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4 , 2002 ) norman fin ##kel ##stein , response to gold ##ha ##gen william rubin ##stein et al . , uses of holocaust , letters to the london review of books david friedman , anti @ - @ defamation league letter at the way ##back machine , calling fin ##kel ##stein a " holocaust den ##ier " the washington post publishes a re ##tra ##ction : marc fisher , a washington post columnist , publishes a re ##tra ##ction of his charge of " holocaust revision ##ism " , archive . org ; accessed november 1 , 2015 . norman fin ##kel ##stein at the internet movie database eight interviews with fin ##kel ##stein ( two sets of four ) , december 2014 and january
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2015 , and three more interviews with fin ##kel ##stein , may 2015 , the real news american radical : the trials of norman fin ##kel ##stein - broadcast of the documentary in two parts resolving the israel @ - @ palestine conflict : university of british columbia , vancouver , jan 21 , 2009 . interview broadcast on lebanese tv january 20 , 2008 video : norman fin ##kel ##stein - israel and palestine : roots of conflict , prospects for peace , presentation in seattle , washington , may 8 , 2008 . video : norman fin ##kel ##stein - the coming breakup of american zion ##ism , presentation in olympia , washington , may 8 , 2008 . video : norman fin ##kel
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##stein at brown university on youtube , april 15 , 2008 doha debate at the oxford union video of debate on whether the " pro @ - @ israeli lobby has successfully stifled western debate about israel ' s actions " with andrew cock ##burn , martin indy ##k , and david aaron ##ov ##itch , may 1 , 2007 debate with sh ##lom ##o ben @ - @ ami on democracy now ! , february 14 , 2006 fin ##kel ##stein responds to clinton , net ##any ##ahu ai ##pac comments march 23 , 2010 israel vs palestine - featuring norman fin ##kel ##stein ( april 2014 ) , juice rap news = mu ##tin ##us el ##egan ##s = mu ##tin ##us el ##egan
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pointed tip . the stalk is covered with a foul @ - @ smelling slim ##y green sp ##ore mass on the upper third of its length . flies and other insects feed upon the slim ##e which contains the spores , assisting in their dispersal . due to their rep ##elle ##nt odor , mature specimens are not generally considered edible , although there are reports of the immature " eggs " being consumed . in the laboratory , mu ##tin ##us el ##egan ##s has been shown to inhibit the growth of several micro ##org ##ani ##sms that can be pathogen ##ic to humans . mu ##tin ##us el ##egan ##s was first described by british missionary john ban ##ister in 1679 who chronicle
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##d the natural history of virginia ; this early report is thought to be the first account of a fungus in north america . it was first characterized scientific ##ally by french scientist jean pierre francois camille mont ##agne in 1856 , who called it cory ##ni ##tes el ##egan ##s . the genus name mu ##tin ##us refers to a ph ##all ##ic deity , mu ##tin ##us mu ##tu ##nus , one of the roman di ind ##ige ##tes pl ##aca ##ted by roman bride ##s . the species is commonly known variously as the " elegant stink ##horn " , the " head ##less stink ##horn " , the " dog stink ##horn " , or the " devil ' s dip ##stick
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to 15 cm ( 0 @ . @ 4 to 5 @ . @ 9 in ) long and 1 @ . @ 5 to 2 cm ( 0 @ . @ 6 to 0 @ . @ 8 in ) thick . the stalk is hollow and strongly wrinkled overall ; its shape is cylindrical below , but it gradually tape ##rs to a narrow apex with a small opening at the tip . the upper half of the stalk is bright red to reddish orange , and the color gradually loses intensity transforming into pink ##ish white below . the stalk may be straight , or slightly curved . a gel ##atin ##ous greenish @ - @ brown g ##le ##ba covers the upper
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third of the stalk in newly emerged specimens . the remains of the " egg " forms a vol ##va around the base of the stalk . the odor of the g ##le ##ba is foul ; one author describes it as " sick ##ly sweet or metallic " . the spores are a greenish @ - @ brown color . fruit bodies are attached to the substrate by whitish r ##hi ##zo ##mo ##rp ##hs that resemble plant roots . american my ##col ##ogist smith noted that the eggs are often slow to open , sometimes taking up to two weeks before the stalk expands . the spores are 4 – 7 by 2 – 3 µ ##m , ob ##long @ - @ elliptical
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] | 2,309 |
, smooth , and embedded in the g ##le ##ba . a 1982 study revealed that spores of species in the ph ##alla ##ceae family , including mu ##tin ##us el ##egan ##s , have a hi ##lar scar ( 0 @ . @ 2 – 0 @ . @ 3 µ ##m diameter ) that is ob ##ser ##vable with scanning electron microscopy . the hi ##lar scar is a circular ind ##entation at one end of the sp ##ore , and it most likely results during the separation of the attachment of the sp ##ore to the ste ##ri ##gm ##a of the bas ##idium . the immature egg @ - @ forms of mu ##tin ##us el ##egan ##s are edible , but
| 534 |
[
"\"",
"not",
"recommended",
"\"",
".",
"one",
"field",
"guides",
"notes",
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"the",
"eggs",
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"\"",
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".",
"\"",
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".",
"=",
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".",
"el",
"##egan",
"##s",
";",
"it",
"has",
"less",
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"the",
"stalk",
"covered",
"by",
"g",
"##le",
"##ba",
".",
"the",
"portion",
"of",
"the",
"stalk",
"below",
"the",
"sp"
] | 2,310 |
" not recommended " . one field guides notes that the eggs of the stink ##horn fungi " taste like the season ##ings that are added to them . " the fe ##ti ##d odor of mature specimens would probably be rep ##elle ##nt to most , although they are not considered poisonous . = = = similar species = = = the " dog stink ##horn " ( mu ##tin ##us can ##inus ) is smaller , has a distinct oval or spin ##dle @ - @ shaped tip on a slender stem and lacks the bright coloring of m . el ##egan ##s ; it has less of the stalk covered by g ##le ##ba . the portion of the stalk below the sp
| 535 |
[
"##ore",
"mass",
"is",
"pitted",
"in",
"m",
".",
"can",
"##inus",
",",
"compared",
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"\"",
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"\"",
"in",
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".",
"el",
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".",
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".",
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".",
"el",
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"and",
"shape",
",",
"except",
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"does",
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"a",
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"color",
"dem",
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"##cation",
"between",
"the",
"upper",
"and",
"lower",
"parts",
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";",
"instead",
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"the",
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".",
"the",
"stalk",
"of",
"m",
".",
"raven",
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"##i",
"is",
"less",
"tape",
"##red",
"than",
"m",
".",
"el",
"##egan",
"##s",
",",
"and",
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"has",
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"clearly",
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"head",
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"=",
"=",
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"and",
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"=",
"=",
"mu",
"##tin",
"##us",
"el",
"##egan",
"##s",
"is",
"sap",
"##ro"
] | 2,311 |
##ore mass is pitted in m . can ##inus , compared to " pe ##bbly " in m . el ##egan ##s . m . can ##inus is also less common than m . el ##egan ##s . mu ##tin ##us bam ##bus ##inus is similar in size and shape , except it does not have a distinct color dem ##ar ##cation between the upper and lower parts of the stalk ; instead , the entire stem shows red pigment ##s . the stalk of m . raven ##eli ##i is less tape ##red than m . el ##egan ##s , and it has a clearly differentiated swollen head . = = habitat and distribution = = mu ##tin ##us el ##egan ##s is sap ##ro
| 504 |
[
"##bic",
"—",
"der",
"##iving",
"nutrients",
"by",
"breaking",
"down",
"dead",
"or",
"dying",
"organic",
"matter",
".",
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",",
"near",
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"and",
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",",
"and",
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".",
"a",
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"publication",
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"##ats",
"##uki",
"and",
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"@",
"-",
"@",
"fu",
",",
"where",
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"fruit",
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"in",
"november",
"and",
"december",
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"ground",
"along",
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"or",
"in",
"open",
"spaces",
",",
"under",
"or",
"near",
"bamboo",
"(",
"ph",
"##yl",
"##los",
"##ta",
"##chy",
"##s",
"bam",
"##bus",
"##oides",
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"and",
"hardwood",
"##s",
"such",
"as",
"the",
"saw",
"##tooth",
"oak",
",",
"the",
"japanese",
"ze",
"##lk",
"##ova",
",",
"and",
"the",
"camp",
"##hor",
"tree",
".",
"this",
"common",
"species",
"has",
"been",
"collected",
"in",
"eastern",
"north"
] | 2,312 |
##bic — der ##iving nutrients by breaking down dead or dying organic matter . it is commonly found in gardens and farm areas enriched with man ##ure , near well @ - @ decay ##ed stump ##s and logs , and in wood chips . a japanese publication mentioned its occurrence in tak ##ats ##uki and osaka @ - @ fu , where it fruit ##ed in november and december on the ground along paths or in open spaces , under or near bamboo ( ph ##yl ##los ##ta ##chy ##s bam ##bus ##oides ) and hardwood ##s such as the saw ##tooth oak , the japanese ze ##lk ##ova , and the camp ##hor tree . this common species has been collected in eastern north
| 508 |
[
"america",
",",
"in",
"the",
"area",
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"florida",
"and",
"west",
"to",
"the",
"great",
"lakes",
",",
"iowa",
",",
"and",
"texas",
".",
"in",
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",",
"it",
"has",
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"from",
"netherlands",
"and",
"in",
"asia",
",",
"it",
"has",
"been",
"collected",
"in",
"japan",
".",
"=",
"=",
"anti",
"##biotic",
"activity",
"=",
"=",
"a",
"study",
"of",
"32",
"bas",
"##idi",
"##omy",
"##ce",
"##te",
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"showed",
"that",
"mu",
"##tin",
"##us",
"el",
"##egan",
"##s",
"was",
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"only",
"species",
"to",
"show",
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"##biotic",
"(",
"both",
