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she graduated with a degree in mass communication from the university of sydney , and worked as a television reporter in sri lanka . while on a modelling assignment in india in 2009 , fernandez successfully auditioned for su ##joy g ##hosh ' s fantasy drama ala ##din , which marked her acting debut . fernandez ' breakthrough role was in mo ##hit sur ##i ' s psychological thriller murder 2 ( 2011 ) , her first commercial success . this was followed by g ##lam ##orous roles in the ensemble @ - @ comedy house ##ful ##l 2 ( 2012 ) and its sequel house ##ful ##l 3 , and the action thriller race 2 ( 2013 ) , all of which were box @
| 740 |
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- @ office successes . her performance in the first of these garnered her an ii ##fa award for best supporting actress nomination . in 2014 , fernandez played the leading lady in sa ##ji ##d nadia ##d ##wala ' s kick , which is one of the highest @ - @ grossing bollywood films of all time . one of the most popular actresses in india , she was the recipient of the ii ##fa award for star debut of the year – female in 2010 . alongside her screen acting career , fernandez has participated in stage shows , and is active in humanitarian work . = = early life and modeling career = = fernandez was born on 11 august 1985 , in
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mana ##ma , bahrain , and was raised in a multi @ - @ ethnic family . her father , el ##roy , is sri lankan , and her mother , kim , is of malaysian descent . her grandfather , on her mother ' s side of the family , is canadian and her great grandparents were from goa , india . her father , who was a musician in sri lanka , moved to bahrain in the 1980s to escape civil unrest between the tamil ##s and sin ##hale ##se and subsequently met her mother who was an air hostess . she is the youngest of four children with one elder sister and two elder brothers . she hosted television shows in bahrain at
| 210 |
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the age of fourteen . after receiving her early education in bahrain , she pursued a degree in mass communication from the university of sydney in australia . after graduating she worked as a television reporter in sri lanka . she also attended the be ##rl ##itz school of languages , where she learnt spanish and improved her french and arabic . according to fernandez , she had as ##pired to become an actress at a young age and fan ##tas ##ized about becoming a hollywood movie star . she received some training at the john school of acting . although , she was a television reporter , she accepted offers in the modeling industry , which came as a result of her pageant success .
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in 2006 , she was crowned the winner of the miss universe sri lanka pageant and represented sri lanka at the world miss universe 2006 pageant held in los angeles . in a 2015 interview , fernandez described the modeling industry as " a good training ground " and said : " it is a medium that is about shed ##ding your inhibition ##s , knowing your body , confidence " . in 2006 , she appeared in a music video for the song " o sat ##hi " by music duo bath ##iya and sant ##hus ##h . = = acting career = = in 2009 , fernandez traveled to india for a modeling assignment . she studied acting under the mentor ##ship of theatre
| 848 |
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director barry john , and successfully auditioned for su ##joy g ##hosh ' s fantasy film ala ##din ( 2009 ) her acting debut . she played the love interest of rite ##ish des ##hm ##uk ##h ' s character , a role based on the princess jasmine character . fernandez garnered mixed reviews for her performance . an ##up ##ama chopra of n ##dt ##v called her a " plastic debut ##ant [ e ] " , and raj ##ee ##v mas ##and of cnn @ - @ ibn felt that she was : " easy on the eyes and appears confident but has precious little to do " . although the film was a critical and commercial failure , she won the ii ##fa
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award for star debut of the year - female . in 2010 , fernandez appeared opposite des ##hm ##uk ##h in the science fiction romantic comedy ja ##ane ka ##han se aa ##yi hai . she was cast as a girl from venus , who lands on earth in search of love . the film , along with fernandez ' s performance , received poor reviews ; red ##iff . com ' s su ##kan ##ya ve ##rma noted : " she game ##ly makes a fool of herself whilst api ##ng the actions of movie stars , ranging from sri ##dev ##i ' s na ##agi ##n dance , mit ##hun cha ##kra ##var ##thy ' s disco dancer moves , to big b '
| 829 |
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s violent heads ##hak ##e in hum . her tara could be a keeper if only ja ##ane ka ##han se aa ##yi hai wasn ' t so intent on turning her into a love @ - @ struck barbie . " critic an ##up ##ama chopra also criticized fernandez , calling her " a pin @ - @ prick on a balloon " . later that year , she made a cameo appearance in sa ##ji ##d khan ' s house ##ful ##l in the song " dh ##ann ##o " . ma ##hes ##h b ##hat ##t ' s thriller murder 2 was fernandez ' s first commercial success and marker a turning point in her career . she took on the role of
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and earned ₹ 1 @ . @ 86 billion ( us $ 28 million ) worldwide . fernandez received mostly negative reviews for her performance . while ga ##ura ##v mali ##ni praised her for her looks , n ##dt ##v called her a " b ##lat ##hering bi ##mbo " who " find [ s ] no pleasure in [ her role ] " . despite the negative reviews , fernandez received a best supporting actress nomination at the 14th ii ##fa awards for her performance . fernandez ' s first release of 2013 was race 2 , an ensemble action thriller ( alongside sai ##f ali khan , john abraham , deep ##ika pad ##uk ##one , am ##ees ##ha patel , and an
| 732 |
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] | 210 |
##il kapoor ) ) , described as the " cinematic equivalent of a trash ##y novel " by critic raj ##ee ##v mas ##and . she played om ##isha , a femme fatal ##e , a role which required her learn fencing and some ac ##ro ##bat ##ics . the film emerged as a commercial success , with the domestic gross of more than ₹ 1 billion ( us $ 15 million ) . in a particularly sc ##athing review , sai ##bal chatter ##jee of n ##dt ##v wrote that both fernandez and pad ##uk ##one " st ##rut around like wound @ - @ up auto ##mat ##ons that are all deck ##ed @ - @ up but have nowhere to go . "
| 211 |
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] | 211 |
fernandez also appeared in an item number ( music video ) titled " ja ##ad ##u ki j ##ha ##pp ##i " for pr ##ab ##hu dev ##a ' s rama ##iya vast ##a va ##iya . in 2014 , fernandez appeared in sa ##ji ##d nadia ##d ##wala ' s directorial debut — the action film kick , a remake of a 2009 telugu film of same name . she starred opposite salman khan , playing sha ##ina , a psychiatry student . she retained her real voice for the first time in kick . while s ##ne ##ha may francis commented that she is : " incredibly dazzling , and moves like a magic " , raja sen of red ##iff . com was
| 733 |
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] | 212 |
more critical of her dialogue delivery , calling it " unfortunate . " the film received mixed reviews from critics , but with worldwide revenue of over ₹ 3 @ . @ 75 billion ( us $ 56 million ) , it became the fourth highest @ - @ grossing bollywood film . the film established fernandez as one of the most popular bollywood actresses . in 2015 , fernandez featured in vicky singh ' s roy , a romantic thriller , which critic sar ##ita a . tan ##war described as a " boring , exhaust ##ing and pre ##ten ##tious " film . fernandez played dual roles , aye ##sha aa ##mir , a filmmaker in a relationship with another filmmaker ( played by
