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Africities – Provision of Safe Water an Attainable Goal THE provision of water to entire citizens of the continent is a formidable task that can nonetheless be fulfilled. This has the prevailing sentiment at the seventh Africities Summit ongoing in Johannesburg. Chris Heymans, Senior Water and Sanitation Specialist at the World Bank, based in Nairobi, Kenya said although major challenges existed, World Bank research presently being undertaken found there were spots of encouragement on the continent. It was these examples that could provide the impetus for effectively tackling water and sanitation problems across the continent by providing tangible examples of success to other local authorities and utilities. The ideal delivery system for water was piping of the commodity into homes of users, said Heymans. This had a profound impact on the quality of life of individuals, but -because of rapid urbanisation in Africa’s cities – this ideal was being hampered by growing slum settlements on the outskirts of cities where people still had to move long distances to find water. Across the continent, the needs of settled, ‘richer’ communities and those of poorer consumers were tackled in various ways. Some authorities restricted themselves to piped delivery to more affluent areas, whilst other cities argued for not providing water at household levels. “Whatever the arguments for and against, the fact was that it was the poor who suffered as they had to pay more for water than more privileged consumers. They also relied on ‘water merchants’ to supply what could be water of a poor standard. The impact on quality of life and health were obvious,” Heymans said. He cited an example of Ouagadougou, capital of Burkina Faso, where a working compromise had been established and was working for the benefit of all parties. Although city inhabitants received piped water, the city authorities had taken the decision to extend their water network by running pipes to the outskirts of areas dominated by informal settlements outside the city limits. “Here, people who had been selling water, had been recruited as partners and were engaged in running the pipe network further into these areas and selling access to water piped closer to peoples’ homes,” Heymans said. To ensure that these services could be supplied at a reasonable rate to the people, the delivery of water to the outskirts of these areas was subsidised by the utility. “The result had been an increase in the quality of life for thousands of people,” said Heymans said. Source: allafrica Follow Alive2Green on Social Media TwitterFacebookLinkedInGoogle +
DAG: The next tipping point in the blockchain industry? Image source: u.today What is DAG? DAG is an abbreviation of Directed Acyclic Graph, a direct image data structure that uses topological sorting. This kind of data structure can find the optimal solution in data compression, so it is widely used in data processing and other fields in practice. In general, each node in the DAG structure is connected together by an edge with a specific direction to eliminate the possibility of any loop. Therefore, DAG can be intuitively understood as a directed graph without loops. Figure: Intuitive interpretation of DAG, image source: Medium Principle of DAG In the structure of the DAG, each transaction must confirm the other two transactions before it is processed and confirmed. Of course, the processing and validation of any transaction is the responsibility of all nodes. This approach not only confirms every new transaction, but also indirectly verifies all transactions. Each transaction initiator does not need to pay for the confirmation of its own transaction, because the trader also needs to consume his own computing power to verify other transactions. Unidentified transactions are often referred to as tips throughout the network. An algorithm called Markov Chain Monte Carlo ensures that each tip cannot be self-verified. Therefore, in order to be confirmed by themselves, these tips have to confirm other transactions. The difference between DAG and blockchain If the blockchain technique is built on a vertical structure, the DAG can be thought of as being built on a horizontal structure. In the blockchain workload proof mechanism, only miners use mining methods to identify new blocks and attach new blocks to the latest chain. Moreover, blocks cannot be created at the same time, and each block is created in about 10 minutes. In contrast, there is no concept of “blocks” in the DAG system: transactions and transactions can be directly linked without the need for blocks. Once there is no block, the mining process has lost its meaning, and the miners are “unemployed” in the DAG system. Compared to the blockchain, the structure of the DAG is more like a maze network diagram of a multi-party transaction. Figure: The difference between DAG and blockchain, image source: Medium Commonality between DAG and blockchain Although there are some differences between DAG and blockchain, in essence, DAG comes from the idea of sidechain and still has the attributes of blockchain. Therefore, as a distributed database based on peer-to-peer network, DAG is still a mechanism for distributed decision verification. Confirmation interval Confirmation confidence is a very important concept in the DAG structure and an important indicator for measuring the acceptance of a transaction. The specific calculation is divided into three processes: 1) running the tip screening algorithm 100 times 2) calculating the number of tips that agree to the transaction 3) the percentage obtained by dividing the number by 100 is the confirmation interval. In other words, the confirmation interval is the percentage of tip in a transaction confirmation process. The concept of DAG based on the confirmation interval largely solves one of the problems of the Bitcoin blockchain: scalability issues. In theory, in the DAG structure, as the network nodes and processed transactions increase, the future transaction volume processing speed will be faster. As a direct image data structure that uses topological sorting, DAG largely solves the scalability problem faced by the Bitcoin blockchain. For the moment, the IoT Chain is a good example of DAG technology, with 10,000 transactions per second. Therefore, with the continuous development of DAG technology, "transaction speed" and "transaction cost" will no longer be a dilemma for the blockchain. Article Source: Blockchain 3.0: The future of distributed ledger technology? Author: Demelza Hays
What Is PCOS And How To Treat It Naturally? Treat PCOS NaturallyWhat is PCOS? Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, PCOS, is a hormonal condition which causes enlarged ovaries with small cysts on the outer edges. It usually affects women of 15 to 44 years of age. What Happens In PCOS In PCOS, due to imbalance of hormones that stimulate ovulation, the body is unable to ovulate, that is, produce a mature egg. Instead, the follicles, which contain the immature egg, grow inside of the ovaries. There are many such fluid filled sacs inside the ovaries and hence the name polycystic ovarian syndrome. Also because of this, the masculine hormones are more in the body and causes excess facial hair and irregular menstrual cycles. What are the symptoms of PCOS The symptoms of PCOS are Irregular Menstrual Periods Due to PCOS, periods get irregular. Sometimes periods don’t occur for two to three months. PCOS causes lesser than 9 periods in a year. Excess Hair People suffering from PCOS have hair growth due to excess levels of masculine hormones. Hair growth is seen on the face and other parts as well. Fertility Problems Due to PCOS, it gets difficult to get pregnant as there is lack of ovulation. Other Symptoms It may affect metabolic rate and lead to obesity. It can also cause darker skin patches and acne. Causes Of PCOS The exact cause of PCOS is unknown however it is related to certain genetic and environmental factors. Studies have found that PCOS can run in the family. Insulin Resistance Due to the body’s inability to completely break down sugar from foods (using insulin) for energy, the pancreases produces more insulin to compensate. Increase in insulin levels also trigger the ovaries to produce male hormones. Risk factors Obesity and type 2 diabetes are certain risk factors which can cause PCOS. Unhealthy diets can cause PCOS. Having a nutritious meal is very important. Other environmental factors like sedentary lifestyle, other medical conditions, etc can cause PCOS. Effects Of PCOS on Our Body Due to PCOS, the hormone levels in our body are imbalanced. This can affect our body in numerous ways PCOS causes infertility as it prevents secretion of the right amount of hormones required for ovulation Depression and Mood Swings Due to hormonal imbalance, many women suffer from depression and mood swings Can lead to heart diseases Due to PCOS and obesity, blood sugar can increase, cholesterol levels increase and blood pressure also increases which can lead to a higher risk of heart diseases. Sleep Apnea It means pausing in breathing while sleeping at night. It disrupts sleep. How to Treat PCOS There are many pills available which can treat PCOS and can force the body to produce the right hormones. However there is no known cure for PCOS. Treatment for PCOS starts with a lifestyle change. Exercising, weight loss and a well balanced diet is very important. Balanced Diet and Exercising Having the right food along with exercising is very important. This will help you reduce weight and also leads to regular periods which will treat PCOS. A low carb high protein diet is very beneficial for weight loss. 30 minutes moderate intensity exercise is needed along with change in diet at least thrice a week.
4th Canadian Armoured Division Canada shoulder title Canadian 4th Armoured Division The 4th Canadian (Armoured) Division was created during World War II by the conversion of the 4th Canadian Infantry Division at the beginning of 1942 in Canada. The division proceeded overseas in 1942, with its two main convoys reaching the United Kingdom in August and October. The division spent almost two years training in the United Kingdom before crossing to Normandy in July 1944. In the United Kingdom, it participated in war games together with the Polish 1st Armoured Division, and later fought in France, the Low Countries, and Germany; both divisions followed very close paths. The division participated in the later stages of the Battle of Normandy at the Falaise Pocket, the advance from Normandy and spent almost two months engaged at the Breskens Pocket as well as Operation Pheasant. It wintered in the Netherlands and took part in the final advance across northern Germany. 4th Canadian Armoured Brigade 21st Armoured Regiment (The Governor General's Foot Guards) 22nd Armoured Regiment (The Canadian Grenadier Guards) 28th Armoured Regiment (The British Columbia Regiment) The Lake Superior Regiment (Motor) 10th Canadian Infantry Brigade The Lincoln and Welland Regiment The Algonquin Regiment The Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders of Canada (Princess Louise's) 10 Canadian Infantry Brigade Ground Defence Platoon (Lorne Scots) Other Units 29th Armoured Reconnaissance Regiment (The South Alberta Regiment) "D" Squadron, 25th Armoured Delivery Regiment (The Elgin Regiment), Canadian Armoured Corps 15th Field Regiment, RCA 23rd Field Regiment, RCA 5th Anti-tank Regiment, RCA 8th Light Anti-aircraft Regiment, RCA 4th Canadian Armoured Division Engineers 8th Field Squadron, RCE 9th Field Squadron, RCE 6th Field Park Squadron, RCE 4th Canadian Armoured Division Bridge Troop, RCE No. 46 Light Aid Detachment, RCEME 4th Canadian Armoured Divisional Signals, R.C. Sigs No. 4 Defence and Employment Platoon (Lorne Scots) 12 Light Field Ambulance, RCAMC No. 8 Provost Company, Canadian Provost Corps
Nu! Teaching the “We” in Yom Kippur By David J. Steiner, Ed.D. ASHAMNU: we have been guilty, BAGADNU: we have betrayed, GAZALNU: we have stolen, DIBARNU DOFI: we have spoken falsely. Maybe it is time to look in the mirror and say KEYSHALNU: We have failed. We have failed because we have made Yom Kippur a day of repentance for our individual sins at the expense of our collective transgressions. We have failed because we have adopted the singular, unique and problematic approach of Rabbi Hanina (Babylonian Talmud, Bava Kamma 38a) “The one who is commanded to do something and does it stands on a higher level than the one who does something without being commanded to do it.” In essence, Don’t question Jewish (divine) authority. Do as you are told. We have failed because we have handed judgement over to an outside authority. Yes, to err is human, but so is forgiveness. We continue to teach that there is a Book of Life sitting around in some heavenly library waiting for the inscriptions of a deity who will make judgements. Why not replace, “Gmar Chatima Tova,” with “Our Chatima Tova,” Our stamp is good because we are the ones who have to manage this world, and we occupy it. Our forebears knew that morality is not in heaven. It is decided by leaning toward the majority and being constantly vigilant. This notion of a day of judgement has its benefits if you believe – and want to teach – that humanity is bound to transgress when not constrained by the threat of individual punishment or permanent banishment to a gruesome afterlife, but this system has failed for many reasons. Human beings may not necessarily be good or bad, but they all live with the consequences of their actions. They are also interdependent. Yom Kippur is the holiday of our indebtedness to one another alongside our personal responsibility for our actions. There is no “we” without “me.” Isn’t that why the rabbis prescribed the reading of Yonah? They wanted us to explore the balance between concern for our own will in the universe and the inevitability of the membership in a broad collective. Yonah isn’t even instructed to warn his own people, or good people – as if good people need warning. He is sent to Nineveh to take responsibility for the dregs of the region. So why is it that we create and teach this day as if it is all about “me”? My best guess is that we individuals choose a path of least resistance. We can control ourselves, for the most part, so we can understand why we could be personably accountable, but we don’t want to feel accountable for the actions of others. We leave that to external forces, which is why we read Yonah and not the story of Abraham in Sodom on Yom Kippur. We want a good god to care about the sinners of a failed city by sending a messenger to warn them instead of an angry god who will insist on justice, like he did in Sodom. But in a world where God’s immanence is not clear, has not been proven and could be completely wrong, why do we insist on passing the buck. Most importantly, why do we insist on teaching this to our children? Imagine a Yom Kippur where we come together, after a month of reconciliation, and we ask ourselves, “How are we doing?” Are we Sodom and Nineveh or have we learned to progress? What if we read the story of the Tower of Babel as the origin of the diversity and culture we created for ourselves by not striving to reach heaven anymore? How would we feel today assessing ourselves in the present state of our people? Two points for asserting our sovereignty with a nation-state and taking collective responsibility as a people; subtract a point for not finalizing our borders. What about the two million people who live under our rule without full citizenship of democratic rights? Do we add a few points for our numerous Nobel Prizes? Reduce one for Bernie Madoff? What about deporting Sudanese refugees? It’s hard to take responsibility for a collective, but this is exactly why we set aside this day. “Howbeit on the tenth day of this seventh month is the day of atonement; there shall be a holy convocation unto you, and You All shall afflict your souls; and You All shall bring an offering made by fire unto the LORD. And You All shall do no manner of work in that same day; for it is a day of atonement, to make atonement for all of you…” (Lev 23:27-28) It’s probably too late for this Yom Kippur. We will have to pound our hearts and say, “Keyshalnu,” but maybe next year we will do better. This is the Tikvah (hope) of our people, “to be a free nation,” unfettered by the threats of a gruesome afterlife and responsible for what we do, individually, and as a collective here on this lovely planet. This is the meaning of those two letters at the end of the verbs ASHAMNU, BAGADNU, GAZALNU, DIBARNU. Now lets attend to the “Nu.” Wishing all readers, “Our chatima tova!” David Steiner, Ed.D, is a filmmaker, mediator and rabbinical student at the International Institute for Secular Humanistic Judaism. He has been a congregational director of education for both Reform and Conservative congregations.
The Science of Rights/Appendix 2 The Science of Rights by Johann Gottlieb Fichte Appendix 2 International and Cosmopolitan Law § 1.Edit EACH individual, as we have shown, has the right to compel each other single individual to enter into a legal relation (state) with him or to remove from his sphere of activity. If one of the two is already a resident of a state and the other one not, then the former compels the latter to become a citizen of his state. If neither is as yet a resident of a state, both unite to form at least the beginning of a state. From this it follows, that whosoever is not yet a citizen of a state can be legally compelled, by the first state which chooses to do so, either to submit to its laws or to remove from its limits. The natural result of this proposition would be gradually to unite all men who inhabit the earth under one single commonwealth. But it is equally possible that separate masses of men, unknown to each other, may gather together at various places of the earth and unite themselves. This place has such requirements, and another place has other requirements, and these requirements are alleviated in each case without either party becoming aware of the requirements of the other. In this manner various states would arise on the earth. It is a proof that the state is not an arbitrary invention, but is established by nature and reason, when we actually find that, in places where men have lived together for a time and have become educated, states are erected, although the people in the one such place know not that the same thing has been done in other places. The surface of the earth being, moreover, separated by seas, rivers, and mountains, this formation of separate states became necessary likewise from geographical reasons. The people in these several states know not of each other; and hence are in no true legal relation to each other, since the possibility of a legal relation is conditioned, as we have seen, by actual and conscious reciprocal influence. Two citizens from these different independent states meet each other. Each one will require of the other a guarantee for his security, and has a perfect right to do so; which security consists in their both subjecting themselves to the chief government. But each one has a chief government; hence, each one has the same right to make the same request, and their rights thus canceling each other, neither party has a right to make it. Nevertheless, they must give each other mutual guarantee. Since this can not be done in the manner suggested, how can it be done? Both are to submit to a common judge; but each one has his particular judge. Hence, their judges must agree among themselves, and must become the One common judge of both in matters which concern both; that is, both their states must mutually agree to punish the injury done by one of its citizens to a citizen of the other country, as if it had been inflicted upon one of its own citizens. 1. The whole relation of states is based upon the legal relation of their citizens. The state in itself is nothing but an abstract conception; only the citizens, as such, are actual persons. Again: this relation is based expressly upon the law, necessity, that citizens who meet each other in the sensuous world must guarantee security to each other. Hence, only those states are related to each other which are adjoining. How states, separated by space, may nevertheless be related to each other, we shall soon see. 2. This relation of the states consists in their mutually securing to each other the security of their citizens. And the formula of the contract is as follows: I agree to hold myself responsible for all the damage which my citizens may do to your citizens, provided you will make yourself responsible for all the damage which your citizens may do to mine. 3. Such a compact is not involved in the original state organization, but must be specially concluded, and must be made publicly known to all citizens. The citizen satisfies all the conditions of the state compact by simply refraining from violating the rights of his fellow-citizen; and it is only in virtue of this special compact that he is obliged by law also to respect the rights of citizens of adjoining states, and that he makes himself liable to punishment if he does not do so.[1] Such a compact of states necessarily involves their mutual recognition, since this is the presupposition of the possibility of such a compact. Both states accept each the guarantee of the other for its citizens, and hence assume each that the other has a legal constitution and can be held responsible for its citizens. Each state has, therefore, the right to judge about the legality of another state, with the citizens whereof its own citizens are likely to come into contact. But this right of judgment extends only to the external, not to the internal, administration of such state. This is what is signified by the independence of states. Each people, which does not live in a condition of nature, but has a government, no matter how constituted, has a right to compel its recognition from all adjoining states. The proof of this is indeed contained already in the preceding paragraph. Not to recognize a state signifies, to proclaim its citizens as not possessing any legal form of government; and this involves the right to subjugate them. A refusal to recognize is, therefore, sufficient ground for war. States are necessarily independent of each other. When a people has no government, and hence does not constitute a state, the adjoining state has a right either to subjugate it under its own jurisdiction, or to compel it to establish some form of government, or to expel it from its neighborhood. The reason is, that he who can not offer to the other any guarantee for the security of his rights, has himself no rights. Such a people, therefore, has no rights at all. (Let no one fear that this proposition is favorable to ambitious nations. A people such as we have described most likely does not exist anywhere, and we have established this theory more to complete our argumentation than for the sake of its application. If a people has only a leader in war, it has doubtless a government. The French Republicans whipped the armies of the Coalition again and again, while the latter doubted whether the Republicans had any government, and were asking, "With whom shall we conclude peace?" Why did they not ask those who had beaten them the name of their commander in battle? Perhaps the men who had issued the command to beat the Coalition could also have given the command to cease beating them. At present, when they have been sufficiently beaten, the Coalition has finally hit upon this idea, and has thus discovered that the French have, after all, some kind of government.) Adjoining states guarantee to each other the rights of property of their citizens. Hence, they must have come to some agreement as to the limits of these rights. These limits have already been fixed in each state by the property compact of all citizens; and the treaty between the states only adopts those limits. Thus, what before concerned only the citizens of the one state has become obligatory, likewise, upon those of the adjoining states. Possible disputes must be settled by compromise, since there are no a priori legal grounds why one piece of property should belong to this citizen and not to the other. Hence, the first condition of a legal relation between two states is the fixing of their boundaries; and not only of the boundaries of the land itself, but also of certain rights, as, for instance, of fishing, hunting, navigation, etc. The boundaries of the property of their citizens becomes for the states the boundaries of those states. In this treaty both states are perfectly equal. What the one state does to protect the citizens of the other state from damage, the other must also do in regard to the former; but neither is obliged to apply greater care than the other. Hence, it is very possible that in some states the rights of their own citizens are more protected than those of strangers—perhaps because the other states refused to afford sufficient protection on their side; nay, it is even possible that the property of strangers from one adjoining state may be better protected than that of strangers from another state, because the other state, on its side, affords more protection. The whole relation is one which is based purely upon an agreement. Through this compact the states which are a party to it attain the right of mutually watching each other, to see whether its provisions are conformed with and carried out or not. The ground of this right is clear enough. The agreement is valid only if both parties conform to it; hence each party must have a right to know whether the other has complied with it or not. This watch can be realized only in the state which is watched. Hence the states send ministers to each other to conduct this surveillance. It is true, states also send agents to conclude treaties; but the office of such agents is partly temporary and partly accidental. To distinguish both, the latter are usually called ambassadors. The original character, however, of a permanent, resident minister (charge d'affaires) consists in keeping watch as to whether the state to which he has been sent conforms to its obligations or not, and perhaps in reminding it of its duties. Of course, he has no right to interfere in the internal arrangements of such a state, since his own state has not even the right to interfere in them. Holding this office of watching the conduct of the state to which he has been sent, of course the minister can not be dependent upon it, since, otherwise, he would have to render it obedience, and since thus the object of his mission would not be accomplished. Hence, so long as he preserves the character of mere minister, he is subject only to the authority of his own government. He is, for the state to which he has been sent, a holy and inviolable person; he represents his own independent state. Taxes, of course, he has none to pay; for taxes are a contribution to the support of a government; but he is not a citizen of this government. If the minister steps beyond the limits of his official duties, either by seeking to acquire an influence in the internal affairs of such a state or by creating disturbances through bad behavior otherwise, the state which has received him does not become his judge, but may send him back and demand satisfaction. If the treaty between both states is clearly and plainly written—and since it only comprises few matters, it is easy to make it clear, and any indefiniteness would at once indicate some evil intention not to observe its provisions—error and injustice are almost impossible. Nevertheless, violation of the treaty certainly gives a right to declare war, precisely as a refusal to recognize a state gives such right. For in either case, the state which is thus made war upon, shows that a legal relation with it is impossible, and hence that it has no rights at all. The right of war, like all rights of compulsion, is infinite. The opponent has no rights because he refuses to recognize the rights of the war-making power. True, he may afterward sue for peace, and promise to recognize those rights. But how shall the other party be convinced that he is in earnest and is not merely looking out for a better opportunity to subjugate him? Hence, the natural end of war is always the annihilation of the opponent; that is to say, the subjugation of his citizens. True, a peace (or rather merely an armistice) may be concluded, because one party or both parties are too much weakened; but mutual distrust remains, and the object of subjugation remains also. Only the armed powers of both states carry on the war, not the unarmed citizens; hence, the war is not made upon them. That part of a state's territory which its troops no longer protect is an acquisition of the conqueror, the object of the war being the subjugation of the hostile state; and the conqueror can not plunder his own citizens or devastate his own possessions without acting irrationally, and hence, also, against the laws of war. As soon as the conqueror has driven away the enemy's armed troops, the unarmed citizens of the enemy are his subjects. That part of the state's territory, however, which its troops still protect, is not subject to the enemy. The former part the enemy can not devastate, because it is its own; the latter part he can not devastate, because it is physically impossible, being held by its troops. The usual manner of carrying on war is certainly irrational and barbarous. The conqueror devastates the subjugated provinces in order to plunder them in all haste, as much as possible, and to leave as little as possible to the enemy. He does not, therefore, calculate upon keeping possession of them. But why, then, does he carry on war? The disarmed soldier is also no longer enemy, but subject. Our mode of considering him as a prisoner of war and keeping him for exchange, is an arbitrary arrangement of modern policy, which has no thorough, independent object in prosecuting war, and hence at all times considers the possibility of treating with the enemy. The object of war is not to kill, but merely to drive away and disarm the armed force which protects the country and its citizens. In a hand-to hand fight, one man kills another to escape being killed himself, and hence, in virtue of the right of self-defense, but not of any right conferred by the state to kill the enemy; which right, indeed, no state has, and hence can not, either, confer. In the same manner we may regard the modern manner of conducting war by means of cannons, guns, etc. It is not the object to kill with the bullets, but merely to drive the enemy away from the place covered by the cannons or guns. If, nevertheless, the enemy remains, it is his own fault if the balls kill him. (Reason would seem to require that we should always advise the enemy when we intend to open a fire upon his posts; precisely as we first send a demand to fortresses to surrender before opening fire upon them.) The only thing in our modern mode of warfare which is downright illegal, is the sharp-shooters, who from hidden places, where they are safe themselves, cold-bloodedly take aim upon a man as upon a target. With them murder is end. (The first use of sharp-shooters, by Austria against Prussia, did, indeed, create universal indignation throughout Europe. We have now become accustomed to it, and imitate it; but it is not to our honor.) The aggrieved state has a perfect right, as we have seen, to make war upon the unjust state, until it has subjugated it and united its citizens with its own. War would, therefore, seem a sure and legal means of securing the legal relation between the several' states, if it were only possible to invent a contrivance by means whereof the party which has the just cause at hand would always be victorious. But since every state has not the same amount of strength as of right, war may promote as often, if not oftener, the cause of injustice as the cause of justice. But war is the only means to compel a state; and hence the problem must be to arrange matters in such a way that the just cause will always be victorious in war. Strength arises from the masses; hence a number of states must confederate among themselves for the maintenance of law and for the punishment of all unjust states. It is clear that such a combination will result in a power always victorious; but the far higher question is, how can it be arranged that this combination of states always will decree justly? Many states unite and guarantee each to the other their independence and the inviolability of the compact just described. The formula of such a confederation would be as follows: We all promise to exterminate with united force any state, whether it belong to this confederation or not,, which shall refuse to recognize the independence of any one of us, or which shall violate a treaty concluded between it and one of us. I say the formula of this confederation, for it would be a confederacy, not a state. The distinction is this: Each individual can be compelled to become member of a state, since otherwise it is impossible to establish a legal relation with him. But no state can be compelled to enter this confederation, because it can establish a legal relation with foreign states without entering it.[2] To establish such a relation it suffices, indeed, to recognize them and conclude a treaty with them. No state, however, has the right to compel other states to furnish to it positive protection. Hence the confederation is an arbitrary, and not a compulsory union, and such a union is called a Confederation. Whether one state has recognized the independence of another state, appears from the fact whether it has concluded a treaty with it or not. Hence, the confederation has a sure means of deciding this question; and it is not to be presumed that this confederation will knowingly and intentionally pronounce a wrong judgment, since all the world would see immediately the injustice of such judgment. The question whether a state has fulfilled the conditions of its treaties or not, the confederation must decide partly from the facts brought to its notice and partly from the terms of the treaty. So far as the facts are concerned, each state being obliged to conduct its matters publicly, it will not be difficult to obtain reliable knowledge concerning them. A state charged with non-compliance with an obligation of its treaties must furnish positive proof that it has complied with it. If a state does not appear before the confederation to justify itself, it thereby virtually admits its guilt. True, a state not belonging to the confederation might say: What have I to do with this confederation? It is not my judge. But the answer is: You are at least responsible to the state with whom you have made the treaty, and that state has, doubtless, a right to appeal to us. The confederation being the judge of violations of treaties, must also supervise their original construction so as to have them made clear and definite. This appears, already, from the fact that all treaties are concluded under its guarantee. Indefiniteness in the treaties can not be tolerated, because there must be left no room for error of judgment. Any injustice will thus be flagrant to all the world. Such a confederation, however, composed of states which all have private interests of their own, can not well have a common interest to act unjustly. An unjust sentence turns against the states themselves. For the principles which they apply to others will be applied to them. The confederation must have the power to execute its decisions. This is done, as appears from the above, by a war of extermination against the state condemned. Hence, the confederation must be armed. The question may arise, whether a special standing army shall be established, or whether such an army shall be called out only in times of war by contributions from the separate states? Since it is to be hoped that war will rarely occur, and in future never, I should vote for the latter; for why have a standing army, when it will probably be idle most of the time? The absolute impossibility of an unjust decision by the confederation has not yet been established. Nor can it be established, as we also could not show the absolute impossibility of an unjust decision by the people assembled in convention. Until reason herself appears in person upon earth and assumes judicial power, we shall always have a supreme court, which, being finite, is liable to error or to evil motives. The problem is simply to discover a tribunal from which there is the least likelihood to expect this; and such a tribunal is for civil relations the nation, and for the relations of states, the just described confederation. As this confederation extends and gradually embraces the whole earth, eternal peace will be established—peace, the only lawful relation of states, since war is as likely to give victory to the unjust as to the just, or, at the very best, under the direction of a confederation of states, is only a means for the ultimate end—the maintenance of peace. § 2.Edit Each citizen has the right to practice his occupation throughout the whole territory of his state. This right is a part of the rights guaranteed to him by the state. The minister of a foreign state has a right, by virtue of the treaty between both states, to travel also throughout that foreign state, this being the means for his end—to watch over the performance of the treaty stipulations. He shows his pass at the boundaries, and it is the duty of the state to which he is accredited to admit him. His unconditional rejection would be ground for a war. Private persons of one state visit another state either on business or pleasure. Their residence in foreign states is regulated by the treaties with such states. If both states have guaranteed to each other the safety of their citizens, the traveler-citizen is safe by virtue of the treaty. His position as citizen of his own state he proves by showing his pass. But how, when a stranger, who is neither the ambassador from some state nor citizen of a state which has a treaty with it, enters a foreign state? The reply to this only remaining question of law furnishes the ground of the Cosmopolitan law. All positive rights, rights to something, are based upon an agreement. Now this stranger has made no agreement at all with the state visited by him, nor does he belong to a state which has made an agreement with it, fox such is the presupposition. Has he, then, no rights at all? or, if he has any, upon what are they based? He has that original right of man, which precedes all law-agreements and first makes them possible, namely, the right that all men must presuppose the possibility of entering into a legal relation with him? This alone is the true right of man, which belongs to man as man; the possibility to acquire rights. This, and only this, right must be granted to every one who has not expressly lost it through his actions. Let us illustrate it more clearly by opposition. The person whose citizenship in a state is cancelled by that state on account of a crime committed by him, thereby loses all his positive rights, and not only them, but also the right to acquire rights in that state, he having shown himself absolutely unfit for a legal relation. A new stranger has also no positive rights in that state; but he has the right to acquire rights within that state, and to insist upon that right. From this right is derived his right to enter the territory of a foreign state; for to have a right to the end is also to have a right to the means; and the attempt to enter a legal relation in that state can not be made without entering its territory. It is this right to wander freely over the whole earth, and to offer himself anywhere as candidate for a legal relation, which constitutes the right of the mere cosmopolitan. The ground of a stranger's right to enter the territory of a state is his right to attempt and offer to the citizens of such state a legal relation. That state has, therefore, the right to ask the stranger what he desires, and to force him to declare his object. If he does not do so, the ground of his right ceases, and he is expelled from its boundaries. Again: If he does declare himself, but if his proposal is rejected, the ground of his right also ceases, and he is justly expelled. But he must not be otherwise harmed. For the possibility remains that he may become citizen of another state. The right to this possibility can never be taken away from him. If his proposal is accepted, he then occupies an immediate relation to such state and the rights of both parties are determined by this relation. By recognizing the state, he has already recognized the right of property of all its citizens. This he does not need expressly to reiterate, for it follows from the act of his entering into an agreement with the state. He is subject to the other laws of the state precisely in so far as he has subjected himself to the state. Of course, the state thus becomes his judge, for no other state protects him. Disagreeable as this circumstance may be, he must submit to it, for it is unavoidable. 1. (It is sufficiently clear from what we have before said regarding the confederate form of government as applicable to the whole earth, how this doctrine of international law must be modified to become absolutely rational. TRANSLATOR'S REMARK.) 2. Here we meet again the oversight which limits Fichte's whole application of his Science of Rights. No state can establish a legal relation with foreign states, as we have shown, unless it establishes also a common government and a supreme judiciary, that is, a confederate republic. Hence, every state can be compelled to become a member of a confederate republic.—TRANSLATOR'S REMARK.
