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] | 2,000 |
organic solvent ##s is controversial as a cause of am ##l . benz ##ene and many of its derivatives are known to be car ##cino ##genic in vitro . while some studies have suggested a link between occupational exposure to benz ##ene and increased risk of am ##l , others have suggested the at ##tri ##bu ##table risk , if any , is slight . high amounts of ion ##izing radiation exposure can increase the risk of am ##l . survivors of the atomic bombings of hiroshima and nagasaki had an increased rate of am ##l , as did radio ##logists exposed to high levels of x @ - @ rays prior to the adoption of modern radiation safety practices . people treated with ion ##izing
| 560 |
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radiation after treatment for prostate cancer , non @ - @ ho ##d ##g ##kin l ##ym ##ph ##oma , lung cancer and breast cancer have the highest chance of acquiring am ##l , but this increased risk returns to the background risk observed in the general population after 12 years . a hereditary risk for am ##l appears to exist . multiple cases of am ##l developing in a family at a rate higher than predicted by chance alone have been reported . several congenital conditions may increase the risk of leukemia ; the most common is probably down syndrome , which is associated with a 10 - to 18 @ - @ fold increase in the risk of am ##l . = = diagnosis
| 560 |
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] | 2,002 |
= = the first clue to a diagnosis of am ##l is typically an abnormal result on a complete blood count . while an excess of abnormal white blood cells ( le ##uk ##oc ##yt ##osis ) is a common finding , and le ##uke ##mic blasts are sometimes seen , am ##l can also present with isolated decreases in plate ##lets , red blood cells , or even with a low white blood cell count ( le ##uk ##open ##ia ) . while a pre ##sum ##ptive diagnosis of am ##l can be made by examination of the peripheral blood sm ##ear when there are circulating le ##uke ##mic blasts , a definitive diagnosis usually requires an adequate bone marrow as ##piration and bio ##psy
| 562 |
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. marrow or blood is examined under light microscopy , as well as flow cy ##tom ##et ##ry , to dia ##gno ##se the presence of leukemia , to differentiate am ##l from other types of leukemia ( e . g . acute l ##ym ##ph ##ob ##lastic leukemia - all ) , and to classify the sub ##type of disease . a sample of marrow or blood is typically also tested for ch ##rom ##osomal abnormalities by routine cy ##to ##gen ##etic ##s or fluorescent in situ hybrid ##ization . genetic studies may also be performed to look for specific mutations in genes such as fl ##t ##3 , nu ##cle ##op ##hos ##min , and kit , which may influence the outcome of the
| 561 |
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disease . cy ##to ##chemical stains on blood and bone marrow sm ##ears are helpful in the distinction of am ##l from all , and in sub ##class ##ification of am ##l . the combination of a my ##elo ##per ##ox ##ida ##se or sudan black stain and a non ##sp ##ec ##ific este ##rase stain will provide the desired information in most cases . the my ##elo ##per ##ox ##ida ##se or sudan black reactions are most useful in establishing the identity of am ##l and distinguishing it from all . the non ##sp ##ec ##ific este ##rase stain is used to identify a mono ##cy ##tic component in am ##ls and to distinguish a poorly differentiated mono ##bla ##stic leukemia from all . the
| 556 |
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diagnosis and classification of am ##l can be challenging , and should be performed by a qualified hem ##ato ##path ##ologist or hem ##ato ##logist . in straightforward cases , the presence of certain mor ##ph ##olo ##gic features ( such as au ##er rods ) or specific flow cy ##tom ##et ##ry results can distinguish am ##l from other leukemia ##s ; however , in the absence of such features , diagnosis may be more difficult . the two most commonly used classification sc ##hema ##ta for am ##l are the older french @ - @ american @ - @ british ( fa ##b ) system and the newer world health organization ( who ) system . according to the widely used who criteria ,
| 562 |
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the diagnosis of am ##l is established by demonstrating involvement of more than 20 % of the blood and / or bone marrow by le ##uke ##mic my ##elo ##bla ##sts , except in the three best pro ##gno ##sis forms of am ##l with rec ##urrent genetic abnormalities ( t ( 8 ; 21 ) , in ##v ( 16 ) , and t ( 15 ; 17 ) ) in which the presence of the genetic abnormal ##ity is diagnostic ir ##res ##pe ##ctive of blast percent . the french – american – british ( fa ##b ) classification is a bit more string ##ent , requiring a blast percentage of at least 30 % in bone marrow ( b ##m ) or peripheral
| 555 |
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blood ( p ##b ) for the diagnosis of am ##l . am ##l must be carefully differentiated from " pre ##le ##uke ##mic " conditions such as my ##elo ##dy ##sp ##lastic or my ##elo ##pro ##life ##rative syndrome ##s , which are treated differently . because acute prom ##ye ##lo ##cy ##tic leukemia ( ap ##l ) has the highest cu ##ra ##bility and requires a unique form of treatment , it is important to quickly establish or exclude the diagnosis of this sub ##type of leukemia . fluorescent in situ hybrid ##ization performed on blood or bone marrow is often used for this purpose , as it readily identifies the ch ##rom ##osomal trans ##lo ##cation [ t ( 15 ; 17 )
| 562 |
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( q ##22 ; q ##12 ) ; ] that character ##izes ap ##l . there is also a need to molecular ##ly detect the presence of pm ##l / ra ##ra fusion protein , which is an on ##co ##genic product of that trans ##lo ##cation . = = = world health organization = = = the who 2008 classification of acute my ##elo ##id leukemia attempts to be more clinical ##ly useful and to produce more meaningful pro ##gno ##stic information than the fa ##b criteria . each of the who categories contains numerous descriptive sub ##cate ##gor ##ies of interest to the hem ##ato ##path ##ologist and on ##col ##ogist ; however , most of the clinical ##ly significant information in the who
| 555 |
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] | 2,009 |
sc ##hema is communicated via cat ##ego ##rization into one of the sub ##type ##s listed below . the who sub ##type ##s of am ##l are : acute leukemia ##s of ambiguous lineage ( also known as mixed ph ##eno ##type or bi ##ph ##eno ##typic acute leukemia ) occur when the le ##uke ##mic cells can not be classified as either my ##elo ##id or l ##ym ##ph ##oid cells , or where both types of cells are present . the french @ - @ american @ - @ british ( fa ##b ) classification system divides am ##l into eight sub ##type ##s , m ##0 through to m ##7 , based on the type of cell from which the leukemia developed and
| 564 |
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its degree of maturity . this is done by examining the appearance of the mali ##gnant cells with light microscopy and / or by using cy ##to ##gen ##etic ##s to character ##ize any underlying ch ##rom ##osomal abnormalities . the sub ##type ##s have varying pro ##gno ##ses and responses to therapy . although the who classification ( see above ) may be more useful , the fa ##b system is still widely used . eight fa ##b sub ##type ##s were proposed in 1976 . the mor ##ph ##olo ##gic sub ##type ##s of am ##l also include rare types not included in the fa ##b system , such as acute bas ##op ##hil ##ic leukemia , which was proposed as a ninth sub
| 555 |
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##type , m ##8 , in 1999 . = = path ##op ##hy ##sio ##logy = = the mali ##gnant cell in am ##l is the my ##elo ##bla ##st . in normal hem ##ato ##po ##ies ##is , the my ##elo ##bla ##st is an immature precursor of my ##elo ##id white blood cells ; a normal my ##elo ##bla ##st will gradually mature into a mature white blood cell . in am ##l , though , a single my ##elo ##bla ##st accumulate ##s genetic changes which " freeze " the cell in its immature state and prevent differentiation . such a mutation alone does not cause leukemia ; however , when such a " differentiation arrest " is combined with other mutations which
| 564 |
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disrupt genes controlling proliferation , the result is the un ##con ##tro ##lled growth of an immature clone of cells , leading to the clinical entity of am ##l . much of the diversity and het ##ero ##gen ##eit ##y of am ##l stems is because le ##uke ##mic transformation can occur at a number of different steps along the differentiation pathway . modern classification schemes for am ##l recognize the characteristics and behavior of the le ##uke ##mic cell ( and the leukemia ) may depend on the stage at which differentiation was halted . specific cy ##to ##gen ##etic abnormalities can be found in many people with am ##l ; the types of ch ##rom ##osomal abnormalities often have pro ##gno ##stic significance .