| 733 |
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] | 213 |
arjun ramp ##al ) and tia des ##ai , a girl in love with a thief ( played by ran ##bir kapoor ) . while india tv called it " her best act till date " , critic raj ##ee ##v mas ##and felt that she " appears mis ##cast in a part that required greater range . " roy failed to meet its box @ - @ office expectations , and was a commercial failure . later that year , she appeared in a guest appearance for the comedy @ - @ satire bang ##istan . kara ##n mal ##hot ##ra ' s action drama brothers was fernandez ' s next release . co @ - @ starring alongside ak ##sha ##y kumar and sid
| 740 |
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] | 214 |
##hart ##h mal ##hot ##ra , fernandez played jenny , a fearless mother struggling for her child , a role which she described as " challenging " , " intense " , and " difficult " . the role marked a departure from the g ##lam ##orous characters that she had a reputation for portraying . film critics praised her performance , though their response to the film was mixed . dh ##rit ##i sharma of zee news called her character " soft , tim ##id and promising " , and praised her for : " convincing ##ly pull [ ing ] off a pleasing character of a street fighter ' s wife " . film critic sub ##has ##h k . j ##ha noted that
| 726 |
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] | 215 |
she : " . . . in a limited role gives her finest em ##ot ##ive shot " , while critic raja sen remarked : " [ she ] plays kumar ' s long @ - @ sobbing wife who gets so del ##iri ##ously happy on seeing a text message that it may well have contained news about a kick sequel . " as of september 2015 , fernandez has several projects in various stages of production . she has completed shooting for chandra ##n ru ##t ##nam ' s english @ - @ sri lankan crime @ - @ thriller according to mathew , and the horror thriller definition of fear , which marks her hollywood debut . fernandez has also signed on to
| 733 |
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] | 216 |
appear in three other projects — ro ##hit dh ##awan ' s dish ##oom opposite var ##un dh ##awan and john abraham as a part of three @ - @ film deal with nadia ##d ##wala grandson entertainment , re ##mo d ' souza ' s flying ja ##t opposite tiger sh ##ro ##ff , and in an indo @ - @ chinese film starring opposite ab ##hay de ##ol , ami ##ta ##bh bach ##chan , and jackie chan titled gold struck . = = personal life and other work = = fernandez shares a close bond with her family , and admits to missing being around them . she says : " i miss them so much everyday . you don ' t realise
| 733 |
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] | 217 |
when you live away from home how difficult life can be [ . . . ] at the same time , staying away from them has taught me to be more responsible . it has taught me so many things about myself , about priorities and time management . " in march 2012 , fernandez turned vegetarian for a 40 @ - @ day period to observe lent , a period from ash wednesday to holy saturday . in 2008 , fernandez started dating bahrain ##i prince hassan bin rashid al khalifa , whom she met at a mutual friend ' s party ; they separated in 2011 . while filming house ##ful ##l 2 in 2011 , fernandez began a romantic relationship with director sa
| 710 |
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] | 218 |
##ji ##d khan . the relationship attracted media coverage in india and there was speculation of an impending wedding . however , the relationship ended in may 2013 . in addition to acting in films , fernandez has supported charitable organisations and a number of causes . in 2011 , on the behalf of people for the ethical treatment of animals ( pet ##a ) , she sent a letter to the mumbai municipal commissioner asking for an end to horse @ - @ drawn carriage rides in mumbai . in early 2013 , she asked the consulate general of the philippines , william john t pere ##ra in colombo , to haste ##n the transfer of an elephant from its inadequate housing at the manila
| 165 |
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zoo to a humane sanctuary . later that year , she auction ##ed a breakfast in mayfair , london , where she raised around £ 4000 for the pr ##ath ##am ngo , which helps children ' s primary education . in 2014 , fernandez was named " woman of the year " by pet ##a ( india ) for advocating the protection of animals . the following year , she auction ##ed her outfits on an online portal for a philanthropic cause . some of her outfits included the ones she wore in the song " party on my mind " ( from race 2 ) and " hang ##over " ( from kick ) . in march 2016 , she was part of "
| 107 |
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jacqueline builds " campaign that raised funds for the victims of the 2015 south indian floods . fernandez has participated in several concert tours and televised award ceremonies . in 2013 , she performed at the temptation ##s re ##loaded in auckland , perth , and sydney alongside shah ru ##kh khan , rani mu ##ker ##ji , and mad ##hur ##i di ##xi ##t . she also performed at the live talent show " got talent world stage live " with khan , pri ##yan ##ka chopra and var ##un dh ##awan the following year . in july 2014 , fernandez opened a restaurant in colombo , ka ##ema sutra , in collaboration with chef dh ##ars ##han mu ##ni ##das ##a , which special
| 209 |
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##ises in contemporary sri lankan cuisine . in the early 2013 , fernandez became the ambassador for h ##tc one , which she end ##ors ##es in india . she was the face of indian br ##idal fashion week — ib ##f ##w of 2013 . later that year , she became the spokesperson for gareth pu ##gh ' s designed forever ##mark diamonds in mumbai , and was at the inaugural opening of the forever 21 store in mumbai . that year , she also launched gill ##ette sha ##ving system with ar ##ba ##az khan and adi ##tya roy ka ##pur . while anal ##ys ##ing fernandez ' s career , india tv noted : " slowly and steadily jacqueline fernandez is climbing up
| 56 |
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the ladder of success [ . . . ] jacqueline is comfortably grasping every aspect of the work , which an actress is required to do and is accordingly giving results . " on the contrary , char ##u tha ##kur of india today criticized her acting skills , but remarked that : " [ she has ] managed to find her feet in bollywood now by banking on g ##lam ##orous roles " . in 2008 and 2011 , fernandez featured in the uk magazine eastern eye ' s " world ' s sex ##iest asian women " list , ranking twelfth . she was ranked third on the times of india ' s listing of the " most desirable woman " in 2013 and
| 757 |
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2014 , after being ranked eighth , seventh and fourteenth , respectively , in the preceding three years . in 2013 , red ##iff . com placed her on their list of " bollywood ' s best dressed actresses " . the following year , she held the sixty second position in the indian edition of the forbes ' celebrity 100 , a list based on the income and popularity of india ' s celebrities . she has been the cover model for many indian editions of magazines , including : vogue , f ##hm , maxim , cosmopolitan , graz ##ia , elle , verve , harper ' s bazaar , women ' s health , and l ' off ##ici ##el among others .