Anti-Glycan Antibodies : Roles in Human Disease Endogenous carbohydrate-binding antibodies that recognize bacterial, fungal, and other microbial carbohydrates prevent systemic infections and help maintain microbiome homeostasis. Anti-glycan antibodies can have both beneficial and detrimental effects. For example, alloantibodies to ABO blood group carbohydrates can help reduce the spread of some infectious diseases. However, they also impose limitations on blood transfusions. Antibodies that recognize self-glycans can contribute to autoimmune diseases, such as Guillain-Barre syndrome. In addition to endogenous antibodies that arise through natural processes, a variety of vaccines induce anti-glycan antibodies as a primary mechanism of protection. Some examples of approved carbohydrate-based vaccines that have had a significant impact on human health are against pneumococcus, Haemophilus influenza type b, and Neisseria meningitidis. Monoclonal antibodies explicitly targeting pathogen-associated or tumour-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs) are used clinically for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. In this review, the authors highlight some of the well-investigated and critically important applications of anti-carbohydrate antibodies. Anti-glycan antibodies and their effect on human health J.S. Temme, D.L. Butler & J.C. Gildersleeve Biochemical Journal (2021) 478 1485–1509,
Babylon Mystery Orchestra Babylon Mystery Orchestra The Exploitation Of Genocide By semjaza, 2008-07-10 <p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: Pegasus;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">THE EXPLOITATION OF GENOCIDE</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: small; font-family: Pegasus;"><span style="font-style: italic;">"<span style="font-size: medium;">Kill without mercy! Who, after all, speaks today of the annihilation of the Armenians?"</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> -Adolf Hitler <br /><br /> Some people never learn from history. Instead, they endeavor to repeat it by falling victim to their own shortsightedness and political ambitions. The controversial Armenian Genocide Resolution, sponsored by Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi, is just such an instance.</span></span></span><span style="font-size: large; font-family: Pegasus;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: Pegasus;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Before assessing the merits and the timing of Speaker Pelosi's resolution, it is a good idea to make sure everyone knows just what happened in the first genocide of the 20th century. The Armenian Genocide occurred between 1915-1923 when 2 million Armenians living in present day Turkey were forcibly removed from their historic homeland through deportation and massacre. The Turks, for their part, claim the death count is inflated and the result of civil unrest, not a deliberate government policy aimed at exterminating an entire population of people.</span> </span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium; font-family: Pegasus;"><span style="font-family: Pegasus;"> For three thousand years the Armenian community thrived in the area known as Asia Minor. The roads of commerce from three continents (Europe, Asia and Africa) run through this area which had been ruled by Persians, Greeks, Romans, Byzantines, Arabs and Mongols. The Armenians created a flourishing society of peace and prosperity through commerce and were well known for their unique style of architecture. <br /> Then, in the 11th century...the Turks came. By the 16th century Armenia had been totally absorbed by the Turkish Ottoman Empire.<br /> Though once seemingly invincible, the Ottoman Empire was reluctant to embrace technological and economic progress, which inevitably resulted in their decline. The countries of Europe became dominant and many Ottoman conquests like Greece, Romania and Serbia won their independence from the declining empire. <br /> In spite of the Ottoman's decline, the Armenians were a prosperous minority within the empire. Sultan Abdul Hamid II got the genocide ball rolling by massacring 100,000 to 300,000 Armenians between 1894-1896 with a series of widespread pogroms. <br /> An organization known as The Young Turks carried out the Armenian Genocide. The Young Turk Movement was a reaction to the lack of progress and societal advancement under Sultan Abdul Hamid II. It was largely organized by young military officers upset by the decline of the Ottoman Empire and wishing to restore it to its previous greatness by espousing a form of Turkish Nationalism. Their idea of Turkish Nationalism was extremely Xenophobic and exclusionary. <br /> The Young Turk Revolution was itself guided by The Committee of Union and Progress which seized power in a coup d'etat in 1913. At first, both the Turks and the Armenians were happy with the prospect of a brighter future under this new government. For the Armenians, this happiness would prove to be short lived. You see, there is one thing that keeps being left out of the discussion of the Armenian Genocide for "political correctness" reasons. Turkish Nationalism brought with it what we today call "Islamic Fundamentalism." The Armenians, unfortunately, were Christians...and now you shall learn the rest of the story. <br /> Christian Armenians, always among the best educated and wealthiest communities within the Turkish Empire, were once again labeled as infidels in the time honored Muslim tradition. The Committee of Union and Progress devised a secret plan for the extermination of the Armenian population. This was in spite of the fact that the Armenians had already proven themselves to be an unthreatening and loyal minority by putting up with the hardship of unequal treatment as prescribed by Islamic law. <br /> With the rest of the world preoccupied with World War I the Turks felt the time was right to "solve" the Armenian problem. Surprisingly, the Armenians were cooperative with the Turk's plans. This was largely due to the fact that they were misled by the Turks. They were being told it was necessary to "relocate" them for their own safety in order to keep them from being caught between the Russians and Turkey. <br /> The Armenian population was to be disarmed first (something to consider for those of you who support "gun control" laws) and then "relocated." The Armenian's wealth was then to be seized and dispersed among the members of the Committee of Union and Progress and their cohorts. Alas, 20th century genocide was to prove as profitable as the Islamic Genocide taught by their master...the Prophet Muhammad! 40,000 Armenian men already in the army were immediately killed while other new recruits were "drafted" in the army only to be used as slave labor. If they somehow survived the brutal working conditions of the project they were working on they were subsequently shot at its completion. <br /> The actual extermination order came from the ruling triumvirate of Mehmed Talaat Pasha, Ismail Enver and Ahmed Djemal. Three names that deserve to be remembered in history. The order was transmitted in coded telegrams to all the governors in Turkey. April 24, 1915 saw 300 Armenian political leaders, educators, clergy, and writers removed from their homes in Constantinople. In the dead of the night they were briefly jailed and tortured, then hanged or shot. And so the genocide began in earnest. <br /> Mass arrests followed throughout the country. Men were tied together and led out of their towns and killed by death squads. Armenian women, children and elderly were taken on death marches under the pretext of "relocation." They were led to the Syrian desert where they were killed upon arrival. That is assuming they survived being raped, starved and dehydrated along the way. <br /> Muslim Turks took instant ownership of everything. Churches and monuments were desecrated and destroyed. Many Armenian children were "generously" spared from the "relocation" policy. Young children were often taken from their parents to be farmed out to Turkish families who would rename them and raise them as Muslim Turks. Many young girls were taken as slave brides. Once again a time honored Muslim tradition when dealing with "infidel" Christians. <br /> The death marches involved over a million Armenians traveling in caravans. Their Turkish "escorts" allowed, and even encouraged, roving bands of criminals to attack the caravans and take whatever and whoever they wished. Killing for sport and amusement was common as was the raping and murdering of young women. It is estimated that 75% of the Armenians died on these death marches. Decomposing corpses littered the Turkish countryside. Though orders were given to bury the corpses, they were largely ignored. <br /> The Allied Powers did issue warnings to Turkey, but they had little to no effect. World War I was too much of a strain on their resources for them to intervene in a serious manner. <br /> In 1918 the Armenians took matters into their own hands. They managed to acquire weapons and began to fight back. They defeated the Turks at the battle of Sadarabad and subsequently managed to save the remaining Armenian population. <br /> It is clear that the Armenians were the victims of a deliberate government policy of genocide. There is no denying that these people deserve to have their fate recognized as one of the great atrocities in human history and not the result of a breakdown of law and order at the end of the Ottoman Empire as the Turks have historically claimed. Any one should be able to see and understand this. However the question must be asked: Is the resolution sponsored by Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi the proper way to address this issue?<br /> Consider the situation. Turkey currently is an Ally of the United States and a member of NATO. It is one of the very few Islamic populations ruled by a secular government. That rule is being challenged more and more by Islamic Fundamentalists who seek to have Turkey governed under Islamic Sharia Law. Also Turkey has proven to be a very valuable ally in the current conflict in Iraq. Not only is Turkish land and airspace being used as a conduit for supplies to the war effort, but the government has also provided some valuable support for U.S. interests there as well. Kurdish rebels, with bases located in Northern Iraq, have been attacking and raiding Turkish territory with regularity and (as of this writing) the Turks have shown admirable restraint in dealing with the situation. <br /> The Turks have made it quite clear that they do not wish to see Speaker Pelosi's resolution condemning the Armenian Genocide pass through the U.S. House of Representatives. They have indicated, clearly, that it would cause serious damage to the U.S.-Turkey relationship. They have threatened to cut off U.S. access to Turkish land and airspace. It also bears noting that they have more troops massed on the border with Northern Iraq than we have in Iraq. Their parliament, in response to Speaker Pelosi's proposed resolution, has authorized the use of force in dealing with the Kurdish rebels. Their "restraint" in dealing with this situation would appear to be in jeopardy if the resolution were to proceed. You will recall that the area controlled by the Kurds is the quietest and most successful of all the territories in Iraq. A Turkish army invading that area isn't going to do a lot to promote tranquility. President Bush has correctly made it clear that this is neither the time or situation in which to introduce this resolution. <br /> After almost a century, why now push the issue when it can do irreparable damage to the interests of the United States? Perhaps Democratic Congressman James Clyburn accidentally let the answer slip when he said an American victory in Iraq "would be a real big problem for us" in the 2008 election. It would appear this is a last ditch effort to prevent that very big problem. This is nothing more than an attempt to reverse the, now undeniable, success of the military surge conducted by General Petraeus and the U.S. military. Unfortunately, its hard to come to any other conclusion. The democratic party invested all its power and effort in a fruitless campaign to prevent and subvert the military effort following the 2006 election. Now with that military effort proving successful they are faced with a political disaster. Its not that the Democrats WANT the United States to fail in Iraq...they NEED the United States to fail in Iraq. This is politics of the most treacherous sort.<br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">"The interests of Muslims and the interests of the socialists coincide in the war against the crusaders"</span> -Osama Bin Laden, Feb. 14, 2003<br /><br /> Which brings me now to the Armenian victims of this genocide. These people are nothing to Nancy Pelosi. She is merely exploiting their tragedy for political advantage. Sadly, by trying to place this issue as stumbling block between the United States and Turkey, she is actually working to assist the very movement that led to their deaths! It is the Radical Fundamentalist Movement that we are engaging in our "War On Terror." The Young Turkish Movement of the early 20th century had this at the very heart of their own nationalist movement. They, like Al Qaeda, were Islamofascist to the core. They were murdered, not because they were Armenian, but because they were not Muslims. A politically incorrect and inconvenient truth. Now these Christian Armenians are being exploited in such a way as will benefit the descendants of their murderers. They are being victimized a second time.<br /></span></span></p> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: medium; font-family: Pegasus;">April 24,1915<br /></span></div> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium; font-family: Pegasus;"><a href="" target="_blank"><img src="" border="0" alt="Photo Sharing and Video Hosting at Photobucket" /></a><br /><br />Death March<br /><a href="" target="_blank"><img src="" border="0" alt="Photo Sharing and Video Hosting at Photobucket" /></a><br /><br />Death March<br /><a href="" target="_blank"><img src="" border="0" alt="Photo Sharing and Video Hosting at Photobucket" /></a><br /><br />Christian Heads<br /><a href="" target="_blank"><img src="" border="0" alt="Photo Sharing and Video Hosting at Photobucket" /></a><br /><br />Starved Mother & Children<br /><a href="" target="_blank"><img src="" border="0" alt="Photo Sharing and Video Hosting at Photobucket" /></a><br /><br />Mass Graves<br /><a href="" target="_blank"><img src="" border="0" alt="Photo Sharing and Video Hosting at Photobucket" /></a><br /><br />Christian Skulls<br /><a href="" target="_blank"><img src="" border="0" alt="Photo Sharing and Video Hosting at Photobucket" /></a><br /><br /><br /><br />Muslim Turks Posing with Their Trophys<br /><a href=""><img src="" border="0" alt="Photo Sharing and Video Hosting at Photobucket" /></a></span></div> <p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: Pegasus;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">CRUSADER<br /></span><span style="font-size: small; font-family: Pegasus;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">The Truth About Islam pt. 3 </span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"> Christians love to apologize for the Crusades. In the modern climate of the ever more liberal Christian denominations, this moment in its history is often perceived as an ill conceived war of aggression by a western civilization dominated by an opportunistic Catholic Church. Modern scholars, using modern vernacular, will often attribute this to a form of "Christian Fundamentalism." One could even be led to believe that the Muslims were just peacefully minding their own business, in lands that were legitimately theirs, until the European Crusaders came crashing into their benevolent kingdom forcing Christianity on them by the sword. Worse, the Crusaders are often seen as imperialists simply seeking to create new colonies for the profits of the "not so pious or faithful" adventurers seeking personal fame and fortune. Unfortunately this is a modern fabrication.</span> </span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium; font-family: Pegasus;"><span style="font-family: Pegasus;">Lets make this nice and sparkling clear: The Crusades were absolutely justified by every standard of the world of that time and, if fairly and factually told, they should be seen as justified, and even necessary, by modern standards. It could be fairly stated that sometimes the behavior of the Crusaders themselves was beneath "Christian" standards, but NEVER beneath those applied by the Muslims. For some reason westerners, particularly the liberal academic intelligentsia whose job it is to teach such things, accepts the notion that the Europeans alone were aggressive. Somehow Islam is always allowed to project itself as a victim. <br /> The Crusades were a DEFENSIVE war launched in response to centuries of Muslim aggression and conquests. In fact, by the start of the first crusade, 2/3 of the Christian world had been attacked and subjected to three choices. (1) Fight and die. (2) Surrender and convert to Islam and pay the zakat tax. Or (3) surrender and keep their Biblical faith and pay the jizya tax. Usually they chose the third option if they were allowed to live long enough to make the choice. The truth is that Islam, beginning with the fine example of Muhammad himself, has been on a "crusade" for world domination that began long before the European Crusades and, in fact, continues to this day! The death of Muhammad did nothing to impede the progress of Islamic aggression. In fact, it may have accelerated it. Here is an abbreviated timeline highlighting the major Islamic campaigns of aggression:<br /><br />632 Muhammad's death<br />635 Muslims besiege and conquer of Damascus.<br />636 Muslims defeat Byzantines decisively at Battle of Yarmuk.<br />637 Muslims conquer Iraq at the Battle of al-Qadisiyyah <br />638 Muslims conquer and annex Jerusalem, taking it from the Byzantines.<br />638-650 Muslims conquer Persia (Iran), except along Caspian Sea.<br />639-642 Muslims conquer Egypt.641 Muslims control Syria and Palestine.<br />643-707 Muslims conquer North Africa.<br />644-650 Muslims conquer Cyprus, Tripoli in North Africa, and establish Islamic rule in Afghanistan.<br />673-678 Muslim Arabs besiege Constantinople, capital of Byzantine Empire.<br />710-713 Muslim Crusaders conquer the lower Indus Valley.<br />711-713 Muslim Crusaders conquer Spain and impose the Kingdom of Andalus.<br />732 The Muslims are stopped at the Battle of Poitiers; that is, France.<br />809 Muslims conquer Sardinia, Italy.<br />831 Muslims capture Palermo, Italy; and conduct raids in southern Italy.<br />837-901 Muslims conquer Sicily, launch raids into Corsica, Italy, and France. 970 Seljuks enter conquered Islamic territories from the East. Seljuks are Muslim Turks.<br />1012 Beginning of al-Hakim's oppressive decrees against Jews and Christians.<br />1071 Battle of Manzikert, Seljuk Turks defeat Byzantines and occupy much of Anatolia.<br />1071 Seljuk Turks invade Palestine.<br />1073 Conquest of Jerusalem by Muslim Turks.<br />1075 Seljuks capture Nicea <br />1094 Byzantine Emperor Alexius I Comnenus asks western Christendom for help against invasions of Seljuk Muslim Turks in his territory. <br /><br /> As the timeline plainly illustrates, the Muslims were not peaceful nor were they minding their own business. The lands they claimed were, even after their conquest, largely populated by Christians who had to endure the subjugation and ostracization of their Islamic overlords and their draconian laws against non Muslims. These lands were, by no means, territory that they had any right to claim. They were taken by perpetrating violence against the populations living therein. Islam, you should know, sprung up from an exiled tribe of thieves that supported itself initially by conducting raids against the very people who banished them. They sought to anoint their banditry with a religion that they concieved to give their murder, slavery, and extortionist thievery the illusion of a higher purpose. Never forget that Islam is not a religion that has ever attempted to encourage its followers to follow a "higher calling." Instead, it excuses, and even provokes its followers into practicing all of the worst traits of human behavior. If Satan were to establish a worldwide system of worship, you would expect it to display all of the characteristics of Islam. I do not say this out of "Islamophobia." It is history. Learn it! <br /> In 1071 after the annihilation of the Byzantine army at Manzikert, the Byzantine Empire collapsed into civil war and lost most of Anatolia. In 1081 a general named Alexius Comnenus captured the throne and and reimposed control over a considerably reduced empire. With most of his Byzantine Empire already under Muslim control, and fearing Constantinople could be next, the emperor Alexius I Comnenus ASKED the Christians in the west for help. This was not something done casually. By and large the Byzantines viewed western Europe as being inhabited by barbarians, even if they were Christians. They believed these westerners held heretical beliefs, not the least of which was granting the Pope authority over all Christians. Times were desperate however, and he needed help. In fact, as we shall see, he got more help than he could handle. <br /> It is upon this foundation that the Crusades began. The entire reason for the Crusades is as a response to the aggression of Islam, and they went by invitation. It would not be unreasonable to suggest that were it not for these actions taken at this time, there would be no "Western Civilization" as we have come to know it.<br /> At the Council of Clermont in 1095, Pope Urban II asked for the "Knights Of Christendom" to mount the counterattack against Islam. Thousands chose to "take up the cross" and make this armed pilgrimage to the Holy Land. It may be hard to understand now, but the Holy Land was considered very important to the mind of the Medieval Christian. That it was taken by Islam was nothing new as it had been under Muslim control for centuries by this time. However, the Muslims had been allowing pilgrims to visit the Holy sites. This was, in fact, the lucrative reason for wanting to control the area. Pilgrims, or what we would simply call tourists, brought money. The Seljuk Turks however, would not allow Christians access to the Holy Land. At the Council Of Clermont the atrocities that the Turks perpetrated against Christians and their holy sites were laid clear in such a way as to infuriate a culture built on militant Knighthood and Christianity. <br /> It is interesting to note that the term "Crusades" was never used to describe them in their own time. They regarded themselves as "taking up the cross," and truly perceived it as an act of faith and devotion to Christian duty. <br /> At this point it is a good opportunity to look at the motivations of these original Crusaders. Perhaps no group of people have ever been so maligned as the Crusaders. Almost always they are portrayed as rogues and scoundrels, dressed in a false piety, while seeking fame and fortune as they murder and plunder through the Holy Land. Or they were second or third sons who had no wealth or property of their own who sought, through a conquest veiled in religion, what they didn't get through inheritance. This couldn't be farther from the truth but in a "Post-Christian" western society drunk on self loathing, it has become the accepted view of people who need to apologize for the difficult decisions and actions of the past. Actions that they lack the courage to carry out themselves today. I guess if you suffer guilt for the perceived wrongdoing of your ancestors you can claim to be a "victim" of their behavior and, in a sense, entitled to be a protected class of citizen in these "politically correct" times. However, the truth is not so heartwarming as some false sense of rising above your ancestry. The Crusaders, in fact, were quite a noble, if imperfect, collection of personalities. <br /> The reality is that the Crusading Knights were generally wealthy men with great estates that they willingly left behind to "take up the cross" and make the long and dangerous pilgrimage to the Holy Land where they stood a good chance of being killed. And here is the thing: Just who do you think PAID for the Crusades? Wealthy knights sold their own holdings and used their own wealth to raise and finance the armies that marched to the Middle East. Now there is something you won't hear brought up too often. A military venture personally led by the wealthy, and paid for by the wealthy, out of their own pockets. For the modern anti-war liberal this would appear to be a dream army. But alas, their is that other motivating factor...God. <br /> The fact is, that as a financial investment, the Crusades offered a poor rate of return. Especially considering the risk to both life and wealth. They did this not out of an expectation of treasure from this earth, but from the "Kingdom Of Heaven." One cannot disregard the purity of the pious intentions of the Crusaders, no matter how much our modern civilization scoffs at such overtly religious values. The church, of course, provided a further incentive by promising remission of sins for all those who took the vow of the cross. The Crusades were seen by all of Christendom as a noble act of charity. The living breathing example of this Bible verse:<br /><br />MATTHEW 19:21: <span style="font-style: italic;">Jesus said unto him, If thou wilt be perfect, go [and] sell that thou hast, and give to the poor, and thou shalt have treasure in heaven: and come [and] follow me...</span><br /><br /> To a large degree the Crusaders did just that. They cast off their worldly concerns and pursued the path of the cross. <br /> This is not to suggest that the Crusades were full of puritanical saints. Quite the opposite. Their behavior was often not up to the standards of their idealistic motives. Yet they were hardly the first soldiers to succumb to the stresses and temptations that often accompany warfare. They certainly were not against plundering and grabbing such treasure as might make itself available. In fact, the armies of this time didn't carry long supply trains to support them, therefore plundering would often be necessary just to keep the army fed when operating away from its bases. This was just the nature of armed conflict in Medieval times, not the invention of rampaging imperialistic Europeans. <br /> Pope Urban II gave the Crusaders two primary goals. The first, was to rescue the Christians living under the yolk of Islam. It was argued that one could not love his neighbor as as he loved himself if he knowingly allowed him to be bound in Muslim slavery. The Crusade was seen as an act of Christian love and charity. The second goal was to liberate Jerusalem and other places that were considered to be holy through the life of Christ. The Crusaders took a vow to worship at the Church of the Holy Sepulcher after they arrived, and subsequently liberated, Jerusalem. <br /> It was decided that the main body of the First Crusade would depart from Constantinople on August 15, 1096. But first, those armies had to get there by making their way across the European continent. This, in and of itself, was quite a monumental task. The various armies were to be united in Constantinople, with the Byzantines, for the march to the Holy Land. There were five primary armies, and therefore, five primary leaders for the First Crusade. They were: Godfrey of Bouillon, Hugh of Vermandois, Bohemond of Taranto, Raymond the Count of Toulouse, and Robert the Duke of Normandy and son of William the Conqueror. They each arrived at Constantinople separately and, as they arrived, each one was persuaded to swear an oath (liege) to the emperor of Byzantium, Alexius I Comnenus. This oath stated that any lands captured by the Crusaders, that had previously belonged to the Byzantine Empire, would be immediately returned to the emperor. Though there was some reluctance, particularly from Raymond who believed he had come only to serve God, they all inevitably acquiesced and were then given passage across the Bosporus, a strait that connects the Black Sea to the Mediterranean Sea. The First Crusade was under way. <br /> The Crusader army was unlike the armies we know today. It was not a unified army under a single commander. It is an international army with various languages, loyalties and customs adding to their complications. The army itself numbered around 100,000 men however their true numbers were swelled by family members who accompanied them with intentions of settling in the lands to be retaken. Also, due to the fact that a plenary indulgence was offered by the church to all who made the pilgrimage, thousands more people who did not particularly serve any useful purpose were tagging along. It is under these circumstances that the Crusader army approached its first objective. Nicea, the capital city of the Sultan Kilij Arslan. Since Nicea was designed by the Byzantines, it was well prepared for defense, with massive city walls. Arslan, as luck would have it, was not in the city when the Crusaders initiate their siege. For two weeks they attempted to get their siege towers close enough to scale the walls. They also made attempts to dig under them. All to no avail. It would appear to be hopeless except Arslan makes a fatal mistake...he returns with his army. He is convinced, largely through his experience with an earlier expedition of Knightless Christians, that he will make short work of the crusading army. The Turks had never encountered the tactics of "heavily armored cavalry" before. The Crusaders would not break their formations which would have allowed the swifter Turk horsemen to isolate and destroy them piecemeal. Instead, they held solidly together and battered Arslan's lightly armored army. The result was a tremendous victory for the Crusaders with King Arslan fleeing the battlefield. Yet the siege had not succeeded in causing Nicea to surrender. Since Nicea is located on the shores of a lake there is a constant supply of water and food available. This supply line is finally cut off when Alexius arrives overland carrying boats that he puts into the lake. <br /> With their army defeated and their supplies totally cut off, the Turks negotiated for terms to surrender the city. It was a negotiation conducted in the dead of the night so that by the next morning the banners of the empire were flying over the city. This took the Crusaders somewhat by surprise as they fully expected an opportunity to plunder the city, as was the custom in the warfare of the time. The suddenness of the surrender prevented any such thing and since they had vowed to return Byzantine territory back to the emperor, their job at Nicea was finished. They marched on toward Antioch. <br /> DORYLAEUM...Does this name mean anything to you? Well it should, as it is one of the greatest moments in Western military history. <br /> In June 1097 the Crusaders set forth toward the city of Antioch and make both a fatal mistake, and a brilliant tactical decision at the same time. The army decides to separate into two groups. The first army. led by Bohemond, Tancred and Robert, leads the way while a second army, led by Godfrey and Raymond lags one day behind. This would make it somewhat easier for the Crusaders to travel and would also ease some of the competition between Bohemond and Raymond for control of the entire expedition. However, separating your forces in enemy territory can be a fatal mistake, especially if your enemy has his forces concentrated and prepared for battle. Unknown to the Crusaders, King Arslan, freshly offended by his defeat at their hands at Nicea, has joined forces with Danishmend. Together they have prepared an ambush along the narrow road to Dorylaeum. Arslan intends to vindicate himself of his loss at Nicea by massacring the Crusader army. Bohemond's army made camp in a perfect location for disaster. When the sun arose the next morning that disaster came pouring in on them from the mountains...and from all directions! <br /> Bohemond reacts quickly. His knights make up his first line of defense with his infantry standing in close support behind them. In his center he was protecting all of the non-combatants and, fortunately, a standing supply of fresh water. He would need it. <br /> The fighting was fierce and relentless. The Turks charged repeatedly and the Crusaders suffered heavy losses, but they never broke from their tight defensive formation. This is in spite of the fact that Arslan is swarming around them with a 360,000 man force!! Bohemond's defenders number only 30,000!! These torrential attacks went on for over eight hours when suddenly, and quite unexpectedly as far as the Turks were concerned, Raymond and the second Crusader army arrived on the scene. Even with Raymond's arrival the Turks still enjoyed a 3-1 advantage in manpower. However there is a military axiom which states that an army, surprised from behind in battle, will not stand and fight. The Turks, surprised by the arrival of the second Crusader army, did not stand and fight. They panicked, and from the jaws of defeat, the Crusaders turned the battle into a rout. They pursued the Turks throughout the day and the following night and captured much treasure in the process. If they didn't believe it to begin with, the battle of Dorylaeum convinced the Crusaders that God was truly on their side. <br /> The Crusaders resumed their march toward Antioch. This was not a good time to be moving across Asia Minor as the temperatures reach 110 degrees and their are no water sources along the way. There also are no food resources available for the army to forage either. By the time they finally reach a river the army is more depleted by hunger and thirst on the march than by the previous battles. They stop to recover their strength in an area inhabited by Christians who look after them. While they were held up there to collect themselves, several small engagements and raids were conducted that led to the conquest of Edessa. Baldwin was then pronounced Prince of the new territory of Edessa. It would turn out to be the first of the Crusader States that would soon be established.<br /><br />THE SIEGES OF ANTIOCH <br /><br /> On October 21, 1097 the Crusaders caught their first sight of the impressive walls of Antioch. The walls stretch for 25 miles and contain over 400 watchtowers. The city was well prepared to withstand an attack and it possessed an excellent system of deep wells to go along with its high defensive walls. <br /> The Crusaders at this point are as unimpressive a sight as Antioch is impressive. Their supplies are depleted to nothing and desertion has become a problem for the army. It was not the best set of circumstances to be attempting a siege of the most heavily fortified city in Byzantium. <br /> Antioch was ruled by Yaghi-Suyan, who upon seeing the Crusader army massing outside his walls, proceeds to drive all the Christians out of the city. All but one that is. In order to taunt the Crusaders he places the Archbishop in a cage and dangles him out over the wall where everyone can see him. <br /> Yaghi-Suyan had tremendous success at keeping up with the Crusaders plans. When he expelled all the Christians from Antioch he slipped in many Muslims, disguised as Armenian Christians, to spy on the Crusaders and report to him on their ongoing attempts to break into the city. Bohemond became aware of the spy problem and wasn't squeamish about dealing with the situation. He rounded up hundreds of them and had them placed before the main gate to the city. He then has his men slit their throats and skin them. Then they rammed cooking spikes through their bodies so that they could be roasted before the eyes of Antioch's defenders. Spies throughout history have never been looked upon favorably. <br /> As the winter pressed on, the news got even worse. Infighting within the Islamic world led the Fatimids of Egypt to attack the Turks in Palestine. They attacked Jerusalem and many of the Turks displaced in that conflict made their way to Damascus, Aleppo and Mosul. There they combined with other troops under the command of Kerbogha of Mosul, and marched toward Antioch to relieve the city. It seemed as though the Crusaders were destined to be crushed between the besieged Antioch and this huge Turkish army. <br /> Alas, fate, cleverness and corruption would intervene on the Crusaders behalf. Bohemond had been attempting to bribe a disenchanted guard on the the city's wall and he was having success at corrupting him. He then gathered together the other Crusader leaders and convinced them to allow him to keep the city for himself, if he could take the city unassisted. They of course were oblivious to his wheeling and dealing with the guard in the city and, believing there was no real likelihood of him being able to take the city, they therefore agreed to this strange proposition. <br /> On June 3, 1098 Bohemond's men were allowed to climb over the city's wall and open the gates for the Crusaders. As the city slept they poured in and took it. They killed every Turk in sight, including Yaghi-Suyan whose head is presented to Bohemond as a trophy. In a matter of hours all of Antioch, with the exception of the city's citadel, was in Crusader hands. <br /> Meanwhile as Kerbogha was making his way toward Antioch, he allowed himself to be distracted by attempting to retake the city of Edessa. For three weeks he unsuccessfully fought to retake the city from Baldwin and the small force that was left behind to defend it. He ultimately concedes failure and has to resume his march to relieve Antioch. It turned out to be a crucial delay, for had he arrived just 24 hours sooner, he could have saved Antioch. Now, the Crusaders have had crucial time to occupy the city. <br /> Poor Bohemond, in spite of his agreement with the other Crusader leaders to be allowed to keep Antioch for himself, he was not going to be able to bring up the subject just yet. Kerbogha and his army arrived and set upon the complete surrounding of the city. Strangely, the Crusaders, who just days before were laying siege to Antioch, now found themselves besieged inside Antioch! Many attempted to desert the city in the face of this new threat, while others were captured trying. Those captured, were tortured and mutilated within sight of the city's walls. The Crusade appeared to be in a fatal grip. They were surrounded by a powerful Muslim army while also the Muslims still held the citadel within the city's walls... <br /> ...And yet it could still get worse. Stephen of Bloise and four thousand Crusaders were separated from the main body of the army when Antioch was taken. When they returned from nearby Alexandria they saw that, although Antioch had been taken by their fellow Crusaders, the Crusade itself appeared certain to be destroyed. Stephen believed the situation was hopeless and decided to abandon the Crusade. He decided he and his men were heading back to France. Inside the city there was no food or water and the dead bodies of all the Turks, killed in the taking of the city, were decaying all around them. The stench from the dead bodies was unbearable. The Crusaders only hope was that the Emperor Alexius would come, with his Byzantine army, and relieve the city from its siege. As luck would have it, Alexius was coming to Antioch, if for no reason other than to be sure the Crusaders would be faithful to their oath to restore the city to him. Unfortunately for the Crusaders, Stephen found Alexius before he got there and relayed the situation to him. When told that Kerbogha had arrived with a superior army, and had himself laid siege to the city, Alexius thought better of the decision to go there and turned his men around. He was returning to Constantinople, and Stephen resumed his trek back to France. The Crusaders were on their own. <br /> Make no mistake about it. The news of Alexius' withdrawal traveled fast. The Crusaders regarded both Stephen and Alexius as cowards. The oath they had taken to restore the territory to the emperor was now officially repudiated. They could not honor a promise to a traitor. However that wasn't going to solve their dilemma...but divine intervention might. <br /> Throughout the Crusade, various people were claiming to have "religious visions." This is not an unusual expectation on an adventure with such "holy" underpinnings. Real or imagined, such "visions" were commonplace. One person making such a claim was a man named Peter Bartholomew. Bartholomew was no religious figure. Quite the opposite. He was a peasant with a reputation for drinking and whoring. Yet he claimed that St. Andrew appeared to him in a vision and told him the location of the Holy Lance, the spear that was used to pierce the side of Christ at the Crucifixion. Now prior to this, it was largely believed this lance was in Constantinople. At least there was a lance there that was being treated as though it was the authentic Holy Lance. Holy relics, and the fraudulent stories that often accompany them, are just as commonplace as "holy visions" at this time. The Papal legate, Adhemar of Le Puy, was openly skeptical of Bartholomew's claim but Raymond was convinced his story was true. Add to this the fact that on June 14 a meteor streaked across the sky, which to many, was a sign from heaven itself. The people were desperate for hope. <br /> The next morning Peter Bartholomew led Raymond to the Cathedral of St. Peter and showed him a place to dig. They proceeded to dig for hours. Of course, nothing was found. At the point they were ready to give up, Bartholomew himself jumped into the hole and began to dig. After a few minutes he came out...bearing the head of a lance. Never mind the fact that he almost certainly went into the hole with it. The people celebrated the delivery of a miracle. Raymond attached it to a pole and carried it throughout the city for all to see. Whether or not the lance was real was not important. They believed the lance was real and it was a sign from Christ himself that he was going to deliver them a victory. Drunk on a religiously inspired euphoria, the morale of the Crusader army skyrocketed. They were not going to let this moment pass. Adhemar ordered a three day fast to begin on June 24. Not a difficult proposition considering their predicament. <br /> At dawn on June 28, the Crusaders confess their sins, attend mass, and receive Holy Communion. Then, the gates of the city are opened. They have only 100 horses and a starving army to go up against Kerbogha's strong and well positioned forces. In spite of this, they came out anyway. Strangely, Kerbogha did not strike immediately. He found himself impressed with the audacity of the Crusaders, and likewise felt they were up to something. It placed a bit of doubt in his mind. Kerbogha actually presumed the siege had impaired the Crusaders more than it now appeared. He sent men to discuss a truce but the Crusaders would have none of it. For their part, many Crusaders claimed they could see angels on horseback, ready to join in battle with them. As a result they were headstrong for a fight. <br /> The reality of the Turk's situation was about to rear its head. Kerbogha's forces were not loyal to him. The coalition that had brought them together was quite fragile, and many in the Muslim army feared the prospect of him acquiring too much power. Just the kind of power that would make itself available with a military victory. When it became obvious that a bloody fight was at hand, many of Kerbogha's allies withdrew their men. The Crusaders, displaying great discipline, advanced in good order and maintained their tight formations as the battle commenced. Still more Turks, seeing this audacious Christian advance, fled the battlefield. By morning's end the battle was over. The Crusaders had won the day. With Kerbogha's forces eliminated, the holdouts at the city's citadel also surrendered. Against the most horrendous of odds, the Crusaders now safely controlled Antioch. <br /> The conquest of Antioch put the Crusaders in a relatively good position. At least they were as well off as they had been since they left Constantinople. They now controlled a port city, which would come in handy for maintaining a steady stream of supplies for their newly acquired territory. <br /> At this point, however, internal bickering would rise up and paralyze the Crusade. Raymond did not want Bohemond to take possession of Antioch. He wanted Bohemond to honor his obligation to see the Crusade through to Jerusalem. Bohemond, for his part, felt he had fulfilled his requirement to take the city and by their previous agreement, the city should belong to him. Certainly there was no way it should be restored to Alexius as he abandoned them in their hour of need. <br /> It was in the midst of this squabbling that a plague broke out in the city and many lives were lost, including the Papal legate Bishop Adhemar. This did not help with the internal bickering as it was Adhemar who had been a voice of reason, moderating the relations between the Crusader leaders. It finally reached a point where Hugh of Vermandois decided he had had enough. He gathered his forces and left to return to France. When he does finally arrive in France he is not looked upon favorably by anybody there. In fact the disdain from his fellow nobles is so great that he would later feel obligated to take part in what would later become the Second Crusade to redeem himself. <br /> After the plague has run it's course, Raymond attempts to get the remaining leaders to renew the mission to Jerusalem. The army is anxious for movement but Bohemond isn't. He initially agrees to go, as long as he can retain the rights to Antioch, but it soon becomes obvious he has no real intention of leaving. As a result, Godfrey and Robert also refuse to take up the march to Jerusalem. Desperate for the mission to be resumed, Raymond and his men leave for the Holy City on January 13, 1099. Raymond makes a big show by leaving barefoot and saying he wants to enter the city where his Lord was crucified in the spirit of piety and humiliation. This had the desired effect of shaming Godfrey and Robert to the point that they gathered their men and joined him. Bohemond, determined that Antioch rightly belonged to him, stayed behind with his forces. The final march toward Jerusalem was under way. <br /> The Crusader army that at one time had as many as 100,000 men now marches toward Jerusalem with a mere 20,000! In a strange twist of fate, the situation in Jerusalem itself has changed. The Fatimid Muslims, who are somewhat friendlier to Christians, have driven the Seljuk Turks out of the Holy City. Alexius is attempting to negotiate a treaty with the Fatimid Muslims, who are willing to resume allowing Christian pilgrims to have open access to the city. That is, providing the Crusaders abandon their plans to take it. The Crusaders swore an oath, at the start of the Crusade, to worship in the Church of the Holy Sepulcher after liberating the Jerusalem. They intend to keep it. Certainly they were not going to honor any obligations to, or any treaty arranged arranged by, Alexius, after he abandoned them at Antioch. The Fatimid Muslims themselves attempt to dissuade the Crusaders from taking the city by explaining that the Turks were their common enemy, and they should combine forces against them. The Crusaders at this point are reasonably unwilling to trust anyone, and therefore will have none of it. They don't recognize any particular distinctions between Muslims. Islam is Islam. In fairness, Islam has never recognized any distinctions between Christians either. <br /> On May 19 the Crusaders entered into territory now controlled by the Fatimid Muslims. Most of the cities they encountered on the march were willing to surrender and provide the Crusaders with supplies in return for not being molested. The Crusaders were now operating with a singular vision to get to Jerusalem as quickly as possible, so they were generous in their terms. Beirut, Sidon, Tyre, Acre, Haifa and Jaffa all fell to the Crusaders in quick succession. On June 6, Bethlehem, the birthplace of Christ and a city almost entirely populated by Christians, greeted the Crusaders as liberators. That night they witnessed a lunar eclipse in the heavens....another sign from God. The next day they would arrive at their ultimate destination.