"anti",
"##ba",
"##cter",
"##ial",
"and",
"anti",
"##fu",
"##nga",
"##l",
")",
"activity",
"against",
"all",
"six",
"micro",
"##org",
"##ani",
"##sms",
"tested",
",",
"namely",
",",
"the",
"human",
"pathogen",
"##ic",
"ba",
"##cter",
"##is",
"ba",
"##ci",
"##llus",
"ce",
"##reus",
",",
"ba",
"##ci",
"##llus",
"sub",
"##ti",
"##lis",
",",
"st",
"##ap",
"##hyl",
"##oco",
"##ccus",
"au",
"##reus"
] | 2,313 |
america , in the area extending from quebec to florida and west to the great lakes , iowa , and texas . in europe , it has been reported from netherlands and in asia , it has been collected in japan . = = anti ##biotic activity = = a study of 32 bas ##idi ##omy ##ce ##te mushrooms showed that mu ##tin ##us el ##egan ##s was the only species to show anti ##biotic ( both anti ##ba ##cter ##ial and anti ##fu ##nga ##l ) activity against all six micro ##org ##ani ##sms tested , namely , the human pathogen ##ic ba ##cter ##is ba ##ci ##llus ce ##reus , ba ##ci ##llus sub ##ti ##lis , st ##ap ##hyl ##oco ##ccus au ##reus
| 498 |
[
",",
"es",
"##cher",
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"##a",
"coli",
",",
"salmon",
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"##mur",
"##ium",
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".",
"=",
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"1900",
"=",
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"31",
"march",
"1900",
".",
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",",
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"-",
"@",
"equal",
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"a",
"side",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"by",
"@",
"-"
] | 2,314 |
, es ##cher ##ichi ##a coli , salmon ##ella ty ##phi ##mur ##ium and the yeast candi ##da al ##bic ##ans . = the boat race 1900 = the 57th boat race took place on 31 march 1900 . held annually , the boat race is a side @ - @ by @ - @ side rowing race between crews from the universities of oxford and cambridge along the river thames . cambridge won by twenty lengths in a record @ - @ equal ##ling time of 18 minutes 45 seconds , taking the overall record in the event to 32 – 24 in oxford ' s favour . = = background = = the boat race is a side @ - @ by @ -
| 463 |
[
"@",
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"sometimes",
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",",
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".",
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"-",
"@",
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"6",
"@",
".",
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".",
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"and",
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".",
"cambridge",
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"race",
"by",
"three",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"and",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"a",
"@"
] | 2,315 |
@ side rowing competition between the university of oxford ( sometimes referred to as the " dark blues " ) and the university of cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the " light blues " ) . the race was first held in 1829 , and since 1845 has taken place on the 4 @ . @ 2 @ - @ mile ( 6 @ . @ 8 km ) championship course on the river thames in southwest london . the rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities and followed throughout the united kingdom and worldwide . cambridge went into the race as reigning champions , having won the 1899 race by three @ - @ and @ - @ a @
| 463 |
[
"-",
"@",
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"oxford",
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":",
"m",
".",
"c",
".",
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"1890",
".",
"oxford",
"'",
"s",
"coaches",
"were",
"harcourt",
"gil"
] | 2,316 |
- @ quarter lengths , while oxford led overall with 32 victories to cambridge ' s 23 ( excluding the " dead heat " of 1877 ) . leading up to the race , oxford suffered a variety of mis ##fort ##une : m . c . mc ##thor ##nh ##ill was ordered by his doctor not to row , h . j . hale was injured and president felix war ##re contracted scarlet fever . cambridge were coached by james brooke ##s close , who had rowe ##d for the light blues three times between 1872 and 1874 , and stanley mu ##ttle ##bury , five @ - @ time blue for cambridge between 1886 and 1890 . oxford ' s coaches were harcourt gil
| 463 |
[
"##bey",
"gold",
"(",
"dark",
"blue",
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"@",
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"625",
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"(",
"78",
"@",
".",
"@",
"1",
"kg",
")",
",",
"0",
"@",
".",
"@",
"25",
"pounds",
"(",
"0",
"@",
".",
"@",
"1",
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"opponents",
".",
"oxford",
"'",
"s",
"crew",
"contained",
"three",
"members",
"with",
"boat",
"race"
] | 2,317 |
##bey gold ( dark blue president the previous year and four @ - @ time blue ) and douglas mclean ( an oxford blue five times between 1883 and 1887 ) . the umpire for the race for the eleventh year in a row was frank will ##an who had won the event four consecutive times , rowing for oxford in the 1866 , 1867 , 1868 and 1869 races . the cambridge crew weighed an average of 12 st 4 @ . @ 625 lb ( 78 @ . @ 1 kg ) , 0 @ . @ 25 pounds ( 0 @ . @ 1 kg ) per rower more than their opponents . oxford ' s crew contained three members with boat race
| 463 |
[
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":",
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".",
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".",
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".",
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",",
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",",
"along",
"with",
"the",
"oxford",
"crew",
"which",
"rowe",
"##d"
] | 2,318 |
experience : c . e . johnston , c . w . tom ##lk ##ins ##on and cox g . s . mac ##lag ##an . cambridge saw six of their 1899 crew return , including william dudley ward and raymond broadly ether ##ington @ - @ smith , both of whom were rowing in their third race . eight of the nine light blues were students at trinity college . oxford ' s stroke h . h . dutton , a native of south australia , was the only non @ - @ british participant registered in the race . author and former oxford rower george drink ##water suggested that this year ' s cambridge crew , along with the oxford crew which rowe ##d
| 463 |
[
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"was",
"the",
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"winning",
"time"
] | 2,319 |
in the 1897 race , " stand in a class by themselves among university crews . " he also described the oxford crew as " one of the poor ##est that ever came from the isis " . oxford won the toss and elected to start from the surrey station , handing the middlesex side of the river to cambridge . in good conditions , umpire will ##an got the race under way at 2 : 00 p . m . whereupon cambridge took the lead immediately . by craven steps they were three lengths ahead and continued to draw away from the dark blues , to win by 20 lengths in a time of 18 minutes 45 seconds . it was the fastest winning time
| 463 |
[
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] | 2,320 |
in the history of the event , equal ##ling that set by oxford in the 1893 race . although it was the light blues ' second consecutive victory , it followed a run of nine consecutive wins for oxford – overall the dark blues led 32 – 24 . = ten command ##ments in catholic theology = the ten command ##ments are a series of religious and moral imperative ##s that are recognized as a moral foundation in several of the abraham ##ic religions , including catholicism . as described in the old testament books exodus and de ##uter ##ono ##my , the command ##ments form part of a covenant offered by god to the israeli ##tes to free them from the spiritual slavery of sin
| 459 |
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] | 2,321 |
. according to the cat ##ech ##ism of the catholic church — the official exposition of the catholic church ' s christian beliefs — the command ##ments are considered essential for spiritual good health and growth , and serve as the basis for catholic social justice . a review of the command ##ments is one of the most common types of examination of conscience used by catholics before receiving the sacrament of pena ##nce . the command ##ments appear in the earliest church writings ; the cat ##ech ##ism states that they have " occupied a predominant place " in teaching the faith since the time of augustine of hip ##po ( ad 354 – 430 ) . the church had no official standards for religious
| 427 |
[
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] | 2,322 |
instruction until the fourth later ##an council in 121 ##5 ; evidence suggests the command ##ments were used in christian education in the early church and throughout the middle ages , but with inconsistent emphasis . the lack of instruction in them by some dioceses formed the basis of one of the criticisms launched against the church by protestant reformer ##s . afterward , the first church @ - @ wide cat ##ech ##ism in 156 ##6 provided " thorough discussions of each command ##ment " , but gave greater emphasis to the seven sacrament ##s . the most recent cat ##ech ##ism devote ##s a large section to interpret each of the command ##ments . church teaching of the command ##ments is largely based on
| 308 |
[
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"##s"
] | 2,323 |
the old and new testament ##s and the writings of the early church fathers . in the new testament , jesus acknowledged their validity and instructed his disciples to go further , demanding a righteous ##ness exceeding that of the scribe ##s and ph ##aris ##ees . summarized by jesus into two " great command ##ments " that teach love of god and love of neighbor , they ins ##truct individuals on their relationships with both . the first three command ##ments demand respect for god ' s name , observation of the lord ' s day and prohibit the worship of other gods . the others deal with the relationships between individuals , such as that between parent and child ; they include prohibition ##s
| 308 |
[
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] | 2,324 |
against lying , stealing , murdering , adultery and cove ##tou ##s ##ness . = = numbering = = the old testament refers to ten individual command ##ments , even though there are more than ten imperative sentences in the two relevant texts : exodus 20 : 1 – 17 and de ##uter ##ono ##my 5 : 6 – 21 . the old testament does not make clear how the texts should be divided to arrive at ten command ##ments . the division traditionally used by the catholic and lutheran churches was first derived by the latin church father augustine of hip ##po ( 354 – 430 ) in his book questions on exodus . other christian churches , such as the eastern orthodox and some
| 308 |
[
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"which",
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"ten",
"command",
"##ments",
"—",
"to",
"also",
"free"
] | 2,325 |