| 340 |
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= = film ##ography = = = = tv appearances = = = john cullen = barry john cullen ( born august 2 , 1964 ) is a canadian former professional ice hockey centre who played in the national hockey league ( nhl ) for the pittsburgh penguins , hartford whale ##rs , toronto maple leafs and tampa bay lightning . he was a stand ##out player for boston university and is the school ' s all @ - @ time leading scorer . after the buffalo sabres selected him in the 1986 nhl supplemental draft but chose not to offer him a contract , cullen signed with the flint spirits of the international hockey league ( i ##hl ) for the 1987 – 88 season
| 638 |
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where he was named the i ##hl ' s co @ - @ rookie of the year and most valuable player after leading the league in scoring . his career was halted in 1997 when he was diagnosed with non @ - @ ho ##d ##g ##kin l ##ym ##ph ##oma . he attempted a brief comeback in 1998 after an 18 @ - @ month battle with the disease , for which the nhl awarded him the bill master ##ton memorial trophy , before retiring to serve as an assistant coach for a year with the lightning . cullen played in two nhl all @ - @ star games in his career . he joined his brother in the car dealers ##hip business after leaving
| 639 |
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the game , and briefly operated his own dealers ##hip until forced to close during the automotive industry crisis of 2008 – 10 . cullen was born in pu ##slin ##ch @ - @ ontario on august 2 , 1964 . he is one of six children of barry and loretta cullen . his father and uncles brian and ray all played in the nhl , and while cullen and his three brothers all played as well , their father never pressured them , preferring that they enjoy the game . he idol ##ized his elder brother terry , who was considered a top nhl prospect until terry ' s career was ended when he suffered a broken neck after being hit from behind into the
| 10 |
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boards during a college game . while his brother was highly sought by american universities , john received only two scholarship offers , choosing to play for boston university ( bu ) in 1983 . at the same time , his mother loretta was diagnosed with skin cancer . following her death early in his freshman year , cullen contemplated returning to his ontario home , but was convinced by his father to continue with both school and hockey . he used the game to cope with the loss and dedicated every game he played to his mother ' s memory . cullen felt that the inspiration he drew from his mother ' s battle allowed him to become a better player . = = playing
| 71 |
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career = = cullen was a stand ##out with bu ; he was named the east coast athletic conference rookie of the year in 1983 – 84 after leading his team in scoring with 56 points . the national hockey league passed him over , however , as he went un ##claim ##ed in the 1984 nhl entry draft . he was named to the hockey east all @ - @ star teams in 1985 , 1986 and 1987 , and a national collegiate athletic association east second team all @ - @ american in 1986 . he graduated as bu ' s all @ - @ time scoring leader with 241 points , and was named to bu ' s hockey east 25th anniversary team
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] | 229 |
in 2009 . passed over in the entry draft , cullen was finally selected by the buffalo sabres in the 1986 nhl supplemental draft . when the sabres failed to offer him a contract , cullen signed with the flint spirits of the international hockey league ( i ##hl ) for the 1987 – 88 season . he led the league with 157 points , scoring 48 goals , and won the james ga ##ts ##chen ##e memorial trophy as league most valuable player while sharing the gary f . long ##man memorial trophy with ed bel ##fo ##ur as rookie of the year . cullen ' s outstanding season in flint caught the attention of the sabres and the pittsburgh penguins . he signed a
| 639 |
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] | 230 |
contract with the penguins for the league minimum , passing up a superior contract offer from buffalo as he remained upset at how they released him the year before . = = = national hockey league = = = cullen made his nhl debut in 1988 – 89 , appearing in 79 games with the penguins and scoring 49 points . he was given a greater role with the penguins the following year after mario le ##mie ##ux missed 21 games due to a back injury and responded by scoring 32 goals and 92 points to finish third in team scoring . additionally , he played for team canada at the 1990 world championship , scoring four points in ten games . cullen had his best
| 660 |
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] | 231 |
season in 1990 – 91 . as one of the team ' s top offensive centres , he scored 94 points in the penguins ' first 65 games and played in his first nhl all @ - @ star game . however , when le ##mie ##ux returned after missing an additional 50 @ - @ games due to injury , cullen ' s playing time and production declined . the penguins ' needs led them to complete a blockbuster trade on march 1 , 1991 . cullen was sent to the hartford whale ##rs , along with za ##rley za ##la ##ps ##ki and jeff parker in exchange for hartford ' s all @ - @ time leading scorer , ron francis , along with
| 639 |
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] | 232 |
ul ##f samuel ##sson and grant jennings . the penguins almost turned down the deal as they were concerned about giving up cullen ' s play ##making and leadership abilities , while his former teammates credited cullen as being the primary reason they were in a playoff position at the time the trade happened . after the penguins won their first stanley cup that season , phil bo ##ur ##que later said it " broke his heart " that cullen was not able to share in that championship . in hartford , cullen worked to overcome the team ' s fans ' disappointment at losing francis . the hartford fans initially boo ##ed him to show their dissatisfaction with the trade . he scored 16 points
| 76 |
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] | 233 |
in 13 regular season games to finish the season with 110 points combined between the penguins and whale ##rs , and was the team ' s best player in their first round loss to the boston bruins in the 1991 stanley cup playoffs . he initially accepted an invitation to join the canadian team at the 1991 canada cup , but subsequently chose not to participate as his contract had expired , leading to greater insurance concerns . still without a contract when the 1991 – 92 season began , cullen missed the first four games before signing a four @ - @ year deal with hartford worth a total of $ 4 million . he returned to score 77 points in 77 games in his
| 634 |
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] | 234 |
first full season with the whale ##rs and represented the team at the 1992 all @ - @ star game . midway through the 1992 – 93 nhl season , the whale ##rs sent cullen to the toronto maple leafs for toronto ' s second round selection at the 1993 nhl entry draft . cullen was excited to play for his father ' s old team , but injuries reduced his ability to perform . his most significant injury was a her ##nia ##ted disc in his neck that doctors initially feared would end his career . a bulky neck brace allowed cullen to return and play out his contract in toronto . when the leafs chose not to re @ - @ sign him following
| 639 |
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] | 235 |
the 1993 – 94 season , he returned to the penguins for one season before tony es ##po ##sit ##o convinced him to sign with the tampa bay lightning in 1995 . cullen enjoyed immediate success with line ##mates shawn burr and alexander se ##li ##van ##ov as the trio combined to score 130 points and helped lead the lightning to the first playoff appearance in franchise history . they were eliminated by the philadelphia flyers in five games while cullen led the team in playoff scoring with three goals and three assists . the lightning looked to improve in 1996 – 97 ; cullen was leading the team in scoring , but was suffering flu @ - @ like symptoms that he could not shake
| 660 |
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] | 236 |
. as tampa was fighting for a playoff spot , he played through his condition for weeks . = = = cancer and comeback = = = after two months of quietly dealing with his symptoms , cullen ' s wife finally called team trainers and asked them to check into his illness . the team took an x @ - @ ray and found a large black shadow in his chest . he underwent a cat scan which revealed cullen had a baseball @ - @ sized tumor ; he was diagnosed as having non @ - @ ho ##d ##g ##kin l ##ym ##ph ##oma . the diagnosis ended his season , and he immediately began chemotherapy treatments that quickly reduced his cancer .