| 564 |
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the ch ##rom ##osomal trans ##lo ##cation ##s en ##code abnormal fusion proteins , usually transcription factors whose altered properties may cause the " differentiation arrest " . for example , in acute prom ##ye ##lo ##cy ##tic leukemia , the t ( 15 ; 17 ) trans ##lo ##cation produces a pm ##l @ - @ ra ##r ##α fusion protein which binds to the re ##tino ##ic acid receptor element in the promoters of several my ##elo ##id @ - @ specific genes and inhibit ##s my ##elo ##id differentiation . the clinical signs and symptoms of am ##l result from the growth of le ##uke ##mic clone cells , which tends to di ##sp ##lace or interfere with the development of normal blood
| 565 |
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] | 2,014 |
cells in the bone marrow . this leads to ne ##ut ##rop ##enia , an ##emia , and th ##rom ##bo ##cy ##top ##enia . the symptoms of am ##l are , in turn , often due to the low numbers of these normal blood elements . in rare cases , people with am ##l can develop a ch ##lor ##oma , or solid tumor of le ##uke ##mic cells outside the bone marrow , which can cause various symptoms depending on its location . an important path ##op ##hy ##sio ##logical mechanism of le ##uke ##mo ##genesis in am ##l is the ep ##igen ##etic induction of de ##di ##ffer ##ent ##iation by genetic mutations that alter the function of ep ##igen ##etic enzymes ,
| 562 |
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such as the dna dem ##eth ##yla ##se te ##t ##2 and the metabolic enzymes id ##h ##1 and id ##h ##2 , which lead to the generation of a novel on ##com ##eta ##bol ##ite , d @ - @ 2 @ - @ hydro ##xy ##gl ##uta ##rate , which inhibit ##s the activity of ep ##igen ##etic enzymes such as te ##t ##2 . the hypothesis is that such ep ##igen ##etic mutations lead to the si ##len ##cing of tumor suppress ##or genes and / or the activation of proto @ - @ on ##co ##gen ##es . = = treatment = = first @ - @ line treatment of am ##l consists primarily of chemotherapy , and is divided into two
| 566 |
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phases : induction and post ##rem ##iss ##ion ( or consolidation ) therapy . the goal of induction therapy is to achieve a complete re ##mission by reducing the number of le ##uke ##mic cells to an und ##ete ##ctable level ; the goal of consolidation therapy is to eliminate any residual und ##ete ##ctable disease and achieve a cure . hem ##ato ##po ##ie ##tic stem cell transplant ##ation is usually considered if induction chemotherapy fails or after a person re ##la ##pse ##s , although transplant ##ation is also sometimes used as front @ - @ line therapy for people with high @ - @ risk disease . efforts to use ty ##ros ##ine kinase inhibitors in am ##l continue . all fa ##b
| 561 |
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] | 2,017 |
sub ##type ##s except m3 are usually given induction chemotherapy with cy ##tara ##bine ( ara @ - @ c ) and an ant ##hra ##cy ##cl ##ine ( most often da ##uno ##ru ##bic ##in ) . this induction chemotherapy regime ##n is known as " 7 + 3 " ( or " 3 + 7 " ) , because the cy ##tara ##bine is given as a continuous iv in ##fusion for seven consecutive days while the ant ##hra ##cy ##cl ##ine is given for three consecutive days as an iv push . up to 70 % of people with am ##l will achieve a re ##mission with this protocol . other alternative induction regime ##ns , including high @ - @ dose cy
| 174 |
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##tara ##bine alone , flag @ - @ like regime ##ns or investigation ##al agents , may also be used . because of the toxic effects of therapy , including my ##elo ##su ##pp ##ress ##ion and an increased risk of infection , induction chemotherapy may not be offered to the very elderly , and the options may include less intense chemotherapy or pal ##lia ##tive care . the m3 sub ##type of am ##l , also known as acute prom ##ye ##lo ##cy ##tic leukemia ( ap ##l ) , is almost universally treated with the drug all @ - @ trans @ - @ re ##tino ##ic acid ( at ##ra ) in addition to induction chemotherapy , usually an ant ##hra ##cy ##cl
| 560 |
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##ine . care must be taken to prevent di ##sse ##minated intra ##vas ##cular coa ##gul ##ation ( di ##c ) , com ##pl ##ica ##ting the treatment of ap ##l when the prom ##ye ##lo ##cytes release the contents of their gran ##ules into the peripheral circulation . ap ##l is eminent ##ly cu ##rable , with well @ - @ documented treatment protocols . the goal of the induction phase is to reach a complete re ##mission . complete re ##mission does not mean the disease has been cured ; rather , it signifies no disease can be detected with available diagnostic methods . complete re ##mission is obtained in about 50 % – 75 % of newly diagnosed adults , although this may
| 561 |
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vary based on the pro ##gno ##stic factors described above . the length of re ##mission depends on the pro ##gno ##stic features of the original leukemia . in general , all re ##mission ##s will fail without additional consolidation therapy . = = = consolidation = = = even after complete re ##mission is achieved , le ##uke ##mic cells likely remain in numbers too small to be detected with current diagnostic techniques . if no further post ##rem ##iss ##ion or consolidation therapy is given , almost all people with am ##l will eventually re ##la ##pse . therefore , more therapy is necessary to eliminate non ##de ##tec ##table disease and prevent re ##la ##pse — that is , to achieve a cure
| 561 |
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. the specific type of post ##rem ##iss ##ion therapy is individual ##ized based on a person ' s pro ##gno ##stic factors ( see above ) and general health . for good @ - @ pro ##gno ##sis leukemia ##s ( i . e . in ##v ( 16 ) , t ( 8 ; 21 ) , and t ( 15 ; 17 ) ) , people will typically undergo an additional three to five courses of intensive chemotherapy , known as consolidation chemotherapy . for people at high risk of re ##la ##pse ( e . g . those with high @ - @ risk cy ##to ##gen ##etic ##s , underlying md ##s , or therapy @ - @ related am ##l
| 560 |
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) , all ##ogen ##ei ##c stem cell transplant ##ation is usually recommended if the person is able to tolerate a transplant and has a suitable donor . the best post ##rem ##iss ##ion therapy for intermediate @ - @ risk am ##l ( normal cy ##to ##gen ##etic ##s or cy ##to ##gen ##etic changes not falling into good @ - @ risk or high @ - @ risk groups ) is less clear and depends on the specific situation , including the age and overall health of the person , the person ' s values , and whether a suitable stem cell donor is available . for people who are not eligible for a stem cell transplant , im ##mun ##oth ##era ##py with
| 560 |
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] | 2,023 |
a combination of his ##tam ##ine di ##hy ##dro ##ch ##lor ##ide ( ce ##ple ##ne ) and inter ##le ##uki ##n 2 ( pro ##le ##uki ##n ) after the completion of consolidation has been shown to reduce the absolute re ##la ##pse risk by 14 % , translating to a 50 % increase in the likelihood of maintained re ##mission . for people with re ##la ##pse ##d am ##l , the only proven potentially cu ##rative therapy is a hem ##ato ##po ##ie ##tic stem cell transplant , if one has not already been performed . in 2000 , the mono ##cl ##onal antibody @ - @ linked cy ##to ##to ##xi ##c agent gem ##tu ##zu ##ma ##b oz ##oga ##mic ##in
| 560 |
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( my ##lot ##ar ##g ) was approved in the united states for people aged more than 60 years with re ##la ##pse ##d am ##l who are not candidates for high @ - @ dose chemotherapy . this drug was voluntarily withdrawn from the market by its manufacturer , p ##fi ##zer in 2010 . since treatment options for re ##la ##pse ##d am ##l are so limited , pal ##lia ##tive care or en ##rol ##ment in a clinical trial may be offered . for re ##la ##pse ##d acute prom ##ye ##lo ##cy ##tic leukemia ( ap ##l ) , arsenic trio ##xide is approved by the us fda . like at ##ra , arsenic trio ##xide does not work with other sub
| 347 |
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] | 2,025 |
##type ##s of am ##l . acute my ##elo ##id leukemia is a cu ##rable disease ; the chance of cure for a specific person depends on a number of pro ##gno ##stic factors . the single most important pro ##gno ##stic factor in am ##l is cy ##to ##gen ##etic ##s , or the ch ##rom ##osomal structure of the le ##uke ##mic cell . certain cy ##to ##gen ##etic abnormalities are associated with very good outcomes ( for example , the ( 15 ; 17 ) trans ##lo ##cation in acute prom ##ye ##lo ##cy ##tic leukemia ) . about half of people with am ##l have " normal " cy ##to ##gen ##etic ##s ; they fall into an intermediate risk group .