<br /><br />JERUSALEM <br /><br /> On June 7, 1099 the Crusaders finally cast their eyes on the Holy City of Jerusalem, the center of the world. Jerusalem is protected by two walls. The outer wall being lower than the main city wall. It also has a 62 foot wide and 23 foot deep dry moat between these walls. It is a more than formidable defensive fortification. <br /> The size of the city, along with the size of the attacking Crusader army, made a fully enveloping siege of the city impossible. Jerusalem was governed and defended by an Egyptian named Iftikhar al-Daula, and he saw to the preparation of the city's defenses effectively. He expelled all the Christians in the city to prevent Jerusalem from being compromised in the way that Antioch had been previously, even though the same precaution had failed to save Antioch from the consequences of espionage and betrayal. He also poisoned all the nearby wells forcing the Crusaders to expend considerable manpower retrieving and transporting water from the Jordan River. Also, Iftikhar al-Daula is not expecting a long siege, as he has sent word to Cairo requesting reinforcements. He has confidence in his defensive preparations and is therefore willing to resist the attacks of the Crusaders, fully knowing the consequence that befalls cities that resist sieges in warfare of this time....sacking! His overconfidence, even though based on reasonable knowledge and observation of the situation, is at least as much to blame for the ensuing sequence of events as are the actions of the Crusaders. <br /> On June 12, a hermit approached the Crusader's encampment claiming to be a prophet. He said he had a message from God and stated that if they strike the city in the ninth hour of the next day, the city would be delivered into their hands. This, in spite of the fact that a source of wood to construct siege towers, ladders and trebuchets (counterweight catapults) had not yet been located. Such weapons were to bulky and heavy to transport and had to be built on location and they were necessary for a reasonable chance at successfully assaulting the city. The Crusaders were simply not prepared to attack Jerusalem's fortifications at this time. Nonetheless, being firm believers in visions at this point, they attacked anyway. No doubt they were themselves overconfident they possessed the unique blessing of God from their previous successes, which they considered nothing less than Divine Intervention. <br /> The Muslims are totally surprised at the foolhardy assault the Christians made the next day, June 13. Few of the Crusaders even made it to the outer wall and those that did were compelled to retreat when Greek fire was poured on them. The medieval equivalent of napalm, Greek fire would burn anything it attached to, and was very difficult to put out. The attack is a dismal failure and the Muslims are left thinking little of the Crusaders intelligence or sanity. This only furthered the overconfidence of Iftikhar al-Daula. <br /> Although this miracle failed to materialize, another one, requiring a little more patience, did. Six Genoese and English vessels bearing supplies for the Crusaders, arrived in the port of Jaffa. By utilizing the wood used to construct the ships, the Crusaders now had the materials to build proper siege weapons. This was time consuming work, and with an Egyptian army closing in on them, time was something they could not spare. It was known to them that the Egyptian army would arrive within the month. As had happened so many times on this Crusade, they found their backs against the wall facing impending disaster. <br /> And it happened....again. The Crusaders were presented with a vision and an accompanying miracle. A priest named Peter Desiderius received a vision from none other than the recently deceased Bishop Adhemar. Adhemar, you will recall, had succumbed to the plague that struck Antioch after the successful conquest of the city. Now, in the form of this vision, he chastised the Crusaders for their lack of faith and ordered them to fast, and to walk around the city of! He told them that if they would parade around the city barefoot in humility before God, and put their sins behind them, then in nine days the city would be delivered to them. <br /> On the morning of July 10, the 20,000 Crusaders did just as the vision instructed. Many of the Crusaders were wearing only their underwear on their barefoot march around the city. The Muslims, already overconfident in their situation and doubting the sanity of the Crusaders, jeered at them and made obscene gestures as they paraded around the city. Eight days after Adhemar's vision, they are prepared to make their attack. Their siege machines are constructed, including a massive battering ram that requires sixty soldiers to operate. <br /> On July 14, 1099 the Muslim defenders of Jerusalem are awakened by the sound of the massive battering ram pounding against the outer defensive wall. Their attempts to disable the battering ram with Greek fire are this time met with accurate Crusader trebuchet fire. They quickly smash through the outer wall and begin filling in the moat that separates the two walls with rubble and rock to make it passable. As it grows dark the Crusaders are able to bring their siege towers toward the larger inner city wall. The Muslims throw tremendous volleys of arrows and Greek fire at the towers as they approach the wall. Several times the towers and the battering ram are hit, and start to catch fire, but the Crusaders successfully squelch the flames. Nightfall forces the Crusaders to pull back and wait. <br /> The attack resumes again the next morning. The Muslims attempted to cushion the walls from the battering ram by hanging bales of straw and matresses over the wall. Unfortunately for them, this quickly catches fire, and greatly reduces their visibility as the smoke rises up and into the faces of the Muslim defenders up on the high wall. By noon on July 15, Godfrey's siege tower reaches the inner city wall. The Crusaders would enter the city at the same hour Jesus is said to have died on the cross and, perhaps more importantly, on the exact day the vision of Bishop Adhemar had prophesized. <br /> And then it happened.... <br /> If you have been told anything about the Crusades, doubtless it was of the massacre that followed as the Crusaders stormed into Jerusalem. By all the standards of warfare at the time, the Crusaders would be justified in sacking the city and killing all the city's inhabitants. It sounds gruesome to modern ears, but this was a time when war was not entered into lightly. Particularly where the applications of laying siege to a city are employed. If a city is approached by an aggressor army and it surrenders, generous terms are expected and normally granted. No army believed there was any good or glory to come from waging wars on noncombatants. However, if a city chooses to resist and a battle ensues, then the standard that would be applied to a defeated army in the field would be applied to the entire population of the defeated city. Armies at this time in history tended to fight battles of annihilation. This means that when the battle is over, only one of them is left. Any soldiers that were allowed to survive from the defeated army would be sold into slavery unless they possessed enough wealth to purchase their own ransom. When a city chooses to resist a siege, its population forfeits its right to be viewed as noncombatants. Iftikhar al-Daura had confidence in his ability to defend Jerusalem long enough to allow the the coming Egyptian army to arrive and relieve the city of the siege. He gambled. He lost. It was he who put the city's population at risk. He knew what he was doing and he is entitled to an equal share of blame for the carnage that ensued in the subsequent sacking of Jerusalem. </span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium; font-family: Pegasus;"><span style="font-family: Pegasus;"> Contrary to popular belief, the Crusaders did NOT kill everyone in Jerusalem. The blood did not run in rivers up to the Crusader's knees. There has been considerable exaggeration as to the extent of the massacre over the centuries. Some of this, of course, is due to the Crusaders themselves in retelling the stories. However, in modern culture it has become the "politically correct" norm to blame all Christian/Muslim conflicts on the Crusades. Particularly for the Crusaders' treatment of the inhabitants remaining in Jerusalem when it was taken. In truth, the Crusaders surely killed most of the Muslims in the city, although many were ransomed. It is also a popular myth among the "politically correct" crowd that the Crusaders were so "blood drunk" that they killed indiscriminately and even slew the Christians in Jerusalem. Since the Christian population was expelled from the city upon their arrival, the Crusaders would certainly not have been looking to cull Christians from the rest of the population. Quite the opposite. Since the Muslims expelled the people they felt were not loyal to them, the Crusaders had every reason to believe that all those remaining inside the city were hardcore supporters of their Muslim defenders. It is true, that sacking a city is hardly something that fits with the message of the gospel of Jesus Christ, but these historical denunciations of the conquest of Jerusalem are merely exaggerations by people whose agenda is to disgrace the Crusades as an act of Christian imperial aggression. There is simply no truth to this. The Muslims bear considerable responsibility for their own fate. The sack of Jerusalem was well within the rules of engagement considered normal for the time. <br /> Let us also not forget that in 1187, when the Muslim leader Saladin would himself lay siege to Jerusalem,it was his entire intention to put every Christian to the sword. He was only prevented from doing so because Balian threatened to kill every Muslim in the city, and destroy the Dome of The Rock, before he could do it. This, combined with a more effective defense, forced Saladin to negotiate. Iftikhar al-Daura, having himself expelled the Christian inhabitants of the city, could not make such a threat. He therefore had no bargaining leverage. An extremely important factor in determining the outcome. <br /> At sunset on July 15, the Crusaders gather at the Church of the Holy Sepulcher and fulfill their vows. They celebrate mass just as they promised they would when this adventure began. Against all odds the First Crusade achieved all of its objectives. Ordained by God?....You better believe it! <br /> I bet you are wondering about that Fatimid army dispatched from Cairo that was on its way to relieve Jerusalem from the siege. It looks like it could be a repeat of Antioch doesn't it? The Crusaders could find themselves trapped in Jerusalem with a huge Muslim army pressing them from the outside. But this story doesn't end that way. Instead, quarreling among the Crusader leaders rears it head again. After a brief period of celebration, the Crusaders got together and offered the Raymond the crown of the city. Ever the pious one, he declined, however when the same offer was made to Godfrey he initially refused, but then accepted. This angered Raymond so much that he and his troops left the city. <br /> The Fatimid army that was closing in on Jerusalem expected the Crusaders to remain in the city the same way they remained in Antioch. When Raymond vacated the city he discovered the Egyptian army was encamped at Ascalon and making preparations to retake Jerusalem. Raymond informed the other Crusaders and rejoined them for an attack on their encampment. This caught the Egyptian army totally by surprise and it was thoroughly destroyed. The Holy land was now, not only conquered by the Crusaders, it was safe. <br /><br />EPILOGUE <br /><br /> There were many subsequent crusades but the generally accepted rule is that there were seven crusades launched between 1095 and 1250 that constitute "The Crusades." The Crusader states lasted until 1291 when the Muslims took Acre and the other remaining outposts either fell or were abandoned. After 200 years the Europeans seemed to lose interest in expending "blood and treasure" in faraway lands. <br /> What did the Crusades accomplish? Some would suggest that since they inevitably abandoned the Holy Land, that they ultimately accomplished nothing. Well nothing could be farther from the truth. It would not be unreasonable to suggest that Western Civilization, as we have come to know it, would not have even come into existence were it not for these defensive military campaigns. For 200 years, the expansion of Islamic conquest was halted. The Crusades may ultimately have failed to hold the territory they retook, but they certainly thwarted the expansion of Islam. <br /> This can be proven by just how quickly the Jhihadist expansion of Islam resumed afterward. The Muslims moved against Europe, occupying Gallipoli in 1354 and captured Adrianople in 1357. It didn't stop there. The Islamic juggernaut roared into Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia, Croatia, and Macedonia. On June 5, 1389 they defeated a Western army in Kosovo. The Europeans called for more crusades, but now they were fighting a lot closer to home. In 1426 Cyprus fell. In 1430 it was Thessalonica that succumbed to Islam's sword. Then, on May 29, 1453, the crown jewel of the Byzantine Empire fell...Constantinople. There, the Muslims massacred men women and children without discrimination or mercy. A scene far worse than either the reality, or the fiction, of the massacre at Jerusalem in 1099. Yet we are supposed to accept guilt for the atrocities of Christian Crusaders in Jerusalem, when the sacking of Constantinople and so many other Islamic massacres goes unmentioned in our "politically correct" culture. Constantinople is now renamed Istanbul. <br /> Twice, the "religion of peace" got as far as Vienna. Imagine how far Islam might have gotten if the Crusades hadn't stunted its growth for 200 years. We OWE the Crusaders our gratitude, NOT our condemnation. Instead, we see the same sort of condemnation that has historically been heaped on the Crusades applied to President Bush's "War On Terror." Islam is again being portrayed as the victim of Western aggression as though they have been peacefully minding their own business. Too many people are willing to blame their own countries and their policies instead of seeing Islamic terrorism for what it is. The great military strategist Carl von Clausewitz would recognize it as "war by other means." <br /> The first siege of Vienna failed in 1529. But Islam is on a course for world domination and therefore setbacks are only temporary. They always come back. Islam reached its high water mark when it again laid siege to Vienna in 1683. Islam would enter into a period of decline when Poland's King Jan III Sobieski and 30,000 soldiers broke the siege.....<br /> .....And don't you want to know what day that was?....September 11, 1683....Now you know why Osama Bin Laden chose September 11 to send his message to the world. Islam is prepared to pick up where it left off in 1683. They always come back...It doesn't matter who you are. It doesn't matter what God you believe in or what God you don't believe in. They have time, and they are prepared to use that as their greatest weapon. <br /> All religions are NOT created equal. Islam is an expansionist, imperialistic theocratic tyranny. It has more in common with Stalinist communism and National Socialism (Nazism) than it has with true religion. It just uses God to give it the false impression of a higher validation. The Crusades neither inspired nor amplified the aggressive behavior of Muslims. It was there from the time of Muhammad. They also didn't put an end to Islam's desire to dominate with a worldwide Caliphate. But for 200 years the Crusades held Islam in place. Not a weakened Islam, but an Islam of equal, or perhaps superior, military capability. Islam does not negotiate in good faith, and it preys on any sign of weakness. We dare not display any. We could do worse than to follow the Crusaders' example today. In fact, if we fail to show equal resolve and courage, Islam will steal our culture away from us. Just as it has done to all the cultures that have crossed its path before. Believe it...Or bury your face in the dirt facing Mecca. <br /><br /></span></span></p> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: Pegasus;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The author is a true believer</span><br /></span></div> <p><span style="font-size: medium; font-family: Pegasus;"><span style="font-family: Pegasus;"><span style="font-style: italic;">"For your brethren who live in the east are in urgent need of your help, and you must hasten to give them the aid which has often been promised them. For, as the most of you have heard, the Turks and Arabs have attacked them and have conquered the territory of Romania [the Greek empire] as far west as the shore of the Mediterranean and the Hellespont, which is called the Arm of St. George. They have occupied more and more of the lands of those Christians, and have overcome them in seven battles. They have killed and captured many, and have destroyed the churches and devastated the empire. If you permit them to continue thus for awhile with impurity, the faithful of God will be much more widely attacked by them. On this account I, or rather the Lord, beseech you as Christ's heralds to publish this everywhere and to persuade all people of whatever rank, foot-soldiers and knights, poor and rich, to carry aid promptly to those Christians and to destroy that vile race from the lands of our friends. I say this to those who are present, it meant also for those who are absent. Moreover, Christ commands it."</span> <br />From Pope Urban II's call for the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont, 1095<br /><br />Reading Material:<br />"The New Concise History Of The Crusades" Thomas F. Madden<br />"Crusades: The Illustrated History" Thomas F. Madden<br />"The Politically Incorrect Guide To Islam And The Crusades" Robert Spencer<br />"The Idiot's Guide To The Crusades" Paul L, Williams<br />"The Crusades: An Illustrated History" James Harpur<br />"God's War" Christopher Tyerman<br />"The First Crusade" Thomas Asbridge<br />"The Crusades," David Nicolle</span></span></p> Posted in: Crusades \| 0 comments The Science Of Denying God By semjaza, 2008-07-10 <p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: Pegasus;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">THE SCIENCE OF DENYING GOD</span> <br /></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: Pegasus;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: Pegasus;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> There is a threat in our world, the likes of which we have never seen before. All of civilization hangs in the balance and the actions taken, or not taken, by those of us alive today will determine whether or not we will have a future. Is the government or the media leading the charge to solve this problem? No! They are more interested in promoting a gathering of wackadoo musicians and actors doing a series of concerts to promote the fraudulent cause of "manmade global warming." Real flesh and blood enemies are working to bring more terrorism and death to us. Yet we are constantly told that the threat of terrorism is being overblown by an unpopular presidential administration. The war on terror is nothing more than a bumper sticker slogan. It is the threat of catastrophic climate change that is the real danger...And the children shall lead.</span> </span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium; font-family: Pegasus;"><span style="font-family: Pegasus;"> Now just what exactly is Global Warming? (Also known as global climate change). That the earth appears to be warming, at least relative to recent history, is possible, if not a "consensus" fact. The real question at hand is whether or not any of this supposed warming has anything to do with manmade industrial emissions. The idea being that these greenhouse gases, particularly CO2 (carbon dioxide), are causing the atmosphere to heat up. Carbon Dioxide is a natural occurring ingredient. Plants need it to survive and as they consume it they in turn put oxygen in the air. This has been the natural order of things since the beginning. Carbon Dioxide is called a "greenhouse gas" because it absorbs and redirects infrared radiation from the sun. Simply put, the more CO2 molecules we have in the air, the hotter the air should be...but then again maybe its not so simple. <br /> In 1996 the United Nations issued a report stating that Global Warming was a fact, yet before releasing the report two key paragraphs were deleted. Those two paragraphs, written by the scientists who did the actual scientific analysis stated: A. "None of the studies cited above has shown clear evidence that we can attribute the observed climate change to increases in greenhouse gases" B. "No study to date has positively attributed all or part of the climate change to man made causes. <br /> Contrary to the lies you have heard...THERE IS NO "SCIENTIFIC CONSENSUS" THAT GLOBAL WARMING WILL CAUSE DAMAGING CLIMATE CHANGE!. There is also NO "scientific consensus" that manmade emissions are the cause of the warming of the earth, or more importantly, that any actions taken by mankind have or will have any effect on the situation. We know that in the past the climate of the earth has been both colder AND warmer. At the time the Vikings were making settlements in Greenland and North America the climate was suitable for the farming that sustained their colonies. When the warmer climate left in favor of a cooler one, so did the Vikings. The fact is, we cannot even be certain that the climate, as it stands now, is even the most desireable one. <br /> The current projections from the proponents of global warming claim that the earth may warm 2 to 3 degrees celsius by 2100AD. This may sound impressive until you consider that meteorological predictions are fraught with more variables than virtually any other kind of science. This is especially true when taken on a planetary scale where everything affects the result. Just look at your local newspaper. Check the seven day forecast and see how accurate it is. These things are almost always wrong and they are based on a local area with fewer variables. How can any reasonable person put any faith on a planetary forecast set over 100 years? Let alone the dire consequences of melting polar icecaps, rising sea levels, intensified storms and droughts that the fear mongers of this movement would have us believe. <br /> Half of this century's global warming occurred between 1900 and 1945. If manmade Carbon Dioxide emissions are responsible why wasn't there a greater increase in temperature in the second half of the century? After all, fossil fuel emissions more than doubled in that time. Manmade carbon dioxide accounts for only 5% of the total of all carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Thats right 5%! The rest comes from natural sources such dying vegetation (rotting wood) and volcanoes...the earth's own smokestack. Volcanic activity can add more greenhouse gases into the atmosphere in a few weeks than every internal combustion engine on the planet has over the last decade. Think about that. Termites and other insects are a larger source of greenhouse emissions than all the industrial plants in the civilized world! Yet it is the oceans that are most responsible since the primary greenhouse gas is not carbon dioxide or methane but....water vapor. Human activity does not add water vapor to the atmosphere. However, warmer air can hold much more moisture which can increase temperatures and intensify the effects of climate change. There are even those who dare to suggest that increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are the result of, not the cause of, Global Warming. <br /> There is also a cadre of scientists who attribute the warming of the earth to increased solar activity. Dr Sami Solanki, the director of the renowned Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research in Gottingen, Germany, has said: "The Sun has been at its strongest over the past 60 years and may now be affecting global temperatures." To determine the Sun's role in global warming, Dr Solanki's research team measured sunspots, which are believed to intensify the Sun's energy output. The team studied sunspot data going back several hundred years. They found that a dearth of sunspots signalled a cold period, which could last up to 50 years, but that over the past century their numbers had increased as the Earth's climate grew steadily warmer. The scientists also compared data from ice samples collected in Greenland. The most recent samples contained the lowest recorded levels of beryllium 10 for more than 1,000 years. Beryllium 10 is a particle created by cosmic rays that decreases in the Earth's atmosphere as the magnetic energy from the Sun increases. <br /> Combine that with the reports from NASA that say Mars has warmed by about 0.5C since the 1970s. This is similar to the warming experienced on Earth over approximately the same period. This would appear to suggest that rapid changes in planetary climates could be a natural phenomena. Unless, of course, you believe that the ultra conservative corporate Martians are pursuing a policy of unregulated industrial developement. Damned extraterrestrials! <br /> If that isn't enough to throw the "scientific consensus" into question there is also the matter of the natural ability of the earth to compensate for changes in the atmosphere. For example, when carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere increase, plantlife on the planet experiences an increase in its growth rate. This has the effect of CONSUMING more carbon dioxide and converting it into oxygen. The more carbon dioxide, the faster the plants grow and the more carbon dioxide that is removed. Sounds almost like somebody had forseen this possibility and designed a system to account for that. Who do you reckon that was? <br /> All of this has to be accounted for in any model about climate change. All of these factors and the long periods of time involved will wreak havoc on any forecasts of global doom. You could call them..."inconvenient facts." Reasonable people have good reasons to question the so called "scientific consensus" of the followers of the "Church Of The Global Apocalypse." Now if you haven't heard any of these arguments before then you are NOT informed...because someone doesn't want you informed. <br /> There are two kinds of science. In one kind of science, the scientists look at the facts and conduct experiments. They report on the results and other scientists can reproduce the conditions of the experiments and therefore reproduce the results. This has the effect of verifying the validity of the conclusions. In the other kind of science, the scientist KNOWS what outcome he desires and he creates the data needed to to generate the results that will validate those preordained conclusions. He then collaborates with other like minded scientists to claim there is a "scientific consensus" and suppress any debate on the issue. These scientists tend to be dependent on grants from people whose agenda is enhanced by the outcomes of this "science." <br /> So what is the true driving force behind the great Global Warming Swindle? It is nothing more than a great socialist attempt to redistribute the wealth of the United States to the rest of the world. It was never about the supposed catastrophic consequences of a global climate change. It is all about money and control. If you are suspicious of that assertion then take as an example the infamous Kyoto Protocols that the United States currently has, thus far, wisely not signed onto. Even if we were to assume, for the sake of argument, that the apocalyptic global climate models were correct it would have NO measurable effect on carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere because it imposes no restrictions on major developing countries like China and India. Those countries have made it clear they will not now, nor in the future, agree to, or adhere to, any such restrictions. Yet the world clamors over the United States failure to agree to the treaty. Why? Because the United States, or more accurately, the United States money, was always the objective. It was just another attempt to bring the United States in line with the socialist leanings of the majority of the world. Yes my friends, you can say the words...New World Order. <br /> According to the Wharton Econometric Forecasting Associates, implementing the Kyoto restrictions in the United States would cost the average family $225.00 a month! And thats on the lowest end of possible emissions restrictions that could be placed on the United States if we acquiesce to the Kyoto Protocols. Emission reduction proposals hurt the poorest hardest. Full implementation of the Kyoto Protocols would cost the United States no less than 4,000,000 jobs with absolutely NO measurable effect on reducing temperatures, and yet there are eco-terrorists who would dare to extort more from us if we were foolish enought to allow it. Alarmists such as Al Gore have suggested nothing short of the abolition of the automobile itself. The United States is always at the center of these grandiose apocalyptic measures. Apparently we are expected to finance the entire project. This is in spite of the fact that the United States already leads the world in both the developement and implementation of emission restriction technology. <br /> You would think that a clean burning technology like nuclear power would be desireable as an alternative to the fossil fuel burning power plants that generate greenhouse gases. However, the people who align themselves with the Global Warming alarmists are the same people who oppose the expanded use of nuclear power. There hasn't been construction on a new nuclear power plant in over 20 years. Why? Because by eliminating fuel alternatives they put you at their mercy to pay extravagant penalties for the fuels you consume as well as gain greater control of your freedom of movement. Once again we see money and control as the true source of their motivations. <br /> There is also the matter of the penalizing/money acquisition scheme they refer to as "carbon offsets." These are the dirty little devices that allow you to pay for the priviledge of dispersing carbon into the atmosphere. They refer to each individual's personal carbon dioxide responsibility as a "carbon footprint." Carbon Offsets essentially operate in the same manner as the infamous indulgences that were once sold by the Catholic Church. In that despicable scheme, absolution for sins could literally be purchased for a price. And of course, sin was for sale on a progressive scale based on the particular sin you were buying. This was at the very core of reasons that led to the Protestant Reformation. It was a policy that obviously allowed the rich to avoid any real spiritual responsibility or commitment to their religion. Now the religion of Global Warming is resurrecting this policy for its own quick cash grab. For Al Gore or any of the musicians and actors that participated in the recent Live Aid concerts this is no big deal. After all these are the wealthy and, in their minds at least, the elite. They can, and will, continue to live frivolously as they use their political influence to find ways to coerce the rest of us into footing the bill. Ultimately it always comes down to that. <br /> I recently watched an episode of the Today show on NBC and Lester Holt had one of these "green" experts come in and analyze his personal "carbon footprint." Since he travels a lot by jet plane, he had a sizeable one. Iit was therefore suggested that he compensate for this by "donating" money to organizations that do things to "work against the effects" of carbon emissions. Basically these groups go around planting trees and organizing rock concerts that themselves generate huge carbon footprints. I was impressed that Mr. Holt could keep a straight face through the whole experience. Currently this farce about carbon offsets is built around creating a "guilt complex" in the more sensitive members of the citizenry and is therefore voluntary. However, the Global Warming Gestapo is not interested in volunteers, they are looking for legislation. Unfortunately in the current congressional climate they will find this an easy task to accomplish. They desire to levy a heavy tax on such things as gasoline, jet fuel, coal etc. as well as insist on emission controls on vehucles that will add thousands of dollars to their prices. All these guaranteed economy busting ideas will be viewed by a democratically controlled congress as new revenue with which to finance their own socialist schemes such as a national health care system. So you can see how one bad idea feeds into another one. Then of course there is the ever present desire to limit your freedoms and control every facet of your life through government regulation. All these things will combine to severely limit your freedom of movement and crippling the economy will destroy your way of life as you know it. The greatest misconception of this whole scheme is the idea that the government must act now...and drastically. <br /> And yet, I would tell you there is even something more sinister than that afoot here. All these things are merely manmade manifestations of an even greater conspiracy against you. As always there is something deeper and more spiritual involved. Brilliant conspiracies of this magnitude are above the abilities of disagreeable men to carry out in spite of their sincerely malevolent intentions. Too many people are involved. Politicians, actors, musicians, activists and other assorted "do gooders" don't come together this way on their own. There is a guiding hand, or should I say, a guiding spirit:<br /><br />Ephesians 6:12 <span style="font-style: italic;">For we wrestle not against flesh and blood, but against principalities, against powers, against the rulers of the darkness of this world, against spiritual wickedness in high places.</span><br /><br /> There are verses in the Bible's book of Revelation that have always made me wonder about the people in the end times. Their behavior, as described, always seemed a little strange to me. It is these principalities and powers in high places that are truly at work here. And they are fulfilling a great purpose right before our eyes...if only we will see it:<br /><br />Revelation 16:8-9 <span style="font-style: italic;">And the fourth angel poured out his vial upon the sun; and power was given unto him to scorch men with fire. And men were scorched with great heat, and blasphemed the name of God, which hath power over these plagues: and they repented not to give him glory. </span><br /><br /> I have always wondered how people in the midst of such great misery could blaspheme the name of the God that possessed their only hope for mercy. I always had a problem believing that anyone could have that much hatred for God. But then again it isn't really hatred so much as it is arrogance. The Global Warming hoax has a greater purpose. Even as these hypocritical activists bombard us with their fraudulent alarmist claims of impending disaster they are unwittingly indoctrinating and conditioning the population to blaspheme God precisely as those verses describe. We are being indoctrinated and conditioned to believe that such matters as the climate are actually under OUR control. We are denying God. Just as Charles Darwin's false science has convinced many they are just the random result of of evolution from an ape, so too will Global Warming convince many that they, and not God, are the masters of the earth's climate. If the theory of evolution is designed to indoctrinate and condition mankind to deny God the creator, then Global Warming is designed to indoctrinate and condition us to deny God's continuing role in the earth's affairs. That has always been one of the goals of the very first conspirator...a certain angel actively working for the destruction of us all. Global Warming is not the science of catastrophic climate change. It is the science of denying God.</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: Pegasus;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">"THERE IS NO GOD BUT ALLAH"<br /> The Truth About Islam pt. 2 </span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: Pegasus;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"></span><br />   <span style="font-size: small; font-family: Pegasus;"><span style="font-size: medium;">It was an amusing beginning to a not so amusing story. In the year 610AD Muhammad Ibn Abdullah, a 40 year old merchant from the town of Mecca on the Arabian peninsula, was awakened from his sleep (in a cave no less) by a heavenly(?) voice telling him he was the messenger from God. This man, who would go on to establish one of the largest, most militaristic and intolerant religions ever concieved, reacted the way any cold and calculating conqueror would.....he hid under his wife until it went away!! Thus, Islam was born.</span> </span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium; font-family: Pegasus;"><span style="font-family: Pegasus;"> Muhammad was born on approximately August 20, 570 AD. His father died soon after his birth and his mother died when he was six leaving the future prophet to be raised as a shepherd by his uncle Abu-Talib. At the age of 25 he cleverly married a rich widow 15 years his senior named Khadeejah. They spawned six children, all of whom died young except for a daughter, Fatima. <br /> The Arabia of the time was populated by warring tribes (sectarian violence anyone?) who took a particular delight in raiding one another's caravans. Muhammad was a member of the Quraysh tribe and had participated in two local wars with the Banu Hawazin tribe. He was subjected to epileptic seizures, and addicted to prayer and fasting even before his "divine" visitations with the angel he identified as Gabriel had begun. He was also familiar, though somewhat erroneously, with the traditions and customs of the Jewish and Christian people that also inhabited the region. <br /> After his initial encounter with the "angel," he worried that he was actually being pursued by demons and feared he was becoming possessed by them. His wife encouraged him that these apparitions were real and that he should open himself up to be the prophet of God. This made her his first convert and, as could be expected, his immediate family tended make up his initial following. He began preaching to his own Quraysh tribe about one god and, from the very beginning, was adamant about his role as this god's one true prophet. <br /> Initially the Meccans were relatively indifferent to his preaching. Their society was a pluralistic one so they were somewhat accustomed to a variety gods and religions. This was further enhanced by their trade relations which likewise kept them aware of "alternative" belief systems. It wasn't even particularly unusual to declare himself a divine prophet as there were actually quite a few "would be" prophets making the rounds in the Middle East of that time. Since the citizenry of Mecca weren't responding particularly well to his preaching, Muhammad decided he needed to step up his rhetoric and began assailing the popular pagan gods of the region, as well as to promote the idea that their ancestors may have earned a less than heavenly reward for having died in their disbelief of the one true god. Faced with a "hellfire" preacher in their midst the Quraysh lost their tolerance. His situation deteriorated rapidly when Muhammad's uncle Abu Talib, head of his Banu Hashem clan, died and was replaced with another of his uncles, Abu Lahab. This uncle particularly disliked Muhammad and his teachings so much that he earned a special mention in the, as yet unwritten, Qur'an. <br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Qur'an 111 1. Perish the hands of the Father of Flame! Perish he! 2. No profit to him from all his wealth, and all his gains! 3. Burnt soon will he be in a Fire of Blazing Flame! 4. His wife shall carry the (crackling) wood - As fuel!- 5. A twisted rope of palm-leaf fibre round her (own) neck! </span><br /> <br /> As you can see he did not take this rejection well. Intolerance of criticism is a trait that his religion retains to this day. <br /> This rejection, and the ensuing persecution of Muhammad and his approximately 40 followers, led to what the Muslims now call the Hejira. He left Mecca and fled to a nearby village called Medina, in hopes of finding a climate more suitable to incubate his new religion. It is in Medina that Muhammad would truly get his act together and would transform himself from a relatively unsuccessful private preacher to a political and military leader. He established the "Constitution Of Medina" which organized the the new local following, and those who followed in the migation to Medina, into one community called an umma. This one document essentially laid the foundation for all of Islamic law and order to follow. It established the religion of Islam as the source of all social and political organization. This firmly married the religion to the state and they have been INSEPARABLE ever since! <br /> It was in Medina that Muhammad would also begin his military career. Although initially, this amounted mostly to piracy as he and his followers raided the caravans of the Quraysh. These raids provided both a source of income and an opportunity for training his followers. This training would serve a theological purpose as well as the more obvious military one. One particular raid on a caravan at Nakhla was done during the sacred month of Rajab, when such fighting is not permitted. However, not surprisingly, a new "revelation" came from Allah that allowed the raid to be justified because the opposition of the Quraysh to Muhammad was a greater transgression than violating the prohibition against violence during the sacred month. To reject Muhammad is the moral equivalent of persecuting Islam, and accordingly, is worse than killing. Thus the "situational ethics" of Islam is born. <br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Qur'an Surah 2:216-217: Warfare is ordained for you, though it is hateful unto you; but it may happen that ye hate a thing which is good for you, and it may happen that ye love a thing which is bad for you. Allah knoweth, ye know not. They question thee (O Muhammad) with regard to warfare in the sacred month. Say: Warfare therein is a great (transgression), but to turn (men) from the way of Allah, and to disbelieve in Him and in the Inviolable Place of Worship, and to expel his people thence, is a greater with Allah; for persecution is worse than killing. And they will not cease from fighting against you till they have made you renegades from your religion, if they can. </span><br /><br /> There are those Islam apologists who will tell you that Islam actually prohibits the targeting of innocent people in conflicts. However the "Doctine of Nakhla" is one of the justifications for doing exactly that. Since non-believers by definition are guilty of persecuting Islam, fighting that persecution, by any means neccessary, is not only tolerated, it is expected. This is not an extremist position. This is mainstream Islam! This is why they celebrate in the streets and rejoice when two buildings full of innocent people come crashing down at the hands of Osama Bin Ladin's terrorists. It is also why mainstream Islam fails to condemn the actions of terrorists. Quite the opposite, in mosques all over the world (including the United States!) they encourage violence against civilians. Moral absolutes do not exist in Islam. That which benefits Islam at the expense of Islam's enemies is the whole of the law....And if you are not for them, you are against them. <br /> Shortly after the Nakhla raid, Muhammad and his Muslims fought their first major battle when they attacked a Quraysh caravan at Badr. What first looked like an easy target for the Muslims turned into a much bigger affair when Muhammad's 300 men found themselves facing a force of over 1000. Yet the Muslims surprisingly routed the Quraysh. The prophet even went so far as to claim that Allah had sent an army of angels to insure that the Muslims prevailed in the engagement. <br /> The victory at Badr came at a convenient time for Muhammad as his influence in Medina had actually been on the wane. He thus used the victory at Badr to consolidate his authority and move against his opposition. The first to find themselves in the line of fire were the Jews of Medina. They had refused to acknowledge him, or his "revelations," as coming from God. Upon migrating to Medina, Muhammad tried to convert the local Jewish population by pointing out the similarities (some might call it plagiarism) between Islam and Judaism. He even adopted certain Jewish practices such as the fast of Yom Kippur and the Day of Atonement. It is also interesting to note that originally Muslims faced toward Jerusalem for their daily prayers. Instead of being impressed by all these overtures toward their faith, the Jews turned into his biggest critics. They consistently pointed out the errors and inconsistencies of his teachings. Now Muhammad was going to "correct" them. <br /> Since the three Jewish tribes living in Medina also happened to be wealthy, this provided Muhammad with another opportunity for plundering. He banished from Medina the Qainuqu tribe, with whom he had a truce, citing their unwillingness to recognize him as the prophet of God. He then divided up their property among the Muslims. This of course, had the effect of providing the Muslims with an incentive continue to follow Muhammad's instructions as they tended to profit from them. He even authorized murder when a young Muslim volunteered to fulfill his wishes to kill a Jewish poet, who was accused by Muhammad of insulting Muslim women. <br /> Not all of Muhammad's military ventures were successful. After a defeat in the battle of Uhud, Muhammad attributed the loss to a lack of faith on the part of his followers. <br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Qur'an 3:152 GOD has fulfilled His promise to you, and you defeated them by His leave. But then you wavered, disputed among yourselves, and disobeyed after He had shown you (the victory) you had longed for. But then, some of you became distracted by the spoils of this world, while others were rightly concerned with the Hereafter. He then diverted you from them to test you. He has pardoned you. GOD showers the believers with His grace.