| 562 |
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] | 237 |
the tumor was gone by september 1997 , but a pre ##ca ##ution ##ary test prior to training camp revealed that cullen still had cancer cells in his body . he missed the entire 1997 – 98 nhl season as he continued to battle the disease , while his teammates wore a uniform patch with his # 12 in support throughout the year . on one day during his treatments , as his wife was wheeling him down a hospital corridor , cullen went into cardiac arrest , requiring doctors to use a def ##ib ##rill ##ator to revive him . he underwent a bone marrow transplant that briefly reduced his immune system to the point that he could have very little human contact . another
| 561 |
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] | 238 |
examination in april 1998 revealed that the cancer was finally gone , and cullen immediately began training for a comeback . the lightning signed cullen to a one @ - @ year , $ 500 @ , @ 000 contract for the 1998 – 99 season . he played his first game in nearly 18 months on september 18 , 1998 , in an exhibition game between the lightning and sabres at innsbruck , austria . cullen scored the game @ - @ winning goal in a 3 – 1 victory , after which he said he sat on the bench in disbelief over how he was given a second chance . he was named to the roster and was greeted with a loud standing o
| 114 |
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] | 239 |
##vation by the fans in tampa bay when he was introduced prior to their season opening game . cullen appeared in four of the lightning ' s first eight games , but it was evident that he had lost much of his speed and strength . the lightning assigned him to the i ##hl ' s cleveland lumber ##jack ##s , but also gave him the option of retiring and taking up a position as an assistant coach . he chose to accept the demo ##tion , giving himself one month to determine if he could continue playing . he appeared in six games for cleveland , and in one game against the chicago wolves tied an i ##hl record when he scored seven points in
| 635 |
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] | 240 |
a 7 – 3 victory . however , a bout of bro ##nch ##itis led cullen to fear that his cancer had returned . tests came back negative , but after spending time with his family , he realized that neither he nor his family were interested in returning to cleveland . cullen announced his retirement on november 28 , 1998 , and accepted the lightning offer to become an assistant coach . in recognition of his comeback attempt , the nhl named him the 1999 winner of the bill master ##ton memorial trophy for dedication and per ##se ##verance , while the i ##hl renamed its comeback player of the year award the john cullen award . former lightning head coach terry crisp has stated
| 635 |
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publicly that cullen was a player that stood out as something special saying “ john cullen . . . beat cancer and came back to play and helped us win . ” cullen and his wife valerie have three daughters , kennedy and twins karl ##yn and ko ##rt ##land . unwilling to spend so much time away from his family , he left the lightning in 1999 and settled in the atlanta area , joining his brother ' s car dealers ##hip in jones ##boro , georgia . he had always expected to become a car dealer after his hockey career , as his father , uncles and brother all worked in the industry . after app ##rent ##icing under his brother for five years
| 123 |
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] | 242 |
, he bought a dodge dealers ##hip in new ##nan , georgia in 2007 . however , he owned the dealers ##hip for less than two years before chrysler closed him down as part of its recovery plan in response to the automotive industry crisis of 2008 – 2010 . he has since returned to his brother ' s dealers ##hip , serving as its general manager . cullen ' s battle with cancer inspired tim ##m harmon of the mo ##ffi ##tt cancer centre to partner with the lightning to raise awareness and money for cancer research . the nhl itself joined the cause in the winter of 1998 , creating the hockey fights cancer program to raise money for research . cullen has spent
| 50 |
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] | 243 |
time promoting the initiative . prior to marrying his wife valerie , john dated carolyn be ##sse ##tte the future wife of john f . kennedy , jr . the two met while attending university in boston . = = career statistics = = = = = regular season and playoffs = = = = = = international = = = cullen is the namesake of the john cullen award , previously given to key i ##hl players . = sms er ##zh ##er ##zog ferdinand max = for the iron ##cl ##ad present at the battle of lissa of the same name , see sms er ##zh ##er ##zog ferdinand max ( 1865 ) . sms er ##zh ##er ##zog ferdinand max ( german :
| 138 |
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" his majesty ' s ship archduke ferdinand max " ) was a pre @ - @ dread ##no ##ught battleship built by the austro @ - @ hungarian navy in 1902 . the second ship of the er ##zh ##er ##zog karl class , she was launched on 3 october 1903 . she was assigned to the iii battleship division . for most of world war i , er ##zh ##er ##zog ferdinand max remained in her home port of pol ##a , in present @ - @ day croatia , except for four engagements . in 1914 , she formed part of the austro @ - @ hungarian flotilla sent to protect the escape of the german ships sms go ##eb ##en and sms
| 966 |
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br ##es ##lau from the british @ - @ held mediterranean ; she advanced as far as br ##ind ##isi before being recalled to her home port . her sole combat engagement occurred in late may 1915 , when she participated in the bombardment of the italian port city of an ##cona . she also took part in suppress ##ing a major mutiny among the crew members of several armored cruisers stationed in cat ##taro between 1 – 3 february 1918 . she also attempted to break through the ot ##rant ##o barrage in june of that year , but had to retreat when the dread ##no ##ught sms s ##zen ##t ist ##van was sunk . after the war , er ##zh ##er ##zog ferdinand
| 966 |
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] | 246 |
max was awarded to the united kingdom as a war prize in 1920 . er ##zh ##er ##zog ferdinand max displaced 10 @ , @ 47 ##2 long tons ( 10 @ , @ 640 t ) . she was 41 ##4 feet 2 inches ( 126 @ . @ 2 m ) long , had a beam of 71 feet 5 inches ( 21 @ . @ 8 m ) and a draft of 24 feet 7 inches ( 7 @ . @ 5 m ) . she was manned by 700 men . she and her sisters were the last and largest pre @ - @ dread ##no ##ught class built by the austro @ - @ hungarian navy , surpassing the habsburg class
| 982 |
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] | 247 |
by approximately 2 @ , @ 000 tonnes ( 1 @ , @ 96 ##8 long tons ) . she was propelled by two two @ - @ shaft , four cylinder vertical triple expansion steam engines . on trials , they developed 18 @ , @ 000 i ##hp ( 13 @ , @ 42 ##3 kw ) , which propelled the ship at a speed of 20 @ . @ 5 knots ( 38 @ . @ 0 km / h ; 23 @ . @ 6 mph ) . er ##zh ##er ##zog ferdinand max carried a primary armament of four 24 @ - @ cent ##imeter ( 9 @ . @ 4 in ) / 40 caliber guns in two twin turrets
| 981 |
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] | 248 |
on the center ##line . these guns were an austro @ - @ hungarian replica of the british 24 cm / 40 ( 9 @ . @ 4 " ) k ##rup ##p c / 94 , which was used on the habsburg ##s . her secondary armament consisted of twelve 19 @ - @ cent ##imeter ( 7 @ . @ 5 in ) / 42 caliber guns , also made by sk ##oda , mounted in eight single case ##mates on either wing of the ship and two twin turrets on the center ##line . shell 20 @ , @ 000 metres ( 22 @ , @ 000 yd ) at maximum elevation with a muzzle velocity of 800 metres per second ( 2
| 986 |
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] | 249 |
@ , @ 600 ft / s ) . the gun weighed 12 @ . @ 1 tons and could fire three rounds per minute . the ships had a tertiary armament for protection against torpedo boats in the form of the 6 @ . @ 6 centimetres ( 2 @ . @ 6 in ) / 45 caliber gun , also manufactured by sk ##oda . anti @ - @ aircraft and airship protection was covered by the four 37 @ - @ mill ##imeter ( 1 @ . @ 5 in ) vickers anti @ - @ aircraft guns on the ship bought from britain in 1910 and mounted onto er ##zh ##er ##zog karl . er ##zh ##er ##zog ferdinand max was also
| 985 |
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] | 250 |
fitted with two above water 45 @ - @ cent ##imeter ( 17 @ . @ 7 in ) torpedo tubes , although rarely used . = = service history = = at the outbreak of world war i , er ##zh ##er ##zog ferdinand max was in the iii division of the austrian @ - @ hungarian battle @ - @ fleet . she was mobilized on the eve of the war along with the remainder of the fleet to support the flight of sms go ##eb ##en and sms br ##es ##lau . the two german ships were attempting to break out of messina , which was surrounded by british troops , and make their way to turkey . the breakout succeeded . when
| 968 |
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] | 251 |