protestant churches , use a form established by the greek fathers . the two forms have slightly different numbering , but maintain exactly the same substance despite protestant accusations to the contrary . jewish numbering differs from christian denominations in that it considers what many christians call a prologue to be the entire first command ##ment . the ten command ##ments are recognized as a moral foundation by judaism , christianity , and islam . they first appear in the book of exodus , according to which moses , acting under the orders of god , freed the israeli ##tes from physical slavery in egypt . according to church teaching , god offered a covenant — which included the ten command ##ments — to also free
| 308 |
[
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"from",
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",",
"k",
"##ree",
"##ft"
] | 2,326 |
them from the " spiritual slavery " of sin . some historians have described this as " the central event in the history of ancient israel " . the coming of jesus is seen by the catholic church as the fulfillment of the destiny of the jews , who were chosen , according to peter k ##ree ##ft , to " show the true god to the world " . jesus acknowledged the command ##ments and instructed his followers to go further , requiring , in k ##ree ##ft ' s words , " more , not less : a ' righteous ##ness ( which ) exceeds that of the scribe ##s and ph ##aris ##ees ' " . explaining church teaching , k ##ree ##ft
| 308 |
[
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] | 2,327 |
states , " the command ##ments are to the moral order what the creation story in genesis 1 is to the natural order . they are god ' s order conquer ##ing chaos . they are not man ' s ideas about god , but god ' s ideas about man . " the church teaches that jesus freed people from keeping " the burden ##some jewish law ( torah or mosaic law ) with its 61 ##3 distinct regulations [ but ] not from the obligation to keep the ten command ##ments " , because the ten " were written ' with the finger of god ' , unlike [ those ] written by moses " . this teaching was re ##af ##firmed at the
| 308 |
[
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] | 2,328 |
council of trent ( 154 ##5 – 156 ##3 ) and at the second vatican council ( 1962 – 1965 ) . although it is uncertain what role the ten command ##ments played in early christian worship , evidence suggests they were recited during some services and used in christian education . for example , the command ##ments are included in one of the earliest christian writings , known as the teaching of the twelve apostles or the did ##ache . scholars contend that the command ##ments were highly regarded by the early church as a summary of god ' s law . the protestant scholar klaus bo ##ck ##mu ##eh ##l believes that the church replaced the command ##ments with lists of virtues and vice
| 308 |
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"in",
"their",
"respective",
"dioceses",
".",
"centuries",
"later"
] | 2,329 |
##s , such as the seven deadly sins , from 400 – 1200 . other scholars contend that throughout church history the command ##ments have been used as an examination of conscience and that many theologians have written about them . while evidence exists that the command ##ments were part of cat ##eche ##sis in monasteries and other venues , there was no official church position to promote specific methods of religious instruction during the middle ages . the fourth later ##an council ( 121 ##5 ) was the first attempt to remedy this problem . surviving evidence reveals that some bishops ' efforts to implement the council ' s resolutions included special emphasis on teaching the command ##ments in their respective dioceses . centuries later
| 304 |
[
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"provided",
"by",
"the",
"catholic",
"church",
".",
"this",
"emphasis",
"conflict"
] | 2,330 |
, the lack of instruction in them by some dioceses formed the basis of one of the criticisms launched against the church by protestant reformer ##s . cat ##ech ##isms produced in specific dioceses from the mid @ - @ fourteenth century emphasized the command ##ments and laid the foundation for the first official church @ - @ wide cat ##ech ##ism , the 156 ##6 roman cat ##ech ##ism . commissioned by the council of trent , it provided " thorough discussions of each command ##ment " but gave greater emphasis to the seven sacrament ##s to emphasize the catholic belief that christian life was dependent upon the grace solely obtained through the sacrament ##al life provided by the catholic church . this emphasis conflict
| 427 |
[
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"and",
"all",
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",",
"and",
"natural",
"reason",
"gives",
"immediate",
"assent"
] | 2,331 |
##ed with protestant beliefs , which held the command ##ments as the source of divine grace . while more recent papal en ##cy ##cl ##ical ##s offer interpretations of church teaching on individual command ##ments , throughout history official church teachings on the command ##ments are based on their mentions in the old and new testament ##s and the writings of the early church fathers or ##igen , ir ##ena ##eus and augustine . later , theologians thomas a ##quin ##as and bon ##ave ##nt ##ure offered notable commentaries on the command ##ments . a ##quin ##as , a doctor of the church , considered them to be the " primary pre ##ce ##pts of justice and all law , and natural reason gives immediate assent
| 308 |
[
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"=",
"=",
"first",
"command",
"##ment",
"=",
"=",
"the",
"first",
"command",
"##ment",
",",
"according"
] | 2,332 |
to them as being plainly evident principles . " the most recent cat ##ech ##ism of the catholic church — the official summary of church beliefs — devote ##s a large section to the command ##ments , which serve as the basis for catholic social teaching . according to the cat ##ech ##ism , the church has given them a predominant place in teaching the faith since the fifth century . k ##ree ##ft explains that the church regards them as " a path of life " , and a " path to freedom " just as a school ##yard fence protects children from " life @ - @ threatening dangers " . = = first command ##ment = = the first command ##ment , according
| 304 |
[
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",",
"\"",
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"[",
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"\"",
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"k",
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",",
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"the",
"flesh",
"or",
"the",
"devil",
"\"",
",",
"if",
"god",
"truly",
"be"
] | 2,333 |
to church teaching , " means that [ followers ] must worship and ad ##ore god alone because god is alone . " the cat ##ech ##ism explains that this prohibits idol ##at ##ry , providing examples of forbidden practices such as the worship of any creature , and of " ' demons . . . power , pleasure , race , ancestors , the state [ and ] money ' " . augustine interpreted this command ##ment as " love god and then do what you will " . explaining this sentiment , k ##ree ##ft states that all sin " serves some other god , obey ##s another commander : the world or the flesh or the devil " , if god truly be
| 304 |
[
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"specific",
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"this",
"command",
"##ment",
",",
"including",
"super",
"##sti"
] | 2,334 |
loved then one will do what god wills . the cat ##ech ##ism associates this command ##ment with the three theological virtues . the first virtue , faith , ins ##truct ##s catholics to believe in god and avoid heresy , ap ##osta ##sy , and sc ##hism . the second virtue , hope , caution ##s catholics against despair and pre ##sum ##ption . according to the cat ##ech ##ism , the last virtue , charity , can be met only if catholics refrain from indifference or ing ##rat ##itude toward god , and avoid spiritual la ##zine ##ss and a hatred of god stemming from pride . the cat ##ech ##ism en ##ume ##rates specific violations of this command ##ment , including super ##sti
| 277 |
[
"##tion",
",",
"poly",
"##the",
"##ism",
",",
"sac",
"##ril",
"##ege",
",",
"at",
"##hei",
"##sm",
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"\"",
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"opinion",
",",
"\"",
"the",
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"to",
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"images",
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] | 2,335 |
##tion , poly ##the ##ism , sac ##ril ##ege , at ##hei ##sm , and all practices of magic and so ##rce ##ry . it further prohibits astro ##logy , palm reading , and consulting ho ##ros ##cope ##s or medium ##s . the cat ##ech ##ism attributes the latter actions to a " desire for power over time , history , and in the last analysis , other human beings as well as a wish to con ##ci ##lia ##te hidden powers " . while catholics are sometimes accused of worship ##ing images , in violation of the first command ##ment , the church says this is a misunderstanding . in the church ' s opinion , " the honor paid to sacred images is
| 278 |
[
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"an",
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] | 2,336 |
a ' respectful ve ##ner ##ation ' , not the ad ##oration due to god alone " . in the 8th century , heated arguments arose over whether religious icons ( in this context paintings ) were prohibited by the first command ##ment . the dispute was almost entirely restricted to the eastern church ; the icon ##oc ##las ##ts wished to prohibit icons , while the icon ##od ##ules supported their ve ##ner ##ation , a position consistently backed by the western church . at the second council of nic ##aea in 78 ##7 , the ecumenical council determined that the ve ##ner ##ation of icons and statues was not in violation of the command ##ment and stated " whoever ve ##ner ##ates an image
| 304 |
[
"ve",
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"##rna",
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",",
"the",
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"of",
"god"
] | 2,337 |
ve ##ner ##ates the person portrayed in it . " at around the time of the controversy over icon ##oc ##las ##m , the western church began to use monumental sculpture , which by the romanesque period became a major feature of western christian art , that has remained part of the catholic tradition , in contrast to eastern christianity , which avoids large religious sculpture . the cat ##ech ##ism , using very traditional arguments , po ##sit ##s that god gave permission for images that symbol ##ize christian salvation by leaving symbols such as the bronze serpent , and the cher ##ub ##im on the ark of the covenant . it states that " by becoming inca ##rna ##te , the son of god
| 359 |
[
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] | 2,338 |
introduced a new economy of images " . the united states conference of catholic bishops ( usc ##cb ) explain the cat ##ech ##ism in their book entitled united states cat ##ech ##ism for adults , published in 2006 . regarding grave ##n images , they expo ##und that this command addresses idol ##at ##ry that in ancient times expressed itself in the worship of such things as the " sun , moon , stars , trees , bulls , eagles , and serpent ##s " as well as " emperors and kings " . they explain that today , idol ##at ##ry expresses itself in the worship of other things , and list some as " power , money , material ##ism and sports .