</span> <br /> <br /> Muhammad's prestige was dented by this setback so he used this as an opportunity to strike against another Jewish tribe. The Nadir. He banished them from Medina and, once again, divided their land and property among the Muslims. However it would be the third Jewish tribe, the Quraiza, that would suffer the worst, as a scapegoat for Muhammad's greater ambitions. <br /> In 627AD, 10,000 Meccan bedouins laid seige to Medina. Apparently they had tolerated all they could from Muhammad and his Muslim raiders and were determined to rid themselves of the problem once and for all. Unfortunately their military enterprise quickly turned into a disaster. Muhammad had cleverly dug trenches around the city where it would have been vulnerable to calvary attack. Since the cavalry was the strength of the Quraysh army, this rendered their attacks ineffective and, after only two weeks, they left. Muhammad subsequently accused the Quraiza, the richest and most powerful of the original three Jewish tribes of Medina, of collaborating with the Meccans. The 800 men of the tribe were coerced into digging a trench and then told to sit on the edge of it. Then, one by one, they were sytematically beheaded and their bodies tossed into the trench. They then sold their women and children into slavery and, of course, divided the proceeds among the Muslims. From this point on, Muhammad would only regard the Jews as trecherous and evil people. He claimed it was they who falsified scriptures and taught doctrines in error. He changed the Sabbath from saturday to friday as well as changing the direction of daily prayers from Jerusalem to Mecca. Its good to know the history of how these things came about...isn't it?<br /> After the failed seige of Medina, Muhammad had a "revelation" of making a pilgrimage to Mecca. This was, in fact, a current pagan tradition that he wanted to apply to Islam. We see once again the fluidity of logic that allows Muhammad to plagiarize ideas from other religions and absorb them into his own. Now he would claim that the holy shrine of the Kaaba, in Mecca, was actually built by Abraham and his son Ishmael. Most Arabs are descendents of Ishmael, the illegitimate elder son of Abraham and his wife's handmaiden Hagar. The Jews, of course, are descended from Abraham's "legitimate" son by his wife Sarah, who was named Isaac. There is no evidence that Abraham and Ishmael built the Kaaba but it was clever of Muhammad to make this claim and showed his shrewdness in constructing the Islamic myth through his conveniently opportunistic "revelations." <br /> In 628AD Muhammad led 1500 men on a "pilgrimage" to Mecca. However, the Meccans made it clear they would not let him enter the city. He then negotiated the infamous "Treaty Of Hudaybiyya." With this treaty, Muhammad agreed to go home but Muslims would be allowed to make the pilgrimage the next year. He even agreed to some terms that most Muslims found distressing. Quraysh men seeking asylum with the Muslims were to be returned to the Quraysh, but Muslims seeking asylum with the Quraysh did not have to be returned. Even worse to the Muslims, Muhammad agreed to not identify himself as "Muhammad the Prophet Of God," instead he would identify himself as his father's son in the traditional manner. Despite the extremely unfavorable terms that Muhammad had negotiated, he had the audacity to claim the treaty was, in fact, a victory for both himself and the Muslims. <br /> Because most Muslims viewed this negotiated "victory" a lot less favorably than he did, Muhammad had to find some way of distracting the dissenters among his people. Since turning against the Jews had proved to be a profitable distraction in the past, he decided to stay true to the formula. But alas, there were no more Jews remaining in Medina for him to persecute. He would have to find them elsewhere. Therefore he attacked and laid seige to the Jewish community at Khaibar. When they inevitably surrendered, he followed the now well established tradition of stripping them of their property and dividing it among the Muslims. Initially he wanted to force them to leave, however there weren't enough Muslims to work the land. Conveniently he was blessed with another "revelation" that instructed him on how to properly subjugate the Jewish population.....To the considerable profit of the Muslims of course. <br /> The "Treaty Of Hudaybiyya" is probably more well known, not for Muhammad's willingness to make such overwhelming concessions, but for the relative ease with which he would discard its terms. Soon after agreeing to the treaty, a Quraysh woman, Umm Kulthum, came to the Muslims of Medina seeking refuge. When her brothers came for her and demanded she be returned according to the terms of the treaty, Muhammad refused. He claimed Allah forbade it. You see, he had a new "revelation:" <br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Qur'an 60:10 O you who believe, when believing women (abandon the enemy and) ask for asylum with you, you shall test them. GOD is fully aware of their belief. Once you establish that they are believers, you shall not return them to the disbelievers. They are not lawful to remain married to them, nor shall the disbelievers be allowed to marry them. Give back the dowries that the disbelievers have paid. You commit no error by marrying them, so long as you pay them their due dowries. Do not keep disbelieving wives (if they wish to join the enemy). You may ask them for the dowry you had paid, and they may ask for what they paid. This is GOD's rule; He rules among you. GOD is Omniscient, Most Wise.. </span><br /><br /> In 629AD Muhammad finally made his pilgrimage to Mecca. He made a relatively strong impression and managed gather a host of new converts along the way. The next year, when a Muslim was killed by a Meccan in a dispute that had nothing to do with the Muslim/Quraysh rivalry, Muhammad used the incident as a pretext for totally discarding the Hudaybiyya Treaty. He advanced on Mecca and, without serious resistance, they surrendered the city to him. This established, for all time, an important principle for Muslims. All truces and treaties forthwith were to be negotiated for no more than ten years, and only entered into to afford a weakened Muslim situation time to strengthen itself, and then it is to be discarded. <br /> To his credit, or more likely, his shrewdness, Muhammad did not force the Meccans to convert to Islam immediately, although he did take to smashing numerous idols to pagan gods. He established the pilgrimage to Mecca as an annual event, now known as the Hajj, and insisted every Muslim must make the journey at least once in their lifetime. In 632AD Muhammad made his first and last "annual" pilgrimage to Mecca. Three months later Muhammad, complaining of headaches and fever, ended his existence on this earth on June 8, 0632AD. <br /> The life of Muhammad is extremely important to understanding how we should interact with Islam in the modern world. 1400 years later he has a much greater influence on the world than he had during his lifetime. In this, and this alone, he shares a similarity with Jesus. As I have shown in this very brief overview of his life, Muhammad established Islam, not just as a religion, but as the basis for all social, political and military associations. It has been that way from the very beginning. Worse, he used the religious aspect of Islam to validate all the morally questionable actions he undertook. This is particularly illuminating with respect to his military expeditions that, all too often, had the objective of providing a source of income for the Muslims as well as suppressing opposition. <br /> Jesus, by contrast, spoke of a kingdom "not of this earth" and said to "Render therefore unto Caesar the things which are Caesar's; and unto God the things that are God's." This is the origin of the concept of a separation between church and state. It is an entirely and uniquely Christian principle! Muhammad, on the other hand, set about acquiring an earthly kingdom and dispensing heavenly justice on earth. There is absolutely no moral equivalence between the two philosophies! <br /> Christianity survived for three centuries as a shunned and persecuted philosophy. Only with Constantine's Edict of Milan, in 313AD, did Christianity gain tolerance within the Roman system. Contrary to popular belief, Constantine did NOT establish Christianity as the official religion of Rome. That was done in 380AD by Flavius Theodosius. This gives Christianity almost 400 years of incubation as a persecuted cult. By contrast, Islam's first 400 years saw it conquer the Middle East, Persia, Spain, as well as much of the Byzantine empire. All this would be done in the name of Jihad or "holy war." It would be the year 1095 with the first Crusade before the concept of 'holy war" would rear its head in the Christian world....and that would be as a direct result of contact with Islam! <br /> Once the Christian church got a taste of the power and influence it could wield over the populations of Europe through the Crusades, the same corruptions always present in Islam began to take hold in the Christian church. This would eventually work itself out, unfortunately violently, with both the Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Counter Reformation. Eventually Christianity would extract itself from direct participation in government and political affairs as much for its own sake as for that of state sovereignty. However this was accomplished largely through one major act. That of Martin Luther translating the Bible into his own native language, and then utilizing the then new technology of the printing press to distribute it. Thus making the words of, and life of, Jesus available for all to read for themselves. Then informed faithful congregations could "reform" the church themselves. They were no longer vulnerable to those who exploited and profited from their ignorance. This worked because of the life Jesus led and the words he said. This is going to be a problem for those who are looking for an "Islamic Reformation." <br /> President Bush, shortly after the September 11, 2001 attacks, tried to quell a potential backlash against Islam in this country by saying that we worship the same God. There are also those who would have you believe in the concept of "Radical Islam" or "Political Islam" as though they are somehow different and separate from the "Real Islam." As we can see by looking at the life of Muhammad, Islam is a religion that justifies violence, not only to spread its influence, but as a means of providing a financial income as well. Anyone who is not a believer is automatically guilty of persecuting Islam and therefore justified as their prey. Osama Bin Laden is perfectly correct in his behavior according to a true and accurate understanding of Muhammad and Islamic law. How can we realistically hope for so called "moderates" to reform Islam? On what will they base this reform? In truth, there is nothing to reform! <br /> Christianity had the example of a peaceful martyr who laid down HIS life for the salvation of others. Muhammad was no martyr and he was definitely not a peaceful man. He was an opportunistic pirate who was clever enough exploit religion for his own advantage. In this he has much in common with David Koresh and Jim Jones. There is much to suggest, particularly in the successful worldwide expansion of Islam after his death, that his "revelations" may have been the result of real contact with a spiritual being. But it definitely was NOT authorized by the God of Abraham, Moses or Jesus. Whether or not Islam is a Satanic counterfeit religion (which I do believe) or simply the result of a very charismatic fraud, almost doesn't matter at this point. The die is cast. It's interesting to note that when Jesus was asked about the sign of his return, he warned his disciples of false religions, explaining that false prophets and even false messianic figures would arise. Check this one off as another fulfilled prophecy.<br /> Considering Islam sustained itself during Muhammad's life through small raids on caravans, the modern terrorist can find much inspiration to fuel an effective justification of small quick attacks on both local government entities as well as U.S. led coalition forces. Its just the type of warfare they have been engaging in from the very beginning. It is entirely JUSTIFIED by Islam and ISLAM IS THE LAW!! They have been entirely consistent with the teachings and examples of Muhammad. Islam as a religion is a predator. It requires external enemies to provide them with a purpose and to serve as prey. It does not matter what we are fighting for, or if we fight at all. Their's is a struggle that can not end until we submit to them. It is war they have been fighting for almost 1400 years. The word "Islam" translated means to surrender or submit to the will of God......THEIR GOD! Their God is NOT the same God as the Christian God. Unfortunately, even the President of the United States does not properly understand this fact. I wish he did. If you have read all of this, then perhaps you now understand it. <br /> Islam is at war with the world. It always has been. It is a religious war. It always has been. Still don't think so? Do you still believe we can "talk" to these people? Dialog? Negotiations? I will leave you with their own words: <br /><br /> <span style="font-style: italic;">"I was ordered to fight all men until they say 'There is no god but Allah.'"</span> Muhammad, 632AD. <br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;"> "I shall cross this sea to their islands to pursue them till there remains no one on the face of the earth who does not acknowledge Allah"</span> Saladin 1189AD <br /><br /> <span style="font-style: italic;">"I was ordered to fight the people until they say there is no God but Allah, and his prophet Muhammad."</span> Osama Bin Laden 2001AD.<br /><br /> With all apologies to Bob Dylan, "The Times They Are NOT A-Changin!'"</span></span></p> Posted in: Islam \| 0 comments The Death Of Free Speech By semjaza, 2008-07-12 <p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: Pegasus;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">THE DEATH OF FREE SPEECH</span><br /> <br /> <span style="font-size: small; font-family: Pegasus;"><span style="font-style: italic;">"<span style="font-size: medium;">Evil does seek to maintain power by suppressing the truth. Or by misleading the innocent."</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> First officer Spock, USS Enterprise, star-date 5029.5 <br /> <br />   ...And so it begins. The effort to dismantle the basic freedoms guaranteed in Western Civilization are accelerating in earnest. The European Union is under direct attack from Muslims demanding...yes, DEMANDING, that the West adopt a policy of silencing critics of Islam. Yet, in what can only be described as a shocking turn of events, one of the first successful acts of suppressing free speech has occurred in...Colorado? Ye who mock God should be very careful who you </span> </span></span><span style="font-size: medium; font-family: Pegasus;"><span style="font-family: Pegasus;">cra</span></span><span style="font-size: large; font-family: Pegasus;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: Pegasus;"><span style="font-size: medium;">wl into bed with...</span><br /> </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /> </span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium; font-family: Pegasus;"><span style="font-family: Pegasus;">   ISLAMABAD: <span style="font-style: italic;">Pakistan will ask the European Union countries to amend laws regarding freedom of expression in order to prevent offensive incidents such as the printing of blasphemous caricatures of Prophet Muhammad (Peace Be Upon Him) and the production of an anti-Islam film by a Dutch legislator, sources in the Interior Ministry told Daily Times on Saturday. </span><br /> <br />   What! No mention of the Babylon Mystery Orchestra CD "Axis Of Evil?" I tell you its just not fair the way they go about choosing who constitutes the leading offenders of Islamo-blasphemy! It's not really about who says the most "Inconvenient truths" about Islam. It's all about who you know. I'm feeling so rejected. <br /> <br />   <span style="font-style: italic;">They said that a six-member high-level delegation comprising officials from the Ministry of Interior, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Law would leave Islamabad on Sunday (today) for the EU headquarters in Brussels, Belgium and explain to the EU leadership the backlash against the blasphemous campaign in the name of freedom of expression. The delegation, headed by an additional secretary of the Interior Ministry, will meet the leaders of the EU countries in a bid to convince them that the recent attack on the Danish Embassy in Pakistan could be a reaction against the blasphemous campaign, sources said. </span><br /> <br />   Ahh yes. The "I wouldn't blow up your embassy if your country didn't allow the publication of blasphemous Muhammad cartoons" excuse. Kind of reminds you if that line in the movie "Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid" where Paul Newman exclaims: "If he'd just pay me what he's spending to make me stop robbing him, I'd stop robbing him." But alas, it gets better. Our Muslim friends go on to threaten more violence in the event that their demands go unfulfilled. <br /> <br />   <span style="font-style: italic;">They said that the delegation would also tell the EU that if such acts against Islam are not controlled, more attacks on the EU diplomatic missions abroad could not be ruled out. </span><br /> <br />   Strong words to be sure. So when are we going to start believing these people mean what they say? In this case it was the Danish Embassy that they blew up, killing six people. Yet they have the audacity to claim that it is they, the Muslim population, that are the victims.<br /> <br />   <span style="font-style: italic;">'It isn't just the people of Pakistan that feel they have been harassed by what your newspaper has begun, I'd like to know if your newspaper is satisfied with what it has done and what it has unleashed?' </span>Fauzia Mufti Abbas, Pakistan's ambassador to Denmark<br /> <br />  The ambassador's perspective on Muslim violence is not unique. It follows the same trajectory established by Muhammad himself, to justify removing criticism of his, and thereby Islam's, policies. His influence remains alive and well. Will the European Union fall prey to this foolish logic that sees Islam as a perpetual victim? Will Europe surrender one of the most precious freedoms in Western Civilization in hopes of thwarting future Muslim violence? Is there any "fight" left in our European friends or would they prefer to surrender and become dhimmi servants to their new Muslim overlords. Overlords such as Pakistani ambassador to Norway Rab Nawaz Khan. What? You haven't heard about the new Norwegian cartoon controversy? Lets remedy that. <br />   A caricature of Muhammad was published in the Norwegian publication Adressearisen. Nothing new or original about that. What is new is that a high ranking official like ambassador Rab Nawaz Khan would go off the deep end and say this about it: <br /> <br />   <span style="font-style: italic;">"Muslim societies all over the world will be insulted. Therefore it's a terrorist act,"</span> <br /> <br />   Wow! The very basic right of the freedom to express oneself is itself a terrorist act because someone will be insulted. In this case it is Muslims claiming to be offended, but it could have been anybody. Is not this the very reason we have the right of free speech? To guarantee that one cannot have his views restricted by those who would oppose them? But wait, it gets better. Like his Pakistani compatriots in the EU delegation, he too adds a threat to his statement. Fearing that news of the publication will cause "strong reactions" and cause people to "lose control." He then adds:<br /> <br />   <span style="font-style: italic;">"People shouldn't forget that there's many Norwegian businesses in Pakistan"</span> <br /> <br />   It might remind you of another classic Hollywood scene from the movie "The Untouchables." When one of Capone's men notices that his victim has a little girl he tells him: <br /> <br />   <span style="font-style: italic;">"Its Nice to have a family. A man should take care, see that nothin' happens to them."</span> <br /> <br />   Now that's good theatre! It would appear that Ambassador Rab Nawaz Khan is familiar with the scene as well. All people in the West should take note of the ambassadors use of the threat of violence as a tactic for it reveals much about not only Islam's intentions but also its character...and you would do well to know that they and Capone"s gangsters do operate exactly alike. But the thuggish and brutish street tactics of Capone and his like are only pale imitations of the tried and true method of extortion and violence that has been perfected by Islamic Jihadists for 1400 years! They have cleverly placed the blame for their future violence squarely on their victims failure to acquiesce to their demands. The only remaining question is how will we respond? <br />   Well, I'm glad you asked, for now you can know the answer to one of the burning questions in the current American presidential campaign. As I am sure you are well aware, democratic presidential nominee Barack Obama has indicated that he has a strong desire to talk with America's enemies without preconditions. He has particularly mentioned talking with infamous Israel hater Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, president of Iran. What everyone has wanted to know, of course, is what they would talk about. Now we know... <br />   They will talk about the way Islam has been "misrepresented" and "misunderstood" and how these "blasphemous" expressions of "hatred" against Islam are terrorizing their citizens and causing them to react violently. Certainly Ahmadinejad will ask if President Obama would be willing to do something to control all of this. After all, as we have been shown, its all our fault. The fact that the EU is already being pressured to pass anti-blasphemy laws, and Barack Obama has made it plainly clear he values the opinions of people outside of the United States at least as much, if not more, than those of our own citizens, does not bode well for his acting in defense of our most important liberty. How long do you think it will take for him to call for some sort of hate speech legislation within this country to restrict criticism of Islam. <br />   Unfortunately he doesn't have to look far for advice for dealing with this situation. Across the border in Canada they have something called the "Canada Human Rights Commission" which is a parallel legal system to the Canadian courts that is unrestrained by such arcane and outmoded concepts as due process, presumption of innocence and free speech. They have just recently dismissed a case presented before them involving conservative writer Mark Steyn and the respected Maclean's Magazine. In an article titled "The Future Belongs to Islam," Steyn claimed that Muslims are on the verge of dominating Europe and the West because of a demographic shift. The article claims that their greater numbers will eventually allow Muslims to dominate Western countries. The article goes so far as to quote a European Imam who allegedly said Muslims are reproducing like "mosquitoes." The Canadian Islamic Congress had argued that by publishing the article the magazine exposed Muslims to hatred and contempt. <br />   Though the the Tribunal dismissed this particular case one has to ask why such a Commission exists at all? They bear too much resemblance to such entities as the "culture ministries" that exist in Islamic countries, such as Iran, to monitor and CONTROL the media. Perhaps when they meet, President Ahmadinejad will share some tips with President Obama on how to get such a thing implemented here on the United States. I know some of you may think this is extreme but to a certain extent, it is already starting. <br />   The Speaker of the House of Representatives made it clear that a bill by Rep. Mike Pence (R.-Ind.) to outlaw the "Fairness Doctrine" (which a liberal administration could use to silence Rush Limbaugh, other radio talk show hosts and much of the new alternative media) would not see the light of day in Congress during '08. In ruling out a vote on Pence's proposed Broadcaster's Freedom Act, Speaker Nancy Pelosi (D.-CA.) also signaled her strong support for revival of the "Fairness Doctrine," which would require radio station owners to provide equal time to radio commentary when it is requested. Experts say that the "Fairness Doctrine," which was ended under the Reagan Administration, would put a major burden on small radio stations in providing equal time to Rush Limbaugh and other conservative broadcasters, who are a potent political force. Rather than engage in the costly practice of providing that time, the experts conclude, many stations would simply not carry Limbaugh, Sean Hannity, and other talk show hosts who are likely to generate demands for equal time. <br />   The "Fairness Doctrine" is really a misnamed policy. The fact is that radio stations are commercial enterprises that must generate income to survive. Conservative talk radio has been very successful at generating the audiences necessary for the stations survival. There hasn't been a lack of alternative voices for liberals and progressives out there. Far from it. The left has poured millions into getting the best talent on the air all over the country. But you can't force people to listen to it. Liberal talk radio has as much, or less, commercial appeal as Death and Black Metal music. They can get a lot of headlines for their antics but no audience. If the "Fairness Doctrine" were reinstated it would be the death of AM radio as broadcasters would be forced to broadcast shows that they knew would fail alongside the ones that they need to survive. Effectively killing half of their potential income. How fair is that? When directly asked if she supported reinstating the "Fairness Doctrine" Speaker Pelosi answered "yes" without hesitation. (Human <br />   Incidentally it is interesting how the reinstatement of the "Fairness Doctrine" is always described as an attempt to control "hate radio." Once again we see speech that offends someone being called offensive. In this case, it is purely political, yet all too often conservative talk radio is accused of being "hate speech." The founding fathers knew this when they insisted on instilling this basic right into the constitution. All speech that you don't agree with could be called hate speech. By describing your opponents rhetoric as "hate speech" you are just attempting to discredit them through name calling rather than dealing with the merits, or lack thereof, of their arguments. We must not tolerate the censoring or silencing of any of it! But I'm afraid we already have... <br />   Signed into law last week by the Governor of Colorado, SB08-200 which has this damnable clause in it: <br /> <br />   <span style="font-style: italic;">Section 8. 24-34-701. Publishing of discriminative matter forbidden. No person, being the owner, lessee, proprietor, manager, superintendent, agent, or employee of any place of public accommodation... shall publish, issue, circulate, send, distribute, give away, or display in any way, manner, or shape or by any means or method, except as provided in this section, any communication, paper, poster, folder, manuscript, book, pamphlet, writing, print, letter, notice, or advertisement of any kind, nature, or description THAT is intended or calculated to discriminate or actually discriminates against... SEXUAL ORIENTATION, marital status... in the matter of furnishing or neglecting or refusing to furnish to them or any one of them any lodging, housing, schooling, or tuition or any accommodation, right [marriage], privilege [adoption], advantage, or convenience... on account of... SEXUAL ORIENTATION, marital status... [which] is unwelcome or objectionable or not acceptable, desired, or solicited."</span><br /> <br />   After 400 years of religious freedom for those who wanted to own and distribute Bibles on their own property in America, the Governor of Colorado has put an end to it. While churches are exempted for now, Christian schools, Christian book stores, private business, etc. are not. Once again we see freedom of speech disallowed because someone finds it offensive. In this case it is being sold as anti-discrimination legislation. But all laws discriminate against someone. Do not laws prohibiting rape and thievery discriminate against rapist and thieves? Every gain for someone is a loss for someone else. In this case, the loss is a right of free expression of Christian beliefs pertaining to homosexuality. <br />   The Muslims seeking anti-blasphemy laws must be rejoicing. Certainly people who criticize Islam are just as guilty of discrimination by these standards as those who condemn homosexual behavior on religious moral grounds. The path to enacting restrictions on the criticism of Islam and its' adherent's behavior is now wide and clear. Homosexuals may think they have scored some sort of victory here but they have signed not only their own death warrant, but one for the rest of us as well. Homosexuals, like Christians, Jews, dogs, and free speech are offensive to Muslims. Muslims don't just condemn homosexual behavior...they kill homosexuals! Remember when Mahmoud Ahmadinejad said "there are no gays in Iran." Where do you reckon they went? Unfortunately for the homosexual lobby in this country, they are not nearly as vicious and threatening as the Jihadists. Soon homosexuals will be able to trade their "perceived" discrimination at the hands of a forgiving Christianity who sought to redeem them, for a real discrimination at the hands of Muhammad's feral adherents. They do not offer repentance and redemption. They will simply kill them. Mahmoud Ahmadinejad is even under the impression that in Iran, he has killed them all. One of the major enablers of that, or any genocide, is the suppression of the ability to criticize the actions, policies, or simply the belief system that would lead to such behavior. That is the result of stifling free speech...death! And there will be plenty of death to go around.<br />   Consider it a fine example of how no one truly gains when someone else is unjustly deprived of their freedom. When you refuse to stand up to bullies and false grievances you only postpone the damage that will be done to you, not prevent it. It just goes to show that cowards always get what they fear most. And you know what? They deserve it too!</span></span></p> Posted in: Politics \| 0 comments / 2
Acro Dance And Its Many Nuances - Acro Dance And Its Many Nuances Contemporary Urban Artists Who Practice Rural-Urban Art Acro dance is one of the many dance forms. It is a combination of classical dance and other acrobatic elements. It is tough to choreograph, and it is an exceptional dance in the context of how many dance forms exist. Just like any dance form, there is a level of skill required for one to dance the acro dance, but fears have been rising since the the dance is somewhat risky. Acro Dance And Its Many Nuances Acro Dance And Its Many Nuances Facts And Updates About Acro Dancing It is a good enough skill to put oneself at risk, and no severe injury one can get meaning its also ideal for kids. It is a sort of a gymnastic, and parts of it are called tumbling, which is basically, the rolls and twists of the art of gymnastics. This acro dance performance is going to be just two minutes. It takes a lot of flexibility and cannot be performed without practice and skill. Once an acrobat knows his works, he can keep playing in the routine, as well. It is a magnificent sight when an acrobat is seen wearing skin-tight clothes, leggings, or shorts to perform. Why the acrobats prefer tight garments is because loose clothes come falling over the face, which may result in accidents. Acro Dancing And Dance Style If you want to join an acro dance, you will need a great instructor, your body’s strength, control, and flexibility are all tested during this acro dance form. It will add to your repertoire when you wish to join the dance class. Mostly, it is for kids, and this dance form will keep the kid happy and healthy. If one were to figure the history of acro dance, then it can be said that acro started in the 1900s in the USA. The style of dancing and its roots can be found in classical ballet, and it has a lot of fluid movements. It improves your coordination, and it is a great confidence booster, it conquers your fitness, and you will be able to find many experienced instructors. Acro Dance And Dance Industry If the kid is happier at home, then he or she will become a better performer at school because of acro dancing. There are many things to do when one is doing acro dance; there are handstands, chest stands, and walking on the hand, it reduces stress in adults and kids alike, and it helps you to live a balanced lifestyle and not a sedentary lifestyle. Dance Moves Like No Other This dance form makes sure that you invest your energy into something beneficial. It makes you more social, and if you have this shared interest with anyone, it will mean that you can take acro dance classes with them. Thus, you are investing your time, energy, and money into something that society considers a proper vocation. It will give you your daily dose of creativity and class because this dance form is not natural to pick up, and you have to be talented to have come to acquire this dance form. This dance is a new approach; it gives you a dance environment, which is a very feel-good factor for one or two hours of practice every day, for all seven days of a week. Acro Dance And Its Many Nuances Acro Dance And Its Many Nuances There are three levels of courses of an acro dance, which are beginners’ level, intermediate level, and advanced level. Additionally, the process of acro dance classes is finding the right kind of tutor for the dance classes, depending upon which stage you’ll enroll for. There are three stages as discussed prior, there will be a welcoming and friendly environment, and there will be an annual dance function which will have kids, parents, and trainers alike. Subscribe to our monthly Newsletter
Cultural/spiritual practice-powerpoint \| Nursing homework help June 1, 2021 the prompt asks you to use the right to the city by david harvey to analyze machuca apocalypto floridas project June 1, 2021 Show all Select a special population of interest from the following list: Domestic violence victims Clients with questions about their sexual orientation Human trafficking victims Clients with suicidal ideation Clients who self-harm Hypothesize the future of psychological testing for your selected population. Create a 7-10-slide presentation about your population that includes the following: A description of the tests and assessments currently in use Changes to the tests and assessments you would like to see Explain any procedures related to reporting abuse, duty to warn, or victims’ rights Detailed speaker notes as if you are giving the presentation in person This assignment meets the following CACREP Standards: 2.F.7.c. Procedures for assessing risk of aggression or danger to others, self-inflicted harm, or suicide. 2.F.7.d. Procedures for identifying trauma and abuse and for reporting abuse. The post PowerPoint appeared first on My Nursing Experts.
Feb 4, 2019 372: Roundworm Riders Repel Raiders Play • 8 min This episode: Bacteria that help nematodes prey on insects also help keep fungi from stealing their kills! Download Episode (7.4 MB, 8.1 minutes) Show notes: Microbe of the episode: Artogeia rapae granulovirus Takeaways Soil is an incredibly complex ecosystem, with many different interactions constantly happening between plants, insects, bacteria, fungi, and other organisms, not to mention a large variety of shifting environmental conditions. All of these are competing with some and cooperating with others to try to survive and thrive the best they can. One interesting interaction takes place between small roundworms in the soil, called nematodes, and bacteria they carry around that cause disease in insects. These nematodes prey on insects by injecting the bacteria into them, which kill and start digesting the insects. The nematodes then feed on the insects and the bacteria until the resources have been exhausted, and then move on to the next insect, taking some bacteria with them again. In this study, the scientists wondered how these partners deal with competitors in the soil that might want to take advantage of their resources. They discover that the bacteria produce compounds that can repel and inhibit fungi that might otherwise steal their kills. Journal Paper: Shan S, Wang W, Song C, Wang M, Sun B, Li Y, Fu Y, Gu X, Ruan W, Rasmann S. The symbiotic bacteria Alcaligenes faecalis of the entomopathogenic nematodes Oscheius spp. exhibit potential biocontrol of plant- and entomopathogenic fungi. Microb Biotechnol. Other interesting stories: More episodes Clear search Close search Google apps Main menu
About The Book Broken on the Inside – The War Never Ended by Simon Hammelburg is based on over two decades of research and more than 1200 interviews with Holocaust survivors and their children transcribed during telephone calls he received in a campaign to help American Jews and other individuals reclaiming property they had lost during the Nazi regime in the former DDR. The phone calls Hammelburg originally received often were long monologues about experiences in concentration camps like Auschwitz, Bergen-Belsen and even Sobibor, describing the horrible tales of escapes, long journeys, hiding, cruelty and unexpected love, revealing unknown facts about WWII, including the Japanese occupation of the former Dutch Indies, now Indonesia. World War II did not end in 1945 when the victims of the Holocaust were released from the concentration camps or came out of their hiding places. Their children, the second generation, suffered as well in families that to the outside world seemed to function normally but there was always the haunting fear, sadness and the missing of so many relatives. The survivors ‘will never sleep in peace’ for ‘the memories of the ones who didn’t make it are still around as if they are still alive’. So are the criminals, murderers, individual thieves and companies that stole everything from the deported and the railroad companies that were paid by the SS for the transportation to the death camps. In the Netherlands the Jews paid for the Nazi occupation and their own deportation. The tragedy continues. The children and even the grandchildren of the survivors cope with the consequences of this incomparable genocide. Outsiders usually do not know much about this trans-generational phenomenon. They do not notice it when meeting European Jews. But those who read this book will get to know these children, actually they have passed their midlife, more intimately, and must realize full well that their lives are different and badly damaged. The witness accounts provide unique insights into the Shoah and the psychological aftermath when survivors often received a cold shower returning to their liberated hometowns, where loneliness prevailed in post-war Europe and the US. People often were too busy rebuilding their own future, simply didn’t care or were not pleased with the return of the survivors. When the claims process was completed the author found himself with a wealth of information. Unique witness statements of the victims, true but often beyond belief, also about the post-war generations. He felt the importance making this information accessible to a large audience, especially younger people. The grown-ups of the future should know and never forget what happened during World War II and the impact it had on the victims, the second and following generations. Simon Hammelburg now presents the results of decades of listening, reading letters, checking facts and writing in this masterly new novel in which the main figure loses his wife and travels to places where once the couple was happy. He encounters his friends from the Zionist youth movement and they share joint memories of their difficult youth, in sometimes humorous but profound dialogues. The author writes with a mixture of compassion and respect but also with humor, edged with a tear. He introduces the reader to a world of love and sorrow, of concern and loneliness presenting previously unknown facts about WWII in a pleasant yet confronting manner. This book has become even more interesting, since people worldwide are on the move and being traumatized by violence and persecution. What will happen to their children when they are grown up? For too many people the War never really ended and never will… How this book originated: Article in The Los Angeles Times, December 12, 1992. This book is proudly dedicated to the late Dr. Florabel Kinsler (1929-2013), a Los Angeles clinical psychologist, specialized in Holocaust related traumas. Leave a message WordPress.com Logo Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. What is Job Sharing in HRM? PDF Download Learn Job Sharing definition in hrm with explanation to study “What is Job Sharing”. Study job sharing explanation with HRM terms to review HRM course for online MBA programs. Job Sharing Definition • Scheduling arrangement in which two employees perform the work of one full-time job. Job Sharing Explanation Job sharing is a course of action where at least two representatives share the requests of a vocation that are generally attempted by one individual working all day. Laborers sharing a job will be utilized on a diminished time premise - the split isn't constantly 50/50, especially in situations where guardians are coming back to work after maternity or paternity leave. The compensation for the position will be part between the representatives relying upon the proportion of obligation and work time every one takes. Regardless of whether the representatives are qualified for related advantages will rely upon to what extent they work, the laws of the nation and the organization's position and strategies. Favorable circumstances of occupation sharing to the individual incorporate having the option to accomplish a superior work-life balance, The organization gets a more extensive blend of aptitudes and new plans to the situation, just as choices on the off chance that one of the worker chooses to leave. Keep Learning HRM Explanations What are Marginal Job Functions? Commonly as opposed to Essential Functions, the term alludes to those capacities establishing or part of an occupation that are ... What is Rater Bias? Rater inclination can be characterized as a mistake in judgment that can happen when an individual enables their preformed predispositions ... What is Job Design? The Job Design means laying out the undertaking, obligations, duties, capabilities, techniques and connections required to play out the given ... What is Federation? A fedration (otherwise called a bureaucratic state) is a political substance described by an association of in part self-overseeing areas, ... What is Cross Training? Cross training is athletic preparing in games other than the competitor's standard game. The objective is improving generally execution. It ... What is Defined Benefit Plan? A defined benefit plan is a business supported retirement plan where worker advantages are processed utilizing an equation that thinks ...
Mini Braitenberg vehicle Here is the second incarnation of a Braitenberg vehicle. This one is almost half of the size of the previous one and it is programmed to “love”. That means it sticks to the light source and does not try to overrun it, as the “aggressive” first one. If it is dark, then the two motors run at full speed. If a sensor detects light, it slows down the motor on the same side. So, if the right sensor detects more light than the left sensor, the right motor turns slower than the left one. That makes the vehicle turn right to the light source. If it is bright enough, both sensors will stop both motors. I picked the Arduino Mini Pro because of it’s size and because it runs at 3.3V, a good match with the 3.7V lipo cell. The lipo cell has about the same size as the mini breadboard. The two servos are hacked for continuous rotation and tied together, bottom to bottom with a piece of wire. Although most servos are rated for 5V, they work great with 3.7V. Maybe they run a bit slower. * Simple braitenberg vehicle #include "Servo.h" Servo leftServo; Servo rightServo; int leftValue = 0; int rightValue = 0; void setup() { void loop() { // sensor values between 50..900 leftValue = (880 - analogRead(1)) / 25; rightValue = (900 - analogRead(0)) / 30; leftServo.write(101 + rightValue); rightServo.write(101 - leftValue); The values are determined by experiments. Yours may vary. Here is the mini next to his older brother. The space on the mini breadboard is really limited, but it just works out. Still no soldering required, if you don’t count the servo hacking. What’s next? Hm, pager motors? 1. Can you post the code you used for programming? I would like to do this too. Thanks. 2. I have tried this, and it does not work at all. Here is how I have it connected… 3.7v to vcc, gnd to gnd – also goes to a bus grounding both motors. Power goes from the battery through each eye, then a resistor to the gnd bus. The pwm of each motor is connected to pin 9 and 10, respectively. Between the eye and the power it is connected to pins a0 and a1. All my connections look just like yours, I believe. the board powers on, but will not move the robot. the servos function as well if you apply power directly. Sorry for the questions, but I am new to this, and I really liked your example. 3. Hi Orntar, just write a loop for the Arduino, that sends value 70…120 to the servo motors. For the LDRs, just print out the values you receive. With this you should find out, why the motors are not working. Comments are closed.
