tokens
list | idx
int64 0
894k
| text
stringlengths 316
895
| cluster
int64 0
999
|
|---|---|---|---|
[
"punishment",
"of",
"the",
"accused",
".",
"rash",
"judgement",
":",
"believing",
",",
"without",
"sufficient",
"evidence",
",",
"that",
"a",
"person",
"has",
"done",
"moral",
"faults",
".",
"det",
"##raction",
":",
"the",
"disclosure",
"of",
"another",
"'",
"s",
"faults",
"without",
"a",
"valid",
"reason",
".",
"cal",
"##um",
"##ny",
":",
"lying",
"to",
"harm",
"a",
"person",
"'",
"s",
"reputation",
"and",
"providing",
"opportunity",
"to",
"others",
"to",
"make",
"false",
"judgement",
"##s",
"concerning",
"them",
".",
"flat",
"##tery",
":",
"\"",
"speech",
"to",
"dec",
"##ei",
"##ve",
"others",
"for",
"our",
"benefit",
".",
"\"",
"bragg",
"##ing",
",",
"bo",
"##ast",
"##ing",
",",
"or",
"mocking",
":",
"speech",
"which",
"either",
"only",
"honors",
"oneself",
"or",
"dish",
"##ono",
"##rs",
"others",
".",
"the",
"church",
"requires",
"those",
"who",
"have",
"damaged",
"the",
"reputation",
"of",
"another",
"to",
"\"",
"make",
"rep",
"##arat",
"##ion",
"for",
"the",
"un",
"##tr",
"##uth",
"they",
"have",
"communicated",
".",
"\""
] | 2,400 |
punishment of the accused . rash judgement : believing , without sufficient evidence , that a person has done moral faults . det ##raction : the disclosure of another ' s faults without a valid reason . cal ##um ##ny : lying to harm a person ' s reputation and providing opportunity to others to make false judgement ##s concerning them . flat ##tery : " speech to dec ##ei ##ve others for our benefit . " bragg ##ing , bo ##ast ##ing , or mocking : speech which either only honors oneself or dish ##ono ##rs others . the church requires those who have damaged the reputation of another to " make rep ##arat ##ion for the un ##tr ##uth they have communicated . "
| 115 |
[
"however",
",",
"it",
"does",
"not",
"require",
"a",
"person",
"to",
"reveal",
"a",
"truth",
"to",
"someone",
"who",
"does",
"not",
"have",
"a",
"right",
"to",
"know",
",",
"and",
"teaches",
"respect",
"for",
"a",
"right",
"to",
"privacy",
".",
"priests",
"are",
"prohibited",
"from",
"violating",
"the",
"seal",
"of",
"confession",
"no",
"matter",
"how",
"grave",
"the",
"sin",
"or",
"its",
"impact",
"on",
"society",
".",
"included",
"in",
"the",
"church",
"teachings",
"of",
"this",
"command",
"##ment",
"is",
"the",
"requirement",
"for",
"christians",
"to",
"bear",
"witness",
"to",
"their",
"faith",
"\"",
"without",
"e",
"##qui",
"##vocation",
"\"",
"in",
"situations",
"that",
"require",
"it",
".",
"the",
"use",
"of",
"modern",
"media",
"in",
"spreading",
"un",
"##tr",
"##uth",
"##s",
",",
"by",
"individuals",
",",
"businesses",
"or",
"governments",
",",
"is",
"condemned",
".",
"=",
"=",
"ninth",
"command",
"##ment",
"=",
"=",
"the",
"ninth",
"and",
"tenth",
"command",
"##ments",
"deal",
"with",
"cove",
"##ting",
",",
"which"
] | 2,401 |
however , it does not require a person to reveal a truth to someone who does not have a right to know , and teaches respect for a right to privacy . priests are prohibited from violating the seal of confession no matter how grave the sin or its impact on society . included in the church teachings of this command ##ment is the requirement for christians to bear witness to their faith " without e ##qui ##vocation " in situations that require it . the use of modern media in spreading un ##tr ##uth ##s , by individuals , businesses or governments , is condemned . = = ninth command ##ment = = the ninth and tenth command ##ments deal with cove ##ting , which
| 277 |
[
"is",
"an",
"interior",
"disposition",
"not",
"a",
"physical",
"act",
".",
"the",
"cat",
"##ech",
"##ism",
"distinguishes",
"between",
"cove",
"##tou",
"##s",
"##ness",
"of",
"the",
"flesh",
"(",
"improper",
"sexual",
"desire",
")",
"and",
"cove",
"##tou",
"##s",
"##ness",
"for",
"another",
"'",
"s",
"world",
"##ly",
"goods",
".",
"the",
"ninth",
"command",
"##ment",
"deals",
"with",
"the",
"former",
"and",
"the",
"tenth",
"the",
"latter",
".",
"jesus",
"emphasized",
"the",
"need",
"for",
"pure",
"thoughts",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"actions",
",",
"and",
"stated",
",",
"\"",
"everyone",
"who",
"looks",
"at",
"a",
"woman",
"lust",
"##fully",
"has",
"already",
"committed",
"adultery",
"with",
"her",
"in",
"his",
"heart",
"\"",
"(",
"matthew",
"5",
":",
"28",
")",
".",
"the",
"cat",
"##ech",
"##ism",
"states",
"that",
",",
"with",
"the",
"help",
"of",
"god",
"'",
"s",
"grace",
",",
"men",
"and",
"women",
"are",
"required",
"to",
"overcome",
"lust",
"and",
"bodily",
"desires",
"\"",
"for",
"sin",
"##ful"
] | 2,402 |
is an interior disposition not a physical act . the cat ##ech ##ism distinguishes between cove ##tou ##s ##ness of the flesh ( improper sexual desire ) and cove ##tou ##s ##ness for another ' s world ##ly goods . the ninth command ##ment deals with the former and the tenth the latter . jesus emphasized the need for pure thoughts as well as actions , and stated , " everyone who looks at a woman lust ##fully has already committed adultery with her in his heart " ( matthew 5 : 28 ) . the cat ##ech ##ism states that , with the help of god ' s grace , men and women are required to overcome lust and bodily desires " for sin ##ful
| 691 |
[
"relationships",
"with",
"another",
"person",
"'",
"s",
"spouse",
".",
"\"",
"in",
"theology",
"of",
"the",
"body",
",",
"a",
"series",
"of",
"lectures",
"given",
"by",
"pope",
"john",
"paul",
"ii",
",",
"jesus",
"'",
"statement",
"in",
"matthew",
"5",
":",
"28",
"is",
"interpreted",
"that",
"one",
"can",
"commit",
"adultery",
"in",
"the",
"heart",
"not",
"only",
"with",
"another",
"'",
"s",
"spouse",
",",
"but",
"also",
"with",
"his",
"/",
"her",
"own",
"spouse",
"if",
"one",
"looks",
"at",
"him",
"/",
"her",
"lust",
"##fully",
"or",
"treats",
"him",
"/",
"her",
"\"",
"only",
"as",
"an",
"object",
"to",
"satisfy",
"instinct",
"\"",
".",
"purity",
"of",
"heart",
"is",
"suggested",
"as",
"the",
"necessary",
"quality",
"needed",
"to",
"accomplish",
"this",
"task",
";",
"common",
"catholic",
"prayers",
"and",
"hymns",
"include",
"a",
"request",
"for",
"this",
"virtue",
".",
"the",
"church",
"identifies",
"gifts",
"of",
"god",
"that",
"help",
"a",
"person",
"maintain",
"purity",
":",
"cha",
"##sti"
] | 2,403 |
relationships with another person ' s spouse . " in theology of the body , a series of lectures given by pope john paul ii , jesus ' statement in matthew 5 : 28 is interpreted that one can commit adultery in the heart not only with another ' s spouse , but also with his / her own spouse if one looks at him / her lust ##fully or treats him / her " only as an object to satisfy instinct " . purity of heart is suggested as the necessary quality needed to accomplish this task ; common catholic prayers and hymns include a request for this virtue . the church identifies gifts of god that help a person maintain purity : cha ##sti
| 274 |
[
"##ty",
",",
"which",
"enables",
"people",
"to",
"love",
"others",
"with",
"upright",
"and",
"und",
"##iv",
"##ided",
"hearts",
".",
"purity",
"of",
"intention",
",",
"which",
"seeks",
"to",
"fulfill",
"god",
"'",
"s",
"will",
"in",
"everything",
",",
"knowing",
"that",
"it",
"alone",
"will",
"lead",
"to",
"the",
"true",
"end",
"of",
"man",
".",
"purity",
"of",
"vision",
",",
"\"",
"external",
"and",
"internal",
"\"",
",",
"disc",
"##ip",
"##lining",
"the",
"thoughts",
"and",
"imagination",
"to",
"reject",
"those",
"that",
"are",
"imp",
"##ure",
".",
"prayer",
"that",
"recognizes",
"the",
"power",
"of",
"god",
"to",
"grant",
"a",
"person",
"the",
"ability",
"to",
"overcome",
"sexual",
"desires",
".",
"modest",
"##y",
",",
"of",
"the",
"feelings",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"the",
"body",
"is",
"discreet",
"in",
"choice",
"of",
"words",
"and",
"clothing",
".",
"jesus",
"stated",
",",
"\"",
"blessed",
"are",
"the",
"clean",
"of",
"heart",
",",
"for",
"they",
"shall",
"see",
"god",
".",
"\"",
"this"
] | 2,404 |
##ty , which enables people to love others with upright and und ##iv ##ided hearts . purity of intention , which seeks to fulfill god ' s will in everything , knowing that it alone will lead to the true end of man . purity of vision , " external and internal " , disc ##ip ##lining the thoughts and imagination to reject those that are imp ##ure . prayer that recognizes the power of god to grant a person the ability to overcome sexual desires . modest ##y , of the feelings as well as the body is discreet in choice of words and clothing . jesus stated , " blessed are the clean of heart , for they shall see god . " this
| 704 |
[
"purity",
"of",
"heart",
",",
"which",
"the",
"ninth",
"command",
"##ment",
"introduces",
",",
"is",
"the",
"\"",
"pre",
"##con",
"##dition",
"of",
"the",
"vision",
"of",
"god",
"\"",
"and",
"allows",
"the",
"person",
"to",
"see",
"situations",
"and",
"people",
"as",
"god",
"sees",
".",
"the",
"cat",
"##ech",
"##ism",
"teaches",
"that",
"\"",
"there",
"is",
"a",
"connection",
"between",
"purity",
"of",
"heart",
",",
"of",
"body",
"and",
"of",
"faith",
".",
"\"",
"=",
"=",
"tenth",
"command",
"##ment",
"=",
"=",
"detachment",
"from",
"riches",
"is",
"the",
"goal",
"of",
"the",
"tenth",
"command",
"##ment",
"and",
"the",
"first",
"beat",
"##itude",
"(",
"\"",
"blessed",
"are",
"the",
"poor",
"in",
"spirit",
"\"",
")",
"because",
",",
"according",
"to",
"the",
"cat",
"##ech",
"##ism",
",",
"this",
"pre",
"##ce",
"##pt",
"is",
"necessary",
"for",
"entrance",
"into",
"the",
"kingdom",
"of",
"heaven",
".",
"cove",
"##tou",
"##s",
"##ness",
"is",
"prohibited",
"by",
"the",
"tenth",
"command",
"##ment"
] | 2,405 |
purity of heart , which the ninth command ##ment introduces , is the " pre ##con ##dition of the vision of god " and allows the person to see situations and people as god sees . the cat ##ech ##ism teaches that " there is a connection between purity of heart , of body and of faith . " = = tenth command ##ment = = detachment from riches is the goal of the tenth command ##ment and the first beat ##itude ( " blessed are the poor in spirit " ) because , according to the cat ##ech ##ism , this pre ##ce ##pt is necessary for entrance into the kingdom of heaven . cove ##tou ##s ##ness is prohibited by the tenth command ##ment
| 277 |
[
"because",
"it",
"is",
"considered",
"to",
"be",
"the",
"first",
"step",
"toward",
"commission",
"of",
"theft",
",",
"robbery",
"and",
"fraud",
";",
"these",
"lead",
"to",
"violence",
"and",
"injustice",
".",
"the",
"church",
"defines",
"cove",
"##tou",
"##s",
"##ness",
"as",
"a",
"\"",
"disorder",
"##ed",
"desire",
"\"",
"that",
"can",
"take",
"different",
"forms",
":",
"greed",
"is",
"the",
"desire",
"for",
"too",
"much",
"of",
"what",
"one",
"does",
"not",
"need",
".",
"envy",
"is",
"the",
"desire",
"for",
"what",
"belongs",
"to",
"another",
".",
"the",
"us",
"bishops",
"define",
"it",
"as",
"\"",
"an",
"attitude",
"that",
"fills",
"us",
"with",
"sadness",
"at",
"the",
"sight",
"of",
"another",
"'",
"s",
"prosperity",
".",
"\"",
"explaining",
"church",
"teaching",
"of",
"this",
"command",
"##ment",
",",
"k",
"##ree",
"##ft",
"cites",
"saint",
"thomas",
"a",
"##quin",
"##as",
",",
"who",
"wrote",
",",
"\"",
"an",
"evil",
"desire",
"can",
"only",
"be",
"overcome",
"by",
"a",
"stronger",
"good"
] | 2,406 |
because it is considered to be the first step toward commission of theft , robbery and fraud ; these lead to violence and injustice . the church defines cove ##tou ##s ##ness as a " disorder ##ed desire " that can take different forms : greed is the desire for too much of what one does not need . envy is the desire for what belongs to another . the us bishops define it as " an attitude that fills us with sadness at the sight of another ' s prosperity . " explaining church teaching of this command ##ment , k ##ree ##ft cites saint thomas a ##quin ##as , who wrote , " an evil desire can only be overcome by a stronger good
| 83 |
[
"desire",
".",
"\"",
"the",
"us",
"bishops",
"suggest",
"that",
"this",
"can",
"be",
"achieved",
"through",
"cultivation",
"of",
"goodwill",
",",
"hum",
"##ility",
"and",
"gratitude",
"for",
"one",
"'",
"s",
"own",
"and",
"others",
"'",
"blessings",
",",
"while",
"trusting",
"in",
"god",
"'",
"s",
"grace",
".",
"k",
"##ree",
"##ft",
"explains",
"that",
"saint",
"paul",
"the",
"apostle",
"illustrated",
"the",
"concept",
"in",
"his",
"letter",
"to",
"the",
"philipp",
"##ians",
"when",
"he",
"listed",
"his",
"world",
"##ly",
"credentials",
"as",
"a",
"respected",
"jew",
"and",
"stated",
",",
"\"",
"i",
"count",
"everything",
"as",
"loss",
"because",
"of",
"the",
"surpassing",
"worth",
"of",
"knowing",
"christ",
"jesus",
"my",
"lord",
".",
"\"",
"as",
"jesus",
"stated",
",",
"\"",
"what",
"shall",
"it",
"profit",
"a",
"man",
"if",
"he",
"shall",
"gain",
"the",
"whole",
"world",
",",
"and",
"lose",
"his",
"own",
"soul",
"?",
"\"",
"church",
"teaching",
"on",
"the",
"tenth",
"command",
"##ment",
"is",
"directed"
] | 2,407 |
desire . " the us bishops suggest that this can be achieved through cultivation of goodwill , hum ##ility and gratitude for one ' s own and others ' blessings , while trusting in god ' s grace . k ##ree ##ft explains that saint paul the apostle illustrated the concept in his letter to the philipp ##ians when he listed his world ##ly credentials as a respected jew and stated , " i count everything as loss because of the surpassing worth of knowing christ jesus my lord . " as jesus stated , " what shall it profit a man if he shall gain the whole world , and lose his own soul ? " church teaching on the tenth command ##ment is directed
| 49 |
[
"toward",
"this",
"same",
"attitude",
"toward",
"world",
"##ly",
"goods",
",",
"termed",
"\"",
"poverty",
"of",
"spirit",
"\"",
".",
"the",
"yamaha",
"ns",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"10",
"is",
"a",
"loud",
"##sp",
"##eak",
"##er",
"that",
"became",
"a",
"standard",
"near",
"##field",
"studio",
"monitor",
"in",
"the",
"music",
"industry",
"among",
"rock",
"and",
"pop",
"recording",
"engineers",
".",
"launched",
"in",
"1978",
",",
"the",
"ns",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"10",
"started",
"life",
"as",
"a",
"books",
"##hel",
"##f",
"speaker",
"destined",
"for",
"the",
"domestic",
"environment",
".",
"it",
"was",
"poorly",
"received",
"but",
"eventually",
"became",
"a",
"valuable",
"tool",
"with",
"which",
"to",
"mix",
"rock",
"recordings",
".",
"the",
"speaker",
"has",
"a",
"characteristic",
"white",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"coloured",
"mid",
"–",
"bass",
"drive",
"unit",
".",
"technically",
",",
"it",
"is",
"known",
"as",
"a",
"speaker",
"that",
"easily",
"reveals",
"poor",
"quality",
"in",
"recordings",
".",
"recording",
"engineers",
"sought",
"to",
"dull"
] | 2,408 |
toward this same attitude toward world ##ly goods , termed " poverty of spirit " . the yamaha ns @ - @ 10 is a loud ##sp ##eak ##er that became a standard near ##field studio monitor in the music industry among rock and pop recording engineers . launched in 1978 , the ns @ - @ 10 started life as a books ##hel ##f speaker destined for the domestic environment . it was poorly received but eventually became a valuable tool with which to mix rock recordings . the speaker has a characteristic white @ - @ coloured mid – bass drive unit . technically , it is known as a speaker that easily reveals poor quality in recordings . recording engineers sought to dull
| 282 |
[
"its",
"tre",
"##ble",
"response",
"by",
"hanging",
"tissue",
"paper",
"in",
"front",
"of",
"it",
",",
"resulting",
"in",
"what",
"became",
"known",
"as",
"the",
"\"",
"tissue",
"paper",
"effect",
"\"",
",",
"a",
"type",
"of",
"comb",
"filtering",
".",
"the",
"ns",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"10",
"has",
"been",
"used",
"to",
"monitor",
"a",
"large",
"number",
"of",
"successful",
"recordings",
"by",
"numerous",
"artists",
",",
"leading",
"gi",
"##z",
"##mo",
"##do",
"to",
"refer",
"to",
"it",
"as",
"\"",
"the",
"most",
"important",
"loud",
"##sp",
"##eak",
"##er",
"you",
"never",
"heard",
"of",
"\"",
".",
"yamaha",
"discontinued",
"the",
"product",
"in",
"2001",
".",
"originally",
"conceived",
"as",
"a",
"domestic",
"hi",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"fi",
"speaker",
",",
"the",
"ns",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"10",
"was",
"designed",
"by",
"akira",
"nakamura",
"and",
"launched",
"in",
"1978",
".",
"it",
"was",
"sold",
"at",
"the",
"$",
"400",
"price",
"point",
".",
"the",
"speaker",
"was",
"poorly"
] | 2,409 |
its tre ##ble response by hanging tissue paper in front of it , resulting in what became known as the " tissue paper effect " , a type of comb filtering . the ns @ - @ 10 has been used to monitor a large number of successful recordings by numerous artists , leading gi ##z ##mo ##do to refer to it as " the most important loud ##sp ##eak ##er you never heard of " . yamaha discontinued the product in 2001 . originally conceived as a domestic hi @ - @ fi speaker , the ns @ - @ 10 was designed by akira nakamura and launched in 1978 . it was sold at the $ 400 price point . the speaker was poorly
| 337 |
[
"received",
"and",
"its",
"commercial",
"life",
"was",
"short",
".",
"however",
",",
"it",
"took",
"five",
"years",
"for",
"its",
"popularity",
"to",
"be",
"established",
"with",
"professional",
"users",
".",
"as",
"recording",
"engineers",
"came",
"to",
"rely",
"on",
"the",
"ns",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"10",
"as",
"a",
"bench",
"##mark",
",",
"it",
"dominated",
"the",
"mixing",
"of",
"pop",
"and",
"rock",
"music",
"throughout",
"the",
"world",
"for",
"at",
"least",
"20",
"years",
".",
"the",
"ns",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"10",
"displaced",
"the",
"aura",
"##tone",
"5",
"##c",
"sound",
"cube",
"as",
"the",
"near",
"##field",
"monitor",
"of",
"choice",
"in",
"the",
"1980s",
"and",
"was",
"recognised",
"for",
"its",
"ability",
"to",
"reveal",
"short",
"##coming",
"##s",
"in",
"recordings",
".",
"it",
"probably",
"first",
"reached",
"american",
"shores",
"through",
"a",
"recording",
"engineer",
"'",
"s",
"visit",
"to",
"japan",
".",
"the",
"engineer",
",",
"likely",
"to",
"have",
"been",
"greg",
"lad",
"##any",
"##i",
","
] | 2,410 |
received and its commercial life was short . however , it took five years for its popularity to be established with professional users . as recording engineers came to rely on the ns @ - @ 10 as a bench ##mark , it dominated the mixing of pop and rock music throughout the world for at least 20 years . the ns @ - @ 10 displaced the aura ##tone 5 ##c sound cube as the near ##field monitor of choice in the 1980s and was recognised for its ability to reveal short ##coming ##s in recordings . it probably first reached american shores through a recording engineer ' s visit to japan . the engineer , likely to have been greg lad ##any ##i ,
| 31 |
[
"monitored",
"a",
"recording",
"session",
"through",
"the",
"speaker",
"in",
"a",
"japanese",
"studio",
"and",
"brought",
"a",
"pair",
"back",
"on",
"his",
"return",
"to",
"the",
"us",
".",
"lad",
"##any",
"##i",
"then",
"began",
"using",
"the",
"speakers",
"in",
"a",
"los",
"angeles",
"studio",
".",
"other",
"engineers",
"heard",
"the",
"ns",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"10",
"for",
"the",
"first",
"time",
"and",
"were",
"impressed",
"by",
"its",
"sound",
".",
"its",
"use",
"spread",
"to",
"new",
"york",
"where",
"the",
"ns",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"10",
"was",
"adopted",
"at",
"the",
"power",
"station",
"and",
"other",
"studios",
".",
"early",
"use",
"of",
"the",
"ns",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"10",
"among",
"engineers",
"include",
"bob",
"clear",
"##mount",
"##ain",
",",
"r",
"##hett",
"davies",
",",
"and",
"bill",
"sc",
"##hen",
"##iman",
"in",
"the",
"us",
",",
"and",
"nigel",
"jo",
"##ps",
"##on",
"in",
"the",
"uk",
".",
"clear",
"##mount",
"##ain",
",",
"then",
"a",
"rising"
] | 2,411 |
monitored a recording session through the speaker in a japanese studio and brought a pair back on his return to the us . lad ##any ##i then began using the speakers in a los angeles studio . other engineers heard the ns @ - @ 10 for the first time and were impressed by its sound . its use spread to new york where the ns @ - @ 10 was adopted at the power station and other studios . early use of the ns @ - @ 10 among engineers include bob clear ##mount ##ain , r ##hett davies , and bill sc ##hen ##iman in the us , and nigel jo ##ps ##on in the uk . clear ##mount ##ain , then a rising
| 6 |
[
"star",
"in",
"record",
"production",
",",
"is",
"often",
"credited",
"for",
"the",
"popularity",
"of",
"the",
"ns",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"10",
";",
"phil",
"ward",
",",
"writing",
"in",
"sound",
"on",
"sound",
",",
"suggested",
"that",
"clear",
"##mount",
"##ain",
"was",
"probably",
"not",
"the",
"earliest",
",",
"but",
"was",
"certainly",
"the",
"most",
"influential",
"early",
"adopt",
"##er",
".",
"it",
"became",
"a",
"legend",
"that",
"clear",
"##mount",
"##ain",
"had",
"chosen",
"it",
"because",
"it",
"was",
"the",
"worst",
"speaker",
"he",
"could",
"find",
".",
"he",
"was",
"one",
"of",
"a",
"new",
"breed",
"of",
"creative",
"freelance",
"recording",
"engineers",
"and",
"producers",
"who",
"would",
"travel",
"from",
"studio",
"to",
"studio",
"equipped",
"with",
"their",
"own",
"gear",
"that",
"included",
"microphone",
"##s",
",",
"and",
"a",
"pair",
"of",
"yamaha",
"ns",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"10",
",",
"as",
"a",
"reference",
".",
"recording",
"studios",
"around",
"the",
"world",
",",
"particularly",
"those",
"specialising",
"in"
] | 2,412 |
star in record production , is often credited for the popularity of the ns @ - @ 10 ; phil ward , writing in sound on sound , suggested that clear ##mount ##ain was probably not the earliest , but was certainly the most influential early adopt ##er . it became a legend that clear ##mount ##ain had chosen it because it was the worst speaker he could find . he was one of a new breed of creative freelance recording engineers and producers who would travel from studio to studio equipped with their own gear that included microphone ##s , and a pair of yamaha ns @ - @ 10 , as a reference . recording studios around the world , particularly those specialising in
| 808 |
[
"rock",
"and",
"pop",
"music",
",",
"adopted",
"the",
"speaker",
"as",
"the",
"standard",
".",
"in",
"excess",
"of",
"200",
"@",
",",
"@",
"000",
"pairs",
"were",
"sold",
"throughout",
"the",
"world",
".",
"gi",
"##z",
"##mo",
"##do",
"referred",
"to",
"it",
"as",
"\"",
"the",
"most",
"important",
"loud",
"##sp",
"##eak",
"##er",
"you",
"never",
"heard",
"of",
"\"",
".",
"yamaha",
"stopped",
"manufacturing",
"the",
"speaker",
"in",
"2001",
",",
"citing",
"problems",
"sour",
"##cing",
"the",
"wood",
"pulp",
"for",
"the",
"drivers",
".",
"even",
"years",
"after",
"it",
"was",
"discontinued",
",",
"the",
"speaker",
"continued",
"to",
"be",
"found",
"in",
"studios",
"everywhere",
".",
"mix",
"reported",
"in",
"2008",
"that",
"variants",
"of",
"the",
"ns",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"10",
"were",
"still",
"commercially",
"available",
"in",