| 274 |
[
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"god",
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] | 2,339 |
" = = second command ##ment = = the second command ##ment prohibits the use of god ' s name in vain . many ancient cultures believed that names were sacred ; some had prohibition ##s on when a person ' s name could be spoken . the gospel of john relates an incident where a group of jews attempted to stone jesus after he used a sacred name of god to refer to himself . they interpreted his statement as a claim of divinity . since they did not believe that he was god , they considered this b ##las ##ph ##emy , which under mosaic law carries a death penalty . k ##ree ##ft writes that all of the names by which god is
| 308 |
[
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] | 2,340 |
known are holy , and thus all of those names are protected by the second command ##ment . the cat ##ech ##ism states , " respect for his name is an expression of the respect owed to the mystery of god himself and to the whole sacred reality it ev ##oke ##s . " the cat ##ech ##ism also requires respect for the names of people out of respect for the dignity of that person . the sentiment behind this command ##ment is further cod ##ified in the lord ' s prayer , which begins , " our father who art in heaven , hall ##owed be thy name " . according to pope benedict xvi , when god revealed his name to moses he established
| 264 |
[
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] | 2,341 |
a relationship with mankind ; benedict states that the incarnation was the cu ##lm ##ination of a process that " had begun with the giving of the divine name . " benedict elaborate ##s that this means the divine name could be mis ##used and that jesus ' inclusion of " hall ##owed be thy name " is a plea for the san ##ct ##ification of god ' s name , to " protect the wonderful mystery of his accessibility to us , and constantly assert his true identity as opposed to our distortion of it " . according to catholic teaching , this command ##ment does not pre ##cl ##ude the use of god ' s name in taking solemn oath ##s administered by legitimate
| 308 |
[
"authority",
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",",
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",",
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",",
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",",
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"christians",
","
] | 2,342 |
authority . however , lying under oath , in ##voking god ' s name for magical purposes , or vo ##icing words of hatred or defiance against god are considered sins of b ##las ##ph ##emy . = = third command ##ment = = quoting the jewish rabbi and scholar jacob ne ##us ##ner , pope benedict xvi explains that to israel , keeping this command ##ment was more than ritual ; it was a way to im ##itate god , who rested on the seventh day after the creation . it also constituted the core of the social order . although a few christian denominations follow the ju ##dai ##c practice of observing the sabbath on saturday , catholics , along with most christians ,
| 308 |
[
"observe",
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",",
"which",
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"\"",
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"'",
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"'",
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"(",
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] | 2,343 |
observe sunday as a special day , which they call the " lord ' s day " . this practice dates to the first century , arising from their belief that jesus rose from the dead on the first day of the week . the did ##ache calls on christians to come together on the lord ' s day to break bread and give thanks . ter ##tu ##lli ##an is the first to mention sunday rest : " we , however ( just as tradition has taught us ) , on the day of the lord ' s resurrection ought to guard not only against kneeling , but every posture and office of sol ##ici ##tu ##de , def ##er ##ring even our businesses lest
| 308 |
[
"we",
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"-",
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"."
] | 2,344 |
we give any place to the devil " ( " de or ##at . " , xx ##iii ; cf . " ad nation . " , i , xiii ; " ap ##olo ##g . " , xvi ) . in the sixth century , caesar ##ius of ar ##les taught that the whole glory of the jewish sabbath had been transferred to sunday and that christians must keep sunday in the same way as the jews were commanded to keep the sabbath . the council of orleans in 53 ##8 rep ##ro ##bate ##d this tendency , to apply the law of the jewish sabbath to the ob ##ser ##vance of the christian sunday , as jewish and non @ - @ christian .
| 207 |
[
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",",
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] | 2,345 |
the church leaders of later centuries inscribed sunday rest into official church teaching , and christian governments have attempted to enforce the sunday rest throughout history . for catholics , jesus ' teaching that " the sabbath was made for man , not man for the sabbath " means that good works " when the needs of others demand it " can be part of the day of rest . the cat ##ech ##ism offers guidelines on how to observe the lord ' s day , which include attending mass on sundays and holy days of obligation . on these days , catholics may not work or do activities that " hind ##er the worship due to god " , but " performance of the works
| 308 |
[
"of",
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".",
"it",
"is",
"crucial",
"##ly",
"important"
] | 2,346 |
of mercy , and appropriate relaxation in a spirit of joy " are permitted . according to the usc ##cb , this command ##ment " has been con ##cre ##tized for catholics " as one of the church pre ##ce ##pts . the organization cites the papal en ##cy ##cl ##ical dies dom ##ini : because the faithful are obliged to attend mass unless there is a grave imp ##ed ##ime ##nt , pastor ##s have the corresponding duty to offer everyone the real possibility of fulfilling the pre ##ce ##pt . . . . yet more than a pre ##ce ##pt , the ob ##ser ##vance should be seen as a need rising from the depths of christian life . it is crucial ##ly important
| 134 |
[
"that",
"all",
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",",
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"'",
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",",
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] | 2,347 |
that all the faithful should be convinced that they cannot live their faith or share fully in the life of the christian community unless they take part regularly in the sunday eu ##cha ##rist ##ic assembly . = = fourth command ##ment = = pope benedict xvi states that rabbi ne ##us ##ner " right ##ly sees this command ##ment as anchor ##ing the heart of the social order " . it strengthen ##s generation ##al relationships , makes explicit the connection between family order and societal stability , and reveals that the family is " both willed and protected by god . " because parents ' un ##con ##ditional love for their children mirrors god ' s love , and because they have a duty
| 764 |
[
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] | 2,348 |
to pass the faith on to their children , the cat ##ech ##ism calls the family " a domestic church " , " a privileged community " and the " original cell of social life " . the cat ##ech ##ism says this command ##ment requires duties of children to parents that include : respect toward parents that also flows to brothers and sisters . gratitude , as expressed in a quote from sir ##ach : " remember that through your parents you were born ; what can you give back to them that equals their gift to you ? " obedience to parents for as long as the child lives at home " when it is for his good or the good of the family
| 22 |
[
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"from",
"giving"
] | 2,349 |
" , except when obedience would require the child to do something morally wrong . support that requires grown children to offer material and moral support for their aging parents , particularly at times of " illness , loneliness , or distress " . keeping this command ##ment , according to the cat ##ech ##ism , also requires duties of parents to children which include : " moral education , spiritual formation and evan ##gel ##ization " of their children . respect for their children as children of god and human persons . proper discipline for children while being careful not to provoke them . " avoiding pressure to choose a certain profession or spouse " , which does not pre ##cl ##ude parents from giving
| 296 |
[
"\"",
"ju",
"##dic",
"##ious",
"advice",
"\"",
".",
"\"",
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"good",
"example",
"\"",
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"their",
"children",
".",
"\"",
"acknowledging",
"their",
"own",
"failing",
"##s",
"\"",
"to",
"their",
"children",
"to",
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"and",
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".",
"the",
"gospel",
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"that",
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"his",
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"and",
"brothers",
"were",
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"to",
"see",
"him",
",",
"jesus",
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",",
"\"",
"who",
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"and",
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"are",
"my",
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"?",
"\"",
"stretching",
"his",
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"his",
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"he",
"said",
",",
"\"",
"here",
"are",
"my",
"mother",
"and",
"my",
"brothers",
"!",
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"will",
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"my",
"brother",
",",
"and",
"my",
"sister",
",",
"and",
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".",
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"brought",
"the",
"fourth",
"command",
"##ment",
"to",
"a",
"new",
"and",
"higher"
] | 2,350 |
" ju ##dic ##ious advice " . " being a good example " to their children . " acknowledging their own failing ##s " to their children to guide and correct them . the gospel of matthew relates that when told his mother and brothers were waiting to see him , jesus replied , " who is my mother and who are my brothers ? " stretching his hand over his disciples he said , " here are my mother and my brothers ! for whoever does the will of my father in heaven is my brother , and my sister , and mother . " pope benedict xvi stated that this di ##ctum of jesus brought the fourth command ##ment to a new and higher
| 10 |
[
"level",
".",
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"god",
"'",
"s",
"will",
",",
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":",
"\"",
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"all",
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] | 2,351 |
level . by doing god ' s will , any person can become part of the universal family of jesus . thus , the fourth command ##ment ' s responsibilities extend to the greater society and requires respect for " legitimate social authorities " . the cat ##ech ##ism specifies " duties of citizens and nations " , which k ##ree ##ft sum ##mar ##izes as : " obedience and honor " to " all who for our good have received authority in society from god " . " payment of taxes , exercising the right to vote and defending one ' s country " . " an obligation to be vi ##gil ##ant and critical " , which requires citizens to critic ##ize that which
| 454 |
[
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".",
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"\"",
".",
"=",
"=",
"fifth",
"command",
"##ment"
] | 2,352 |
