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, but nbc later announced it would be expanded to fill an hour time slot beginning a half hour early , although it still counts as one official episode , similar to the earlier season episode " moving on " . rogers noted that " we knew the last two episodes would be hour @ - @ long ##s , and the finale might even end up running longer , but we still had a lot of great storytelling to do leading up to them , and ' liv ##in ' the dream ' was one that ultimately deserved to be an hour long episode as well ! " = = reception = = " liv ##in ' the dream " originally aired on may 2
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, 2013 on nbc . in its original american broadcast , " liv ##in ' the dream " was viewed by an estimated 3 @ . @ 51 million viewers and received a 1 @ . @ 8 rating / 5 % share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49 . this means that it was seen by 1 @ . @ 8 percent of all 18 - to 49 @ - @ year @ - @ olds , and 5 percent of all 18 - to 49 @ - @ year @ - @ olds watching television at the time of the broadcast . this marked a slight increase in the ratings from the previous episode , " paper airplane " . the
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episode ranked third in its first half @ - @ hour times ##lot , being beaten by an episode of the cbs comedy series two and a half men which received a 3 @ . @ 2 / 10 rating and an entry of the fox reality series american idol which scored a 2 @ . @ 6 / 9 rating . the second half @ - @ hour ranked fourth in its times ##lot , being beaten by an episode of the abc series grey ' s anatomy which scored a 3 @ . @ 0 / 9 rating , an entry of the cbs series person of interest which garnered a 2 @ . @ 4 / 7 rating , and installment of the
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fox series glee which received a 1 @ . @ 9 / 5 rating . " liv ##in ' the dream " received positive reviews from television critics . roth corn ##et of ign wrote that " it please ##s me greatly that at the conclusion of this super @ - @ sized episode i was left , once again , truly looking forward to seeing what these next few weeks , and that final hour of the office , will bring . " corn ##et praised the full @ - @ use of the ensemble , particularly the " phyllis and stanley lil ' romeo mini @ - @ debate " and creed ' s confused mimic ##king of dwight ' s declaration . corn
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##et also called the dwight storyline " perfectly executed " , as well as the jim @ - @ pam @ - @ dwight dynamic featured throughout the episode , calling their companions ##hip to be " entirely earned " . she also praised kin ##sey ' s performance during her character ' s storyline , and said her final scenes with oscar " [ tugged ] at my heart @ - @ string " . she gave the episode an 8 @ . @ 5 out of 10 , calling it " great " . m . giant of television without pity awarded the episode an " a – " and wrote that " almost everybody is having their best day in a long time
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| 842 |
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"##o",
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"original",
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"of",
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] | 1,910 |
this is a modern name and the original name was either po or pop ##o , appearing in classic maya texts in the title used for the kings of toni ##na , k ' uh ##ul po ' aj ##aw ( divine lord of po ) . a maya rebellion in colonial times , in 155 ##8 , featured a group called the po ' win ##iko ##b ' ( people of po ) . early versions of the toni ##na emblem g ##ly ##ph bore a doubled po g ##ly ##ph and the term pop ##o is also found in colonial records . since double sounds were often abbreviated in hi ##ero ##gly ##phic texts , pop ##o may represent the original name of the
| 264 |
[
"city",
".",
"toni",
"##na",
"is",
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".",
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"of",
"toni",
"##na"
] | 1,911 |
city . toni ##na is located at an altitude of 800 to 900 metres ( 2 @ , @ 600 to 3 @ , @ 000 ft ) above mean sea level in the chi ##apa ##s highlands of southern mexico , some 40 miles ( 64 km ) south of the contemporary maya city of pale ##n ##que , toni ##na ' s greatest rival throughout its recorded history . toni ##na is separated from pale ##n ##que by mountainous terrain and the site core is located along an easily defended ascending limestone ridge immediately to the west of a seasonal tributary of the rio ja ##tate , one of the two rivers forming the o ##cos ##ing ##o valley . rulers of toni ##na
| 520 |
[
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"of",
"which",
"is",
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"to",
"51",
"##4"
] | 1,912 |
recorded in the maya script on toni ##na monuments include : the last known recorded date at the site is featured on monument 101 as 15 january 90 ##9 ce . toni ##na had a particularly active early classic presence , although the early classic remains lie entirely buried under later construction . due to this , early texts are scarce and only offer a glimpse of the early history of the site . an 8th @ - @ century text refers to a king ruling in ad 217 , although it only mentions his title , not his name . ruler 1 is depicted on a couple of early classic monuments , the better preserved of which is an altar that dates to 51 ##4
| 370 |
[
".",
"a",
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"63",
"##3",
"k"
] | 1,913 |
. a ruler known as jaguar bird pe ##cca ##ry is represented on a 6th @ - @ century ste ##la , which describes him acc ##eding to the throne in 56 ##8 . the first mention of toni ##na in a record from a foreign state is from the site of chin ##iki ##ha , located 72 kilometres ( 45 mi ) to the northeast on the us ##uma ##cin ##ta river , the text is from a throne and describes the capture of a person from toni ##na in 57 ##3 . toni ##na ' s history comes into focus in the late classic , when its historical record is more fully represented by hi ##ero ##gly ##phic texts . in 63 ##3 k
| 266 |
[
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"##x",
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"##pi",
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"ste",
"##la",
"##e"
] | 1,914 |
' in ##ich hi ##x cha ##pa ##t is recorded as installing two subordinate lords but little else is known of his reign , although he was probably en ##th ##rone ##d in 59 ##5 . the last mention of k ' in ##ich hi ##x cha ##pa ##t is in a monument dated to 66 ##5 that appears to be a memorial stone . ruler 2 acc ##eded to the throne of toni ##na in 66 ##8 . his rule is marked by warfare and the frequent depiction of bound captives on his monuments . ruler 2 established the use of in @ - @ the @ - @ round sc ##ul ##pt ##ural style that came to ty ##pi ##fy the ste ##la ##e
| 424 |
[
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",",
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"for",
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"@",
"-",
"@",
"seven",
"years"
] | 1,915 |
of toni ##na . a monument dated to 68 ##2 depicts three naked prisoners with their arms bound , one of them is identified as a lord from anna ##k ' , an as yet unidentified site . his reign may have ended with his defeat and capture by k ' in ##ich kan bala ##m ii of pale ##n ##que in september 68 ##7 , as described in a g ##ly ##phic text from temple 17 in the rival city , an event that probably culminated in his sacrifice . k ' in ##ich b ' aa ##k ##nal cha ##ak was en ##th ##rone ##d in 68 ##8 , twenty years after ruler 2 , and reigned for twenty @ - @ seven years
| 382 |
[
".",
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"in",
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"##8",
"at",
"a",
"very",
"young"
] | 1,916 |
. during his reign he restored toni ##na ' s power with a number of military victories over pale ##n ##que , and his reign was dominated by the struggle against the rival city for regional power . ball ##court 1 , the larger of toni ##na ' s two ball ##court ##s , was dedicated in 69 ##9 to celebrate three victories over the city ' s arch @ - @ rival . the ball ##court originally had six sculptures of bound captives , all vassal ##s of the enemy pale ##n ##que king from the us ##uma ##cin ##ta region . the date of the king ' s death is unknown . ruler 4 came to power in 70 ##8 at a very young
| 424 |
[
"age",
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"-",
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"##yna",
"##stic",
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",",
"during",
"which",
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"a",
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"depicted",
"on",
"one",
"of",
"his",
"monuments",
"is",
"identified"
] | 1,917 |
age . three years later , in 71 ##1 , while ruler 4 was still a child , toni ##na gained an important victory over pale ##n ##que . the battle resulted in the capture of kan joy chi ##tam ii of pale ##n ##que and made toni ##na the dominant centre in the lower us ##uma ##cin ##ta region . the victory was so complete that it resulted in a ten @ - @ year gap in the d ##yna ##stic history of the defeated city , during which the captured ruler may have been held hostage . ruler 4 continued in power to celebrate the period endings of 71 ##6 and 72 ##1 . a captive depicted on one of his monuments is identified
| 225 |
[
"as",
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"k",
"'",
"in",
"##ich",
"ich"
] | 1,918 |
as being from the distant city of cal ##ak ##mu ##l , one of the two maya " super ##power ##s " . ruler 4 was succeeded by k ' in ##ich ich ' aa ##k cha ##pa ##t in 72 ##3 . around 72 ##5 toni ##na fought a war against pie ##dra ##s ne ##gra ##s , a city on the north bank of the us ##uma ##cin ##ta river , now in guatemala . a series of events during his reign were marked on monuments between 72 ##6 and 72 ##9 and in 730 he red ##ed ##icated the tomb of his predecessor k ' in ##ich b ' aa ##k ##nal cha ##ak . the mother of k ' in ##ich ich
| 219 |
[
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"a",
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"renewed"
] | 1,919 |
' aa ##k cha ##pa ##t is named as lady win ##ik tim ##an k ' aw ##ii ##l and his father may well have been k ' in ##ich b ' aa ##k ##nal cha ##ak himself . the reign of k ' in ##ich ich ' aa ##k cha ##pa ##t is notable for the absence of the usual sculptures depicting bound war captives , although the reason for this is unknown . little is known of the next two rulers , ruler 6 is named as k ' in ##ich tu ##un cha ##pa ##t , he celebrated the period ending of 73 ##6 and may have died 76 ##2 . a damaged text accompanying the image of a bound captive indicates renewed
| 219 |
[
"warfare",
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] | 1,920 |
warfare with pale ##n ##que during his reign , however the name of the prisoner is lost and it is unclear if it is the actual king of pale ##n ##que or merely one of his vassal ##s . he was succeeded by ruler 7 , about whom even less is known . around 76 ##4 toni ##na defeated pale ##n ##que in battle . in 77 ##5 a text recorded the death of lord wa ##k chan k ' ak ' , a prince who appears to have been the heir to the throne and who died before he could take power . ruler 8 was the last of the successful warrior kings of toni ##na . he celebrated a series of events between 78
| 426 |
[
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".",
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",",
"the",
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"extent",
"of",
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"##na",
"'"
] | 1,921 |
##9 and 80 ##6 , including the defeat of po ##mo ##y in 78 ##9 , and the capture of the ruler uc ##ha ' an aj chi ##h , who appears to have been the vassal of b ' ol ##on k ' aw ##ii ##l of cal ##ak ##mu ##l . in 79 ##9 he red ##ed ##icated the tomb of ruler 1 . ruler 8 oversaw an extensive re ##mo ##dell ##ing of the upper levels of the ac ##ropolis . ruler 8 erected a number of sculptures of bound prisoners of war and adopted the title aj b ' ol ##on b ' aa ##k , " he of many captives " . however , the lesser extent of toni ##na '
| 219 |
[
"s",
"power",
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",",
"perhaps",
"aided",
"by",
"the",
"site",
"'",
"s"
] | 1,922 |
s power is evident from its victory over the site of sa ##k t ##z ' i ' ( white dog ) , an important city in the lac ##ando ##n region , an area which had once been dominated by toni ##na . by the time of ruler 8 ' s successor , uh cha ##pa ##t , toni ##na was clearly in decline . only a single event , in 83 ##7 , can be dated to his reign , although a stucco mural depicting captives with ga ##rro ##ttes at their throat ##s may belong to his period of rule . the history of toni ##na continued after most other classic maya cities had fallen , perhaps aided by the site ' s
| 424 |
[
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".",
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"guillaume",
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".",
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",",
"and",
"stephens",
"wrote"
] | 1,923 |
relative isolation . ruler 10 is associated with a monument dating to 90 ##4 in the terminal classic and a monument dating to 90 ##9 bears the last known long count date although the name of the king has not survived . ceramic fragments indicate that occupation at the site continued for another century or more . the first published account of the ruins was made by fray ja ##cin ##to ga ##rri ##do at the end of the 17th century . a number of visitors investigated the ruins of toni ##na in the 19th century , the first being an expedition led by guillaume du ##pa ##ix in 1808 . john lloyd stephens and frederick cat ##her ##wood visited in 1840 , and stephens wrote
| 352 |
[
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"1979",
"to",
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"and",
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"of",
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"(",
"ina",
"##h",
",",
"the"
] | 1,924 |
an extensive description of the site . eduard se ##ler and ca ##ec ##ili ##e se ##ler @ - @ sachs investigated the monuments at toni ##na , publishing their reports at the turn of the 20th century . karl sap ##per visited the site in 1895 and 1896 . fran ##s b ##lom and oliver la far ##ge investigated the site in 1920s for tulane university , publishing their reports in 1926 — 1927 . the french toni ##na project began excavations in 1972 which continued through 1975 , then resumed in 1979 to 1980 , under the direction of pierre be ##c ##quel ##in and claude ba ##ude ##z . the national institute of anthropology and history of mexico ( ina ##h , the
| 3 |
[
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"rising",
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"sites",
",",
"with",
"a",
"right",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"angle",
"relationship",
"between"
] | 1,925 |
instituto nacional de ant ##rop ##olo ##gia e historia ) began their own excavations at toni ##na the following year . the site is accessible for tourism and has a small museum that was inaugurated on 15 july 2000 . = = site description = = the site was built on a platform covering 6 hectares ( 650 @ , @ 000 sq ft ) . the principal architecture is located in the ac ##ropolis , which occupies seven south @ - @ facing terraces on the northern side of the platform , rising 71 metres ( 233 ft ) over the plaza below . it has a more distinct geometry than at most maya sites , with a right @ - @ angle relationship between
| 595 |
[
"most",
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"the",
"public",
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"in",
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".",
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"s",
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"fr",
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"##que",
",",
"suggesting",
"that",
"captured",
"artists",
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"out",
"the",
"work",
"."