"the",
"japanese",
"consumer",
"market",
".",
"=",
"=",
"design",
"and",
"construction",
"=",
"=",
"the",
"ns",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"10",
"is",
"an",
"8",
"@",
"-"
] | 2,413 |
rock and pop music , adopted the speaker as the standard . in excess of 200 @ , @ 000 pairs were sold throughout the world . gi ##z ##mo ##do referred to it as " the most important loud ##sp ##eak ##er you never heard of " . yamaha stopped manufacturing the speaker in 2001 , citing problems sour ##cing the wood pulp for the drivers . even years after it was discontinued , the speaker continued to be found in studios everywhere . mix reported in 2008 that variants of the ns @ - @ 10 were still commercially available in the japanese consumer market . = = design and construction = = the ns @ - @ 10 is an 8 @ -
| 347 |
[
"@",
"oh",
"##m",
"two",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"way",
"loud",
"##sp",
"##eak",
"##er",
"with",
"a",
"10",
"@",
".",
"@",
"4",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"litre",
"sealed",
"cabinet",
"measuring",
"38",
"##2",
"×",
"215",
"×",
"199",
"millimetres",
"(",
"15",
"@",
".",
"@",
"0",
"×",
"8",
"@",
".",
"@",
"5",
"×",
"7",
"@",
".",
"@",
"8",
"in",
")",
"and",
"weighing",
"6",
"kilograms",
"(",
"13",
"@",
".",
"@",
"2",
"lb",
")",
".",
"its",
"2",
"@",
".",
"@",
"5",
"cm",
"(",
"0",
"@",
".",
"@",
"98",
"in",
")",
"particle",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"board",
"cabinet",
"has",
"a",
"wood",
"ve",
"##neer",
"skin",
"with",
"seven",
"black",
"finishing",
"layers",
".",
"the",
"domestic",
"version",
"of",
"the",
"speaker",
"was",
"vertically",
"orient",
"##ated",
",",
"and",
"came",
"factory",
"fitted",
"with",
"a",
"grille",
".",
"its",
"two",
"drivers",
"are",
"a",
"180",
"mm",
"paper"
] | 2,414 |
@ oh ##m two @ - @ way loud ##sp ##eak ##er with a 10 @ . @ 4 @ - @ litre sealed cabinet measuring 38 ##2 × 215 × 199 millimetres ( 15 @ . @ 0 × 8 @ . @ 5 × 7 @ . @ 8 in ) and weighing 6 kilograms ( 13 @ . @ 2 lb ) . its 2 @ . @ 5 cm ( 0 @ . @ 98 in ) particle @ - @ board cabinet has a wood ve ##neer skin with seven black finishing layers . the domestic version of the speaker was vertically orient ##ated , and came factory fitted with a grille . its two drivers are a 180 mm paper
| 515 |
[
"woo",
"##fer",
"and",
"a",
"35",
"mm",
"soft",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"domed",
"t",
"##wee",
"##ter",
".",
"the",
"woo",
"##fer",
"'",
"s",
"dia",
"##ph",
"##rag",
"##m",
",",
"weighing",
"3",
"@",
".",
"@",
"7",
"g",
",",
"is",
"manufactured",
"from",
"a",
"flat",
"sheet",
"of",
"pressed",
"pulp",
"paper",
".",
"unconventional",
"##ly",
",",
"it",
"is",
"formed",
"into",
"conical",
"shape",
"not",
"through",
"mo",
"##uld",
"##ing",
"or",
"pressure",
",",
"but",
"by",
"curling",
"and",
"then",
"g",
"##lu",
"##ing",
"the",
"two",
"ends",
"together",
".",
"against",
"the",
"black",
"finish",
"of",
"the",
"cabinet",
",",
"the",
"white",
"bass",
"/",
"mid",
"driver",
"cone",
"is",
"a",
"distinctive",
"and",
"iconic",
"feature",
"of",
"the",
"product",
".",
"the",
"network",
"is",
"second",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"order",
"passive",
",",
"crossing",
"over",
"at",
"2",
"khz",
".",
"the",
"frequency",
"range",
"is",
"quoted",
"from",
"60",
"hz",
"to",
"20",
"khz"
] | 2,415 |
woo ##fer and a 35 mm soft @ - @ domed t ##wee ##ter . the woo ##fer ' s dia ##ph ##rag ##m , weighing 3 @ . @ 7 g , is manufactured from a flat sheet of pressed pulp paper . unconventional ##ly , it is formed into conical shape not through mo ##uld ##ing or pressure , but by curling and then g ##lu ##ing the two ends together . against the black finish of the cabinet , the white bass / mid driver cone is a distinctive and iconic feature of the product . the network is second @ - @ order passive , crossing over at 2 khz . the frequency range is quoted from 60 hz to 20 khz
| 289 |
[
",",
"and",
"rated",
"power",
"handling",
"is",
"25",
"–",
"50",
"w",
".",
"the",
"early",
"version",
"of",
"the",
"speaker",
"has",
"press",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"down",
"type",
"output",
"terminals",
";",
"later",
"models",
"had",
"screw",
"terminals",
".",
"=",
"=",
"signature",
"sound",
"=",
"=",
"in",
"sim",
"##pl",
"##istic",
"terms",
",",
"the",
"ns",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"10",
"possesses",
"sonic",
"characteristics",
"that",
"allow",
"record",
"producers",
"to",
"assume",
"that",
"if",
"a",
"recording",
"sounds",
"good",
"on",
"these",
"monitors",
",",
"then",
"it",
"should",
"sound",
"good",
"on",
"most",
"playback",
"systems",
".",
"whilst",
"it",
"can",
"reveal",
"any",
"short",
"##coming",
"##s",
"in",
"the",
"recording",
"mix",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"the",
"monitoring",
"chain",
",",
"it",
"may",
"lead",
"to",
"listener",
"fatigue",
"with",
"prolonged",
"use",
"in",
"the",
"domestic",
"setting",
".",
"the",
"ns",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"10",
"does",
"not",
"have",
"a",
"perfectly",
"flat",
"frequency"
] | 2,416 |
, and rated power handling is 25 – 50 w . the early version of the speaker has press @ - @ down type output terminals ; later models had screw terminals . = = signature sound = = in sim ##pl ##istic terms , the ns @ - @ 10 possesses sonic characteristics that allow record producers to assume that if a recording sounds good on these monitors , then it should sound good on most playback systems . whilst it can reveal any short ##coming ##s in the recording mix as well as the monitoring chain , it may lead to listener fatigue with prolonged use in the domestic setting . the ns @ - @ 10 does not have a perfectly flat frequency
| 695 |
[
"response",
".",
"the",
"sound",
"of",
"the",
"ns",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"10",
"is",
"slightly",
"heavy",
"in",
"the",
"mid",
"##rang",
"##e",
",",
"and",
"like",
"other",
"sealed",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"box",
"speakers",
"of",
"similar",
"size",
"its",
"bass",
"extension",
"is",
"limited",
".",
"it",
"has",
"a",
"+",
"5",
"db",
"boost",
"in",
"the",
"mid",
"##rang",
"##e",
"at",
"around",
"2",
"khz",
",",
"and",
"the",
"bottom",
"end",
"starts",
"rolling",
"off",
"at",
"200",
"hz",
".",
"the",
"mid",
"##rang",
"##e",
"response",
"is",
"so",
"open",
"that",
"it",
"expose",
"##s",
"the",
"frequencies",
"that",
"are",
"the",
"most",
"problematic",
"and",
"worst",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"sounding",
"to",
"the",
"human",
"ear",
".",
"on",
"a",
"practical",
"level",
"for",
"the",
"music",
"professional",
",",
"the",
"speaker",
"is",
"analytic",
"and",
"clinical",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"sounding",
".",
"gi",
"##z",
"##mo",
"##do",
"likened",
"the",
"ns",
"@",
"-",
"@"
] | 2,417 |
response . the sound of the ns @ - @ 10 is slightly heavy in the mid ##rang ##e , and like other sealed @ - @ box speakers of similar size its bass extension is limited . it has a + 5 db boost in the mid ##rang ##e at around 2 khz , and the bottom end starts rolling off at 200 hz . the mid ##rang ##e response is so open that it expose ##s the frequencies that are the most problematic and worst @ - @ sounding to the human ear . on a practical level for the music professional , the speaker is analytic and clinical @ - @ sounding . gi ##z ##mo ##do likened the ns @ - @
| 289 |
[
"10",
"to",
"music",
"editors",
"who",
"reveal",
"the",
"weaknesses",
"of",
"recordings",
",",
"so",
"that",
"engineers",
"would",
"be",
"forced",
"to",
"either",
"make",
"necessary",
"compensation",
"in",
"the",
"mix",
"or",
"otherwise",
"re",
"##work",
"them",
".",
"a",
"2001",
"report",
"by",
"newell",
"et",
"al",
".",
"at",
"southampton",
"university",
"undertaken",
"for",
"studio",
"sound",
"in",
"2001",
"found",
"that",
"the",
"ns",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"10",
"had",
"excellent",
"time",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"domain",
"response",
"at",
"low",
"frequencies",
"–",
"its",
"ability",
"to",
"start",
"and",
"stop",
"in",
"response",
"to",
"signal",
"input",
"was",
"found",
"to",
"be",
"superior",
"to",
"that",
"of",
"most",
"other",
"near",
"##field",
"monitors",
".",
"part",
"of",
"this",
"was",
"related",
"to",
"its",
"closed",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"box",
"design",
".",
"the",
"researchers",
"held",
"that",
"the",
"extremely",
"fast",
"decay",
"time",
"of",
"the",
"speaker",
"in",
"the",
"low",
"frequencies",
"ensures",
"that",
"the"
] | 2,418 |
10 to music editors who reveal the weaknesses of recordings , so that engineers would be forced to either make necessary compensation in the mix or otherwise re ##work them . a 2001 report by newell et al . at southampton university undertaken for studio sound in 2001 found that the ns @ - @ 10 had excellent time @ - @ domain response at low frequencies – its ability to start and stop in response to signal input was found to be superior to that of most other near ##field monitors . part of this was related to its closed @ - @ box design . the researchers held that the extremely fast decay time of the speaker in the low frequencies ensures that the
| 289 |
[
"bass",
"instruments",
"(",
"guitar",
"and",
"drums",
")",
"are",
"correctly",
"balanced",
"in",
"the",
"mix",
".",
"=",
"=",
"product",
"revisions",
"=",
"=",
"there",
"were",
"many",
"other",
"versions",
"of",
"the",
"ns",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"10",
",",
"the",
"best",
"known",
"of",
"which",
"were",
"the",
"\"",
"ns",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"10",
"##m",
"studio",
"\"",
"and",
"the",
"\"",
"ns",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"10",
"##m",
"pro",
"\"",
",",
"both",
"introduced",
"in",
"1987",
".",
"technically",
"identical",
"to",
"the",
"\"",
"studio",
"\"",
",",
"the",
"\"",
"pro",
"\"",
"comes",
"fitted",
"with",
"a",
"speaker",
"grille",
"and",
"is",
"meant",
"to",
"be",
"used",
"in",
"a",
"vertical",
"orientation",
".",
"the",
"\"",
"professional",
"\"",
"version",
"launched",
"some",
"nine",
"years",
"after",
"its",
"first",
"introduction",
"on",
"the",
"back",
"of",
"the",
"popularity",
"of",
"the",
"ns",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"10",
"among",
"engineers",
".",
"the",
"revised"
] | 2,419 |
bass instruments ( guitar and drums ) are correctly balanced in the mix . = = product revisions = = there were many other versions of the ns @ - @ 10 , the best known of which were the " ns @ - @ 10 ##m studio " and the " ns @ - @ 10 ##m pro " , both introduced in 1987 . technically identical to the " studio " , the " pro " comes fitted with a speaker grille and is meant to be used in a vertical orientation . the " professional " version launched some nine years after its first introduction on the back of the popularity of the ns @ - @ 10 among engineers . the revised
| 915 |
[
"version",
",",
"with",
"everything",
"including",
"the",
"logo",
"and",
"connection",
"panel",
"orient",
"##ated",
"horizontally",
",",
"was",
"badge",
"##d",
"\"",
"ns",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"10",
"##m",
"studio",
"\"",
".",
"improvements",
"included",
"a",
"new",
"t",
"##wee",
"##ter",
"and",
"crossover",
"to",
"address",
"the",
"problem",
"in",
"the",
"tre",
"##ble",
",",
"better",
"connection",
"terminals",
",",
"and",
"a",
"stu",
"##rdi",
"##er",
"cabinet",
"that",
"no",
"longer",
"accommodate",
"##s",
"grille",
"##s",
".",
"the",
"studio",
"rein",
"##car",
"##nation",
"also",
"has",
"improved",
"power",
"handling",
"–",
"60",
"–",
"120",
"w",
".",
"in",
"excess",
"of",
"200",
"@",
",",
"@",
"000",
"pairs",
"of",
"\"",
"studio",
"\"",
"alone",
"were",
"sold",
"throughout",
"the",
"world",
".",
"also",
"in",
"the",
"product",
"line",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"up",
"were",
"ns",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"10",
"##t",
",",
"ns",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"10",
"##m",
"x",
",",
"ns",
"@"
] | 2,420 |
version , with everything including the logo and connection panel orient ##ated horizontally , was badge ##d " ns @ - @ 10 ##m studio " . improvements included a new t ##wee ##ter and crossover to address the problem in the tre ##ble , better connection terminals , and a stu ##rdi ##er cabinet that no longer accommodate ##s grille ##s . the studio rein ##car ##nation also has improved power handling – 60 – 120 w . in excess of 200 @ , @ 000 pairs of " studio " alone were sold throughout the world . also in the product line @ - @ up were ns @ - @ 10 ##t , ns @ - @ 10 ##m x , ns @
| 271 |
[
"-",
"@",
"10",
"##mc",
",",
"ns",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"10",
"##mt",
".",
"the",
"ns",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"10",
"##m",
"x",
"is",
"a",
"\"",
"studio",
"\"",
"with",
"magnetic",
"shielding",
"and",
"a",
"different",
"t",
"##wee",
"##ter",
".",
"in",
"the",
"1990s",
"yamaha",
"introduced",
"the",
"ns",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"10",
"##mt",
",",
"a",
"bass",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"reflex",
"version",
"of",
"the",
"10",
"##m",
"x",
"with",
"a",
"different",
"t",
"##wee",
"##ter",
"and",
"grille",
".",
"designed",
"for",
"home",
"cinema",
",",
"it",
"has",
"bass",
"response",
"down",
"to",
"43",
"hz",
",",
"nominal",
"imp",
"##edance",
"of",
"6",
"oh",
"##m",
"and",
"maximum",
"power",
"handling",
"rated",
"at",
"180",
"w",
".",
"a",
"miniature",
"version",
"named",
"natural",
"sound",
"surround",
"speaker",
"ns",
"##10",
"##mm",
"was",
"launched",
"in",
"1997",
"or",
"1998",
".",
"=",
"=",
"reception",
"=",
"=",
"the",
"sound",
"quality",
"of"
] | 2,421 |
- @ 10 ##mc , ns @ - @ 10 ##mt . the ns @ - @ 10 ##m x is a " studio " with magnetic shielding and a different t ##wee ##ter . in the 1990s yamaha introduced the ns @ - @ 10 ##mt , a bass @ - @ reflex version of the 10 ##m x with a different t ##wee ##ter and grille . designed for home cinema , it has bass response down to 43 hz , nominal imp ##edance of 6 oh ##m and maximum power handling rated at 180 w . a miniature version named natural sound surround speaker ns ##10 ##mm was launched in 1997 or 1998 . = = reception = = the sound quality of
| 289 |
[
"the",
"ns",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"10",
"has",
"polar",
"##ised",
"opinions",
",",
"characterised",
"as",
"\"",
"love",
"them",
"or",
"hate",
"them",
"\"",
".",
"many",
"professionals",
"find",
"it",
"ind",
"##is",
"##pen",
"##sable",
",",
"even",
"though",
"they",
"may",
"not",
"particularly",
"enjoy",
"listening",
"to",
"it",
";",
"others",
"refuse",
"to",
"give",
"it",
"space",
"in",
"their",
"studio",
"but",
"will",
"happily",
"admit",
"that",
"it",
"is",
"an",
"effective",
"professional",
"tool",
".",
"the",
"reliance",
"on",
"the",
"ns",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"10",
"by",
"top",
"independent",
"producers",
"became",
"a",
"viral",
"phenomenon",
";",
"thousands",
"of",
"studios",
"equipped",
"themselves",
"with",
"ns",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"10",
"##s",
"to",
"attract",
"big",
"named",
"producers",
",",
"making",
"the",
"speakers",
"an",
"industry",
"standard",
".",
"=",
"=",
"tissue",
"paper",
"effect",
"=",
"=",
"clear",
"##mount",
"##ain",
"was",
"said",
"to",
"have",
"been",
"one",
"of",
"the",
"first",
"recording",
"engineers"
] | 2,422 |
the ns @ - @ 10 has polar ##ised opinions , characterised as " love them or hate them " . many professionals find it ind ##is ##pen ##sable , even though they may not particularly enjoy listening to it ; others refuse to give it space in their studio but will happily admit that it is an effective professional tool . the reliance on the ns @ - @ 10 by top independent producers became a viral phenomenon ; thousands of studios equipped themselves with ns @ - @ 10 ##s to attract big named producers , making the speakers an industry standard . = = tissue paper effect = = clear ##mount ##ain was said to have been one of the first recording engineers
| 808 |
[
"to",
"hang",
"tissue",
"paper",
"over",
"the",
"t",
"##wee",
"##ters",
"of",
"the",
"ns",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"10",
"to",
"tame",
"the",
"over",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"bright",
"tre",
"##ble",
".",
"covering",
"the",
"t",
"##wee",
"##ters",
"with",
"tissue",
"paper",
"was",
"said",
"to",
"produce",
"tre",
"##ble",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"def",
"##icient",
"mixes",
"when",
"replay",
"##ed",
"on",
"normal",
"domestic",
"hi",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"fi",
".",
"the",
"phenomenon",
"became",
"the",
"subject",
"of",
"hot",
"debate",
".",
"recording",
"engineer",
"bob",
"ho",
"##das",
"investigated",
"the",
"alleged",
"sonic",
"effects",
"of",
"tissue",
"paper",
".",
"he",
"found",
"inconsistent",
"results",
"with",
"different",
"paper",
",",
"but",
"said",
"that",
"tissue",
"paper",
"generally",
"demonstrated",
"an",
"und",
"##es",
"##ira",
"##ble",
"effect",
"known",
"as",
"comb",
"filtering",
",",
"where",
"the",
"high",
"frequencies",
"are",
"reflected",
"back",
"into",
"the",
"t",
"##wee",
"##ter",
"instead",
"of",
"being",
"absorbed",
".",
"ho"
] | 2,423 |
to hang tissue paper over the t ##wee ##ters of the ns @ - @ 10 to tame the over @ - @ bright tre ##ble . covering the t ##wee ##ters with tissue paper was said to produce tre ##ble @ - @ def ##icient mixes when replay ##ed on normal domestic hi @ - @ fi . the phenomenon became the subject of hot debate . recording engineer bob ho ##das investigated the alleged sonic effects of tissue paper . he found inconsistent results with different paper , but said that tissue paper generally demonstrated an und ##es ##ira ##ble effect known as comb filtering , where the high frequencies are reflected back into the t ##wee ##ter instead of being absorbed . ho
| 555 |
[
"##das",
"der",
"##ided",
"the",
"tissue",
"practice",
"as",
"\"",
"abe",
"##rran",
"##t",
"behaviour",
"\"",
",",
"saying",
"that",
"engineers",
"usually",
"fear",
"comb",
"filtering",
"and",
"its",
"associated",
"cancellation",
"effects",
".",
"he",
"also",
"suggested",
"that",
"more",
"control",
"##lab",
"##le",
"and",
"less",
"random",
"electronic",
"filtering",
"would",
"be",
"prefer",
"##able",
".",
"newell",
"et",
"al",
".",
"noted",
"that",
"had",
"the",
"speakers",
"'",
"grille",
"##s",
"been",
"used",
"in",
"studios",
",",
"where",
"they",
"are",
"routinely",
"removed",
",",
"they",
"would",
"have",
"had",
"the",
"same",
"effect",
"on",
"the",
"tre",
"##ble",
"output",
"as",
"the",
"improvised",
"tissue",
"paper",
"filter",
".",
"=",
"=",
"influence",
"=",
"=",
"the",
"speaker",
"came",
"to",
"be",
"relied",
"on",
"by",
"independent",
"engineers",
",",
"who",
"worked",
"in",
"different",
"studios",
"and",
"needed",
"equipment",
"they",
"were",
"familiar",
"with",
"as",
"a",
"reference",
"point",
".",
"throughout",
"the",
"1980s",
",",
"engineers",
"and"
] | 2,424 |
##das der ##ided the tissue practice as " abe ##rran ##t behaviour " , saying that engineers usually fear comb filtering and its associated cancellation effects . he also suggested that more control ##lab ##le and less random electronic filtering would be prefer ##able . newell et al . noted that had the speakers ' grille ##s been used in studios , where they are routinely removed , they would have had the same effect on the tre ##ble output as the improvised tissue paper filter . = = influence = = the speaker came to be relied on by independent engineers , who worked in different studios and needed equipment they were familiar with as a reference point . throughout the 1980s , engineers and
| 289 |
[
"producers",
"worked",
"widely",
"with",
"the",
"speaker",
"to",
"monitor",
"\"",
"[",
"almost",
"]",
"any",
"album",
"you",
"love",
"from",
"the",
"80s",
"or",
"90s",
"\"",
"–",
"from",
"born",
"in",
"the",
"u",
".",
"s",
".",
"a",
".",
"(",
"bruce",
"springsteen",
")",
",",
"avalon",
"(",
"roxy",
"music",
")",
"let",
"'",
"s",
"dance",
"(",
"david",
"bowie",
")",
",",
"to",
"big",
"bam",
"boom",
"(",
"hall",
"and",
"o",
"##ates",
")",
".",
"the",
"ns",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"10",
",",
"and",
"the",
"aura",
"##tone",
"before",
"it",
",",
"are",
"two",
"of",
"the",
"most",
"influential",
"near",
"##field",
"monitors",
"used",
"in",
"the",
"professional",
"mixing",
"of",
"sound",
"recordings",
".",
"in",
"2008",
",",
"the",
"ns",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"10",
"was",
"inducted",
"into",
"the",
"mix",
"magazine",
"te",
"##c",
"##nology",
"hall",
"of",
"fame",
".",
"also",
"reflecting",
"its",
"influence",
",",
"the",
"speaker",
"won",
"a"
] | 2,425 |
producers worked widely with the speaker to monitor " [ almost ] any album you love from the 80s or 90s " – from born in the u . s . a . ( bruce springsteen ) , avalon ( roxy music ) let ' s dance ( david bowie ) , to big bam boom ( hall and o ##ates ) . the ns @ - @ 10 , and the aura ##tone before it , are two of the most influential near ##field monitors used in the professional mixing of sound recordings . in 2008 , the ns @ - @ 10 was inducted into the mix magazine te ##c ##nology hall of fame . also reflecting its influence , the speaker won a
| 798 |
[
"technical",
"grammy",
"for",
"yamaha",
"in",
"2007",
".",
"in",
"2008",
",",
"the",
"speaker",
"was",
"found",
"\"",
"in",
"almost",
"every",
"studio",
"\"",
".",
"=",
"utah",
"state",
"route",
"61",
"=",
"state",
"route",
"61",
"(",
"sr",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"61",
")",
"is",
"a",
"nearly",
"7",
"@",
".",
"@",
"3",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"mile",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"long",
"(",
"11",
"@",
".",
"@",
"7",
"km",
")",
"state",
"highway",
"in",
"the",
"u",
".",
"s",
".",
"state",
"of",
"utah",
",",
"connecting",
"sr",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"23",
"in",
"cornish",
",",
"cache",
"county",
"to",
"u",
".",
"s",
".",
"route",
"91",
"(",
"us",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"91",
")",
"near",
"richmond",
"via",
"lewis",
"##ton",
",",
"in",
"the",
"extreme",
"northern",
"part",
"of",
"the",
"state",
".",
"the",
"highway",
"has",
"existed",
"since",
"at",
"least",
"1914",
",",
"as",
"sr",
"@",
"-"
] | 2,426 |
technical grammy for yamaha in 2007 . in 2008 , the speaker was found " in almost every studio " . = utah state route 61 = state route 61 ( sr @ - @ 61 ) is a nearly 7 @ . @ 3 @ - @ mile @ - @ long ( 11 @ . @ 7 km ) state highway in the u . s . state of utah , connecting sr @ - @ 23 in cornish , cache county to u . s . route 91 ( us @ - @ 91 ) near richmond via lewis ##ton , in the extreme northern part of the state . the highway has existed since at least 1914 , as sr @ -
| 619 |
[
"@",
"61",
"since",
"at",
"least",
"1937",
",",
"and",
"between",
"73",
"##5",
"and",
"2",
"@",
",",
"@",
"180",
"vehicles",
"travel",
"along",
"the",
"highway",
"on",
"an",
"average",
"day",
"in",
"2012",
".",
"=",
"=",
"route",
"description",
"=",
"=",
"at",
"the",
"intersection",
"of",
