| 591 |
[
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] | 3,035 |
, little league , and junior league and softball for the youth girls league and for adults . in 1948 , a team from the city won the little league world series . in 2011 , the keystone little league based in lock haven advanced to the little league world series and placed third in the united states , drawing record crowds . hanna park includes tennis courts , and ho ##berman park includes a skate park . the lock haven city beach , on the susquehanna river , offers water access , a sand beach , and a bath house . in conjunction with the school district , the city sponsors a summer recreation program . a 25 @ - @ mile ( 40 km
| 156 |
[
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] | 3,036 |
) trail hike and run , the bald eagle mountain mega ##tra ##nse ##ct , takes place annually near lock haven . the local branch of the young men ' s christian association ( ymca ) offers a wide variety of recreational programs to members , and the clinton country club maintains a private 18 @ - @ hole golf course in mill hall . = = government = = lock haven has a council @ - @ manager form of government . the council , the city ' s legislative body , consists of six members and a mayor , each serving a four @ - @ year term . the council sets policy , and the city manager oversees day @ - @ to
| 158 |
[
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".",
"joseph"
] | 3,037 |
@ - @ day operations . the mayor is william bane ##y , whose term ex ##pire ##s in 2019 . the manager is richard w . marc ##ink ##eva ##ge . lock haven is the county seat of clinton county and houses county offices , courts , and the county library . three elected commissioners serving four @ - @ year terms manage the county government . robert " pete " sm ##elt ##z , chairman ; jeffrey snyder , vice @ - @ chairman , and paul con ##k ##lin , have terms running through 2019 . michael k . hanna , a democrat , represents the 76 ##th district , which includes lock haven , in the pennsylvania house of representatives . joseph
| 487 |
[
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] | 3,038 |
b . scar ##nat ##i iii , a republican , represents lock haven as part of the 25th district of the pennsylvania state senate . = = education = = the keystone central school district serves most of clinton county , including lock haven , as well as parts of centre county and potter county . the district ' s administration building is in lock haven as are three of the district ' s elementary schools , dick ##ey elementary , robb elementary , and woodward elementary , all for children enrolled in kindergarten through fifth grade . the total enrollment of these three schools combined in 2002 – 03 was 79 ##0 . central mountain middle school in mill hall is the nearest public middle
| 493 |
[
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"university",
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",",
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] | 3,039 |
school , for grades six to eight . the nearest public high school , grades nine to twelve , is central mountain high school , also in mill hall . the city has two private schools , lock haven christian school , with about 80 students in kindergarten through 12th grade , and lock haven catholic school , which had about 190 students in kindergarten through sixth grade as of 2002 – 03 . in 2015 , the catholic school is completing a 10 @ , @ 000 @ - @ square @ - @ foot ( 930 m2 ) expansion to include grades seven and eight , which will make it a combined elementary and middle school . lock haven university of pennsylvania , offering
| 401 |
[
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] | 3,040 |
a wide range of undergraduate studies as well as continuing @ - @ education and graduate @ - @ school programs at its main campus , occupies 175 acres ( 71 ha ) on the west edge of the city . enrollment at this campus was about 4 @ , @ 400 in 2003 . = = infrastructure = = lock haven taxi , based in the central downtown , has taxi ##ca ##bs for hire . full ##ington trail ##ways provides daily intercity bus service between lock haven and nearby cities including state college , williams ##port , and wilkes @ - @ barre . charter and tour buses are available through susquehanna trail ##ways , based in av ##is , 10 miles ( 16
| 600 |
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] | 3,041 |
km ) northeast of lock haven . pennsylvania bicycle route g follows pennsylvania route 150 and links to the pine creek rail trail at the eastern end of the county near jersey shore , pennsylvania . a 2 @ . @ 5 @ - @ mile ( 4 @ . @ 0 km ) walking trail on the lev ##ee along the river is restricted to pedestrian use . the norfolk southern railway mainline from harrisburg to buffalo , new york , runs through the center of lock haven . on the east side of town , it connects to the ni ##tta ##ny and bald eagle railroad , a short line . trains serving lock haven carry only freight . the city of lock haven
| 585 |
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] | 3,042 |
operates the william t . piper memorial airport , a general aviation facility with a paved runway , runway lighting , paved taxi ##ways , a tie @ - @ down area , and hangar spaces . no commercial , charter , or freight services are available at this airport . electric service to lock haven residents is provided by pp ##l ( formerly known as pennsylvania power and light ) , the gas division of which provides natural gas to the city . ve ##riz ##on communications handles local telephone service ; long @ - @ distance service is available from several providers . com ##cast offers high @ - @ speed cable mode ##m connections to the internet . several companies can provide lock