] | 1,926 |
most structures . much of the public imagery of the site details the ruthless manner in which the city dealt with its enemies . a 16 by 4 metres ( 52 by 13 ft ) stucco sculpture rising from the fourth to fifth terraces depicts a skeletal death god carrying the severed head of a lord of pale ##n ##que in one hand . a fr ##ie ##ze on the fifth terrace probably displayed toni ##na ' s most distinguished victims , dozens of fragments of this fr ##ie ##ze were discovered in the plaza below . this fr ##ie ##ze was carved from the local sandstone but its style is that of pale ##n ##que , suggesting that captured artists carried out the work .
| 366 |
[
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",",
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"##y",
"te",
"'",
",",
"a",
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"that",
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] | 1,927 |
after the abandonment of the city at the end of the classic period , many of the sculptures fell down the steep embankment supporting the seven terraces . ball ##court 1 ( the sunken ball ##court ) was dedicated in 69 ##9 by k ' in ##ich b ' aa ##k ##nal cha ##ak to mark three victories over k ' in ##ich kan bala ##m ii of pale ##n ##que . sculptures of the torso ##s of six captured vassal ##s of the pale ##n ##que king were used as ball ##court markers . one of these vassal ##s is named as ya ##x ah ##k ( green turtle ) , who was the lord of anna ##y te ' , a site that probably
| 225 |
[
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"a",
"stairway",
"leads",
"to",
"a",
"decorated",
"throne"
] | 1,928 |
lay on the south side of the us ##uma ##cin ##ta between pie ##dra ##s ne ##gra ##s and ya ##x ##chi ##lan . ball ##court 2 is the smaller of the two ball ##court ##s and lies in the north of the plaza , at the foot of the ac ##ropolis . the palace of the underworld is entered via three step @ - @ vaulted arches on the eastern side of the second terrace of the ac ##ropolis . the palace of fr ##ets is located on the fourth terrace of the ac ##ropolis . the south facade of the palace is decorated with four large stepped fr ##ets . on the east side of the palace a stairway leads to a decorated throne
| 366 |
[
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"of",
"toni",
"##na",
"'",
"s",
"rulers"
] | 1,929 |
of stone and stucco . one of the rooms of the palace contains a stucco decoration representing feather ##ed serpent ##s and crossed bones . = = = monuments and sculptures = = = the monuments of toni ##na tend to be smaller than those at other maya sites , with most of the ste ##la ##e measuring less than 2 metres ( 6 @ . @ 6 ft ) tall . the most important difference from monuments at other maya sites is that they are carved in the round like statues , often with hi ##ero ##gly ##phic text running down the spine . on the fifth terrace , in @ - @ the @ - @ round sculptures of toni ##na ' s rulers
| 370 |
[
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"aj",
"ch",
"'"
] | 1,930 |
dominated two @ - @ dimensional representations of defeated enemies . the dated monuments at toni ##na span the period from ad 495 to 90 ##9 , covering most of the classic period . monument 3 is broken into various fragments , five of which were recovered from various locations in o ##cos ##ing ##o and toni ##na through the course of the 20th century and most of which were reunited in the toni ##na site museum . aside from being broken , the ste ##la is largely complete and only lightly eroded , it is a statue of a ruler with inscriptions describing the accession of k ' in ##ich ba ##ak ##nal cha ##ak and the promotion to the priesthood of aj ch '
| 379 |
[
"aa",
"##j",
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".",
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"period",
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] | 1,931 |
aa ##j na ##ah . monument 5 was recovered from a school in o ##cos ##ing ##o and moved to the site museum of toni ##na . it is a badly eroded life @ - @ size human statue with the head missing . monument 7 is carved from yellow sandstone and has suffered only minor damage . it is a ste ##la base with well @ - @ preserved hi ##ero ##gly ##phs on all four vertical sides and was dedicated by k ' in ##ich ich ' aa ##k cha ##pa ##t in 72 ##8 . it is currently in the museo regional in tu ##xt ##la gutierrez . monument 8 dates to the reign of ruler 2 . it marks the period ending
| 379 |
[
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"68",
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"k",
"'",
"at",
"##un",
"ending"
] | 1,932 |
of 68 ##2 and shows the presentation of three war captives . monument 12 is a sculpture carved in the round , representing ruler 2 . it dates to ad 67 ##2 . monument 27 is a carved step depicting k ' aw ##ii ##l mo ' , a lord from pale ##n ##que , as an elderly prisoner , bound and lying on his back with his profile positioned in such a way as to be tr ##od ##den on time and again . monument 99 is an und ##ated fragment that depicts a female captive , which is rare in maya art . monument 101 has the last long count date from any maya monument , it marks the k ' at ##un ending
| 364 |
[
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"hi",
"##ero",
"##gly",
"##phic",
"panel"
] | 1,933 |
of ad 90 ##9 . monument 106 is the earliest securely dated monument at the site , dating to ad 59 ##3 . it depicts ruler 1 . monument 113 depicts ruler 2 participating in a scattering ritual . monument 114 was dedicated in 79 ##4 by ruler 8 . it commemorates the death of an important noble , apparently a relative or vassal of ruler 8 ' s predecessor tu ##un cha ##pa ##t . monument 122 is a low relief sculpture marking the defeat of pale ##n ##que by ruler 4 in 71 ##1 and the capture of kan joy chi ##tam ii , who is depicted as a bound captive . monument 141 is a very well preserved hi ##ero ##gly ##phic panel
| 364 |
[
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")",
"was",
"uncovered"
] | 1,934 |
carved from fine grain ##ed white limestone with almost the whole inscription intact . it describes the dedication of a ball ##court by k ' in ##ich b ' aa ##k ##nal cha ##ak . monument 154 dates to the reign of k ' in ##ich hi ##x cha ##pa ##t and records his installing of two subordinate lords in 63 ##3 . monument 158 has a very late date , in ad 90 ##4 , at the very end of the classic period . it was erected during the reign of ruler 10 . the fr ##ie ##ze of the dream lords ( also known as the fr ##ie ##ze of the four suns or fr ##ie ##ze of the four eras ) was uncovered
| 424 |
[
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",",
"interpreted",
"as",
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"way",
"of",
"a",
"lord"
] | 1,935 |
by archaeologists during excavations in 1992 . it is a stucco mural located at the east end of the 5th terrace . it represents a complex supernatural scene divided into four by a feather @ - @ covered sc ##af ##fold from which hang the severed heads of sac ##ri ##fi ##cial victims . among the sc ##af ##fold partition ##s are depicted the way ##ob ( spirit companions ) of the maya elite . the most well @ - @ preserved section of the sculpture depicts a skeletal supernatural way named ak ok kim ##i ( " turtle foot death " ) wearing turtles ##hell ##s on its feet and carrying a severed head in one hand , interpreted as the way of a lord
| 366 |
[
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"ceramics",
"and",
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] | 1,936 |
from the site of pip ##a ' . the fr ##ie ##ze was once brightly painted in red , blue and yellow . this fr ##ie ##ze has strong stylistic parallels with mural paintings at the great early classic metropolis of te ##ot ##ih ##ua ##can in the distant valley of mexico . the site museum is located 300 metres ( 980 ft ) outside of the toni ##na archaeological zone . it possesses 2 exhibition rooms and a conference room . the first room explains the pyramid ##al form of the ac ##ropolis and how it relates to maya mythology , while the main room contains sculptures of the city ' s rulers . artefacts in the collection include stone sculptures , ceramics and artefacts
| 379 |
[
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",",
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] | 1,937 |
sculpted from bone , shell , obsidian and flint . the pieces in the museum graphical ##ly depict the two sides of the power exercised by toni ##na , on the one hand with sculptures of the city ' s rulers and on the other with its depictions of bound prisoners of war . = central area command ( raaf ) = central area command was one of several geographically based commands raised by the royal australian air force ( raaf ) during world war ii . it was formed in march 1940 , and covered the central portion of new south wales . headquartered at sydney , central area command was primarily responsible for air defence , aerial reconnaissance and protection of the sea lanes
| 939 |
[
"within",
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".",
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"to",
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"units",
"in",
"victoria",
"and",
"new",
"south",
"wales"
] | 1,938 |
within its boundaries . it was disbanded in august 1941 and control of its units taken over by other raaf formations . proposals in 1943 – 44 to raise a new central area command did not come to fruit ##ion . prior to world war ii , the royal australian air force was small enough for all its elements to be directly controlled by raaf headquarters in melbourne . after war broke out in september 1939 , the raaf began to implement a decent ##ral ##ised form of command , com ##men ##sur ##ate with expected increases in manpower and units . its initial move in this direction was to create nos . 1 and 2 groups to control units in victoria and new south wales
| 961 |
[
",",
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"first",
"two",
"area",
"commands",
",",
"central",
"area"
] | 1,939 |
, respectively . then , between march 1940 and may 1941 , the raaf divided australia and new guinea into four geographically based command @ - @ and @ - @ control zones : central area , southern area , western area , and northern area . the roles of these area commands were air defence , protection of adjacent sea lanes , and aerial reconnaissance . each was led by an air officer commanding ( ao ##c ) responsible for the administration and operations of all air bases and units within his boundary . no . 2 group , which had been established on 20 november 1939 , was re @ - @ formed as one of the first two area commands , central area
| 939 |
[
",",
"on",
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"1940",
".",
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"to",
"the",
"mansion",
"\"",
"ki",
"##lm",
"##ory",
"\""
] | 1,940 |
, on 7 march 1940 . headquartered in sydney , central area command was given control of all air force units in new south wales except those in the southern river ##ina and the north of the state . units in queensland were also temporarily assigned to its control , pending the formation of northern area . central area ' s inaugural ao ##c was air commodore adrian " king " cole , who had also led no . 2 group . his senior air staff officer was wing commander alan charles ##worth . in may 1940 it was reported that the area ' s headquarters building would change from " mont loan ##a " in point piper to the mansion " ki ##lm ##ory "
| 939 |
[
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".",
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"=",
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"=",
"the",
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"'",
"s",
"area",
"command",
"structure",
"was",
"revised",
"in"
] | 1,941 |
nearby . cole handed over command of central area to air commodore bill anderson in december 1940 . by august 1941 , the raaf ' s expanding instructional program necessitated the establishment of over ##ar ##ching training organisations on a semi @ - @ functional , semi @ - @ geographical basis . accordingly , no . 2 ( training ) group was formed in sydney , taking responsibility for the training units then under central area , which was disbanded . control of other central area units was " divided as convenient " , according to the official history of the war , between northern and southern area commands . = = aftermath = = the raaf ' s area command structure was revised in
| 14 |
[
"1942",
",",
"following",
"the",
"outbreak",
"of",
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"pacific",
"war",
":",
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"and",
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",",
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"area",
",",
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",",
"making",
"a",
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".",
"in",
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"1943",
",",
"the",
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"command",
"out",
"of",
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"area",
",",
"which",
"by",
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"large",
"to",
"be",
"controlled",
"by",
"one",
"headquarters",
"and",
"therefore",
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"for",
"subdivision",
".",
"this",
"central",
"area",
"command",
"would",
"have",
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"responsible",
"for",
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"and",
"operational",
"units",
"in",
"southern",
"queensland",
".",
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"def",
"##erre",
"##d",
"its",
"decision",
"on",
"the",
"proposal",
".",
"the",
"concept",
"was",
"raised",
"again"
] | 1,942 |