| 560 |
[
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a number of other cy ##to ##gen ##etic abnormalities are known to associate with a poor pro ##gno ##sis and a high risk of re ##la ##pse after treatment . the first publication to address cy ##to ##gen ##etic ##s and pro ##gno ##sis was the mr ##c trial of 1998 : later , the southwest on ##cology group and eastern cooperative on ##cology group and , later still , cancer and leukemia group b published other , mostly overlapping lists of cy ##to ##gen ##etic ##s pro ##gno ##stic ##ation in leukemia . = = = my ##elo ##dy ##sp ##lastic syndrome = = = am ##l which arises from a pre @ - @ existing my ##elo ##dy ##sp ##lastic syndrome ( md ##s
| 560 |
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) or my ##elo ##pro ##life ##rative disease ( so @ - @ called secondary am ##l ) has a worse pro ##gno ##sis , as does treatment @ - @ related am ##l arising after chemotherapy for another previous mali ##gnan ##cy . both of these entities are associated with a high rate of un ##fa ##vor ##able cy ##to ##gen ##etic abnormalities . = = = other pro ##gno ##stic markers = = = in some studies , age > 60 years and elevated lac ##tate de ##hy ##dro ##genase level were also associated with poorer outcomes . as with most forms of cancer , performance status ( i . e . the general physical condition and activity level of the person ) plays
| 561 |
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a major role in pro ##gno ##sis as well . a large number of molecular alterations are under study for their pro ##gno ##stic impact in am ##l . however , only fl ##t ##3 @ - @ it ##d , np ##m ##1 , ce ##b ##pa and c @ - @ kit are currently included in valid ##ated international risk st ##rat ##ification sc ##hema . these are expected to increase rapidly in the near future . fl ##t ##3 internal tandem du ##plication ##s ( it ##ds ) have been shown to con ##fer a poorer pro ##gno ##sis in am ##l with normal cy ##to ##gen ##etic ##s . several fl ##t ##3 inhibitors have undergone clinical trials , with mixed results
| 560 |
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. two other mutations - np ##m ##1 and bi ##alle ##lic ce ##b ##pa are associated with improved outcomes , especially in people with normal cy ##to ##gen ##etic ##s and are used in current risk st ##rat ##ification algorithms . researchers are investigating the clinical significance of c @ - @ kit mutations in am ##l . these are prevalent , and potentially clinical ##ly relevant because of the availability of ty ##ros ##ine kinase inhibitors , such as im ##atin ##ib and sun ##iti ##ni ##b that can block the activity of c @ - @ kit ph ##arm ##aco ##logical ##ly . it is expected that additional markers ( e . g . , run ##x ##1 , as ##x ##l ##1
| 555 |
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, and t ##p ##53 ) that have consistently been associated with an inferior outcome will soon be included in these recommendations . the pro ##gno ##stic importance of other mu ##tated genes ( e . g . , d ##n ##mt ##3 ##a , id ##h ##1 , id ##h ##2 ) is less clear . = = = expectation of cure = = = cure rates in clinical trials have ranged from 20 – 45 % ; although clinical trials often include only younger people and those able to tolerate aggressive the ##ra ##pies . the overall cure rate for all people with am ##l ( including the elderly and those unable to tolerate aggressive therapy ) is likely lower . cure rates for
| 68 |
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prom ##ye ##lo ##cy ##tic leukemia can be as high as 98 % . = = ep ##ide ##mi ##ology = = acute my ##elo ##id leukemia is a relatively rare cancer . there are approximately 10 @ , @ 500 new cases each year in the united states , and the incidence rate has remained stable from 1995 through 2005 . am ##l accounts for 1 @ . @ 2 % of all cancer deaths in the united states . the incidence of am ##l increases with age ; the median age at diagnosis is 63 years . am ##l accounts for about 90 % of all acute leukemia ##s in adults , but is rare in children . the rate of therapy @ -
| 560 |
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@ related am ##l ( that is , am ##l caused by previous chemotherapy ) is rising ; therapy @ - @ related disease currently accounts for about 10 – 20 % of all cases of am ##l . am ##l is slightly more common in men , with a male @ - @ to @ - @ female ratio of 1 @ . @ 3 : 1 . there is some geographic variation in the incidence of am ##l . in adults , the highest rates are seen in north america , europe , and oceania , while adult am ##l is rare ##r in asia and latin america . in contrast , childhood am ##l is less common in north america and india than
| 561 |
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in other parts of asia . these differences may be due to population genetics , environmental factors , or a combination of the two . am ##l accounts for 34 % of all le ##uka ##emia cases in the uk , and around 2 @ , @ 900 people were diagnosed with the disease in 2011 . the first published description of a case of leukemia in medical literature dates to 1827 , when french physician alfred @ - @ armand @ - @ louis @ - @ marie ve ##lp ##eau described a 63 @ - @ year @ - @ old fl ##oris ##t who developed an illness characterized by fever , weakness , ur ##ina ##ry stones , and substantial en ##lar ##gement
| 561 |
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of the liver and sp ##leen . ve ##lp ##eau noted the blood of this person had a consistency " like gr ##uel " , and speculated the appearance of the blood was due to white corpus ##cles . in 1845 , a series of people who died with enlarged sp ##leen ##s and changes in the " colors and consist ##encies of their blood " was reported by the edinburgh @ - @ based path ##ologist j . h . bennett ; he used the term " le ##uc ##oc ##ythe ##mia " to describe this path ##ological condition . the term " leukemia " was coined by rudolf vi ##rch ##ow , the renowned german path ##ologist , in 1856 . as a pioneer
| 555 |
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] | 2,035 |
in the use of the light microscope in pathology , vi ##rch ##ow was the first to describe the abnormal excess of white blood cells in people with the clinical syndrome described by ve ##lp ##eau and bennett . as vi ##rch ##ow was uncertain of the et ##iology of the white blood cell excess , he used the purely descriptive term " leukemia " ( greek : " white blood " ) to refer to the condition . further advances in the understanding of acute my ##elo ##id leukemia occurred rapidly with the development of new technology . in 1877 , paul eh ##rl ##ich developed a technique of stain ##ing blood films which allowed him to describe in detail normal and abnormal white blood
| 555 |
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] | 2,036 |
cells . wilhelm e ##bs ##tein introduced the term " acute leukemia " in 1889 to differentiate rapidly progressive and fatal leukemia ##s from the more indo ##lent chronic leukemia ##s . the term " my ##elo ##id " was coined by franz ernst christian neumann in 1869 , as he was the first to recognize white blood cells were made in the bone marrow ( greek : µ ##υ ##є ##λ ##ος , my ##elo ##s = ( bone ) marrow ) as opposed to the sp ##leen . the technique of bone marrow examination to dia ##gno ##se leukemia was first described in 1879 by mo ##sler . finally , in 1900 , the my ##elo ##bla ##st , which is the mali ##gnant
| 555 |
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] | 2,037 |
cell in am ##l , was characterized by otto na ##ege ##li , who divided the leukemia ##s into my ##elo ##id and l ##ym ##ph ##oc ##ytic . in 2008 , am ##l became the first cancer genome to be fully sequence ##d . dna extracted from le ##uke ##mic cells were compared to unaffected skin . the le ##uke ##mic cells contained acquired mutations in several genes that had not previously been associated with the disease . = = pregnancy = = leukemia is rarely associated with pregnancy , affecting only about 1 in 10 @ , @ 000 pregnant women . how it is handled depends primarily on the type of leukemia . acute leukemia ##s normally require prompt , aggressive treatment ,
| 564 |
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] | 2,038 |
despite significant risks of pregnancy loss and birth defects , especially if chemotherapy is given during the developmental ##ly sensitive first trim ##ester . = love me like you = " love me like you " is a song recorded by british girl group little mix for their third studio album , get weird ( 2015 ) . the song was released on 25 september 2015 , as the second single from the album . produced by steve mac , he co @ - @ wrote the song with iain james , camille purcell and james newman . backed by an instrumental of pianos , bells , sax and percussion , the song is a down @ - @ tempo retro homage to doo @ -
| 797 |
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] | 2,039 |
@ wo ##p , with lyrics about puppy love . its composition was compared by several critics to motown artists of the 1950s and 1960s , namely the ron ##ettes , the supreme ##s and shadow morton . critical response to " love me like you " was positive : critics praised its vintage style and highlighted it as an album stand ##out . it reached number 11 on the uk singles chart and has been certified gold by the bp ##i . the accompanying music video for the song was set at a high school dance . un ##bek ##now ##nst to each member of the group , they had been invited to attend by the same date after previously meeting him in different situations
| 894 |
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] | 2,040 |