| 612 |
[
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"bald",
"eagle"
] | 3,043 |
haven residents with dial @ - @ up internet access . one of them , kc ##net , has an office in lock haven . com ##cast also provides cable television . the city of lock haven owns the reservoirs and water distribution system for wayne township , cast ##ane ##a township , and the city . water is treated at the central clinton county water fi ##lt ##ration authority plant in wayne township before distribution . the city also provides water to the suburban lock haven water authority , which distribute ##s it to surrounding communities . lock haven operates a sewage treatment plant for waste water , industrial waste , and truck ##ed sewage from the city and eight upstream municipalities : bald eagle
| 592 |
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] | 3,044 |
township , cast ##ane ##a , fleming ##ton , lamar , mill hall , porter township , woodward township , and walker township in centre county . storm water runoff from within the city is transported by city @ - @ owned storm sewer ##s . curb ##side pickup of household garbage is provided by a variety of local haul ##ers licensed by the city ; rec ##y ##cl ##able ##s are picked up once every two weeks . the clinton county solid waste authority owns and operates the wayne township landfill , which serves lock haven . lock haven hospital is a 77 @ - @ bed hospital with a 120 @ - @ bed extended @ - @ care unit . it offers in
| 604 |
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] | 3,045 |
##patient , out ##patient , and 24 @ - @ hour emergency services with he ##lip ##ort access . su ##sque @ - @ view home , next to the hospital , offers long @ - @ term care to the elderly and other services including speech , physical , and occupational therapy for people of all ages . a 10 @ - @ physician community @ - @ practice clinic based in the city provides primary care and specialty services . a behavioral health clinic offers programs for children and adolescents and psychiatric out ##patient care for all ages . = = notable people = = brit ##tani k ##line , winner of america ' s next top model ( cycle 16 ) , is
| 340 |
[
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"=",
"rachel",
"green",
"="
] | 3,046 |
a 2015 graduate of lock haven university . alexander mcdonald , a u . s . senator for arkansas was born near lock haven in 1832 . artist john french sloan was born in lock haven in 1871 , and cartoonist alison be ##ch ##del , author of dyke ##s to watch out for and fun home , was born in lock haven in 1960 . richard lip ##ez , author of the donald st ##rac ##hey mysteries , was born in lock haven in 1938 . other notable residents have included diplomat and dartmouth college president john sloan dick ##ey and federal judge ke ##rmi ##t lip ##ez of the u . s . federal first district court of appeals . = rachel green =
| 443 |
[
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] | 3,047 |
rachel karen green is a fictional character , one of the six main characters who appear in the american sitcom friends . portrayed by actress jennifer an ##isto ##n , the character was created by show creators david crane and marta ka ##uf ##fm ##an , and appeared in each of the show ’ s 236 episodes during its decade @ - @ long run , from its premiere on september 22 , 1994 to its finale on may 6 , 2004 . introduced in the show ' s pilot as a naive runaway bride who reunite ##s with her childhood best friend monica and relocate ##s to new york city , rachel gradually evolve ##s from a spoiled , inexperienced daddy ' s girl into
| 878 |
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] | 3,048 |
a successful business ##woman . during the show ' s second season , the character becomes romantic ##ally involved with her friend ross , with whom she maintains a complicated on @ - @ again , off @ - @ again relationship throughout the entire series . together , the characters have a daughter , emma . the role of rachel was originally offered to actresses tea leon ##i , the producer ' s first choice , and court ##ene ##y cox , both of whom declined , leon ##i in favor of starring in the sitcom the naked truth , and cox in favor of playing rachel ' s best friend monica in friends . a virtually unknown actress at the time who had previously
| 760 |
[
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] | 3,049 |
starred in five short @ - @ lived sitcom ##s , an ##isto ##n auditioned for the role of rachel after turning down an offer as a cast member on the sketch comedy show saturday night live . after acquiring the role and before friends aired , an ##isto ##n was temporarily at risk of being rec ##ast because she had also been involved with another sitcom , mud ##dling through , at the time , which was ultimately canceled and allowed an ##isto ##n to remain on friends . critical reception towards rachel has remained consistently positive throughout friends ' decade @ - @ long run , with the a . v . club at ##tri ##bu ##ting much of the show ' s early
| 740 |
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] | 3,050 |
success to the character . however , some of her storylines have been criticized , specifically her romantic relationship with her friend joey during season ten . rachel ' s popularity established her as the show ' s breakout character , who has since been named one of the greatest television characters of all @ - @ time , while the character ' s second season hair ##cut spawned an international phenomenon of its own . named the " rachel " after her , the character ' s sha ##g continues to be im ##itated by millions of women around the world and remains one of the most popular hairs ##tyle ##s in history , in spite of an ##isto ##n ' s own resentment towards