1942 , following the outbreak of the pacific war : northern area was split into north @ - @ eastern area and north @ - @ western area , and a new command covering new south wales and southern queensland , eastern area , was created , making a total of five commands . in october 1943 , the air board proposed carving a new central area command out of eastern area , which by then was considered too large to be controlled by one headquarters and therefore ripe for subdivision . this central area command would have been responsible for training and operational units in southern queensland . the war cabinet def ##erre ##d its decision on the proposal . the concept was raised again
| 960 |
[
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"1944",
",",
"and",
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".",
"=",
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"##ake",
"=",
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"##ake",
",",
"corn",
"##cr",
"##ake",
"or",
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".",
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"and",
"asia",
"as",
"far",
"east",
"as",
"western",
"china",
",",
"and",
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"for",
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"-",
"@",
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"-",
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"@",
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"@",
"black",
"upper",
"##parts",
",",
"chestnut",
"markings",
"on",
"the",
"wings"
] | 1,943 |
in august 1944 , and this time the new central area command was to control maintenance units , as well as training and operations , in southern queensland . once again , nothing came of the proposal . = corn cr ##ake = the corn cr ##ake , corn ##cr ##ake or land ##rail ( cr ##ex cr ##ex ) is a bird in the rail family . it breeds in europe and asia as far east as western china , and migrate ##s to africa for the northern hemisphere ' s winter . it is a medium @ - @ sized cr ##ake with buff - or grey @ - @ streaked brownish @ - @ black upper ##parts , chestnut markings on the wings
| 545 |
[
",",
"and",
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"@",
"-",
"@",
"grey",
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"##parts",
"with",
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"@",
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"as",
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",",
"although",
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"s",
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"k",
"##rek",
"k",
"##rek",
",",
"from",
"which",
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".",
"the",
"corn",
"cr",
"##ake",
"is",
"larger",
"than",
"its",
"closest",
"relative",
","
] | 1,944 |
, and blue @ - @ grey under ##parts with rust @ - @ coloured and white bars on the flanks and under ##tail . the strong bill is flesh @ - @ toned , the iris is pale brown , and the legs and feet are pale grey . juveniles are similar in plumage to adults , and down ##y chicks are black , as with all rails . there are no subspecies , although individuals from the east of the breeding range tend to be slightly paler than their western counterparts . the male ' s call is a loud k ##rek k ##rek , from which the scientific name is derived . the corn cr ##ake is larger than its closest relative ,
| 545 |
[
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"cr",
"##ake",
",",
"which",
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",",
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",",
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"grounds",
".",
"this",
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"species",
"builds",
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"nest",
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"14",
"cream",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"coloured",
"eggs",
"which",
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"##us",
"b",
"##lot",
"##ches",
".",
"these",
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"19",
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"20",
"days",
",",
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"##co",
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"##ge",
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"about",
"five",
"weeks",
".",
"this",
"cr",
"##ake",
"is",
"in",
"steep",
"decline",
"across",
"much",
"of",
"its"
] | 1,945 |
the african cr ##ake , which shares its winter ##ing range ; that species is also darker @ - @ plumage ##d , and has a plain ##er face . the corn cr ##ake ' s breeding habitat is grassland , particularly hay ##fields , and it uses similar environments on the winter ##ing grounds . this secretive species builds a nest of grass leaves in a hollow in the ground and lays 6 – 14 cream @ - @ coloured eggs which are covered with ru ##fo ##us b ##lot ##ches . these hatch in 19 – 20 days , and the black pre ##co ##cial chicks fled ##ge after about five weeks . this cr ##ake is in steep decline across much of its
| 546 |
[
"former",
"breeding",
"range",
"because",
"modern",
"farming",
"practices",
"often",
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"before",
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".",
"the",
"corn",
"cr",
"##ake",
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",",
"the",
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"small",
"frog",
"or",
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",",
"and",
"plant",
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",",
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",",
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",",
"this",
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"range",
"and",
"large",
",",
"apparently",
"stable",
",",
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"in",
"russia",
"and",
"kazakhstan",
".",
"numbers",
"in",
"western",
"china",
"are",
"more",
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"than",
"previously",
"thought",
",",
"and",
"conservation",
"measures",
"have",
"facilitated",
"an",
"increased",
"population",
"in",
"some",
"countries",
"which",
"had",
"suffered",
"the"
] | 1,946 |
former breeding range because modern farming practices often destroy nests before breeding is completed . the corn cr ##ake is om ##nivorous but mainly feeds on invertebrates , the occasional small frog or mammal , and plant material including grass seed and cereal grain . natural threats include introduced and feral mammals , large birds , various parasites and diseases . although numbers have declined steep ##ly in western europe , this bird is classed as least concern on the iucn red list because of its huge range and large , apparently stable , populations in russia and kazakhstan . numbers in western china are more significant than previously thought , and conservation measures have facilitated an increased population in some countries which had suffered the
| 544 |
[
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"the",
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"the",
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".",
"although",
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",",
"the",
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"species",
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",",
"suggesting",
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"family",
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"there",
".",
"the",
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"cr",
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"is",
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",",
"but",
"the",
"closest",
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"corn",
"cr",
"##ake",
"is",
"the",
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"cr",
"##ake",
",",
"c",
".",
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"##gre",
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",",
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"##ec",
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",",
"but",
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"now",
"more",
"usually",
"placed"
] | 1,947 |
greatest losses . despite its elusive nature , the loud call has ensured the corn cr ##ake has been noted in literature , and garnered a range of local and dialect names . the rails are a bird family comprising nearly 150 species . although origins of the group are lost in antiquity , the largest number of species and least specialised forms are found in the old world , suggesting this family originated there . the taxonomy of the small cr ##akes is complicated , but the closest relative of the corn cr ##ake is the african cr ##ake , c . e ##gre ##gia , which has sometimes been given its own genus , cr ##ec ##opsis , but is now more usually placed
| 501 |
[
"in",
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"##e",
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"##ex",
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"naturalist",
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"or",
"##ni",
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"##ologist",
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"##tein",
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",",
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"##ex",
"pr",
"##ate",
"##nsis",
".",
"the",
"earlier",
"use",
"of",
"cr",
"##ex"
] | 1,948 |
in cr ##ex . both species are short @ - @ billed brown birds with a preference for grassland rather than wetland habitats typical of rails . por ##zan ##a cr ##akes , particularly the ash @ - @ throat ##ed cr ##ake ( por ##zan ##a al ##bic ##oll ##is ) are near relatives of the cr ##ex genus . corn cr ##akes were first described by linnaeus in his system ##a nat ##ura ##e in 1758 as ra ##llus cr ##ex , but was subsequently moved to the genus cr ##ex , created by german naturalist and or ##ni ##th ##ologist johann matt ##haus be ##chs ##tein in 1803 , and named cr ##ex pr ##ate ##nsis . the earlier use of cr ##ex
| 501 |
[
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",",
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"of",
"this",
"family",
"."
] | 1,949 |
gives it priority over be ##chs ##tein ' s specific name pr ##ate ##nsis , and leads to the current name of cr ##ex cr ##ex . the bin ##omi ##al name , cr ##ex cr ##ex , from the ancient greek " κ ##ρ ##ε ##ξ " , is ono ##mat ##op ##oe ##ic , referring to the cr ##ake ' s repetitive gr ##ating call . the common name was formerly sp ##elt as a single word , " corn ##cr ##ake " , but the official version is now " corn cr ##ake " . the english names refer to the species habit of nesting in dry hay or cereal fields , rather than marshes used by most members of this family .
| 508 |
[
"=",
"=",
"description",
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"=",
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",",
"neck",
"and",
"breast",
"are",
"blue",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"grey"
] | 1,950 |
= = description = = the corn cr ##ake is a medium @ - @ sized rail , 27 – 30 cm ( 11 – 12 in ) long with a wingspan of 42 – 53 cm ( 17 – 21 in ) . males weigh 165 g ( 5 @ . @ 8 oz ) on average and females 145 g ( 5 @ . @ 1 oz ) . the adult male has the crown of its head and all of its upper ##parts brown @ - @ black in colour , streaked with buff or grey . the wing covert ##s are a distinctive chestnut colour with some white bars . the face , neck and breast are blue @ - @ grey
| 541 |
[
",",
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"##parts",
",",
"and",
"the"
] | 1,951 |
, apart from a pale brown streak from the base of the bill to behind the eye , the belly is white , and the flanks , and under ##tail are barred with chestnut and white . the strong bill is flesh @ - @ coloured , the iris is pale brown , and the legs and feet are pale grey . compared to the male , the female has warmer @ - @ toned upper ##parts and a narrower dull ##er eye streak . outside the breeding season , the upper ##parts of both sexes become darker and the under ##parts less grey . the juvenile is like the adult in appearance , but has a yellow tone to its upper ##parts , and the
| 545 |
[
"grey",
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"under",
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",",
"as",
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"mo",
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",",
"which",
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"and",
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"mo",
"##ult",
"about",
"five",
"weeks"
] | 1,952 |
grey of the under ##parts is replaced with buff @ - @ brown . the chicks have black down , as with all rails . while there are no subspecies , all populations show great individual variation in colour ##ing , and the birds gradually become paler and grey ##er towards the east of the range . adults undergo a complete mo ##ult after breeding , which is normally finished by late august or early september , before migration to south eastern africa . there is a pre @ - @ breeding partial mo ##ult prior to the return from africa , mainly involving the plumage of the head , body and tail . young birds have a head and body mo ##ult about five weeks
| 544 |
[
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".",
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"cr",
"##ake",
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",",
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"wing",
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"and",
"winter",
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"any",
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",",
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"##mp",
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"##ric",
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",",
"different",
"under",
"##parts",
"patterns",
"and",
"shorter",
"bills",
".",
"a",
"flying"
] | 1,953 |