. he arrives with another girl near the end of the night , and they realise that he had all been invited by the same guy , and end up date ##less . little mix have performed the track on both the australian and british versions of the x factor and on good morning america in the united states . = = background and release = = " love me like you " was written by steve mac , camille purcell , iain james and james newman for little mix ' s third studio album , get weird ( 2015 ) . it was published by ro ##ks ##tone music ltd . under exclusive licence to bmg rights management ( uk ) ltd ; ko ##bal
| 681 |
[
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] | 2,041 |
##t music group ; sony / atv music publishing ; black butter music publishing and bmg rights management . the song was produced by mac and mixed by serb ##an g ##hen ##ea at mix ##star studios in virginia beach , virginia . it was engineered for mixing by john han ##es and engineered by chris laws and dan ##n purse ##y , and mastered by tom co ##yne and randy merrill at sterling sound studios in new york . the track was recorded at ro ##ks ##tone studios in london . purcell also provided background vocals . the keyboards were performed by mac , and the guitars were played by paul gen ##dler . laws and purse ##y performed the drums and the percussion ,
| 808 |
[
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] | 2,042 |
respectively . the group announced on 9 september 2015 that " love me like you " would be the second single to be released from the album , and that it would be made available to pre @ - @ order on 11 september , and be released on 25 september . it was released by sy ##co and columbia in ireland and the united kingdom on 25 september 2015 . the single ' s artwork was released on the same day . in their review , mtv news joked that the group were suggesting that it would be number @ - @ one due to each of the band members eye ##line , writing " we can ' t help but get the hint they
| 77 |
[
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] | 2,043 |
' re on the hunt for another chart topping trophy . leigh @ - @ anne clearly thinks she can see it in the distance , je ##sy is just imagining it with her brain , jade definitely thinks she can hear the noise of records being sold and per ##rie is convinced it ' s on the floor . " m magazine writer heather thompson described the artwork as " vibrant " . a collection of alternate versions called " love me like you ( the collection ) " was also released in australia and new zealand in addition to ireland and the united kingdom on 16 october 2015 . it consists of a christmas mix , several remixes and an instrumental version of "
| 698 |
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] | 2,044 |
love me like you " and another album track called " lightning " . = = composition = = " love me like you " has been described as a down @ - @ tempo " ode to ' 60s doo @ - @ wo ##p " retro style pop song , which lasts for a duration of three minutes , seventeen seconds . the song is composed in the key of g major using common time and a tempo of 106 beats per minute . instrumentation is provided by " vintage " pianos , bells and a " pumping " tenor sax . the use of percussion gives the a track a more modern style . during the track , the band members vocal range
| 54 |
[
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] | 2,045 |
spans one octave , from the low note of d ##4 to the high note of e ##5 . the song opens with the group harmon ##ising " sha la la la " over pianos . the lyrics are about puppy love , as they yearning ##ly sing " last night i lay in bed so blue / cause ' i realized the truth / they can ' t love me like you / i tried to find somebody new / baby they ain ' t got a clue / can ' t love me like you . " fuse writer jeff benjamin described the song as being reminiscent of 1960s girl group the ron ##ettes but with a more modern feel for 2015 radio ,
| 792 |
[
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] | 2,046 |
highlighting the line " they try to romance me but you got that nasty and that ' s what i want " as an example . digital spy writer lewis corner thought that the line " he might got the biggest ca @ - @ aa @ - @ ar " does not fool listeners into thinking that " they ' re not actually talking about his fiat 500 . " several music critics compared the song to recordings from the motown era in the 1950s and 1960s , with andy gill of the independent like ##ning it to material composed by shadow morton . emile ##e lin ##dner of mtv news likened the production to material composed by phil spec ##tor . the christmas mix
| 897 |
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] | 2,047 |
version features added church bells and jingle ##s . = = critical reception = = andy gill of the independent described the track as having a " nice " retro sound , and singled it out as being one of his top three songs from the album to download , along with " black magic " and " grown " . writing for nme , nick levine thought that " love me like you " was reminiscent of songs recorded by st ##oo ##sh ##e , but added that little mix performed the motown style " without the forced sense of fun . " similarly , billboard writer mal ##ori ##e mac ##all and digital spy critic jack k ##lom ##pus likened the retro style to
| 890 |
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] | 2,048 |
songs performed by meg ##han train ##or and the supreme ##s , respectively . music times writer carolyn men ##yes praised its composition for being " charming " and described the track as " totally charming . " a reviewer for press play ok commented that the song was " less club night and more prom night . " broadcaster stephen fry criticised the track when interviewed by news ##beat about his review of a selection of songs released in 2015 . he described it as " horrible " and a modern @ - @ day " hideous , toxic compound " take on a phil spec ##tor song . = = chart performance = = in the united kingdom , " love me like you
| 725 |
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140 in france . outside of europe , " love me like you " reached number 80 on the japan hot 100 , number 27 in australia , and number one on the new zealand heats ##ee ##kers chart . the accompanying music video for " love me like you " was released on 10 october 2015 . the video takes place at a school dance , where a professor in the hall ( the same man who appeared in their previous single ' s video " black magic " ) tells everyone that it is the last dance . jade , leigh @ - @ anne , je ##sy and per ##rie are waiting for their dates to arrive . scenes of the girls waiting
| 895 |
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for their date are inter ##cut throughout the video of them sitting at a table while all of the other couples are dancing . un ##bek ##now ##nst to them , the man , played by hector david junior , has invited each of them to go to the dance after meeting them in different situations prior to that night . he asked jade by picking her up in his car to go on a date . as she gets in , he invites her to be his date at the dance and presents her with a co ##rsa ##ge to wear on her wrist on the night . he mets leigh @ - @ anne at a high school basketball game , where she and
| 50 |
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her girlfriends were watching him and some other boys play on the court . he sees that she is in ##fat ##uated by how good he is at the sport , walks up to her , and asks her to be his date by giving her a co ##rsa ##ge . he asked je ##sy to be his date while they were at the cinema as they shared a bucket of popcorn . as he gives her the co ##rsa ##ge , she throws the bucket over her shoulder and eagerly jumps on his lap , causing them to fall off the chair . finally , he invited per ##rie to be his date after she fell off her bike while staring at him work out
| 122 |
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| 770 |
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resembled per ##rie ' s former fiance za ##yn malik of one direction . she also wrote that fans had noticed that she was still wearing her engagement ring in the video , meaning that the video was filmed before they split up in august 2015 . = = live performances = = " little mix " performed " love me like you " live on the seventh season of the x factor in australia on 13 october 2015 . capital praised their performed , writing that it set an " amazing example " for the contestants on the show and that their vocals were " pitch perfect " . on 1 november , the group performed a " love me like you " / "
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black magic " medley on the twelfth series of the x factor in the united kingdom . it featured the group wearing prom dresses for their performance of " love me like you " , which were then torn off to reveal leo ##tar ##ds to sing " black magic " . little mix " sang the track live on good morning america in the united states on 5 november . they returned to the uk to perform " love me like you " at the radio 1 teen awards at wembley arena on 8 november , and again the following morning on breakfast show lorraine . " love me like you " was included on the set @ - @ list of their segment at
| 695 |
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",",
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"1",
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",",
"@",
"400",
"yuan",
"a",
"month",
",",
"many"
] | 2,059 |