"sr",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"23",
"(",
"480",
"##0",
"west",
")",
"and",
"134",
"##00",
"north",
"in",
"the",
"center",
"of",
"cornish",
",",
"sr",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"61",
"depart",
"##s",
"east",
"on",
"134",
"##00",
"north",
"due",
"east",
",",
"crossing",
"over",
"a",
"single",
"track",
"belonging",
"to",
"the",
"union",
"pacific",
"railroad",
"(",
"up",
")",
".",
"exiting",
"cornish",
",",
"the",
"highway",
"crosses",
"the",
"bear",
"river",
"and",
"continues",
"east",
"through",
"rural",
"cache",
"county",
".",
"just",
"shy",
"of",
"the",
"western",
"city",
"limits",
"of",
"lewis",
"##ton",
",",
"the",
"highway",
"intersects",
"sr",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"200",
"("
] | 2,427 |
@ 61 since at least 1937 , and between 73 ##5 and 2 @ , @ 180 vehicles travel along the highway on an average day in 2012 . = = route description = = at the intersection of sr @ - @ 23 ( 480 ##0 west ) and 134 ##00 north in the center of cornish , sr @ - @ 61 depart ##s east on 134 ##00 north due east , crossing over a single track belonging to the union pacific railroad ( up ) . exiting cornish , the highway crosses the bear river and continues east through rural cache county . just shy of the western city limits of lewis ##ton , the highway intersects sr @ - @ 200 (
| 619 |
[
"800",
"west",
")",
",",
"a",
"connector",
"road",
"to",
"preston",
",",
"idaho",
".",
"from",
"the",
"western",
"terminus",
"to",
"sr",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"200",
",",
"the",
"shoulder",
"is",
"up",
"to",
"four",
"feet",
"(",
"1",
"@",
".",
"@",
"2",
"m",
")",
"wide",
",",
"suitable",
"for",
"bi",
"##cy",
"##cl",
"##ing",
",",
"however",
"the",
"remainder",
"of",
"the",
"route",
"has",
"much",
"narrower",
"shoulders",
",",
"between",
"less",
"than",
"or",
"equal",
"to",
"one",
"and",
"nine",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"tenth",
"##s",
"feet",
"(",
"0",
"@",
".",
"@",
"58",
"m",
")",
"wide",
".",
"the",
"highway",
"'",
"s",
"name",
"changes",
"from",
"134",
"##00",
"south",
"to",
"center",
"street",
"through",
"lewis",
"##ton",
".",
"passing",
"the",
"lewis",
"##ton",
"cemetery",
",",
"sr",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"61",
"crosses",
"over",
"the",
"cub",
"river",
"and",
"a",
"second",
"single",
"track",
"belonging",
"to",
"up",
",",
"and"
] | 2,428 |
800 west ) , a connector road to preston , idaho . from the western terminus to sr @ - @ 200 , the shoulder is up to four feet ( 1 @ . @ 2 m ) wide , suitable for bi ##cy ##cl ##ing , however the remainder of the route has much narrower shoulders , between less than or equal to one and nine @ - @ tenth ##s feet ( 0 @ . @ 58 m ) wide . the highway ' s name changes from 134 ##00 south to center street through lewis ##ton . passing the lewis ##ton cemetery , sr @ - @ 61 crosses over the cub river and a second single track belonging to up , and
| 619 |
[
"then",
"a",
"third",
"up",
"single",
"track",
"just",
"before",
"the",
"highway",
"'",
"s",
"eastern",
"terminus",
"at",
"us",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"91",
"north",
"of",
"richmond",
".",
"all",
"of",
"the",
"rail",
"lines",
"that",
"sr",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"61",
"crosses",
"originally",
"belonged",
"to",
"the",
"oregon",
"short",
"line",
"railway",
".",
"aside",
"from",
"the",
"segment",
"through",
"lewis",
"##ton",
",",
"the",
"highway",
"is",
"surrounded",
"by",
"farmland",
"for",
"its",
"entire",
"journey",
"across",
"northern",
"utah",
".",
"every",
"year",
",",
"ud",
"##ot",
"conducts",
"a",
"series",
"of",
"surveys",
"on",
"its",
"highways",
"in",
"the",
"state",
"to",
"measure",
"traffic",
"volume",
".",
"this",
"is",
"expressed",
"in",
"terms",
"of",
"average",
"annual",
"daily",
"traffic",
"(",
"aa",
"##dt",
")",
",",
"a",
"measure",
"of",
"traffic",
"volume",
"for",
"any",
"average",
"day",
"of",
"the",
"year",
".",
"in",
"2012",
",",
"ud",
"##ot",
"calculated",
"that",
"as",
"few",
"as"
] | 2,429 |
then a third up single track just before the highway ' s eastern terminus at us @ - @ 91 north of richmond . all of the rail lines that sr @ - @ 61 crosses originally belonged to the oregon short line railway . aside from the segment through lewis ##ton , the highway is surrounded by farmland for its entire journey across northern utah . every year , ud ##ot conducts a series of surveys on its highways in the state to measure traffic volume . this is expressed in terms of average annual daily traffic ( aa ##dt ) , a measure of traffic volume for any average day of the year . in 2012 , ud ##ot calculated that as few as
| 616 |
[
"73",
"##5",
"vehicles",
"used",
"the",
"highway",
"on",
"an",
"average",
"day",
"at",
"its",
"western",
"terminus",
"in",
"cornish",
",",
"and",
"as",
"many",
"as",
"2",
"@",
",",
"@",
"180",
"vehicles",
"used",
"the",
"highway",
"at",
"its",
"junction",
"with",
"sr",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"200",
".",
"thirty",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"five",
"percent",
"of",
"this",
"was",
"truck",
"traffic",
".",
"a",
"roadway",
"linking",
"cornish",
"to",
"the",
"east",
"has",
"existed",
"since",
"at",
"least",
"1914",
".",
"the",
"roadway",
"that",
"serves",
"as",
"the",
"eastern",
"terminus",
"was",
"numbered",
"sr",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"1",
"by",
"1927",
",",
"and",
"the",
"highway",
"officially",
"was",
"designated",
"sr",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"61",
"since",
"at",
"least",
"1937",
".",
"the",
"53",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"foot",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"long",
"(",
"16",
"@",
".",
"@",
"2",
"m",
")",
"bridge",
"that",
"carries",
"sr",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"61"
] | 2,430 |
73 ##5 vehicles used the highway on an average day at its western terminus in cornish , and as many as 2 @ , @ 180 vehicles used the highway at its junction with sr @ - @ 200 . thirty @ - @ five percent of this was truck traffic . a roadway linking cornish to the east has existed since at least 1914 . the roadway that serves as the eastern terminus was numbered sr @ - @ 1 by 1927 , and the highway officially was designated sr @ - @ 61 since at least 1937 . the 53 @ - @ foot @ - @ long ( 16 @ . @ 2 m ) bridge that carries sr @ - @ 61
| 619 |
[
"over",
"the",
"cub",
"river",
"today",
"was",
"constructed",
"in",
"1952",
",",
"while",
"the",
"182",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"foot",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"long",
"(",
"55",
"@",
".",
"@",
"5",
"m",
")",
"bridge",
"over",
"the",
"bear",
"river",
"was",
"built",
"in",
"1961",
".",
"the",
"original",
"river",
"crossings",
"were",
"slightly",
"further",
"south",
"than",
"their",
"current",
"locations",
".",
"=",
"=",
"major",
"intersections",
"=",
"=",
"the",
"entire",
"route",
"is",
"in",
"cache",
"county",
".",
"=",
"hem",
"##me",
"##ma",
"=",
"a",
"hem",
"##me",
"##ma",
"(",
"from",
"finnish",
"\"",
"ham",
"##een",
"##ma",
"##a",
"\"",
",",
"ta",
"##vas",
"##tia",
")",
"was",
"a",
"type",
"of",
"warship",
"built",
"for",
"the",
"swedish",
"archipelago",
"fleet",
"and",
"the",
"russian",
"baltic",
"navy",
"in",
"the",
"late",
"18th",
"and",
"early",
"19th",
"centuries",
".",
"the",
"hem",
"##me",
"##ma",
"was",
"initially",
"developed",
"for",
"use",
"against",
"the",
"russian"
] | 2,431 |
over the cub river today was constructed in 1952 , while the 182 @ - @ foot @ - @ long ( 55 @ . @ 5 m ) bridge over the bear river was built in 1961 . the original river crossings were slightly further south than their current locations . = = major intersections = = the entire route is in cache county . = hem ##me ##ma = a hem ##me ##ma ( from finnish " ham ##een ##ma ##a " , ta ##vas ##tia ) was a type of warship built for the swedish archipelago fleet and the russian baltic navy in the late 18th and early 19th centuries . the hem ##me ##ma was initially developed for use against the russian
| 157 |
[
"navy",
"in",
"the",
"archipelago",
"sea",
"and",
"along",
"the",
"coasts",
"of",
"sv",
"##eal",
"##and",
"and",
"finland",
".",
"it",
"was",
"designed",
"by",
"the",
"prolific",
"and",
"innovative",
"swedish",
"naval",
"architect",
"fredrik",
"henrik",
"af",
"chapman",
"(",
"1721",
"–",
"1808",
")",
"in",
"collaboration",
"with",
"august",
"##in",
"eh",
"##ren",
"##s",
"##vard",
"(",
"1710",
"–",
"1772",
")",
",",
"an",
"artillery",
"officer",
"and",
"later",
"commander",
"of",
"the",
"swedish",
"archipelago",
"fleet",
".",
"the",
"hem",
"##me",
"##ma",
"was",
"a",
"specialized",
"vessel",
"for",
"use",
"in",
"the",
"shallow",
"waters",
"and",
"narrow",
"passages",
"that",
"surround",
"the",
"thousands",
"of",
"islands",
"and",
"isle",
"##ts",
"extending",
"from",
"the",
"swedish",
"capital",
"of",
"stockholm",
"into",
"the",
"gulf",
"of",
"finland",
".",
"the",
"hem",
"##me",
"##ma",
"replaced",
"the",
"galley",
"##s",
"that",
"had",
"made",
"up",
"the",
"core",
"of",
"the",
"swedish",
"archipelago",
"fleets",
"until",
"the",
"mid",
"@",
"-"
] | 2,432 |
navy in the archipelago sea and along the coasts of sv ##eal ##and and finland . it was designed by the prolific and innovative swedish naval architect fredrik henrik af chapman ( 1721 – 1808 ) in collaboration with august ##in eh ##ren ##s ##vard ( 1710 – 1772 ) , an artillery officer and later commander of the swedish archipelago fleet . the hem ##me ##ma was a specialized vessel for use in the shallow waters and narrow passages that surround the thousands of islands and isle ##ts extending from the swedish capital of stockholm into the gulf of finland . the hem ##me ##ma replaced the galley ##s that had made up the core of the swedish archipelago fleets until the mid @ -
| 154 |
[
"@",
"18th",
"century",
".",
"compared",
"to",
"galley",
"##s",
",",
"the",
"hem",
"##me",
"##ma",
"had",
"a",
"deeper",
"draft",
"and",
"was",
"slower",
"under",
"o",
"##ars",
",",
"but",
"offered",
"superior",
"accommodation",
"for",
"the",
"crew",
",",
"carried",
"more",
"stores",
",",
"was",
"more",
"sea",
"##worthy",
"and",
"had",
"roughly",
"ten",
"times",
"as",
"many",
"heavy",
"guns",
".",
"it",
"could",
"be",
"propelled",
"by",
"either",
"sails",
"or",
"o",
"##ars",
"but",
"was",
"still",
"smaller",
"and",
"more",
"maneuver",
"##able",
"than",
"most",
"sailing",
"warships",
",",
"which",
"made",
"it",
"suitable",
"for",
"operations",
"in",
"confined",
"waters",
".",
"between",
"1764",
"and",
"1809",
",",
"sweden",
"built",
"six",
"hem",
"##me",
"##mas",
".",
"the",
"hem",
"##me",
"##ma",
"became",
"the",
"largest",
"and",
"most",
"heavily",
"armed",
"vessel",
"in",
"the",
"archipelago",
"fleet",
"and",
"served",
"in",
"the",
"russo",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"swedish",
"war",
"of",
"1788",
"–",
"90",
"."
] | 2,433 |
@ 18th century . compared to galley ##s , the hem ##me ##ma had a deeper draft and was slower under o ##ars , but offered superior accommodation for the crew , carried more stores , was more sea ##worthy and had roughly ten times as many heavy guns . it could be propelled by either sails or o ##ars but was still smaller and more maneuver ##able than most sailing warships , which made it suitable for operations in confined waters . between 1764 and 1809 , sweden built six hem ##me ##mas . the hem ##me ##ma became the largest and most heavily armed vessel in the archipelago fleet and served in the russo @ - @ swedish war of 1788 – 90 .
| 46 |
[
"ode",
"##n",
",",
"the",
"first",
"hem",
"##me",
"##ma",
",",
"was",
"relatively",
"small",
"and",
"very",
"similar",
"to",
"a",
"tu",
"##rum",
"##a",
",",
"a",
"different",
"type",
"of",
"\"",
"archipelago",
"frigate",
"\"",
".",
"russia",
"built",
"six",
"hem",
"##me",
"##mas",
"based",
"on",
"the",
"swedish",
"design",
"between",
"1808",
"and",
"1823",
"after",
"capturing",
"three",
"of",
"the",
"swedish",
"vessels",
"at",
"the",
"surrender",
"of",
"sv",
"##ea",
"##borg",
"in",
"1808",
".",
"the",
"later",
"versions",
",",
"both",
"swedish",
"and",
"russian",
",",
"were",
"much",
"larger",
"and",
"much",
"more",
"heavily",
"armed",
"than",
"ode",
"##n",
".",
"=",
"=",
"background",
"=",
"=",
"russian",
"tsar",
"peter",
"the",
"great",
"had",
"established",
"a",
"new",
"capital",
"and",
"powerful",
"naval",
"base",
"in",
"saint",
"petersburg",
"in",
"1703",
".",
"russian",
"naval",
"power",
"in",
"the",
"baltic",
"grew",
"to",
"challenge",
"the",
"interests",
"of",
"sweden",
",",
"the",
"other",
"leading",
"power"
] | 2,434 |
ode ##n , the first hem ##me ##ma , was relatively small and very similar to a tu ##rum ##a , a different type of " archipelago frigate " . russia built six hem ##me ##mas based on the swedish design between 1808 and 1823 after capturing three of the swedish vessels at the surrender of sv ##ea ##borg in 1808 . the later versions , both swedish and russian , were much larger and much more heavily armed than ode ##n . = = background = = russian tsar peter the great had established a new capital and powerful naval base in saint petersburg in 1703 . russian naval power in the baltic grew to challenge the interests of sweden , the other leading power
| 96 |
[
"in",
"the",
"baltic",
".",
"swedish",
"holdings",
"at",
"that",
"time",
"included",
"territory",
"in",
"northern",
"germany",
",",
"all",
"of",
"modern",
"finland",
"and",
"most",
"of",
"the",
"baltic",
"states",
",",
"a",
"dominion",
"depending",
"on",
",",
"and",
"connected",
"by",
",",
"the",
"baltic",
"sea",
"trade",
"routes",
".",
"during",
"the",
"great",
"northern",
"war",
"(",
"1700",
"–",
"1721",
")",
",",
"sweden",
"lost",
"all",
"its",
"territories",
"in",
"the",
"baltic",
"states",
"and",
"suffered",
"russian",
"raids",
"in",
"finland",
"and",
"along",
"the",
"chain",
"of",
"islands",
"and",
"archipelago",
"##s",
"stretching",
"from",
"the",
"gulf",
"of",
"finland",
"to",
"stockholm",
".",
"the",
"sw",
"##edes",
"began",
"to",
"deploy",
"ins",
"##hore",
"flotilla",
"##s",
"of",
"shallow",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"draft",
"vessels",
",",
"beginning",
"with",
"smaller",
"versions",
"of",
"the",
"traditional",
"mediterranean",
"galley",
"##s",
".",
"most",
"of",
"these",
"new",
"vessels",
"were",
"more",
"akin",
"to",
"gal",
"##iot",
"##s"
] | 2,435 |
in the baltic . swedish holdings at that time included territory in northern germany , all of modern finland and most of the baltic states , a dominion depending on , and connected by , the baltic sea trade routes . during the great northern war ( 1700 – 1721 ) , sweden lost all its territories in the baltic states and suffered russian raids in finland and along the chain of islands and archipelago ##s stretching from the gulf of finland to stockholm . the sw ##edes began to deploy ins ##hore flotilla ##s of shallow @ - @ draft vessels , beginning with smaller versions of the traditional mediterranean galley ##s . most of these new vessels were more akin to gal ##iot ##s
| 968 |
[
"and",
"were",
"complement",
"##ed",
"with",
"gun",
"pr",
"##ams",
".",
"the",
"disastrous",
"war",
"with",
"russia",
"(",
"1741",
"–",
"43",
")",
"and",
"the",
"minor",
"involvement",
"against",
"prussia",
"in",
"the",
"seven",
"years",
"'",
"war",
"(",
"1757",
"–",
"62",
")",
"showed",
"the",
"need",
"for",
"further",
"expansion",
"and",
"development",
"of",
"the",
"ins",
"##hore",
"flotilla",
"##s",
"with",
"more",
"specialized",
"vessels",
".",
"galley",
"##s",
"were",
"effective",
"as",
"troop",
"transports",
"for",
"amphibious",
"operations",
",",
"but",
"were",
"severely",
"under",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"gunn",
"##ed",
",",
"especially",
"in",
"relation",
"to",
"their",
"large",
"crews",
";",
"a",
"galley",
"with",
"a",
"250",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"man",
"crew",
",",
"most",
"of",
"whom",
"were",
"rower",
"##s",
",",
"would",
"typically",
"carry",
"only",
"one",
"24",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"pounder",
"cannon",
"and",
"two",
"6",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"pounder",
"##s",
",",
"all",
"in",
"the",
"bow"
] | 2,436 |
and were complement ##ed with gun pr ##ams . the disastrous war with russia ( 1741 – 43 ) and the minor involvement against prussia in the seven years ' war ( 1757 – 62 ) showed the need for further expansion and development of the ins ##hore flotilla ##s with more specialized vessels . galley ##s were effective as troop transports for amphibious operations , but were severely under @ - @ gunn ##ed , especially in relation to their large crews ; a galley with a 250 @ - @ man crew , most of whom were rower ##s , would typically carry only one 24 @ - @ pounder cannon and two 6 @ - @ pounder ##s , all in the bow
| 944 |
[
".",
"the",
"galley",
"##s",
"also",
"lacked",
"decks",
"and",
"adequate",
"shelter",
"for",
"the",
"rower",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"soldiers",
",",
"many",
"of",
"whom",
"succumbed",
"to",
"illness",
"as",
"a",
"result",
"of",
"exposure",
"during",
"the",
"war",
"of",
"1741",
"–",
"43",
".",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"archipelago",
"fleet",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"after",
"the",
"russian",
"victory",
"against",
"sweden",
"in",
"1743",
",",
"the",
"sw",
"##edes",
"established",
"a",
"commission",
"to",
"identify",
"weaknesses",
"in",
"the",
"eastern",
"defenses",
".",
"in",
"1747",
",",
"the",
"commission",
"concluded",
"that",
"the",
"fortifications",
"in",
"southeastern",
"finland",
"needed",
"to",
"be",
"improved",
"and",
"expanded",
",",
"and",
"that",
"sweden",
"needed",
"to",
"build",
"a",
"strong",
"coastal",
"navy",
".",
"august",
"##in",
"eh",
"##ren",
"##s",
"##vard",
"(",
"1710",
"–",
"72",
")",
",",
"an",
"artillery",
"officer",
",",
"was",
"the",
"driving",
"force",
"behind",
"these",
"changes",
".",
"the",
"committee",
"based",
"many"
] | 2,437 |
. the galley ##s also lacked decks and adequate shelter for the rower @ - @ soldiers , many of whom succumbed to illness as a result of exposure during the war of 1741 – 43 . = = = archipelago fleet = = = after the russian victory against sweden in 1743 , the sw ##edes established a commission to identify weaknesses in the eastern defenses . in 1747 , the commission concluded that the fortifications in southeastern finland needed to be improved and expanded , and that sweden needed to build a strong coastal navy . august ##in eh ##ren ##s ##vard ( 1710 – 72 ) , an artillery officer , was the driving force behind these changes . the committee based many
| 245 |
[
"of",
"its",
"conclusions",
"and",
"decisions",
"on",
"his",
"ideas",
".",
"in",
"1756",
",",
"sweden",
"established",
"the",
"archipelago",
"fleet",
"with",
"the",
"official",
"name",
"arm",
"##ens",
"fl",
"##ott",
"##a",
"(",
"\"",
"fleet",
"of",
"the",
"army",
"\"",
")",
"under",
"the",
"command",
"of",
"the",
"army",
"department",
",",
"k",
"##ri",
"##gs",
"##ko",
"##lle",
"##gi",
"##um",
",",
"with",
"eh",
"##ren",
"##s",
"##vard",
"as",
"supreme",
"commander",
".",
"for",
"two",
"decades",
",",
"the",
"struggle",
"for",
"power",
"between",
"the",
"hats",
"and",
"the",
"caps",
",",
"the",
"dominant",
"political",
"factions",
"at",
"the",
"time",
",",
"and",
"rival",
"##ries",
"between",
"army",
"and",
"navy",
"brought",
"about",
"changes",
"to",
"the",
"archipelago",
"fleet",
".",
"the",
"parliamentary",
"victory",
"of",
"the",
"hats",
"in",
"the",
"ri",
"##ks",
"##da",
"##g",
"in",
"1769",
"–",
"70",
"and",
"the",
"coup",
"d",
"'",
"etat",
"by",
"king",
"gustav",
"iii",
"in",
"1772",
"secured"
] | 2,438 |
of its conclusions and decisions on his ideas . in 1756 , sweden established the archipelago fleet with the official name arm ##ens fl ##ott ##a ( " fleet of the army " ) under the command of the army department , k ##ri ##gs ##ko ##lle ##gi ##um , with eh ##ren ##s ##vard as supreme commander . for two decades , the struggle for power between the hats and the caps , the dominant political factions at the time , and rival ##ries between army and navy brought about changes to the archipelago fleet . the parliamentary victory of the hats in the ri ##ks ##da ##g in 1769 – 70 and the coup d ' etat by king gustav iii in 1772 secured
| 27 |
[
"the",
"archipelago",
"fleet",
"'",
"s",
"status",
"as",
"an",
"independent",
"branch",
"of",
"the",
"army",
".",
"starting",
"in",
"1770",
",",
"the",
"archipelago",
"fleet",
"merged",
"with",
"the",
"finnish",
"squadron",
"(",
"fins",
"##ka",
"es",
"##ka",
"##dern",
")",
"based",
"at",
"sv",
"##ea",
"##borg",
".",
"in",
"1777",
",",
"it",
"incorporated",
"the",
"swedish",
"squadron",
"(",
"sven",
"##ska",
"es",
"##ka",
"##dern",
")",
",",
"the",
"galley",
"fleet",
"based",
"at",
"stockholm",
".",
"the",
"swedish",
"armed",
"forces",
"invested",
"considerable",
"resources",
"in",
"the",
"new",
"army",
"branch",
"and",
"made",
"it",
"a",
"professional",
",",
"independent",
"organization",
".",
"the",
"archipelago",
"fleet",
"attracted",
"members",
"of",
"the",
"social",
"and",
"cultural",
"elite",
"who",
"enjoyed",
"the",
"protection",
"and",
"patronage",
"of",
"king",
"gustav",
"iii",
",",
"who",
"had",
"established",
"himself",
"as",
"an",
"absolute",
"monarch",
"in",
"the",
"1772",
"coup",
".",
"after",
"the",
"poor",
"performance",
"of",
"galley",
"##s",
"in"
] | 2,439 |
the archipelago fleet ' s status as an independent branch of the army . starting in 1770 , the archipelago fleet merged with the finnish squadron ( fins ##ka es ##ka ##dern ) based at sv ##ea ##borg . in 1777 , it incorporated the swedish squadron ( sven ##ska es ##ka ##dern ) , the galley fleet based at stockholm . the swedish armed forces invested considerable resources in the new army branch and made it a professional , independent organization . the archipelago fleet attracted members of the social and cultural elite who enjoyed the protection and patronage of king gustav iii , who had established himself as an absolute monarch in the 1772 coup . after the poor performance of galley ##s in
| 977 |
[
"russo",
"–",
"swedish",
"war",
"of",
"1741",
"–",
"43",
"and",
"the",
"pomeranian",
"war",
"(",
"1757",
"–",
"62",
")",
",",
"development",
"of",
"replacements",
"became",
"prior",
"##iti",
"##zed",
".",
"during",
"the",
"pomeranian",
"war",
",",
"trials",
"had",
"been",
"made",
"with",
"\"",
"gun",
"pr",
"##ams",
"\"",
"(",
"sk",
"##ott",
"##pr",
"##ama",
"##r",
")",
",",
"heavily",
"armed",
",",
"o",
"##ar",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"driven",
",",
"flat",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"bottom",
"##ed",
"barges",
"with",
"a",
"shallow",
"draft",
"that",
"carried",
"guns",
"in",
"broad",
"##side",
"arrangements",
".",
"the",
"pr",
"##ams",
"carried",
"more",
"guns",
"than",
"the",
"galley",
"##s",
",",
"but",
"proved",
"far",
"too",
"slow",
"to",
"be",
"effective",
".",
"august",
"##in",
"eh",
"##ren",
"##s",
"##vard",
"argued",
"for",
"new",
"archipelago",
"vessels",
"that",
"combined",
"fire",
"##power",
",",
"maneuver",
"##ability",
",",
"sea",
"##worth",
"##iness",
",",
"and",
"decent",
"crew",
"accommodations",
"."