after hatch ##ing . the corn cr ##ake is sy ##mp ##at ##ric with the african cr ##ake on the winter ##ing grounds , but can be distinguished by its larger size , paler upper ##parts , ta ##wny upper ##wing and different under ##parts pattern . in flight , it has longer , less rounded wings , and shallow ##er wing ##beat ##s than its african relative , and shows a white leading edge to the inner wing . in both the breeding and winter ##ing ranges it is unlikely to be confused with any other rails , since sy ##mp ##at ##ric species are smaller , with white markings on the upper ##parts , different under ##parts patterns and shorter bills . a flying
| 545 |
[
"corn",
"cr",
"##ake",
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"##bird",
",",
"but",
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".",
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"km",
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"0",
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".",
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"93",
"mi",
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",",
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",",
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",",
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"in",
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"##isation",
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"mean",
"that",
"individual",
"males",
"can",
"be",
"distinguished",
"by",
"their",
"calls",
".",
"early"
] | 1,954 |
corn cr ##ake can resemble a game ##bird , but its chestnut wing pattern and dangling legs are diagnostic . on the breeding grounds , the male corn cr ##ake ' s advertising call is a loud , repetitive , gr ##ating k ##rek k ##rek normally delivered from a low perch with the bird ' s head and neck almost vertical and its bill wide open . the call can be heard from 1 @ . @ 5 km ( 0 @ . @ 93 mi ) away , and serves to establish the breeding territory , attract females , and challenge int ##rud ##ing males . slight differences in vocal ##isation ##s mean that individual males can be distinguished by their calls . early
| 540 |
[
"in",
"the",
"season",
",",
"the",
"call",
"is",
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"almost",
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"night",
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",",
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",",
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"season",
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"to",
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",",
"mechanical",
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"call",
"can",
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"a",
"piece",
"of",
"wood",
"down",
"a",
"notch",
"##ed",
"stick",
",",
"or",
"by"
] | 1,955 |
in the season , the call is given almost continuously at night , and often during the day , too . it may be repeated more than 20 @ , @ 000 times a night , with a peak between midnight and 3 am . the call has evolved to make a singing male ' s location clear , as this species hides in vegetation . the frequency of calling reduces after a few weeks but may int ##ens ##ify again near the end of the laying period before falling away towards the end of the breeding season . to attract males , mechanical imitation ##s of their call can be produced by rubbing a piece of wood down a notch ##ed stick , or by
| 541 |
[
"flicking",
"a",
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"card",
"against",
"a",
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"-",
"@",
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"-",
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"@",
"-",
"@",
"pee",
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"contact",
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",",
"and",
"a",
"chi"
] | 1,956 |
flicking a credit card against a comb or zip @ - @ fast ##ener . the male also has a growling call , given with the bill shut and used during aggressive interactions . the female corn cr ##ake may give a call that is similar to that of the male ; it also has a distinctive barking sound , similar in rhythm to the main call but without the gr ##ating quality . the female also has a high @ - @ pitched che ##ep call , and a o ##o @ - @ o ##o @ - @ o ##o sound to call the chick . the chicks make a quiet pee ##ick @ - @ pee ##ick contact call , and a chi
| 545 |
[
"##rp",
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"for",
"food",
".",
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"pm",
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"am",
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",",
"whereas",
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",",
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"-",
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"##cy",
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",",
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"80",
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"at",
"all",
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".",
"the",
"corn",
"cr",
"##ake",
"is",
"silent",
"in",
"africa"
] | 1,957 |
##rp used to beg for food . because of the difficulty in seeing this species , it is usually census ##ed by counting males calling between 11 pm and 3 am ; the birds do not move much at night , whereas they may wander up to 600 m ( 660 yd ) during the day , which could lead to double @ - @ counting if monitored then . identifying individual males suggests that just counting calling birds under ##est ##imate ##s the true count by nearly 30 % , and the disc ##re ##pan ##cy is likely to be greater , since only 80 % of males may call at all on a given night . the corn cr ##ake is silent in africa
| 540 |
[
".",
"=",
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",",
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"winters",
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"in",
"africa",
",",
"from",
"the",
"democratic",
"republic"
] | 1,958 |
. = = distribution and habitat = = the corn cr ##ake breeds from britain and ireland east through europe to central siberia . although it has vanished from much of its historic range , this bird was once found in suitable habitats in eu ##rasia everywhere between latitude ##s 41 ° n and 62 ° n . there is also a sizable population in western china , but this species nests only rarely in northern spain and in turkey . old claims of breeding in south africa are incorrect , and result from mis ##ide ##nti ##fication of eggs in a museum collection which are actually those of the african rail . the corn cr ##ake winters mainly in africa , from the democratic republic
| 545 |
[
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"@",
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".",
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"cr",
"##ake",
"migrate",
"##s",
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"africa",
"along",
"two"
] | 1,959 |
of the congo and central tanzania south to eastern south africa . north of this area , it is mainly seen on migration , but occasionally winters in north africa and to the west and north of its core area in southeast africa . most of the south african population of about 2 @ , @ 000 birds occurs in kw ##az ##ulu @ - @ natal and the former transvaal province , and numbers elsewhere in africa are uncertain . there are several nineteenth @ - @ century records , when populations were much higher than now , of birds being seen in western europe , mainly britain and ireland , between december and february . this cr ##ake migrate ##s to africa along two
| 543 |
[
"main",
"routes",
":",
"a",
"western",
"route",
"through",
"morocco",
"and",
"algeria",
",",
"and",
"a",
"more",
"important",
"fly",
"##way",
"through",
"egypt",
".",
"on",
"passage",
",",
"it",
"has",
"been",
"recorded",
"in",
"most",
"countries",
"between",
"its",
"breeding",
"and",
"winter",
"##ing",
"ranges",
",",
"including",
"much",
"of",
"west",
"africa",
".",
"birds",
"from",
"col",
"##l",
"following",
"the",
"western",
"route",
"paused",
"in",
"west",
"africa",
"on",
"their",
"way",
"further",
"south",
",",
"and",
"again",
"on",
"the",
"return",
"flight",
",",
"when",
"they",
"also",
"rested",
"in",
"spain",
"or",
"north",
"africa",
".",
"eastern",
"migrants",
"have",
"been",
"recorded",
"in",
"those",
"parts",
"of",
"southern",
"asia",
"that",
"lie",
"between",
"the",
"east",
"of",
"the",
"breeding",
"range",
"and",
"africa",
".",
"further",
"afi",
"##eld",
",",
"the",
"corn",
"cr",
"##ake",
"has",
"been",
"recorded",
"as",
"a",
"va",
"##grant",
"to",
"sri",
"lanka",
",",
"vietnam",
"and",
"australia",
",",
"the"
] | 1,960 |
main routes : a western route through morocco and algeria , and a more important fly ##way through egypt . on passage , it has been recorded in most countries between its breeding and winter ##ing ranges , including much of west africa . birds from col ##l following the western route paused in west africa on their way further south , and again on the return flight , when they also rested in spain or north africa . eastern migrants have been recorded in those parts of southern asia that lie between the east of the breeding range and africa . further afi ##eld , the corn cr ##ake has been recorded as a va ##grant to sri lanka , vietnam and australia , the
| 544 |
[
"seychelles",
",",
"bermuda",
",",
"canada",
",",
"the",
"us",
",",
"greenland",
",",
"iceland",
",",
"the",
"far",
"##oes",
",",
"the",
"azores",
",",
"madeira",
",",
"and",
"the",
"canary",
"islands",
".",
"the",
"corn",
"cr",
"##ake",
"is",
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"a",
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"species",
",",
"but",
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"1",
"@",
",",
"@",
"400",
"m",
"(",
"4",
"@",
",",
"@",
"600",
"ft",
")",
"altitude",
"in",
"the",
"alps",
",",
"2",
"@",
",",
"@",
"700",
"m",
"(",
"8",
"@",
",",
"@",
"900",
"ft",
")",
"in",
"china",
"and",
"3",
"@",
",",
"@",
"000",
"m",
"(",
"9",
"@",
",",
"@",
"800",
"ft",
")",
"in",
"russia",
".",
"when",
"breeding",
"in",
"eu",
"##rasia",
",",
"the",
"corn",
"cr",
"##ake",
"'",
"s",
"habitats",
"would",
"originally",
"have",
"included",
"river",
"meadows",
"with",
"tall",
"grass",
"and",
"meadow",
"plants",
"including",
"se",
"##dge",
"##s",
"and",
"iris",
"##es"
] | 1,961 |
seychelles , bermuda , canada , the us , greenland , iceland , the far ##oes , the azores , madeira , and the canary islands . the corn cr ##ake is mainly a lowland species , but breeds up to 1 @ , @ 400 m ( 4 @ , @ 600 ft ) altitude in the alps , 2 @ , @ 700 m ( 8 @ , @ 900 ft ) in china and 3 @ , @ 000 m ( 9 @ , @ 800 ft ) in russia . when breeding in eu ##rasia , the corn cr ##ake ' s habitats would originally have included river meadows with tall grass and meadow plants including se ##dge ##s and iris ##es
| 532 |
[
".",
"it",
"is",
"now",
"mainly",
"found",
"in",
"cool",
"moist",
"grassland",
"used",
"for",
"the",
"production",
"of",
"hay",
",",
"particularly",
"moist",
"traditional",
"farmland",
"with",
"limited",
"cutting",
"or",
"fe",
"##rti",
"##lis",
"##er",
"use",
".",
"it",
"also",
"ut",
"##ilis",
"##es",
"other",
"tree",
"##less",
"grasslands",
"in",
"mountains",
"or",
"tai",
"##ga",
",",
"on",
"coasts",
",",
"or",
"where",
"created",
"by",
"fire",
".",
"moist",
"##er",
"areas",
"like",
"wetland",
"edges",
"may",
"be",
"used",
",",
"but",
"very",
"wet",
"habitats",
"are",
"avoided",
",",
"as",
"are",
"open",
"areas",
"and",
"those",
"with",
"vegetation",
"more",
"than",
"50",
"cm",
"(",
"20",
"in",
")",
"tall",
",",
"or",
"too",
"dense",
"to",
"walk",
"through",
".",
"the",
"odd",
"bush",
"or",
"hedge",
"may",
"be",
"used",
"as",
"a",
"calling",
"post",
".",
"grassland",
"which",
"is",
"not",
"mo",
"##wn",
"or",
"grazed",
"becomes",
"too",
"matt",
"##ed",
"to",
"be",
"suitable",
"for"
] | 1,962 |
. it is now mainly found in cool moist grassland used for the production of hay , particularly moist traditional farmland with limited cutting or fe ##rti ##lis ##er use . it also ut ##ilis ##es other tree ##less grasslands in mountains or tai ##ga , on coasts , or where created by fire . moist ##er areas like wetland edges may be used , but very wet habitats are avoided , as are open areas and those with vegetation more than 50 cm ( 20 in ) tall , or too dense to walk through . the odd bush or hedge may be used as a calling post . grassland which is not mo ##wn or grazed becomes too matt ##ed to be suitable for
| 530 |
[
"nesting",
",",
"but",
"locally",
"crops",
"such",
"as",
"cereal",
"##s",
",",
"peas",
",",
"rape",
",",
"clover",
"or",
"potatoes",
"may",
"be",
"used",
".",
"after",
"breeding",
",",
"adults",
"move",
"to",
"taller",
"vegetation",
"such",
"as",
"common",
"reed",
",",
"iris",
",",
"or",
"net",
"##tle",
"##s",
"to",
"mo",
"##ult",
",",
"returning",
"to",
"the",
"hay",
"and",
"si",
"##lage",
"meadows",
"for",
"the",
"second",
"brood",
".",
"in",
"china",
",",
"fl",
"##ax",
"is",
"also",
"used",
"for",
"nest",
"sites",
".",
"although",
"males",
"often",
"sing",
"in",
"intensive",
"##ly",
"managed",
"grass",
"or",
"cereal",
"crops",
",",
"successful",
"breeding",
"is",
"uncommon",
",",
"and",
"nests",
"in",
"the",
"field",
"margins",
"or",
"nearby",
"fall",
"##ow",
"ground",
"are",
"more",
"likely",
"to",
"succeed",
".",
"when",
"winter",
"##ing",
"in",
"africa",
",",
"the",
"corn",
"cr",
"##ake",
"occupies",
"dry",
"grassland",
"and",
"savanna",
"habitats",
",",
"occurring",
"in",
"vegetation",
"30",
"–"
] | 1,963 |
nesting , but locally crops such as cereal ##s , peas , rape , clover or potatoes may be used . after breeding , adults move to taller vegetation such as common reed , iris , or net ##tle ##s to mo ##ult , returning to the hay and si ##lage meadows for the second brood . in china , fl ##ax is also used for nest sites . although males often sing in intensive ##ly managed grass or cereal crops , successful breeding is uncommon , and nests in the field margins or nearby fall ##ow ground are more likely to succeed . when winter ##ing in africa , the corn cr ##ake occupies dry grassland and savanna habitats , occurring in vegetation 30 –
| 546 |
[
"200",
"cm",
"(",
"0",
"@",