toy manufacturer in the world . the company ' s sha ##og ##uan factory in the wu ##jiang district employs some 16 @ , @ 000 workers . at the be ##hes ##t of the guangdong authorities , it hired 800 workers from ka ##sh ##gar , in xinjiang as part of an ethnic program which relocated 200 @ , @ 000 young u ##y ##gh ##urs since the start of 2008 . according to the guardian , most workers sign a one - to three @ - @ year contract then travel to factory dorm ##itor ##ies in the south ; in addition to their salaries ranging from 1 @ , @ 000 yuan to 1 @ , @ 400 yuan a month , many
| 334 |
[
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"most",
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"##gar",
"##s",
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"the",
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".",
"\"",
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",",
"ka",
"##sh",
"##gar"
] | 2,060 |
get free board and lodging . most of these ka ##sh ##gar ##s are away from home to work for the first time . the far eastern economic review said guangdong authorities initiated a controversial plan to ship [ u ##y ##gh ##ur ] workers to guangdong factories amid continuing labour shortages . the young workers , whose families have charged that they were forced to send their children south , often lack even basic chinese language skills and find it difficult to fit in with the dominant han culture . " the new york times quoted xinjiang daily saying in may that 70 percent of the young u ##y ##gh ##urs had " signed up for employment voluntarily . " however , ka ##sh ##gar
| 343 |
[
"residents",
"say",
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"said",
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"##y",
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",",
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",",
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".",
"a",
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"arrived",
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"may",
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"and",
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"at",
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"state",
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"##fu",
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".",
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"sha",
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",",
"where",
"the",
"u",
"##y"
] | 2,061 |
residents say the families of those who refuse to go are threatened with fines of up to six months ' worth of a village ##r ' s income . an official in charge of ethnic and religious affairs in guangdong said that the province had hired u ##y ##gur ##s , aged from 18 to 29 , in may . a small group of u ##y ##gh ##urs arrived on 2 may , and workers at the factory remarked that relations between the two groups deteriorated as the number of u ##y ##gh ##urs increased . state media confirmed that all the workers were from shu ##fu county . china labor watch reported that workers at the sha ##og ##uan factory , where the u ##y
| 341 |
[
"##gh",
"##urs",
"were",
"employed",
",",
"earned",
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"@",
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",",
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",",
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".",
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"=",
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"=",
"=",
"overnight",
"on",
"25",
"–",
"26",
"june",
",",
"tensions",
"flared",
"at",
"the"
] | 2,062 |
##gh ##urs were employed , earned 28 yuan per day compared with 41 @ . @ 3 yuan in its factory in shenzhen . they noted that rights of workers , han and u ##y ##gh ##ur alike , were frequently violated by verbal abuse from factory supervisors , unpaid overtime , poor dormitory conditions and illegal labour contracts . li qi ##ang , executive director of china labor watch said that low pay , long hours and poor working conditions combined with the inability to communicate with their colleagues ex ##ace ##rba ##ted deeply held mist ##rus ##t between the han and u ##y ##gh ##urs . = = causes and events = = overnight on 25 – 26 june , tensions flared at the
| 334 |
[
"factory",
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",",
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"of",
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",",
"79",
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"400",
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".",
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".",
",",
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".",
"m",
".",
"when"
] | 2,063 |
factory , leading to a full @ - @ blown ethnic brawl between u ##y ##gh ##urs and han . as a result of the fighting , 2 u ##y ##gh ##urs died and 118 people were injured , 16 of them seriously . of the injured , 79 were u ##y ##gh ##urs and 39 were hans . 400 police and 50 anti @ - @ riot vehicles were mob ##ilised . official sources state that the riot ##ing began at around 2 a . m . , and there were reports that they lasted until at least 4 @ . @ 30 a . m . , when police arrived . an initial disturbance was reported at around 11 p . m . when
| 230 |
[
"security",
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".",
"one",
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"saw",
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] | 2,064 |
security guards responded to a call for help by a female worker who felt intimidated by several chanting male u ##y ##gh ##urs . two dozen han workers armed with baton ##s and metal rods then responded ; they called for backup using their phones . u ##y ##gh ##urs maintained that the attacks started after the night shift at around 12 @ . @ 30 a . m . , when han mob ##s stormed into u ##y ##gh ##ur dorm ##itor ##ies and started ind ##is ##cr ##imi ##nate and un ##pro ##vo ##ked beating ##s . amateur videos posted online showed brutal attacks , and han chasing u ##y ##gh ##urs through the dorm floors . one man said that he saw that
| 233 |
[
"security",
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"named",
"as",
"ax",
"##im",
"##uj",
"##ian",
"##g",
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] | 2,065 |
security had been overwhelmed by the arrival of outside gangs ; he said it was common knowledge that the outsiders brought in mach ##ete ##s . han and u ##y ##gh ##ur witnesses interviewed by the foreign press thought the casualties had been under ##sta ##ted by the authorities : a han claimed to have killed seven or eight u ##y ##gh ##urs ; u ##y ##gh ##urs cited " mer ##ci ##less " assaults on those already in ambulance ##s . the riot ##ing stopped soon after the police arrived . a policeman explained their delay in arriving at the scene due to difficulties in ass ##em ##bling enough officers . the two dead men were later named as ax ##im ##uj ##ian ##g aim
| 247 |
[
"##ai",
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",",
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] | 2,066 |
##ai ##ti and sad ##ike ##jiang ka ##ze , both from xinjiang . the riot ##ing was sparked by allegations of sexual assault on han women by u ##y ##gh ##urs , and rumours of an incident in which two female han workers were sexually assaulted by six u ##y ##gh ##ur co @ - @ workers at the factory , according to voice of america . the authorities said that the rumours were false , and had been initiated by a di ##sg ##run ##tled former co @ - @ worker . xi ##nh ##ua said that a man surname ##d zhu " fake ##d the information to express his discontent " over failing to find new work after quit ##ting his job at the
| 213 |
[
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] | 2,067 |
factory . = = responses = = police said that their investigations found no evidence that a rape had taken place . sha ##og ##uan government spokesman wang qin ##xin , called it " a very ordinary incident " , which he said had been exaggerated to f ##ome ##nt unrest . the guardian reported that video of the riots and photographs of the victims were quickly circulated on the internet by ui ##gh ##ur exile groups , along with claims that the death toll was under @ - @ reported and the police were slow to act ; protests in ur ##um ##qi were assembled by email . xi ##nh ##ua reported that guangdong authorities had arrested two people who are suspected of having spread
| 247 |
[
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",",
"19",
",",
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] | 2,068 |
rumours online which alleged sexual assault of han women had taken place . in addition , it reported on 7 july 2009 that 13 suspects had been taken into custody following the incident , of which 3 were u ##y ##gh ##urs from xinjiang . xi ##nh ##ua quoted 23 @ - @ year @ - @ old huang jiang ##yuan saying that he was angry at being turned down for a job in june at the toy factory , and thus posted an article at a forum on sg ##16 ##9 . com on 16 june which alleged six xinjiang boys had raped two innocent girls at the xu ##ri toy factory ; huang zhang ##sha , 19 , was detained for writing on his
| 703 |
[
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] | 2,069 |
online chat space on 28 june that eight xinjiang people had died in the factory fight . kang z ##hi ##jian , vice director with the sha ##og ##uan public security bureau , said that the offenders would face up to 15 days in administrative detention . on 8 july 2009 , xi ##nh ##ua released an interview with huang cu ##ilia ##n , the " han girl " whose alleged rape triggered the disturbances . the 19 @ - @ year @ - @ old trainee from rural guangdong , who had worked at the factory less than two months , said : " i was lost and entered the wrong dormitory and screamed when i saw those u ##y ##gh ##ur young men in