the flotilla had advanced as far south as br ##ind ##isi in south eastern italy , the austro @ - @ hungarian ships were recalled . in company with other units of the austro hungarian navy , er ##zh ##er ##zog ferdinand max took a minor part in the bombardment of an ##cona on 24 may 1915 . there she and her sisters ex ##pen ##ded 24 rounds of 240 mm armor @ - @ piercing shells at signal and se ##ma ##ph ##ore stations as well as 74 rounds of 190 mm shells aimed at italian gun @ - @ batteries and other port installations . a major mutiny among crews of the armored cruisers stationed in cat ##taro , including sank ##t georg and
| 968 |
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] | 252 |
kaiser karl vi , began on 1 february 1918 . two days later , er ##zh ##er ##zog ferdinand max and her sisters arrived in the port and assisted with the suppression of the mutiny . following the restoration of order in the naval base , the armored cruisers sank ##t georg and kaiser karl vi were decommissioned and er ##zh ##er ##zog ferdinand max and her sisters were stationed in cat ##taro in their place . on the morning of 11 june , admiral mi ##k ##los ho ##rth ##y planned a major assault on the ot ##rant ##o barrage ; the three er ##zh ##er ##zog karl ##s and the four te ##get ##th ##off @ - @ class battleships were to provide support
| 968 |
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] | 253 |
for the nova ##ra @ - @ class cruisers on an assault on the allied defenses at the strait of ot ##rant ##o . the plan was intended to replicate the success of the raid conducted one year earlier . ho ##rth ##y ' s plan was to destroy the block ##ading fleet by lu ##ring allied ships to the cruisers and lighter ships , which were protected from the heavier guns of the battleships , including the guns of the er ##zh ##er ##zog karl class . however , on the morning of 10 june , the dread ##no ##ught s ##zen ##t ist ##van was torpedo ##ed and sunk by an italian torpedo boat . ho ##rth ##y felt that the element of surprise
| 966 |
[
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] | 254 |
had been compromised , and therefore called off the operation . this was to be the last military action er ##zh ##er ##zog ferdinand max was to take part in , and she and her sisters spent the rest of their career in port . near the end of world war i , the er ##zh ##er ##zog karl @ - @ class battleships were handed over to the newly formed state of slovene ##s , croats and serbs but er ##zh ##er ##zog ferdinand max was later transferred to great britain as a war rep ##arat ##ion . she was later broken up for scrap in 1921 . = ancient egyptian deities = ancient egyptian deities are the gods and goddess ##es worshipped in ancient
| 264 |
[
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":",
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",",
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"groups",
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] | 255 |
egypt . the beliefs and rituals surrounding these gods formed the core of ancient egyptian religion , which emerged sometime in pre ##his ##tory . deities represented natural forces and phenomena , and the egyptians supported and app ##eased them through offerings and rituals so that these forces would continue to function according to ma ##at , or divine order . after the founding of the egyptian state around 310 ##0 bc , the authority to perform these tasks was controlled by the pharaoh , who claimed to be the gods ' representative and managed the temples where the rituals were carried out . the gods ' complex characteristics were expressed in myths and in intricate relationships between deities : family ties , loose groups and
| 305 |
[
"hi",
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] | 256 |
hi ##era ##rch ##ies , and combinations of separate gods into one . deities ' diverse appearances in art — as animals , humans , objects , and combinations of different forms — also all ##uded , through symbolism , to their essential features . in different eras , various gods were said to hold the highest position in divine society , including the solar deity ra , the mysterious god am ##un , and the mother goddess isis . the highest deity was usually credited with the creation of the world and often connected with the life @ - @ giving power of the sun . some scholars have argued , based in part on egyptian writings , that the egyptians came to recognize a
| 304 |
[
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] | 257 |
single divine power that lay behind all things and was present in all the other deities . yet they never abandoned their original poly ##the ##istic view of the world , except possibly during the era of ate ##nism in the 14th century bc , when official religion focused exclusively on the imp ##erson ##al sun god ate ##n . gods were assumed to be present throughout the world , capable of influencing natural events and the course of human lives . people interact ##ed with them in temples and unofficial shrines , for personal reasons as well as for larger goals of state rites . egyptians prayed for divine help , used rituals to com ##pel deities to act , and called upon them for
| 305 |
[
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"feminine",
"form"
] | 258 |
advice . humans ' relations with their gods were a fundamental part of egyptian society . = = definition = = the beings in ancient egyptian tradition who might be labeled as deities are difficult to count . egyptian texts list the names of many deities whose nature is unknown and make vague , indirect references to other gods who are not even named . the egypt ##ologist james p . allen estimates that more than 1 @ , @ 400 deities are named in egyptian texts , whereas his colleague christian lei ##tz says there are " thousands upon thousands " of gods . the egyptian language ' s terms for these beings were nt ##r , " god " , and its feminine form
| 304 |
[
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",",
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] | 259 |
nt ##rt , " goddess " . scholars have tried to disc ##ern the original nature of the gods by proposing et ##ym ##ologies for these words , but none of these suggestions has gained acceptance , and the terms ' origin remains obscure . the hi ##ero ##gly ##phs that were used as id ##eo ##gram ##s and deter ##mina ##tive ##s in writing these words show some of the traits that the egyptians connected with divinity . the most common of these signs is a flag flying from a pole . similar objects were placed at the entrances of temples , representing the presence of a deity , throughout ancient egyptian history . other such hi ##ero ##gly ##phs include a falcon , reminiscent
| 264 |
[
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"to",
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] | 260 |
of several early gods who were depicted as falcons , and a seated male or female deity . the feminine form could also be written with an egg as deter ##mina ##tive , connecting goddess ##es with creation and birth , or with a cobra , reflecting the use of the cobra to depict many female deities . the egyptians distinguished nt ##r ##w , " gods " , from rm ##t , " people " , but the meanings of the egyptian and the english terms do not match perfectly . the term nt ##r may have applied to any being that was in some way outside the sphere of everyday life . deceased humans were called nt ##r because they were considered to be
| 304 |
[
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] | 261 |
like the gods , whereas the term was rarely applied to many of egypt ' s lesser supernatural beings , which modern scholars often call " demons " . egyptian religious art also depicts places , objects , and concepts in human form . these person ##ified ideas range from deities that were important in myth and ritual to obscure beings , only mentioned once or twice , that may be little more than metaphor ##s . confronting these blurred distinctions between gods and other beings , scholars have proposed various definitions of a " deity " . one widely accepted definition , suggested by jan ass ##mann , says that a deity has a cult , is involved in some aspect of the universe ,
| 304 |
[
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] | 262 |
and is described in mythology or other forms of written tradition . according to a different definition , by dimitri meek ##s , nt ##r applied to any being that was the focus of ritual . from this perspective , " gods " included the king , who was called a god after his coronation rites , and deceased souls , who entered the divine realm through funeral ceremonies . likewise , the pre ##emi ##nen ##ce of the great gods was maintained by the ritual devotion that was performed for them across egypt . the first written evidence of deities in egypt comes from the early d ##yna ##stic period ( c . 310 ##0 – 268 ##6 bc ) . deities must have emerged
| 304 |
[
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":",
"the",
"falcon"
] | 263 |
sometime in the preceding pre ##dy ##nas ##tic period ( before 310 ##0 bc ) and grown out of prehistoric religious beliefs . pre ##dy ##nas ##tic artwork depicts a variety of animal and human figures . some of these images , such as stars and cattle , are reminiscent of important features of egyptian religion in later times , but in most cases there is not enough evidence to say whether the images are connected with deities . as egyptian society grew more sophisticated , clearer signs of religious activity appeared . the earliest known temples appeared in the last centuries of the pre ##dy ##nas ##tic era , along with images that resemble the icon ##og ##raph ##ies of known deities : the falcon