| 760 |
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it . rachel is also regarded as a style icon due to her influence on women ##sw ##ear during the 1990s . meanwhile , the character ' s relationship with ross is often cited among television ' s most beloved . rachel is considered to be an ##isto ##n ' s breakout role , credited with making her the show ' s most famous cast member and for spawning her successful film career . praised for her performance as rachel , an ##isto ##n won both an emmy award for outstanding lead actress in a comedy series and a golden globe award for best performance by an actress in a television series – comedy or musical . rachel debuts in the pilot episode of friends as
| 760 |
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a runaway bride who is distraught after abandoning her fiance barry far ##ber ( mitchell w ##hit ##field ) at the altar . she locate ##s her high school best friend monica gel ##ler ( court ##ene ##y cox ) , the only person she knows in new york city , who agrees to let rachel reside with her while she attempts to re ##org ##ani ##ze her life . rachel meets and be ##fr ##ien ##ds monica ’ s friends phoebe buff ##ay ( lisa ku ##dro ##w ) , joey tri ##bb ##iani ( matt le ##bla ##nc ) , and chandler bing ( matthew perry ) , while re ##uni ##ting with monica ' s older brother ross gel ##ler ( david sc
| 760 |
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##h ##wi ##mmer ) , who has harbor ##ed un ##re ##qui ##ted romantic feelings for her since high school . having previously relied on her parents ' money her entire life with a sole goal of marrying wealthy , rachel attempts to rein ##vent herself as an independent young woman by waitress ##ing at central per ##k , a coffee ##house where her new friends regularly social ##ize . as season one concludes , rachel finally confesses her love for ross , having learned of his feelings for her from chandler , only to find that he has already begun dating another woman , whom she res ##ents . however , ross eventually chooses rachel over his girlfriend julie ( lauren tom ) , and
| 760 |
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the couple dates for the remainder of the second season . however , their relationship rapidly begins to deter ##ior ##ate towards the end of the third season after rachel quit ##s her job at the coffee ##house in favor of working in fashion . while rachel becomes increasingly preoccupied with her new job , ross grows jealous of her companions ##hip with her cow ##or ##ker mark ( steven ec ##kh ##old ##t ) , ultimately culminating in their break up on their one @ - @ year anniversary following a series of heated arguments and disagreements . in the episodes following the break up , rachel and ross are initially hostile towards each other . the ex ##es continue to harbor feelings for each
| 878 |
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other . during a beach house vacation with their friends , rachel and ross briefly reconcile when he ends his relationship with bonnie ( christine taylor ) , only to break up once again due to a disagreement . during season four , rachel dates her customer joshua ( tate donovan ) , while ross dates her boss ' niece emily ( helen ba ##x ##end ##ale ) , to whom he eventually gets engaged . competitive ##ly , rachel proposes to recent divorce ##e joshua , frightening him off . rachel indirectly contributes to the demise of ross and emily ' s relationship when he accidentally utter ##s rachel ' s name while exchanging their wedding vows . ross ultimately divorce ##s a jealous emily
| 760 |
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, choosing his friendship with rachel instead . at the end of season five , ross and rachel drunken ##ly get married while vacation ##ing with their friends in las vegas . in season six , their ann ##ul ##ment request is denied because of rachel having leveled un ##founded allegations against ross , forcing the two to file for a divorce instead . in season seven , ross and rachel un ##wi ##tting ##ly con ##ce ##ive a child when their birth control fails . rachel gives birth to a girl in season eight , naming the baby emma gel ##ler @ - @ green ; the name emma is a gift from monica , who had previously been res ##erving the name for her
| 760 |
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own child . rachel and ross live together as non @ - @ romantic roommate ##s during the first half of season nine . rachel eventually finds a job opportunity in france , but has second thoughts when ross eventually for ##feit ##s stubborn ##ness and says " i love you " . rachel ultimately decides to stay and reign ##ite her relationship with ross , getting off the plane at the last minute . = = development = = = = = conception and writing = = = after their short @ - @ lived television series family album was canceled , television writers david crane and marta ka ##uf ##fm ##an pitched friends to then @ - @ nbc president warren little ##field as
| 760 |
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a sitcom about " that special time in your life when your friends are your family , " basin ##g the show on their own experiences as young people living in new york ; the main characters themselves were inspired by their own friends . conceived as a young woman who is un ##pre ##par ##ed for adulthood , the character rachel green was originally named rachel robbins . although critics and audiences initially perceived monica as the show ' s main character when friends premiered , the writers had actually given rachel the pilot ' s most prominent storyline . before deciding that rachel and ross would be an item for the entire series , the writers had originally intended for the show ' s
| 760 |