| 84 |
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] | 2,070 |
the room . . . i just felt they were un ##fr ##ien ##dly so i turned and ran . " she recounted how one of them stood up and stamped his feet as if to chase her . " i later realized that he was just making fun of me . " she said she only found out hours later that she was the cause of the violence . sha ##og ##uan authorities moved the u ##y ##gh ##ur workers to temporary accommodation , and the workers were transferred on 7 july to another facility belonging to early light , 30 km away in bait ##u town . the bait ##u factory is now reported to be an u ##y ##gh ##ur enclave , with
| 334 |
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] | 2,071 |
, sporting facilities , canteen serving xinjiang food , a round @ - @ the @ - @ clock staff clinic , and plain @ - @ clothed police officers in their midst . according to the south china morning post , the ka ##sh ##gar staff were apparently unable to mix with colleagues in their previous location because of the language barrier – a local shop worker estimated that less than one in three spoke mandarin . two months on , the south china morning post found few willing to talk about the events of the fate ##ful night . the authorities ' claims that 50 u ##y ##gh ##ur workers were granted their rep ##at ##riation requests following the violence are contested by u
| 234 |
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] | 2,072 |
##y ##gh ##ur workers . abd ##uke ##yu ##m mu ##ham ##mat , deputy secretary of xinjiang kan ##ji prefect ##ural committee of the communist party , led a working team to sha ##og ##uan on 27 june . zhou yong ##kan ##g , pol ##it ##buro standing committee member responsible for security , reportedly visited sha ##og ##uan in early september 2009 . on 5 august , xi ##nh ##ua reported that chinese police had arrested ku ##rba ##n k ##hay ##um , a chef at an arabic restaurant in guangzhou who they claimed confessed to being an agent for the world u ##y ##gur congress ( wu ##c ) and who allegedly spread rumours that were later used as a pre ##text to trigger
| 476 |
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] | 2,073 |
the ur ##um ##qi riots of 5 july . xi ##nh ##ua alleged that he had fabricated a report that " the factory brawl had caused the death of 17 to 18 people , including three females , " which he sent in an e @ - @ mail to re ##bi ##ya kade ##er . at a trial on 10 october at sha ##og ##uan intermediate people ' s court , xiao jian ##hua ( [UNK] [UNK] [UNK] ) was sentenced to death for being the " principal ins ##ti ##gat ##or " of the violence and xu qi ##qi ( [UNK] [UNK] [UNK] ) was given a life sentence for mans ##lau ##ght ##er ; three other people were sentenced to seven to eight
| 920 |
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years for assault . on the same day , the people ' s court of wu ##jiang district , sha ##og ##uan , jailed three more han workers and three u ##y ##gh ##urs for participating in the brawl ; they were sentenced to five to seven years ' imprisonment . = galveston , texas = galveston / [UNK] / is a coastal city located on galveston island and pe ##lica ##n island in the u . s . state of texas . the community of 208 @ . @ 3 square miles ( 53 ##9 km ##2 ) , with its population of 47 @ , @ 76 ##2 people ( 2012 census estimate ) , is the county seat and second @ - @
| 341 |
[
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] | 2,075 |
largest municipality of galveston county . it is located within houston – the woodlands – sugar land metropolitan area . named after bernardo de gal ##vez y madrid , count of gal ##vez ( born in malaga , spain ) , galveston ' s first european settlements on the island were constructed around 1816 by french pirate louis @ - @ michel au ##ry to help the fledgling republic of mexico fight spain . the port of galveston was established in 1825 by the congress of mexico following its successful independence from spain . the city served as the main port for the texas navy during the texas revolution , and later served as the capital of the republic of texas . during the 19th century
| 329 |
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, galveston became a major u . s . commercial center and one of the largest ports in the united states . it was devastated by the 1900 galveston hurricane , whose effects included flooding and a storm surge . the natural disaster on the exposed barrier island is still ranked as the dead ##liest in united states history , with an estimated toll of 8 @ , @ 000 people . much of galveston ' s modern economy is centered in the tourism , health care , shipping , and financial industries . the 84 @ - @ acre ( 340 @ , @ 000 m2 ) university of texas medical branch campus with an enrollment of more than 2 @ , @ 500 students
| 394 |
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is a major economic force of the city . galveston is home to six historic districts containing one of the largest and historically significant collections of 19th @ - @ century buildings in the united states , with over 60 structures listed in the national register of historic places . = = = exploration and 19th century development = = = galveston island was originally inhabited by members of the kara ##nka ##wa and ak ##oki ##sa tribes who called the island au ##ia . the spanish explorer cab ##eza de va ##ca and his crew were ship ##wr ##eck ##ed on the island or nearby in november 152 ##8 , calling it " isla de mal ##had ##o " ( " isle of bad fate
| 610 |
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] | 2,078 |
" ) . they began their years @ - @ long trek to a spanish settlement in mexico city . during his charting of the gulf coast in 1785 , the spanish explorer jose de ev ##ia named the island gal ##vez @ - @ town or gal ##vez ##town in honor of bernardo de gal ##vez y madrid , count of gal ##vez . the first permanent european settlements on the island were constructed around 1816 by the pirate louis @ - @ michel au ##ry as a base of operations to support mexico ' s rebellion against spain . in 1817 , au ##ry returned from an unsuccessful raid against spain to find galveston occupied by the pirate jean la ##fi ##tte . la
| 417 |
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"and",
"his",
"raiders",
"were",
"forced",
"off",
"the",
"island",
"by",
"the",
"united",
"states",
"navy",
".",
"in",
"1825",
"the",
"congress",
"of",
"mexico",
"established",
"the",
"port",
"of",
"galveston",
"and",
"in",
"1830",
"erected",
"a",
"customs",
"house",
".",
"galveston",
"served",
"as",
"the",
"capital",
"of",
"the",
"republic",
"of",
"texas",
"when",
"in",
"1836",
"the",
"interim",
"president",
"david",
"g",
".",
"burn",
"##et",
"relocated",
"his",
"government",
"there",
".",
"in",
"1836",
",",
"the",
"french",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"canadian",
"michel",
"bran",
"##amo",
"##ur",
"men",
"##ard",
"and",
"several",
"associates",
"purchased",
"4",
"@",
",",
"@",
"60",
"##5"
] | 2,079 |
##fi ##tte organized galveston into a pirate " kingdom " he called " camp ##eche " , an ##oint ##ing himself the island ' s " head of government . " la ##fi ##tte remained in galveston until 1821 , when he and his raiders were forced off the island by the united states navy . in 1825 the congress of mexico established the port of galveston and in 1830 erected a customs house . galveston served as the capital of the republic of texas when in 1836 the interim president david g . burn ##et relocated his government there . in 1836 , the french @ - @ canadian michel bran ##amo ##ur men ##ard and several associates purchased 4 @ , @ 60 ##5
| 251 |
[
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"@",
".",
"@",
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"km",
"##2",
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"to",
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".",
"as",
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"@",
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"african",
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",",
"some",
"of",
"whom",
"worked",
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"or",
"on",
"the",
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",",
"including",
"on",
"river",
"##boats",
".",
"in",
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"the",
"city",
"of",
"galveston",
"adopted",
"a",
"charter",
"and",
"was",
"incorporated",
"by",
"the",
"congress",
"of",
"the",
"republic",
"of",
"texas",
".",
"the",
"city",
"was",
"by",
"then",
"a",
"bu",
"##rgeon",
"##ing",
"port",
"of",
"entry",
"and",
"attracted",
"many",
"new",
"residents",
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"the",
"1840s",
"and",
"later",
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"the",
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"of",
"german",
"immigrants",
"to",
"texas",
",",
"including",
"jewish",
"merchants",
"."
] | 2,080 |
acres ( 18 @ . @ 64 km ##2 ) of land for $ 50 @ , @ 000 to found the town that would become the modern city of galveston . as anglo @ - @ americans migrated to the city , they brought along or purchased enslaved african @ - @ americans , some of whom worked domestically or on the waterfront , including on river ##boats . in 1839 the city of galveston adopted a charter and was incorporated by the congress of the republic of texas . the city was by then a bu ##rgeon ##ing port of entry and attracted many new residents in the 1840s and later among the flood of german immigrants to texas , including jewish merchants .