] | 2,440 |
russo – swedish war of 1741 – 43 and the pomeranian war ( 1757 – 62 ) , development of replacements became prior ##iti ##zed . during the pomeranian war , trials had been made with " gun pr ##ams " ( sk ##ott ##pr ##ama ##r ) , heavily armed , o ##ar @ - @ driven , flat @ - @ bottom ##ed barges with a shallow draft that carried guns in broad ##side arrangements . the pr ##ams carried more guns than the galley ##s , but proved far too slow to be effective . august ##in eh ##ren ##s ##vard argued for new archipelago vessels that combined fire ##power , maneuver ##ability , sea ##worth ##iness , and decent crew accommodations .
| 107 |
[
"he",
"began",
"a",
"successful",
"collaboration",
"with",
"ship",
"##wright",
"fredrik",
"henrik",
"chapman",
"(",
"en",
"##nob",
"##led",
"\"",
"af",
"chapman",
"\"",
"in",
"1772",
")",
",",
"and",
"together",
"they",
"developed",
"five",
"new",
"vessels",
":",
"a",
"gun",
"##boat",
"with",
"a",
"12",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"pounder",
"gun",
"and",
"a",
"schooner",
"rig",
"##ging",
",",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"four",
"types",
"of",
"\"",
"archipelago",
"frigates",
"\"",
"(",
"ska",
"##rga",
"##rds",
"##fr",
"##ega",
"##tter",
")",
":",
"the",
"smaller",
"ud",
"##ema",
"and",
"po",
"##ja",
"##ma",
",",
"and",
"the",
"larger",
"tu",
"##rum",
"##a",
"and",
"hem",
"##me",
"##ma",
".",
"all",
"four",
"types",
"have",
"been",
"called",
"ska",
"##rga",
"##rds",
"##fr",
"##ega",
"##tter",
"(",
"archipelago",
"frigates",
")",
"in",
"swedish",
"and",
"english",
"historical",
"literature",
",",
"though",
"some",
"authors",
"have",
"called",
"the",
"ud",
"##ema",
"and",
"po",
"##ja",
"##ma",
"\"",
"archipelago",
"corvette",
"##s"
] | 2,441 |
he began a successful collaboration with ship ##wright fredrik henrik chapman ( en ##nob ##led " af chapman " in 1772 ) , and together they developed five new vessels : a gun ##boat with a 12 @ - @ pounder gun and a schooner rig ##ging , as well as four types of " archipelago frigates " ( ska ##rga ##rds ##fr ##ega ##tter ) : the smaller ud ##ema and po ##ja ##ma , and the larger tu ##rum ##a and hem ##me ##ma . all four types have been called ska ##rga ##rds ##fr ##ega ##tter ( archipelago frigates ) in swedish and english historical literature , though some authors have called the ud ##ema and po ##ja ##ma " archipelago corvette ##s
| 139 |
[
"\"",
".",
"chapman",
"specifically",
"designed",
"the",
"archipelago",
"frigates",
"for",
"service",
"off",
"the",
"south",
"coast",
"of",
"finland",
"and",
"named",
"them",
"after",
"the",
"finnish",
"provinces",
"of",
"u",
"##us",
"##ima",
"##a",
",",
"po",
"##h",
"##jan",
"##ma",
"##a",
"(",
"os",
"##ter",
"##bot",
"##ten",
")",
",",
"tu",
"##run",
"##ma",
"##a",
"(",
"ab",
"##ola",
"##nd",
")",
",",
"and",
"ham",
"##een",
"##ma",
"##a",
"(",
"ta",
"##vas",
"##tia",
")",
".",
"=",
"=",
"development",
"=",
"=",
"the",
"concept",
"of",
"small",
"sailing",
"frigates",
"with",
"a",
"complementary",
"set",
"of",
"o",
"##ars",
"(",
"or",
"\"",
"sweeps",
"\"",
")",
"was",
"not",
"new",
".",
"the",
"english",
"tudor",
"navy",
"had",
"used",
"small",
"\"",
"gall",
"##ea",
"##sse",
"##s",
"\"",
"in",
"the",
"mid",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"16th",
"century",
".",
"in",
"the",
"1660",
"##s",
"its",
"successor",
",",
"the",
"royal",
"navy",
",",
"equipped",
"the",
"equivalent"
] | 2,442 |
" . chapman specifically designed the archipelago frigates for service off the south coast of finland and named them after the finnish provinces of u ##us ##ima ##a , po ##h ##jan ##ma ##a ( os ##ter ##bot ##ten ) , tu ##run ##ma ##a ( ab ##ola ##nd ) , and ham ##een ##ma ##a ( ta ##vas ##tia ) . = = development = = the concept of small sailing frigates with a complementary set of o ##ars ( or " sweeps " ) was not new . the english tudor navy had used small " gall ##ea ##sse ##s " in the mid @ - @ 16th century . in the 1660 ##s its successor , the royal navy , equipped the equivalent
| 56 |
[
"of",
"sixth",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"rates",
"with",
"o",
"##ar",
"ports",
"on",
"or",
"below",
"the",
"gun",
"##deck",
".",
"during",
"the",
"18th",
"century",
"the",
"russian",
"navy",
"introduced",
"\"",
"she",
"##beck",
"##s",
"\"",
",",
"baltic",
"variants",
"on",
"the",
"mediterranean",
"x",
"##eb",
"##ec",
"##s",
",",
"for",
"ins",
"##hore",
"duties",
".",
"the",
"x",
"##eb",
"##ec",
"##s",
"were",
"good",
"sail",
"##ers",
",",
"could",
"be",
"rowe",
"##d",
"if",
"necessary",
"and",
"had",
"more",
"guns",
"and",
"greater",
"stores",
"than",
"galley",
"##s",
";",
"they",
"were",
"also",
"less",
"expensive",
"to",
"maintain",
".",
"the",
"russian",
"designs",
"influenced",
"chapman",
"and",
"the",
"swedish",
"naval",
"commanders",
".",
"consequently",
",",
"chapman",
"'",
"s",
"designs",
"for",
"new",
"ships",
"were",
"el",
"##ab",
"##oration",
"##s",
"on",
"those",
"principles",
",",
"but",
"with",
"adaptations",
"to",
"archipelago",
"warfare",
".",
"chapman",
"'",
"s",
"archipelago",
"frigates",
"provided",
"better",
"protection",
"for"
] | 2,443 |
of sixth @ - @ rates with o ##ar ports on or below the gun ##deck . during the 18th century the russian navy introduced " she ##beck ##s " , baltic variants on the mediterranean x ##eb ##ec ##s , for ins ##hore duties . the x ##eb ##ec ##s were good sail ##ers , could be rowe ##d if necessary and had more guns and greater stores than galley ##s ; they were also less expensive to maintain . the russian designs influenced chapman and the swedish naval commanders . consequently , chapman ' s designs for new ships were el ##ab ##oration ##s on those principles , but with adaptations to archipelago warfare . chapman ' s archipelago frigates provided better protection for
| 96 |
[
"their",
"crew",
"than",
"the",
"galley",
"##s",
"they",
"replaced",
",",
"and",
"up",
"to",
"three",
"times",
"the",
"capacity",
"for",
"stores",
"and",
"provisions",
".",
"they",
"could",
"operate",
"in",
"the",
"narrow",
",",
"shallow",
"waters",
"around",
"sk",
"##er",
"##ries",
"in",
"all",
"weather",
"##s",
"and",
"in",
"open",
"water",
"in",
"all",
"but",
"the",
"worst",
"storms",
".",
"they",
"had",
"a",
"deeper",
"draft",
"than",
"galley",
"##s",
",",
"but",
"considerably",
"shallow",
"##er",
"draft",
"than",
"traditional",
"sailing",
"warships",
".",
"the",
"new",
"ship",
"types",
"also",
"increased",
"the",
"archipelago",
"fleet",
"'",
"s",
"fire",
"##power",
",",
"provided",
"it",
"with",
"better",
"defensive",
"capabilities",
",",
"and",
"made",
"possible",
"more",
"efficient",
"fire",
"support",
"in",
"amphibious",
"operations",
".",
"=",
"=",
"design",
"and",
"construction",
"=",
"=",
"of",
"the",
"new",
"designs",
",",
"tu",
"##rum",
"##as",
"and",
"hem",
"##me",
"##mas",
"best",
"fit",
"the",
"description",
"of",
"\"",
"archipelago"
] | 2,444 |
their crew than the galley ##s they replaced , and up to three times the capacity for stores and provisions . they could operate in the narrow , shallow waters around sk ##er ##ries in all weather ##s and in open water in all but the worst storms . they had a deeper draft than galley ##s , but considerably shallow ##er draft than traditional sailing warships . the new ship types also increased the archipelago fleet ' s fire ##power , provided it with better defensive capabilities , and made possible more efficient fire support in amphibious operations . = = design and construction = = of the new designs , tu ##rum ##as and hem ##me ##mas best fit the description of " archipelago
| 144 |
[
"frigate",
"\"",
"because",
"of",
"their",
"similarities",
"to",
"small",
"ocean",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"going",
"frigates",
".",
"the",
"first",
"hem",
"##me",
"##ma",
",",
"the",
"ode",
"##n",
",",
"was",
"completed",
"in",
"1764",
".",
"it",
"was",
"c",
".",
"33",
"m",
"(",
"108",
"@",
".",
"@",
"2",
"ft",
")",
"long",
"and",
"8",
"@",
".",
"@",
"2",
"m",
"(",
"26",
"@",
".",
"@",
"8",
"ft",
")",
"wide",
"with",
"a",
"draft",
"of",
"2",
"@",
".",
"@",
"8",
"m",
"(",
"9",
"@",
".",
"@",
"25",
"ft",
")",
".",
"it",
"had",
"a",
"low",
"hull",
"with",
"no",
"forecast",
"##le",
",",
"only",
"a",
"low",
"quarter",
"##deck",
",",
"and",
"no",
"po",
"##op",
"deck",
".",
"it",
"had",
"three",
"mast",
"##s",
"that",
"were",
"initially",
"rigged",
"with",
"late",
"##en",
"sails",
",",
"like",
"a",
"galley",
".",
"the",
"navy",
"later",
"replaced",
"the",
"late"
] | 2,445 |
frigate " because of their similarities to small ocean @ - @ going frigates . the first hem ##me ##ma , the ode ##n , was completed in 1764 . it was c . 33 m ( 108 @ . @ 2 ft ) long and 8 @ . @ 2 m ( 26 @ . @ 8 ft ) wide with a draft of 2 @ . @ 8 m ( 9 @ . @ 25 ft ) . it had a low hull with no forecast ##le , only a low quarter ##deck , and no po ##op deck . it had three mast ##s that were initially rigged with late ##en sails , like a galley . the navy later replaced the late
| 944 |
[
"##en",
"rig",
"##s",
"with",
"a",
"more",
"conventional",
"square",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"sail",
"frigate",
"rig",
".",
"the",
"early",
"design",
"provided",
"for",
"14",
"pairs",
"of",
"o",
"##ars",
"with",
"four",
"men",
"per",
"o",
"##ar",
".",
"the",
"rower",
"##s",
"pl",
"##ied",
"their",
"o",
"##ars",
"from",
"the",
"gun",
"deck",
"through",
"o",
"##ar",
"ports",
"positioned",
"between",
"the",
"gun",
"##ports",
",",
"close",
"to",
"the",
"water",
"##line",
",",
"which",
"gave",
"the",
"rower",
"##s",
"better",
"leverage",
".",
"the",
"o",
"##ars",
"were",
"also",
"placed",
"on",
"a",
"rectangular",
"out",
"##ri",
"##gger",
",",
"designed",
"to",
"further",
"improve",
"the",
"leverage",
".",
"even",
"so",
",",
"hem",
"##me",
"##mas",
"performed",
"poorly",
"when",
"rowe",
"##d",
"and",
"were",
"difficult",
"in",
"contrary",
"winds",
".",
"they",
"were",
"slower",
"than",
"ordinary",
"sailing",
"ships",
",",
"but",
"sailed",
"better",
"than",
"galley",
"##s",
".",
"during",
"the",
"russian",
"war",
"of"
] | 2,446 |
##en rig ##s with a more conventional square @ - @ sail frigate rig . the early design provided for 14 pairs of o ##ars with four men per o ##ar . the rower ##s pl ##ied their o ##ars from the gun deck through o ##ar ports positioned between the gun ##ports , close to the water ##line , which gave the rower ##s better leverage . the o ##ars were also placed on a rectangular out ##ri ##gger , designed to further improve the leverage . even so , hem ##me ##mas performed poorly when rowe ##d and were difficult in contrary winds . they were slower than ordinary sailing ships , but sailed better than galley ##s . during the russian war of
| 54 |
[
"1788",
"–",
"1790",
",",
"sweden",
"built",
"three",
"hem",
"##me",
"##mas",
"of",
"a",
"new",
"design",
".",
"they",
"were",
"considerably",
"larger",
",",
"44",
"@",
".",
"@",
"5",
"by",
"11",
"m",
"(",
"146",
"by",
"36",
"ft",
")",
",",
"and",
"the",
"number",
"of",
"o",
"##ars",
"were",
"increased",
"to",
"20",
"pairs",
".",
"they",
"also",
"had",
"some",
"of",
"the",
"heaviest",
"broad",
"##side",
"##s",
",",
"even",
"when",
"compared",
"with",
"the",
"much",
"larger",
"frigates",
"of",
"the",
"high",
"seas",
"navy",
".",
"the",
"artillery",
"officer",
"carl",
"fredrik",
"as",
"##ch",
"##ling",
"had",
"cooperate",
"##d",
"with",
"chapman",
"to",
"increase",
"the",
"main",
"armament",
"to",
"twenty",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"two",
"36",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"pounder",
"##s",
"and",
"two",
"12",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"pounder",
"##s",
",",
"which",
"increased",
"the",
"draft",
"by",
"about",
"30",
"cm",
"(",
"1",
"ft",
")",
".",
"the",
"addition"
] | 2,447 |
1788 – 1790 , sweden built three hem ##me ##mas of a new design . they were considerably larger , 44 @ . @ 5 by 11 m ( 146 by 36 ft ) , and the number of o ##ars were increased to 20 pairs . they also had some of the heaviest broad ##side ##s , even when compared with the much larger frigates of the high seas navy . the artillery officer carl fredrik as ##ch ##ling had cooperate ##d with chapman to increase the main armament to twenty @ - @ two 36 @ - @ pounder ##s and two 12 @ - @ pounder ##s , which increased the draft by about 30 cm ( 1 ft ) . the addition
| 950 |
[
"of",
"diagonal",
"brace",
"##rs",
"to",
"reinforce",
"the",
"hull",
"allowed",
"the",
"later",
"hem",
"##me",
"##mas",
"to",
"carry",
"guns",
"more",
"powerful",
"even",
"than",
"those",
"on",
"the",
"largest",
"sailing",
"frigates",
"of",
"the",
"high",
"seas",
"navy",
".",
"due",
"to",
"their",
"considerable",
"fire",
"##power",
"and",
"relative",
"size",
",",
"naval",
"historian",
"jan",
"g",
"##lete",
"has",
"described",
"the",
"hem",
"##me",
"##mas",
"as",
"\"",
"super",
"archipelago",
"frigates",
"\"",
".",
"the",
"hem",
"##me",
"##ma",
"'",
"s",
"design",
"was",
"very",
"similar",
"to",
"that",
"of",
"the",
"tu",
"##rum",
"##a",
".",
"the",
"primary",
"difference",
"was",
"that",
"the",
"tu",
"##rum",
"##a",
"'",
"s",
"o",
"##ars",
"##men",
"sat",
"on",
"the",
"weather",
"deck",
"above",
"the",
"guns",
",",
"whereas",
"the",
"hem",
"##me",
"##ma",
"'",
"s",
"o",
"##ars",
"##men",
"sat",
"on",
"the",
"gun",
"##deck",
".",
"the",
"later",
"hem",
"##me",
"##mas",
"were",
"considerably",
"larger"
] | 2,448 |
of diagonal brace ##rs to reinforce the hull allowed the later hem ##me ##mas to carry guns more powerful even than those on the largest sailing frigates of the high seas navy . due to their considerable fire ##power and relative size , naval historian jan g ##lete has described the hem ##me ##mas as " super archipelago frigates " . the hem ##me ##ma ' s design was very similar to that of the tu ##rum ##a . the primary difference was that the tu ##rum ##a ' s o ##ars ##men sat on the weather deck above the guns , whereas the hem ##me ##ma ' s o ##ars ##men sat on the gun ##deck . the later hem ##me ##mas were considerably larger
| 67 |
[
",",
"more",
"heavily",
"armed",
",",
"and",
"of",
"a",
"more",
"robust",
"construction",
".",
"g",
"##lete",
"has",
"described",
"them",
"as",
"variations",
"on",
"the",
"same",
"type",
",",
"especially",
"when",
"considering",
"the",
"pre",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"war",
"designs",
".",
"hem",
"##me",
"##mas",
"served",
"in",
"the",
"finnish",
"squadrons",
"during",
"the",
"war",
"of",
"1788",
"–",
"1790",
".",
"they",
"supported",
"amphibious",
"operations",
"and",
"conducted",
"raids",
"on",
"the",
"russian",
"archipelago",
"fleet",
",",
"while",
"at",
"the",
"same",
"time",
"acting",
"as",
"sea",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"borne",
"flank",
"support",
"for",
"the",
"swedish",
"army",
"on",
"the",
"finnish",
"mainland",
".",
"hem",
"##me",
"##mas",
"fought",
"in",
"the",
"first",
"and",
"second",
"battles",
"of",
"sven",
"##sk",
"##sund",
".",
"during",
"the",
"first",
"battle",
"in",
"1789",
",",
"one",
"hem",
"##me",
"##ma",
"complement",
"##ed",
"the",
"similar",
"tu",
"##rum",
"##as",
",",
"and",
"in",
"the",
"second",
"battle"
] | 2,449 |
, more heavily armed , and of a more robust construction . g ##lete has described them as variations on the same type , especially when considering the pre @ - @ war designs . hem ##me ##mas served in the finnish squadrons during the war of 1788 – 1790 . they supported amphibious operations and conducted raids on the russian archipelago fleet , while at the same time acting as sea @ - @ borne flank support for the swedish army on the finnish mainland . hem ##me ##mas fought in the first and second battles of sven ##sk ##sund . during the first battle in 1789 , one hem ##me ##ma complement ##ed the similar tu ##rum ##as , and in the second battle
| 96 |
[
"in",
"july",
"1790",
",",
"two",
"hem",
"##me",
"##mas",
"made",
"up",
"the",
"defensive",
"center",
"and",
"provided",
"a",
"considerable",
"percentage",
"of",
"the",
"fire",
"##power",
".",
"the",
"sw",
"##edes",
"were",
"building",
"three",
"additional",
"hem",
"##me",
"##mas",
"at",
"the",
"shipyard",
"##s",
"within",
"the",
"fortress",
"of",
"sv",
"##ea",
"##borg",
"when",
"it",
"was",
"surrendered",
"to",
"the",
"russians",
"in",
"1808",
",",
"and",
"all",
"three",
"were",
"incorporated",
"in",
"the",
"russian",
"navy",
".",
"shortly",
"afterward",
",",
"the",
"russian",
"navy",
"built",
"its",
"own",
"32",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"gun",
"versions",
",",
"with",
"the",
"final",
"vessel",
"launched",
"as",
"late",
"as",
"1823",
".",
"two",
"more",
"were",
"built",
"in",
"sweden",
"in",
"1809",
",",
"bi",
"##rger",
"jar",
"##l",
"and",
"erik",
"se",
"##gers",
"##all",
".",
"bi",
"##rger",
"jar",
"##l",
"sank",
"in",
"an",
"accident",
"in",
"1813",
"and",
"erik",
"se",
"##gers",
"##all",
"was",
"planned"
] | 2,450 |
in july 1790 , two hem ##me ##mas made up the defensive center and provided a considerable percentage of the fire ##power . the sw ##edes were building three additional hem ##me ##mas at the shipyard ##s within the fortress of sv ##ea ##borg when it was surrendered to the russians in 1808 , and all three were incorporated in the russian navy . shortly afterward , the russian navy built its own 32 @ - @ gun versions , with the final vessel launched as late as 1823 . two more were built in sweden in 1809 , bi ##rger jar ##l and erik se ##gers ##all . bi ##rger jar ##l sank in an accident in 1813 and erik se ##gers ##all was planned
| 96 |
[
"for",
"conversion",
"as",
"a",
"paddle",
"##wheel",
"steam",
"battery",
"for",
"coastal",
"defense",
",",
"though",
"the",
"idea",
"was",
"eventually",
"abandoned",
"and",
"the",
"ship",
"scrapped",
"in",
"1826",
".",
"like",
"the",
"other",
"specialized",
"archipelago",
"vessels",
",",
"the",
"hem",
"##me",
"##ma",
"had",
"specific",
"strengths",
"and",
"weaknesses",
".",
"although",
"it",
"had",
"superior",
"fire",
"##power",
"relative",
"to",
"galley",
"##s",
",",
"its",
"sailing",
"qualities",
"were",
"somewhat",
"med",
"##io",
"##cre",
"and",
"while",
"highly",
"man",
"##oe",
"##u",
"##vr",
"##able",
"under",
"o",
"##ars",
",",
"it",
"was",
"still",
"difficult",
"to",
"prop",
"##el",
"while",
"rowe",
"##d",
".",
"a",
"hem",
"##me",
"##ma",
"had",
"the",
"potential",
"to",
"be",
"an",
"effective",
"weapon",
"against",
"galley",
"##s",
",",
"matching",
"their",
"forward",
"fire",
"##power",
"and",
"severely",
"out",
"##gun",
"##ning",
"them",
"with",
"its",
"broad",
"##side",
"armament",
".",
"inside",
"an",
"enemy",
"galley",
"formation",
",",
"it",
"could",
"wr"
] | 2,451 |