The vapors produced by electronic cigarettes contain a number of known and unknown vaping dangers. As more information about these products involves light, the general public is becoming more educated and is beginning to question the safety of e-juices. Additionally it is becoming increasingly clear what the real dangers are from regular e-juice consumption. In this posting we will take a look at two of the newest issues that have surfaced because of increased knowledge. We shall look at possible lung disease connected with e-juices and why quitting is so important. vaping dangers First, let’s have a closer look at what we know about the long-term effects of e-juice. The American Cancer Society has warned for some time about the potential cancer-causing toxins found in cigarette smoking. There is even a widely-accepted guideline, “A glass of red wine a day keeps the wrinkles away”. So, it stands to reason that should you consume a lot of, it might have a similar influence on your body as using tobacco. A few things which have been strongly suspected are formation of small pieces of crystals in the e-juice, and a potential growth of carcinogens, toxins, and chemicals in the vapor. The majority of the fear is apparently centered around the possibility of Nicotine/Vapour containing cancer-causing agents, however various other studies have claimed that there may be some truth to the matter. Among the latest studies directly contradicts the previous claims, however, saying that there does not seem to be any evidence that e-cigarette use could cause cancer or tumors. Lung disease is among the major concerns, especially as a result of increasing age of the population. Recent research demonstrates younger people are needs to suffer from shortened lifespan due to exposure to second hand smoke. When there is a causal relationship between smoking and lung disease, it would only seem fair that people take every possible step to get rid of this threat. The concern about long-term effects is not as important as locating the safest way to administer e-juices to our family members. As mentioned earlier, there has been a lot of interest in e cigarettes because they seem to offer an alternative to the traditional approach to quitting. However, if you think about the fact that using tobacco has been proven to cause a variety of cancers, heart disease, and many other ailments, it is difficult to see why anyone would choose to go the e-pipe route. It is also important to realize that if you stop using them and then resume cigarette smoking, almost all of the symptoms that were connected with cigarette smoking will return. This is the reason it is important to ensure that the electronic devices that you decide to use as a smoking alternative are FDA approved for use as a genuine electronic device. Only people that have proper licenses and those which have undergone extensive testing ought to be permitted to sell e-cigarette pens to the public. Also, the average person selling these e-pens for you should have the responsibility of wearing a medical ID tag which will allow you to be checked for any lung injury or cancer risk anytime. Lung injury and cancer can simply play havoc on your quality of life, and you want to make sure that you protect yourself from these horrible long-term effects. There are some very real concerns related to the intake of e cigarettes and the potential long-term effects. As the vapor is produced without combustion involved, there exists a much greater chance that some type of toxic chemical could be released into the user’s lungs if you were to ever create a lung injury from the vapor product. The same concern is connected with popcorn lung. These harmful ingredients be capable of burn your lungs and when you were to ever develop a chronic lung injury from a vapor product, it will be extremely difficult to get rid of. To handle the EightVape issue of no combustion involved with these devices, the latest technology in e cigarettes would be to utilize the use of Vitamin E acetate, also called Alpha Arbutin. This ingredient has the capacity to absorb in to the lungs and raise the oxygen permeability of the lungs. With an increase of oxygen permeability, the ability of the lung to absorb nutrients that are had a need to maintain healthy cell function is enhanced. Also, because VITAMIN E ANTIOXIDANT acetate is naturally stated in the body, it could not cause any toxicity or long-term health issues. With this technology, you would be protecting your health and preventing a potential heart attack, stroke, or even cancer.
American Indian languages Indian tribes American Indian crafts Miami Indian Fact Sheet Native American Facts For Kids was written for young people learning about the Miamis for school or home-schooling reports. We encourage students and teachers to look through our main Miami language and culture pages for in-depth information about the tribe, but here are our answers to the questions we are most often asked by children, with Miami pictures and links we believe are suitable for all ages. Photographs are the property of the sources we have credited. Sponsored Links Miami Tribe Where did the name "Miami" come from? Miami comes from the Miami-Illinois word Myaamia, which means "allies." Where do the Miamis live? The Miami Indians had their original homeland in Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Ohio. However, many of them were forced to move to Oklahoma during the Indian Removals. Here is a map showing Miami, Wea, and Piankashaw Indian migrations. Today, there are two Miami Indian communities: one in Indiana, and one in Oklahoma. Does the Miami tribe have any relationship to the city in Florida? No, the similarity is a coincidence. Miami, Florida got its name from a Tequesta placename, Maymi, which may have meant "wide lake." The Tequesta and Miami Indian languages are not related at all. Maumee, Ohio is named after the Miami Indian people, and so is Miami University. How is the Miami Indian nation organized? The Miami tribe in Oklahoma has its own government, laws, police, and services, just like a small country. However, the Miamis are also US citizens and must obey American law. The Miami tribe in Indiana is not federally recognized. That means the Miami Indians of Indiana don't have a reservation or their own government. However, they still have traditional Miami leadership and tribal meetings. In the past, the Miami tribe was ruled by two chiefs. One was a village chief, chosen by the leaders of the Miami clans, and the other was a war chief, chosen by the other warriors. Today, Miami chiefs are elected by the people, just like mayors and governors. What is the Miami tribe's population? There are about 5000 members of the Miami Tribe of Oklahoma today. There are about 2500 Miami Indian people in Indiana. What language do the Miamis speak? In the past, they spoke their native Miami-Illinois language. It has this long name because two tribes, the Illini and the Miamis, spoke the same language with different accents--just like Americans and Canadians both speak English. Unfortunately, no Miami Indian people are fluent in this language anymore. However, the Miami tribe is working hard to teach young people their ancestral language again. Miami is a musical language with complicated verbs. If you'd like to know a few easy Miami words, "aya" (pronounced ah-yah) means "hello" and "niihka" (pronounced nee-ka) means "friend." You can also read a Miami picture glossary here. What was Miami culture like in the past? What is it like now? Here is the homepage of the Eastern Miami tribe, where you can learn about the Miami people past and present. Sponsored Links How do Miami Indian children live, and what did they do in the past? They do the same things all children do--play with each other, go to school and help around the house. In the past, Indian kids had more chores and less time to play, just like early colonial children. But they did have toys and games, miniature bows and arrows, and dolls made from corn husks. The Miami Indians didn't believe in physical punishment, so Miami kids who misbehaved were scolded instead of getting a spanking. Miami mothers, like many Native Americans, traditionally carried their infants in cradleboards on their backs. Here is a website with pictures of Indian cradleboards. What were men and women's roles in the Miami tribe? Miami Indian men were hunters and sometimes went to war to protect their families. Miami women were farmers and did most of the child care and cooking. Both genders took part in storytelling, artwork and music, and traditional medicine. Only men could be Miami Indian chiefs in the past, but women had important roles overseeing religious festivals and negotiating peace treaties. Today, a Miami woman could be chief too... and a Miami man can be a farmer. What were Miami homes like in the past? The Miamis didn't live in tepees. They lived in villages of small oval houses with walls made of woven reeds. Each Miami village also had a larger wooden council house. Today, Native Americans only build a reed house for fun or to connect with their heritage, not for shelter. Most Miamis live in modern houses and apartment buildings, just like you. What was Miami clothing like? Did they wear feather headdresses and face paint? Miami women wore skirts with leggings. Miami men wore breechcloths. The Miamis did wear shirts in cool weather, but even in wintertime, Miami men didn't wear long pants Miami Indians also wore leather moccasins on their feet. Here are some photos and links about Indian clothing in general. The Miamis didn't wear feathered headdresses like the Sioux. Sometimes they wore headbands with a few red feathers in the back. Miami women wore their hair long, sometimes braided or tied in a bun. Miami men usually shaved their heads in the Mohawk style and wore a porcupine roach. (These roaches are made of porcupine hair, not their sharp quills!) Here is a website with Indian hairstyle pictures. Miami men and women both painted their faces for different occasions, and also used tattooing for more permanent designs. Today, some Miami people still have a traditional headband or moccasins, but they wear modern clothes like jeans instead of breechcloths... and they only wear feathers in their hair on special occasions like a dance. What was Miami transportation like in the days before cars? Did they paddle canoes? Yes, Miami Indians made dugout canoes by hollowing out large trees. Here's a website with Indian dugout canoe pictures. Over land, the Miamis used dogs as pack animals. (There were no horses in North America until colonists brought them over from Europe.) The dogs carried backpacks or pulled wooden drag sleds called travois. Today, of course, Miami people also use cars... and non-native people also use canoes. What was Miami Indian food like in the days before supermarkets? The Miamis were farming people. Miami food crops included corn, beans, and squash. Miami Indian men also hunted buffalo. They set controlled fires to drive the large animals towards the hunters. Miami recipes included soup, cornbread, and stews. Here is a website with more information about Native American food and drink. What were Miami Indian weapons, tools and artifacts like? Miami hunters and warriors used bows and arrows, tomahawks, and spears. Miami men also used shields of buffalo hide to deflect enemy arrows. Here is a website with pictures and information about Indian tomahawks and other traditional weapons. What are Miami art and crafts like? What other Native Americans did the Miami tribe interact with? The Miamis traded with all the other tribes of the Great Lakes region, and sometimes with tribes who lived further away. Miami people especially liked to trade buffalo hides to the Iroquois Indians in exchange for shell beads. The Miamis sometimes fought with the Chickasaw and Sioux people, but in general, they got along very well with other Indian tribes. In fact, in the late 1700's the Miami tribe led a coalition of Great Lakes tribes including the Chippewa, Potawatomi, and Shawnee. What kinds of stories do the Miami Indians tell? There are lots of traditional Miami legends and fairy tales. Storytelling is very important to the Miami culture. Here is one traditional story about a fight between Possum and Rabbit. Here's a website where you can read more about Miami mythology. What about Miami religion? Spirituality and religion were important parts of Miami life, and some people continue to practice traditional beliefs today. It is respectful to avoid imitating religious rituals for school projects since some Miami people care about them deeply. You can read and learn about them, however. You can visit this site to learn more about Miami mythology or this site about American Indian spiritual beliefs in general. Can you recommend a good book for me to read? You may enjoy reading a biography of Little Turtle, who was a famous Miami leader, or of Frances Slocum, who was a Quaker girl who became the wife of a Miami chief. If you want to know more about Miami culture and history, one interesting source is The Miami Indians of Indiana. You can also browse through our recommendations of books by Native American writers. Disclaimer: we are an Amazon affiliate and our website earns a commission if you buy a book through one of these links. Most of them can also be found in a public library, though! How do I cite your website in my bibliography? Thanks for your interest in the Miami Indian people and their language! Sponsored Links Learn More About The Miami Indians Miami Indian Tribe An overview of the Native American Miami tribe, their language and history. Miami Language Resources Miami language samples, articles, and indexed links. Miami Culture and History Directory Cultural links about the Miami people and their characteristics past and present. Miami Words Miami Indian vocabulary lists. Return to Native Americans Facts for Kids Return to our Native Americans Culture Menu Native Languages Wooden flutes * Indian names for horses * Dene * Delaware history
Body microbiota combined with obesity and diabetes increases COVID-19 severity American researchers have reviewed a series of studies and think they may have identified why COVID-19 seems to severely impact people who have diabetes and are obese. A team from Dallas say they believe coronavirus works with the body’s microbiota in the lungs which worsens outcomes for some and might explain why they are more likely to develop severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) after COVID-19. Professor Philipp Scherer, from the Department of Internal Medicine, and Director of the Touchstone Diabetes Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, said: “There is rapidly emerging evidence highlighting obesity and type 2 diabetes as key risk factors linked to severity of COVID-19 infections in all ethnic groups, but the detailed underlying connections with these risk factors remain largely unknown. To carry out their work they looked at disease pathways closely associated with obesity and diabetes and the severity of COVID-19. Their investigations brought them to look at the role microbiota plays as it is usually associated with the progression of lung diseases. They also found evidence that lower levels of ACE2, which is involved in regulating fluid volumes, blood pressure and the function of blood vessels, can lead to impaired gut barrier function. This can lead to more bacteria and toxins getting into the body’s circulation and once in the lungs, severe injury and tissue damage will be caused among anyone who has become infected with COVID-19. “Our theory is supported by experiments showing that the combination of bacterial and viral infection can lead to a ‘cytokine storm’ – an extreme inflammatory reaction – which is a hallmark of COVID-19. To Top
Photonic techniques adapted for random number generation Share this on social media: PicoQuant and the Nano-Optics groups at the Department of Physics at Humboldt University, Berlin have used photonic techniques to create a quantum random number generator (QRNG) which achieves randomness by looking at photon arrival times. The company and the University are offering these random numbers via a free service which steams numbers at up to 150Mbits/s over USB or via the University's website. The design of the QRNG offers substantially higher bit rates than previous solutions available to the public. This has become possible by exploiting most recent photon timing instrumentation and state-of-the-art data processing in hardware. In addition to providing high speed, the post-processing algorithm applied to the raw data is based on solid predictions from information theory which, the developers say, guarantees conservation of randomness, allowing for the use of the random numbers in secure encryption schemes. Randomness is a valuable resource in many areas of science and technology - Monte Carlo simulations and secure encryption methods in particular. While computer generated random numbers can be used for some applications, they remain fundamentally non-random; anything generated by an algorithm is essentially predictable. An accessible and convenient source of quantum randomness is ubiquitously available in the form of single photons. Several photon-based random number generators utilising quantum indeterminism have been proposed and realised in the past, although PicoQuant states that these implementations are not reliable or cost efficient enough for routine use outside the physics laboratory. This, the company says, is the motivation for the development of the QRNG. The project was funded by the German national research organisation (BMBF) under its 'Kephosi' framework.
Antarctic Peninsula Glaciers and ice caps form in places where snow and ice build-up during the winter is more than the amount of melt during the warmer seasons. This build-up of snow gradually becomes denser and is compressed into ice, which is driven by gravity to slide and to flow downhill from the highest points of the interior to the coast. In Antarctica, much of the flowing ice has reached the coast and has spread over the surface of the ocean, to form floating ice shelves that are still connected to the land. Year: 2016 From album: Antarctic biodiversity Photographer: Peter Prokosch Tags: Antarctica Arctic Atlantic global Pacific Photos included in same album View all media Related activities View all activities Related news View all stories
Reclaimer - H4.png Fusion reactor From Halopedia, the Halo wiki A fusion reactor is a type of nuclear power plant that uses nuclear fusion for power generation. A ground-site fusion reactor. Humanity's yearning to explore and colonize space required significant energy requirements to power the machinery to industrialize and traverse interstellar space. Fusion power provided the energies to power humanity into a spacefaring civilization. The United Nations Space Command utilizes nuclear fusion reactors to a great degree, from spacecraft to groundside bases. Fusion reactors powered by deuterium reactions are used as a power source on UNSC warships. The reactor makes up the main component of a ship's primary propulsion system, known as a fusion drive, which uses vectored drive exhaust of fusion byproducts to provide thrust.[1][2] Fusion power also provided the necessary energy to run FTL propulsion systems. The UNSC has also mastered fusion reactor technology on a remarkably small scale, as demonstrated by the miniature fusion plants mounted on the MJOLNIR armor.[3] Despite their size, these reactors are extremely efficient; the microfusion plant of the MJOLNIR Mark IV was capable of providing power for 15 years of continuous operation.[4] [GEN2] Mjolnir armor are equipped with a compact fusion reactor installed in the back of the armor's torso carapace.[5] The UNSC Army and Air Force units utilize air-transportable fusion reactor generators, like the MEP-PU-2550D/E Generator, to meet their mobile power requirements.[6] Manufacture of these small-scale fusion reactors requires the use of xenotime, a critical ore.[7] The Covenant employ another type of fusion power plant, known as the pinch fusion reactor, to power their starships and other machines.[8] Real-world fusion reactors currently require more power than they release, so are not yet an economical means of electricity generation. Promising approaches include doughnut-shaped tokamaks, polywells and laser-driven inertial confinement fusion. In 2014, Lockheed Martin introduced the Compact Fusion reactor which promises to be an economical means of electrical generation. List of appearances[edit] 1. ^ Halo: Combat Evolved, campaign level, The Maw 2. ^ Halo: First Strike, page 275 3. ^ Halo: Ghosts of Onyx, page 45 4. ^ Halo: Ghosts of Onyx, page 140 5. ^ Halo Waypoint: Halo Bulletin 9.24.14 6. ^ Spartan Games: Make your Halo table look awesome! 7. ^ Halo: Oblivion, chapter 1 8. ^ Halo: First Strike, page 305
Home Page Life is a journey This week we are looking at the journey we will be taking through life. Christians, Jewish people and Hindus will sometimes have ceremonies to mark special occasions in their lives. Can you think of some of the important events and experiences that have happened to you so far in your life? Being born, starting playgroup/ primary school, learning to ride a bike, winning a competition, a new brother or sister is born, the arrival of Covid 19. Look at the picture of the journey below. Pick a route: Notice the starting point – the baby in the pram leaving the hospital. The baby is setting out on her life journey. If you could choose the route for her – where would she go?What would you include and what would you avoid? Why have you picked this route? Choose some events of the important events that have happened in your life so far and think of some of the milestones that might happen in the future. Watch the Powerpoint Record your journey as a picture, either using the sheets or design your own.
Arras, the capital of the Pas-de-Calais, was first the capital of the Atrébates. These Celtic tribes, originally from Gaul Belgium (Gallia Belgica in Latin), a territory that included the current Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, north-eastern France and West Germany, invaded northern Gaul between the 4th and 2nd centuries before the Christian era. In 52 BC, the Atrebates and their leader Commios took up the cause of the Gauls who were fighting for their independence in Alesia. This rallying led to the installation of Caesar and his troops in Atrebacy. At the end of the first century BC, Emperor Augustus reorganized the Belgian provinces. Nemetacum was then founded on the hill of Baudimont and became one of the seventeen capitals of Gallia Belgica. In the 5th century, the great Germanic invasions and the arrival of the Franks were accompanied by the evangelisation of the town, which would have been the work of Saint Vaast (500-540). In the 7th century, the abbey bearing his name was built on the hill of La Madeleine, which thus became the second centre of development of the city. In the 12th century, Arras experienced a new economic golden age thanks to the trade of sheets, which were exported as far as the East. With almost 20,000 inhabitants, it was then one of the most prosperous cities in Flanders. The Crinchon, which flowed between the episcopal city and the city of aldermen, cut this two-headed city in two. In the 13th century, Arras became one of the largest literary centres in Europe, thanks in particular to the poets Jehan Bodel and Adam de la Halle. In the 14th century, the manufacture of luxury tapestries reached such a level of perfection that the word "arrazi" began to be used to designate a tapestry throughout the world. But the city was not only known for its fabrics. After holding Joan of Arc captive for some time, Arras was the scene of the peace treaty of the Hundred Years' War in 1435. In 1477, after the death of Charles the Bold, who had taken control of the city, Louis XI renamed it Franchise, drove the inhabitants out and caused the fleeing of the drapery craftsmen who had made its wealth and reputation. By a game of inheritance, Arras was integrated into the Southern Netherlands and came under the authority of Emperor Charles V, also King of Spain. Under Spanish rule, the Scarpe River was finally channelled to Douai and the city was now able to turn to river trade. In 1659, after a long siege of the city by Turenne, the Treaty of the Pyrenees officially reunited Artois with France. Wary of both external and internal enemies, Louis XIV registered Arras in Vauban's "pré carré", which immediately qualified the new citadel as "Belle Inutile". However, between the barracks district and the esplanade of the citadel (around today's Place Victor Hugo), the Lower Town developed in the century following, designed according to a rare octagonal plan. Craft production of lace replaced tapestry production before the porcelain industry became successful at the end of the 18th century, under the impetus of the four Delemer sisters. During the Revolution, one name attracted attention, that of Robespierre. Born in Arras in 1758 and guillotined in 1794, he was a lawyer at the Council of Artois before leaving for Paris as a deputy of the Third State. Member and effective head of the Committee of Public Salvation, he instituted the Terror. Under the Empire, Arras became the prefecture of the Pas-de-Calais department, in which agriculture developed with the cultivation of beetroot, but also industry with the exploitation of coal. During the 1914-1918 war, Arras formed a salient on the front line, a position that exposed it for the duration of the conflict. Three-quarters of the city was destroyed. Fortunately, the two famous squares were rebuilt identically. Twenty years later, during the next war, the city was again severely damaged. During the next thirty years, a prominent figure dominated the life of the town. Re-elected many times, the deputy mayor Guy Mollet was a man of national stature. Under his leadership, Arras became a modern and attractive city. Today, its position as a crossroads of motorways and railways favours economic settlements in the industrial zones on its outskirts. Arras has become a tertiary and food-processing city that is notably home to the European production platform of the ice giant, Häagen-Dazs. The must-see places in Arras Prepare for your trip Arras • comp_pv_maritime • Find a hotel • Holiday rental • Airbnb rental • Tailor-made trip Services / On site • Airbnb experiences • Book a table • Activities & visits Pictures Arras There are currently no pictures for this destination.
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What is Customer Relationship Management? Customer relationship management (CRM) is a process or system used by organizations to handle interactions with current or potential customers. CRM also refers to the software used to implement such customer relationship management processes. CRM software supports four central functions: customer service, digital commerce, marketing, and sales. Deeper Definition Customer relationship management consists of three things: • Customer: The people that your organization exists to serve. • Relationship: The sum of all interactions with each customer. This includes any contacts related to sales, marketing, and customer service. Relationship data includes call logs, letters, emails, phone calls, social media activity, and data from cookies. • Management: The way you use data to improve relationships and extend the customer lifecycle. The information you store about each customer tells you a great deal about that relationship. You can study what they purchase, what issues they have, and what kind of marketing messages have connected with them. Data is the essence of customer relationship management. CRM software can plug into a wide range of channels and capture any data that relates to customer interactions. Staff can also use the CRM to log notes and manually update customer details. The functionality of CRM software depends on the amount of data available. When there is little data on hand, the software is limited to basic functions like contact management: storing customer information and managing communication preferences. When there’s a substantial amount of data available, CRM can perform a broader range of functions. Examples of such features include: • Sales enablement: CRM can aid the sales team through lead scoring, pipeline analysis, and sales attribution. • Marketing automation: The entire marketing process can be marketed end-to-end. This includes lead generation, audience segmentation, and message sequencing. • Customer self-service: Customers can perform some operations themselves, via a user interface. For example, a customer could log into the website and update their communication preferences. • Demand forecasting: Customer data can help you to accurately predict variations in customer demand, improving the accuracy of resource planning. • Analytics: With very large volumes of customer data, you can perform detailed analytics. This will reveal customer trends that will help you identify any areas where you need to improve. Analytics can also reveal where there are hidden opportunities, such as when customers have an unmet need. • Integration: CRM can be a central pillar of your IT infrastructure. CRMs import customer data from a number of sources and store it in a single format. This data can be exported to other systems, such as ordering systems and Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP). Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Examples Salesforce is by far the world’s most popular CRM, mostly due to the ease of integration with other systems. Salesforce is a fully cloud-based Software-as-a-Service (SaaS). Other popular CRM software products include SAP CRM, Oracle CRM, Adobe Marketing Cloud, Microsoft Dynamics, and Base CRM. Xplenty integrates with a number of well-known CRMs, including Salesforce and Base CRM.
Google plus Fluid Edge Themes columbia history of the world They hoped that Uribe's government would make serious efforts towards improving the human rights situation inside the country, protecting civilians and reducing any abuses committed by the armed forces. The FARC suspended talks in November 2000, to protest what it called "paramilitary terrorism" but returned to the negotiating table in February 2001, following 2 days of meetings between President Pastrana and FARC leader Manuel Marulanda. We’d love your help. There is nothing like reading a history or biography book and being so completely transported to another time and place that you find... New York. This culture used alloys with a high gold content. However, a political crisis relating to large-scale contributions from drug traffickers to Samper's presidential campaign diverted attention from governance programs, thus slowing, and in many cases, halting progress on the nation's domestic reform agenda. But two years after winning the presidential election, Santos (to widespread surprise) began peace talks with FARC, which took place in Havana. There are no discussion topics on this book yet. The military has seized power three times in Colombia's history: in 1830, after the dissolution of Great Colombia; again in 1854 (by General José María Melo); and from 1953 to 1957 (under General Gustavo Rojas Pinilla). The different groups who settled what is now called Colombia include the Tairona, the Quimbaya, and the Muisca. Bolívar returned to New Granada only in 1819 after establishing himself as leader of the pro-independence forces in the Venezuelan llanos. 1237p. So, Bogotá became one of the principal administrative centers of the Spanish possessions in the New World, along with Lima and Mexico City. The site, near to the Guayabero River was discovered in 2019, but was not revealed to the public until 2020. Price New from Used from Hardcover "Please retry" $25.00 . Columbia History of the World Hardcover â Import, January 1, 1987 by Peter Garraty, John A.; Gay (Author) 4.3 out of 5 stars 25 ratings. Since the death of Medellín cartel leader Pablo Escobar in a police shootout during December 1993, indiscriminate acts of violence associated with that organization have abated as the "cartels" have broken up into multiple, smaller and often-competing trafficking organizations. See all formats and editions Hide other formats and editions. "Simón Bolívar and friends: Recent biographies of independence figures in Colombia and Venezuela", This page was last edited on 30 November 2020, at 03:06. With its connection to the isthmus of Panama, Colombia was a major center of migration between Central and South America. Maritime History: Columbia Lighting the World; How Classification Can Make a Difference . Bogotá: Facultad de Sociología, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Ford Revisited: A Critical Review of the Chronology and Relationships of the Earliest Ceramic Complexes in the New World, 6000–1500 B.C. do NOT contact me with unsolicited services or offers; post id: 7204626663. posted: 2020-09-28 15:06. updated: 2020-10-21 17:11. email to friend â¥ best of . Uribe's supporters in turn believed that increased military action was a necessary prelude to any serious negotiation attempt with the guerrillas and that the increased security situation would help the government, in the long term, to focus more actively on reducing most wide-scale abuses and human rights violations on the part of both the armed groups and any rogue security forces that might have links to the paramilitaries. From then on, the long independence struggle was led mainly by Bolívar and Francisco de Paula Santander in neighboring Venezuela. Two civil wars resulted from bitter rivalry between the Conservative and Liberal parties. ), the editors have done a good job in streamlining the style. In July 1957, former Conservative President Laureano Gómez (1950–1953) and former Liberal President Alberto Lleras (1945–1946, 1958–1962) issued the "Declaration of Sitges," in which they proposed a "National Front," whereby the Liberal and Conservative parties would govern jointly. The two main tribes were the Taironas, who were largely based in the Caribbean, and the Muiscas, who were settled in the highlands around Bogotá. Like Gardner's "Art Through the Ages" or Grout's "A History of Western Music" -- the degree of specificity is lessened due to the scope of the work. [23] The Government began a process of attention and comprehensive reparation for victims of conflict. The site was discovered by a team from National University of Colombia, University of Antioquia and the University of Exeter as part of a project funded by European Research Council as part of the Horizon 2020 Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development. See all formats and editions Hide other formats and editions. Série Latinoamericana 5. Add to cart. The new nation experimented with federalism as the Granadine Confederation (1858), and then the United States of Colombia (1863), before the Republic of Colombia was finally declared in 1886. [17] Initially, the M-19 attracted a degree of attention and sympathy from mainstream Colombians that the FARC and National Liberation Army (ELN) had found largely elusive earlier due to extravagant and daring operations, such as stealing a sword that had belonged to Colombia's Independence hero Simon Bolívar. Contacts with the FARC, which had irregularly continued despite the generalized de facto interruptions of the ceasefire and the official 1987 break from negotiations, were temporarily cut off in 1990 under the presidency of César Gaviria (1990–1994). The Viceroyalty had Santa Fé de Bogotá as its capital. (1994)", "The last major global expansion of Homo sapiens sapiens was the colonisation of the Americas, an event that happened between 18,000 and 15,000 years ago", "Intento de delimitación del territorio de los grupos étnicos Pastos y Quillacingas en el altiplano nariñense", Tairona Heritage Trust: Tairona history to the time of the Spanish Invasion,, "Il Venezuela: la storia in foto dagli Spagnoli a Maduro (1498-2017) - Panorama", "Francisco de Paula Santander \| Colombian statesman and soldier", "Viceroyalty of New Granada \| historical territory, South America", "Colombia referendum: Voters reject Farc peace deal", "Plebiscito 2 octubre 2016 – Boletín Nacional No. On August 7, 1998, Andrés Pastrana was sworn in as the President of Colombia. Eventually, the kidnapping of drug cartel family members by guerrillas led to the creation of the 1981 Muerte a Secuestradores (MAS) death squad ("Death to Kidnappers"). The legacy of Colombia's history has resulted in one of the most ethnically and linguistically diverse countries in the world giving rise to a rich cultural heritage; while varied geography, and the imposing landscape of the country has resulted in the development of very strong regional identities. "Thou seest the world, Volumnius, and how it goes.". The crest of the bird consists of the typical Zenú semi-filigree. Other ice-age animals depicted include the palaeolama, giant sloths and ice age horses. The M-19 guerrilla movement, "Movimiento 19 de Abril" (19 April Movement), would eventually be founded in part as a response to this particular event. Despite this, the largely homogenous culture is a rich artistic blend of Spanish customs, tribal heritage and Afro-Caribbean traditions. In short, these supporters maintained that the security situation needed to be stabilized in favor of the government before any other social concerns could take precedence. The National Front system itself eventually began to be seen as a form of political repression by dissidents and even many mainstream voters, and many protesters were victimized during this period. Goodreads helps you keep track of books you want to read. Since the 1960s, the country has suffered from an asymmetric low-intensity armed conflict, which escalated in the 1990s, but then decreased from 2005 onward. Colombia's armed forces are the largest in Latin America, and it is the second largest spender on its military after Brazil. "Liberators: Latin America`s Struggle For Independence, 1810–1830". Calendar GoogleCal. $35.95 Free Shipping. Although geographically distant from the main theaters of war, Colombia played an important role in World War II because of its strategic location near the Panama Canal, and its access to both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Publication date 1972 Topics World history, History, Histoire universelle Publisher New York : Harper & Row : Dorset Press Collection inlibrary; printdisabled; internetarchivebooks; americana Digitizing sponsor Internet Archive Contributor Internet Archive â¦ Sold by zuber 98.4% Positive feedback Contact seller. This ensured that heavy work had no cost, so it was a very lucrative economic activity, especially in newly founded cities. Racine, Karen. No Events. The tax â¦ About â¦ That concept, he contends, reduces the course of human history to the amoral record of states and empires, great men and clashing civilizations. The thirst for gold and land lured Spanish explorers to visit Chibchan-speaking areas; resulting in the Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations - the conquest by the Spanish monarchy of the Chibcha language-speaking nations, mainly the Muisca and Tairona who inhabited present-day Colombia, beginning the Spanish colonization of the Americas.[12]. See 1 question about The Columbia History of the World…, Readers’ Top Histories and Biographies of the Last 5 Years. Add to cart. From approximately 12,000 years BP onwards, hunter-gatherer societies existed near present-day Bogotá (at El Abra and Tequendama), and they traded with one another and with cultures living in the Magdalena River valley. As these events were developing, the growing illegal drug trade and its consequences were also increasingly becoming a matter of widespread importance to all participants in the Colombian conflict. A member of the Conservative Party, Pastrana defeated Liberal Party candidate Horacio Serpa in a run-off election marked by high voter turnout and little political unrest. From there he led an army over the Andes and captured New Granada after a quick campaign that ended at the Battle of Boyacá, on August 7, 1819. He specialized largely in American political and economic history. Price New from Used from Hardcover "Please retry" $22.97 . [6] They farmed maize, potato, quinoa and cotton, and traded gold, emeralds, blankets, ceramic handicrafts, coca and especially salt with neighboring nations. Bâ¦ Not withstanding the country's commitment to democratic institutions, Colombia's history has also been characterized by widespread, violent conflict. It is often referred to as the most Roman Catholic of the South American countries, and most of its people are proud of the relative purity of their Spanish language. From there it spread widely before disbanding a year later largely as a result of negotiations. For this reason, the colonizers of America ventured into the purchase and sale of African slaves, practice to which some British sailors in the sixteenth century. Tension soon significantly increased, as both sides began to accuse each other of not respecting the cease-fire. At the same time, its larger profile soon made it the focus of the state's counterinsurgency efforts. At Puerto Hormiga archaeological site and other sites, traces from the Archaic period in South America (~8000–2000 BCE) have been found. MA/MSc in International and World History. january 2021. Indigenous people inhabited the territory that is now Colombia by 10,500 BCE. Panama seceded in 1903. Practical results were mixed and mingled emerged (such as the debate surrounding the constitutional prohibition of extradition, which later was reversed), but together with the reincorporation of some of the guerrilla groups to the legal political framework, the new Constitution inaugurated an era that was both a continuation and a gradual, but significant, departure from what had come before. The National Front ended "La Violencia", and National Front administrations attempted to institute far-reaching social and economic reforms in cooperation with the Alliance for Progress. The first negotiated cease-fire with the M-19 ended when the guerrillas resumed fighting in 1985, claiming that the cease-fire had not been fully respected by official security forces, saying that several of its members had suffered threats and assaults, and also questioning the government's real willingness to implement any accords. Watch. Please email to request disability accommodations. The strength of the faculty at Columbia and Barnard in international and world history facilitates such comparative and international perspectives. ISBN-10: 0231121261. The Spanish advance inland from the Caribbean coast began independently from three different directions, under Jimenéz de Quesáda, Sebastián de Benalcázar (known in Colombia as Belalcázar) and Nikolaus Federmann. [4][5], Between 5000 and 1000 BCE, hunter-gatherer tribes transitioned to agrarian societies; fixed settlements were established, and pottery appeared. The site is to be featured in episode 2 of the Channel 4 series, Jungle Mystery: Lost Kingdoms of the Amazon, on 12 December 2020. Buy It Now. On the other hand, relatively little had been accomplished in structurally solving most of the country's other grave problems, in part due to legislative and political conflicts between the administration and the Colombian Congress (including those over the controversial 2006 project to give President Álvaro Uribe the right to be re-elected), and a relative lack of freely allocated funds and credits. In 1549, the institution of the Spanish Royal Audiencia in Bogotá gave that city the status of capital of New Granada, which comprised in large part what is now the territory of Colombia. [13] ), That year, the Congress of Angostura established the Republic of Gran Colombia, which included all territories under the jurisdiction of the former Viceroyalty of New Granada. Prior to the Spanish invasion, the land comprising modern-day Colombia was ruled by various Amerindian tribes who traded with each other and established their own civilisations. In history of Latin America: Preindependence phenomena The Comunero Rebellion in Colombia began in 1780 in the provincial town of Socorro, a tobacco and textile producing centre. Pressure from the U.S. government and critical sectors of Colombian society was met with further violence, as the Medellín Cartel and its hitmen, bribed or murdered numerous public officials, politicians and others who stood in its way by supporting the implementation of extradition of Colombian nationals to the U.S. Victims of cartel violence included Justice Minister Rodrigo Lara, whose assassination in 1984 made the Betancur administration begin to directly oppose the drug lords. 