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defining couple to be joey and monica . however , after the success of the pilot , in which rachel and ross ' developing romance is first hinted at , and witnessing an ##isto ##n and co @ - @ star david sc ##h ##wi ##mmer ' s on @ - @ screen chemistry for the first time , crane and ka ##uf ##fm ##an determined that the entire series relied on " finding all the wonderful road ##block ##s for them to be with each other . " audiences began root ##ing for rachel and ross ' union since the very beginning of friends , openly vo ##icing their frustration with rachel ’ s oblivious ##ness to ross ' feelings for her . the episode
| 760 |
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that would ultimately transform the friends ' relationship for the remainder of the series was the first season finale " the one where rachel finds out " , in which rachel finally learns of ross ' true feelings for her , at the same time discovering she actually feels the same . however , the episode nearly went un ##written because , at the time , few friends writers were expecting the couple ' s relationship to mor ##ph into the phenomenon that it ultimately became . the episode was first suggested by director james burrows ; the writers felt that it was time to alter the couple ' s dynamic in order to avoid the repetitive " he ' s pin ##ing , she '
| 773 |
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s oblivious " pattern , using the work of author jane austen as inspiration on how to finally shift the pin ##ing arc from ross to rachel . because stakes for the episode were unprecedented ##ly high , " the one where rachel finds out " became friends ' most reworked episode . the couple ' s first kiss at the end of season two ' s " the one where ross finds out " was met with deafening applause from the studio audience . crane admitted that keeping viewers interested in their relationship for ten years was challenging . jonathan bernstein of the daily telegraph believes that they accomplished this by " dan ##gl [ ing ] the possibility of a ross and rachel rec
| 760 |
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] | 3,062 |
##ou ##pling through several cliff ##hang ##ers without ever putting them back together . " according to encyclopedia of television author horace new ##comb , ross and rachel ' s ever @ - @ changing relationship " converted the traditional am ##nes ##ic plot ##lines of the situation comedy into ones akin to ep ##iso ##dic drama . " meanwhile , writing for the new york review of books , elaine blair agreed that friends created " a sense of chemistry between two characters while also putting obstacles in their way , setting us up for a long @ - @ def ##erre ##d union . " after rachel and ross drunken ##ly get married while on vacation in las vegas during season five , sc
| 753 |
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] | 3,063 |
##h ##wi ##mmer had initially objected to the idea of having his character ross divorce her – his third divorce – because he felt that it was taking it " too far . " the actor explained that " the whole arc of the relationship was weird then . . . because for [ ross ] to be able to move on enough to marry someone else and then go back to being in love with rachel later just went a bit too far . " rachel and joey ' s romantic storyline was conceived because the writers wanted to delay ross and rachel ' s reunion further . crane felt that pairing rachel and joey during season ten " was for the greater good "
| 760 |
[
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] | 3,064 |
because " it was inappropriate . " however , the cast initially protested the idea , fearing that rachel , joey , and ross would ultimately become unlike ##able characters and audiences would either " res ##ent joey for going after a pregnant woman , or res ##ent rachel for rejecting him , or res ##ent ross for standing between the two of them . " meanwhile , the writers also approached the concept of rachel ' s pregnancy and baby tentatively , worrying about how they would include it in the show because they did not want friends " to become a show about a baby " while " on the other hand , we don ' t want to pretend that there isn '
| 760 |
[
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t one . " according to robert bi ##an ##co of usa today , the critical success and popularity of rachel ' s pregnancy is ultimately responsible for " prop ##el [ ling ] the show to the top of the ratings " . when it finally came time to write the series finale , " the only thing [ crane and ka ##uf ##fm ##an ] absolutely knew from very early on was that we had to get ross and rachel together , " deciding , " we had dick ##ed the audience around for 10 years with their ' will they or won ’ t they , ' and we didn ’ t see any advantage in frustrating them " any longer . however
| 820 |
[
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, at one point the writers had deliberate ##d ending the series with ross and rachel in " a gray area of where they aren ’ t together , but we hint there ’ s a sense that they might be down the road . " ultimately , crane and ka ##uf ##fm ##an re ##lent ##ed in favor of giving the audience what they want . the final character to be cast , rachel is portrayed by actress jennifer an ##isto ##n , who auditioned for the role shortly after declining a position as a cast member on the sketch comedy show saturday night live . her decision was initially rid ##ic ##uled by both her friends as well as actor adam sand ##ler ,
| 864 |