harm ##s human dignity and the community . " a duty to di ##so ##bey " civil authorities and directive ##s that are contrary to the moral order . " to practice charity " , which is a " necessity for any working family or society " ; it is the " greatest social command ##ment " and requires people to love god and neighbor . " to welcome the foreigner " who is in need of security and livelihood that cannot be found in his own country . " an obligation for rich nations to help poor nations " , especially in times of " immediate need " . " an expectation for families to help other families " . = = fifth command ##ment
| 327 |
[
"=",
"=",
"this",
"command",
"##ment",
"demands",
"respect",
"for",
"human",
"life",
"and",
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".",
"\"",
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",",
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"anger",
",",
"hatred",
"and",
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",",
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"san",
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"##ity",
"of",
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"##hic",
",",
"which",
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"##ree",
"##ft",
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"##ly",
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"to",
"the",
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",",
"a",
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"which",
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"character",
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"book",
"entitled",
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"fr",
"##ei",
"##ga",
"##be",
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"ve",
"##rn",
"##ich",
"##tung",
"des",
"le",
"##ben",
"##sun",
"##wer",
"##ten"
] | 2,353 |
= = this command ##ment demands respect for human life and is more accurately translated as " thou sha ##lt not murder . " indeed , killing may , under limited circumstances , be justified within catholicism . jesus expanded it to prohibit un ##just anger , hatred and vengeance , and to require christians to love their enemies . the basis of all catholic teaching about the fifth command ##ment is the san ##ct ##ity of life et ##hic , which k ##ree ##ft argues is philosophical ##ly opposed to the quality of life et ##hic , a philosophy which he character ##izes as introduced by a book entitled die fr ##ei ##ga ##be der ve ##rn ##ich ##tung des le ##ben ##sun ##wer ##ten
| 308 |
[
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"##ously",
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"\"",
".",
"the",
"church",
"is",
"actively"
] | 2,354 |
le ##ben ##s ( the permission to destroy life un ##worthy of life ) ( see life un ##worthy of life ) and which he asserts was the " first to win public acceptance . . . by german doctors before world war ii — the basis and beginning of nazi medical practices . " this interpretation is supported by modern medical journals that discuss the dilemma posed by these opposing phil ##oso ##phi ##es to physicians who must make life or death decisions . some bio ##eth ##ici ##sts character ##ize the use of the " nazi analogy " as inappropriate when applied to quality of life decisions ; arthur cap ##lan called this rhetoric " odi ##ously wrong " . the church is actively
| 196 |
[
"involved",
"in",
"the",
"public",
"debates",
"over",
"abortion",
",",
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",",
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"for",
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"of",
"an",
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"the",
"murder",
"of",
"family",
"members"
] | 2,355 |
involved in the public debates over abortion , capital punishment and eu ##than ##asia , and encourages believers to support legislation and politicians it describes as pro @ - @ life . the cat ##ech ##ism states : " human life is sacred because from its beginning it involves the creative action of god and it remains forever in a special relationship with the creator , who is its sole end . . . . no one can under any circumstance claim for himself the right directly to destroy an innocent human being . " direct and intentional killing of an innocent human is considered a mortal sin . considered by the church to be of an even greater gravity is the murder of family members
| 190 |
[
",",
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"infant",
"##icide",
",",
"fra",
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",",
"par",
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"\"",
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"the",
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"of",
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",",
"meaning",
"\"",
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"\"",
"or",
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"just",
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"\"",
".",
"\"",
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",",
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",",
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".",
"abortion",
"has",
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"specifically",
"and",
"persistent"
] | 2,356 |
, including " infant ##icide , fra ##tric ##ide , par ##ric ##ide , the murder of a spouse and pro ##cured abortion . " the cat ##ech ##ism states that the embryo " must be treated from conception as a person " . the latin original of as is tam ##qua ##m , meaning " like " or " just as " . " although the church has not determined officially when human life actually begins , it has taken the course of maintaining that human life is present from the moment of conception or fe ##rti ##lization " ; respect for life at all stages , even potential life , is generally the context of church documents . abortion has been specifically and persistent
| 267 |
[
"##ly",
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"by",
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"church",
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"the",
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"\"",
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"done",
"to",
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",",
"its",
"parents",
"and",
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".",
"\"",
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"##s",
",",
"but",
"also",
"to",
"the",
"doctor",
",",
"nurses"
] | 2,357 |
##ly condemned by the church since the first century . " formal cooperation " in abortion inc ##urs the penalty of ex ##com ##mun ##ication " by the very commission of the offense " ( la ##t . la ##ta ##e sent ##ent ##iae , " sentence [ already , i . e . automatically ] passed " ) . the cat ##ech ##ism emphasizes that this penalty is not meant to restrict mercy , but that it makes clear the gravity of the crime and the ir ##re ##para ##ble harm done to the child , its parents and society . " formal cooperation " in abortion extends not just to the mother who freely submit ##s , but also to the doctor , nurses
| 94 |
[
"and",
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"the",
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",",
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"'",
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",",
"even",
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"fe",
"##tus",
".",
"examples",
"include",
"the",
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"of",
"a",
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"##op",
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"tube",
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",",
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",",
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"##omy",
".",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"use",
"of",
"embryo",
"##s",
"for",
"research",
"or"
] | 2,358 |
and anyone who directly aids in the act . the church has ministries of reconciliation , such as project rachel , for those who sincerely rep ##ent of their sin of formal cooperation in abortion . official church teaching allows for medical procedures and treatments intended to protect or restore the mother ' s health if she would be in mortal danger without them , even when such procedures carry some risk of death to the fe ##tus . examples include the removal of a fall ##op ##ian tube in the case of an ec ##top ##ic pregnancy , removal of a pregnant cancer ##ous ut ##erus , or an app ##end ##ect ##omy . = = = = use of embryo ##s for research or
| 560 |
[
"fe",
"##rti",
"##lization",
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"=",
"=",
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",",
"the",
"us",
"bishops",
"quote",
":",
"\"",
"no",
"objective"
] | 2,359 |
fe ##rti ##lization = = = = the united states cat ##ech ##ism for adults devote ##s a section to in vitro fe ##rti ##lization , stem @ - @ cell research and cl ##oning in its explanation of the fifth command ##ment , because these often involve the destruction of human embryo ##s , considered to be a gravely sin ##ful form of murder . embryo ##nic stem cell research is called " an im ##moral means to a good end " and " morally unacceptable . " citing the congregation for the doctrine of the faith ' s instruction on respect for human life in its origin and on the dignity of pro ##cre ##ation , the us bishops quote : " no objective
| 564 |
[
",",
"even",
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",",
"such",
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"##see",
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",",
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",",
"or",
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",",
"can",
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"fe",
"##tus",
"##es",
",",
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",",
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"'",
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".",
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",",
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",",
"eu",
"##than",
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"=",
"=",
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"command",
"##ment",
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",",
"even",
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"suffering",
".",
"the",
"ordinary",
"care",
"of",
"those",
"facing",
"an",
"imminent"
] | 2,360 |
, even though noble in itself , such as a fore ##see ##able advantage to science , to other human beings , or to society , can in any way justify experimentation on living human embryo ##s or fe ##tus ##es , whether viable or not , either inside or outside the mother ' s body . " the bishops note that adult stem cell research , using cells obtained with informed consent , is a promising field of research that is morally acceptable . = = = suicide , eu ##than ##asia = = = the fifth command ##ment forbid ##s suicide and the mercy killing of those who are dying , even to eliminate suffering . the ordinary care of those facing an imminent
| 564 |
[
"death",
"may",
"not",
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"##held",
",",
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".",
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",",
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",",
"and",
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",",
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"##rator",
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".",
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"ill",
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",",
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",",
"or",
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"extraordinary",
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"the",
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"##ly",
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",",
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"fifth",
"command",
"##ment",
",",
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"double",
"effect",
".",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"capital",
"punishment",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"for",
"the",
"first",
"two",
"hundred",
"years"
] | 2,361 |