3.5 stars. ISBN. The prose is clear and direct, and this is good springboard with which you can familiarize yourself with the major events in world history before going on to more specialized history books for each period. John Arthur Garraty was an American historian and biographer. Members of the government and security authorities increasingly accused the FARC of continuing to recruit guerrillas, as well as kidnapping, extorting and politically intimidating voters even as the UP was already participating in politics. The Tairona inhabited northern Colombia in the isolated Andes mountain range of Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. San Agustín Archaeological Park (UNESCO World Heritage Site), contains the largest collection of religious monuments and megalithic sculptures in Latin America[10] and is considered the world's largest necropolis. Really great. THE COLUMBIA HISTORY OF THE WORLD Hardcover â January 1, 1988 by John A. Garrity (Editor), Peter Gay (Author) 4.4 out of 5 stars 26 ratings. The Virgilio Barco (1986–1990) administration, in addition to continuing to handle the difficulties of the complex negotiations with the guerrillas, also inherited a particularly chaotic confrontation against the drug lords, who were engaged in a campaign of terrorism and murder in response to government moves in favor of their extradition overseas. [29] Colombia has offered humanitarian support with food and medicines to mitigate the shortage of supplies in Venezuela. Bolívar's supporters, who later formed the nucleus of the Conservative Party, sought strong centralized government, alliance with the Roman Catholic Church, and a limited franchise. The Muisca inhabited mainly the area of what is now the Departments of Boyacá and Cundinamarca high plateau (Altiplano Cundiboyacense) where they formed the Muisca Confederation. The new Constitution, brought about a considerable number of institutional and legal reforms based on principles that the delegates considered as more modern, humanist, democratic and politically open than those in the 1886 constitution. Lung Family Professor of Asian American Studies and Professor of History, (212) 854-2518 Nguyen, Lien-Hang T. Dorothy Borg Associate Professor in the History of the United States and East Asia, (212) 854-0129 Pedersen, Susan G. Gouverneur Morris Professor of History, (212) 854-2414 Pflugfelder, Gregory M. (E) Associate Professor, â¦ Although the system established by the Sitges agreement was phased out by 1974, the 1886 Colombian constitution — in effect until 1991—required that the losing political party be given adequate and equitable participation in the government which, according to many observers and later analysis, eventually resulted in some increase in corruption and legal relaxation. Re-elected in 2014, Santos revived an important infrastructure program, which in fact had been planned during the Uribe administration. [11], El Infiernito, a pre-Columbian archaeoastronomical site located on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense in the outskirts of Villa de Leyva, Europeans first visited the territory that became Colombia in 1499 when the first expedition of Alonso de Ojeda arrived at the Cabo de la Vela. 53", "Colombia signs new peace deal with Farc", "Colombia's congress approves historic peace deal with FARC rebels", "Nobel Lecture by Juan Manuel Santos, Oslo, 10 December 2016", The country has improved its political climate, public debate, in all manner of things including obviously in the subject of human rights: Human Rights Watch, "Pope at Colombia prayer meeting for reconciliation weeps with victims", Colombia and Venezuela restore diplomatic relations, "Colombia reitera ofrecimiento de ayuda humanitaria a Venezuela", "Comunicado de prensa del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores", U.S. State Department Background Note: Colombia,, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing additional references from February 2018, All articles needing additional references, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Although all three were drawn by the Indian treasures, none intended to reach Muisca territory, where they finally met. The UP also suffered an increasing number of losses during this term (including the assassination of presidential candidate Bernardo Jaramillo), which stemmed both from private proto-paramilitary organizations, increasingly powerful drug lords and a number of would-be paramilitary-sympathizers within the armed forces. The new president's program was based on a commitment to bring about a peaceful resolution of Colombia's longstanding civil conflict and to cooperate fully with the United States to combat the trafficking of illegal drugs. The ELN rejected entering any negotiation and continued to recover itself through the use of extortions and threats, in particular against foreign oil companies of European and U.S. origin. Additionally, the growing severity of countrywide guerrilla attacks by the FARC and ELN, and smaller movements, as well as the growth of drug production, corruption and the spread of even more violent paramilitary groups such as the United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (AUC) has made it difficult to solve the country's problems. Presidents Washington and Jefferson both grew hemp. ISBN-13: 978-0231121262. The coast was dominated by Coast Salish, Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka), Kwakiutl, Bella Coola, Tsimshian, and Haida peoples. When he did not restore democratic rule and occasionally engaged in open repression, however, he was overthrown by the military in 1957 with the backing of both political parties, and a provisional government was installed. [1] These sites date from the Paleoindian period (18,000–8000 BCE). See all formats and editions Hide other formats and editions. Uribe left the presidency in 2010. And in 2016 3.4% of the country's GDP went towards military expenditure, placing it 24th in the world. The Columbia History of the World by John A. Garraty Goodreads helps you keep track of books you want to read. Brand new: lowest price . In the old civilizations, like Egypt or the Roman Empire, the prisoners of war were enslaved. It originated from the name of Italian explorer Christopher Columbus and from the ending -ia, common in Latin names â¦ While early initiatives in the Colombian peace process gave reason for optimism, the Pastrana administration also has had to combat high unemployment and other economic problems, such as the fiscal deficit and the impact of global financial instability on Colombia. The Columbia History of Post-World War II America (Columbia Guides to American History and Cultures) First Edition by Mark Carnes (Editor) 4.0 out of 5 stars 1 rating. The history of Colombia includes the settlements and society by indigenous peoples, most notably, the Muisca Confederation, Quimbaya Civilization, and Tairona Chiefdoms; the Spanish arrived in 1499 and initiated a period of annexation and colonization, most noteworthy being Spanish conquest of the Muisca; ultimately creating the Viceroyalty of New Granada, with its capital at Bogotá. Columbia History of the World by John A.; Gay Garraty and a great selection of related books, art and collectibles available now at In the end, the contradictions between each successive Liberal and Conservative administration made the results decidedly mixed. The current 1991 constitution does not have that requirement, but subsequent administrations have tended to include members of opposition parties. The Columbia History of the World gives a good overview of most of world history up to 1971. [18] However, a referendum to ratify the deal was unsuccessful. The M-19 and several smaller guerrilla groups were successfully incorporated into a peace process as the 1980s ended and the 1990s began, which culminated in the elections for a Constituent Assembly of Colombia that would write a new constitution, which took effect in 1991. Time. From 1974 until 1982, different presidential administrations chose to focus on ending the persistent insurgencies that sought to undermine Colombia's traditional political system. [8] The Incas expanded their empire on the southwest part of the country.[9]. The Muisca had one of the most developed political systems (Muisca Confederation) in South America, surpassed only by the Incas. [24][25] Colombia under President Santos showed some progress in the struggle to defend human rights, as expressed by HRW. [30] Colombia's Foreign Ministry said that all efforts to resolve Venezuela's crisis should be peaceful. Nevertheless, violence continues as these drug organizations resort to violence as part of their operations but also to protest government policies, including extradition. [7] The Quimbaya inhabited regions of the Cauca River Valley between the Western and Central Ranges. Despite the progress in certain sectors, many social and political injustices continued. I'm done with this book, which I've been reading a chapter at a time for the last several months, and I'd recommend this to anyone who wants to understand the themes and streams of history without getting bogged down in details. Unlike other territories of the continent where the purchase of slaves was lower, this â¦ In 2010 Juan Manuel Santos was elected president; he was supported by ex-president Uribe, and, in fact, he owed his election mainly through having won over former Uribe supporters. Ciudad Perdida is a major settlement believed to have been founded around 800 CE. In 1937, Congress passed the Marihuana Tax Act which effectively began the era of hemp prohibition. Following administrations had to contend with the guerrillas, paramilitaries, narcotics traffickers and the violence and corruption that they all perpetuated, both through force and negotiation. 24x16. By 1982, the perceived passivity of the FARC, together with the relative success of the government's efforts against the M-19 and ELN, enabled the administration of the Liberal Party's Julio César Turbay (1978–1982) to lift a state-of-siege decree that had been in effect, on and off, for most of the previous 30 years. Why is ISBN important? Under the latest such decree, president Turbay had implemented security policies that, though of some military value against the M-19 in particular, were considered highly questionable both inside and outside Colombian circles due to numerous accusations of military human rights abuses against suspects and captured guerrillas. The zipa used to cover his body in gold and, from his Muisca raft, he offered treasures to the Guatavita goddess in the middle of the sacred lake. by Marboro Books. Most books are rated related to their usefulness and contributions to my research. The presidency would be determined by an alternating conservative and liberal president every 4 years for 16 years; the two parties would have parity in all other elective offices. This old Muisca tradition became the origin of the El Dorado legend. The Columbia history of the world by Garraty, John A. Of course, a book of this size has to paint details with a very broad brush, and the minutiae gets swept away. Humans have lived in Colombia for at least 11,000 years, and Colombia was a major channel for human migration to the rest of the continent. But if ideas float your boat, dig in. [2] Colombia maintained a tradition of civilian government and regular, free elections. Of course, a book of this size has to paint details with a very broad brush, and the minutiae gets swept away. During his administration, unemployment has risen to over 20%. Two political parties grew out of conflicts between the followers of Bolívar and Santander and their political visions—the Conservatives and the Liberals – and have since dominated Colombian politics. There are tens of thousands of paintings of animals and humans created up to 12,500 BP. Focused mainly on the provision of national highways, the program was led by former vice-president Germán Vargas Lleras. (For more information, see Military career of Simón Bolívar. Vestiges indicate that there was also early occupation in the regions of El Abra, Tibitó and Tequendama in Cundinamarca. Like Gardner's "Art Through the Ages" or. Colombia - Colombia - Settlement patterns: Colombia can be divided into five traditional geographic regions: the Atlantic lowlands, the Pacific coastal region, the Andean region, the Llanos, and the Amazonian rainforest. [32], Occurrences and people in the Republic of Colombia throughout history. [3], Serranía La Lindosa, a mountainous region of Guaviare Department is known for an extensive prehistoric rock art site which stretches for nearly eight miles. Independence from Spain was won in 1819, but by 1830 the "Gran Colombia" Federation was dissolved. The Columbia history of the world Unknown Binding â January 1, 1987 by John Arthur Garraty (Author), Peter Gay (Author) 4.3 out of 5 stars 25 ratings. $25.00: $2.48: Hardcover, Import, January 1, 1987: $34.79 . By 1974, another challenge to the state's authority and legitimacy had come from 19th of April Movement (M-19), a mostly urban guerrilla group founded in response to an alleged electoral fraud during the final National Front election of Misael Pastrana Borrero (1970–1974) and the defeat of former dictator Gustavo Rojas Pinilla. The book is divided into very concise chapters which could serve as jump-off points into deeper study of history. Americans were legally bound to grow hemp during the Colonial Era and Early Republic. Just a moment while we sign you in to your Goodreads account. [26] A Special Jurisdiction of Peace was created to investigate, clarify, prosecute and punish serious human rights violations and grave breaches of international humanitarian law which occurred during the armed conflict and to satisfy victims' right to justice. Price New from Used from Hardcover "Please retry" $39.14 . 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DIMOXDirect Metal Oxidation Copyright 1988-2018 AcronymFinder.com, All rights reserved. References in periodicals archive ? "The Dimox directed metals oxidation process for making reinforced ceramics [oxidation here refers to the formation of a compound through the donation or sharing of electrons] starts with the reinforcing materials - ceramic particles, whiskers, fibers, microspheres. In the remarkably simple Dimox process, ceramic composites are grown by way of an oxidation reaction that occurs between a molten metal and a surrounding gaseous reactant inside a porous preform of ceramic reinforcing materials. "With our Dimox directed metal oxidation process," Newkirk said, "we can engineer the properties of a ceramic composite - its strength, stiffness, thermal conductivity, coefficient of thermal expansion, and wear and corrosion resistance - to meet specific design needs." The trick, he noted, lies in choosing the appropriate ceramic/ reinforcement system and processing details.
Sunday, 21 July 2019 Different pricing objectives of company Different pricing objectives of company Different pricing objectives of company Multi pricing objectives and strategies The task of the marketing manager is to decide the objectives of pricing before he determines the price itself. Pricing objectives provide guidance to decision makers in formulating price policies, planning pricing strategies and setting actual prices. The most important objective of the companies is to have maximum profits. Pricing objectives: Pricing objectives are goals that describe what a firm wants to achieve through pricing. Pricing objectives must be stated explicitly, and the statement should include the time frame for accomplishing them. There are six stages of setting prices. They are developing pricing objective, assessing the target markets evaluation of price, evaluating competitors prices, choosing a basis for pricing, selecting a pricing strategy, and determining a specific price. Cost-based pricing is adding a dollar amount or percentage to the cost of the product. Cost-plus pricing is adding a specified dollar amount or percentage to the sellers cost. Markup pricing is adding to the cost of the product a predetermined percentage of that cost. Demand-based pricing if pricing based on the level of demand for the product. Competition-based pricing is pricing influenced primarily by competitors prices. A pricing strategy is an approach of a course or action designed to achieve pricing and marketing objectives. Differential pricing is charging different prices to different buyers for the same quality and quantity of product. Negotiated pricing is establishing a final price through bargaining. Secondary-market pricing is setting one price for the primary target market and a different price for another market. Periodic discounting is temporary reduction of prices on a patterned or systematic basis. Random discounting is temporary reduction of prices on an unsystematic basis. Price skimming is charging the highest possible price that buyers who most desire the product will pay. Penetration pricing is setting prices below those of competing brands to penetrate a market and gain a significant market share quickly. Product-line pricing is establishing and adjusting prices of multiple products within a product line. Captive pricing is pricing the basic product in a product line low while pricing related items at a higher level. Premium pricing is pricing the highest-quality or most versatile products higher than other models in the product line. Bait pricing is pricing an item in the product line low with the intention of selling a higher-priced item in the line. Price lining is setting a limited number of prices for selected groups or lines of merchandise. Psychological pricing is pricing that attempts to influence a customers perception of price to make a products price more attractive. Reference pricing is pricing a product at a moderate level and positioning it next to a more expensive model or brand. Bundle pricing is packaging together two or more complementary products and selling them for a single price. Multiple-unit pricing is packaging together two or more identical products and selling them for a single price. Everyday low prices is setting a low price for products on a consistent basis. Odd-even pricing is ending the price with certain numbers to influence buyers perceptions of the price or product. Customary pricing if pricing on the basis of tradition. Prestige pricing is setting prices at an artificially high level to convey prestige or a quality image. Professional pricing are fees set by people with great skill or experience in a particular field. Price leaders are products priced below the usual mark up, near cost, or below cost. Special-event pricing is advertised sales or price cutting linked to a holiday, season, or event. Comparison discounting is setting a price at a specific level and comparing it with a higher price. It is necessary that the marketing manager decide the objective of pricing before actually setting price. According to experts, pricing objectives are the overall goals that describe the role of price in an organizations long-range plans. The objectives help the marketing manager as guidelines to develop marketing strategies. The following are the important pricing objectives. Market penetration Market skimming Target rate of return Price stabilization Meet of follow competition Market share Profits maximization Cash flow Product line promotion Survival Market penetration objective: In the initial stages of entering the market, the entrepreneurs may set a relatively low price. this is mainly to secure a large share of the market. in a highly price sensitive market, the businessman may continue to sell his products even without profit. he is interested in growth rather than in making a profit. in the market penetration objective, the unit cost of production and distribution will decrease when the volume of sales attain a particular target. in brief, market penetration objective is an attempt to secure a large share of the market by deliberately setting the low prices. Penetration pricingpursues the objective of quantity maximization by means of a low price. It is most appropriate when Demand is expected to be highly elastic; that is, customers are price sensitive and the quantity demanded will increase significantly as price declines. Large decreases in cost are expected as cumulative volume increases. The product is of the nature of something that can gain mass appeal fairly quickly. There is a threat of impending competition. As theproduct lifecycleprogresses, there likely will be changes in the demand curve and costs. As such, the pricing policy should be re-evaluated over time. The pricing objective depends on many factors including production cost, existence of economies of scale, barriers to entry, product differentiation, rate of product diffusion, the firms resources, and the products anticipatedprice elasticity of demand . Market skimming objective: Market skimming means utilizing the opportunities in the market to reap the benefits of high sales, increased profits and low unit costs. Some of the entrepreneurs study the buyers needs and try to provide the suitable goods, but charge them high prices. This objective is realized in those markets where the magnitude of competition is very low. The entrepreneurs, in this situation, make profits over a short period. The market-skimming objective would not be meaningful, when the consumer refuses to purchase the goods at the prices fixed by the producers. This pricing objective would be suitable in the markets where the consumers feel that costly goods are of the superior quality. Skimming is most appropriate when: Demand is expected to be relatively inelastic; that is, the customers are not highly price sensitive. Large cost savings are not expected at high volumes, or it is difficult to predict the cost savings that would be achieved at high volume. The company does not have the resources to finance the large capital expenditures necessary for high volume production with initially low profit margins. Target rate of return objective: Rate of return is normally measured in relation to investment and sales. The producers enjoying some protection may prefer to earn a target rate on investment. This would be possible where the entrepreneur enjoys a franchise or a monopolistic situation. But in the long run, every businessman attempts to secure an adequate return on investment through price setting. Mostly, middleman like wholesalers, retailers will price their merchandise to earn a particular rate of return on sales. Price stabilization objectives: Frequent changes in the prices of product will harm the long-term interests of the companies. Hence, they aim at stabilization of prices. They do not exploit a short supply position to earn the maximum. During the periods of good business, they try to keep prices from rising and during the periods of depression, they keep prices from falling too low. Thus, they take a long-term view in achieving price stability. Meet or follow competition objective: Pricing is often done to meet or even prevent competition. If a company is a price leader, it is better to follow it to ward off the possibility of competition. Market share objective: A company may either have the objective of maintaining the present market share or increase its share depending upon its stature. Particularly, big business houses adopt such pricing that it enables them to retain their market share. If they raise their market share, they may draw the attention of the government and if they shed their share, they may lose revenues. Contrary to this, small business houses are found interested in raising their share in the market so as to reap the benefit of large-scale production. In few cases, firms may sell the products even at a lower cost to capture the market. However, such practice may lead to financial crisis. As a matter of fact, this is an objective to be adopted by new firms cautiously. Profit maximization objective: Profit maximization does not mean profiteering. There is nothing wrong in this policy if practiced over the long run. As a matter of fact, many of the enterprises strive to maximize their profits. Maximization of profits should be on the total output and not on a single item. In such case, consumers do not get dissatisfied since a particular group is not called for paying a high price. While adopting this pricing objective, the marketers should attempt to project their image in the market through sales promotion techniques. The marketers should watch the reactions of the consumers. Profit maximization through price hikes should be sparingly used. Cash flow objective: One of the important objectives of pricing is to recover invested funds within a stipulated period. Most of the time you will find different prices for the cash and credit transactions. Generally, you find lower prices for the cash sales and high prices for the credit sales. But this pricing objective could be implemented with good results only when the firm has monopoly in the market. Product line promotion objective: Product line means a group of products that are related either because they satisfy similar needs of different market segments or because they satisfy different but related needs of a given market segment. While framing the product line, the marketer may also include such goods, which are not popular. The intention of the marketer is to push through all the goods without any discrimination. Thus, the ultimate objective is to increase the overall demand of the goods. In this pricing objective, equal prices are adopted for the entire product line. Survival objective: Perpetual existence of the business over a period is the indication of the sound financial position of the enterprise. All organizations will have to meet expected and unexpected, initial and external economic losses. These enterprises have to pool up the resources to meet all the contingencies through appropriate pricing strategies. Price is use to increase sale volume to level up the ups and downs that come to the organization. Profit Oriented: Target Return sometimes the vendor specifies a specific dollar amount or percentage amount that the price will be offered at in order to make a profit which has been calculated for a specific purpose. Usually this amount is part of a larger plan involving several product units in a product line Profit Oriented: Maximize Profits if the Competitive Market is not intense you may charge the highest price the market will bear because sometimes you may have an advantage for reasons based on your geographic advantage special features not available on other competitors products very very famous brand. etc.. Sales / Marketing Oriented: Increase Sales Volume Sales / Marketing Oriented: Increase Market Share Status Quo Goals: Just Meet the Competition if the customer has many choices, and you barely have the resources to stay in the market, then just charge the same price. You dont have the resources to survive a price war, and you dont have the ability to claim better quality to charge a higher price Prof. Allen says Volume objectives include sales maximization and market-share goals, which are specified as a percentage of certain markets. In sales maximization, management sets an acceptable level of profitability and then tries to maximize sales. This objective can lead to discounting or some other aggressive pricing strategy, such as rebates and sales. Skim the creamÃ¢â‚¬ pricing involves selling at a high price to those who are willing to pay before aiming at more price-sensitive consumers. This expression comes from the farming practice of milking cows the cream rises to the top and you skim it off. Skimming Pricing A Skimming policy is more attractive if demand is inelastic says the Shapiro text remember inelastic means there are no close substitutes products that people will pay a high price for because there is nothing else they can buy the is close to the item Prof. Allen says A skimming pricing policy involves setting prices of products relatively high compared to those of similar products and then gradually lowering prices. The skimming price is the highest price possible that buyers who most desire the product will pay (skim the cream off the top skim the innovators). This market segment is more interested in quality, status, uniqueness, etc. This policy is effective in situations where a firm has a substantial lead over competition with a new product. Example: A great example of Skimming is DVD players in the late 1990s and early 2000s in the late 1990s DVD players sold for $500 and $400 when they first came out, then the price dropped to less than $100 by 2001 by 2004 you can get them for $50 or $60 at many different types of stores. Penetration Pricing to make it too intimidating for competition to follow, or to make sure you enter the market in a competitive environment or as part of a brand building strategy Prof. Allen says A penetration pricing policy involves setting prices of products relatively low compared to those of similar products in the hope that they will secure wide market acceptance that will allow the company to later raise its prices. Such a policy is often used when the firm expects competition from similar products within a short time and when large-scale production and marketing will produce substantial reductions in overall costs. The low price must help keep out the competition, and the company must maintain its low price position. Discount Pricing can be seasonal can be based on volume or amount bought can be used to attract a form of payment e.g, CA$H Prof. Allen says Discount and allowance pricing has the effect of reducing prices to reward customer responses such as paying early or promoting the product. A recent pricing issue is that of everyday low pricing, where the retailer charges a constant, lower price at all times, with no temporary price discounts. Wal-Mart has led the trend toward everyday low pricing. Geographic Pricing F.O.B. basically, this is the price out the door at our factory you come and get it C.I.F. the cost at our factory + the insurance and freight to ship it to you ZONE if you live close, it is cheaper, if you live farther away, we add in shipping costs ZONE pricing used for everything from Pizza delivery to clothing to grain shipments Basing-point pricing means that all customers are charged freight from a specified billing location. Freight-absorption pricing, the seller pays all shipping costs to get the desired business. Prof. Allen says Price is influenced by geography, where the company decides on how to price to distant customers. Free On Board or FOB-origin pricing is a geographical pricing strategy in which goods are placed free on board a carrier; the customer pays the actual freight from the factory to the destination. Because the customer picks up its own cost, supporters believe that this method is the fairest way to assess freight charges. Some of the more pricing objectives are Maximize long run profit Maximize short run profit Increase sales volume Increase monetary sale Increase market share Obtain a target rate of return on investment Obtain a target rate of return on sale stabilize market or stabilize market price: an objective to stabilize price means that the marketing manager attempts to keep prices stable in the marketplace and to compete on non-price considerations. Stabilization of margin is basically a cost-plus approach in which the manager attempts to maintain the same margin regardless of changes in cost. company growth maintain price of leadership desensitize customers to price discourage new entrants into the industry match competitors prices encourage the exit of marginal firms from the industry survival avoid government investigation or intervention obtain or maintain the loyalty and enthusiasm of distributers and other sales personnel enhance the image of the firm, brand, and product be perceived as Ã¢â‚¬Å"fairÃ¢â‚¬ by customers and a potential customers create interest and excitement about a product discourage competitors from cutting prices use price to make the product Ã¢â‚¬Å"visible build store traffic help prepare for the sale of the business (harvesting) social, ethical, or ideological objectives get competitive advantage MARKETING MIX Themarketing mixis probably the most famous marketing term. Its elements are the basic, tactical components of a marketing plan. Also known as theFour Ps, the marketing mixelements areproduct, price, promotion, place. 4 PS OF MARKETING MIX PRODUCT A tangible object or an intangible service that ismass producedor manufactured on a large scale with a specific volume of units. Intangible products are often service based like thetourism industry thehotel industryor codes-based products like cellphone load and credits. Typical examples of a mass produced tangible object are themotor carand the disposablerazor. A less obvious but ubiquitous mass produced service is acomputer operating system. Company should produce product according to customers needs and want because the motive of pricing pricing objective is profit maximisation. PRICE The price is the amount a customer pays for the product. It is determined by a number of factors including market share, competition, material costs, product identity and the customers perceived value of the product. The business may increase or decrease the price of product if other stores have the same product. Company should set their price according to customers budget to earn more profit. One of the four major elements of the marketing mix is price. Pricing is an important strategic issue because it is related to product positioning. Furthermore, pricing affects other marketing mix elements such as product features, channel decisions, and promotion. PLACE THE Place represents the location where a distribution channel. It can include any physical store as well as virtual stores on the Internet. Companies set their price according to place if target place is rural and backward then they should reduse their prices and if the target place is modern urban then the company charge more price according to its brand image and get more profit. PROMOTION Represents all of the communications that a marketer may use in the marketplace. Promotion has four distinct elements -advertising,public relations,word of mouthandpoint of sale. A certain amount of crossover occurs when promotion uses the four principal elements together, which is common in film promotion. Advertising covers any communication that is paid for, from cinema commercials, radio and Internet adverts through print media and billboards. Public relations are where the communication is not directly paid for and includes press releases, sponsorship deals, exhibitions, conferences, seminars or trade fairs and events. Word of mouth is any apparently informal communication about the product by ordinary individuals, satisfied customers or people specifically engaged to create word of mouth momentum. Sales staff often plays an important role in word of mouth and Public Relations. Packaging also needs to be taken into consideration. Broadly defined, optimizing the marketing mix is the primary responsibility of marketing. By offering the product with the right combination of the four Ps marketers can improve their results and marketing effectiveness. Making small changes in the marketing mix is typically considered to be a tactical change.Parm Bains says Making large changes in any of the four Ps can be considered strategic. For example, a large change in the price, say from $19.00 to $39.00 would be considered a strategic change in the position of the product. However a change of $130 to $129.99 would be considered a tactical change, potentially related to a promotional offer. The term marketing mix however, does not imply that the 4P elements represent options. They are not trade-offs but are fundamental marketing issues that always need to be addressed. They are the fundamental actions that marketing requires whether determined explicitly or by default. The main objective is profit maximisation so company promote its brand and invest more money and get maximum profit. INFLUENCE THE MARKETING MIX Before the product is developed, the marketing strategy is formulated, including target market selection and product positioning. There usually is a tradeoff between product quality and price, so price is an important variable in positioning. Because of inherent tradeoffs betweenmarketing mixelements, pricing will depend on other product, distribution, and promotion decisions. ESTIMATE THE DEMAND CURVE Because there is a relationship between price and quantity demanded, it is important to understand the impact of pricing on sales by estimating thedemand curvefor the product. For existing products, experiments can be performed at prices above and below the current price in order to determine theprice elasticity of demand. Inelastic demand indicates that price increases might be feasible. CALCULATE THE COST If the firm has decided to launch the product, there likely is at least a basic understanding of the costs involved, otherwise, there might be no profit to be made. The unit cost of the product sets the lower limit of what the firm might charge, and determines the profit margin at higher prices. The total unit cost of a producing a product is composed of the variable cost of producing each additional unit and fixed costs that are incurred regardless of the quantity produced. The pricing policy should consider both types of costs. MARKET ENVIRONMENT Themarket environmentis amarketingterm and refers to all of the forces outside of marketing that affect marketing managements ability to build and maintain successful relationships with target customers. Themarket environmentconsists of both the macro environment and the microenvironment Micro environment The microenvironment refers to the forces that are close to the company and affect its ability to serve its customers. It includes the company itself, its suppliers, marketing intermediaries, customer markets,competitors, and publics. The company aspect of microenvironment refers to the internal environment of the company. This includes alldepartments, such as management,finance,research and development,purchasing,operations andaccounting. Each of these departments has an impact on marketing decisions. For example, research and development have input as to the features a product can perform and accounting approves the financial side of marketing plans and budgets. Thesuppliersof a company are also an important aspect of the microenvironment because even the slightest delay in receiving supplies can result in customer dissatisfaction. Marketing managers must watch supply availability and other trends dealing with suppliers to ensure that product will be delivered to customers in the time frame required in order to maintain a strong customer relationship. Marketing intermediaries refers to resellers, physical distribution firms, marketing services agencies, andfinancial intermediaries. These are the people that help the company promote, sell, and distribute its products to final buyers. Resellers are those that hold and sell the companys product. They match the distribution to the customers and include places such asWal-Mart, Target, andBest Buy. Physical distribution firms are places such as warehouses that store and transport the companys product from its origin to its destination. Marketing services agencies are companies that offer services such as conductingmarketing research, advertising, and consulting. Financial intermediaries are institutions such as banks, credit companies andinsurance companies. Another aspect of microenvironment is the customers. There are different types of customer markets including consumer markets, business markets, government markets,international markets, and reseller markets. The consumer market is made up of individuals who buygoods and servicesfor their own personal use or use in their household. Business markets include those that buy goods and services for use in producing their own products to sell. This is different from the reseller market which includes businesses that purchase goods to resell as is for a profit. These are the same companies mentioned as market intermediaries. The government market consists of government agencies that buy goods to producepublic servicesor transfer goods to others who need them. International markets include buyers in other countries and includes customers from the previous categories. Competitors are also a factor in the microenvironment and include companies with similar offerings for goods and services. To remain competitive a company must consider who their biggest competitors are while considering its own size and position in the industry. The company should develop a strategic advantage over their competitors. The final aspect of the microenvironment is publics, which is any group that has an interest in or impact on the organizations ability to meet its goals. For example, financial publics can hinder a companys ability to obtain funds affecting the level of credit a company has. Media publics include newspapers and magazines that can publish articles of interest regarding the company and editorials that may influence customers opinions. Government publics can affect the company by passing legislation and laws that put restrictions on the companys actions. Citizen-action publics include environmental groups andminority groupsand can question the actions of a company and put them in the public spotlight. Local publics are neighborhood and community organizations and will also question a companys impact on the local area and the level of responsibility of their actions. The general public can greatly affect the company as any change in their attitude, whether positive or negative, can cause sales to go up or down because the general public is often the companyscustomer base. And finally, the internal publics include all those who are employed within the company and deal with the organization and construction of the companys product. Macro environment The macro environment refers to all forces that are part of the larger society and affect the microenvironment. It includes concepts such as demography, economy, natural forces, technology, politics, and culture. Demographyrefers to studying human populations in terms of size, density, location, age, gender, race, and occupation. This is a very important factor to study for marketers and helps to divide the population intomarket segmentsandtarget markets. An example of demography is classifying groups of people according to the year they were born. These classifications can be referred to asbaby boomers, who are born between 1946 and 1964,generation X, who are born between 1965 and 1976, andgeneration Y, who are born between 1977 and 1994. Each classification has different characteristics and causes they find important. This can be beneficial to a marketer as they can decide who their product would benefit most and tailor theirmarketing planto attract that segment. Demography covers many aspects that are important to marketers including family dynamics, geographic shifts, work force changes, and levels of diversity in any given area. Another aspect of the macro environment is the economic environment. This refers to thepurchasing powerof potential customers and the ways in which people spend their money. Within this area are two different economies, subsistence and industrialized. Subsistence economies are based more in agriculture and consume their own industrial output. Industrial economies have markets that are diverse and carry many different types of goods. Each is important to the marketer because each has a highly different spending pattern as well as differentdistribution of wealth. The natural environment is another important factor of the macro environment. This includes the natural resources that a company uses as inputs and affects their marketing activities. The concern in this area is the increased pollution, shortages of raw materials and increased governmental intervention. As raw materials become increasingly scarcer, the ability to create a companys product gets much harder. Also, pollution can go as far as negatively affecting a companys reputation if they are known for damaging the environment. The last concern,government interventioncan make it increasingly harder for a company to fulfill their goals as requirements get more stringent. The technological environment is perhaps one of the fastest changing factors in the macroenvironment. This includes all developments from antibiotics and surgery tonuclear missilesandchemical weaponsto automobiles andcredit cards. As these markets develop it can create new markets and new uses for products. It also requires a company to stay ahead of others and update their own technology as it becomes outdated. They must stay informed of trends so they can be part ofthe next big thing, rather No comments: Post a Comment
The Story of Machines vs. Labour The Story of Machines vs. Labour July 8, 2014 The replacement of labour by machines has brought many improvements in social well-being. New machines have made a wide variety jobs safer and less physically debilitating. Yet, the process is far from decisively good, with many attendant ills. Consider the mechanization of fishing boats. Fishing is a dangerous activity and having fewer workers on the ships puts fewer lives at risk. However, the loss of the fisheries jobs has decimated maritime communities. The introduction of new technologies transforms communities, the goods and ills of which are indeterminate and continually evolving. The story is an on-going one. Consider recent suggestions that new software could make half the world’s jobs disappear. These new displacements are occurring in jobs previously considered safe from mechanization, like legal research or grading papers. We continue to be simultaneously horrified and fascinated by how new machines and the tasks they can perform, have effectively rendered redundant the humans who used to perform those tasks. Political economic understanding of the substitution of machines for labour is based on the value theory we adopt. Marx was not ethically opposed to the substitution of machines for labour, even if the system of machinery was implicated in the alienation of the worker. He criticized the Luddites, who broke the machines that were displacing workers, for standing in the way of progress. Although Marx deplored the conditions of work faced by the labouring class, he also saw the machines as, ultimately, a force for good. Importantly, Marx also believed the machines, despite benefiting capitalists in the short-term, doomed capitalism. Marx’s value theory is a dual-quantity theory. Financial values are the visible representation of real values that are embodied in the social output of production, including the machines that enter into the next round of production. According to Marx’s theory, value could only be created by labour. Machines were a store of ‘dead value,’ and couldn’t actually create value. One of the consequences of increased capital accumulation, according to Marx, was the tendency of the rate of profit to fall. Despite relentless proletarianization – turning ever more people into workers – Marx theorized that total capital would outpace the quantity of labour. Among the consequences of this, he believed, would be the immiseration of the working class, as more surplus is squeezed out, and concentration of ownership increases. Because the profit rate would continually fall, accumulation would eventually come to an end, and thereby the fate of capitalism was foreordained: “The knell of capitalist private property sounds. The expropriators are expropriated.” From the perspective of capital as power (CasP), there is no ‘real value’ distinct from financial values. As such, there is no meaningful aggregate quantity that can be identified as ‘total capital.’ In contrast to dual-quantity value theories, CasP focuses not on absolute accumulation, but on accumulation as a redistributionary process, both between capitalists and the rest of us, and among capitalists themselves. Although Marx recognized that profit rates would differentiate between sectors, he believed it was the aggregate rate that was of ultimate political economic consequence. According to CasP, capitalists seek not some shared, aggregate accumulation, but rather to beat a moving benchmark. This is because their gains are strictly financial, and what financial values represent are not another quantity, but owners’ relative control over qualitatively diverse social relations. This means there can be victory even in decline, as long as one’s fellow capitalists decline faster. Much emphasis within CasP is on the intra-capitalist struggle for differential gain as the engine for qualitative upheavals that impact society in myriad indeterminate ways. As such, the scope of political economy is greatly broadened from a focus on arenas of production, distribution and consumption to anything that might be a cause or effect of capitalist activity, as such as racialized poverty, gendered wage disparity, and widespread pollution, as well as mechanization and its consequences. Although mechanization has important aggregate consequences for labour, and the rest of society, these cannot be understood in the Marxian terms, which require ‘real value’ as a meaningful aggregate. Instead, it will require the development of other measures and tools of analysis, some of which are already being deployed by a wide variety of social scientists. From a political economic perspective, we can consider the aggregate consequences of capital accumulation in relation to the masses, as in the astute sloganeering of the Occupy movement, and as analyzed in Thomas Piketty’s unexpected bestseller on distribution. But, there is no absolute meaning associated with this accumulation, as there is no absolute quantity in which to measure it. As such, political economic analysis of mechanization should be conducted in terms of redistribution and differential interests. Against Marx, who believed that increased proletarianization was a necessity of capitalism, since only labour produces value, a CasP analysis sees no such necessity. Rather, various capitalists may all choose to substitute machines for workers, as part of a power process — which has been perceptively analysed by Marx-inspired thinkers like David Noble and Stephen Marglin — with increasing unemployment as an aggregate consequence, along with differential value gains by certain segments of capital at the necessary expense of others. Unfortunately, capitalism can likely survive ever increasing mechanization with its attendant ills for workers. However, both CasP and Marxist analyses seemingly point in the same normative and practical direction: widespread control of the decision-making process over whether or not we ought to mechanize a workplace or industry. Leaving the decision-making to the owners, whose sole concern is accumulatory gain, will not serve the greatest social interest. Image source. 2 thoughts on “The Story of Machines vs. Labour” 1. Great post! Here’s a question: how much longer can machines replace workers? In my view, there are fundamental limits to this process, dictated primarily by energy resources. All machine require energy for both their construction and operation. Replacing workers with machines requires an increase in energy consumption per labor hour. If energy supplies were infinite, this process could continue indefinitely. However, the vast majority (about 85%) of global energy comes from fossil fuels, and this is unlikely to change any-time soon. Fossil fuels are finite and exhaustible. The peak in fossil fuel production, in my view, will likely coincide with the maximum extent of machine-worker replacement. After the peak, my prediction is that the trend will reverse. 1. Blair, This would assume that we cannot find renewable sources to replace and augment our current power demands. That said, fossil fuels have definitely played an important role in the process. Energy intensity has always been discounted in our increased productivity in favour of self-congratulatory claims about human ingenuity. If fossil fuel use were not under-priced, as it externalizes costs associated with pollution, then the process would have been much slower and much different. Comments are closed.