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a saturday night live al ##um . actress tea leon ##i , who at the time was being referred to by the media as " the next lucille ball " , was offered the role of rachel as the studio ' s first choice , but she declined in favor of starring in the sitcom the naked truth . actress elizabeth be ##rk ##ley also auditioned for the role prior to being cast in the teen sitcom saved by the bell . other actresses who auditioned for rachel include denise richards , melissa rivers , nicole ##tte sheridan , parker pose ##y , and jam ##i ge ##rt ##z . originally , the producers wanted to cast actress court ##ene ##y cox as rachel , who
| 760 |
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] | 3,068 |
crane and ka ##uf ##fm ##an were particularly drawn to because of her " cheer ##y , upbeat energy . " additionally , cox was the most famous cast member at the time amidst an ensemble of relatively unknown actors . however , the actress lobbied for the role of rachel ' s best friend monica , as whom she was ultimately cast , because she felt that she was not " qui ##rky " enough to play rachel . at the same time , although un ##bek ##now ##nst to each other , an ##isto ##n was being considered for the role of monica , but fought to play rachel because she felt that the character suited her better . at one point , cox
| 760 |
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] | 3,069 |
had begun to regret her decision to play monica until her own character ' s storylines started improving . friends was an ##isto ##n ' s sixth sitcom ; each of her previous ventures had been canceled prematurely . feeling vulnerable , an ##isto ##n had begun to doubt herself as an actress and personally approached little ##field for re ##ass ##urance on her career , who encouraged her to audition for friends , which was being referred to as friends like these at the time . crane and ka ##uf ##fm ##an had worked with an ##isto ##n prior to this . however , casting her as rachel posed a challenge for the network because , at the time , an ##isto ##n was simultaneously
| 732 |
[
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starring in a developing cbs sitcom called mud ##dling through , in which she plays a young woman whose mother is returning home from jail after two years . cbs was initially reluctant to release an ##isto ##n from her contract , which required the actress to balance both roles simultaneously , traveling back @ - @ and @ - @ forth between mud ##dling through and friends for two weeks . meanwhile , nbc risked having to rec ##ast the role of rachel , replace an ##isto ##n , and res ##hoot several episodes if cbs ' series proved successful , which would have potentially cost the network millions of dollars . however , little ##field remained confident that mud ##dling through would fail .
| 878 |
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essentially , the producers of friends hoped that mud ##dling through would be canceled before friends premiered , while an ##isto ##n feared that mud ##dling through would be the more successful of the two sitcom ##s in spite of her preference towards friends . during this time of uncertainty , an ##isto ##n was forced not to participate in several friends @ - @ related promotions and photo shoots ; the network excluded her from these in case she would be replaced . an ##isto ##n explained , " when we were shooting the first grouping of cast photos . . . i was asked to step out of a bunch because they didn ' t know if i was going to be still playing
| 822 |
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rachel . " director james burrows admitted that an ##isto ##n had been cast in second position . the producers had already begun audition ##ing other actresses for the part , while an ##isto ##n also received phone calls from her own friends warning her , " i ' m audition ##ing for your part in friends . " ultimately , mud ##dling through was canceled after only three months and ten episodes , two weeks before the pilot of friends aired , thus allowing an ##isto ##n to keep her role on the show , becoming its second youngest cast member at the age of 25 . crane appreciated an ##isto ##n ' s interpretation of rachel because " in the wrong hands rachel is
| 884 |
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kind of annoying and spoiled and un ##lika ##ble , " com ##men ##ding the actress for " breathing life into a difficult character . " crane and ka ##uf ##fm ##an strongly envisioned friends as an ensemble comedy , and warner bros . initially marketed the show as such by having the cast appear in their entirety for all press , interviews and photo shoots . one of few sitcom ##s at the time to be neither a workplace comedy , family sitcom or star a famous comedian , elizabeth ko ##lbert of the new york times explained that each of the show ' s main characters are " of equal importance . " as a writer , crane preferred it this way because "
| 740 |
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] | 3,074 |
utilizing six equal players , rather than emphasizing one or two , would allow for myriad story lines . " ka ##uf ##fm ##an echoed " that friends worked best when the entire ensemble was onstage . " the only reason an ##isto ##n is credited first during the show ' s title sequence is because the cast is listed alphabet ##ically . the show ' s ensemble format is also believed to have prevented jealous conflicts among the cast . famously , the friends cast became the first in television history to negotiate as a group for equal salaries , refusing to work until their demands of $ 100 @ , @ 000 per episode were met during season three , which eventually increased to
| 4 |