for conversion as a paddle ##wheel steam battery for coastal defense , though the idea was eventually abandoned and the ship scrapped in 1826 . like the other specialized archipelago vessels , the hem ##me ##ma had specific strengths and weaknesses . although it had superior fire ##power relative to galley ##s , its sailing qualities were somewhat med ##io ##cre and while highly man ##oe ##u ##vr ##able under o ##ars , it was still difficult to prop ##el while rowe ##d . a hem ##me ##ma had the potential to be an effective weapon against galley ##s , matching their forward fire ##power and severely out ##gun ##ning them with its broad ##side armament . inside an enemy galley formation , it could wr
| 944 |
[
"##eak",
"considerable",
"havoc",
",",
"but",
"such",
"a",
"maneuver",
"was",
"never",
"achieved",
"in",
"an",
"actual",
"battle",
",",
"leaving",
"that",
"tactical",
"role",
"un",
"##test",
"##ed",
".",
"a",
"total",
"of",
"twelve",
"hem",
"##me",
"##mas",
"were",
"built",
",",
"six",
"of",
"them",
"for",
"the",
"swedish",
"archipelago",
"fleet",
"and",
"six",
"for",
"the",
"russian",
"navy",
".",
"details",
"of",
"individual",
"vessels",
"are",
"listed",
"below",
".",
"the",
"swedish",
"hem",
"##me",
"##mas",
"were",
"all",
"built",
"to",
"the",
"same",
"specifications",
",",
"except",
"for",
"the",
"early",
"design",
"ode",
"##n",
",",
"and",
"bi",
"##rger",
"jar",
"##l",
"and",
"erik",
"se",
"##gers",
"##all",
"carried",
"heavier",
"armament",
"than",
"the",
"others",
".",
"tre",
"##dre",
"##a",
"and",
"so",
"##za",
"##ev",
"list",
"ode",
"##n",
"as",
"a",
"tu",
"##rum",
"##a",
"rebuilt",
"as",
"a",
"hem",
"##me",
"##ma",
"in",
"1784",
",",
"though",
"oscar",
"nik",
"##ula",
"and",
"lars",
"@"
] | 2,452 |
##eak considerable havoc , but such a maneuver was never achieved in an actual battle , leaving that tactical role un ##test ##ed . a total of twelve hem ##me ##mas were built , six of them for the swedish archipelago fleet and six for the russian navy . details of individual vessels are listed below . the swedish hem ##me ##mas were all built to the same specifications , except for the early design ode ##n , and bi ##rger jar ##l and erik se ##gers ##all carried heavier armament than the others . tre ##dre ##a and so ##za ##ev list ode ##n as a tu ##rum ##a rebuilt as a hem ##me ##ma in 1784 , though oscar nik ##ula and lars @
| 96 |
[
"-",
"@",
"otto",
"berg",
"do",
"not",
".",
"the",
"russian",
"vessels",
"were",
"built",
"between",
"1808",
"and",
"1823",
"and",
"have",
"been",
"described",
"by",
"tre",
"##de",
"##a",
"and",
"so",
"##za",
"##ev",
"as",
"bo",
"##dry",
"##i",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"class",
"\"",
"rowing",
"frigates",
"\"",
".",
"under",
"the",
"finnish",
"form",
"\"",
"ham",
"##een",
"##ma",
"##a",
"\"",
",",
"the",
"name",
"of",
"the",
"ship",
"type",
"was",
"later",
"carried",
"on",
"to",
"several",
"vessels",
"of",
"the",
"20th",
"century",
"finnish",
"navy",
".",
"=",
"edward",
"cr",
"##eu",
"##tz",
"=",
"edward",
"cr",
"##eu",
"##tz",
"(",
"january",
"23",
",",
"1913",
"–",
"june",
"27",
",",
"2009",
")",
"was",
"an",
"american",
"physicist",
"who",
"worked",
"on",
"the",
"manhattan",
"project",
"at",
"the",
"metal",
"##lu",
"##rg",
"##ical",
"laboratory",
"and",
"the",
"los",
"alam",
"##os",
"laboratory",
"during",
"world",
"war",
"ii",
".",
"after",
"the",
"war",
"he",
"became"
] | 2,453 |
- @ otto berg do not . the russian vessels were built between 1808 and 1823 and have been described by tre ##de ##a and so ##za ##ev as bo ##dry ##i @ - @ class " rowing frigates " . under the finnish form " ham ##een ##ma ##a " , the name of the ship type was later carried on to several vessels of the 20th century finnish navy . = edward cr ##eu ##tz = edward cr ##eu ##tz ( january 23 , 1913 – june 27 , 2009 ) was an american physicist who worked on the manhattan project at the metal ##lu ##rg ##ical laboratory and the los alam ##os laboratory during world war ii . after the war he became
| 434 |
[
"a",
"professor",
"of",
"physics",
"at",
"the",
"carnegie",
"institute",
"of",
"technology",
".",
"he",
"was",
"vice",
"president",
"of",
"research",
"at",
"general",
"atomic",
"##s",
"from",
"1955",
"to",
"1970",
".",
"he",
"published",
"over",
"65",
"papers",
"on",
"botany",
",",
"physics",
",",
"mathematics",
",",
"metal",
"##lu",
"##rgy",
"and",
"science",
"policy",
",",
"and",
"held",
"18",
"patents",
"relating",
"to",
"nuclear",
"energy",
".",
"a",
"graduate",
"of",
"the",
"university",
"of",
"wisconsin",
"–",
"madison",
",",
"cr",
"##eu",
"##tz",
"helped",
"princeton",
"university",
"build",
"its",
"first",
"cy",
"##cl",
"##ot",
"##ron",
".",
"during",
"world",
"war",
"ii",
"he",
"worked",
"on",
"nuclear",
"reactor",
"design",
"under",
"eugene",
"wig",
"##ner",
"at",
"the",
"metal",
"##lu",
"##rg",
"##ical",
"laboratory",
",",
"designing",
"the",
"cooling",
"system",
"for",
"the",
"first",
"water",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"cooled",
"reactors",
".",
"he",
"led",
"a",
"group",
"that",
"studied",
"the",
"metal",
"##lu",
"##rgy",
"of",
"uranium"
] | 2,454 |
a professor of physics at the carnegie institute of technology . he was vice president of research at general atomic ##s from 1955 to 1970 . he published over 65 papers on botany , physics , mathematics , metal ##lu ##rgy and science policy , and held 18 patents relating to nuclear energy . a graduate of the university of wisconsin – madison , cr ##eu ##tz helped princeton university build its first cy ##cl ##ot ##ron . during world war ii he worked on nuclear reactor design under eugene wig ##ner at the metal ##lu ##rg ##ical laboratory , designing the cooling system for the first water @ - @ cooled reactors . he led a group that studied the metal ##lu ##rgy of uranium
| 572 |
[
"and",
"other",
"elements",
"used",
"in",
"reactor",
"designs",
".",
"in",
"october",
"1944",
",",
"he",
"moved",
"to",
"the",
"los",
"alam",
"##os",
"laboratory",
",",
"where",
"he",
"became",
"a",
"group",
"leader",
".",
"after",
"the",
"war",
"ended",
",",
"cr",
"##eu",
"##tz",
"accepted",
"an",
"offer",
"to",
"come",
"to",
"the",
"carnegie",
"institute",
"of",
"technology",
",",
"where",
"he",
"became",
"the",
"head",
"of",
"its",
"physics",
"department",
"and",
"its",
"nuclear",
"research",
"center",
"in",
"1948",
".",
"in",
"1955",
"he",
"returned",
"to",
"los",
"alam",
"##os",
"to",
"evaluate",
"its",
"the",
"##rm",
"##on",
"##uc",
"##lea",
"##r",
"fusion",
"program",
"for",
"the",
"atomic",
"energy",
"commission",
".",
"while",
"there",
"he",
"accepted",
"an",
"offer",
"to",
"become",
"vice",
"president",
"for",
"research",
"and",
"development",
"and",
"the",
"director",
"of",
"its",
"john",
"jay",
"hopkins",
"laboratory",
"for",
"pure",
"and",
"applied",
"science",
"at",
"general",
"atomic",
"##s",
".",
"under",
"his",
"leadership"
] | 2,455 |
and other elements used in reactor designs . in october 1944 , he moved to the los alam ##os laboratory , where he became a group leader . after the war ended , cr ##eu ##tz accepted an offer to come to the carnegie institute of technology , where he became the head of its physics department and its nuclear research center in 1948 . in 1955 he returned to los alam ##os to evaluate its the ##rm ##on ##uc ##lea ##r fusion program for the atomic energy commission . while there he accepted an offer to become vice president for research and development and the director of its john jay hopkins laboratory for pure and applied science at general atomic ##s . under his leadership
| 199 |
[
",",
"general",
"atomic",
"##s",
"developed",
"tri",
"##ga",
",",
"a",
"nuclear",
"reactor",
"for",
"universities",
"and",
"laboratories",
".",
"cr",
"##eu",
"##tz",
"served",
"as",
"an",
"assistant",
"director",
"of",
"the",
"national",
"science",
"foundation",
"from",
"1970",
"to",
"1977",
",",
"and",
"then",
"as",
"director",
"of",
"the",
"bern",
"##ice",
"pau",
"##ah",
"##i",
"bishop",
"museum",
"in",
"honolulu",
",",
"where",
"he",
"took",
"particular",
"interest",
"in",
"the",
"museum",
"'",
"s",
"preparation",
"of",
"a",
"manual",
"of",
"the",
"flowering",
"plants",
"of",
"hawaii",
"'",
".",
"edward",
"chester",
"cr",
"##eu",
"##tz",
"was",
"born",
"on",
"january",
"23",
",",
"1913",
",",
"in",
"beaver",
"dam",
",",
"wisconsin",
",",
"the",
"son",
"of",
"lester",
"cr",
"##eu",
"##tz",
",",
"a",
"high",
"school",
"history",
"teacher",
",",
"and",
"grace",
"smith",
"cr",
"##eu",
"##tz",
",",
"a",
"general",
"science",
"teacher",
".",
"he",
"had",
"two",
"older",
"brothers",
",",
"john",
"and",
"jim"
] | 2,456 |
, general atomic ##s developed tri ##ga , a nuclear reactor for universities and laboratories . cr ##eu ##tz served as an assistant director of the national science foundation from 1970 to 1977 , and then as director of the bern ##ice pau ##ah ##i bishop museum in honolulu , where he took particular interest in the museum ' s preparation of a manual of the flowering plants of hawaii ' . edward chester cr ##eu ##tz was born on january 23 , 1913 , in beaver dam , wisconsin , the son of lester cr ##eu ##tz , a high school history teacher , and grace smith cr ##eu ##tz , a general science teacher . he had two older brothers , john and jim
| 379 |
[
",",
"and",
"a",
"younger",
"sister",
",",
"edith",
".",
"the",
"family",
"moved",
"to",
"ea",
"##u",
"claire",
",",
"wisconsin",
",",
"in",
"1916",
",",
"monroe",
",",
"wisconsin",
",",
"in",
"1920",
",",
"and",
"to",
"jane",
"##sville",
",",
"wisconsin",
",",
"in",
"1927",
".",
"he",
"played",
"a",
"number",
"of",
"musical",
"instruments",
",",
"including",
"the",
"mandolin",
",",
"uk",
"##ule",
"##le",
"and",
"trombone",
".",
"he",
"played",
"in",
"the",
"school",
"bands",
"at",
"jane",
"##sville",
"high",
"school",
"and",
"monroe",
"high",
"school",
".",
"at",
"jane",
"##sville",
"he",
"played",
"tenor",
"banjo",
"in",
"a",
"dance",
"orchestra",
"called",
"rosie",
"'",
"s",
"rag",
"##ador",
"##s",
",",
"and",
"tim",
"##pani",
"with",
"the",
"school",
"orchestra",
"at",
"monroe",
".",
"he",
"also",
"played",
"left",
"guard",
"on",
"the",
"american",
"football",
"teams",
"at",
"jane",
"##sville",
"and",
"monroe",
".",
"he",
"expressed",
"an",
"interest",
"in",
"chemistry",
",",
"biology",
","
] | 2,457 |
, and a younger sister , edith . the family moved to ea ##u claire , wisconsin , in 1916 , monroe , wisconsin , in 1920 , and to jane ##sville , wisconsin , in 1927 . he played a number of musical instruments , including the mandolin , uk ##ule ##le and trombone . he played in the school bands at jane ##sville high school and monroe high school . at jane ##sville he played tenor banjo in a dance orchestra called rosie ' s rag ##ador ##s , and tim ##pani with the school orchestra at monroe . he also played left guard on the american football teams at jane ##sville and monroe . he expressed an interest in chemistry , biology ,
| 171 |
[
"geology",
"and",
"photography",
".",
"after",
"graduating",
"from",
"jane",
"##sville",
"high",
"school",
"in",
"1929",
",",
"he",
"took",
"a",
"job",
"as",
"a",
"book",
"##keeper",
"at",
"a",
"local",
"bank",
".",
"in",
"1932",
",",
"his",
"brother",
"john",
",",
"who",
"had",
"graduated",
"from",
"the",
"university",
"of",
"wisconsin",
"–",
"madison",
"with",
"a",
"degree",
"in",
"electrical",
"engineering",
",",
"persuaded",
"him",
"to",
"go",
"to",
"college",
"as",
"well",
".",
"john",
"suggested",
"that",
"\"",
"if",
"you",
"aren",
"’",
"t",
"sure",
"what",
"part",
"of",
"science",
"you",
"want",
",",
"take",
"physics",
",",
"because",
"that",
"'",
"s",
"basic",
"to",
"all",
"of",
"them",
".",
"\"",
"cr",
"##eu",
"##tz",
"later",
"recalled",
"that",
"this",
"was",
"the",
"best",
"advice",
"he",
"ever",
"got",
".",
"he",
"entered",
"the",
"university",
"of",
"wisconsin",
"and",
"studied",
"mathematics",
"and",
"physics",
".",
"money",
"was",
"scarce",
"during",
"the",
"great",
"depression",
","
] | 2,458 |
geology and photography . after graduating from jane ##sville high school in 1929 , he took a job as a book ##keeper at a local bank . in 1932 , his brother john , who had graduated from the university of wisconsin – madison with a degree in electrical engineering , persuaded him to go to college as well . john suggested that " if you aren ’ t sure what part of science you want , take physics , because that ' s basic to all of them . " cr ##eu ##tz later recalled that this was the best advice he ever got . he entered the university of wisconsin and studied mathematics and physics . money was scarce during the great depression ,
| 194 |
[
"especially",
"after",
"his",
"father",
"died",
"in",
"1935",
".",
"to",
"pay",
"his",
"bills",
",",
"cr",
"##eu",
"##tz",
"worked",
"as",
"a",
"dish",
"##wash",
"##er",
"and",
"short",
"order",
"cook",
",",
"and",
"took",
"a",
"job",
"taking",
"care",
"of",
"the",
"physics",
"laboratory",
"equipment",
".",
"in",
"1936",
",",
"his",
"senior",
"year",
",",
"he",
"taught",
"physics",
"laboratory",
"classes",
".",
"cr",
"##eu",
"##tz",
"encountered",
"several",
"members",
"of",
"the",
"faculty",
"at",
"the",
"university",
"of",
"wisconsin",
",",
"including",
"julian",
"mack",
",",
"rag",
"##nar",
"roll",
"##ef",
"##son",
",",
"raymond",
"herb",
",",
"eugene",
"wig",
"##ner",
"and",
"gregory",
"br",
"##eit",
".",
"mack",
"gave",
"cr",
"##eu",
"##tz",
"a",
"research",
"project",
"to",
"do",
"in",
"his",
"junior",
"year",
".",
"cr",
"##eu",
"##tz",
"remained",
"at",
"wisconsin",
"as",
"a",
"graduate",
"student",
"after",
"receiving",
"his",
"bachelor",
"of",
"science",
"(",
"b",
".",
"s",
".",
")",
"degree"
] | 2,459 |
especially after his father died in 1935 . to pay his bills , cr ##eu ##tz worked as a dish ##wash ##er and short order cook , and took a job taking care of the physics laboratory equipment . in 1936 , his senior year , he taught physics laboratory classes . cr ##eu ##tz encountered several members of the faculty at the university of wisconsin , including julian mack , rag ##nar roll ##ef ##son , raymond herb , eugene wig ##ner and gregory br ##eit . mack gave cr ##eu ##tz a research project to do in his junior year . cr ##eu ##tz remained at wisconsin as a graduate student after receiving his bachelor of science ( b . s . ) degree
| 194 |
[
"in",
"1936",
",",
"working",
"for",
"herb",
"upgrading",
"the",
"departmental",
"van",
"de",
"gr",
"##aa",
"##ff",
"generator",
"from",
"300",
"to",
"600",
"ke",
"##v",
".",
"with",
"this",
"done",
",",
"the",
"question",
"became",
"what",
"to",
"do",
"with",
"it",
",",
"and",
"br",
"##eit",
"suggested",
"that",
"it",
"had",
"previously",
"been",
"observed",
"that",
"high",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"energy",
"gamma",
"rays",
"were",
"produced",
"when",
"lithium",
"was",
"bomb",
"##arded",
"with",
"proton",
"##s",
"at",
"440",
"ke",
"##v",
".",
"cr",
"##eu",
"##tz",
"therefore",
"wrote",
"his",
"1939",
"doctor",
"of",
"philosophy",
"(",
"ph",
".",
"d",
".",
")",
"thesis",
"on",
"resonance",
"scattering",
"of",
"proton",
"##s",
"by",
"lithium",
",",
"under",
"br",
"##eit",
"'",
"s",
"supervision",
".",
"cr",
"##eu",
"##tz",
"married",
"le",
"##la",
"roll",
"##ef",
"##son",
",",
"a",
"mathematics",
"student",
"at",
"wisconsin",
",",
"and",
"the",
"sister",
"of",
"rag",
"##nar",
"roll",
"##ef",
"##son"
] | 2,460 |
in 1936 , working for herb upgrading the departmental van de gr ##aa ##ff generator from 300 to 600 ke ##v . with this done , the question became what to do with it , and br ##eit suggested that it had previously been observed that high @ - @ energy gamma rays were produced when lithium was bomb ##arded with proton ##s at 440 ke ##v . cr ##eu ##tz therefore wrote his 1939 doctor of philosophy ( ph . d . ) thesis on resonance scattering of proton ##s by lithium , under br ##eit ' s supervision . cr ##eu ##tz married le ##la roll ##ef ##son , a mathematics student at wisconsin , and the sister of rag ##nar roll ##ef ##son
| 196 |
[
",",
"on",
"september",
"13",
",",
"1937",
".",
"the",
"couple",
"had",
"three",
"children",
",",
"two",
"sons",
",",
"michael",
"and",
"carl",
",",
"and",
"a",
"daughter",
",",
"ann",
"jo",
".",
"wig",
"##ner",
"moved",
"to",
"princeton",
"university",
"in",
"1938",
",",
"and",
"soon",
"after",
"cr",
"##eu",
"##tz",
"received",
"an",
"offer",
"as",
"well",
".",
"princeton",
"had",
"been",
"given",
"a",
"36",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"inch",
"(",
"910",
"mm",
")",
"magnet",
"by",
"the",
"university",
"of",
"california",
",",
"which",
"had",
"been",
"used",
"to",
"build",
"an",
"8",
"me",
"##v",
"cy",
"##cl",
"##ot",
"##ron",
".",
"they",
"wanted",
"cr",
"##eu",
"##tz",
"to",
"help",
"get",
"it",
"operational",
".",
"he",
"later",
"recalled",
":",
"on",
"my",
"third",
"day",
"in",
"princeton",
"i",
"was",
"invited",
"to",
"give",
"a",
"short",
"report",
"on",
"my",
"thesis",
"work",
".",
"there",
"were",
"usually",
"two",
"or",
"three",
"speakers",
"at"
] | 2,461 |
, on september 13 , 1937 . the couple had three children , two sons , michael and carl , and a daughter , ann jo . wig ##ner moved to princeton university in 1938 , and soon after cr ##eu ##tz received an offer as well . princeton had been given a 36 @ - @ inch ( 910 mm ) magnet by the university of california , which had been used to build an 8 me ##v cy ##cl ##ot ##ron . they wanted cr ##eu ##tz to help get it operational . he later recalled : on my third day in princeton i was invited to give a short report on my thesis work . there were usually two or three speakers at
| 196 |
[
"these",
"\"",
"journal",
"club",
"\"",
"meetings",
".",
"this",
"time",
"the",
"speakers",
"were",
"ni",
"##els",
"bo",
"##hr",
",",
"albert",
"einstein",
",",
"and",
"ed",
"cr",
"##eu",
"##tz",
".",
"to",
"be",
"on",
"the",
"same",
"program",
"with",
"these",
"two",
"giants",
"of",
"scientific",
"accomplishments",
"was",
"breath",
"##taking",
".",
"just",
"before",
"the",
"meeting",
"began",
",",
"my",
"sponsor",
",",
"del",
"##sas",
"##so",
",",
"asked",
"me",
",",
"\"",
"say",
",",
"cr",
"##eu",
"##tz",
",",
"have",
"you",
"met",
"einstein",
"yet",
"?",
"\"",
"i",
"had",
"not",
".",
"del",
"##sas",
"##so",
"took",
"me",
"over",
"to",
"where",
"einstein",
"was",
"sitting",
"in",
"sweatshirt",
"and",
"tennis",
"shoes",
",",
"and",
"said",
",",
"\"",
"professor",
"einstein",
",",
"this",
"is",
"cr",
"##eu",
"##tz",
"who",
"has",
"come",
"to",
"work",
"on",
"our",
"cy",
"##cl",
"##ot",
"##ron",
".",
"\"",
"the",
"great",
"man",
"held",
"out",
"his",
"hand"
] | 2,462 |
these " journal club " meetings . this time the speakers were ni ##els bo ##hr , albert einstein , and ed cr ##eu ##tz . to be on the same program with these two giants of scientific accomplishments was breath ##taking . just before the meeting began , my sponsor , del ##sas ##so , asked me , " say , cr ##eu ##tz , have you met einstein yet ? " i had not . del ##sas ##so took me over to where einstein was sitting in sweatshirt and tennis shoes , and said , " professor einstein , this is cr ##eu ##tz who has come to work on our cy ##cl ##ot ##ron . " the great man held out his hand