Top 48 SAS Interview Questions And Answers (2021 Update) Following are frequently asked SAS Job Interview Questions for freshers as well as an experienced Data analyst. 1) What is SAS? What are the functions does it performs? • Information retrieval and data management • Writing reports and graphics • Statistical analytics, econometrics and data mining • Business planning, forecasting, and decision support • Operation research and Project management • Quality Improvement • Data Warehousing • Application Development 2) What is the basic structure of the SAS base program? The basic structure of SAS consist of ==DATA step, which recovers & manipulates data. ==PROC step, which interprets the data. 3) What is the basic syntax style in SAS? To run the program successfully, and you have the following basic elements: • A data statement that defines your data set • Input statement • A run statement For example: In file ‘H: \StatHW\yourfilename.dat’; 4) Explain data step in SAS The Data step creates a SAS dataset which carries the data along with a “data dictionary.” The data dictionary holds information about the variables and their properties. 5) What is PDV? 6) What are the data types does SAS contain? The data types in SAS are Numeric and Character. 7) Which statement does not perform automatic conversions in comparisons? 8) What is a method to debug and test your SAS program? 9) What is the difference between nodupkey and nodup options? The difference between the NODUP and NODUPKEY is that NODUP compares all the variables in our dataset while NODUPKEY compares just the BY variables 10) Name validation tools used in SAS For SAS Macros variables: Options: mprint mlogic symbolgen 11) What does PROC print, and PROC contents do? To display the contents of the SAS dataset PROC print is used and also to assure that the data were read into SAS correctly. While PROC CONTENTS display information about a SAS dataset. 12) What is the use of function Proc summary? The syntax of proc summary is the same as that of proc means. It computes descriptive statistics on numeric variables in the SAS dataset. 13) What Proc glm does? 14) What is SAS informats? 15) Name types of category in which SAS Informats are placed SAS informats are placed in three categories, • Character Informats : $INFORMATw • Numeric Informats : INFORMAT w.d • Date/Time Informats: INFORMAT w. 16) What function CATX syntax does? 17) What is the use of PROC gplot? 18) What is PROC in SAS? In SAS, PROC steps analyze and process data in the form of an SAS data set. It controls a library of routines that perform tasks on SAS data set options such as sorting, summarizing and listing. 19) What is the SAS data set? A SAS data set is a file consisting of two parts. • A descriptor portion • A data portion 20) List out some key concept of SAS Some key concept of SAS include, • SORT procedure • Missing values • KEEP=, DROP= dataset options • Data step logic • Reset to missing, or the RETAIN statement • Log • FORMAT procedure for creating value formats • Data types • IN= dataset option 21) What is the difference between INPUT and INFILE ? • INFILE statement is used to identify an external file • INPUT statement is used to describe your variables 22) State the difference between INFORMAT and FORMAT ? • INFORMAT: To indicate SAS that a number should be read in a particular format • FORMAT: To indicate SAS how to print the variables 23) What is factor analysis? Factor analysis is a common term used for a family of statistical techniques associated with the reduction of a set of observable variables in terms of a small number of latent factors. The main goal of factor analysis is data reduction and summarization. 24) How you can read the variables that you need? You read the variables using input statement with column /line pointers, informats and length specifiers. 25) What are the special input delimiters used in SAS? Special input delimiters used in SAS are DLM and DSD. 26) How SAS treats the DSD delimiters? When you define DSD, SAS treats two consecutive delimiters as a missing value and removes quotation marks from character values. 27) What is the good SAS programming practices for processing large data sets? The good SAS programming practices for processing large data sets is to sort them once using firstobs= and obs=. 28) How to include or exclude specific variables in a data set? To include or exclude specific variables in a data set you can use DROP, KEEP Statements and Data set Options. 29) How SUBSTR function works in SAS? The SUBSTR function is used to abstract substring from a character variable. 30) What SAS features do you use to check errors and data validation? To check errors, use the Log, and for data validation use things like Proc Freq, Proc Means or sometimes Proc print to see how data looks. 31) What are the ways to do a “table lookup” in SAS? There are five ways to do a “table lookup” in SAS which include: 2. Match Merging 3. Direct Access 4. Format Tables 5. Arrays 32) How will you generate test data with no input data? You will generate test data with no input data using “put” statement and “Data Null”. 33) What are the difference between CEIL and FLOOR functions in SAS? 34) What are the difference between SAS functions and procedures? The difference between SAS functions and procedures is that • Procedures expect one variable value per observation • Functions expect values to be supplied across an observation 35) How to remove duplicates using PROC SQL? To remove duplicates using PROC SQL use following step, 36) What are common programming errors committed in SAS Common programming errors committed in SAS are, • Missing semicolon • Not checking log after submitting program • Not using debugging techniques • Not using Fsview option vigorously 37) How to limit decimal places for the variable using PROC MEANS? By using MAXDEC=option, you can limit decimal places for the variable. 38) What are the difference between the SAS DATA STEP and SAS PROCs? • SAS DATA STEP is used to read in and manipulate data • SAS PROCs are sub-routines perform tasks on SAS data set 39) What is the use of STOP statement? 40) What is RUN-Group processing? RUN-Group processing allows submitting a PROC step using RUN statement without ending the procedure. 41) How to test the debugging in SAS? For debugging in SAS use the Debug clause after ‘/’ in the data statement. 42) How to create a permanent SAS data set? In order to create a permanent SAS data set, there are two steps necessary, • Assign a library and engine. 43) What is SLIBREF? SLIBREF is a server-libref. It specifies the libref that is used by the server to identify the SAS data library when no physical name is determined, and the server libref is different from the client libref. 44) What are the default statistics that PROC MEANS produce? The default statistics that PROC MEANS produce are, • N • MIN • MAX • MEAN 45) What is the command used to find missing values? The command used to find missing values is 46) What is the difference between Match Merge and One to One Merge? A one-to-one merge is suitable if both data sets in the merge statement are sorted by id, and each observation in one data set has a corresponding observation in the other data set. If the observations do not match, then match merging is suitable. 47) What are the scrubbing procedures in SAS? The scrubbing procedures in SAS are Proc Sort with nodupkey option. It will eliminate duplicate values. 48) What is the use of the %include statement? 1. Hi, My understanding is the basic structure of SAS programming is… SAS programs consist of : DATA step, which recovers & manipulates data. PROC step, which interpret the data. But you explained about SAS Interface….Please check and let me if I am wrong. 1. You are correct! Answer is updated 2. good questions wd good explanation … 3. Hi, I am thinking to change domain from CDM to SAS. I have 5 years of experience on CDM and CRC, it is possible to change. Please give me some instructions. Thank you in advance, 1. its possible after some years lot of peoples changed cdmto sas 4. Hi sir, actually i finished my MSc statistics in 2013 now i am trying to enter in it as a SAS fresher is it good time to change my carrier from lecturer to it employee plss suggest to enter 1. Yes, please confidently move to SAS 2. Hi sir ,i finished my msc statistics in 2019 ,present i completed SAS training ,iam waiting for job,please any fresher job inform you sir. 5. Avatar chandrasekhar says: Thank u 6. Avatar Katari Saipushpa says: Hi sir, I did my MSc in statistics in 2013 n I am doing as procurement analyst in pharma company. Is it right time to move to SAS in clinical domian . Could u plz suggest me ? 1. Avatar Sai amith says: ya … u should go with clinical domain using sas 7. Hi, I am a commercial underwriter (credit analyst), i wanted to get into credit risk analysis and i believe SAS is one of the essential/basic software that one know know. How SAS can help me and want are its pros and cons. Also if you can suggest any institute (New Delhi) for SAS training which also help in placement. 8. Avatar Swapnil Umrikar says: Hi sir ,I am swapnil, I have done life scenic and currently working in pharmaceutical company and having 10 years of experience. I want to start my career in data science field. Is it possible to do that pls guide. 9. hey, i have done Mba in business analytics and marketing,and i have also done in 1year and half month experienced in marketing field ,so now i want to move in SAS programming,so could you please suggest me, is that easy possible move in SAS programming. 10. A typo correction: in #44 the second proc means default output should be read as MIN not MN. 1. Hi, thanks for drawing attention. It is corrected. Leave a Reply
Money Definition Subscribe for more videos To understand money, we first need to understand something that existed before money. The Necessity that leads to the Invention of Money, the Barter System. Barter System Before 3000 BC, barter was the only prominent way of exchange goods and services between strangers. Barter can be termed as an exchange of goods or services with other goods or services. It does not use any medium of exchange, such as money. Even though it was the only mode of exchange at that time, barter had a number of problems such as: 1. You need a double coincidence of wants where both the parties need what the other party is offering 2. There is no measure of value. Like one burger should be equal to how many bananas? 3. The exchange needs to be immediate and the payment cannot be deferred 4. Difficulty in storing what you can offer All the above problems are solved by money to a great extent. Money is a medium of exchange. It can be any item or a verifiable record that is generally accepted as: 1. Payment of goods or services, and 2. Repayment of debts Functions of Money To qualify as money, a thing should perform the following 4 functions: 1. It should be a medium of exchange Money can be used to intermediate the exchange of goods and services. It resolves the problem of “coincidence of wants of a Barter System” 1. It should have a common measure of value/unit of account Money act as a standard measure and a common denomination of trade. Example: 1 Litre of milk = USD 1 1. It should be usable as a standard of deferred payment Money can be used to settle debts because the money would hold the same value as it holds now (if we ignore the effects of inflation) 1. It should be a Store of Value Money retains its value over a period of time and is not perishable. Types of Money The use of money started somewhere around 5,000 BC as commodity money 1. Commodity Money • Commodity money is a type of good that functions as money. These goods have a value or use in themselves known as intrinsic value • These goods are Durable, Portable and Easy to Store • Example: Gold, Silver, Copper, Salt, Silk, Cocoa Beans Etc. • The problem with the commodity money was that it was difficult to store, secure, and transact with. • During the 10th Century (960 AD), with the development of trade and commerce, there was a need for a better solution – Representative Money. 1. Representative Money • Representative money is a paper or any other item that represents something of value. It is also known as “Commodity Backed Money”. • Example: Gold and Silver Certificates. • It has no intrinsic value but represents something of value such as Gold or Silver. • This led to the establishment of the first monetary system called the Gold Standard in the late 19th Century (1870 AD), where a standard unit of currency was based on a fixed quantity of Gold. • Representative money could be printed only to the extent to which it was backed up by the Gold Reserve. • Therefore, the value of a currency was mostly fixed and it was not prone to inflation. • The system was almost a perfect monetary system till it was disrupted by the First World War. • By 1971, representative money was mostly replaced with a new form of money as US Government disassociated US Dollar from the value of Gold. • This led to the inception of a new form of money – Fiat Money. 1. Fiat Money • Money that exists today in the form of currency notes, bank account balances, and wallet balances are Fiat Money. • Fiat money is a medium of exchange that is established as money, often by Government Regulation. • It does not represent anything of value. It has value only because it has been established as money by the government issuing it. • Fiat Money can be any money declared by a government to be a legal tender. • Like in 2016, the Indian Government decided to discontinue 500 Rupee notes as a legal tender. Thus, the 500 Rupee note was no longer money. • Fiat money is prone to inflation and its value may fluctuate with time. • Digital money is an extension of Fiat money such as Debit Cards, Credit Cards, PayPal wallets, etc. Cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin are a new form of money or asset that is only a decade old. Though Bitcoin is a long way before it is globally accepted as money, it has almost all traits of gold, and hence we can say that it would form commodity money. Thus, Bitcoin will take our monetary system back to the basics. So let us conclude what we understood about money: • Money is nothing but a belief system. It has value because people believe it to be valuable. • It is valuable because we want it, and we want it only because it gets us the desired product or service. • Finally, money enables us to focus on the development of one skill that can be used to earn money, and subsequently, this earned money can be used to purchase anything we desire. Thus, forming the backbone of today’s a trade and economy. Subscribe to stay updated Join CoinSutra Newsletter & learn about Blockchain & Bitcoin. Scroll to Top
dot dot dash \| all about U All the history, media and links you need. Published: 09/06/2020 Author: Melanie Eden Design: Courtesy of Alex Aperios. Black Lives Matter was founded on July 13, 2013 following the acquittal of George Zimmerman, one of the many white Americans who have murdered black Americans with no reason or motive. His victim was Trayvon Martin, a 17-year-old boy who attended high school in Florida. Trayvon once had dreams of playing professional football, though this dream subsided when he began high school and favoured a career working with airplanes. Since the death of Trayvon and the founding of the movement, we have seen countless deaths of innocent and unarmed black people at the hands of the police. We have seen protest after protest, yet, the only thing we aren’t seeing is change; and this change is long overdue. Here, I will give a brief history the BLM movement, the deaths at the hands of police brutality, and provide a number of different medias to keep you informed on the importance of this movement, how it affects more countries than America, and how to protest in the middle of a pandemic. BLACK LIVES MATTER – 2013 / 2016 JULY 2013: George Zimmerman is acquitted of all charges; BlackLivesMatter begins trending on Twitter. Three black women founded BLM: Alicia Garza, Patrisse Cullors and Opal Tometi. JULY 2014: Protests in NY erupt after the death of Eric Garner, a 43 year old father who was choked to death by a police officer. As he died, Garner told the officer ‘I can’t breathe’, which then became a key phrase of the BLM movement. AUGUST 2014: BLM organised their first in person protest in the form of a Freedom Ride. This came after the death of Michael Brown, an 18-year-old black man shot by a police officer. 500 people attended the Freedom Ride and the protest gained massive media attention; with Palestinians offering advice to the protestors on how to protect themselves and deal with tear gas. Protests continued as the police brutality continued, with another unarmed shooting occurring only two days after the death of Michael Brown; this time it was Ezell Ford, a mentally disabled man who was simply walking the streets of Los Angeles. OCTOBER 2014: Further protests erupt after the shooting of Laquan McDonald, a 17 year old boy who had refused to drop a 3 inch knife. He was shot 16 times in 13 seconds. NOVEMBER 2014: Possibly the youngest victim of police brutality; Tamir Rice, a 12-year-old boy is shot for having a toy gun. Tamir passed the next day after being shot twice in the torso, yet the Cleveland Jury brings no justice and files no charges against the officers who murdered Tamir. APRIL 2015: Freddie Gray runs in fear from police in Baltimore. He is arrested for having what the police described as an illegal switchblade. Freddie requests an inhaler upon arrest, his request is denied and he is placed in the police van without restraints, during this he falls into a coma. One week later, Freddie passes due to a severe injury to his spinal cord. Protestors take to the streets to demand justice for Freddie, but the National Guard is unveiled and ends the protests. JULY 2015: 28 year old Sandra Bland is pulled over and taken into custody. A few days later, Sandra dies in custody due to a supposed suicide. Sandra’s mug shot is posted online and outrage sparks, as she is believed to have been already dead in the images. There was also a lack of a side view mug shot, something that is essential when taking these images. There was a small protest outside of the jail that Sandra passed in, with protestors raising the question ‘What happened to Sandy?’ NOVEMBER 2015: Police shoots Jamar Clark, aged 24, in the head. Some say he was already handcuffed at the time of his death. No charges are filed against the police officers who were guilty of this mans death. Following this, BLM protests outside of Fourth Precinct police station for 18 days. Just days after the death of Jamar, Akai Gurley is shot dead in the stairwell of a Brooklyn apartment. He was 28. JULY 2016: Alton Sterling, aged 37, is pinned to the ground and shot five times in the chest. Major protests kick off once again with little to no repercussions for the murderers. The police call for calm. One day after Alton’s passing, Diamond Reynolds livestreams to Facebook the results of police brutality, as her partner, Philando Castile, is shot in front of her and her daughter. The officer pleaded not guilty of manslaughter and endangerment of Diamond and her young child. The following day a peaceful protest for the lives of the two previously lost is interrupted by a gunman, resulting in the deaths of five policemen. Photo: Courtesy of Keiser Clark. Since these events, we have seen countless police brutality acts and seen countless victims add up. After the recent passing of George Floyd, there have been more protests in America and many, many people are now involved in making the right changes and making black voices heard. However, if you aren’t in America, you may feel like you are useless to the movement and that you cant help. This isn’t true. Everybody can help and everybody can be an ally. Maybe you don’t feel informed enough, and maybe that makes you feel like you shouldn’t speak up, however, you always should. Here, I will provide some media to help you get informed on the history of unfair treatment of black people in history, the BLM movement and police corruption. Sometimes it’s easier to learn from things such as movies and songs, which is why I comprise a short list to help give you a strong idea of how police brutality affects black communities, how you can help and how together we can stop this. Photo: Courtesy of Empire. Following the story of a young man named Collin, played by Daveed Diggs, who witnesses the death of an unarmed black man at the hands of a police officer. Collin is on probation and fears returning to prison, so feels he must keep quiet about the situation. Doing this, he becomes overly aware of the gentrification taking place in his hometown, Oakland, and how different the world is for white people in black communities. Photo: Courtesy of Movies Anywhere. Starr Carter, played by Amandla Stenberg, witnesses a fatal shooting. Prior to this, Starr was facing two worlds, the mostly all white, rich high school she attends and the poor black neighbourhood she comes from. Starr faces a challenge of standing up for what is right, and not feeling fear from her white peers. LA92 (2017) Photo: Courtesy of the NYT. This documentary recaps on the events of March 3 1991, where author and activist Rodney King was violently beaten by LA police. Following this traumatic event; riots broke out after the police officers that attacked Rodney were acquitted of their crimes. 16 SHOTS (2018) Photo: Courtesy of Democracy Now! In this documentary, we learn further about the death of Laquan McDonald, afore mentioned victim of police brutality. Here, we delve deep into the minds of police who commit these vile acts and learn about the day of Laquan’s passing. Times like these call for us all to come together. Whether you are protesting, posting, donating or anything else, it is important to voice your support and use your privilege (if you are white) to help those who need us, and to lift out black brothers and sisters up. Tagged are two master links with donations, missing people, ways to help, bail funds, black businesses to support, ways to support the families of those who have passed and how to donate if you don’t have money. Master Link I Master Link II Protests won’t last forever, especially with Trump calling in military and promoting violence against protestors. So what happens when all this has died down? When Instagram feeds are filled with musicians and makeup artists once more? What happens is police brutality is still very much existent, and black people are still very much in danger of losing their lives due to the racism deeply embedded in many countries. So how do we continue supporting when protests and media attention are gone? We remember the victim’s names. We tell their stories. We support black businesses. We raise our black brothers and sisters up. We call out racism from our family, our friends, our co-workers or from people we hear in the street. We stop letting it slide. We use our voices for those who can’t use theirs until they aren’t seen as less important as ours. Change takes time and patience, but it also takes hard work and education. We must be informed on what we are doing and why we are doing it. Change will come, but it won’t come easy. We all must work to make a better world. Together. Design: Courtesy of Sacrée Frangine. In remembrance of all police brutality victims. Rest In Power. Mike Hadreas, with a new album, is at his ambitious, fearless best. The new decade has thrown a lot of things into disarray, but how is the music world faring? A personal pop experiment that reflects public discourse more than you may think.
Type 2 Diabetes In Glogpedia by Lindsey1604 Last updated 6 years ago Health & Fitness Toggle fullscreen Print glog Type 2 Diabetes Back ground InformationType 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes and constitutes the majority of cases worldwide. It comprises 85-90% of all diabetes cases, making it a significant public health issue in the majority of developed countries. There is an increasing body of evidence to suggest that type 2 diabetes is a consequence of increasing levels of obesity, decreased levels of activity, and increased food availability. Diet Recommendations: The main focus is on keeping your blood sugar level on target. To help manage your blood sugar, follow a meal plan that has:Eat foods from all the food groups, including vegetables, whole grains, fruits, non-fat dairy foods, healthy fats, and lean meats or meat substitutes. Not as many caloriesTry to have the same amount of carbohydrates at each meal or snack.Try to eat Healthy fats.Eat many smaller meals throughout the day so your blood sugar level does not go up extremely high at one meal. Also with maintaining your food diet you can maintain a healthy weight. By losing weight you can maintain a healthy diet. Carbohydrates in the food you consume will give the body energy to function. Not eating is not an option. You need to eat to give your body energy when you have type II diabetes. Try eating food from all food groups to stay healthy and give your body energy. Requirements for Blood Sugar Monitioring and Role of making adjustments to Blood Sugar:Your doctor may want you to check your Blood sugar level at home which requires a Blood Glucose Meter. The meter works by testing a droplet of blood to check your sugar levels. Normally your blood sugar level would automatically stay in the same range during eating or physical activity. Now you have to check your level to see if it might be to high or too low during eating, physical activity, or the medication you might be taking. Make sure to talk to your doctor about when you should check your blood sugar. Common times to check are normally before a meal or two hours after a meal. But also ask what number the level should be at in order to stay healthy. Dietician: A registered dietitian (RD) is trained in the field of nutrition. Because food is a key part of your diabetes treatment, a dietitian is very important. Your dietitian helps you figure out your food needs based on your weight, lifestyle, medication, and other health goals (such as lowering blood fat levels or blood pressure). Endocrinologist: An endocrinologist should also be seen regularly. An endocrinologist is a doctor who has special training and experience in treating people with diabetes. Exercise/Lifestyle Suggestions: Exercising helps your body with insulin use, helps you lose extra fat, keeps muscles and bones strong, helps lower your blood pressure, helps improve circulation, boost mood and energy, and lowers your risk for stroke and heart disease.Tips for exercising:Don’t do too much too soon.Stop if you experience sudden pain.Wear the right shoes/use correct equipment.Don’t ignore foot problems.Start a routine.Check your blood sugar.Work hand-in-hand with your doctor to find something that works for you.Wear a medical ID bracelet to alert others to your condition in an emergency.Stay active, eat a balanced diet, check your blood sugar and take your medicine as directed by your doctor, don’t skip doctors appointments, don’t ignore symptoms, keep an eye on your feet (alert your doctor to any problems), visit an optometrist/ophthalmologist, primary care physician, dentist, endocrinologist, and podiatrist regularly and in emergencies, wear a medical ID bracelet to inform others of your condition if you are in need of medical assistance. Role of Staying Fit: Exercise or physical activity, includes anything that makes you move, such as walking, dancing, or working outside. Every type of physical activity is important for everyone, but it is very important for people that have diabetes. You need to stay healthy by exercising, take an aerobics class or even run on the treadmill, any type of activity will help your body stay fit. Resource Citations:Mayo Clinic Staff. (2014). “Type Two diabetes Causes”. MayoClinic.org. Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-2-diabetes/basics/causes/con-20031902Edmundson, A., (2012). “Your Diabetes Care Team”. WebMD.com. Retrieved from http://www.webmd.com/diabetes/guide/diabetes-health-care-teamDansinger, M., (2014). “Exercising With Type Two Diabetes”. WebMD.com. Retrieved from http://www.webmd.com/diabetes/guide/exercise-guidelines.Unknown. (2001). Background Information on Diabetes. HealthInfoNet. Retrieved from http://www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au/chronic-conditions/diabetes/reviews/background-information.Wisse, B. (October, 2013). Diabetes meal Planning. Diabetes Care. Retrieved from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/007429.htmUnknown. (October, 2013). Checking blood glucose. American Diabetes Association. Retrieved from http://www.diabetes.org/living-with-diabetes/recently-diagnosed/where-do-i-begin/checking-blood-glucose.html Life with Type 2 DiabetesBy: Lindsey and Kaila There are no comments for this Glog.
Jun 19, 2020 · This fingerprint consists of your browser and device data that initially are used for websites to be displayed correctly. Such information includes your language settings, screen resolution, operating system, and much more. A collection of these identifiers creates a unique browser fingerprint. Privacy Mythbusting #4: I can’t be identified just by Jul 11, 2017 The Tor Project on browser fingerprinting and how it is Sep 06, 2019 Figure 1: Example of a browser fingerprint from a Linux laptop running Firefox 67. In Figure 1, you can see a browser fingerprint taken from my Linux laptop. The information in the fingerprint was collected via HTTP with the received HTTP headers and via JavaScript by running a small script. Note that this option increases fingerprint duration from about 80-100ms to up to 2000ms (cold font cache). It can incur even more overhead on mobile Firefox browsers, which is much slower in font detection, so use it with caution on mobile devices. Browser Fingerprinting with no user agent identifiers, only through the HTML5 Canvas element. The method is based on the fact that the same canvas-code can produce different pixels on a different web browser, depending on the system on which it was executed. Jul 11, 2017 · The main method used to uniquely identify and track people while using private browsing is called “browser fingerprinting.” Just as each person has a unique fingerprint, so does every browser. Websites can look at version numbers of your browser, the plugins it uses, and dozens of other points of browser information to create a unique ID, a Additionally, the anonymisation aspects of services such as Tor or VPNs could be negated if websites you visit track you using your browser fingerprint. Browserprint was a free open source project designed to provide the same and better functionality as the original Panopticlick .
Can of Worms For the same reason why we love worms as decomposers, many native species of plants in the temperate forests cannot survive due to the worm efficiency in redistributing nutrients throughout the soil… Sorry for opening up a can of worms…in the circle of life and the delicate balance of it. 2 Comments on “Can of Worms 1. More on the invasive aspects of worms in northern U.S. areas can be read here: If I've read the literature right, the areas of most concern are the areas that were under glaciation during the last ice age, which destroyed the native worm populations. Introduced species of worms (night crawlers, for example) have changed the ecology of those areas that had recovered and created (until recently) a wormless environment, with plant species and successions adapted to that wormless environment. Now that the worms are there, the species and successions are being impacted. The areas that were not under glaciation are less impacted, since the native worm species were never wiped out, so their actions, in addition to the actions of the introduced species have created less of a change in the overall ecology. Map of glaciation here: My takeaway (subject to further clarification) is that we can still like worms in our areas (Southern PA, Maryland, etc., without feeling guilty. 🙂 Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s %d bloggers like this:
Dangers of Vaping unlike smoking are real. There are more reported deaths from vaporizing pot compared to the deaths from smoking. There is also a danger of dying from the fumes of e-liquid. Vaporizing liquid nicotine takes longer to heat up and cool. It really is much more toxic compared to the liquid smoke produced from burning tobacco cigarettes. dangers of vaping The scientific evidence does not support the application of vaporizing tobacco devices for helping people stop smoking. They might be helpful in some instances such as an inability to stop following a few attempts. But there is no evidence these products help people stay quit longer or flourish in any way. All the health risks of vaporizing marijuana are known. The only known dangers of vaporizing marijuana are connected with those linked to the toxic gases produced by heating. Lung irritation, cancer, heartburn, esophagus burning, throat inflammation, and lung damage are all possible short term or longterm effects. Unfortunately, most of these dangers of vaping may also be unknown. Just a tiny fraction of these who admit to favoring marijuana are in fact doing this for medicinal reasons, and yet you can find no substantial studies supporting the notion that vaporizing cannabis is effective to those who achieve this. Smoking cannabis is highly addictive. But there is absolutely no evidence that vaporizing cigarettes reduces the amount of addiction. E-Cigarettes certainly are a recent addition to the arsenal of tobacco products used by smokers to kill the unwanted endorphins that are released when they smoke. Many voters think that the e-cigarette is really a safer alternative to smoking, specifically for those who are struggling to stop smoking due to health conditions. However, some researchers believe the dangers of vaporizing cannabis are overblown. They explain that vaporizing cannabis is not really a safer option than smoking, but simply a more convenient one. If you read the warnings on most of the e-cigarette packages, so as to there are hardly any risks involved in with them. Nicotine is highly toxic, however the tar produced by smoking marijuana is a lot more toxic. Toxicity alone doesn’t account for the supposed dangers of vaporizing cannabis because you can also produce tar toxins from inhaling it. If you’re going to use an e-cigarette, be sure to are absolutely certain that you would like to quit smoking cigarettes before you even consider beginning to use an e cigarette. Interestingly, it would appear that the dangers of smoking may also be lessened by the ingestion of a substance derived from plants. It could seem that eating the plant material will not give off exactly the same addictive properties as smoking it. That is one of the only true dangers of juuling in comparison to other styles of physical addiction. Really the only danger associated with ingesting the plant material is that it can be highly addictive in itself. This is not the case with cigarettes, which are highly addictive within their own right, although they can be highly addictive when found in association with tobacco. As with anything, people have to be educated about the products before they purchase them. Regarding the cigarettes and vapourisers, there are a great number of forums online where consumers will get their facts straight. An individual forums allow people to post questions about any product that they have purchased, like the dangers of the cigarettes and vapourisers. You should always take the time to do your research prior to deciding to use any sort of nicotine product. Nicotine is highly addictive, nonetheless it continues to be safer than traditional cigarettes since they don’t contain tar and skin tightening and. If you are trying to kick the habit, you really should consider using an electronic smoker instead of going cold turkey, especially if you enjoy the taste of juice or chocolate. E cigarettes along with other nicotine-based products are not harmful in themselves, but they may become highly addictive when found in combination with tobacco. For anyone who is considering trying an electric smoking device, you should be aware of all of the dangers associated with it. Using an electronic smoker has many benefits over traditional cigarettes, such as to be able to stay calm all day without having to light up, and never craving another hit like you would if you were using a normal cigarette. However, you still need to use homework and educate yourself in order to avoid the dangers of vaping.