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$ 1 million per episode by seasons nine and ten – approximately $ 25 million per year . alongside cox and actress lisa ku ##dro ##w , who portrays phoebe , an ##isto ##n became the highest @ - @ paid television actress of all time . by then , an ##isto ##n had surpassed cox as the show ' s most famous cast member due to having launched an international hair trend with the " rachel " and successfully transition ##ing into a film career , combined with her high @ - @ profile relationship with her then @ - @ husband , actor brad pitt , who had once guest starred in an episode of the show . at times the producers would use
| 865 |
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the actress ' popularity to boost the show ' s ratings , notably her character ' s seventh season kiss with actress win ##ona ryder and pregnancy arc . an ##isto ##n had been telling the press that the show ' s ninth season would be her last , and was initially hesitant to return to friends to film its tenth and final season . she explained to nbc ' s matt lau ##er , " i wanted it to end when people still loved us and we were on a high . and then i was also feeling like , ‘ how much more of rachel do i have in me ? ’ ” however , the actress ultimately agreed to complete the tenth season
| 732 |
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of friends , which was reduced from 24 to 18 episodes to accommodate an ##isto ##n ' s busy film schedule . = = characterization and themes = = rachel is the youngest of friends six main characters . the term " spoiled " is often used to describe the character ' s personality during her early appearances . en ##cy ##cl ##opa ##ed ##ia brit ##ann ##ica describes rachel as a spoiled and funny character . according to rachel ' s original character description , written by crane and ka ##uf ##fm ##an themselves for the show ' s pilot , the character is a spoiled yet courageous young woman who " has worked for none of what she has " , unlike best friend
| 878 |
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monica , and is initially " equipped to do nothing " . james end ##rst of the hartford co ##ura ##nt identified her as " a spoiled rich kid " , while the daily news dubbed rachel an " end ##earing ##ly spoiled daddy ' s girl . " author kim et ##ing ##off wrote about rachel in her book jennifer an ##isto ##n : from friends to films that the character is " spun ##ky and sometimes spoiled " , while tv land called her " naive . " citing the differences between rachel and her two female friends , the guardian ' s ryan gil ##bey observed that the character " wasn ' t ins ##ulated by self @ - @ regard , like
| 760 |
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monica , or sw ##ad ##dled in go ##rm ##lessness , like phoebe . " frequently identified as fitting the " girl next door " arch ##ety ##pe , anne bi ##lson of the telegraph described rachel as " funny but not too funny , pretty but not too pretty , sexy but not too sexy , sc ##atter ##bra ##ined but not too sc ##atter ##bra ##ined . " talk ##talk ' s dominic wills described the character as " smart but di ##tz ##y , determined but und ##is ##ci ##plin ##ed . " meanwhile , lia ##t ko ##rno ##wski , writing for the huffington post , scribe ##d that rachel is a " beautiful , coveted , slightly ne ##uro ##tic ,
| 770 |
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] | 3,080 |
border ##line ego ##centric " character . observing that the show ' s main characters are each based on a stereo ##type , jonathan bernstein of the daily telegraph identified rachel as " the self @ - @ absorbed one who goes from riches to rags . " according to reign magazine , rachel is " a human being full of vulnerability , humor and strength while aesthetic ##ally don ##ning an und ##enia ##ble beauty and all ##ure . " originally depicted as a character who is un ##pre ##par ##ed for " the world as an adult " , rachel ' s personality was gradually tailored to suit an ##isto ##n as the series progressed , becoming " more self @ - @ sufficient
| 760 |
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] | 3,081 |
and sympathetic . " according to shining in the shadows : movie stars of the 2000s author murray po ##mer ##ance , " the more boundary collapsed between the ' real ' jennifer an ##isto ##n and rachel , the more ' authentic ' an ##isto ##n became . " po ##mer ##ance also noted that the character ' s " well @ - @ rounded ##ness , normal ##cy and re ##lat ##ability " is similar to an ##isto ##n ' s , while both the character and the actress herself are very expressive , talking " with [ their ] hands a good deal . " in her book how to write for television , author madeline dim ##ag ##gio wrote that although "
| 748 |
[
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] | 3,082 |
rachel grew within the context of the series . . . she would always struggle with the spoiled , image @ - @ conscious daddy ' s girl who fled from her wedding in the pilot . " similarly , buddy ##tv wrote that although rachel " eventually evolve ##s into being less absorbed in later series , she [ remains ] the most image @ - @ cent ##ric among the six " , while vogue ' s edward bars ##ami ##an opined , " she might have been self @ - @ centered and brat ##ty , but rachel green was perhaps the most st ##yl ##ish and una ##bas ##hed ##ly fashion @ - @ obsessed character on the show . " tv
| 760 |
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"14"
] | 3,083 |
land summarized the character ' s arc and development in the website ' s biography of her , writing , " rachel is a born shop ##per , but … she ’ s not necessarily a born worker . in fact , before moving in with monica , she ’ s never had to work at all , thanks to the generosity of her parents . luckily , rachel is smart , resource ##ful and chi ##c , so her future is bright , both as a member of the workforce and with her newfound tribe . " examining the character ' s sexuality , splits ##ider ' s mike d ' av ##ria determined that rachel has had the third most sexual partners , 14