| 196 |
[
",",
"which",
"seemed",
"as",
"big",
"as",
"a",
"dinner",
"plate",
",",
"and",
"said",
"in",
"an",
"accent",
"##ed",
"voice",
",",
"\"",
"i",
"’",
"m",
"glad",
"to",
"meet",
"you",
",",
"dr",
".",
"cr",
"##eu",
"##tz",
".",
"\"",
"i",
"managed",
"to",
"w",
"##hee",
"##ze",
"out",
",",
"\"",
"i",
"’",
"m",
"glad",
"to",
"meet",
"you",
",",
"too",
",",
"dr",
".",
"einstein",
".",
"\"",
"but",
"it",
"was",
"bo",
"##hr",
"who",
"electrified",
"the",
"audience",
"with",
"his",
"news",
"from",
"europe",
"of",
"the",
"discovery",
"by",
"li",
"##se",
"mei",
"##tner",
"and",
"otto",
"fr",
"##isch",
"of",
"nuclear",
"fission",
".",
"physicist",
"##s",
"rushed",
"to",
"confirm",
"the",
"results",
".",
"cr",
"##eu",
"##tz",
"built",
"an",
"ion",
"##ization",
"chamber",
"and",
"a",
"linear",
"amplifier",
"out",
"of",
"radio",
"vacuum",
"tubes",
",",
"coffee",
"cans",
"and",
"motorcycle",
"batteries",
",",
"and",
"with",
"this",
"apparatus",
"the",
"physicist"
] | 2,463 |
, which seemed as big as a dinner plate , and said in an accent ##ed voice , " i ’ m glad to meet you , dr . cr ##eu ##tz . " i managed to w ##hee ##ze out , " i ’ m glad to meet you , too , dr . einstein . " but it was bo ##hr who electrified the audience with his news from europe of the discovery by li ##se mei ##tner and otto fr ##isch of nuclear fission . physicist ##s rushed to confirm the results . cr ##eu ##tz built an ion ##ization chamber and a linear amplifier out of radio vacuum tubes , coffee cans and motorcycle batteries , and with this apparatus the physicist
| 199 |
[
"##s",
"at",
"princeton",
"were",
"able",
"to",
"confirm",
"the",
"results",
".",
"in",
"the",
"early",
"years",
"of",
"world",
"war",
"ii",
"between",
"1939",
"and",
"1941",
",",
"wig",
"##ner",
"led",
"the",
"princeton",
"group",
"in",
"a",
"series",
"of",
"experiments",
"involving",
"uranium",
"and",
"two",
"tons",
"of",
"graph",
"##ite",
"as",
"a",
"neutron",
"moderator",
".",
"in",
"early",
"1942",
",",
"arthur",
"compton",
"concentrated",
"the",
"manhattan",
"project",
"'",
"s",
"various",
"teams",
"working",
"on",
"pluto",
"##nium",
"and",
"nuclear",
"reactor",
"design",
",",
"including",
"wig",
"##ner",
"'",
"s",
"team",
"from",
"princeton",
",",
"at",
"the",
"metal",
"##lu",
"##rg",
"##ical",
"laboratory",
"at",
"the",
"university",
"of",
"chicago",
".",
"the",
"name",
"was",
"a",
"code",
"##name",
";",
"cr",
"##eu",
"##tz",
"was",
"the",
"first",
"to",
"conduct",
"actual",
"metal",
"##lu",
"##rgy",
"research",
",",
"and",
"he",
"hired",
"its",
"first",
"metal",
"##lu",
"##rg",
"##ist",
"to",
"work",
"with",
"him"
] | 2,464 |
##s at princeton were able to confirm the results . in the early years of world war ii between 1939 and 1941 , wig ##ner led the princeton group in a series of experiments involving uranium and two tons of graph ##ite as a neutron moderator . in early 1942 , arthur compton concentrated the manhattan project ' s various teams working on pluto ##nium and nuclear reactor design , including wig ##ner ' s team from princeton , at the metal ##lu ##rg ##ical laboratory at the university of chicago . the name was a code ##name ; cr ##eu ##tz was the first to conduct actual metal ##lu ##rgy research , and he hired its first metal ##lu ##rg ##ist to work with him
| 577 |
[
".",
"wig",
"##ner",
"led",
"the",
"theoretical",
"group",
"that",
"included",
"cr",
"##eu",
"##tz",
",",
"leo",
"oh",
"##linger",
",",
"alvin",
"m",
".",
"wei",
"##nberg",
",",
"katharine",
"way",
"and",
"gale",
"young",
".",
"the",
"group",
"'",
"s",
"task",
"was",
"to",
"design",
"the",
"reactors",
"that",
"would",
"convert",
"uranium",
"into",
"pluto",
"##nium",
".",
"at",
"the",
"time",
",",
"reactors",
"existed",
"only",
"on",
"paper",
",",
"and",
"no",
"reactor",
"had",
"yet",
"gone",
"critical",
".",
"in",
"july",
"1942",
",",
"wig",
"##ner",
"chose",
"a",
"conservative",
"100",
"mw",
"design",
",",
"with",
"a",
"graph",
"##ite",
"neutron",
"moderator",
"and",
"water",
"cooling",
".",
"the",
"choice",
"of",
"water",
"as",
"a",
"cool",
"##ant",
"was",
"controversial",
"at",
"the",
"time",
"because",
"water",
"was",
"known",
"to",
"absorb",
"neutron",
"##s",
",",
"thereby",
"reducing",
"the",
"efficiency",
"of",
"the",
"reactor",
";",
"but",
"wig",
"##ner",
"was",
"confident",
"that",
"his",
"group"
] | 2,465 |
. wig ##ner led the theoretical group that included cr ##eu ##tz , leo oh ##linger , alvin m . wei ##nberg , katharine way and gale young . the group ' s task was to design the reactors that would convert uranium into pluto ##nium . at the time , reactors existed only on paper , and no reactor had yet gone critical . in july 1942 , wig ##ner chose a conservative 100 mw design , with a graph ##ite neutron moderator and water cooling . the choice of water as a cool ##ant was controversial at the time because water was known to absorb neutron ##s , thereby reducing the efficiency of the reactor ; but wig ##ner was confident that his group
| 577 |
[
"'",
"s",
"calculations",
"were",
"correct",
"and",
"that",
"water",
"would",
"work",
",",
"while",
"the",
"technical",
"difficulties",
"involved",
"in",
"using",
"helium",
"or",
"liquid",
"metal",
"as",
"a",
"cool",
"##ant",
"would",
"delay",
"the",
"project",
".",
"working",
"seven",
"days",
"a",
"week",
",",
"the",
"group",
"designed",
"the",
"reactors",
"between",
"september",
"1942",
"and",
"january",
"1943",
".",
"cr",
"##eu",
"##tz",
"studied",
"the",
"corrosion",
"of",
"metals",
"in",
"a",
"water",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"cooled",
"system",
",",
"and",
"designed",
"the",
"cooling",
"system",
".",
"in",
"1959",
"a",
"patent",
"for",
"the",
"reactor",
"design",
"would",
"be",
"issued",
"in",
"the",
"name",
"of",
"cr",
"##eu",
"##tz",
",",
"oh",
"##linger",
",",
"wei",
"##nberg",
",",
"wig",
"##ner",
",",
"and",
"young",
".",
"as",
"a",
"group",
"leader",
"at",
"the",
"metal",
"##lu",
"##rg",
"##ical",
"laboratory",
",",
"cr",
"##eu",
"##tz",
"conducted",
"studies",
"of",
"uranium",
"and",
"how",
"it",
"could"
] | 2,466 |
' s calculations were correct and that water would work , while the technical difficulties involved in using helium or liquid metal as a cool ##ant would delay the project . working seven days a week , the group designed the reactors between september 1942 and january 1943 . cr ##eu ##tz studied the corrosion of metals in a water @ - @ cooled system , and designed the cooling system . in 1959 a patent for the reactor design would be issued in the name of cr ##eu ##tz , oh ##linger , wei ##nberg , wig ##ner , and young . as a group leader at the metal ##lu ##rg ##ical laboratory , cr ##eu ##tz conducted studies of uranium and how it could
| 570 |
[
"be",
"ex",
"##tr",
"##uded",
"into",
"rods",
".",
"his",
"group",
"looked",
"into",
"the",
"process",
"of",
"corrosion",
"in",
"metals",
"in",
"contact",
"with",
"fast",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"flowing",
"liquids",
",",
"the",
"processes",
"for",
"fabric",
"##ating",
"aluminium",
"and",
"jacket",
"##ing",
"uranium",
"with",
"it",
".",
"it",
"also",
"investigated",
"the",
"for",
"##ging",
"of",
"be",
"##ryl",
"##lium",
",",
"and",
"the",
"preparation",
"of",
"thor",
"##ium",
".",
"frederick",
"se",
"##itz",
"and",
"alvin",
"wei",
"##nberg",
"later",
"reckon",
"##ed",
"that",
"the",
"activities",
"of",
"cr",
"##eu",
"##tz",
"and",
"his",
"group",
"may",
"have",
"reduced",
"the",
"time",
"taken",
"to",
"produce",
"pluto",
"##nium",
"by",
"up",
"to",
"two",
"years",
".",
"the",
"discovery",
"of",
"spontaneous",
"fission",
"in",
"reactor",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"bred",
"pluto",
"##nium",
"due",
"to",
"contamination",
"by",
"pluto",
"##nium",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"240",
"led",
"wig",
"##ner",
"to",
"propose",
"switching",
"to",
"breeding",
"uranium"
] | 2,467 |
be ex ##tr ##uded into rods . his group looked into the process of corrosion in metals in contact with fast @ - @ flowing liquids , the processes for fabric ##ating aluminium and jacket ##ing uranium with it . it also investigated the for ##ging of be ##ryl ##lium , and the preparation of thor ##ium . frederick se ##itz and alvin wei ##nberg later reckon ##ed that the activities of cr ##eu ##tz and his group may have reduced the time taken to produce pluto ##nium by up to two years . the discovery of spontaneous fission in reactor @ - @ bred pluto ##nium due to contamination by pluto ##nium @ - @ 240 led wig ##ner to propose switching to breeding uranium
| 577 |
[
"@",
"-",
"@",
"233",
"from",
"thor",
"##ium",
",",
"but",
"the",
"challenge",
"was",
"met",
"by",
"the",
"los",
"alam",
"##os",
"laboratory",
"developing",
"an",
"imp",
"##los",
"##ion",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"type",
"nuclear",
"weapon",
"design",
".",
"in",
"october",
"1944",
",",
"cr",
"##eu",
"##tz",
"moved",
"to",
"los",
"alam",
"##os",
",",
"where",
"he",
"became",
"a",
"group",
"leader",
"responsible",
"for",
"explosive",
"lens",
"design",
"verification",
"and",
"preliminary",
"testing",
".",
"difficulties",
"encountered",
"in",
"testing",
"the",
"lenses",
"led",
"to",
"the",
"construction",
"of",
"a",
"special",
"test",
"area",
"in",
"pa",
"##jar",
"##ito",
"canyon",
",",
"and",
"cr",
"##eu",
"##tz",
"became",
"responsible",
"for",
"testing",
"there",
".",
"as",
"part",
"of",
"the",
"preparation",
"for",
"the",
"trinity",
"nuclear",
"test",
",",
"cr",
"##eu",
"##tz",
"conducted",
"a",
"test",
"det",
"##ona",
"##tion",
"at",
"pa",
"##jar",
"##ito",
"canyon",
"without",
"nuclear",
"material",
".",
"this",
"test",
"brought",
"bad",
"news"
] | 2,468 |
@ - @ 233 from thor ##ium , but the challenge was met by the los alam ##os laboratory developing an imp ##los ##ion @ - @ type nuclear weapon design . in october 1944 , cr ##eu ##tz moved to los alam ##os , where he became a group leader responsible for explosive lens design verification and preliminary testing . difficulties encountered in testing the lenses led to the construction of a special test area in pa ##jar ##ito canyon , and cr ##eu ##tz became responsible for testing there . as part of the preparation for the trinity nuclear test , cr ##eu ##tz conducted a test det ##ona ##tion at pa ##jar ##ito canyon without nuclear material . this test brought bad news
| 578 |
[
";",
"it",
"seemed",
"to",
"indicate",
"that",
"the",
"trinity",
"test",
"would",
"fail",
".",
"hans",
"beth",
"##e",
"worked",
"through",
"the",
"night",
"to",
"assess",
"the",
"results",
",",
"and",
"was",
"able",
"to",
"report",
"that",
"the",
"results",
"were",
"consistent",
"with",
"a",
"perfect",
"explosion",
".",
"after",
"the",
"war",
"ended",
"in",
"1945",
",",
"cr",
"##eu",
"##tz",
"accepted",
"an",
"offer",
"from",
"se",
"##itz",
"to",
"come",
"to",
"the",
"carnegie",
"institute",
"of",
"technology",
"as",
"an",
"associate",
"professor",
",",
"and",
"help",
"create",
"a",
"nuclear",
"physics",
"group",
"there",
".",
"cr",
"##eu",
"##tz",
"in",
"turn",
"recruited",
"a",
"number",
"of",
"young",
"physicist",
"##s",
"who",
"had",
"worked",
"with",
"him",
"at",
"princeton",
"and",
"on",
"the",
"manhattan",
"project",
"in",
"chicago",
"and",
"los",
"alam",
"##os",
",",
"including",
"marty",
"##n",
"f",
"##oss",
",",
"jack",
"fox",
",",
"roger",
"sutton",
"and",
"sergio",
"de",
"##ben",
"##ede",
"##tti",
"."
] | 2,469 |
; it seemed to indicate that the trinity test would fail . hans beth ##e worked through the night to assess the results , and was able to report that the results were consistent with a perfect explosion . after the war ended in 1945 , cr ##eu ##tz accepted an offer from se ##itz to come to the carnegie institute of technology as an associate professor , and help create a nuclear physics group there . cr ##eu ##tz in turn recruited a number of young physicist ##s who had worked with him at princeton and on the manhattan project in chicago and los alam ##os , including marty ##n f ##oss , jack fox , roger sutton and sergio de ##ben ##ede ##tti .
| 194 |
[
"together",
",",
"with",
"funding",
"from",
"the",
"office",
"of",
"naval",
"research",
"they",
"built",
"a",
"450",
"me",
"##v",
"sync",
"##hr",
"##ot",
"##ron",
"at",
"the",
"nuclear",
"research",
"center",
"near",
"saxon",
"##burg",
",",
"pennsylvania",
".",
"for",
"a",
"time",
",",
"this",
"put",
"them",
"at",
"the",
"forefront",
"of",
"research",
"into",
"nuclear",
"physics",
",",
"allowing",
"physicist",
"##s",
"there",
"to",
"study",
"the",
"recently",
"discovered",
"pi",
"me",
"##son",
"and",
"mu",
"me",
"##son",
".",
"a",
"visiting",
"scholar",
",",
"gilbert",
"##o",
"bernard",
"##ini",
",",
"created",
"the",
"first",
"photographic",
"em",
"##ulsion",
"of",
"a",
"me",
"##son",
".",
"cr",
"##eu",
"##tz",
"became",
"a",
"professor",
",",
"the",
"head",
"of",
"the",
"physics",
"department",
",",
"and",
"the",
"head",
"of",
"nuclear",
"research",
"center",
"at",
"the",
"carnegie",
"institute",
"of",
"technology",
"in",
"1948",
".",
"he",
"was",
"also",
"a",
"member",
"of",
"the",
"executive",
"board",
"at",
"the",
"ar"
] | 2,470 |
together , with funding from the office of naval research they built a 450 me ##v sync ##hr ##ot ##ron at the nuclear research center near saxon ##burg , pennsylvania . for a time , this put them at the forefront of research into nuclear physics , allowing physicist ##s there to study the recently discovered pi me ##son and mu me ##son . a visiting scholar , gilbert ##o bernard ##ini , created the first photographic em ##ulsion of a me ##son . cr ##eu ##tz became a professor , the head of the physics department , and the head of nuclear research center at the carnegie institute of technology in 1948 . he was also a member of the executive board at the ar
| 194 |
[
"##gon",
"##ne",
"national",
"laboratory",
"from",
"1946",
"to",
"1958",
",",
"and",
"a",
"consultant",
"at",
"the",
"oak",
"ridge",
"national",
"laboratory",
"from",
"1946",
"to",
"1958",
".",
"in",
"addition",
"to",
"his",
"work",
"on",
"nuclear",
"physics",
",",
"he",
"cultivated",
"flowers",
"and",
"orchid",
"##s",
"at",
"his",
"home",
".",
"he",
"published",
"eight",
"papers",
"on",
"floral",
"species",
",",
"and",
"named",
"three",
"varieties",
"of",
"violet",
"##s",
"after",
"his",
"children",
".",
"one",
"1966",
"paper",
",",
"published",
"in",
"the",
"new",
"york",
"botanical",
"garden",
"journal",
"was",
"on",
"ape",
"##ta",
"##hia",
"rai",
"##ate",
"##ensis",
",",
"a",
"rare",
"flower",
"found",
"only",
"on",
"the",
"island",
"of",
"rai",
"##ate",
"##a",
"in",
"french",
"poly",
"##nesia",
".",
"he",
"travelled",
"to",
"poly",
"##nesia",
"many",
"times",
",",
"and",
"translated",
"grammar",
"of",
"the",
"ta",
"##hiti",
"##an",
"language",
"from",
"french",
"into",
"english",
".",
"his",
"family",
"served",
"as",
"hosts"
] | 2,471 |
##gon ##ne national laboratory from 1946 to 1958 , and a consultant at the oak ridge national laboratory from 1946 to 1958 . in addition to his work on nuclear physics , he cultivated flowers and orchid ##s at his home . he published eight papers on floral species , and named three varieties of violet ##s after his children . one 1966 paper , published in the new york botanical garden journal was on ape ##ta ##hia rai ##ate ##ensis , a rare flower found only on the island of rai ##ate ##a in french poly ##nesia . he travelled to poly ##nesia many times , and translated grammar of the ta ##hiti ##an language from french into english . his family served as hosts
| 504 |
[
"for",
"a",
"time",
"to",
"two",
"young",
"people",
"from",
"ta",
"##hiti",
"and",
"samoa",
".",
"in",
"1955",
"and",
"1956",
",",
"cr",
"##eu",
"##tz",
"spent",
"a",
"year",
"at",
"los",
"alam",
"##os",
"evaluating",
"its",
"the",
"##rm",
"##on",
"##uc",
"##lea",
"##r",
"fusion",
"program",
"for",
"the",
"atomic",
"energy",
"commission",
".",
"while",
"there",
"he",
"was",
"approached",
"by",
"frederic",
"de",
"hoffmann",
",",
"who",
"recruited",
"him",
"to",
"join",
"the",
"general",
"atomic",
"##s",
"division",
"of",
"general",
"dynamics",
".",
"he",
"moved",
"to",
"la",
"jo",
"##lla",
",",
"california",
",",
"as",
"its",
"vice",
"president",
"for",
"research",
"and",
"development",
",",
"and",
"was",
"concurrently",
"the",
"director",
"of",
"its",
"john",
"jay",
"hopkins",
"laboratory",
"for",
"pure",
"and",
"applied",
"science",
"from",
"1955",
"to",
"1967",
".",
"he",
"was",
"also",
"a",
"member",
"of",
"the",
"advisory",
"panel",
"on",
"general",
"science",
"at",
"the",
"department",
"of",
"defense",
"from",
"1959"
] | 2,472 |
for a time to two young people from ta ##hiti and samoa . in 1955 and 1956 , cr ##eu ##tz spent a year at los alam ##os evaluating its the ##rm ##on ##uc ##lea ##r fusion program for the atomic energy commission . while there he was approached by frederic de hoffmann , who recruited him to join the general atomic ##s division of general dynamics . he moved to la jo ##lla , california , as its vice president for research and development , and was concurrently the director of its john jay hopkins laboratory for pure and applied science from 1955 to 1967 . he was also a member of the advisory panel on general science at the department of defense from 1959
| 199 |
[
"to",
"1963",
".",
"under",
"his",
"leadership",
",",
"general",
"atomic",
"##s",
"developed",
"tri",
"##ga",
",",
"a",
"small",
"reactor",
"for",
"universities",
"and",
"laboratories",
".",
"tri",
"##ga",
"used",
"uranium",
"z",
"##ir",
"##con",
"##ium",
"h",
"##yd",
"##ride",
"(",
"u",
"##z",
"##rh",
")",
"fuel",
",",
"which",
"has",
"a",
"large",
",",
"prompt",
"negative",
"fuel",
"temperature",
"coefficient",
"of",
"react",
"##ivity",
".",
"as",
"the",
"temperature",
"of",
"the",
"core",
"increases",
",",
"the",
"react",
"##ivity",
"rapidly",
"decreases",
".",
"it",
"is",
"thus",
"highly",
"unlikely",
",",
"though",
"not",
"completely",
"impossible",
",",
"for",
"a",
"nuclear",
"melt",
"##down",
"to",
"occur",
".",
"due",
"to",
"its",
"safety",
"and",
"reliability",
",",
"which",
"allows",
"it",
"to",
"be",
"installed",
"in",
"densely",
"populated",
"areas",
",",
"and",
"its",
"ability",
"to",
"still",
"generate",
"high",
"energy",
"for",
"brief",
"periods",
",",
"which",
"is",
"particularly",
"useful",
"for",
"research",
",",
"it",
"became"
] | 2,473 |