death may not morally be with ##held , according to the church . " ordinary care " refers to food , water and pain relief , and does not include " extraordinary care " , which refers to the use of res ##pi ##rator ##s or feeding tubes that are considered discretion ##ary . allowing a terminal ##ly ill person to die , using pain ##kill ##ers that may short ##en their life , or refusing extraordinary treatment to the terminal ##ly ill such as chemotherapy or radiation , are considered morally acceptable and not a violation of the fifth command ##ment , in accordance with the principle of double effect . = = = capital punishment = = = for the first two hundred years
| 112 |
[
",",
"christians",
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",",
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",",
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",",
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".",
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".",
"thomas",
"a",
"##quin",
"##as",
"and",
"dun",
"##s"
] | 2,362 |
, christians " refused to kill in the military , in self @ - @ defense , or in the judicial system " , but there was no official church position on the death penalty . when the church was first officially recognized as a public institution in 313 , its attitude toward capital punishment became one of to ##ler ##ation but not outright acceptance . the death penalty had support from early catholic theologians , though some of them such as saint ambrose encouraged members of the clergy not to pro ##no ##unce or carry out capital punishment . saint augustine answered objections to capital punishment rooted in the first command ##ment in the city of god . thomas a ##quin ##as and dun ##s
| 427 |
[
"sc",
"##ot",
"##us",
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"authority",
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".",
"pope",
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"iii",
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"and",
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",",
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",",
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",",
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",",
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",",
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"church",
".",
"paul",
"sur",
"##is",
"states",
"that",
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"absolutely",
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"nor",
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"capital",
"punishment",
",",
"but",
"to",
"##ler",
"##ation",
"of",
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"ages",
".",
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"##s",
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"church",
"support",
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"capital",
"punishment",
",",
"although",
"some",
"historians",
"considered",
"these"
] | 2,363 |
sc ##ot ##us argued that civil authority to carry out capital punishment was supported by scripture . pope innocent iii required peter waldo and the walden ##sian ##s to accept that " secular power can , without mortal sin , exercise judgement of blood , provided that it punish ##es with justice , not out of hatred , with pr ##udence , not precipitation " as a pre ##re ##quisite for reconciliation with the church . paul sur ##is states that official church teachings have neither absolutely condemned nor promoted capital punishment , but to ##ler ##ation of it has flu ##ctuated throughout the ages . the inquisition ##s provide the most memorable instance of church support for capital punishment , although some historians considered these
| 420 |
[
"more",
"len",
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".",
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"\"",
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"\"",
"un",
"##just",
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"##gre",
"##sso",
"##r",
"\"",
",",
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"modern",
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"have",
"effective",
"means",
"for",
"preventing",
"crime",
"without",
"execution"
] | 2,364 |
more len ##ient than the secular courts of the period . the cat ##ech ##ism of the catholic church states that the death penalty is per ##missible in cases of extreme gravity . it is allowed if the " guilty party ' s identity and responsibility have been fully determined " and if the death penalty is the only way to defend others against the guilty party . however , if there are other means available to defend people from the " un ##just ag ##gre ##sso ##r " , these are preferred because they are considered to be more respectful of the dignity of the person and in keeping with the common good . because modern societies have effective means for preventing crime without execution
| 274 |
[
",",
"the",
"cat",
"##ech",
"##ism",
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",",
"\"",
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",",
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".",
"'",
"\"",
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"ii",
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",",
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".",
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",",
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",",
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",",
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",",
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",",
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"also",
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"the",
"opposite",
"behavior",
"of",
"\"",
"excessive",
"pre",
"##oc",
"##cup",
"##ation",
"with"
] | 2,365 |
, the cat ##ech ##ism declares , " the cases in which execution of the offender is an absolute necessity ' are very rare , if practically none ##xi ##sten ##t . ' " pope john paul ii discussed and affirmed this in evan ##gel ##ium vita ##e , published in 1995 . = = = personal health , dead bodies , burial = = = according to church teaching , respect for human life requires respect for one ' s own body , pre ##cl ##uding un ##hea ##lth ##y behavior , the abuse of food , alcohol , medicines , illegal drugs , tattoos and piercing ##s . the church also warns against the opposite behavior of " excessive pre ##oc ##cup ##ation with
| 555 |
[
"the",
"health",
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"welfare",
"of",
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"body",
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",",
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",",
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".",
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",",
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",",
"and",
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",",
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"##izations",
",",
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"##utation",
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",",
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"##ism",
",",
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".",
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"the",
"resurrection",
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"the",
"body",
"led",
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"cr",
"##ema",
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"that",
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",",
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"ignored",
"even",
"by",
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"clergy",
".",
"according",
"to",
"the",
"cat"
] | 2,366 |
the health and welfare of the body that ' idol ##izes ' physical perfection , fitness , and success at sports . " kidnapping , terrorism , and torture are forbidden , as well as ste ##ril ##izations , amp ##utation ##s , mu ##tila ##tions that are not for therapeutic medical reasons . according to the cat ##ech ##ism , societies have a moral obligation to strive to provide healthy living conditions for all people . church belief in the resurrection of the body led to a prohibition against cr ##ema ##tion that was pastoral ##ly modified at the second vatican council in the 1960s under limited circumstances , but those conditions have been largely ignored even by the clergy . according to the cat
| 277 |
[
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".",
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".",
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"remains",
",",
"burial",
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",",
"etc",
".",
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".",
"organ",
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",",
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".",
"in",
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"mount",
",",
"jesus",
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"command",
"##ment",
",",
"\"",
"you",
"shall",
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"\"",
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",",
"hatred",
"and",
"vengeance",
".",
"going",
"further",
",",
"christ",
"asks",
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"to",
"love",
"their",
"enemies",
".",
"the",
"cat",
"##ech",
"##ism",
"asserts",
"that",
"\""
] | 2,367 |
##ech ##ism , burial of the dead is a corporal work of mercy that must treat the body with respect and love ( e . g . scattering of cremated remains , burial in an unmarked grave , etc . are forbidden in the catholic church ) . organ donation after death and organ transplant ##s under certain terms , also auto ##ps ##ies for legal and scientific reasons are permitted . in the sermon on the mount , jesus recalls the command ##ment , " you shall not kill " and then adds to it the pro ##script ##ions against anger , hatred and vengeance . going further , christ asks his disciples to love their enemies . the cat ##ech ##ism asserts that "
| 308 |
[
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"insist",
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"one",
"'",
"s",
"own",
"right",
"to",
"life",
".",
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"k",
"##ree",
"##ft",
"says",
",",
"\"",
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"forced",
"to",
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"others",
".",
"the",
"defense",
"of",
"the",
"common",
"good",
"requires"
] | 2,368 |
it is legitimate to insist on respect for one ' s own right to life . " k ##ree ##ft says , " self @ - @ defense is legitimate for the same reason suicide is not : because one ' s own life is a gift from god , a treasure we are responsible for preserving and defending . " the cat ##ech ##ism teaches that " someone who defend ##s his life is not guilty of murder even if he is forced to deal his ag ##gre ##sso ##r a lethal blow . " legitimate defense can be not only a right but a grave duty for one who is responsible for the lives of others . the defense of the common good requires
| 87 |
[
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"damage",
"\""
] | 2,369 |
that an un ##just ag ##gre ##sso ##r be rendered unable to cause harm . for this reason , those who legitimate ##ly hold authority also have the right to use arms to rep ##el ag ##gre ##sso ##rs against the civil community entrusted to their responsibility . the church requires all to pray and work to prevent un ##just wars , but allows for just wars if certain conditions are met : the reasons for going to war are defensive . " the damage inflicted by the ag ##gre ##sso ##r . . . must be lasting , grave , and certain . " it is a last resort taken only after all other means of putting an end to the " grave damage "
| 270 |
[
"have",
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",",
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"stated",
",",
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] | 2,370 |