| 476 |
[
"together",
"with",
"ethnic",
"mexican",
"residents",
",",
"these",
"groups",
"tended",
"to",
"oppose",
"slavery",
",",
"support",
"the",
"union",
"during",
"the",
"civil",
"war",
",",
"and",
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"the",
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"party",
"after",
"the",
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".",
"during",
"this",
"expansion",
",",
"the",
"city",
"had",
"many",
"\"",
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"\"",
"in",
"the",
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",",
"with",
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"of",
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"and",
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"of",
"inventions",
":",
"post",
"office",
"(",
"1836",
")",
",",
"naval",
"base",
"(",
"1836",
")",
",",
"texas",
"chapter",
"of",
"a",
"masonic",
"order",
"(",
"1840",
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";",
"cotton",
"com",
"##press",
"(",
"1842",
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",",
"catholic",
"parochial",
"school",
"(",
"ur",
"##sul",
"##ine",
"academy",
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"(",
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",",
"insurance",
"company",
"(",
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",",
"and",
"gas",
"lights",
"(",
"1856",
")",
".",
"during",
"the",
"american",
"civil",
"war",
",",
"confederate",
"forces",
"under",
"major",
"general",
"john",
"b",
".",
"mag"
] | 2,081 |
together with ethnic mexican residents , these groups tended to oppose slavery , support the union during the civil war , and join the republican party after the war . during this expansion , the city had many " first ##s " in the state , with the founding of institutions and adoption of inventions : post office ( 1836 ) , naval base ( 1836 ) , texas chapter of a masonic order ( 1840 ) ; cotton com ##press ( 1842 ) , catholic parochial school ( ur ##sul ##ine academy ) ( 1847 ) , insurance company ( 1854 ) , and gas lights ( 1856 ) . during the american civil war , confederate forces under major general john b . mag
| 328 |
[
"##rud",
"##er",
"attacked",
"and",
"expelled",
"occupying",
"union",
"troops",
"from",
"the",
"city",
"in",
"january",
"1863",
"in",
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"battle",
"of",
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".",
"in",
"1867",
"galveston",
"suffered",
"a",
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"fever",
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"1800",
"people",
"died",
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".",
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"and",
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"throughout",
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"century",
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"as",
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"s",
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"that",
"totaled",
"3",
"@",
",",
"@",
"000",
",",
"made"
] | 2,082 |
##rud ##er attacked and expelled occupying union troops from the city in january 1863 in the battle of galveston . in 1867 galveston suffered a yellow fever epidemic ; 1800 people died in the city . these occurred in waterfront and river cities throughout the 19th century , as did cholera epidemic ##s . the city ' s progress continued through the reconstruction era with numerous " first ##s " : construction of the opera house ( 1870 ) , and orphanage ( 1876 ) , and installation of telephone lines ( 1878 ) and electric lights ( 1883 ) . having attracted freed ##men from rural areas , in 1870 the city had a black population that totaled 3 @ , @ 000 , made
| 328 |
[
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"former",
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"who",
"were",
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"the",
"\"",
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"@",
",",
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".",
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"-",
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"-",
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"period",
",",
"leaders",
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".",
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"wright",
"cu",
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"who",
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"and",
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".",
"cu",
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"union",
"of",
"black",
"dock",
"##work",
"##ers",
"to",
"break",
"the",
"white",
"monopoly",
"on"
] | 2,083 |
up mostly of former slaves but also by numerous persons who were free men of color and educated before the war . the " blacks " comprised nearly 25 % of the city ' s population of 13 @ , @ 81 ##8 that year . during the post @ - @ civil @ - @ war period , leaders such as george t . ruby and norris wright cu ##ney , who headed the texas republican party and promoted civil rights for freed ##men , helped to dramatically improve educational and employment opportunities for blacks in galveston and in texas . cu ##ney established his own business of steve ##dor ##es and a union of black dock ##work ##ers to break the white monopoly on
| 453 |
[
"dock",
"jobs",
".",
"galveston",
"was",
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"the",
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"german",
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"by",
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"had",
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"of",
"37",
"@",
",",
"@",
"000",
".",
"its",
"position",
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"bay",
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"of",
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"center",
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".",
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"ports",
"in",
"the",
"nation",
",",
"in",
"competition",
"with",
"new",
"orleans"
] | 2,084 |
dock jobs . galveston was a cosmopolitan city and one of the more successful during reconstruction ; the freed ##men ' s bureau was headquartered here . german families sheltered teachers from the north , and hundreds of freed ##men were taught to read . its business community promoted progress , and immigrants continued to stay after arriving at this port of entry . by the end of the 19th century , the city of galveston had a population of 37 @ , @ 000 . its position on the natural harbor of galveston bay along the gulf of mexico made it the center of trade in texas . it was one of the largest cotton ports in the nation , in competition with new orleans
| 338 |
[
".",
"throughout",
"the",
"19th",
"century",
",",
"the",
"port",
"city",
"of",
"galveston",
"grew",
"rapidly",
"and",
"the",
"strand",
"was",
"considered",
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"'",
"s",
"primary",
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".",
"for",
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"\"",
".",
"in",
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"the",
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"and",
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".",
"in",
"february",
"1897",
",",
"galveston",
"was",
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"by",
"the",
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"(",
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"##oo",
")",
",",
"the",
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".",
"during",
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",",
"the",
"ship",
"'",
"s",
"officers",
"were",
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",",
"@",
"000",
"silver",
"service",
",",
"adorned",
"with",
"various",
"texas",
"motifs",
","
] | 2,085 |
. throughout the 19th century , the port city of galveston grew rapidly and the strand was considered the region ' s primary business center . for a time , the strand was known as the " wall street of the south " . in the late 1890s , the government constructed fort cr ##ock ##ett defenses and coastal artillery batteries in galveston and along the bolivar roads . in february 1897 , galveston was officially visited by the uss texas ( nicknamed old hood ##oo ) , the first commissioned battleship of the united states navy . during the festivities , the ship ' s officers were presented with a $ 5 @ , @ 000 silver service , adorned with various texas motifs ,
| 950 |
[
"as",
"a",
"gift",
"from",
"the",
"citizens",
"of",
"the",
"state",
".",
"=",
"=",
"=",
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"=",
"=",
"=",
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"the",
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"@",
",",
"@",
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"@",
",",
"@",
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".",
"following",
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"a",
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"-",
"@",
"mile",
"(",
"16",
"km",
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"long",
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".",
"@",
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"m",
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"high",
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"##wall",
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"city",
"from",
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"and",
"hurricane",
"storm",
"surge",
".",
"a",
"team",
"of",
"engineers",
"including",
"henry",
"marty"
] | 2,086 |
as a gift from the citizens of the state . = = = hurricane of 1900 and recovery = = = on september 8 , 1900 , the island was struck by a devastating hurricane . this event holds the record as the united states ' dead ##liest natural disaster . the city was devastated , and an estimated 6 @ , @ 000 to 8 @ , @ 000 people on the island were killed . following the storm , a 10 @ - @ mile ( 16 km ) long , 17 foot ( 5 @ . @ 2 m ) high sea ##wall was constructed to protect the city from floods and hurricane storm surge . a team of engineers including henry marty
| 157 |
[
"##n",
"robert",
"(",
"robert",
"'",
"s",
"rules",
"of",
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"designed",
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"despite",
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"galveston",
"never",
"fully",
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"its",
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"of",
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".",
"development",
"was",
"also",
"hind",
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"by",
"the",
"construction",
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"the",
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"ship",
"channel",
",",
"which",
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"the",
"natural",
"harbor",
"of",
"the",
"port",
"of",
"galveston",
"for",
"sea",
"traffic"
] | 2,087 |
##n robert ( robert ' s rules of order ) designed the plan to raise much of the existing city to a sufficient elevation behind a sea ##wall so that confidence in the city could be maintained . the city developed the city commission form of city government , known as the " galveston plan " , to help ex ##ped ##ite recovery . despite attempts to draw new investment to the city after the hurricane , galveston never fully returned to its previous levels of national importance or prosperity . development was also hind ##ered by the construction of the houston ship channel , which brought the port of houston into direct competition with the natural harbor of the port of galveston for sea traffic
| 329 |
[
".",
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"her",
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",",
"and",
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"galveston",
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"na",
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",",
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",",
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"@",
",",
"@",
"000",
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"of",
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".",
"additionally",
"numerous",
"other",
"immigrant",
"groups",
",",
"including",
"greeks",
",",
"italians",
"and",
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"other",
"areas",
"of",
"texas",
"and",
"the",
"western",
"u",
".",
"s",
"."