| 760 |
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, as well as the highest percentage of serious mono ##gam ##ous relationships at 71 % . d ' av ##ria opined , " throughout the whole series rachel is continually meeting men she wants to impress . her flirt ##ations typically fail , but she somehow winds up in a serious relationship with them . " additionally , rachel is also the only character to admit to having had a homosexual experience . in an interview with the jewish telegraph , ka ##uf ##fm ##an confirmed that rachel is jewish . on the character ' s " jewish ties " , ka ##uf ##fm ##an told j . that rachel had always been jewish " in our minds " , explaining , " you can
| 760 |
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] | 3,085 |
’ t create a character with the name ' rachel green ' and not from the get @ - @ go make some character choices " . prior to this , critics and fans had long speculated whether or not rachel is jewish ; there are entire websites entirely devoted to discussing this . vulture ' s lindsey weber , who identifies herself as jewish , observed several similarities and jewish stereotypes she shares with the character , citing the facts that rachel refers to her grandmother ida green as " bu ##bbe " , long island origin , and engagement to a jewish doctor as all ##usions to the character ' s jewish culture . in her book changed for good : a feminist history
| 760 |
[
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of the broadway musical , author stacy wolf identified rachel as one of several popular female television characters who embodied jewish stereotypes during the 1990s and often served as " the butt of the shows ' jokes . " meanwhile , jd ##ate ' s rebecca frank ##el cited rachel as one of the earliest and most prominent examples of the jewish american princess stereo ##type on screen . writing for the university of north carolina at chapel hill , alicia r . ko ##ren ##man also acknowledged rachel ' s initial jewish american princess qualities , describing her as " spoiled , dependent on her father ' s money and her fiance ' s , is horrified at the thought of working for a living
| 760 |
[
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] | 3,087 |
and generally in ##ept in her attempts to do so , and is eventually revealed to have had a nose job " , which she eventually overcome ##s as they become less " evident in later seasons of the show " . in his article " princess ##es , sc ##hl ##emi ##els , punish ##ers and over ##be ##aring mothers " , evan cooper described rachel as a " de @ - @ semi ##tized " jew because , aside from her name , " there is never any discussion of experiences of growing up in a jewish culture , no use of yiddish , and few , if any , references to family members with distinctive ##ly jewish surname ##s " . cooper continued
| 762 |
[
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] | 3,088 |
to write that although rachel possesses some jewish american princess traits , she is more similar to the " little woman " stereo ##type . the new york post ' s robert ro ##rke labeled rachel " a rehab ##ili ##tated jewish american princess " , in contrast to her sister amy ( christina apple ##gate ) who remains " selfish , conde ##sc ##ending and na ##rc ##iss ##istic . " = = reception and legacy = = = = = critical response = = = critical reception towards rachel has remained mostly positive throughout the show ' s ten @ - @ year run . writing for the a . v . club , john reid holds rachel responsible for the success of the
| 760 |
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] | 3,089 |
pilot , explaining , " the story of this group of friends must start with a stranger coming to town , and rachel is the perfect stranger for this plot " . reid also believes that rachel initiated character development in the five other main characters , describing her arrival as " a catalyst for all of them to grow , because unlike the rest of them , rachel is interested in finding meaning for her life " . also writing for the a . v . club , sonia sara ##iya was pleased with rachel and ross ' first romantic encounter because , for the first time , " rachel displays a moment of true empathy for another human being " . sara ##iya went
| 760 |
[
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] | 3,090 |
on to describe rachel as " as a model for women coming of age in the 1990s — the popular , pretty girl dissatisfied with where those illusions have taken her but also unwilling to embrace the more aggressively ' feminist ' career @ - @ woman strategy " . the new york times joseph hana ##nia enjoyed rachel ' s telephone conversation with her father during the pilot , describing it as " hilarious . " the los angeles times bob shay ##ne admitted that he is attracted to rachel , joking , " my feelings for rachel , i say with some embarrassment , mirror those of gunther " . cosmopolitan reviewed rachel as " the best fictional gal pal we ' ve ever
| 760 |
[
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","
] | 3,091 |
had " , while people called her " spoiled yet love ##able " . usa today ' s robert bi ##an ##co credits rachel ' s pregnancy arc with saving friends , explaining that it " prop ##el [ led ] the show to the top of the ratings " and ultimately " rev ##ers [ ed ] the show ' s decline in ways . . . that no one watching ' the one with monica & chandler ' s wedding ' could ever have imagined . " bi ##an ##co concluded , " indeed , without that fortune @ - @ altering twist , friends probably would have ended sooner " . b ##dc ##wire ranked " the one with the ball " ,
| 762 |
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] | 3,092 |