| 366 |
[
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"more",
"##nz",
"'",
"hypothesis",
"that",
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] | 264 |
that represents ho ##rus and several other gods , the crossed arrows that stand for ne ##ith , and the enigma ##tic " set animal " that represents set . many egypt ##ologists and anthropologist ##s have suggested theories about how the gods developed in these early times . gustave je ##qui ##er , for instance , thought the egyptians first revered primitive fe ##tish ##es , then deities in animal form , and finally deities in human form , whereas henri frank ##fort argued that the gods must have been envisioned in human form from the beginning . some of these theories are now regarded as too sim ##pl ##istic , and more current ones , such as siegfried more ##nz ' hypothesis that deities
| 304 |
[
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] | 265 |
emerged as humans began to distinguish themselves from and person ##ify their environment , are difficult to prove . pre ##dy ##nas ##tic egypt originally consisted of small , independent villages . because many deities in later times were strongly tied to particular towns and regions , many scholars have suggested that the pantheon formed as di ##spar ##ate communities coal ##es ##ced into larger states , spreading and inter ##ming ##ling the worship of the old local deities . but others have argued that the most important pre ##dy ##nas ##tic gods were , like other elements of egyptian culture , present all across the country despite the political divisions within it . the final step in the formation of egyptian religion was the unification
| 305 |
[
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] | 266 |
of egypt , in which rulers from upper egypt made themselves pharaoh ##s of the entire country . these sacred kings and their subordinate ##s assumed the exclusive right to interact with the gods , and kings ##hip became the un ##ifying focus of the religion . new gods continued to emerge after this transformation . some important deities like isis and am ##un are not known to have appeared until the old kingdom ( c . 268 ##6 – 218 ##1 bc ) . places and concepts could suddenly inspire the creation of a deity to represent them , and deities were sometimes created to serve as opposite @ - @ sex counterparts to established gods or goddess ##es . kings were said to be
| 305 |
[
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] | 267 |
divine , although only a few continued to be worshipped long after their deaths . some non @ - @ royal humans were said to have the favor of the gods and were ve ##ner ##ated accordingly . this ve ##ner ##ation was usually short @ - @ lived , but the court architects im ##hot ##ep and am ##en ##hot ##ep son of ha ##pu were regarded as gods centuries after their lifetime ##s , as were some other officials . through contact with neighboring civilizations , the egyptians also adopted foreign deities . de ##dun , who is first mentioned in the old kingdom , may have come from nu ##bia , and ba ##al , ana ##t , and as ##tar ##te ,
| 224 |
[
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] | 268 |
among others , were adopted from can ##aan ##ite religion during the new kingdom ( c . 1550 – 107 ##0 bc ) . in greek and roman times , from 332 bc to the early centuries ad , deities from across the mediterranean world were revered in egypt , but the native gods remained , and they often absorbed the cult ##s of these newcomers into their own worship . = = characteristics = = modern knowledge of egyptian beliefs about the gods is mostly drawn from religious writings produced by the nation ' s scribe ##s and priests . these people were the elite of egyptian society and were very distinct from the general populace , most of whom were ill ##iter ##ate .
| 402 |
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".",
"the",
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] | 269 |
little is known about how well this broader population knew or understood the sophisticated ideas that the elite developed . common ##ers ' perceptions of the divine may have differed from those of the priests . the populace may , for example , have mistaken the religion ' s symbolic statements about the gods and their actions for literal truth . but overall , what little is known about popular religious belief is consistent with the elite tradition . the two traditions form a largely co ##hesive vision of the gods and their nature . most egyptian deities represent natural or social phenomena . the gods were generally said to be im ##man ##ent in these phenomena — to be present within nature . the types
| 305 |
[
"of",
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"that",
"fe",
"##rti",
"##lized",
"the",
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"'",
"s",
"farmland"
] | 270 |
of phenomena they represented include physical places and objects as well as abstract concepts and forces . the god shu was the dei ##fication of all the world ' s air ; the goddess mere ##ts ##eger oversaw a limited region of the earth , the the ##ban nec ##ropolis ; and the god si ##a person ##ified the abstract notion of perception . major gods often had many roles and were involved in several types of phenomena . for instance , k ##hn ##um was the god of elephant ##ine island in the midst of the nile , the river that was essential to egyptian civilization . he was credited with producing the annual nile flood that fe ##rti ##lized the nation ' s farmland
| 270 |
[
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",",
"ape",
"##p",
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"force",
"of",
"chaos",
",",
"constantly"
] | 271 |
. perhaps as an out ##growth of this life @ - @ giving function , he was said to create all living things , fashion ##ing their bodies on a potter ' s wheel . gods could share the same role in nature ; ra , at ##um , k ##he ##pr ##i , ho ##rus , and other deities acted as sun gods . despite their diverse functions , most gods had an over ##ar ##ching role in common : maintaining ma ##at , the universal order that was a central principle of egyptian religion and was itself person ##ified as a goddess . but some deities represented disruption to ma ##at . most prominently , ape ##p was the force of chaos , constantly
| 305 |
[
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"##ih",
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".",
"as",
"a"
] | 272 |
threatening to ann ##ih ##ila ##te the order of the universe , and set was an am ##bi ##valent member of divine society who could both fight disorder and f ##ome ##nt it . not all aspects of existence were seen as deities . although many deities were connected with the nile , no god person ##ified it in the way that ra person ##ified the sun . short @ - @ lived phenomena , like rainbow ##s or eclipse ##s , were not represented by gods ; neither were elements like fire and water or many other components of the world . the roles of each deity were fluid , and each god could expand its nature to take on new characteristics . as a
| 304 |
[
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".",
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".",
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",",
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",",
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"the",
"limits",
"of",
"the",
"world",
"in",
"a",
"way",
"that",
"other"
] | 273 |
result , gods ' roles are difficult to cat ##ego ##rize or define . but despite their flexibility , the gods had limited abilities and spheres of influence . not even the creator god could reach beyond the boundaries of the cosmos that he created , and even isis , though she was said to be the clever ##est of the gods , was not om ##nis ##cie ##nt . richard h . wilkinson , however , argues that some texts from the late new kingdom suggest that , as beliefs about the god am ##un evolved , he was thought to approach om ##nis ##cie ##nce and om ##ni ##pres ##ence and to trans ##cend the limits of the world in a way that other
| 264 |
[
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"be",
"protective",
";"
] | 274 |
deities did not . the deities with the most limited and specialized domains are often called " minor di ##vin ##ities " or " demons " in modern writing , although there is no firm definition for these terms . among these lesser deities , egypt ##ologist claude tr ##au ##neck ##er draws a distinction between " genie ##s " — specialized patron spirits of certain places , objects , or activities , such as the sea or marsh god wa ##d ##j @ - @ we ##r and the harvest goddess rene ##nut ##et — and demons , who have a more dangerous character . many demons are hostile , causing illness and other troubles among humans . their power can also be protective ;
| 274 |
[
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".",
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] | 275 |