have been ineffective . the ultimate aim is peace and there is a serious chance of success . no grave ##r evil ##s are produced that overs ##had ##ow the evil to be eliminated . this forbid ##s the use of arms to eliminate whole cities and areas with their inhabitants . respect and care is required for non @ - @ combatants , wounded soldiers and prisoners . soldiers are required to di ##so ##bey commands to commit genocide and ones that violate universal principles . the cat ##ech ##ism class ##ifies scandal under the fifth command ##ment and defines it as " an attitude or behavior which leads another to do evil " . in the gospel of matthew , jesus stated , "
| 245 |
[
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".",
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"divine"
] | 2,371 |
whoever causes one of these little ones who believe in me to sin , it would be better for him to have a great mills ##tone fastened round his neck and to be drowned in the depth of the sea . " the church considers it a serious crime to cause another ' s faith , hope and love to be weakened , especially if it is done to young people and the per ##pet ##rator is a person of authority such as a parent , teacher or priest . = = sixth command ##ment = = according to the church , humans are sexual beings whose sexual identity should be accepted in the unity of body and soul . the sexes are meant by divine
| 757 |
[
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] | 2,372 |
design to be different and complementary , each having equal dignity and made in the image of god . sexual acts are sacred within the context of the marital relationship that reflects a " complete and lifelong mutual gift of a man and a woman . " sexual sins thus violate not just the body but the person ' s whole being . in his 1995 book crossing the threshold of hope , john paul ii reflected on this concept : after all , young people are always searching for the beauty in love . they want their love to be beautiful . if they give in to weakness , following the models of behavior that can right ##ly be considered a ' scandal in the
| 757 |
[
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".",
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"="
] | 2,373 |
contemporary world ' ( and these are , unfortunately , widely diffuse ##d models ) , in the depths of their hearts they still desire a beautiful and pure love . this is as true of boys as it is of girls . ultimately , they know that only god can give them this love . as a result , they are willing to follow christ , without caring about the sacrifices this may en ##tail . like orthodox judaism and islam , the catholic church considers all sexual acts outside of marriage to be grave sins . the gravity of the sin " ' exclude ##s one from sacrament ##al communion ' until rep ##ented of and forgiven in sacrament ##al confession . " =
| 721 |
[
"=",
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"her",
"\"",
"entire"
] | 2,374 |
= = vo ##cation to cha ##sti ##ty = = = church teaching on the sixth command ##ment includes a discussion on cha ##sti ##ty . the cat ##ech ##ism describes cha ##sti ##ty as a " moral virtue . . . a gift from god , a grace , a fruit of spiritual effort . " the church sees sex as more than a physical act ; it also affects body and soul , so the church teaches that cha ##sti ##ty is a virtue all people are called to acquire . it is defined as the inner unity of a person ' s " bodily and spiritual being " that successfully integrate ##s a person ' s sexuality with his or her " entire
| 277 |
[
"human",
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"##ty",
"\"",
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":",
"lust",
":"
] | 2,375 |
human nature . " to acquire this virtue , followers are encouraged to enter into the " long and exact ##ing work " of self @ - @ mastery that is helped by friendships , god ' s grace , maturity and education " that respects the moral and spiritual dimensions of human life . " the cat ##ech ##ism cat ##ego ##rize ##s violations of the sixth command ##ment into two categories : " offenses against cha ##sti ##ty " and " offenses against the dignity of marriage " . = = = = offenses against cha ##sti ##ty = = = = the cat ##ech ##ism lists the following " offenses against cha ##sti ##ty " in increasing order of gravity : lust :
| 49 |
[
"the",
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] | 2,376 |
the church teaches that sexual pleasure is good and created by god , who meant for spouse ##s to " experience pleasure and enjoyment of body and spirit " . k ##ree ##ft says , " lust does not mean sexual pleasure as such , nor the delight in it , nor the desire for it in its right context . " lust is the desire for sexual pleasure alone , outside its intended purpose of pro ##cre ##ation and the uniting of man and woman , body and soul , in mutual self @ - @ donation . mast ##ur ##bation is considered sin ##ful for the same reasons as lust , but is a step above lust in that it involves a physical act
| 757 |
[
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"\"",
"or",
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"for"
] | 2,377 |
instead of a mental one . for ##nica ##tion is the sexual union of an unmarried man and an unmarried woman . this is considered contrary to " the dignity of persons and of human sexuality " because it is not ordered to the " good of spouse ##s " or the " generation and education of children . " pornography ranks higher because it is considered a per ##version of the sexual act that is intended for distribution to third parties for viewing . prostitution is considered sin ##ful for both the prostitute and the customer ; it reduces a person to an instrument of sexual pleasure , violating human dignity and harm ##ing society . the gravity of the sin ##fulness is less for
| 89 |
[
"prostitutes",
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",",
"and",
"homosexual",
"acts"
] | 2,378 |
prostitutes who are forced into the act by des ##ti ##tu ##tion , blackmail or social pressure . rape is an intrinsic ##ally evil act that can cause grave damage to the victim for life . inc ##est , or " rape of children by parents or other adult relatives " or " those responsible for the education of the children entrusted to them " is considered the most he ##ino ##us of sexual sins . the cat ##ech ##ism devote ##s a separate section to homosexuality within its explanation of the sixth command ##ment . like heterosexual acts outside of marriage , homosexual acts are considered sins . the church distinguishes between homosexual attractions , which are not considered sin ##ful , and homosexual acts
| 757 |
[
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"\"",
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"@",
"-"
] | 2,379 |
, which are . the cat ##ech ##ism states that they " violate natural law , cannot bring forth life , and do not proceed from a genuine affect ##ive and sexual complement ##ari ##ty . under no circumstances can they be approved . " the church teaches that a homosexual inclination is " objective ##ly disorder ##ed " and can be a great trial for the person , who the church teaches must be " accepted with respect , compassion and sensitivity . . . un ##just discrimination in their regard should be avoided . " homosexual ##s are , according to the church , " called to cha ##sti ##ty " . they are instructed to practice the virtues of " self @ -
| 286 |
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] | 2,380 |
@ mastery " that teaches " inner freedom " using the support of friends , prayer and grace found in the sacrament ##s of the church . these tools are meant to help homosexual ##s " gradually and res ##ol ##ute ##ly approach christian perfection " , which is a state to which all christians are called . ( two lay movements represent opposing phil ##oso ##phi ##es regarding homosexuality : dignity ##usa seeks to change the church ' s teachings to justify homosexual acts ; courage international is an organization of homosexual ##s who " support each other in the sincere effort to live in cha ##sti ##ty and in fidelity to christ and his church " . ) according to church teaching , sp
| 308 |
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] | 2,381 |
##ous ##al love is intended to form an unbroken , two @ - @ fold end : the union of husband and wife and the transmission of life . the unit ##ive aspect includes the transfer ##ence of each partner ' s being " so that they are no longer two but one flesh . " the sacrament of mat ##rim ##ony is viewed as god ' s sealing the consent which binds the partners together . church teaching on the marital state requires sp ##ous ##al acceptance of each other ' s failures and faults , and the recognition that the " call to holiness in marriage " is one that requires a process of spiritual growth and conversion that can last throughout life .
| 270 |
[
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] | 2,382 |
= = = = fe ##cu ##ndi ##ty of marriage , sexual pleasure , birth control = = = = the church position on sexual activity can be summarized as : " sexual activity belongs only in marriage as an expression of total self @ - @ giving and union , and always open to the possibility of new life . " sexual acts in marriage are considered " noble and honorable " and are meant to be enjoyed with " joy and gratitude . " sexuality is to be reserved to marriage : " by its very nature con ##ju ##gal love requires the in ##vio ##lab ##le fidelity of the spouse ##s . this is the consequence of the gift of themselves which they
| 757 |
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"31"
] | 2,383 |
make to each other . love seeks to be definitive ; it cannot be an arrangement ' until further notice . ' " the " intimate union of marriage , as a mutual giving of two persons , and the good of the children , demand total fidelity from the spouse ##s and require an un ##break ##able union between them . " ( ga ##udi ##um et sp ##es ) " . artificial birth control pre ##dates christianity ; the catholic church has condemned these methods throughout its history . in response to the church of england accepting the practice of artificial contra ##ception in 1930 , the catholic church issued the papal en ##cy ##cl ##ical cast ##i con ##nu ##bi ##i on 31
| 427 |
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"(",
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] | 2,384 |
december 1930 . the 1968 papal en ##cy ##cl ##ical human ##ae vita ##e is a re ##af ##firm ##ation of the catholic church ' s traditional view of marriage and marital relations , and a continued condemnation of artificial birth control . the church seeing large families as a sign of god ' s blessing . " by its very nature the institution of marriage and married love is ordered to the pro ##cre ##ation and education of the offspring and it is in them that it finds its crown ##ing glory . " ( ga ##udi ##um et sp ##es ) children are the supreme gift of marriage and contribute greatly to the good of the parents themselves . ( . . . )
| 427 |
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] | 2,385 |
true married love and the whole structure of family life which results from it , without dim ##ini ##sh ##ment of the other ends of marriage , are directed to di ##sp ##osing the spouse ##s to cooperate valiant ##ly with the love of the creator and savior , who through them will increase and en ##rich his family from day to day . ( ga ##udi ##um et sp ##es ) . " it recognizes that responsible parent ##hood sometimes calls for reasonable spa ##cing or limiting of births and considers natural family planning as morally acceptable , but rejects all methods of artificial contra ##ception . the church rejects all forms of artificial ins ##emi ##nation and fe ##rti ##lization because the techniques divorce
| 277 |
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] | 2,386 |
the sexual act from the creation of a child . the cat ##ech ##ism states , " a child is not something owed to one , but is a gift . . . ' the supreme gift of marriage . ' " many western catholics and non @ - @ catholics have voiced disagreement on the church ' s support for natural family planning , and contend it contributes to over ##pop ##ulation and poverty . the church ' s rejection of condom use is widely criticized , in particular with regard to countries where the incidence of aids and hiv has reached epidemic proportions . in its defense , catholics cite countries such as kenya and uganda , where behavioral changes are encouraged instead of