" the one with rachel ’ s ina ##d ##vert ##ent kiss " , " the one with the football " , " the one with the fake party " , and " the one in vegas , part one rachel ' s five best episodes . meanwhile , tv ##line criticized rachel ' s storyline in season one ' s " the one with the evil or ##th ##odon ##tist " for imp ##ulsive ##ly sleeping with her ex @ - @ fiance , barry , pan ##ning the episode as " cr ##inge ##worthy " . tv ##line also criticized the character ' s arc in season four ' s " the one with the fake party " . at times the character has
| 885 |
[
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"##n",
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] | 3,093 |
generated mild controversy , specifically in 1996 in response to her role in the second season episode " the one where dr . ram ##ora ##y dies " , in which rachel and monica fight over a condom . an ##isto ##n revealed that friends fans would often approach and sc ##old her for things rachel did that they deemed " disagree ##able " . neil mid ##gley , writing for the daily telegraph , hailed rachel as " one of six la ##tte @ - @ sw ##ill ##ing young new yorker ##s who helped friends red ##ef ##ine the kind of relationships that could form the heart of a us sitcom " . according to jennifer an ##isto ##n : from friends to films
| 760 |
[
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] | 3,094 |
author kim et ##ing ##off , audiences wanted to see rachel " figure out life , " allowing the character to become " a favorite of many friends fans throughout all ten seasons " . writing for talk ##talk , dominic wills echoed that rachel " became the general favourite " , while " no one had a bad word to say about jennifer an ##isto ##n " . rachel would go on to become the show ' s breakout character , and is often revered as one of the greatest characters in television history . us weekly magazine ranked rachel the most beloved television character of the past 20 years , citing her as " one of tv ' s most end ##earing personalities "
| 760 |
[
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",",
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"and",
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",",
"12th"
] | 3,095 |
, while entertainment weekly ranked the character sixth on a similar list . ao ##l tv ranked rachel among television ' s hundred " greatest women " at number 23 , with author kim pot ##ts penn ##ing , " rachel became one of viewers ' favorite friends because she grew from what could have been a one @ - @ note character . . . into a more independent , caring pal " . cbs news placed rachel and the cast of friends at number 31 on its list of the " 50 greatest tv characters " . buddy ##tv ranked rachel the 15th fun ##nies ##t female character in sitcom history . cha ##cha collectively ranked rachel , monica and phoebe 11th , 12th
| 741 |
[
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",",
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"united",
"states",
"that"
] | 3,096 |
and 13th on the website ' s list of the " top 16 female tv characters of all time " . writing for entertainment ##wise , georgina little ##jo ##hn believes that rachel ' s influence is evident in the character penny in the sitcom the big bang theory , noting that both characters are " blonde , cute , funny , like ##able girls @ - @ next @ - @ door " . several baby name books and websites now commonly associate the name " rachel " with the character . according to baby ##cent ##er , the name peaked in popularity in 1996 , during the second season of friends , becoming the ninth most popular female name in the united states that
| 760 |
[
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] | 3,097 |
year . an ##isto ##n ' s performance in friends has been praised since her first appearance in its pilot . entertainment weekly ' s ken tucker wrote that the actress provides rachel with " prick ##ly intelligence " . writing for the baltimore sun , david zur ##aw ##ik cited an ##isto ##n among the show ' s " very strong cast " , while variety ' s tony scott wrote that " all six of the principals . . . appear resource ##ful and display sharp sitcom skills " . robert bi ##an ##co of the pittsburgh post @ - @ gazette praised the show ' s female cast collectively . tv guide wrote that the actress " instantly charm ##ed audiences with her
| 743 |
[
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] | 3,098 |
perfect looks and end ##earing ##ly flawed persona " . kevin fallon of the daily beast dubbed an ##isto ##n ' s performance on friends " the work of a brilliant character actress . " the guardian ' s ryan gil ##bey reviewed that " an ##isto ##n was the spark ##iest member of the ensemble and the one least re ##lian ##t on goo ##fb ##all car ##ica ##ture " , concluding , " playing the only character with whom a sane viewer might reasonably identify also meant that she got the lion ' s share of attention " . andrew collins of radio times described an ##isto ##n as a " natural comic performer , as adept with a subtle nose wr ##ink ##le
| 732 |
[
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"jennifer",
"an"
] | 3,099 |
as a full @ - @ on pr ##at ##fall , and fluent in quick @ - @ fire pat ##ter " . in 2002 , an ##isto ##n won the emmy award for outstanding lead actress in a comedy series , one of the show ' s six wins out of a total of 62 nominations . in 2003 , the actress won the golden globe award for best performance by an actress in a television series – comedy or musical . karen thomas of usa today dubbed an ##isto ##n " our favorite friend " . according to turner classic movies , an ##isto ##n ultimately became " one of the most popular television actresses of her era " . according to jennifer an
| 867 |
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