to 1963 . under his leadership , general atomic ##s developed tri ##ga , a small reactor for universities and laboratories . tri ##ga used uranium z ##ir ##con ##ium h ##yd ##ride ( u ##z ##rh ) fuel , which has a large , prompt negative fuel temperature coefficient of react ##ivity . as the temperature of the core increases , the react ##ivity rapidly decreases . it is thus highly unlikely , though not completely impossible , for a nuclear melt ##down to occur . due to its safety and reliability , which allows it to be installed in densely populated areas , and its ability to still generate high energy for brief periods , which is particularly useful for research , it became
| 577 |
[
"the",
"world",
"'",
"s",
"most",
"popular",
"research",
"reactor",
",",
"and",
"general",
"atomic",
"##s",
"sold",
"66",
"tri",
"##gas",
"in",
"24",
"countries",
".",
"the",
"high",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"temperature",
"gas",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"cooled",
"reactor",
"(",
"h",
"##t",
"##gr",
")",
"was",
"less",
"successful",
",",
"and",
"only",
"two",
"h",
"##t",
"##gr",
"power",
"reactors",
"were",
"built",
",",
"both",
"in",
"the",
"united",
"states",
".",
"a",
"40",
"mw",
"demonstration",
"unit",
"at",
"the",
"peach",
"bottom",
"nuclear",
"generating",
"station",
"in",
"pennsylvania",
"operated",
"successfully",
",",
"but",
"a",
"larger",
"300",
"mw",
"unit",
"at",
"the",
"fort",
"st",
".",
"vr",
"##ain",
"generating",
"station",
"in",
"colorado",
"encountered",
"technical",
"problems",
".",
"general",
"atomic",
"##s",
"also",
"conducted",
"research",
"into",
"the",
"##rm",
"##on",
"##uc",
"##lea",
"##r",
"energy",
",",
"including",
"means",
"of",
"magnetic",
"##ally",
"con",
"##fin",
"##ing",
"plasma",
".",
"between",
"1962",
"and",
"1974"
] | 2,474 |
the world ' s most popular research reactor , and general atomic ##s sold 66 tri ##gas in 24 countries . the high @ - @ temperature gas @ - @ cooled reactor ( h ##t ##gr ) was less successful , and only two h ##t ##gr power reactors were built , both in the united states . a 40 mw demonstration unit at the peach bottom nuclear generating station in pennsylvania operated successfully , but a larger 300 mw unit at the fort st . vr ##ain generating station in colorado encountered technical problems . general atomic ##s also conducted research into the ##rm ##on ##uc ##lea ##r energy , including means of magnetic ##ally con ##fin ##ing plasma . between 1962 and 1974
| 572 |
[
"cr",
"##eu",
"##tz",
"published",
"six",
"papers",
"on",
"the",
"subject",
".",
"in",
"1970",
"president",
"richard",
"nixon",
"appointed",
"cr",
"##eu",
"##tz",
"as",
"assistant",
"director",
"for",
"research",
"of",
"the",
"national",
"science",
"foundation",
".",
"he",
"became",
"assistant",
"director",
"for",
"mathematical",
"and",
"physical",
"##s",
"sciences",
"in",
"1975",
",",
"and",
"was",
"acting",
"deputy",
"director",
"from",
"1976",
"to",
"1977",
".",
"the",
"1970s",
"energy",
"crisis",
"raised",
"the",
"national",
"profile",
"of",
"energy",
"issues",
",",
"and",
"cr",
"##eu",
"##tz",
"served",
"on",
"a",
"panel",
"that",
"produced",
"a",
"study",
"called",
"the",
"nation",
"'",
"s",
"energy",
"future",
".",
"his",
"wife",
"le",
"##la",
"died",
"of",
"cancer",
"in",
"1972",
".",
"in",
"1974",
"he",
"married",
"elisabeth",
"cord",
"##le",
",",
"who",
"worked",
"for",
"the",
"national",
"science",
"board",
".",
"the",
"two",
"of",
"them",
"enjoyed",
"locating",
"and",
"photograph",
"##ing",
"rare",
"orchid",
"##s",
".",
"his",
"appointment"
] | 2,475 |
cr ##eu ##tz published six papers on the subject . in 1970 president richard nixon appointed cr ##eu ##tz as assistant director for research of the national science foundation . he became assistant director for mathematical and physical ##s sciences in 1975 , and was acting deputy director from 1976 to 1977 . the 1970s energy crisis raised the national profile of energy issues , and cr ##eu ##tz served on a panel that produced a study called the nation ' s energy future . his wife le ##la died of cancer in 1972 . in 1974 he married elisabeth cord ##le , who worked for the national science board . the two of them enjoyed locating and photograph ##ing rare orchid ##s . his appointment
| 194 |
[
"at",
"the",
"national",
"science",
"foundation",
"ended",
"in",
"1977",
",",
"and",
"cr",
"##eu",
"##tz",
"became",
"director",
"of",
"the",
"bern",
"##ice",
"pau",
"##ah",
"##i",
"bishop",
"museum",
"in",
"honolulu",
".",
"he",
"took",
"particular",
"interest",
"in",
"the",
"museum",
"'",
"s",
"work",
"preparing",
"a",
"two",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"volume",
"manual",
"of",
"the",
"flowering",
"plants",
"of",
"hawaii",
",",
"which",
"was",
"published",
"in",
"1999",
".",
"he",
"expanded",
"programs",
"for",
"education",
"and",
"outreach",
",",
"and",
"secured",
"funding",
"for",
"two",
"new",
"buildings",
".",
"he",
"retired",
"in",
"1987",
"and",
"returned",
"to",
"his",
"home",
"in",
"rancho",
"santa",
"fe",
",",
"california",
",",
"and",
"died",
"there",
"on",
"june",
"27",
",",
"2009",
".",
"=",
"=",
"documentaries",
"=",
"=",
"to",
"mars",
"by",
"a",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"bomb",
":",
"the",
"secret",
"history",
"of",
"project",
"orion",
"=",
"lean",
"##ne",
"del",
"to",
"##so",
"="
] | 2,476 |
at the national science foundation ended in 1977 , and cr ##eu ##tz became director of the bern ##ice pau ##ah ##i bishop museum in honolulu . he took particular interest in the museum ' s work preparing a two @ - @ volume manual of the flowering plants of hawaii , which was published in 1999 . he expanded programs for education and outreach , and secured funding for two new buildings . he retired in 1987 and returned to his home in rancho santa fe , california , and died there on june 27 , 2009 . = = documentaries = = to mars by a @ - @ bomb : the secret history of project orion = lean ##ne del to ##so =
| 380 |
[
"lean",
"##ne",
"del",
"to",
"##so",
"(",
"born",
"12",
"august",
"1980",
")",
"is",
"a",
"3",
"@",
".",
"@",
"5",
"point",
"wheelchair",
"basketball",
"player",
"who",
"represented",
"australia",
"at",
"the",
"2012",
"summer",
"paralympics",
"in",
"london",
",",
"where",
"she",
"won",
"a",
"silver",
"medal",
".",
"diagnosed",
"with",
"chronic",
"inflammatory",
"dem",
"##ye",
"##lina",
"##ting",
"poly",
"##ne",
"##uro",
"##pathy",
"at",
"the",
"age",
"of",
"nineteen",
",",
"del",
"to",
"##so",
"started",
"playing",
"wheelchair",
"basketball",
"in",
"2006",
".",
"playing",
"in",
"the",
"local",
"victorian",
"competition",
",",
"she",
"was",
"named",
"the",
"league",
"'",
"s",
"most",
"valuable",
"player",
"in",
"2007",
".",
"that",
"year",
"started",
"playing",
"for",
"the",
"knox",
"ford",
"raiders",
"in",
"the",
"women",
"'",
"s",
"national",
"wheelchair",
"basketball",
"league",
"(",
"w",
"##n",
"##w",
"##bl",
")",
".",
"the",
"following",
"year",
",",
"she",
"was",
"named",
"the",
"team",
"'",
"s",
"players",
"'"
] | 2,477 |
lean ##ne del to ##so ( born 12 august 1980 ) is a 3 @ . @ 5 point wheelchair basketball player who represented australia at the 2012 summer paralympics in london , where she won a silver medal . diagnosed with chronic inflammatory dem ##ye ##lina ##ting poly ##ne ##uro ##pathy at the age of nineteen , del to ##so started playing wheelchair basketball in 2006 . playing in the local victorian competition , she was named the league ' s most valuable player in 2007 . that year started playing for the knox ford raiders in the women ' s national wheelchair basketball league ( w ##n ##w ##bl ) . the following year , she was named the team ' s players '
| 641 |
[
"player",
"and",
"most",
"valuable",
"player",
"(",
"mvp",
")",
".",
"del",
"to",
"##so",
"has",
"played",
"for",
"the",
"dan",
"##den",
"##ong",
"rangers",
"in",
"the",
"w",
"##n",
"##w",
"##bl",
"since",
"2008",
".",
"in",
"the",
"semifinal",
"between",
"her",
"dan",
"##den",
"##ong",
"rangers",
"and",
"the",
"go",
"##ud",
"##kam",
"##p",
"glad",
"##ia",
"##tors",
"in",
"2009",
",",
"she",
"scored",
"31",
"points",
"while",
"pulling",
"down",
"19",
"rebounds",
"that",
"saw",
"the",
"rangers",
"win",
"81",
"–",
"42",
".",
"the",
"dan",
"##den",
"##ong",
"rangers",
"won",
"back",
"to",
"back",
"titles",
"in",
"2011",
"and",
"2012",
".",
"del",
"to",
"##so",
"made",
"her",
"debut",
"with",
"the",
"australia",
"women",
"'",
"s",
"national",
"wheelchair",
"basketball",
"team",
",",
"known",
"as",
"the",
"glider",
"##s",
",",
"at",
"the",
"2009",
"osaka",
"cup",
"in",
"japan",
".",
"since",
"winning",
"a",
"silver",
"medal",
"in",
"london",
",",
"she",
"has",
"participated",
"in"
] | 2,478 |
player and most valuable player ( mvp ) . del to ##so has played for the dan ##den ##ong rangers in the w ##n ##w ##bl since 2008 . in the semifinal between her dan ##den ##ong rangers and the go ##ud ##kam ##p glad ##ia ##tors in 2009 , she scored 31 points while pulling down 19 rebounds that saw the rangers win 81 – 42 . the dan ##den ##ong rangers won back to back titles in 2011 and 2012 . del to ##so made her debut with the australia women ' s national wheelchair basketball team , known as the glider ##s , at the 2009 osaka cup in japan . since winning a silver medal in london , she has participated in
| 626 |
[
"the",
"2013",
"osaka",
"cup",
"in",
"japan",
",",
"where",
"the",
"glider",
"##s",
"successfully",
"defended",
"the",
"title",
"they",
"had",
"won",
"in",
"2008",
",",
"2009",
",",
"2010",
"and",
"2012",
".",
"nicknamed",
"do",
"##ri",
",",
"del",
"to",
"##so",
"was",
"born",
"on",
"12",
"august",
"1980",
".",
"at",
"the",
"age",
"of",
"nineteen",
",",
"she",
"was",
"diagnosed",
"with",
"chronic",
"inflammatory",
"dem",
"##ye",
"##lina",
"##ting",
"poly",
"##ne",
"##uro",
"##pathy",
"(",
"cid",
"##p",
")",
",",
"a",
"here",
"##dity",
"condition",
"that",
"involves",
"damage",
"to",
"the",
"nerves",
".",
"del",
"to",
"##so",
"has",
"two",
"siblings",
";",
"her",
"younger",
"brother",
"daniel",
"also",
"developed",
"the",
"disease",
".",
"prior",
"to",
"her",
"diagnosis",
",",
"she",
"played",
"regular",
"basketball",
".",
"del",
"to",
"##so",
"has",
"worked",
"as",
"a",
"receptionist",
",",
"and",
"as",
"a",
"participation",
"assistant",
"for",
"basketball",
"victoria",
".",
"as",
"of",
"2013",
",",
"she"
] | 2,479 |
the 2013 osaka cup in japan , where the glider ##s successfully defended the title they had won in 2008 , 2009 , 2010 and 2012 . nicknamed do ##ri , del to ##so was born on 12 august 1980 . at the age of nineteen , she was diagnosed with chronic inflammatory dem ##ye ##lina ##ting poly ##ne ##uro ##pathy ( cid ##p ) , a here ##dity condition that involves damage to the nerves . del to ##so has two siblings ; her younger brother daniel also developed the disease . prior to her diagnosis , she played regular basketball . del to ##so has worked as a receptionist , and as a participation assistant for basketball victoria . as of 2013 , she
| 117 |
[
"lives",
"in",
"watson",
"##ia",
",",
"victoria",
".",
"=",
"=",
"wheelchair",
"basketball",
"=",
"=",
"del",
"to",
"##so",
"was",
"a",
"4",
"point",
"wheelchair",
"basketball",
"player",
".",
"due",
"to",
"the",
"progress",
"of",
"her",
"disease",
",",
"she",
"was",
"rec",
"##lassified",
"as",
"a",
"3",
"@",
".",
"@",
"5",
"point",
"player",
"in",
"2013",
".",
"as",
"of",
"2012",
",",
"she",
"has",
"a",
"scholarship",
"with",
"the",
"victorian",
"institute",
"of",
"sport",
",",
"and",
"in",
"financial",
"year",
"2012",
"/",
"13",
",",
"she",
"received",
"a",
"a",
"$",
"20",
"@",
",",
"@",
"000",
"grant",
"from",
"the",
"australian",
"sports",
"commission",
"as",
"part",
"of",
"its",
"direct",
"athlete",
"support",
"(",
"das",
")",
"program",
".",
"she",
"received",
"$",
"17",
"@",
",",
"@",
"000",
"in",
"2011",
"/",
"12",
"and",
"2010",
"/",
"11",
",",
"$",
"5",
"@",
",",
"@",
"57",
"##1",
"@",
".",
"@"
] | 2,480 |
lives in watson ##ia , victoria . = = wheelchair basketball = = del to ##so was a 4 point wheelchair basketball player . due to the progress of her disease , she was rec ##lassified as a 3 @ . @ 5 point player in 2013 . as of 2012 , she has a scholarship with the victorian institute of sport , and in financial year 2012 / 13 , she received a a $ 20 @ , @ 000 grant from the australian sports commission as part of its direct athlete support ( das ) program . she received $ 17 @ , @ 000 in 2011 / 12 and 2010 / 11 , $ 5 @ , @ 57 ##1 @ . @
| 622 |
[
"42",
"in",
"2009",
"/",
"10",
"and",
"$",
"5",
"@",
",",
"@",
"200",
"in",
"2008",
"/",
"09",
".",
"in",
"2012",
",",
"she",
"trained",
"in",
"dan",
"##den",
"##ong",
",",
"ke",
"##w",
",",
"box",
"hill",
"and",
"knox",
".",
"del",
"to",
"##so",
"started",
"playing",
"wheelchair",
"basketball",
"in",
"2006",
".",
"an",
"australian",
"paralympic",
"committee",
"flyer",
"on",
"the",
"wall",
"at",
"her",
"local",
"gym",
"asking",
"\"",
"are",
"you",
"the",
"next",
"para",
"##ly",
"##mp",
"##ian",
"?",
"\"",
"prompted",
"del",
"to",
"##so",
"to",
"respond",
".",
"she",
"was",
"advised",
"to",
"take",
"up",
"wheelchair",
"basketball",
".",
"playing",
"in",
"the",
"local",
"victorian",
"competition",
"in",
"2007",
",",
"she",
"was",
"named",
"the",
"league",
"'",
"s",
"most",
"valuable",
"player",
".",
"that",
"year",
",",
"she",
"made",
"her",
"debut",
"in",
"the",
"women",
"'",
"s",
"national",
"wheelchair",
"basketball",
"league",
"(",
"w",
"##n",
"##w",
"##bl"
] | 2,481 |
42 in 2009 / 10 and $ 5 @ , @ 200 in 2008 / 09 . in 2012 , she trained in dan ##den ##ong , ke ##w , box hill and knox . del to ##so started playing wheelchair basketball in 2006 . an australian paralympic committee flyer on the wall at her local gym asking " are you the next para ##ly ##mp ##ian ? " prompted del to ##so to respond . she was advised to take up wheelchair basketball . playing in the local victorian competition in 2007 , she was named the league ' s most valuable player . that year , she made her debut in the women ' s national wheelchair basketball league ( w ##n ##w ##bl
| 622 |
[
")",
"with",
"the",
"knox",
"ford",
"raiders",
".",
"at",
"the",
"end",
"of",
"the",
"season",
",",
"she",
"was",
"named",
"the",
"most",
"improved",
"player",
".",
"she",
"played",
"for",
"the",
"rangers",
"(",
"now",
"known",
"as",
"victoria",
")",
"since",
"2008",
".",
"in",
"the",
"second",
"round",
"of",
"the",
"2008",
"season",
",",
"the",
"dan",
"##den",
"##ong",
"rangers",
"defeated",
"the",
"western",
"stars",
"53",
"–",
"47",
".",
"she",
"scored",
"20",
"points",
"in",
"her",
"team",
"'",
"s",
"victory",
".",
"in",
"the",
"second",
"round",
"of",
"the",
"2008",
"season",
",",
"playing",
"for",
"the",
"dan",
"##den",
"##ong",
"rangers",
"in",
"a",
"38",
"–",
"72",
"loss",
"to",
"the",
"hills",
"hornets",
",",
"she",
"scored",
"12",
"points",
".",
"that",
"season",
",",
"she",
"was",
"named",
"the",
"team",
"'",
"s",
"players",
"player",
"and",
"most",
"valuable",
"player",
"(",
"mvp",
")",
".",
"in",
"2009",
",",
"del",
"to"
] | 2,482 |
) with the knox ford raiders . at the end of the season , she was named the most improved player . she played for the rangers ( now known as victoria ) since 2008 . in the second round of the 2008 season , the dan ##den ##ong rangers defeated the western stars 53 – 47 . she scored 20 points in her team ' s victory . in the second round of the 2008 season , playing for the dan ##den ##ong rangers in a 38 – 72 loss to the hills hornets , she scored 12 points . that season , she was named the team ' s players player and most valuable player ( mvp ) . in 2009 , del to
| 626 |
[
"##so",
"played",
"in",
"the",
"w",
"##n",
"##w",
"##bl",
"finals",
".",
"in",
"the",
"semifinal",
"between",
"the",
"dan",
"##den",
"##ong",
"rangers",
"and",
"the",
"go",
"##ud",
"##kam",
"##p",
"glad",
"##ia",
"##tors",
",",
"she",
"scored",
"31",
"points",
"while",
"pulling",
"down",
"19",
"rebounds",
"that",
"saw",
"the",
"rangers",
"win",
"81",
"–",
"42",
".",
"in",
"2010",
",",
"she",
"was",
"named",
"the",
"dan",
"##den",
"##ong",
"rangers",
"'",
"s",
"most",
"valuable",
"player",
".",
"the",
"rangers",
"won",
"the",
"w",
"##n",
"##w",
"##bl",
"title",
"in",
"2011",
".",
"in",
"a",
"round",
"four",
"game",
"in",
"2012",
",",
"against",
"sydney",
"un",
"##i",
"flames",
"that",
"the",
"rangers",
"won",
"55",
"–",
"44",
",",
"she",
"scored",
"14",
"rebounds",
".",
"the",
"rangers",
"won",
"the",
"league",
"championship",
"again",
"that",
"year",
".",
"in",
"2008",
",",
"del",
"to",
"##so",
"was",
"named",
"as",
"a",
"reserve",
"for",
"the",
"australia"
] | 2,483 |
##so played in the w ##n ##w ##bl finals . in the semifinal between the dan ##den ##ong rangers and the go ##ud ##kam ##p glad ##ia ##tors , she scored 31 points while pulling down 19 rebounds that saw the rangers win 81 – 42 . in 2010 , she was named the dan ##den ##ong rangers ' s most valuable player . the rangers won the w ##n ##w ##bl title in 2011 . in a round four game in 2012 , against sydney un ##i flames that the rangers won 55 – 44 , she scored 14 rebounds . the rangers won the league championship again that year . in 2008 , del to ##so was named as a reserve for the australia
| 631 |
[
"women",
"'",
"s",
"national",
"wheelchair",
"basketball",
"team",
",",
"known",
"as",
"the",
"glider",
"##s",
",",
"for",
"the",
"2008",
"summer",
"paralympics",
".",
"she",
"made",
"her",
"national",
"team",
"debut",
"at",
"the",
"2009",
"osaka",
"cup",
"the",
"following",
"year",
",",
"when",
"her",
"team",
"finished",
"first",
".",
"that",
"year",
",",
"she",
"also",
"participated",
"in",
"the",
"four",
"nations",
"in",
"canada",
"and",
"the",
"japan",
"friendly",
"series",
",",
"one",
"of",
"six",
"players",
"who",
"played",
"for",
"the",
"dan",
"##den",
"##ong",
"rangers",
"in",
"the",
"w",
"##n",
"##w",
"##bl",
".",
"she",
"was",
"selected",
"to",
"participate",
"in",
"a",
"national",
"team",
"training",
"camp",
"in",
"2010",
".",
"in",
"july",
"2010",
",",
"she",
"played",
"in",
"a",
"three",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"game",
"test",
"series",
"against",
"germany",
".",
"she",
"was",
"member",
"of",
"the",
"australian",
"team",
"at",
"the",
"2010",
"world",
"championships",
"that",
"finished",
"fourth",
"."
] | 2,484 |
women ' s national wheelchair basketball team , known as the glider ##s , for the 2008 summer paralympics . she made her national team debut at the 2009 osaka cup the following year , when her team finished first . that year , she also participated in the four nations in canada and the japan friendly series , one of six players who played for the dan ##den ##ong rangers in the w ##n ##w ##bl . she was selected to participate in a national team training camp in 2010 . in july 2010 , she played in a three @ - @ game test series against germany . she was member of the australian team at the 2010 world championships that finished fourth .