] | 2,088 |
. to further her recovery , and rebuild her population , galveston actively sol ##ici ##ted immigration . through the efforts of rabbi henry cohen and congregation b ' na ##i israel , galveston became the focus of an immigration plan called the galveston movement that , between 1907 and 1914 , diverted roughly 10 @ , @ 000 eastern european jewish immigrants from the usual destinations of the crowded cities of the northeastern united states . additionally numerous other immigrant groups , including greeks , italians and russian jews , came to the city during this period . this immigration trend substantially altered the ethnic makeup of the island , as well as many other areas of texas and the western u . s .
| 328 |
[
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"exploited",
"the"
] | 2,089 |
though the storm stalled economic development and the city of houston developed as the region ' s principal metropolis , galveston economic leaders recognized the need to divers ##ify from the traditional port @ - @ related industries . in 1905 william lewis moody , jr . and isaac h . kemp ##ner , members of two of galveston ' s leading families , founded the american national insurance company . two years later , moody established the city national bank , which would later become the moody national bank . during the 1920s and 1930s , the city re @ - @ emerged as a major tourist destination . under the influence of sam mace ##o and rosario mace ##o , the city exploited the
| 343 |
[
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"the",
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"airport",
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"##holes"
] | 2,090 |
prohibition of liquor and gambling in clubs like the bali ##nese room , which offered entertainment to wealthy houston ##ians and other out @ - @ of @ - @ town ##ers . combined with prostitution , which had existed in the city since the civil war , galveston became known as the " sin city " of the gulf . galveston ##ians accepted and supported the illegal activities , often referring to their island as the " free state of galveston " . the island had entered what would later become known as the " open era " . the 1930s and 1940s brought much change to the island city . during world war ii , the galveston municipal airport , predecessor to sc ##holes
| 57 |
[
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"of",
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"one",
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"and",
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"@"
] | 2,091 |
international airport , was re @ - @ designated a u . s . army air corps base and named " galveston army air field " . in january 1943 , galveston army air field was officially activated with the 46th bombardment group serving an anti @ - @ submarine role in the gulf of mexico . in 1942 , william lewis moody , jr . , along with his wife li ##bb ##ie shear ##n rice moody , established the moody foundation , to benefit " present and future generations of texans . " the foundation , one of the largest in the united states , would play a prominent role in galveston during later decades , helping to fund numerous civic and health @
| 955 |
[
"-",
"@",
"oriented",
"programs",
".",
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"which",
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"as",
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"neither",
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"nor",
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"##nant",
"period",
".",
"many",
"businesses"
] | 2,092 |
- @ oriented programs . the end of the war drastically reduced military investment in the island . increasing enforcement of gambling laws and the growth of las vegas , nevada as a competitive center of gambling and entertainment put pressure on the gaming industry on the island . finally in 1957 , texas attorney general will wilson and the texas rangers began a massive campaign of raids which disrupted gambling and prostitution in the city . as these vice industries crashed , so did tourism , taking the rest of the galveston economy with it . neither the economy nor the culture of the city was the same afterward . the economy of the island entered a long st ##ag ##nant period . many businesses
| 342 |
[
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"and",
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"@",
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"in",
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"economic",
"growth",
".",
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".",
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"p",
".",
"mitchell",
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",",
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"years",
".",
"with",
"the",
"1960s",
"came",
"the"
] | 2,093 |
relocated off the island during this period ; however , health care , insurance and financial industries continue to be strong contributors to the economy . by 1959 , the city of houston had long out @ - @ paced galveston in population and economic growth . beginning in 1957 , the galveston historical foundation began its efforts to preserve historic buildings . the 1966 book the galveston that was helped encourage the preservation movement . restoration efforts financed by motivated investors , notably houston businessman george p . mitchell , gradually developed the strand historic district and rein ##vent ##ed other areas . a new , family @ - @ oriented tourism emerged in the city over many years . with the 1960s came the
| 342 |
[
"expansion",
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"education",
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"a",
"category",
"2",
"hurricane",
"with",
"winds",
"of",
"110",
"miles",
"per"
] | 2,094 |
expansion of higher education in galveston . already home to the university of texas medical branch , the city got a boost in 1962 with the creation of the texas maritime academy , predecessor of texas a & m university at galveston ; and by 1967 a community college , galveston college , had been established . in the 2000s , property values rose after expensive projects were completed and demand for second homes by the wealthy increased . it has made it difficult for middle @ - @ class workers to find affordable housing on the island . hurricane ike made landfall on galveston island in the early morning of september 13 , 2008 as a category 2 hurricane with winds of 110 miles per
| 334 |
[
"hour",
".",
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".",
"=",
"=",
"geography",
"=",
"=",
"the",
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"a",
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"@",
"-",
"@",
"sized",
"particles",
"and",
"smaller",
"amounts",
"of",
"finer"
] | 2,095 |
hour . damage was extensive to buildings along the sea ##wall . after the storm , the island was rebuilt with further investments into tourism , shipping , and continued emphasis on higher education and health care . notably the addition of the galveston island historic pleasure pier and the replacement of the bas ##cule @ - @ type draw ##bridge on the railroad causeway with a vertical @ - @ lift @ - @ type draw ##bridge to allow heavier freight . = = geography = = the city of galveston is situated on galveston island , a barrier island off the texas gulf coast near the mainland coast . made up of mostly sand @ - @ sized particles and smaller amounts of finer
| 592 |
[
"mud",
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"gulf",
"intra",
"##co",
"##ast"
] | 2,096 |
mud sediments and larger gravel @ - @ sized sediments , the island is unstable , affected by water and weather , and can shift its boundaries through erosion . the city is about 45 miles ( 72 km ) southeast of downtown houston . the island is oriented generally northeast @ - @ southwest , with the gulf of mexico on the east and south , west bay on the west , and galveston bay on the north . the island ' s main access point from the mainland is the interstate highway 45 causeway that crosses west bay on the northeast side of the island . a deep ##water channel connects galveston ' s harbor with the gulf and the gulf intra ##co ##ast
| 938 |
[
"##al",
"waterway",
".",
"according",
"to",
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"united",
"states",
"census",
"bureau",
",",
"the",
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"208",
"@",
".",
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"4",
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"miles",
"(",
"540",
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",",
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".",
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"2",
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"120",
"km",
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"2",
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".",
"@",
"85",
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".",
"the",
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"80",
"km",
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".",
"the",
"western",
"portion",
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"galveston",
"is",
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"as",
"the",
"\"",
"west",
"end",
"\"",
".",
"communities",
"in",
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"include",
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"madeline",
",",
"off",
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"bayou",
",",
"central",
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",",
"fort",
"cr",
"##ock",
"##ett",
",",
"bayou",
"shore",
",",
"las",
"##ker",
"park",
",",
"carver"
] | 2,097 |
##al waterway . according to the united states census bureau , the city has a total area of 208 @ . @ 4 square miles ( 540 km ##2 ) , of which 46 @ . @ 2 square miles ( 120 km ##2 ) is land and 162 @ . @ 2 square miles ( 420 km ##2 ) and 77 @ . @ 85 % is water . the island is 50 miles ( 80 km ) southeast of houston . the western portion of galveston is referred to as the " west end " . communities in eastern galveston include lake madeline , off ##ats bayou , central city , fort cr ##ock ##ett , bayou shore , las ##ker park , carver
| 341 |
[
"park",
",",
"kemp",
"##ner",
"park",
",",
"old",
"city",
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"central",
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",",
"san",
"ja",
"##cin",
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",",
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",",
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"as",
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"residential",
"houses",
",",
"the",
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"club",
",",
"and",
"stores",
".",
"in",
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",",
"chief",
"of",
"police",
"charles",
"wiley",
"said",
"he",
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"that",
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"should",
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"prohibited",
"outside",
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"courses",
",",
"and",
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"end",
"residents",
"campaigned",
"against",
"any",
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"use",
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"in",
"2011",
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"\"",
"atlas",
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"island",
",",
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"which",
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"was",
"quickly",
"er",
"##od",
"##ing",
"and",
"that",
"the",
"city",
"should"
] | 2,098 |
park , kemp ##ner park , old city / central business district , san ja ##cin ##to , east end , and linda ##le . as of 2009 many residents of the west end use golf carts as transportation to take them to and from residential houses , the galveston island country club , and stores . in 2009 , chief of police charles wiley said he believed that golf carts should be prohibited outside golf courses , and west end residents campaigned against any ban on their use . in 2011 rice university released a study , " atlas of sustainable strategies for galveston island , " which argued that the west end of galveston was quickly er ##od ##ing and that the city should
| 341 |
[
"reduce",
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"or",
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"scientists",
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] | 2,099 |
reduce construction and / or population in that area . it recommended against any rebuilding of the west end in the event of damage due to another hurricane . scientists increasingly recognize that barrier islands are inherently unstable and cannot be permanently fixed . = = = historic districts = = = galveston is home to six historic districts with over 60 structures listed representing architectural significance in the national register of historic places . the silk stock ##ing national historic district , located between broadway and sea ##wall boulevard and bounded by ave . k , 23rd st . , ave . p , and 26th st . , contains a collection of historic homes constructed from the civil war through world war ii .
| 601 |
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