| 313 |
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] | 2,387 |
condom use , and where greater progress in controlling the disease has been made than in countries that promote condom use alone . = = = = offenses against the dignity of marriage = = = = according to the church , adultery and divorce are considered offenses against the dignity of marriage and are defined as follows : adultery is the sexual union of a man and woman where at least one is married to someone else . it is for this reason that the church considers it a greater sin than for ##nica ##tion . k ##ree ##ft states , " the adult ##ere ##r sins against his spouse , his society , and his children as well as his own body and soul
| 70 |
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] | 2,388 |
. " divorce : according to the catholic new american bible translation , jesus taught , " whoever divorce ##s his wife ( unless the marriage is unlawful ) causes her to commit adultery , and whoever marries a divorced woman commits adultery . " explaining church interpretation of this teaching , k ##ree ##ft says jesus considered divorce to be an accommodation that had slipped into jewish law . the church teaches that marriage was created by god and was meant to be ind ##iss ##ol ##ub ##le : like the creation of a child that cannot be " un @ - @ created " , neither can the " one flesh " of the marriage bond . the cat ##ech ##ism states , "
| 5 |
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",",
"civil"
] | 2,389 |
divorce is a grave offense against the natural law . it claims to break the contract , to which the spouse ##s freely consent ##ed , to live with each other till death . " by marrying another , the divorced person adds to the gravity of the offense as the remarried spouse is considered to be in a state of " public and permanent adultery " . the com ##pen ##dium of the cat ##ech ##ism 50 ##2 lists other offenses against the dignity of marriage : " poly ##gam ##y , inc ##est , free unions ( co ##hab ##itation , con ##cu ##bina ##ge ) , and sexual acts before or outside of marriage " . = = = = separation , civil
| 127 |
[
"divorce",
",",
"ann",
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"##ments",
"=",
"=",
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",",
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"invalid",
"if",
"it",
"lacks",
"one",
"of",
"five",
"integral",
"elements"
] | 2,390 |
divorce , ann ##ul ##ments = = = = according to the church , there are situations that do not e ##qua ##te to divorce : in extreme situations , such as domestic violence , separation is allowed . this is not considered a divorce and may be justified . civil divorce is not a divorce according to the church . if it is deemed to be the only way of ensuring legal rights , care of children , or protection of inheritance , the church considers it morally acceptable . ann ##ul ##ment is not a divorce ; it is a ruling by the church that the marriage was never valid . the marriage is deemed invalid if it lacks one of five integral elements
| 86 |
[
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"it",
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",",
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"ii",
"'",
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"that",
"excluded",
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"the",
"time",
"of",
"the",
"wedding",
"the",
"right"
] | 2,391 |
: it should be " complete " , " lifelong " , " mutual " , a " free gift " and of " man and woman " . according to pope john paul ii ' s address to the roman rot ##a on 22 january 1996 , couples do not have a right to an ann ##ul ##ment , but do have a right to make their case for null ##ity or validity before " the competent church authority and to request a decision in the matter . " according to the catholic diocese of arlington : . . . signs that might indicate reasons to investigate for an ann ##ul ##ment are : marriage that excluded at the time of the wedding the right
| 427 |
[
"to",
"children",
",",
"or",
"to",
"a",
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"marriage",
",",
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"physical",
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"mental",
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".",
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"the",
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"should",
"be",
"made",
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",",
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"##s",
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".",
"=",
"=",
"seventh",
"command",
"##ment",
"=",
"=",
"the",
"cat",
"##ech"
] | 2,392 |
to children , or to a permanent marriage , or to an exclusive commitment . in addition , there are youthful marriages ; marriages of very short duration ; marriages marked by serious emotional , physical , or substance abuse ; devi ##ant sexual practices ; profound and consistent ir ##res ##pon ##sibility and lack of commitment ; conditional consent to a marriage ; fraud or dec ##eit to eli ##cit sp ##ous ##al consent ; serious mental illness ; or a previous bond of marriage . the determination of the ground should be made after extensive consultation with the parish priest or deacon ##s , and based upon the proof ##s that are available . = = seventh command ##ment = = the cat ##ech
| 89 |
[
"##ism",
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"that",
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"command",
"##ment",
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"##ly",
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",",
"and",
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",",
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".",
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"'",
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"=",
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"person",
"\"",
"a",
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"\"",
"who",
"is",
"expected",
"to",
"make",
"it"
] | 2,393 |
##ism explains that this command ##ment regulates world ##ly goods , and forbid ##s un ##just ##ly taking , using or damaging those that belong to someone else . it places requirements upon those who possess world ##ly goods to use them res ##pon ##si ##bly , taking into consideration the good of society . the cat ##ech ##ism addresses the concept of human steward ##ship of god ' s creation in its explanation of the seventh command ##ment and forbid ##s abuse of animals and the environment . = = = private property = = = according to the church , people have a right to private property . however , ownership makes that person " a steward " who is expected to make it
| 330 |
[
"\"",
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"##ful",
"\"",
"or",
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",",
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",",
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"\"",
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"the",
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"the",
"cat",
"##ech",
"##ism",
",",
"theft",
"or",
"stealing"
] | 2,394 |
" fruit ##ful " or profitable in a way that benefits others after that person has first taken care of their family . private property and the common good are seen as complementary elements that exist for the purpose of strengthening society . the taking of another ' s private property " in obvious and urgent necessity " as " the only way to provide for immediate , essential needs ( food , shelter , clothing ) " is not considered by the church to be stealing . the concept of slavery as private property is condemned by the church , which class ##ifies it as the stealing of a person ' s human rights . according to the cat ##ech ##ism , theft or stealing
| 330 |
[
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",",
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",",
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"of",
"theft",
"though",
"the",
"act"
] | 2,395 |
means " us ##ur ##ping another ' s property against the reasonable will of the owner " though exclusion exists for someone in great need to survive . " un ##just ##ly taking and keeping the property of others " considered as theft , even if the act is outside the scope of civil law . cardinal christoph sc ##hon ##born gave example from the story of saint augustine , written in his confessions , who took pear ##s from neighbor ' s garden when he was young . sc ##hon ##born says that augustine still has " pang ##s of conscience over a childish theft " even when he became grown person , indicating that human conscience is very aware of theft though the act
| 75 |
[
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"\"",
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"misery",
"and",
"wr",
"##etched",
"##ness",
"pressing"
] | 2,396 |
perhaps not an offense against civil law . following acts are also considered as violation of the seventh command ##ment : price manipulation to get advantage on the harm of others , corruption , app ##ropriation of the public goods for personal interests , work poorly carried out , tax avoidance , counter ##feit ##ing of checks or any means of payment , any forms of copyright infringement and piracy , and extra ##va ##gan ##ce . the papal en ##cy ##cl ##ical re ##rum nova ##rum discusses the relationships and mutual duties between labor and capital , as well as government and its citizens . of primary concern was the need for some am ##eli ##oration for " the misery and wr ##etched ##ness pressing
| 453 |
[
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",",
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"hired",
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] | 2,397 |
so un ##just ##ly on the majority of the working class " . the en ##cy ##cl ##ical supported the right to form unions , rejected socialism , communism and unrest ##ricted capitalism , and affirmed the right to private property . church interpretation of the seventh command ##ment teaches that business owners should balance a desire for profits that will ensure the future of the business with a responsibility toward the " good of persons " . business owners are required to pay their workers a reasonable wage , honor contracts , and abs ##tain from dish ##ones ##t activity , including bribery of government officials . workers are required to do their jobs con ##sc ##ient ##iously , as they have been hired to
| 453 |
[
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",",
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"wealth",
"##ier",
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",",
"like",
"wealth",
"##ier",
"individuals",
",",
"have"
] | 2,398 |
do them , and to avoid dish ##ones ##ty in the workplace , such as using office goods for personal use without permission ( em ##be ##zzle ##ment ) . the church teaches that a balance should exist between government regulation and the laws of the marketplace . it dee ##ms that sole reliance on the marketplace ( pure capitalism ) insufficient ##ly addresses many human needs , while sole reliance on government regulation ( pure socialism ) " per ##vert ##s the basis of social bonds " . the church warns about the danger of either capitalism or socialism , as these systems tend to use excessive extremes that result in injustice to persons . wealth ##ier nations , like wealth ##ier individuals , have
| 317 |
[
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"the"
] | 2,399 |
a moral obligation to help poorer nations and individuals , and work to reform financial institutions and economic factors to benefit all . = = eighth command ##ment = = the cat ##ech ##ism explains that bearing false witness or " speaking a false ##hood with the intention of dec ##ei ##ving " encompasses all violations of truth . these violations have degrees of gravity depending on the " intentions of the one who lies and the harm ##s suffered by its victims . " listed as follows , these are : false witness and per ##ju ##ry : statements made publicly in court which ob ##st ##ru ##ct justice by condemning the innocent or ex ##one ##rating the guilty , or which may increase the
| 465 |
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