| 641 |
[
"she",
"also",
"played",
"in",
"the",
"2010",
"osaka",
"cup",
"where",
"her",
"team",
"finished",
"first",
".",
"she",
"played",
"in",
"four",
"games",
"in",
"the",
"2012",
"glider",
"##s",
"world",
"challenge",
".",
"del",
"to",
"##so",
"was",
"selected",
"to",
"represent",
"australia",
"at",
"the",
"2012",
"summer",
"paralympics",
"in",
"wheelchair",
"basketball",
".",
"the",
"london",
"games",
"were",
"her",
"first",
".",
"in",
"the",
"group",
"stage",
",",
"the",
"australia",
"women",
"'",
"s",
"national",
"wheelchair",
"basketball",
"team",
"at",
"the",
"2012",
"summer",
"paralympics",
"posted",
"wins",
"against",
"brazil",
",",
"great",
"britain",
",",
"and",
"the",
"netherlands",
",",
"but",
"lost",
"to",
"canada",
".",
"this",
"was",
"enough",
"to",
"advance",
"the",
"glider",
"##s",
"to",
"the",
"quarter",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"finals",
",",
"where",
"they",
"beat",
"mexico",
".",
"the",
"glider",
"##s",
"then",
"defeated",
"the",
"united",
"states",
"by",
"a",
"point",
"to",
"set",
"up",
"a",
"final",
"clash",
"with"
] | 2,485 |
she also played in the 2010 osaka cup where her team finished first . she played in four games in the 2012 glider ##s world challenge . del to ##so was selected to represent australia at the 2012 summer paralympics in wheelchair basketball . the london games were her first . in the group stage , the australia women ' s national wheelchair basketball team at the 2012 summer paralympics posted wins against brazil , great britain , and the netherlands , but lost to canada . this was enough to advance the glider ##s to the quarter @ - @ finals , where they beat mexico . the glider ##s then defeated the united states by a point to set up a final clash with
| 622 |
[
"germany",
".",
"the",
"glider",
"##s",
"lost",
"44",
"–",
"58",
",",
"and",
"earned",
"a",
"silver",
"medal",
".",
"since",
"the",
"games",
",",
"del",
"to",
"##so",
"has",
"participated",
"in",
"the",
"2013",
"osaka",
"cup",
"in",
"japan",
",",
"where",
"the",
"glider",
"##s",
"successfully",
"defended",
"the",
"title",
"they",
"had",
"won",
"in",
"2008",
",",
"2009",
",",
"2010",
"and",
"2012",
".",
"=",
"=",
"statistics",
"=",
"=",
"no",
".",
"79",
"wing",
"was",
"a",
"royal",
"australian",
"air",
"force",
"(",
"raaf",
")",
"wing",
"of",
"world",
"war",
"ii",
".",
"it",
"was",
"formed",
"in",
"december",
"1943",
"at",
"batch",
"##elo",
"##r",
",",
"northern",
"territory",
",",
"as",
"part",
"of",
"north",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"western",
"area",
"command",
".",
"led",
"by",
"group",
"captain",
"charles",
"eaton",
",",
"the",
"wing",
"comprised",
"four",
"squadrons",
"on",
"its",
"establishment",
",",
"flying",
"beaufort",
"and",
"b",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"25"
] | 2,486 |
germany . the glider ##s lost 44 – 58 , and earned a silver medal . since the games , del to ##so has participated in the 2013 osaka cup in japan , where the glider ##s successfully defended the title they had won in 2008 , 2009 , 2010 and 2012 . = = statistics = = no . 79 wing was a royal australian air force ( raaf ) wing of world war ii . it was formed in december 1943 at batch ##elo ##r , northern territory , as part of north @ - @ western area command . led by group captain charles eaton , the wing comprised four squadrons on its establishment , flying beaufort and b @ - @ 25
| 964 |
[
"mitchell",
"bombers",
"and",
"beau",
"##fighter",
"heavy",
"fighters",
".",
"no",
".",
"79",
"wing",
"took",
"part",
"in",
"the",
"new",
"guinea",
"and",
"north",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"western",
"area",
"campaigns",
"during",
"1944",
"–",
"45",
",",
"eventually",
"transferring",
"to",
"bali",
"##k",
"##pa",
"##pan",
"in",
"the",
"dutch",
"east",
"indies",
"as",
"the",
"allies",
"advanced",
"northward",
".",
"by",
"the",
"end",
"of",
"the",
"pacific",
"war",
",",
"the",
"wing",
"was",
"attached",
"to",
"the",
"australian",
"first",
"tactical",
"air",
"force",
"and",
"was",
"made",
"up",
"of",
"nos",
".",
"2",
"and",
"18",
"(",
"netherlands",
"east",
"indies",
")",
"squadrons",
",",
"both",
"flying",
"mitchell",
"##s",
".",
"the",
"latter",
"transferred",
"to",
"the",
"netherlands",
"air",
"force",
"in",
"late",
"1945",
",",
"while",
"the",
"former",
"returned",
"to",
"australia",
"where",
"it",
"disbanded",
"the",
"following",
"year",
".",
"no",
".",
"79",
"headquarters",
"itself",
"disbanded",
"in",
"october",
"1945",
",",
"soon"
] | 2,487 |
mitchell bombers and beau ##fighter heavy fighters . no . 79 wing took part in the new guinea and north @ - @ western area campaigns during 1944 – 45 , eventually transferring to bali ##k ##pa ##pan in the dutch east indies as the allies advanced northward . by the end of the pacific war , the wing was attached to the australian first tactical air force and was made up of nos . 2 and 18 ( netherlands east indies ) squadrons , both flying mitchell ##s . the latter transferred to the netherlands air force in late 1945 , while the former returned to australia where it disbanded the following year . no . 79 headquarters itself disbanded in october 1945 , soon
| 962 |
[
"after",
"the",
"end",
"of",
"hostilities",
".",
"no",
".",
"79",
"wing",
"was",
"established",
"at",
"batch",
"##elo",
"##r",
",",
"northern",
"territory",
",",
"on",
"30",
"november",
"1943",
".",
"its",
"combat",
"units",
"consisted",
"of",
"nos",
".",
"1",
"and",
"2",
"squadrons",
"(",
"flying",
"beaufort",
"light",
"reconnaissance",
"bombers",
")",
",",
"no",
".",
"31",
"squadron",
"(",
"beau",
"##fighter",
"long",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"range",
"fighters",
")",
",",
"and",
"no",
".",
"18",
"(",
"netherlands",
"east",
"indies",
")",
"squadron",
"(",
"b",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"25",
"mitchell",
"medium",
"bombers",
")",
".",
"the",
"wing",
"was",
"commanded",
"by",
"group",
"captain",
"charles",
"eaton",
",",
"whose",
"dutch",
"personnel",
"called",
"him",
"\"",
"o",
"##om",
"charles",
"\"",
"(",
"uncle",
"charles",
")",
".",
"operating",
"under",
"the",
"auspices",
"of",
"north",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"western",
"area",
"command",
"(",
"nwa",
")",
",",
"darwin",
",",
"no",
".",
"79"
] | 2,488 |
after the end of hostilities . no . 79 wing was established at batch ##elo ##r , northern territory , on 30 november 1943 . its combat units consisted of nos . 1 and 2 squadrons ( flying beaufort light reconnaissance bombers ) , no . 31 squadron ( beau ##fighter long @ - @ range fighters ) , and no . 18 ( netherlands east indies ) squadron ( b @ - @ 25 mitchell medium bombers ) . the wing was commanded by group captain charles eaton , whose dutch personnel called him " o ##om charles " ( uncle charles ) . operating under the auspices of north @ - @ western area command ( nwa ) , darwin , no . 79
| 979 |
[
"wing",
"participated",
"in",
"the",
"new",
"guinea",
"and",
"north",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"western",
"area",
"campaigns",
"during",
"1944",
".",
"through",
"march",
"–",
"april",
"1944",
",",
"the",
"beau",
"##fighter",
"##s",
"attacked",
"japanese",
"shipping",
",",
"while",
"the",
"mitchell",
"##s",
"and",
"beaufort",
"##s",
"bombed",
"timor",
"on",
"a",
"daily",
"basis",
"as",
"a",
"prelude",
"to",
"operations",
"reckless",
"and",
"persecution",
",",
"the",
"invasions",
"of",
"holland",
"##ia",
"and",
"ai",
"##ta",
"##pe",
".",
"eaton",
"organised",
"a",
"large",
"raid",
"against",
"su",
",",
"dutch",
"timor",
",",
"on",
"19",
"april",
".",
"consisting",
"of",
"thirty",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"five",
"mitchell",
"##s",
",",
"beaufort",
"##s",
"and",
"beau",
"##fighter",
"##s",
",",
"the",
"force",
"destroyed",
"the",
"town",
"'",
"s",
"barracks",
"and",
"fuel",
"dump",
"##s",
",",
"a",
"result",
"that",
"earned",
"the",
"personal",
"congratulations",
"of",
"the",
"air",
"officer",
"commanding",
"nwa",
",",
"air",
"vice",
"marshal",
"\""
] | 2,489 |
wing participated in the new guinea and north @ - @ western area campaigns during 1944 . through march – april 1944 , the beau ##fighter ##s attacked japanese shipping , while the mitchell ##s and beaufort ##s bombed timor on a daily basis as a prelude to operations reckless and persecution , the invasions of holland ##ia and ai ##ta ##pe . eaton organised a large raid against su , dutch timor , on 19 april . consisting of thirty @ - @ five mitchell ##s , beaufort ##s and beau ##fighter ##s , the force destroyed the town ' s barracks and fuel dump ##s , a result that earned the personal congratulations of the air officer commanding nwa , air vice marshal "
| 962 |
[
"king",
"\"",
"cole",
".",
"on",
"the",
"day",
"of",
"the",
"allied",
"landings",
",",
"22",
"april",
",",
"the",
"mitchell",
"##s",
"and",
"beau",
"##fighter",
"##s",
"made",
"a",
"daylight",
"raid",
"on",
"dil",
"##i",
",",
"portuguese",
"timor",
".",
"the",
"ground",
"assault",
"on",
"holland",
"##ia",
"–",
"ai",
"##ta",
"##pe",
"met",
"little",
"opposition",
",",
"credited",
"in",
"part",
"to",
"the",
"air",
"bombardment",
"leading",
"up",
"to",
"it",
".",
"in",
"may",
"1944",
",",
"nos",
".",
"1",
",",
"18",
"and",
"31",
"squadrons",
"attacked",
"japanese",
"positions",
"in",
"timor",
",",
"while",
"no",
".",
"2",
"squadron",
"was",
"withdrawn",
"from",
"combat",
"to",
"re",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"e",
"##qui",
"##p",
"with",
"mitchell",
"##s",
".",
"no",
".",
"79",
"wing",
"'",
"s",
"light",
"and",
"medium",
"bombers",
"suffered",
"from",
"a",
"lack",
"of",
"suitable",
"targets",
"as",
"they",
"had",
"few",
"airfields",
"in",
"forward",
"areas",
"from",
"which",
"to"
] | 2,490 |
king " cole . on the day of the allied landings , 22 april , the mitchell ##s and beau ##fighter ##s made a daylight raid on dil ##i , portuguese timor . the ground assault on holland ##ia – ai ##ta ##pe met little opposition , credited in part to the air bombardment leading up to it . in may 1944 , nos . 1 , 18 and 31 squadrons attacked japanese positions in timor , while no . 2 squadron was withdrawn from combat to re @ - @ e ##qui ##p with mitchell ##s . no . 79 wing ' s light and medium bombers suffered from a lack of suitable targets as they had few airfields in forward areas from which to
| 979 |
[
"ref",
"##uel",
".",
"no",
".",
"2",
"squadron",
"returned",
"to",
"operations",
"with",
"mitchell",
"##s",
"in",
"june",
".",
"that",
"month",
",",
"no",
".",
"18",
"squadron",
"flew",
"149",
"sort",
"##ies",
",",
"damaging",
"japanese",
"airfields",
"and",
"shipping",
"in",
"the",
"timor",
"area",
",",
"but",
"lost",
"its",
"commanding",
"officer",
"to",
"anti",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"aircraft",
"fire",
"during",
"a",
"raid",
".",
"in",
"june",
"–",
"july",
"1944",
",",
"no",
".",
"79",
"wing",
"supported",
"the",
"allied",
"attack",
"on",
"no",
"##em",
"##fo",
"##or",
".",
"no",
".",
"18",
"squadron",
"was",
"again",
"the",
"wing",
"'",
"s",
"most",
"active",
"unit",
",",
"flying",
"107",
"sort",
"##ies",
".",
"in",
"september",
",",
"the",
"beau",
"##fighter",
"##s",
"and",
"mitchell",
"##s",
"attacked",
"japanese",
"shipping",
"and",
"infrastructure",
"in",
"ce",
"##ram",
"and",
"ce",
"##le",
"##bes",
",",
"but",
"lost",
"nine",
"aircraft",
"and",
"twenty",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"six"
] | 2,491 |
ref ##uel . no . 2 squadron returned to operations with mitchell ##s in june . that month , no . 18 squadron flew 149 sort ##ies , damaging japanese airfields and shipping in the timor area , but lost its commanding officer to anti @ - @ aircraft fire during a raid . in june – july 1944 , no . 79 wing supported the allied attack on no ##em ##fo ##or . no . 18 squadron was again the wing ' s most active unit , flying 107 sort ##ies . in september , the beau ##fighter ##s and mitchell ##s attacked japanese shipping and infrastructure in ce ##ram and ce ##le ##bes , but lost nine aircraft and twenty @ - @ six
| 980 |
[
"crew",
"##men",
"killed",
",",
"among",
"them",
"squadron",
"leader",
"wilbur",
"wa",
"##cke",
"##tt",
",",
"son",
"of",
"commonwealth",
"aircraft",
"corporation",
"manager",
"lawrence",
"wa",
"##cke",
"##tt",
".",
"by",
"the",
"end",
"of",
"the",
"month",
",",
"mitchell",
"missions",
"were",
"put",
"on",
"hold",
"while",
"replacement",
"crews",
"were",
"trained",
".",
"in",
"late",
"1944",
",",
"plans",
"were",
"made",
"to",
"transfer",
"no",
".",
"79",
"wing",
"from",
"north",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"western",
"area",
"command",
"to",
"northern",
"command",
"in",
"papua",
"new",
"guinea",
",",
"where",
"it",
"would",
"undertake",
"operations",
"against",
"the",
"japanese",
"in",
"new",
"britain",
".",
"the",
"wing",
"'",
"s",
"composition",
"for",
"this",
"move",
"was",
"to",
"be",
"nos",
".",
"2",
"and",
"18",
"squadrons",
",",
"operating",
"mitchell",
"##s",
",",
"and",
"120",
"(",
"netherlands",
"east",
"indies",
")",
"squadron",
",",
"operating",
"p",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"40",
"kitty",
"##hawks",
".",
"no",
"."
] | 2,492 |
crew ##men killed , among them squadron leader wilbur wa ##cke ##tt , son of commonwealth aircraft corporation manager lawrence wa ##cke ##tt . by the end of the month , mitchell missions were put on hold while replacement crews were trained . in late 1944 , plans were made to transfer no . 79 wing from north @ - @ western area command to northern command in papua new guinea , where it would undertake operations against the japanese in new britain . the wing ' s composition for this move was to be nos . 2 and 18 squadrons , operating mitchell ##s , and 120 ( netherlands east indies ) squadron , operating p @ - @ 40 kitty ##hawks . no .
| 980 |
[
"31",
"squadron",
"was",
"transferred",
"from",
"no",
".",
"79",
"wing",
"to",
"the",
"australian",
"first",
"tactical",
"air",
"force",
"at",
"mor",
"##ota",
"##i",
"in",
"december",
".",
"the",
"same",
"month",
",",
"group",
"captain",
"eaton",
"posted",
"out",
"and",
"was",
"replaced",
"by",
"group",
"captain",
"john",
"ry",
"##land",
".",
"weather",
"hampered",
"the",
"wing",
"'",
"s",
"activities",
"in",
"january",
"1945",
".",
"no",
".",
"1",
"squadron",
"was",
"withdrawn",
"to",
"queensland",
"to",
"re",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"e",
"##qui",
"##p",
"with",
"mosquito",
"##s",
",",
"with",
"no",
".",
"13",
"squadron",
",",
"flying",
"ventura",
"##s",
",",
"taking",
"up",
"the",
"slack",
"on",
"anti",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"shipping",
"missions",
".",
"the",
"squadron",
"accounted",
"for",
"around",
"half",
"of",
"the",
"thirty",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"eight",
"enemy",
"vessels",
"sunk",
"by",
"no",
".",
"79",
"wing",
"in",
"february",
",",
"and",
"a",
"similar",
"ratio",
"to",
"the",
"twenty"
] | 2,493 |
31 squadron was transferred from no . 79 wing to the australian first tactical air force at mor ##ota ##i in december . the same month , group captain eaton posted out and was replaced by group captain john ry ##land . weather hampered the wing ' s activities in january 1945 . no . 1 squadron was withdrawn to queensland to re @ - @ e ##qui ##p with mosquito ##s , with no . 13 squadron , flying ventura ##s , taking up the slack on anti @ - @ shipping missions . the squadron accounted for around half of the thirty @ - @ eight enemy vessels sunk by no . 79 wing in february , and a similar ratio to the twenty
| 980 |
[
"sunk",
"the",
"following",
"month",
".",
"wing",
"operations",
"were",
"cut",
"back",
"in",
"march",
",",
"as",
"preparations",
"were",
"made",
"to",
"transfer",
"the",
"mitchell",
"##s",
"to",
"ja",
"##c",
"##quin",
"##ot",
"bay",
"in",
"new",
"britain",
".",
"on",
"6",
"april",
",",
"all",
"twenty",
"available",
"aircraft",
"of",
"nos",
".",
"2",
"and",
"18",
"squadrons",
"were",
"ordered",
"to",
"join",
"b",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"24",
"li",
"##ber",
"##ators",
"of",
"no",
".",
"82",
"wing",
"in",
"an",
"assault",
"on",
"a",
"japanese",
"convoy",
"that",
"included",
"the",
"cruiser",
"is",
"##uz",
"##u",
".",
"the",
"li",
"##ber",
"##ators",
"were",
"late",
"for",
"their",
"rendezvous",
"with",
"the",
"mitchell",
"##s",
"off",
"sum",
"##ba",
"so",
"the",
"latter",
",",
"at",
"the",
"very",
"limit",
"of",
"their",
"range",
",",
"attacked",
"the",
"convoy",
"regardless",
".",
"they",
"claimed",
"two",
"direct",
"hits",
"without",
"loss",
",",
"despite",
"anti",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"aircraft"
] | 2,494 |
sunk the following month . wing operations were cut back in march , as preparations were made to transfer the mitchell ##s to ja ##c ##quin ##ot bay in new britain . on 6 april , all twenty available aircraft of nos . 2 and 18 squadrons were ordered to join b @ - @ 24 li ##ber ##ators of no . 82 wing in an assault on a japanese convoy that included the cruiser is ##uz ##u . the li ##ber ##ators were late for their rendezvous with the mitchell ##s off sum ##ba so the latter , at the very limit of their range , attacked the convoy regardless . they claimed two direct hits without loss , despite anti @ - @ aircraft
| 975 |
[
"fire",
"from",
"the",
"cruiser",
"and",
"other",
"ships",
",",
"and",
"frontal",
"attacks",
"by",
"enemy",
"fighters",
".",
"allied",
"submarines",
"sank",
"the",
"damaged",
"is",
"##uz",
"##u",
"the",
"next",
"day",
".",
"the",
"wing",
"'",
"s",
"proposed",
"move",
"to",
"new",
"britain",
"was",
"cancelled",
"in",
"may",
"1945",
",",
"after",
"the",
"netherlands",
"government",
"requested",
"that",
"its",
"squadrons",
"operate",
"over",
"the",
"dutch",
"east",
"indies",
".",
"no",
".",
"120",
"squadron",
"was",
"transferred",
"to",
"bi",
"##ak",
",",
"while",
"no",
".",
"79",
"wing",
"and",
"its",
"two",
"mitchell",
"squadrons",
"were",
"ordered",
"to",
"move",
"to",
"borneo",
",",
"under",
"the",
"command",
"of",
"first",
"tactical",
"air",
"force",
".",
"by",
"july",
",",
"no",
".",
"79",
"wing",
"had",
"relocated",
"from",
"batch",
"##elo",
"##r",
"to",
"bali",
"##k",
"##pa",
"##pan",
",",
"leaving",
"no",
".",
"13",
"squadron",
"under",
"the",
"control",
"of",
"north",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"western"
] | 2,495 |
fire from the cruiser and other ships , and frontal attacks by enemy fighters . allied submarines sank the damaged is ##uz ##u the next day . the wing ' s proposed move to new britain was cancelled in may 1945 , after the netherlands government requested that its squadrons operate over the dutch east indies . no . 120 squadron was transferred to bi ##ak , while no . 79 wing and its two mitchell squadrons were ordered to move to borneo , under the command of first tactical air force . by july , no . 79 wing had relocated from batch ##elo ##r to bali ##k ##pa ##pan , leaving no . 13 squadron under the control of north @ - @ western
| 980 |
[
"area",
"command",
".",
"after",
"the",
"pacific",
"war",
"ended",
"in",
"august",
"1945",
",",
"the",
"mitchell",
"##s",
"joined",
"li",
"##ber",
"##ators",
"of",
"no",
".",
"82",
"wing",
"rep",
"##at",
"##ria",
"##ting",
"raaf",
"personnel",
"from",
"borneo",
"to",
"australia",
".",
"no",
".",
"79",
"wing",
"headquarters",
"was",
"disbanded",
"on",
"8",
"october",
".",
"the",
"following",
"month",
",",
"no",
".",
"18",
"squadron",
"was",
"reassigned",
"to",
"the",
"netherlands",
"air",
"force",
".",
"no",
".",
"2",
"squadron",
"returned",
"to",
"australia",
"in",
"december",
",",
"di",
"##sb",
"##and",
"##ing",
"in",
"mid",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"1946",
".",
"these",
"were",
"the",
"only",
"two",
"squadrons",
"in",
"the",
"raaf",
"to",
"operate",
"mitchell",
"##s",
"during",
"the",
"war",
".",
"\"",
"vitamin",
"d",
"\"",
"is",
"the",
"sixth",
"episode",
"of",
"the",
"american",
"television",
"series",
"glee",
".",
"the",
"episode",
"premiered",
"on",
"the",
"fox",
"network",
"on",
"october",
"7",
","
] | 2,496 |
area command . after the pacific war ended in august 1945 , the mitchell ##s joined li ##ber ##ators of no . 82 wing rep ##at ##ria ##ting raaf personnel from borneo to australia . no . 79 wing headquarters was disbanded on 8 october . the following month , no . 18 squadron was reassigned to the netherlands air force . no . 2 squadron returned to australia in december , di ##sb ##and ##ing in mid @ - @ 1946 . these were the only two squadrons in the raaf to operate mitchell ##s during the war . " vitamin d " is the sixth episode of the american television series glee . the episode premiered on the fox network on october 7 ,
| 980 |
[
"2009",
".",
"it",
"was",
"written",
"by",
"series",
"creator",
"ryan",
"murphy",
"and",
"directed",
"by",
"el",
"##od",
"##ie",
"keen",
"##e",
".",
"in",
"the",
"episode",
",",
"glee",
"club",
"director",
"will",
"sc",
"##hue",
"##ster",
"(",
"matthew",
"morrison",
")",
"pits",
"the",
"male",
"and",
"female",
"club",
"members",
"against",
"each",
"other",
"for",
"a",
"mas",
"##h",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"up",
"competition",
".",
"will",
"'",
"s",
"wife",
"terri",
"(",
"jess",
"##aly",
"##n",
"gil",
"##si",
"##g",
")",
"takes",
"a",
"job",
"as",
"the",
"school",
"nurse",
"to",
"stop",
"him",
"becoming",
"closer",
"to",
"guidance",
"counsel",
"##lor",
"emma",
"pills",
"##bury",
"(",
"jay",
"##ma",
"may",
"##s",
")",
",",
"but",
"is",
"fired",
"after",
"giving",
"the",
"students",
"performance",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"enhancing",
"pseudo",
"##ep",
"##hed",
"##rine",
"tablets",
".",
"the",
"episode",
"features",
"mas",
"##h",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"up",
"covers",
"of",
"\"",
"it",
"'",
"s"
] | 2,497 |
2009 . it was written by series creator ryan murphy and directed by el ##od ##ie keen ##e . in the episode , glee club director will sc ##hue ##ster ( matthew morrison ) pits the male and female club members against each other for a mas ##h @ - @ up competition . will ' s wife terri ( jess ##aly ##n gil ##si ##g ) takes a job as the school nurse to stop him becoming closer to guidance counsel ##lor emma pills ##bury ( jay ##ma may ##s ) , but is fired after giving the students performance @ - @ enhancing pseudo ##ep ##hed ##rine tablets . the episode features mas ##h @ - @ up covers of " it ' s
| 772 |
[
"my",
"life",
"\"",
"by",
"bon",
"jo",
"##vi",
"and",
"\"",
"confessions",
"part",
"ii",
"\"",
"by",
"usher",
",",
"and",
"\"",
"halo",
"\"",
"by",
"beyonce",
"knowles",
"and",
"\"",
"walking",
"on",
"sunshine",
"\"",
"by",
"katrina",
"and",
"the",
"waves",
".",
"both",
"tracks",
"were",
"released",
"as",
"singles",
",",
"available",
"for",
"digital",
"download",
".",
"\"",
"vitamin",
"d",
"\"",
"was",
"watched",
"by",
"7",
"@",
".",
"@",
"30",
"million",
"us",
"viewers",
",",
"and",
"received",
"generally",
"positive",
"reviews",
"from",
"critics",
".",
"performances",
"by",
"morrison",
",",
"may",
"##s",
"and",
"jane",
"lynch",
"as",
"cheerleading",
"coach",
"sue",
"sylvester",
"attracted",
"praise",
",",
"as",
"did",
"the",
"staging",
"of",
"the",
"musical",
"mas",
"##h",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"ups",
".",
"however",
",",
"al",
"##y",
"semi",
"##gra",
"##n",
"of",
"mtv",
"and",
"man",
"##di",
"bi",
"##erly",
"of",
"entertainment",
"weekly",
"both",
"noted",
"critically",
"that",
"dramatic",
"storylines",
"in"
] | 2,498 |
my life " by bon jo ##vi and " confessions part ii " by usher , and " halo " by beyonce knowles and " walking on sunshine " by katrina and the waves . both tracks were released as singles , available for digital download . " vitamin d " was watched by 7 @ . @ 30 million us viewers , and received generally positive reviews from critics . performances by morrison , may ##s and jane lynch as cheerleading coach sue sylvester attracted praise , as did the staging of the musical mas ##h @ - @ ups . however , al ##y semi ##gra ##n of mtv and man ##di bi ##erly of entertainment weekly both noted critically that dramatic storylines in
| 910 |
[
"the",
"episode",
"dominated",
"over",
"the",
"musical",
"performances",
".",
"believing",
"the",
"glee",
"club",
"members",
"are",
"becoming",
"com",
"##pl",
"##ace",
"##nt",
"ahead",
"of",
"the",
"forthcoming",
"sectional",
"##s",
",",
"director",
"will",
"sc",
"##hue",
"##ster",
"(",
"matthew",
"morrison",
")",
"divides",
"the",
"club",
"into",
"boys",
"against",
"girls",
"for",
"a",
"mas",
"##h",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"up",
"competition",
".",
"cheerleading",
"coach",
"sue",
"sylvester",
"(",
"jane",
"lynch",
")",
"observes",
"that",
"head",
"cheer",
"##leader",
"quinn",
"fa",
"##bra",
"##y",
"'",
"s",
"(",
"dia",
"##nna",
"ag",
"##ron",
")",
"performance",
"standards",
"are",
"slipping",
".",
"when",
"quinn",
"blame",
"##s",
"her",
"tired",
"##ness",
"on",
"her",
"glee",
"club",
"participation",
",",
"sue",
"renew",
"##s",
"her",
"resolve",
"to",
"destroy",
"the",
"club",
",",
"planning",
"to",
"sabotage",
"will",
"'",
"s",
"personal",
"life",
".",
"sue",
"tells",
"will",
"'",
"s",
"wife",
"terri",
"sc",
"##hue",
"##ster",
"(",
"jess"
] | 2,499 |
the episode dominated over the musical performances . believing the glee club members are becoming com ##pl ##ace ##nt ahead of the forthcoming sectional ##s , director will sc ##hue ##ster ( matthew morrison ) divides the club into boys against girls for a mas ##h @ - @ up competition . cheerleading coach sue sylvester ( jane lynch ) observes that head cheer ##leader quinn fa ##bra ##y ' s ( dia ##nna ag ##ron ) performance standards are slipping . when quinn blame ##s her tired ##ness on her glee club participation , sue renew ##s her resolve to destroy the club , planning to sabotage will ' s personal life . sue tells will ' s wife terri sc ##hue ##ster ( jess
| 777 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.