they may guard certain places in the du ##at , the realm of the dead , or advise and watch over humans . egyptians believed the landscape was full of these unpredictable divine powers . demons often act as servants and messengers to the greater gods , but their position in the hierarchy is not fixed . the protective deities be ##s and ta ##wer ##et originally had minor , demon @ - @ like roles , but over time they came to be credited with great influence . divine behavior was believed to govern all of nature . except for the few deities who disrupted the divine order , the gods ' actions maintained ma ##at and created and sustained all living things . they
| 304 |
[
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"##ka",
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"new",
"pharaoh",
",",
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] | 276 |
did this work using a force the egyptians called he ##ka , a term usually translated as " magic " . he ##ka was a fundamental power that the creator god used to form the world and the gods themselves . the gods ' actions in the present are described and praised in hymns and fun ##era ##ry texts . in contrast , mythology mainly concerns the gods ' actions during a vaguely imagined past in which the gods were present on earth and interact ##ed directly with humans . the events of this past time set the pattern for the events of the present . periodic occurrences were tied to events in the myth ##ic past ; the succession of each new pharaoh , for
| 304 |
[
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",",
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".",
"set"
] | 277 |
instance , re ##ena ##cted ho ##rus ' accession to the throne of his father os ##iri ##s . myths are metaphor ##s for the gods ' actions , which humans cannot fully understand . they contain seemingly contradictory ideas , each expressing a particular perspective on divine events . the contradiction ##s in myth are part of the egyptians ' many @ - @ face ##ted approach to religious belief — what henri frank ##fort called a " multi ##plicity of approaches " to understanding the gods . in myth , the gods behave much like humans . they feel emotion ; they can eat , drink , fight , weep , sick ##en , and die . some have unique character traits . set
| 704 |
[
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",",
"who",
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] | 278 |
is aggressive and imp ##ulsive , and tho ##th , patron of writing and knowledge , is prone to long @ - @ wind ##ed speeches . yet overall , the gods are more like arch ##ety ##pes than well drawn characters . their behavior is inconsistent , and their thoughts and motivation ##s are rarely stated . most myths about them lack highly developed characters and plots , because the symbolic meaning of the myths was more important than elaborate storytelling . the first divine act is the creation of the cosmos , described in several creation myths . they focus on different gods , each of which may act as creator deities . the eight gods of the og ##do ##ad , who represent
| 264 |
[
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".",
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"period",
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] | 279 |
the chaos that pre ##cede ##s creation , give birth to the sun god , who establishes order in the newly formed world ; pt ##ah , who em ##bo ##dies thought and creativity , gives form to all things by en ##vision ##ing and naming them ; at ##um produces all things as em ##ana ##tions of himself ; and am ##un , according to the myths promoted by his priesthood , preceded and created the other creator gods . these and other versions of the events of creation were not seen as contradictory . each gives a different perspective on the complex process by which the organized universe and its many deities emerged from und ##iff ##ere ##nti ##ated chaos . the period following
| 710 |
[
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] | 280 |
creation , in which a series of gods rule as kings over the divine society , is the setting for most myths . the gods struggle against the forces of chaos and among each other before withdrawing from the human world and installing the historical kings of egypt to rule in their place . a recurring theme in these myths is the effort of the gods to maintain ma ##at against the forces of disorder . they fight vicious battles with the forces of chaos at the start of creation . ra and ape ##p , battling each other each night , continue this struggle into the present . another prominent theme is the gods ' death and revival . the clear ##est instance where a
| 304 |
[
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] | 281 |
god dies is the myth of os ##iri ##s ' murder , in which that god is resurrected as ruler of the du ##at . the sun god is also said to grow old during his daily journey across the sky , sink into the du ##at at night , and emerge as a young child at dawn . in the process he comes into contact with the re ##ju ##ven ##ating water of pri ##mo ##rdial chaos . fun ##era ##ry texts that depict ra ' s journey through the du ##at also show the corpses of gods who are en ##li ##ven ##ed along with him . instead of being change ##lessly immortal , the gods periodically died and were reborn by repeating the
| 722 |
[
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",",
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] | 282 |
events of creation , thus renew ##ing the whole world . but it was always possible for this cycle to be disrupted and for chaos to return . some poorly understood egyptian texts even suggest that this cal ##ami ##ty is destined to happen — that the creator god will one day dissolve the order of the world , leaving only himself and os ##iri ##s amid the pri ##mo ##rdial chaos . gods were linked with specific regions of the universe . in egyptian tradition , the world includes the earth , the sky , and the du ##at . surrounding them is the dark form ##lessness that existed before creation . the gods in general were said to dwell in the sky , although
| 264 |
[
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"world",
".",
"in"
] | 283 |
gods whose roles were linked with other parts of the universe were said to live in those places instead . most events of mythology , set in a time before the gods ' withdrawal from the human realm , take place in an earthly setting . the deities there sometimes interact with those in the sky . the du ##at , in contrast , is treated as a remote and inaccessible place , and the gods who dwell there have difficulty communicating with those in the world of the living . the space outside the cosmos is also said to be very distant . it too is inhabited by deities , some hostile and some beneficial to the other gods and their orderly world . in
| 304 |
[
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"for",
"the",
"city",
"and"
] | 284 |
the time after myth , most gods were said to be either in the sky or in ##vis ##ibly present within the world . temples were their main means of contact with humanity . each day , it was believed , the gods moved from the divine realm to their temples , their homes in the human world . there they inhabited the cult images , the statues that depicted deities and allowed humans to interact with them in temple rituals . this movement between realms was sometimes described as a journey between the sky and the earth . as temples were the focal points of egyptian cities , the god in a city ' s main temple was the patron god for the city and
| 383 |
[
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",",
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"'",
"patron",
"gods",
"—"
] | 285 |
the surrounding region . deities ' spheres of influence on earth centered on the towns and regions they presided over . many gods had more than one cult center , and their local ties changed over time . they could establish themselves in new cities , or their range of influence could contract . therefore , a given deity ' s main cult center in historical times is not necessarily his or her place of origin . the political influence of a city could affect the importance of its patron deity . when kings from the ##bes took control of the country at start of the middle kingdom ( c . 205 ##5 – 1650 bc ) , they elevated the ##bes ' patron gods —
| 304 |
[
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] | 286 |
first the war god mont ##u and then am ##un — to national prominence . in egyptian belief , names express the fundamental nature of the things to which they refer . in keeping with this belief , the names of deities often relate to their roles or origins . the name of the predatory goddess se ##kh ##met means " powerful one " , the name of the mysterious god am ##un means " hidden one " , and the name of the goddess ne ##kh ##bet , who was worshipped in the city of ne ##kh ##eb , means " she of ne ##kh ##eb " . but many other names have no certain meaning , even when the gods who bear them are
| 264 |
[
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"were",
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] | 287 |
closely tied to a single role . the names of the sky goddess nut and the earth god ge ##b do not resemble the egyptian terms for sky and earth . the egyptians also devised false et ##ym ##ologies giving more meanings to divine names . a passage in the coffin texts render ##s the name of the fun ##era ##ry god so ##kar as sk r , meaning " cleaning of the mouth " , to link his name with his role in the opening of the mouth ritual , while one in the pyramid texts says the name is based on words shouted by os ##iri ##s , connecting so ##kar with the most important fun ##era ##ry deity . the gods were believed