".",
"@",
"98",
"–",
"6",
"@",
".",
"@",
"56",
"ft",
")",
"tall",
",",
"including",
"seasonal",
"##ly",
"burnt",
"areas",
"and",
"occasionally",
"se",
"##dge",
"##s",
"or",
"reed",
"beds",
".",
"it",
"is",
"also",
"found",
"on",
"fall",
"##ow",
"and",
"abandoned",
"fields",
",",
"un",
"##cut",
"grass",
"on",
"airfields",
",",
"and",
"the",
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".",
"it",
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"up",
"to",
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"least",
"1",
"@",
",",
"@",
"750",
"metres",
"(",
"5",
"@",
",",
"@",
"740",
"ft",
")",
"altitude",
"in",
"south",
"africa",
".",
"each",
"bird",
"stays",
"within",
"a",
"fairly",
"small",
"area",
".",
"although",
"it",
"sometimes",
"occurs",
"with",
"the",
"african",
"cr",
"##ake",
",",
"that",
"species",
"normally",
"prefers",
"moist",
"##er",
"and",
"shorter",
"grassland",
"habitats",
"than",
"does",
"the",
"corn",
"cr",
"##ake",
".",
"on",
"migration",
",",
"the",
"corn",
"cr",
"##ake",
"may",
"also"
] | 1,964 |
200 cm ( 0 @ . @ 98 – 6 @ . @ 56 ft ) tall , including seasonal ##ly burnt areas and occasionally se ##dge ##s or reed beds . it is also found on fall ##ow and abandoned fields , un ##cut grass on airfields , and the edges of crops . it occurs at up to at least 1 @ , @ 750 metres ( 5 @ , @ 740 ft ) altitude in south africa . each bird stays within a fairly small area . although it sometimes occurs with the african cr ##ake , that species normally prefers moist ##er and shorter grassland habitats than does the corn cr ##ake . on migration , the corn cr ##ake may also
| 528 |
[
"occur",
"in",
"wheat",
"##fields",
"and",
"around",
"golf",
"courses",
".",
"=",
"=",
"behaviour",
"=",
"=",
"the",
"corn",
"cr",
"##ake",
"is",
"a",
"difficult",
"bird",
"to",
"see",
"in",
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"breeding",
"sites",
",",
"usually",
"being",
"hidden",
"by",
"vegetation",
",",
"but",
"will",
"sometimes",
"emerge",
"into",
"the",
"open",
".",
"occasionally",
",",
"individuals",
"may",
"become",
"very",
"trusting",
";",
"for",
"five",
"consecutive",
"summers",
",",
"an",
"individual",
"cr",
"##ake",
"on",
"the",
"scottish",
"island",
"of",
"tire",
"##e",
"entered",
"a",
"kitchen",
"to",
"feed",
"on",
"scrap",
"##s",
",",
"and",
",",
"in",
"1999",
",",
"a",
"winter",
"##ing",
"barr",
"##a",
"bird",
"would",
"come",
"for",
"poultry",
"feed",
"once",
"the",
"chickens",
"had",
"finished",
".",
"in",
"africa",
",",
"it",
"is",
"more",
"secretive",
"than",
"the",
"african",
"cr",
"##ake",
",",
"and",
",",
"unlike",
"its",
"relative",
",",
"it",
"is",
"rarely",
"seen",
"in",
"the",
"open",
",",
"although"
] | 1,965 |
occur in wheat ##fields and around golf courses . = = behaviour = = the corn cr ##ake is a difficult bird to see in its breeding sites , usually being hidden by vegetation , but will sometimes emerge into the open . occasionally , individuals may become very trusting ; for five consecutive summers , an individual cr ##ake on the scottish island of tire ##e entered a kitchen to feed on scrap ##s , and , in 1999 , a winter ##ing barr ##a bird would come for poultry feed once the chickens had finished . in africa , it is more secretive than the african cr ##ake , and , unlike its relative , it is rarely seen in the open , although
| 545 |
[
"it",
"occasionally",
"feeds",
"on",
"tracks",
"or",
"road",
"sides",
".",
"the",
"corn",
"cr",
"##ake",
"is",
"most",
"active",
"early",
"and",
"late",
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"the",
"day",
",",
"after",
"heavy",
"rain",
"and",
"during",
"light",
"rain",
".",
"its",
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"is",
"weak",
"and",
"fluttering",
",",
"although",
"less",
"so",
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"that",
"of",
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"cr",
"##ake",
".",
"for",
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",",
"such",
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",",
"it",
"has",
"a",
"ste",
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"##er",
",",
"stronger",
"action",
"with",
"legs",
"drawn",
"up",
".",
"it",
"walks",
"with",
"a",
"high",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"stepping",
"action",
",",
"and",
"can",
"run",
"swiftly",
"through",
"grass",
"with",
"its",
"body",
"held",
"horizontal",
"and",
"lateral",
"##ly",
"flattened",
".",
"it",
"will",
"swim",
"if",
"essential",
".",
"when",
"flushed",
"by",
"a",
"dog",
",",
"it",
"will",
"fly",
"less",
"than",
"50",
"m",
"(",
"160",
"ft",
")",
",",
"frequently",
"landing",
"behind"
] | 1,966 |
it occasionally feeds on tracks or road sides . the corn cr ##ake is most active early and late in the day , after heavy rain and during light rain . its typical flight is weak and fluttering , although less so than that of the african cr ##ake . for longer flights , such as migration , it has a ste ##adi ##er , stronger action with legs drawn up . it walks with a high @ - @ stepping action , and can run swiftly through grass with its body held horizontal and lateral ##ly flattened . it will swim if essential . when flushed by a dog , it will fly less than 50 m ( 160 ft ) , frequently landing behind
| 523 |
[
"a",
"bush",
"or",
"thick",
"##et",
",",
"and",
"then",
"crouch",
"on",
"landing",
".",
"if",
"disturbed",
"in",
"the",
"open",
",",
"this",
"cr",
"##ake",
"will",
"often",
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"in",
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"crouch",
"for",
"a",
"short",
"distance",
",",
"with",
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"neck",
"stretched",
"forward",
",",
"then",
"stand",
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"intruder",
".",
"when",
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"it",
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"death",
",",
"recovering",
"at",
"once",
"if",
"it",
"sees",
"a",
"way",
"out",
".",
"the",
"corn",
"cr",
"##ake",
"is",
"solitary",
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"winter",
"##ing",
"grounds",
",",
"where",
"each",
"bird",
"occupies",
"4",
"@",
".",
"@",
"2",
"–",
"4",
"@",
".",
"@",
"9",
"ha",
"(",
"10",
"–",
"12",
"acres",
")",
"at",
"one",
"time",
",",
"although",
"the",
"total",
"area",
"used",
"may",
"be",
"double",
"that",
",",
"since",
"an",
"individual",
"may",
"move",
"locally",
"due",
"to",
"flooding",
",",
"plant",
"growth",
",",
"or"
] | 1,967 |
a bush or thick ##et , and then crouch on landing . if disturbed in the open , this cr ##ake will often run in a crouch for a short distance , with its neck stretched forward , then stand upright to watch the intruder . when captured it may fei ##gn death , recovering at once if it sees a way out . the corn cr ##ake is solitary on the winter ##ing grounds , where each bird occupies 4 @ . @ 2 – 4 @ . @ 9 ha ( 10 – 12 acres ) at one time , although the total area used may be double that , since an individual may move locally due to flooding , plant growth , or
| 531 |
[
"grass",
"cutting",
".",
"flock",
"##s",
"of",
"up",
"to",
"40",
"birds",
"may",
"form",
"on",
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",",
"sometimes",
"ass",
"##oc",
"##iating",
"with",
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"qu",
"##ail",
"##s",
".",
"migration",
"takes",
"place",
"at",
"night",
",",
"and",
"flock",
"##s",
"resting",
"during",
"the",
"day",
"may",
"aggregate",
"to",
"hundreds",
"of",
"birds",
"at",
"favoured",
"sites",
".",
"the",
"ability",
"to",
"migrate",
"is",
"innate",
",",
"not",
"learned",
"from",
"adults",
".",
"chicks",
"raised",
"from",
"birds",
"kept",
"in",
"captivity",
"for",
"ten",
"generations",
"were",
"able",
"to",
"migrate",
"to",
"africa",
"and",
"return",
"with",
"similar",
"success",
"to",
"wild",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"bred",
"young",
".",
"until",
"1995",
",",
"it",
"was",
"assumed",
"that",
"the",
"corn",
"cr",
"##ake",
"is",
"mono",
"##gam",
"##ous",
",",
"but",
"it",
"trans",
"##pire",
"##s",
"that",
"a",
"male",
"may",
"have",
"a",
"shifting",
"home",
"range",
",",
"and",
"mate",
"with",
"two",
"or",
"more"
] | 1,968 |
grass cutting . flock ##s of up to 40 birds may form on migration , sometimes ass ##oc ##iating with common qu ##ail ##s . migration takes place at night , and flock ##s resting during the day may aggregate to hundreds of birds at favoured sites . the ability to migrate is innate , not learned from adults . chicks raised from birds kept in captivity for ten generations were able to migrate to africa and return with similar success to wild @ - @ bred young . until 1995 , it was assumed that the corn cr ##ake is mono ##gam ##ous , but it trans ##pire ##s that a male may have a shifting home range , and mate with two or more
| 543 |
[
"females",
",",
"moving",
"on",
"when",
"laying",
"is",
"almost",
"complete",
".",
"the",
"male",
"'",
"s",
"territory",
"can",
"vary",
"from",
"3",
"to",
"51",
"ha",
"(",
"7",
"@",
".",
"@",
"4",
"to",
"126",
"@",
".",
"@",
"0",
"acres",
")",
",",
"but",
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"15",
"@",
".",
"@",
"7",
"ha",
"(",
"39",
"acres",
")",
".",
"the",
"female",
"has",
"a",
"much",
"smaller",
"range",
",",
"averaging",
"only",
"5",
"@",
".",
"@",
"5",
"ha",
"(",
"14",
"acres",
")",
".",
"a",
"male",
"will",
"challenge",
"an",
"intruder",
"by",
"calling",
"with",
"his",
"wings",
"dr",
"##ooped",
"and",
"his",
"head",
"pointing",
"forward",
".",
"usually",
"the",
"stranger",
"moves",
"off",
";",
"if",
"it",
"stays",
",",
"the",
"two",
"birds",
"square",
"up",
"with",
"heads",
"and",
"necks",
"raised",
"and",
"the",
"wings",
"touching",
"the",
"ground",
".",
"they",
"then",
"run",
"around",
"giving",
"the",
"growling",
"call",
"and"
] | 1,969 |
females , moving on when laying is almost complete . the male ' s territory can vary from 3 to 51 ha ( 7 @ . @ 4 to 126 @ . @ 0 acres ) , but averages 15 @ . @ 7 ha ( 39 acres ) . the female has a much smaller range , averaging only 5 @ . @ 5 ha ( 14 acres ) . a male will challenge an intruder by calling with his wings dr ##ooped and his head pointing forward . usually the stranger moves off ; if it stays , the two birds square up with heads and necks raised and the wings touching the ground . they then run around giving the growling call and
| 541 |
[
"lung",
"##ing",
"at",
"each",
"other",
".",
"a",
"real",
"fight",
"may",
"en",
"##su",
"##e",
",",
"with",
"the",
"birds",
"leaping",
"at",
"each",
"other",
"and",
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",",
"and",
"sometimes",
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".",
"females",
"play",
"no",
"part",
"in",
"defending",
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"territory",
".",
"the",
"female",
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"during",
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".",
"he",
"has",
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"display",
"in",
"which",
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"neck",
"is",
"extended",
"and",
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"head",
"held",
"down",
",",
"the",
"tail",
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"##ned",
",",
"and",
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"are",
"spread",
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"ground",
".",
"he",
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"attempt",
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"the",
"female",
"from",
"behind",
",",
"and",
"then",
"leap",
"on",
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"back",
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".",
"the",
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",",
"sometimes",
"in",
"safer",
"sites",
"along",
"a",
"hedge",
",",
"or",
"near",
"an",
"isolated"
] | 1,970 |
lung ##ing at each other . a real fight may en ##su ##e , with the birds leaping at each other and peck ##ing , and sometimes kicking . females play no part in defending the territory . the female may be offered food by the male during courtship . he has a brief courtship display in which the neck is extended and the head held down , the tail is fan ##ned , and the wings are spread with the tips touching the ground . he will then attempt to approach the female from behind , and then leap on her back to cop ##ulate . the nest is typically in grassland , sometimes in safer sites along a hedge , or near an isolated
| 542 |
[
"tree",
"or",
"bush",
",",
"or",
"in",
"overgrown",
"vegetation",
".",
"where",
"grass",
"is",
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"tall",
"enough",
"at",
"the",
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"of",
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"season",
",",
"the",
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"at",
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"to",
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"@",
"-",
"@",
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"hill",
".",
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"well",
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"the",
"grass",
",",
"is",
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"a",
"scrape",
"or",
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".",
"it",
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"woven",
"coarse",
"dry",
"grass",
"and",
"other",
"plants",
",",
"and",
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"grasses",
".",
"although",
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"construction",
"is",
"usually",
"described",
"as",
"undertaken",
"by",
"the",
"female",
",",
"a",
"recent",
"av",
"##iary"
] | 1,971 |
tree or bush , or in overgrown vegetation . where grass is not tall enough at the start of the season , the first nest may be constructed in herb ##y or marsh vegetation , with the second brood in hay . the second nest may also be at a higher altitude that the first , to take advantage of the later @ - @ developing grasses further up a hill . the nest , well hidden in the grass , is built in a scrape or hollow in the ground . it is made of woven coarse dry grass and other plants , and lined with finer grasses . although nest construction is usually described as undertaken by the female , a recent av ##iary
| 546 |
[
"study",
"found",
"that",
"in",
"the",
"captive",
"population",
"the",
"male",
"always",
"built",
"the",
"nest",
".",
"the",
"nest",
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"–",
"15",
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"4",
"@",
".",
"@",
"7",
"–",
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"@",
".",
"@",
"9",
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"in",
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"–",
"4",
"cm",
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"@",
".",
"@",
"2",
"–",
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"@",
".",
"@",
"6",
"in",
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"deep",
".",
"the",
"clutch",
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"–",
"14",
",",
"usually",
"8",
"–",
"12",
"eggs",
";",
"these",
"are",
"oval",
",",
"slightly",
"glossy",
",",
"creamy",
"or",
"tinted",
"with",
"green",
",",
"blue",
"or",
"grey",
",",
"and",
"b",
"##lot",
"##ched",
"red",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"brown",
".",
"they",
"average",
"37",
"mm",
"×",
"26",
"mm",
"(",
"1",
"@",
".",
"@",
"5",
"in",
"×",
"1",
"@",
".",
"@",
"0",
"in",
")",
"and",
"weigh",
"about",
"13",
"–",
"16"
] | 1,972 |
study found that in the captive population the male always built the nest . the nest is 12 – 15 cm ( 4 @ . @ 7 – 5 @ . @ 9 in ) in diameter and 3 – 4 cm ( 1 @ . @ 2 – 1 @ . @ 6 in ) deep . the clutch is 6 – 14 , usually 8 – 12 eggs ; these are oval , slightly glossy , creamy or tinted with green , blue or grey , and b ##lot ##ched red @ - @ brown . they average 37 mm × 26 mm ( 1 @ . @ 5 in × 1 @ . @ 0 in ) and weigh about 13 – 16
| 546 |
[
"g",
"(",
"0",
"@",
".",
"@",
"46",
"–",
"0",
"@",
".",
"@",
"56",
"oz",
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",",
"of",
"which",
"7",
"%",
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"eggs",
"are",
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"at",
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",",
"but",
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"clutches",
"may",
"sometimes",
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"two",
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"per",
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".",
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"##uba",
"##tion",
"is",
"by",
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"female",
"only",
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"her",
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"when",
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",",
"or",
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",",
"leads",
"to",
"many",
"deaths",
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"hay",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"cutting",
"and",
"harvesting",
".",
"the",
"eggs",
"hatch",
"together",
"after",
"19",
"–",
"20",
"days",
",",
"and",
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"pre",
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"chicks",
"leave",
"the",
"nest",
"within",
"a",
"day",
"or",
"two",
".",
"they",
"are",
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"by",
"the",
"female",
"for",
"three",
"or",
"four",
"days",
",",
"but",
"can",
"find",
"their",
"own",
"food",
"thereafter"
] | 1,973 |
g ( 0 @ . @ 46 – 0 @ . @ 56 oz ) , of which 7 % is shell . the eggs are laid at daily intervals , but second clutches may sometimes have two eggs added per day . inc ##uba ##tion is by the female only ; her tendency to sit tight when disturbed , or wait until the last moment to flee , leads to many deaths during hay @ - @ cutting and harvesting . the eggs hatch together after 19 – 20 days , and the pre ##co ##cial chicks leave the nest within a day or two . they are fed by the female for three or four days , but can find their own food thereafter
| 546 |
[
".",
"the",
"juveniles",
"fled",
"##ge",
"after",
"34",
"–",
"38",
"days",
".",
"the",
"second",
"brood",
"is",
"started",
"about",
"42",
"days",
"after",
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"first",
",",
"and",
"the",
"inc",
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"##tion",
"period",
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"shorter",
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"16",
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"18",
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".",
"the",
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"young",
"may",
"stay",
"with",
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"female",
"until",
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"for",
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".",
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"##ist",
"##urbed",
"sites",
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",",
"at",
"80",
"–",
"90",
"%",
",",
"but",
"much",
"lower",
"in",
"fe",
"##rti",
"##lis",
"##ed",
"meadows",
"and",
"on",
"arab",
"##le",
"land",
".",
"the",
"method",
"and",
"timing",
"of",
"mo",
"##wing",
"is",
"crucial",
";",
"mechanized",
"mo",
"##wing",
"can",
"kill",
"38",
"–",
"95",
"%",
"of",
"chicks",
"in",
"a",
"given",
"site",
",",
"and",
"losses",
"average",
"50",
"%",
"of",
"first",
"brood",
"chicks",
"and",
"somewhat",
"less",
"than",
"40",
"%",
"of",
"second",
"brood"
] | 1,974 |
. the juveniles fled ##ge after 34 – 38 days . the second brood is started about 42 days after the first , and the inc ##uba ##tion period is slightly shorter at 16 – 18 days . the grown young may stay with the female until departure for africa . nest success in und ##ist ##urbed sites is high , at 80 – 90 % , but much lower in fe ##rti ##lis ##ed meadows and on arab ##le land . the method and timing of mo ##wing is crucial ; mechanized mo ##wing can kill 38 – 95 % of chicks in a given site , and losses average 50 % of first brood chicks and somewhat less than 40 % of second brood
| 546 |
[
"chicks",
".",
"the",
"influence",
"of",
"weather",
"on",
"chick",
"survival",
"is",
"limited",
";",
"although",
"chick",
"growth",
"is",
"faster",
"in",
"dry",
"or",
"warm",
"weather",
",",
"the",
"effects",
"are",
"relatively",
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".",
"unlike",
"many",
"pre",
"##co",
"##cial",
"species",
",",
"chicks",
"are",
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"their",
"mother",
"to",
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"greater",
"or",
"lesser",
"extent",
"until",
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"independent",
",",
"and",
"this",
"may",
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"from",
"adverse",
"conditions",
".",
"the",
"number",
"of",
"live",
"chicks",
"hatch",
"##ed",
"is",
"more",
"important",
"than",
"the",
"weather",
",",
"with",
"lower",
"survival",
"in",
"large",
"brood",
"##s",
".",
"the",
"annual",
"adult",
"survival",
"rate",
"is",
"under",
"30",
"%",
",",
"although",
"some",
"individuals",
"may",
"live",
"for",
"5",
"–",
"7",
"years",
".",
"the",
"corn",
"cr",
"##ake",
"is",
"om",
"##nivorous",
",",
"but",
"mainly",
"feeds",
"on",
"invertebrates",
",",
"including",
"earth",
"##worm",
"##s",
",",
"slug",
"##s"
] | 1,975 |
chicks . the influence of weather on chick survival is limited ; although chick growth is faster in dry or warm weather , the effects are relatively small . unlike many pre ##co ##cial species , chicks are fed by their mother to a greater or lesser extent until they become independent , and this may cushion them from adverse conditions . the number of live chicks hatch ##ed is more important than the weather , with lower survival in large brood ##s . the annual adult survival rate is under 30 % , although some individuals may live for 5 – 7 years . the corn cr ##ake is om ##nivorous , but mainly feeds on invertebrates , including earth ##worm ##s , slug ##s
| 546 |
[
"and",
"snails",
",",
"spiders",
",",
"beetles",
",",
"dragon",
"##flies",
",",
"grass",
"##hopper",
"##s",
"and",
"other",
"insects",
".",
"in",
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"areas",
",",
"it",
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"a",
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"of",
"sit",
"##ona",
"wee",
"##vil",
"##s",
",",
"which",
"in",
"##fest",
"leg",
"##ume",
"crops",
".",
"and",
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"past",
"consumed",
"large",
"amounts",
"of",
"the",
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"##s",
",",
"leather",
"##jack",
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"and",
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"##worm",
"##s",
".",
"this",
"cr",
"##ake",
"will",
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"eat",
"small",
"frogs",
"and",
"mammals",
",",
"and",
"plant",
"material",
"including",
"grass",
"seed",
"and",
"cereal",
"grain",
".",
"its",
"diet",
"on",
"the",
"winter",
"##ing",
"grounds",
"is",
"generally",
"similar",
",",
"but",
"includes",
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"available",
"items",
"such",
"as",
"term",
"##ites",
",",
"cock",
"##ro",
"##ache",
"##s",
"and",
"dung",
"beetles",
".",
"food",
"is",
"taken",
"from",
"the",
"ground",
",",
"low",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"growing",
"plants",
"and"
] | 1,976 |
and snails , spiders , beetles , dragon ##flies , grass ##hopper ##s and other insects . in the breeding areas , it is a predator of sit ##ona wee ##vil ##s , which in ##fest leg ##ume crops . and in the past consumed large amounts of the former grassland pest ##s , leather ##jack ##ets and wire ##worm ##s . this cr ##ake will also eat small frogs and mammals , and plant material including grass seed and cereal grain . its diet on the winter ##ing grounds is generally similar , but includes locally available items such as term ##ites , cock ##ro ##ache ##s and dung beetles . food is taken from the ground , low @ - @ growing plants and
| 545 |
[
"from",
"inside",
"grass",
"tu",
"##sso",
"##cks",
";",
"the",
"cr",
"##ake",
"may",
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",",
"and",
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"of",
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".",
"hunting",
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"in",
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",",
"but",
",",
"particularly",
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"the",
"winter",
"##ing",
"areas",
",",
"it",
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"grassy",
"tracks",
"or",
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"roads",
".",
"ind",
"##ige",
"##sti",
"##ble",
"material",
"is",
"reg",
"##urg",
"##itated",
"as",
"1",
"cm",
"(",
"0",
"@",
".",
"@",
"39",
"in",
")",
"pe",
"##llet",
"##s",
".",
"chicks",
"are",
"fed",
"mainly",
"on",
"animal",
"food",
",",
"and",
"when",
"fully",
"grown",
"they",
"may",
"fly",
"with",
"the",
"parents",
"up",
"to",
"6",
"@",
".",
"@",
"4",
"km",
"(",
"4",
"@",
".",
"@",
"0",
"mi",
")",
"to",
"visit",
"supplementary",
"feeding",
"areas",
".",
"as",
"with",
"other",
"rails",
",",
"grit",
"is",
"swallowed",
"to",
"help"
] | 1,977 |
from inside grass tu ##sso ##cks ; the cr ##ake may search leaf litter with its bill , and run in pursuit of active prey . hunting is normally in cover , but , particularly in the winter ##ing areas , it will occasionally feed on grassy tracks or dirt roads . ind ##ige ##sti ##ble material is reg ##urg ##itated as 1 cm ( 0 @ . @ 39 in ) pe ##llet ##s . chicks are fed mainly on animal food , and when fully grown they may fly with the parents up to 6 @ . @ 4 km ( 4 @ . @ 0 mi ) to visit supplementary feeding areas . as with other rails , grit is swallowed to help
| 545 |
[
"break",
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"in",
"the",
"stomach",
".",
"=",
"=",
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"=",
"=",
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"include",
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"and",
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",",
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",",
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",",
"and",
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"hooded",
"crow",
".",
"in",
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",",
"the",
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"dog",
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"also",
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"cr",
"##akes",
".",
"when",
"chicks",
"are",
"exposed",
"by",
"rapid",
"mo",
"##wing",
",",
"they",
"may",
"be",
"taken",
"by",
"large",
"birds",
"including",
"the",
"white",
"st",
"##or",
"##k",
",",
"ha",
"##rrier",
"##s",
"and",
"other",
"birds",
"of",
"prey",
",",
"gu",
"##lls",
"and",
"co",
"##r",
"##vid",
"##s",
".",
"at",
"und",
"##ist",
"##urbed",
"sites",
"nests",
"and",
"brood",
"##s",
"are",
"rarely",
"attacked",
",",
"as",
"reflected"
] | 1,978 |
break up food in the stomach . = = predators and parasites = = predators on the breeding grounds include feral and domestic cats , introduced american min ##k , feral fe ##rret ##s , otter ##s and red foxes , and birds including the common buzz ##ard and hooded crow . in lithuania , the introduced ra ##cco ##on dog has also been recorded as taking corn cr ##akes . when chicks are exposed by rapid mo ##wing , they may be taken by large birds including the white st ##or ##k , ha ##rrier ##s and other birds of prey , gu ##lls and co ##r ##vid ##s . at und ##ist ##urbed sites nests and brood ##s are rarely attacked , as reflected
| 543 |
[
"in",
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"breeding",
"success",
".",
"there",
"is",
"a",
"record",
"of",
"a",
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"cr",
"##ake",
"on",
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"through",
"gabon",
"being",