| 264 |
[
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",",
"or",
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] | 288 |
to have many names . among them were secret names that conveyed their true nature ##s more profoundly than others . to know the true name of a deity was to have power over it . the importance of names is demonstrated by a myth in which isis poison ##s the superior god ra and refuses to cure him unless he reveals his secret name to her . upon learning the name , she tells it to her son , ho ##rus , and by learning it they gain greater knowledge and power . in addition to their names , gods were given epithet ##s , like " possess ##or of sp ##len ##dor " , " ruler of ab ##yd ##os " , or "
| 777 |
[
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"in",
"a",
"complex",
"and"
] | 289 |
lord of the sky " , that describe some aspect of their roles or their worship . because of the gods ' multiple and overlapping roles , deities can have many epithet ##s — with more important gods acc ##um ##ulating more titles — and the same epithet can apply to many deities . some epithet ##s eventually became separate deities , as with were ##the ##ka ##u , an epithet applied to several goddess ##es meaning " great en ##chan ##tres ##s " , which came to be treated as an independent goddess . the host of divine names and titles expresses the gods ' multi ##far ##ious nature . = = = relationships = = = egyptian deities are connected in a complex and
| 304 |
[
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] | 290 |
shifting array of relationships . a god ' s connections and interactions with other deities helped define its character . thus isis , as the mother and protector of ho ##rus , was a great healer as well as the patron ##ess of kings . such relationships were the base material from which myths were formed . family relationships are a common type of connection between gods . deities often form male and female pairs , reflecting the importance of pro ##cre ##ation in egyptian religious thought . families of three deities , with a father , mother , and child , represent the creation of new life and the succession of the father by the child , a pattern that connects divine families with royal
| 304 |
[
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",",
"although",
"in",
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] | 291 |
succession . os ##iri ##s , isis , and ho ##rus formed the qui ##ntes ##sen ##tial family of this type . the pattern they set grew more widespread over time , so that many deities in local cult centers , like pt ##ah , se ##kh ##met , and their child ne ##fer ##tum at memphis and am ##un , mu ##t , and k ##hon ##su at the ##bes , were assembled into family triad ##s . genealogical connections like these are change ##able , in keeping with the multiple perspectives in egyptian belief . hat ##hor , as a fertility goddess , could act as mother to any child god , including the child form of the sun god , although in other
| 209 |
[
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",",
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"a",
"single",
"god",
"each"
] | 292 |
circumstances she was the sun god ' s daughter . other divine groups were composed of deities with inter ##rel ##ated roles , or who together represented a region of the egyptian mythological cosmos . there were sets of gods for the hours of the day and night and for each no ##me ( province ) of egypt . some of these groups contain a specific , symbolic ##ally important number of deities . paired gods can stand for opposite but inter ##rel ##ated concepts that are part of a greater unity . ra , who is dynamic and light @ - @ producing , and os ##iri ##s , who is static and sh ##roud ##ed in darkness , merge into a single god each
| 304 |
[
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",",
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",",
"which",
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] | 293 |
night . groups of three are linked with plurality in ancient egyptian thought , and groups of four con ##note complete ##ness . rulers in the late new kingdom promoted a particularly important group of three gods above all others : am ##un , ra , and pt ##ah . these deities stood for the plurality of all gods , as well as for their own cult centers ( the major cities of the ##bes , he ##lio ##polis , and memphis ) and for many three ##fold sets of concepts in egyptian religious thought . sometimes set , the patron god of the nineteenth dynasty kings and the em ##bo ##diment of disorder within the world , was added to this group , which emphasized
| 304 |
[
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"or",
"who",
"were"
] | 294 |
a single coherent vision of the pantheon . nine , the product of three and three , represents a multitude , so the egyptians called several large groups " en ##nea ##ds " , or sets of nine , even if they had more than nine members . the most prominent en ##nea ##d was the en ##nea ##d of he ##lio ##polis , an extended family of deities descended from the creator god at ##um , which incorporates many important gods . the term " en ##nea ##d " was often extended to include all of egypt ' s deities . this divine ass ##em ##bla ##ge had a vague and change ##able hierarchy . gods with broad influence in the cosmos or who were
| 274 |
[
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".",
"isis",
"absorbed",
"the",
"traits",
"of"
] | 295 |
mythological ##ly older than others had higher positions in divine society . at the apex of this society was the king of the gods , who was usually identified with the creator deity . in different periods of egyptian history , different gods were most frequently said to hold this ex ##al ##ted position . ho ##rus was the most important god in the early d ##yna ##stic period , ra rose to pre ##emi ##nen ##ce in the old kingdom , am ##un was supreme in the new , and in the pt ##ole ##ma ##ic and roman periods , isis was the divine queen and creator goddess . newly prominent gods tended to adopt characteristics from their predecessors . isis absorbed the traits of
| 420 |
[
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",",
"the",
"sun"
] | 296 |
many other goddess ##es during her rise , and when am ##un became the ruler of the pantheon , he was con ##jo ##ined with ra , the traditional king of the gods , to become a solar deity . = = = manifestation ##s and combinations = = = the gods were believed to manifest in many forms . the egyptians had complex conception of the human soul , consisting of several parts . the spirits of the gods were composed of many of these same elements . the ba was the component of the human or divine soul that affected the world around it . any visible manifestation of a god ' s power could be called its ba ; thus , the sun
| 304 |
[
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",",
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"one",
"deity"
] | 297 |
was called the ba of ra . a depiction of a deity was considered a ka , another component of its being , which acted as a vessel for that deity ' s ba to inhabit . the cult images of gods that were the focus of temple rituals , as well as the sacred animals that represented certain deities , were believed to house divine bas in this way . gods could be ascribed many bas and ka ##s , which were sometimes given names representing different aspects of the god ' s nature . everything in existence was said to be one of the ka ##s of at ##um the creator god , who originally contained all things within himself , and one deity
| 382 |
[
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] | 298 |
could be called the ba of another , meaning that the first god is a manifestation of the other ' s power . divine body parts could act as separate deities , like the eye of ra and hand of at ##um , both of which were person ##ified as goddess ##es . nationally important deities gave rise to local manifestation ##s , which sometimes absorbed the characteristics of older regional gods . ho ##rus had many forms tied to particular places , including ho ##rus of ne ##kh ##en , ho ##rus of bu ##hen , and ho ##rus of ed ##fu . such local manifestation ##s could be treated almost as separate beings . during the new kingdom , one man was accused of
| 304 |
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"functions",
"were"
] | 299 |
stealing clothes by an oracle supposed to communicate messages from am ##un of pe @ - @ k ##hen ##ty . he consulted two other local oracle ##s of am ##un hoping for a different judgment . gods ' manifestation ##s also differed according to their roles . ho ##rus could be a powerful sky god or vulnerable child , and these forms were sometimes counted as independent deities . gods were combined with each other as easily as they were divided . a god could be called the ba of another , or two or more deities could be joined into one god with a combined name and icon ##ography . local gods were linked with greater ones , and deities with similar functions were
| 304 |
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