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"by",
"a",
"black",
"sparrow",
"##hawk",
".",
"the",
"widespread",
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"##vat",
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",",
"which",
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"of",
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",",
"has",
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"cr",
"##ake",
",",
"as",
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"the",
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"pl",
"##agi",
"##or",
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"el",
"##egan",
"##s",
",",
"the",
"larvae",
"of",
"parasitic",
"flies",
",",
"and",
"hard",
"tick",
"##s",
"of",
"the",
"genera",
"ha",
"##ema",
"##phy",
"##sal",
"##is",
"and",
"ix",
"##odes",
".",
"during",
"the",
"rein",
"##tro",
"##duction",
"of",
"corn",
"cr",
"##akes",
"to",
"england",
"in",
"the",
"2003",
"breeding",
"season",
",",
"enter",
"##itis",
"and",
"ill",
"health",
"in",
"pre",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"release",
"birds",
"was"
] | 1,979 |
in a high breeding success . there is a record of a corn cr ##ake on migration through gabon being killed by a black sparrow ##hawk . the widespread flu ##ke pro ##st ##hog ##oni ##mus o ##vat ##us , which lives in the o ##vid ##uc ##ts of birds , has been recorded in the corn cr ##ake , as have the parasitic worm pl ##agi ##or ##chi ##s el ##egan ##s , the larvae of parasitic flies , and hard tick ##s of the genera ha ##ema ##phy ##sal ##is and ix ##odes . during the rein ##tro ##duction of corn cr ##akes to england in the 2003 breeding season , enter ##itis and ill health in pre @ - @ release birds was
| 544 |
[
"due",
"to",
"bacteria",
"of",
"a",
"pathogen",
"##ic",
"camp",
"##yl",
"##ob",
"##act",
"##er",
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".",
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",",
"micro",
"##biology",
"tests",
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"and",
"to",
"find",
"the",
"source",
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"bacteria",
"in",
"their",
"environment",
".",
"until",
"2010",
",",
"despite",
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"breeding",
"range",
"estimated",
"at",
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"@",
",",
"@",
"400",
"@",
",",
"@",
"000",
"km",
"##2",
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"4",
"@",
",",
"@",
"800",
"@",
",",
"@",
"000",
"sq",
"mi",
")",
",",
"the",
"corn",
"cr",
"##ake",
"was",
"classified",
"as",
"near",
"threatened",
"on",
"the",
"iucn",
"red",
"list",
"because",
"of",
"serious",
"declines",
"in",
"europe",
",",
"but",
"improved",
"monitoring",
"in",
"russia",
"indicates",
"that",
"anticipated",
"losses",
"there",
"have",
"not",
"occurred",
"and",
"numbers",
"have",
"remained",
"stable",
"or",
"possibly",
"increased",
".",
"it",
"is",
"therefore",
"now",
"classed",
"as",
"least",
"concern",
",",
"since",
"the",
"major"
] | 1,980 |
due to bacteria of a pathogen ##ic camp ##yl ##ob ##act ##er species . subsequently , micro ##biology tests were done to detect infected individuals and to find the source of the bacteria in their environment . until 2010 , despite a breeding range estimated at 12 @ , @ 400 @ , @ 000 km ##2 ( 4 @ , @ 800 @ , @ 000 sq mi ) , the corn cr ##ake was classified as near threatened on the iucn red list because of serious declines in europe , but improved monitoring in russia indicates that anticipated losses there have not occurred and numbers have remained stable or possibly increased . it is therefore now classed as least concern , since the major
| 506 |
[
"populations",
"in",
"russia",
"and",
"kazakhstan",
"are",
"not",
"expected",
"to",
"change",
"much",
"in",
"the",
"short",
"term",
".",
"there",
"are",
"an",
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"1",
"@",
".",
"@",
"3",
"–",
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"@",
".",
"@",
"0",
"million",
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"pairs",
"in",
"europe",
",",
"three",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"quarters",
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"which",
"are",
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"russia",
",",
"and",
"a",
"further",
"51",
"##5",
"@",
",",
"@",
"000",
"–",
"1",
"@",
",",
"@",
"240",
"@",
",",
"@",
"000",
"pairs",
"in",
"asiatic",
"russia",
";",
"the",
"total",
"eurasian",
"population",
"has",
"been",
"estimated",
"at",
"between",
"5",
"@",
".",
"@",
"45",
"and",
"9",
"@",
".",
"@",
"72",
"million",
"individuals",
".",
"in",
"much",
"of",
"the",
"western",
"half",
"of",
"its",
"range",
",",
"there",
"have",
"been",
"long",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"term",
"declines",
"that",
"are",
"expected",
"to",
"continue",
",",
"although",
"conservation",
"measures",
"have",
"enabled"
] | 1,981 |
populations in russia and kazakhstan are not expected to change much in the short term . there are an estimated 1 @ . @ 3 – 2 @ . @ 0 million breeding pairs in europe , three @ - @ quarters of which are in european russia , and a further 51 ##5 @ , @ 000 – 1 @ , @ 240 @ , @ 000 pairs in asiatic russia ; the total eurasian population has been estimated at between 5 @ . @ 45 and 9 @ . @ 72 million individuals . in much of the western half of its range , there have been long @ - @ term declines that are expected to continue , although conservation measures have enabled
| 544 |
[
"numbers",
"to",
"grow",
"in",
"several",
"countries",
",",
"including",
"a",
"five",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"fold",
"increase",
"in",
"finland",
",",
"and",
"a",
"doubling",
"in",
"the",
"uk",
".",
"in",
"the",
"netherlands",
",",
"there",
"were",
"33",
"breeding",
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"in",
"1996",
",",
"but",
"this",
"number",
"had",
"increased",
"to",
"at",
"least",
"500",
"by",
"1998",
".",
"the",
"breeding",
"corn",
"cr",
"##ake",
"population",
"had",
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"to",
"decline",
"in",
"the",
"19th",
"century",
",",
"but",
"the",
"process",
"gained",
"pace",
"after",
"world",
"war",
"ii",
".",
"the",
"main",
"cause",
"of",
"the",
"steep",
"declines",
"in",
"much",
"of",
"europe",
"is",
"the",
"loss",
"of",
"nests",
"and",
"chicks",
"from",
"early",
"mo",
"##wing",
".",
"hay",
"##making",
"dates",
"have",
"moved",
"forward",
"in",
"the",
"past",
"century",
"due",
"to",
"faster",
"crop",
"growth",
",",
"made",
"possible",
"by",
"land",
"drainage",
"and",
"the",
"use",
"of",
"fe",
"##rti",
"##lis",
"##ers"
] | 1,982 |
numbers to grow in several countries , including a five @ - @ fold increase in finland , and a doubling in the uk . in the netherlands , there were 33 breeding territories in 1996 , but this number had increased to at least 500 by 1998 . the breeding corn cr ##ake population had begun to decline in the 19th century , but the process gained pace after world war ii . the main cause of the steep declines in much of europe is the loss of nests and chicks from early mo ##wing . hay ##making dates have moved forward in the past century due to faster crop growth , made possible by land drainage and the use of fe ##rti ##lis ##ers
| 544 |
[
",",
"and",
"the",
"move",
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"manual",
"grass",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"cutting",
"using",
"sc",
"##ythe",
"##s",
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"mo",
"##wer",
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"at",
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"-",
"@",
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".",
"me",
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",",
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"first",
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",",
"or",
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"brood",
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".",
"the",
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"mo",
"##wing",
",",
"typically",
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"circular",
"pattern",
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"outside",
"of",
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"centre",
",",
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"little",
"chance",
"of",
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"for",
"the",
"chicks",
",",
"which",
"are",
"also",
"exposed",
"to",
"potential",
"animal",
"predators",
".",
"adults",
"can",
"often",
"escape",
"the",
"mo",
"##wer",
"##s",
","
] | 1,983 |
, and the move from manual grass @ - @ cutting using sc ##ythe ##s to mechanical mo ##wer ##s , at first horse @ - @ drawn and later pulled by tractors . me ##chan ##isation also means that large areas can be cut quickly , leaving the cr ##ake with no alternative sites to raise either a first brood if suitable habitat has gone , or a replacement brood if the first nest is destroyed . the pattern of mo ##wing , typically in a circular pattern from the outside of a field to its centre , gives little chance of escape for the chicks , which are also exposed to potential animal predators . adults can often escape the mo ##wer ##s ,
| 546 |
[
"although",
"some",
"inc",
"##uba",
"##ting",
"females",
"sit",
"tight",
"on",
"the",
"nest",
",",
"with",
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"results",
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"the",
"other",
"major",
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"cr",
"##ake",
".",
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"##lis",
"##ed",
"si",
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",",
"in",
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"the",
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"##le",
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"by",
"subsidies",
",",
"and",
"further",
"east",
"the",
"collapse",
"of",
"collective",
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"has",
"led",
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"and",
"lack",
"of",
"management",
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"much",
"land",
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"this",
"important",
"breeding",
"area",
".",
"more",
"local",
"##ised",
"threats",
"include",
"floods",
"in",
"spring",
",",
"and",
"disturbance",
"by",
"roads",
"or",
"wind",
"farms",
".",
"this",
"bird",
"is",
"good",
"eating",
";",
"when",
"they",
"were",
"common",
"in",
"england",
",",
"mrs",
"bee"
] | 1,984 |
although some inc ##uba ##ting females sit tight on the nest , with fatal results . loss of habitat is the other major threat to the corn cr ##ake . apart from the reduced suit ##ability of drained and fe ##rti ##lis ##ed si ##lage fields compared to traditional hay meadows , in western europe the conversion of grassland to arab ##le has been aided by subsidies , and further east the collapse of collective farming has led to the abandonment and lack of management of much land in this important breeding area . more local ##ised threats include floods in spring , and disturbance by roads or wind farms . this bird is good eating ; when they were common in england , mrs bee
| 546 |
[
"##ton",
"recommended",
"roast",
"##ing",
"four",
"on",
"a",
"sk",
"##ew",
"##er",
".",
"more",
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",",
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"@",
",",
"@",
"000",
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",",
"in",
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",",
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"birds",
"are",
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"nets",
"set",
"for",
"the",
"qu",
"##ail",
"with",
"which",
"they",
"often",
"migrate",
".",
"although",
"this",
"may",
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"0",
"@",
".",
"@",
"5",
"–",
"2",
"@",
".",
"@",
"7",
"%",
"of",
"the",
"european",
"population",
",",
"the",
"losses",
"to",
"this",
"form",
"of",
"hunting",
"are",
"less",
"than",
"when",
"the",
"targeted",
"species",
"were",
"more",
"numerous",
"and",
"predictable",
".",
"most",
"european",
"countries",
"have",
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"steps",
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"the",
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"cr",
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"and",
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";",
"there",
"is",
"also",
"an",
"overall",
"european",
"action",
"plan",
".",
"the",
"focus",
"of"
] | 1,985 |
##ton recommended roast ##ing four on a sk ##ew ##er . more significant than direct hunting is the loss of many birds , up to 14 @ , @ 000 a year , in egypt , where migrating birds are captured in nets set for the qu ##ail with which they often migrate . although this may account for 0 @ . @ 5 – 2 @ . @ 7 % of the european population , the losses to this form of hunting are less than when the targeted species were more numerous and predictable . most european countries have taken steps to conserve the corn cr ##ake and produce national management policies ; there is also an overall european action plan . the focus of
| 543 |
[
"conservation",
"effort",
"is",
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"and",
"ecology",
"and",
"to",
"improve",
"survival",
",",
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"to",
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",",
"and",
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"un",
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"edges",
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"fields",
"and",
"cutting",
"from",
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"from",
"mo",
"##wing",
".",
"implementing",
"these",
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"the",
"measures",
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"on",
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"sufficiently",
"large",
"scale",
".",
"reduction",
"of",
"illegal",
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",",
"and",
"protection",
"in",
"countries",
"where",
"hunting",
"is",
"still",
"allowed",
",",
"are",
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"aims",
".",
"rein",
"##tro",
"##duction",
"of",
"the",
"corn",
"cr",
"##ake",
"is",
"being",
"attempted",
"in",
"england",
",",
"and",
"breeding",
"sites",
"are",
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"for",
"protection",
"in",
"many",
"other",
"countries",
".",
"where"
] | 1,986 |
conservation effort is to monitor populations and ecology and to improve survival , principally through changing the timing and method of hay harvesting . later cutting gives time for breeding to be completed , and leaving un ##cut strips at the edges of fields and cutting from the centre outward ##s reduces the casualties from mo ##wing . implementing these changes is predicted to stop the population decline if the measures are applied on a sufficiently large scale . reduction of illegal hunting , and protection in countries where hunting is still allowed , are also conservation aims . rein ##tro ##duction of the corn cr ##ake is being attempted in england , and breeding sites are scheduled for protection in many other countries . where
| 544 |
[
"breeding",
"sites",
"imp",
"##inge",
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"urban",
"areas",
",",
"there",
"are",
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",",
"estimated",
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",",
"which",
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".",
"most",
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",",
"but",
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"nocturnal",
"call",
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"sometimes",
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"to",
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"sleep",
"for",
"rural",
"dwellers",
",",
"the",
"corn",
"cr",
"##ake",
"has",
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"a",
"variety",
"of",
"folk",
"names",
"and",
"some",
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".",
"the",
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"name",
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"species",
"among",
"naturalist",
"##s",
"has",
"changed",
"over",
"the",
"years",
",",
"with",
"\"",
"land"
] | 1,987 |
breeding sites imp ##inge on urban areas , there are cost implications , estimated in one german study at several million euros per corn cr ##ake . the corn cr ##ake does not appear to be seriously threatened on its winter ##ing grounds and may benefit from def ##orestation , which creates more open habitats . most rails are secretive wetland birds that have made little cultural impression , but as a formerly common farmland bird with a loud nocturnal call that sometimes led to disturbed sleep for rural dwellers , the corn cr ##ake has acquired a variety of folk names and some commemoration in literature . the favoured name for this species among naturalist ##s has changed over the years , with " land
| 544 |
[
"##rail",
"\"",
"and",
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"of",
"\"",
"corn",
"##cr",
"##ake",
"\"",
"being",
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"at",
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".",
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"cr",
"##ake",
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"\"",
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"1813",
".",
"the",
"originally",
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"\"",
"corn",
"##ec",
"##rak",
"##e",
"\"",
"was",
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"be",
"##wick",
",",
"who",
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".",
"other",
"scots",
"names",
"include",
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"corn",
"sc",
"##rac",
"##k",
"\"",
"and",
"\"",
"qu",
"##ail",
"##zie",
"\"",
";",
"the",
"latter",
"term",
",",
"like",
"\"",
"king",
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"qu",
"##ail",
"\"",
",",
"\"",
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"qu",
"##ail",
"\"",
",",
"the",
"french",
"\"",
"roi",
"de",
"cai",
"##lle",
"\"",
",",
"and",
"the",
"german",
"\"",
"wa",
"##cht",
"##el",
"##kon",
"##ig",
"\"",
"refer",
"to",
"the",
"association",
"with",
"the"
] | 1,988 |
##rail " and variants of " corn ##cr ##ake " being preferred at various times . " cr ##ake gall ##in ##ule " also had a period of popularity between 1768 and 1813 . the originally older scots " corn ##ec ##rak ##e " was popular ##ised by thomas be ##wick , who used this term in his 1797 a history of british birds . other scots names include " corn sc ##rac ##k " and " qu ##ail ##zie " ; the latter term , like " king of the qu ##ail " , " grass qu ##ail " , the french " roi de cai ##lle " , and the german " wa ##cht ##el ##kon ##ig " refer to the association with the
| 125 |
[
"small",
"game",
"##bird",
".",
"another",
"name",
",",
"\"",
"da",
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"\"",
",",
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"##mat",
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"##oe",
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",",
"or",
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"-",
"@",
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"##ene",
",",
"meaning",
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"field",
"\"",
";",
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"\"",
"drake",
"\"",
",",
"\"",
"drake",
"hen",
"\"",
"and",
"\"",
"go",
"##rse",
"drake",
"\"",
".",
"corn",
"cr",
"##akes",
"are",
"the",
"subject",
"of",
"three",
"stanza",
"##s",
"of",
"the",
"seventeenth",
"century",
"poet",
"andrew",
"marvel",
"##l",
"'",
"s",
"\"",
"upon",
"appleton",
"house",
"\"",
",",
"written",
"in",
"1651",
"about",
"the",
"north",
"yorkshire",
"country",
"estate",
"of",
"thomas",
"fairfax",
".",
"the",
"narrator",
"depicts",
"the",
"scene",
"of",
"a",
"mo",
"##wer",
"cutting",
"the",
"grass",
",",
"before",
"his",
"\"",
"whistling",
"sit",
"##he",
"\"",
"un",
"##k",
"##now",
"##ingly",
"\""
] | 1,989 |
small game ##bird . another name , " da ##ker " , has been variously interpreted as ono ##mat ##op ##oe ##ic , or derived from the old norse age ##r @ - @ ho ##ene , meaning " cock of the field " ; variants include " drake " , " drake hen " and " go ##rse drake " . corn cr ##akes are the subject of three stanza ##s of the seventeenth century poet andrew marvel ##l ' s " upon appleton house " , written in 1651 about the north yorkshire country estate of thomas fairfax . the narrator depicts the scene of a mo ##wer cutting the grass , before his " whistling sit ##he " un ##k ##now ##ingly "
| 264 |
[
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] | 1,990 |
car ##ves the rail " . the farm ##hand draws out the sc ##ythe " all bloody from its breast " and " does the stroke det ##est " . it continues with a stanza that demonstrates the problematic nature of the corn cr ##ake ' s nesting habits : john clare , the nineteenth @ - @ century english poet based in northamptonshire , wrote " the land ##rail " , a semi @ - @ comic piece which is primarily about the difficulty of seeing corn cr ##akes – as opposed to hearing them . in the fourth verse he ex ##claim ##s : " tis like a fancy everywhere / a sort of living doubt " . clare wrote about corn cr ##akes
| 43 |
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] | 1,991 |
in his prose works too , and his writings help to clarify the distribution of this rail when it was far more widespread than now . the finnish poet ein ##o lei ##no also wrote about the bird in his poem " no ##ct ##urne " . the prove ##rb ##ial use of the corn cr ##ake ' s call to describe someone with a gr ##ating or un ##mel ##od ##ious voice is illustrated in the quota ##tion " thanks to a wee woman with a voice like a corn ##cr ##ake who believed she was an apprentice angel " . this usage dates from at least the first half of the nineteenth century , and continues through to the present . = acute my
| 508 |
[
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] | 1,992 |
##elo ##id leukemia = acute my ##elo ##id leukemia ( am ##l ) , also known as acute my ##elo ##gen ##ous leukemia or acute non ##ly ##mp ##ho ##cy ##tic leukemia ( an ##ll ) , is a cancer of the my ##elo ##id line of blood cells , characterized by the rapid growth of abnormal white blood cells that accumulate in the bone marrow and interfere with the production of normal blood cells . am ##l is the most common acute leukemia affecting adults , and its incidence increases with age . although am ##l is a relatively rare disease , accounting for roughly 1 @ . @ 2 % of cancer deaths in the united states , its incidence is expected to increase
| 561 |
[
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"."
] | 1,993 |
as the population ages . the symptoms of am ##l are caused by replacement of normal bone marrow with le ##uke ##mic cells , which causes a drop in red blood cells , plate ##lets , and normal white blood cells . these symptoms include fatigue , short ##ness of breath , easy br ##uising and bleeding , and increased risk of infection . several risk factors and ch ##rom ##osomal abnormalities have been identified , but the specific cause is not clear . as an acute leukemia , am ##l progresses rapidly and is typically fatal within weeks or months if left un ##tre ##ated . am ##l has several sub ##type ##s ; treatment and pro ##gno ##sis vary among sub ##type ##s .
| 562 |
[
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] | 1,994 |
am ##l is cured in 35 – 40 % of people less than 60 years old and 5 – 15 % more than 60 years old . older people who are not able to withstand intensive chemotherapy have an average survival of 5 – 10 months . am ##l is treated initially with chemotherapy aimed at inducing a re ##mission ; people may go on to receive additional chemotherapy or a hem ##ato ##po ##ie ##tic stem cell transplant . recent research into the genetics of am ##l has resulted in the availability of tests that can predict which drug or drugs may work best for a particular person , as well as how long that person is likely to survive . the treatment and pro
| 555 |
[
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] | 1,995 |
##gno ##sis of am ##l differ from those of chronic my ##elo ##gen ##ous leukemia ( cm ##l ) in part because the cellular differentiation is not the same ; am ##l involves higher percentage ##s of de ##di ##ffer ##ent ##iated and und ##iff ##ere ##nti ##ated cells , including more blasts ( my ##elo ##bla ##sts , mono ##bla ##sts , and mega ##kar ##yo ##bla ##sts ) . = = signs and symptoms = = most signs and symptoms of am ##l are caused by the replacement of normal blood cells with le ##uke ##mic cells . a lack of normal white blood cell production makes people more susceptible to infections ; while the le ##uke ##mic cells themselves are derived from white
| 564 |
[
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"-",
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] | 1,996 |
blood cell precursor ##s , they have no infection @ - @ fighting capacity . a drop in red blood cell count ( an ##emia ) can cause fatigue , pale ##ness , and short ##ness of breath . a lack of plate ##lets can lead to easy br ##uising or bleeding with minor trauma . the early signs of am ##l are often vague and non ##sp ##ec ##ific , and may be similar to those of influenza or other common illnesses . some generalized symptoms include fever , fatigue , weight loss or loss of appetite , short ##ness of breath , an ##emia , easy br ##uising or bleeding , pete ##chia ##e ( flat , pin @ - @ head sized spots
| 562 |
[
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] | 1,997 |
under the skin caused by bleeding ) , bone and joint pain , and persistent or frequent infections . en ##lar ##gement of the sp ##leen may occur in am ##l , but it is typically mild and as ##ym ##pt ##oma ##tic . l ##ym ##ph node swelling is rare in am ##l , in contrast to acute l ##ym ##ph ##ob ##lastic leukemia . the skin is involved about 10 % of the time in the form of leukemia cut ##is . rarely , sweet ' s syndrome , a para ##neo ##pl ##astic inflammation of the skin , can occur with am ##l . some people with am ##l may experience swelling of the gum ##s because of in ##filtration of le ##uke
| 562 |
[
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] | 1,998 |
##mic cells into the gum tissue . rarely , the first sign of leukemia may be the development of a solid le ##uke ##mic mass or tumor outside of the bone marrow , called a ch ##lor ##oma . occasionally , a person may show no symptoms , and the leukemia may be discovered incident ##ally during a routine blood test . = = risk factors = = a number of risk factors for developing am ##l have been identified , including : other blood disorders , chemical exposure ##s , ion ##izing radiation , and genetics . " pre ##le ##uke ##mic " blood disorders , such as my ##elo ##dy ##sp ##lastic syndrome ( md ##s ) or my ##elo ##pro ##life ##rative disease
| 560 |
[
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"##uke",
"##mic",
"cells",
".",
"occupational",
"chemical",
"exposure",
"to",
"benz",
"##ene",
"and",
"other",
"aromatic"
] | 1,999 |
( mps ) , can evolve into am ##l ; the exact risk depends on the type of md ##s / mps . = = = chemical exposure = = = exposure to anti ##can ##cer chemotherapy , in particular al ##ky ##lating agents , can increase the risk of subsequently developing am ##l . the risk is highest about three to five years after chemotherapy . other chemotherapy agents , specifically ep ##ip ##od ##op ##hyl ##lot ##ox ##ins and ant ##hra ##cy ##cl ##ines , have also been associated with treatment @ - @ related leukemia ##s , which are often associated with specific ch ##rom ##osomal abnormalities in the le ##uke ##mic cells . occupational chemical exposure to benz ##ene and other aromatic
| 560 |
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