Japan Should Clarify its Plutonium Usage Plans Japan possesses almost 47 tons of separated plutonium. A clear plan for its potential usage and storage is essential. This will be an important year for Japanese nuclear energy planning, as it will announce its domestic and foreign nuclear energy and plutonium policy. Japan, the only non-nuclear-weapon state (NNWS) with a civilian reprocessing capability, has faced some proliferation concerns. Despite this, Japan has consistently pledged their peaceful usage of their approximately 46.9 tons of separated plutonium, potentially enough to make over 5,000 nuclear weapons. Other East Asian countries have expressed worries about the storage of this much material. Big events for Japanese nuclear energy planning The “Strategic Energy Plan,” due to be released later this year, sets the fundamental direction of Japan’s energy policy. Japan’s Basic Energy Law mandates that the government release an energy plan every three years, and the current plan was the first to be released after the 2011 Fukushima accident. The U.S.-Japan peaceful nuclear cooperation agreement, commonly referred to as the U.S.-Japan 123 Agreement, is the key pact that allows Japan to have two critical technologies: reprocessing and enrichment. The plutonium separated through reprocessing can be recycled into MOX fuel (plutonium-uranium mixed oxide) for light-water reactors. Since Japan lacks natural resources, recycled spent fuel could help to reduce dependence on foreign energy sources. The 123 Agreement stipulated that by July 2018 the United States and Japan must have a new agreement in place or allow the existing one to remain in force. Japan and the United States decided to automatically renew this agreement on January 17, 2018. North Korean nuclear and missile tests have helped create dramatic changes in security environments in East Asia. In response to those changes, Japan should re-commit to reducing its plutonium stockpile. Japanese commitment to reduce plutonium Plutonium in spent fuel is not weapons-usable. Once this reactor-grade plutonium is separated from spent fuel through reprocessing, it is potentially nuclear weapons-usable. Japan owns approximately 9.8 tons of separated plutonium at home and 37.1 tons of separated plutonium at reprocessing plants in the United Kingdom and France. Over the past six years, the Nuclear Security Summits made progress to strengthen nuclear security and reduce the threat of nuclear terrorism. The 2014 Hague produced a communiqué that encouraged states to keep their stockpile of separated plutonium as low as possible. Additionally, Japanese Prime Minister Abe stated that Japan would not possess separated plutonium for which it did not already identify a specific use during the 2014 Hague summit. While Japan pledged to maintain their no-surplus plutonium policy, the disarray that continues to plague Japan’s nuclear industry—following the 2011 Fukushima nuclear accident, new regulations and delays in completing and opening the Rokkasho reprocessing plant, and decisions to close the MONJU fast breeder reactor—throws into question the credibility of Japan’s plutonium consumption plan. With approximately 46.9 tons of separated plutonium, Japan’s no-surplus plutonium policy looks hollow to date. Important steps for Japan and the international community On January 17, 2018, the U.S.-Japan peaceful nuclear cooperation agreement automatically renewed, which allows Japan to continue reprocessing spent nuclear fuel and uranium enrichment. Japan’s stockpile of separated plutonium, consumption plan, and advanced nuclear technology have raised proliferation concerns in East Asia. Despite several legal restrictions on Japan’s ability to develop nuclear weapons—the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, Article 9 of the Japanese constitution, the Atomic Energy Basic Law, and the Three Non-Nuclear Principles—North Korean nuclear and missile tests have raised questions among East Asian countries about whether Japan would develop nuclear weapons. To reduce this concern, Japan should clarify its policies on four issues. First, Japan should scale-down operations of its reprocessing plant. Rokkasho repossessing plant is designed to produce 8 tons of plutonium per year, but that is more than what Japan can plausibly use annually. So far, only two MOX reactors are operating in Japan, which means less than 2.0 tons of plutonium could be consumed annually. Since Japan already possess approximately 9.8 tons of separated plutonium at home, Japan should stop any further stockpiling. Second, Japan should build more dry cask storages. Potentially reprocessing plant and ongoing delays in opening the plant might require utilities to store spent fuels at reactors for longer than planned until they can be transported to the Rokkasho reprocessing plant. The plant was originally expected to be completed by 1997, but is now scheduled to open by 2021. Moreover, existing spent fuel storage is approaching its maximum capacity. Once plants run out of storage space, whether dry or wet, the utilities cannot continue to operate the plant. Third, Japan should revise its basic principles for the utilization of plutonium, perhaps to include a timeline describing methods, timing, purposes, and quantities of plutonium Japan will consume. These basic principles show transparency in the plutonium utilization plan and the purpose of use. After the Fukushima nuclear accident, the restarts have been slow: only four of Japan’s 54 original nuclear reactors came back online. To make up for the shortfall in nuclear output, Japan relied on fossil fuel imports. Moreover, this could help assuage concerns from other East Asian countries, who argue that what Japan says on peaceful usage is not enough without a clear pathway to using plutonium as a MOX fuel in the near future. Once the government clarifies a pathway, domestic and international communities could monitor plutonium supply and demand before reprocessing. Fourth, the Spent Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing Implementation Act should be revised for a nuclear fuel cycle option. Despite the 2014 Strategic Energy Plan mentioning that Japan has flexibility on disposal because its nuclear fuel cycle will not be resolved in short-term—but likely will be in the middle- to long-term—this act describes that the purpose is constant and efficient reprocessing operations. There has been an inconsistency between words and actions. Obviously, Japan needs more time to consume its stockpile of plutonium than originally planned, and the government should revise its actions accordingly. February 1, 2018 Posted by \| Japan \| , \| Leave a comment U.S. would back a rethink of Japan’s plutonium recycling program: White House WASHINGTON – The United States would back a change to Japan’s nuclear fuel reprocessing program because there are concerns it may lead to an increase in its ally’s stockpile of unused plutonium, a senior White House official said. If Japan were to change course “they would find the United States to be supportive,” Jon Wolfsthal, senior director for arms control and nonproliferation at the National Security Council, said in a recent interview. Wolfsthal’s remark reflected concerns in President Barack Obama’s administration about the future of Japan’s large plutonium stockpiles, which can be used to make nuclear weapons. Wolfsthal said the upcoming renewal in 2018 of a bilateral nuclear agreement with Japan “has the potential to become a very controversial issue.” The 1988 pact authorizes Japan to reprocess used nuclear fuel when the fuel includes U.S.-produced uranium. “There is no question that plutonium recycling in Japan has been expensive, that it is a challenging future for Japan,” Wolfsthal said. In March, Foreign Minister Fumio Kishida defended the reprocessing of used nuclear fuel, saying the United States has approved it. The United States and Japan have discussed what a decision to have large stockpiles of plutonium that “don’t have a dedicated pathway to use and disposition” means for global efforts to restrict reprocessing and enrichment, he said. If Japan keeps recycling plutonium, “what is to stop other countries from thinking the exact same thing?” Wolfsthal said, apparently referring to concerns that other Asian countries such as China and South Korea may compete to get involved in similar projects. Under the Japanese reprocessing program, plutonium extracted from used nuclear fuel is recycled to make plutonium-uranium mixed oxide fuel usable at nuclear power plants. Japan has licensed companies in foreign countries such as Britain and France to produce the so-called MOX fuel. Japan came up with the plutonium recycling program in the face of potential international suspicion that a large stockpile of plutonium could encourage it to go nuclear. But the plutonium recycling effort has hit a snag because most of Japan’s nuclear plants have suspended operations due to public safety concerns since the meltdowns at the Fukushima No. 1 plant following the giant earthquake and tsunami in 2011. Obama has urged Japan and other countries to give up unused nuclear materials including plutonium as part of his efforts to strengthen control over the management of nuclear substances all over the world to prevent terrorists from obtaining them. Japan had 48 tons of plutonium as of the end of 2014 and sent 331 kilograms of plutonium to the United States earlier this year. May 22, 2016 Posted by \| Japan \| \| Leave a comment
DEV Community Flux, Redux and React Redux overview renatobentorocha profile image Renato Rocha ・4 min read Flux pattern was proposed by Facebook for building client-side web applications. This pattern, according to Facebook, is divided in parts: dispatcher, stores, and the views. The Flux documentation warns that this pattern do not be confused with MVC once controllers do exist in a Flux application, but they are controller-views. Flux vs MVC In application all data flow through the dispatcher that manages it. It is a simple mechanism for distributing the actions to the stores. Each store registers itself and provides a callback. When an action is dispatcher, all registered stores receive the action. Normally in the top of the view hierarchy, controller-views, listen for events that are broadcast by the stores. After receive the broadcast it requests the new data to the stores. Then calls its own setState() causing its render() and your descendants. An action is a function wich the dispacher will trigger it to the stores. This function may receive params and return an object with a type an perhaps a payload. function doSomeThing() { return { type: "DO_SOME_THING", payload: { data } Redux is a state container for JavaScript apps that implements some parts of the Flux pattern and is founded on three principles. Core Principles • Single source of truth: there is a single object that maintains the entire state of the application. • State is read-only: the state can not be changed directly, to this an action need be be emitted expressing intention. • Changes are made with pure functions: when an action is emitted it is received by reducers that are pure functions. The reducer will take as parameters the previous state, an action and will returns the next state. JavaScript example As Redux is a state container for JavaScript application, we can try it without another libray such as React. mkdir redux_test && cd redux_test && yarn init -y yarn add redux and from the redux documentation we following a simple exemplo: const redux = require("redux"); const readline = require("readline"); const { promisify } = require("util"); const reader = readline.createInterface({ input: process.stdin, output: process.stdout reader.question[promisify.custom] = question => { return new Promise(resolve => { reader.question(question, resolve); const INITIAL_STATE = 0; * -- reducer -- * @param {number} state * @param {{type: string, payload: number}} action function counter(state = INITIAL_STATE, action) { switch (action.type) { case "INCREMENT": return state + action.payload; return state; const store = redux.createStore(counter); store.subscribe(() => console.log(`store.subscribe: ${store.getState()}`)); const question = promisify(reader.question); * Dispatch an action to store: store.dispatch async function read() { while (true) { await question("Next inc number\n") .then(inc => store.dispatch({ type: "INCREMENT", payload: Number(inc) })) .catch(err => console.log(err)); and we can run with: node script_name.js typing some positive and negative number to see the results. As Redux is a state container for JavaScript applications, this can be used with any UI framework that has a binding library for the Redux. The React Redux is the official Redux binding for React applications. This is maintained directly by the Redux team keeping updated with any changes in the Redux. With the store and reducer created at Redux we need pass the store through the component tree and we can use hooks to access it. import React from "react"; import ReactDOM from "react-dom"; import Counter from "./Counter"; import { Provider } from "react-redux"; import store from "./redux/store"; <Provider store={store}> <Counter /> In the counter component: import React from "react"; import { useSelector, useDispatch } from "react-redux"; export const Counter = () => { const dispatch = useDispatch(); const counter = useSelector(state => state.counter); return ( <span>`counter: ${counter}`</span> <button onClick={() => dispatch({ type: "INCREMENT", payload: 1 })}> In this article, an overview of Flux, Redux and React Redux was taken: the first (Flux) is a pattern proposed by Facebook that separates business logic from visualization; second (Redux), which is a library that implements some parts of Flux and, finally, React Redux, a library used as a link between React applications and Redux library. Discussion (0) Forem Open with the Forem app
Includes chess math Math and chess and beauty 1 Mathematics and Chess and Beauty Christian Hesse The Ministry of Education and Research has been organizing the Science Years since 2000. After 2007, the year of the humanities, 2008 was declared the year of mathematics. In addition, both a World Chess Championship (for the first time in 74 years) and a Chess Olympiad (for the first time in 48 years) took place in Germany in 2008. Looking back, 2008 can also be seen as the year of chess in Germany. Reason enough for us to look at some problems in the intersection of these two intelligent activities. Specifically, we are concerned with solving chess problems with mathematical tools on the one hand and solving non-chess (!) Mathematical problems with chess accessories, namely with chessboard and pieces, on the other hand, both against the background of intelligent beauty. Many mathematicians have been inspired by the game of chess to answer interesting questions, and quite a few chess players, conversely, are also enthusiastic about mathematical puzzles and problems. In the language of mathematical game theory, chess is a two-person, non-random, zero-sum game with complete information. The term zero-sum game in the context of two people generally describes competitive situations in which one is always the other's disadvantage. There are no so-called win-win situations from which both parties benefit. The addition with complete information means that both players are in principle always fully informed of all possible consequences of all possible courses of action. As early as 1912, the mathematician Ernst Zermelo proved that such games (such as, besides chess, mill, checkers, tic-tac-toe) are determined. This means that one of the following three statements is true: A: White has a strategy that guarantees victory. B: White has a strategy that guarantees at least a draw, but a strategy like in A. C: Black has a strategy that guarantees victory. Because of the astronomical number of possible move orders, it is open whether statement A or B or C applies to chess. G. H. Hardy has estimated that there are different game courses (i.e. 10 to the power of 10 to the power of 50). An incredible number, even in comparison with the estimated only for the number of particles in the universe. Zermelos result is a pure result of existence. It proves the existence of a strategy that makes either A or B or C a true statement, but does not state what that strategy looks like and which of the three statements is correct. In principle one can construct this strategy for a perfect game in chess through the mathematical method of the backward indution. The starting point is a database with all positions in which black is matt. From this a partial database is generated with all positions in which White can checkmate only once, then a partial database with positions in which Black cannot prevent White's mating in the next move, then a partial database with positions from which White always has one Can reach a position in which Black on the move cannot prevent White from being mated on the next move. This process is continued in stages: In each step you move a half-move further away from mate to positions with all 32 pieces and White to move. Then the set W of all these 32-Steiner is connected by the shortest path in the constructed sequence of sub-databases with a mated position. Starting from one of these 32-stoneers, the associated path shows the moves for a perfect game on both sides: When it is White's turn, there is an alternative that leads to mate faster. When it is Black's turn, there is another defense that delays mate longer. The set W includes all positions with 32 pieces, in which White can win with a move. Now you can do the same thing from the point of view of black, starting with the database of all possible positions in which white is matt. Ultimately, you get the set S of all 32-Steiners in which, with White on move, Black can necessarily win. All other 32-stoners, i.e. all except enes in the sets W and S, lead to a draw with the best game on both sides. This set of draw positions is denoted by R. Then it depends on which of these three sets the starting position in chess is in, in W or R or S. It depends on whether the statement A or B or C applies to the game of chess. But the game tree in chess is so big that even the most powerful computers cannot cope with it. It is different with mill, lady and tic-tac-toe; these games have now been analyzed. All three lead to a draw with the best game on both sides. Chess and math have a number of structural and other similarities. Chess is as abstruse as math. For simplified illustration only, 156 FOKUS MDMV 17 / You play it with pieces on a board. But in the end one only has to imagine 64 related spatial points and the effects of force fields on these spatial points, because the figures are only embodiments of forces, and these require a physically extended field of view. Chess is subject to rules. These are arbitrary and man-made, just like the axioms in mathematics. You determine what it means to play chess or do math. In chess, piece patterns are their identification, analysis and evaluation - of crucial importance. Mathematics, on the other hand, is, according to one possible definition, the science of patterns. One of the oldest sub-areas, geometry, studies patterns of point sets in plane and space. The undemanding intelligent province of number theory onglates with patterns in whole numbers. The modern domain of stochasti examines patterns in random processes. And last but not least, and above all: Mathematics and chess are both sources of perceived beauty. The feeling of something beautiful is fundamentally linked to the feeling of pleasure. As a basic requirement for an aesthetic experience, one needs something that touches the senses, the heart or the mind in a positive way: a perfectly shaped building, a beguiling symphony, a colorful sunset, a sympathetic face, a sophisticated demonstration of thought. It is comparatively easy to experience beauty through the senses. In order to feel intelligent beauty, on the other hand, the basic requirement is a training of the mind. This applies to chess and math in equal measure. But the intelligently perceived beauty is no less intense than the sensual one. And to follow up on this last statement immediately: An important reason to deal with math and chess is the beauty that can be experienced. As far as the aesthetics of mathematics are concerned: the seamless fit with which an ensemble of individual considerations and small fragments of thought form a stringent line of argument, as they interlock like the cogs on a clock and provide the larger whole of a successful mathematical proof, has something extremely elegant , Harmonious and simply beautiful. The most successful manifestations of this genre sometimes trigger real firewalls on the cerebral cortex. The aesthetics of mathematics lie in the radiation of ingeniously connected ideas. Mathemati is ideology, the study of ideas. The bestselling author Simon Singh calls it the sexiest discipline on the planet. And mathematicians are engineers in this wonderful world of ideas. Korolov, who will checkmate in one move? Mathematical tools for chess problems Mathematical methods can be used extensively, also in chess. Let us consider the above example, which demonstrates in an impressive way the effectiveness and beauty of even simple mathematical ideas in solving chess problems. The problem is clear, but an answer seems impossible. If it were White's turn, he could mate with 1.Nxc7. With Black to move, 1 ... Nxc2 would be mate. The question therefore boils down to determining who is to move in the above position. But how should this be decided on the basis of the diagram position alone? After all, the knights, rooks and kings of both sides can have made any number of moves and therefore it seems that it is now both white and black's turn. However, this is not the case with a more detailed analysis with a higher fine adjustment. The answer is based on the simple concept of parity. The term parity is used in mathematics to distinguish between even and odd numbers. If two integers are both even or both odd, they have the same parity. If one is even and the other is odd, they have different parities. There are many ingenious considerations based on simple parity considerations. The solution to the above chess problem is actually quite simple and at the same time extremely elegant when using the parity principle as a tool: a knight changes the color of his standing square with every move. At the beginning the two jumpers of a team stand on fields of different colors. In the diagram above, however, the two white knights are on squares of the same color and have therefore made an odd number of moves overall. How many moves that are is unannounced, but it is an odd number. The two white rooks and the white king together have made an even number of moves, and a white pawn move has also taken place. All other white pieces have not moved. So MDMV 17 / FOKUS is an even number 157 3 white moves happen. With a similar argument one shows that the number of black moves is odd. We don't need any more information. Since White has started, it is Black's turn and can mate with 1 ... Nxc2. The most famous mathematician among chess players (and vice versa) was probably the Dutchman Max Euwe (), world chess champion from and from 1954 professor of mathematics. In Euwe's time, the World Chess Federation was discussing several rules that were supposed to force the end of any game of chess in a finite number of moves. One of these rules was as follows: A game of chess ends in a draw when the same sequence of moves, with all pieces on exactly the same squares, occurs three times in a row. It doesn't matter how many moves this sequence consists of. Concretely, towards the end of the 1920s, Euwe asked himself whether this rule turns chess into a game that is necessarily over after a finite number of moves. Conversely: Are there infinite, senseless games to which it cannot be used? Is it possible that a game of chess can go on forever without any arbitrarily long sequence of moves occurring three times in a row? In his treatise Set Theoretical Considerations on the Game of Chess, Koninlie Aademie van Wetenschappen, 32, (1929), Euwe answered this question with yes. For this purpose, Euwe has constructed a game that is based on a sequence of numbers, the Thue-Morse sequence. It consists only of zeros and ones. It can be easily constructed with the following recipe: Start with a 0. Then always append the complementary sequence to the existing part of the sequence. This is the sequence where 0 and 1 are swapped. The beginning of the sequence is therefore formally, one can write the Thue-Morse sequence (an) as a 0 = 0 and for all natural numbers then a 2 = a and a 2 + 1 = a, where x is the term for a sequence term x = 1 x denotes the binary complement of x. If the first 2 terms of the sequence have been formed, this reursion formula gives the next 2, i.e. a total of 2 +1 terms. Two statements are obvious: Fact 1: The sequence consists only of blocks of four, either of the form 0110 or 1001. Fact 2: The sequence does not change because a 2 = a if you delete every sequence term with an odd index: 01/10/10/01/10/01/01/10/10/01/01/10/01/10 / 10/01 / Euwe could now prove that the Thue-Morse sequence is triple-free. What this means is that there is a section in the sequence that occurs three times in a row. It works like this: We assume that the episode is not triple-free. So there is a sequence section of m sequence members (an m section) that occurs three times in a row. We show that this can be a natural m. For m = 1 this would require 3 sections of the form 000 or 111, which contradicts fact 1. From this one immediately deduces the impossibility for m = 2, because because of fact 2, the occurrence of three identical 2-sections directly one after the other would also result in the same for three identical 1-sections. For m = 3, let xyz be a 3-section. According to the current state of our discussion, there are six possibilities for the appearance of three consecutive of these 3 sections: or or or or or All these segments are, however, impossible due to fact 1. The case m = 4 is also impossible because of fact 2, because the occurrence of three 4-sections in a row would result in the occurrence of three 2-sections, which we have already ruled out. The cases m> 4 still remain. The odd m can be excluded from this as follows: Due to fact 1, the m-section must contain a pair 11 or a pair 00 and the first member of any pair must always have an odd index. But if m were odd, the first repetition of the m-segment would have the first member of the pair with an even index. The same argumentation as for m = 2 and m = 4 can be applied to all even numbers, until this reduction leads to an odd m or an m <5. QED. What does the Thue-Morse series have to do with chess and the possibility of infinite games? Euwe constructed a game of chess from this sequence using the simple rule: Replace ede 0 with the move sequence Nb1 c3 Nb8 c6 Sc3 b1 Sc6 b8. Replace ede 1 with the move order Ng1 f3 Ng8 f6 Nf3 g1 Nf6 g8. Then the Thue-Morse sequence corresponds to the infinite, low-content partie1.sc3sc62.sb1sb83.sf3sf64.sg1 Sg85.Sf3Sf66.Sg1Sg FOKUS MDMV 17 / 4 Because the sequence of numbers is not triplicate, there is a sequence of moves, no matter how short or long, that is repeated three times immediately. The proposed rule allows a draw relation in this game. Euwe's analysis prompted the World Chess Federation not to introduce this rule. Mathemati with chessboard and pieces Every possible assignment of the lecturer to lectures means the selection of exactly one symbol + from each row and each column. This can be translated into a language of chess. A rook in chess allegedly attacks a piece that is in the same row or column as the rook. The assignment of lecturers to lectures is therefore synonymous with the placement of four non-attacking towers on the not crossed out squares of the following 4 4 chess board: Are you running out of money in the bar? ... Let your friend pay! writes Greg Gutfeld in Men s Health magazine: Let him shuffle two decks of cards and place them next to each other. Explain that you will always take one card from each stack at the same time. And bet that at some point a pair of identical cards will appear. Intuitively, it seems quite unlikely that identical cards will appear in identical positions in two shuffled decks of cards. But intuition can be fooled. Is it really unlikely? To make the work easier, we will switch to a different but equivalent type of representation. To do this, we write the numbers 1, 2, ..., 52 next to each other in this order. Then we note a purely random scrambling, i.e. permutation, of the numbers 1 to 52 in the row directly below, generated, for example, by repeatedly pulling from an urn without putting it back. How likely is it to find two identical numbers in the same position in the two rows? This is the question of the probability of a fixed point in the case of a random permutation. Put another way, the task falls into the context of problems that ask about the number of permutations with forbidden positions. Another example of this type of problem is as follows: In an institute there are four lecturers and four lectures to be given. The lecturers have specializations and preferences and can therefore give (+) or not give () certain lectures. Lecture Lecturer Algebra Geometry Stochasti Topology Adler + + Bauer + + Conrad Dorfmann Each lecturer must offer exactly one lecture, and each lecture must be offered exactly once. In how many different ways can the lecturers be assigned to the lectures? Illustration of a chessboard with a forbidden area The crossed-out squares together are labeled V and form the forbidden area. It is a subset of fields of the nxn chessboard S. Every permutation f of n numbers can also be represented on an nxn chessboard: The columns denote i = 1, 2, ..., n and the rows denote the f (i ), i = 1, 2, ..., n. Each permutation then corresponds to a partial coloring of the chessboard, in which exactly one field (i, f (i)) is colored in every row and column. We call the set of colored fields the pattern of the permutation f. Analogously, one can say: Each permutation corresponds to the placement of n non-attacking rooks on an nxn chessboard. Now let N be the number of permutations in which exat the entries (i, f (i)), i = 1, 2, ..., n, fall into the forbidden area V.This is equal to the number of possibilities to place n non-attacking rooks on the chessboard S with forbidden area V in such a way that the squares contained in V are exactly. Furthermore, let t (S) or shortly t be the number of possibilities to place non-attacking rooks on the chessboard S so that all are in the forbidden area V. After these determinations we now define the polynomial N n (x) = N 0 + N 1 x 1 + N 2 x 2 + + N nxn We are looking for the value of the coefficient N 0, the number of different permutations without forbidden positions . This is the value of the polynomial N n (x) evaluated at position 0. This polynomial obeys the following relationship: N n (x) = t (n)! (X 1) = 0 This consideration may serve as a reason: Let m the number of pairs (f, B), where f is a permutation and B is a subset of the pattern MDMV 17 / FOKUS 159 consisting of fields 5 denoted by the forbidden area V cut from f. The numbers m can be determined in two different ways: 1. For each one can choose the permutation f in N ways so that entries fall into the set V, and then there are possibilities to define the subset B. Hence m = = N 2. There are t possibilities to choose the subset B and then to choose (n)! Possibilities to extend every B to a permutation f. Hence m = t (n)! Taken together both results in = N = t (n)! and with summation over we get to = 0 = N y = t (n)! y = 0 The line side of this relationship can easily be processed further to = 0 = 0 N y = = N = 0 = 0 y N (y + 1) = 0 = N n (y + 1) If one sets y = x 1 in this, then one obtains the desired N n (x) = t (n)! (X 1) = 0 This equation fulfills an oversoll. All we need is: N 0 = N n (0) = t (n)! (1) = 0 and this is the number of permutations we are looking for with no forbidden entries. The advantage of this approach is that the numbers N including N 0 are usually extremely difficult to access, whereas the numbers t can easily be determined using their polynomial: For a given chessboard S with a forbidden area, we define with the numbers t = t (S) (the different possibilities of placing non-attacking towers on the fields of S so that all are in the forbidden area) the so-called tower polynomial of S: t (s, x) = 1 + t 1 x 1 + t 2 x 2 + + tnxn Even for complicated chessboards S and forbidden areas, rook polynomials can be calculated with relatively little effort, since there are certain simplifying operations that can be applied to the board. First of all, the rows as well as the columns of the chessboard can be interchanged at will without the rook polynomial changing for the newly created board. Furthermore, if the chessboard S including the forbidden area can be broken down in the form S 1 L 1 L 2 S 2 where L 1, L 2 are suitably dimensioned rights of non-forbidden fields, then the pleasantly simple product formula for rook polynomials t (s, x) = t (s 1, x). t (s 2, x). The reason for this is the following: Place Mananni towers on S 1 and i towers on S 2. For this there is t i (S 1). t i (S 2) possibilities .. Then all cases have to be added, that is to say sum over all i. This gives t (S) = ti (S 1) ti (S 2) i = 0 with t 0 (S i) = 1. This results in the product formula by multiplying by x, summing over = 0 to = n and sorting the summand. Finally, a development sentence should be noted here. For every given field P from the forbidden area of a chessboard S, the t (S) possible arrangements of rooks can be divided into two classes. Those with a tower on P and ene without a tower on P. If a tower is on P, there may be another tower in the row or column of P. This partial board, reduced by the row and column of P, is denoted by S r, and there are t 1 (S r) tower arrangements on it. In the second case, only the P field needs to be removed. This sub-board, reduced by the field P, is called S e.also t (S) = t 1 (S r) + t (S e) and, analogously to the product formula, the development theorem t (s, x) = xt (sr, x) + t (se, x) Applying these easy-to-use rules to the lecturer example, we first get that the rook polynomial from the chessboard in Figure 1 with the prohibited area there is the same as the rook polynomial of the following Boards: 160 FOKUS MDMV 17 / 6 of the permutations without forbidden entries and the total number of all possible permutations: Figure chessboard with equivalent forbidden area The transition is explained by swapping the 2nd and 4th row of the original board. The tower polynomial of this new board can be calculated from the tower polynomials of the two simple 2 2-part boards S 1 and S 2 with forbidden areas as marked: p 52! E 1 52! = e 1 = 0.3679 And the probability of at least one fixed point is 1 p 0.6321 That is a rather high probability of almost 2/3 for this event that was initially not considered to be very likely. It is therefore beneficial to bet on the event of identical cards in the same position. This type of problem is just one of many beautiful uses of tower polynomials in mathematics. They prove to be extremely useful tools not only in combinatorial problems, but also in group theory and in many areas of number theory. Figure 3. Deomposition of the board from Figure 2 into 2x2 part boards S 1 and S 2 It is quite obvious t (s 1, x) = t (s 2, x) = 1 + 3x + x 2 excerpts from the opening lecture at the Chess Olympiad Dresden 2008 and a lecture at the University of Stuttgart Prof. Dr. Christian Hesse, University of Stuttgart, Institute for Stochasti and Applications, Pfaffenwaldring 57, Stuttgart. and thus t (s, x) = t (s 1, x). t (s 2, x) = (1 + 3x + x 2) 2 = 1 + 6x + 11x 2 + 6x 3 + x 4 By reading off the coefficients you get the numbers t 1 (S) = 6, t for this board 2 (S) = 11, t 3 (S) = 6, t 4 (S) = 1 together with t 0 (S) = 1. In summary, the desired solution N 0 = 4 results! 6. 3! ! 6. 1! ! = 5 Applying these considerations to the card placement problem, n = 52. And the forbidden positions on the associated chessboard are all squares along the diagonal from top left to bottom right. How many possibilities are there t of placing non-attacking towers on this diagonal? Obviously, t is equal to the number of possibilities to select the 52 diagonal fields, so quite simply 52 t = Harvard graduate Christian Hesse is professor of mathematics at the University of Stuttgart. The research focus of the professor in the Federal Republic of Germany, who was the longest after his appointment in 1991, is in the field of stochasti. In addition to numerous scientific works and some textbooks, he published the chess book Expeditions in die Schachwelt in 2006, which was praised by the Vienna Standard as one of the most ingenious and readable books that was written about the game of chess. Together with the Klitscho brothers, soccer coach Felix Magath, film producer Artur Brauner, actress and singer Vaile and ex-world champion Anatoli Karpov, he was appointed international ambassador for the 2008 Dresden Chess Olympiad. In May 2009 his latest book was published: The leash table of laren denens 22 tools for a better life. This leads us immediately to N 0 = (52)! (1) = 0 = 52! (1 1 1! + 1 2! 1 3!!) 52! E 1 Thus the probability p is that the card decoding takes place without a fixed point , the quotient of the number MDMV 17 / FOKUS 161
Something from the archive From issue 22 of What’s Next (June/July 2009). We’ve had Spanish flu (1918-19), Asian flu (1957) and Hong Kong flu (1968-69). Then we had SARS, bird flu and recently, swine flu. There is also seasonal flu, which appears every winter and kills about 250,000 people annually, although this is often forgotten. The idea, “community of anxiety”, was coined in 2004 by the writer, Ian McEwan, in Saturday, a novel about events surrounding the Iraq war. A similar idea is information pandemics. Both ideas describe the way fear and anxiety are spreading throughout the world, fuelled primarily by the interconnectivity of digital communications. It can start with a single email, spread to a blog and end up on Twitter. The result is global panic on an unseen scale and outbreaks are difficult to contain. In early May, the World Health Organization talked about the need to stockpile food and water due to the swine flu outbreak and raised the threat level to five out of a possible six. Meanwhile, airports were installing thermal scanners and newspapers revelled in the story as it grew more scary and spectacular. The whole world seemed to be running for cover wearing a variety of (mostly useless) facemasks. Fear was spreading fast, fed with a mixture of confusion and impotence. The threat is real enough. The 1918 outbreak killed 20-50 million people in less than 18-months while the Black Death in the 14th century wiped out a third of the European population in just two years. Even the Asia and Hong Kong pandemics killed about 1-2 million people apiece. But we are confusing what’s possible with what’s probable. The reason is a collective feeling – a mood if you like – that something big and nasty is coming our way. This is partly because a string of events, from 9/11 and climate change to the economic collapse, have left us feeling unsure about what’s next. It is possible that a real pandemic will eventually emerge. It will probably start in an overcrowded Asian city and travel economy class on a jet to the US and Europe. We may be able to contain it or we may not. The science surrounding such things is uncertain. Interestingly though, there appears to be a sense that we deserve things like this to happen to us. In some way, we are collectively guilty (because we borrowed too much money or damaged the planet with our selfish, materialist ways, perhaps) and we need to be punished. There is also a warped sense of curiosity at play. What would the world look like after a genuine pandemic? Would the death of 50 million people give everyone more food to eat? Another example of the fear factor was the jet that flew low over New York in early May. People automatically assumed another terrorist attack and panic whipped around Manhattan like wildfire. It turned out to be someone taking photographs but by then it was too late. And this, perhaps, is the point. Information now flows around the world too quickly and there is not enough time to properly react or to separate fact from opinion, anecdote from analysis, or sensation from science. There is too much information and much of it is unreliable. Thanks to Web 2.0 the old hierarchy of knowledge, where source related to trustworthiness and reliability, has broken down. Furthermore, the people we used to trust (scientists, politicians, religious figures) are now widely distrusted so we ignore them. Swine flu is killing about 0.1% of those it infects; the mortality rate for the 1918-19 variety was 2.5-5.0%. So very few people have died so far. This could still change but I doubt it. Nevertheless, the sense of impending apocalypse remains. Ref: Sydney Morning Herald (Aus) 2-3 May 2009, ‘Fear fever’, J. Huxley. See also The Fourth Horseman: A history of epidemics, plagues and other scourges by Andrew Nikiforuk, Panicology by Simon Briscoe and Hugh Aldersey-Williams and Risk: The science & politics of fear by Dan Gardner. Leave a Reply
Worksheets and No Prep Teaching Resources Worksheets and No Prep Teaching Resources Reading Comprehension Worksheets World Religion What is Hinduism? World Religion World Religion What is Hinduism? Print What is Hinduism? Reading Comprehension with Sixth Grade Work Print What is Hinduism? Reading Comprehension Reading Level edHelper's suggested reading level: grades 6 to 8 Flesch-Kincaid grade level: 6.85 challenging words: businessperson, butter-loving, flute-playing, Holi, incarnation, non-believers, reincarnation, rowdy, unofficially, best, universe, wage, rebirth, reunite, founding, triumph content words: Sanatan Dharma, Universal Religion, Other Hindu, Every Hindu, Black Dwarf, Many Hindus, Since Krishna, Sri Ramakrishna, In Hinduism, New Year What is Hinduism? By Colleen Messina 1 Hinduism is quite different from other world religions. For example, if you were a Muslim, you would read the Koran. If you were a Christian, you would read the Bible. However, if you were a Hindu, you would read a variety of ancient texts. While other major religions have a founding father or prophet, Hinduism has no original teacher. Hinduism is a unique religion in many ways. 2 Hinduism is over three thousand years old. The word "hindu" comes from Hind, which is a Persian word for India. Indians call their religion the Sanatan Dharma, which means "Universal Religion." In the broadest sense, Hinduism is the religion of the many peoples of India. 3 The country of India has many different regions, and Hinduism is not the same in each region. However, all Hindus love their sacred scriptures. The Rig-Veda is the oldest of the Hindu scriptures. In one part of this legend, a dragon named Vritra steals all of the water on earth. A god named Indra heroically fights the dragon to get the water back, and when he does, life is restored to the land. This story was first told orally. Later, Indians wrote them down in Sanskrit around 1500 B.C. Other Hindu scriptures include the Ramayana, the Upanishads, and the Mahabharata. These texts contain the core beliefs of Hinduism. 4 One central belief in Hinduism is a belief in Brahman, the universal spirit behind everything. He is the force behind all other deities. Brahman shows himself through many gods and goddesses. Every Hindu has his or her favorite god or goddess, and many temples dot the landscapes of India. There are also stunning statues of the Hindu deities in every home. This idea of a host of deities representing different aspects of Brahman is quite different from the Jewish, Christian, or Muslim idea of one god. 5 Some of the most dramatic statues represent the Hindu trinity. Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva are the three parts of the Trimurti, or holy trinity. Brahma's job was to create the universe. He is different than Brahman, the universal spirit. Representations of Brahma sometimes show three heads so that he can keep an eye (or six of them) on his creation! After he made the world, he was done with his job. 6 However, the other two parts of the Hindu trinity have ongoing work like the rest of us. Shiva's job is to destroy one cycle of life so that a new cycle can begin. One common statue of Shiva shows him dancing with a circle of flames surrounding his head. He is balancing on his right foot, while lifting up his left foot. His right foot rests on top of the Black Dwarf, a demon of ignorance. Shiva has four arms and wild, whirling hair! Flowers, snakes, and even a skull are held in his wavy locks. The symbols in this statue come from an ancient legend where Shiva conquered 10,000 non-believers by stomping on the demon of ignorance. Many Hindus love Shiva's fierceness! 7 Another part of the Hindu trinity is Vishnu. He has the 24/7 job of keeping order in the universe, which is probably a bit harder than keeping your room clean! Some of the liveliest stories in the Hindu tradition are about the avatars of Vishnu who came down to earth. An avatar is an incarnation of a god. Each of the ten avatars of Vishnu came to rescue earth from trouble. The first avatar came as a fish to rescue the world from a flood. Another avatar was a warrior named Parashurama. He wiped out a bad king. One of the liveliest avatars of Vishnu was Krishna. He was avatar number eight. He had the blue skin and was a butter-loving, flute-playing cowherd. Krishna has unofficially won the most popular avatar award in Hinduism! 8 One of the reasons that Indians love Krishna is because he is the central character in an enormous poem called the Mahabharata. One important part of this poem is called the Bhagavad-Gita, which tells the story of a war between relatives. One family represents good, while the other family represents evil. Arjuna is the leader of the good side, and Krishna is his charioteer. Together they wage an exciting war against darkness! Paragraphs 9 to 16: For the complete story with questions: click here for printable Weekly Reading Books Create Weekly Reading Books Prepare for an entire week at once! Feedback on What is Hinduism? Leave your feedback on What is Hinduism? (use this link if you found an error in the story) World Religion World Religion Social Studies Social Studies United States History and Theme Units American Government Ancient America Ancient China Ancient Egypt Ancient Greece Ancient India Ancient Mesopotamia Ancient Rome Canadian Theme Unit Country Theme Units Crime and Terrorism European History: 1600s-1800s Famous Educators Grades 2-3 Social Studies Wendy's World Series History of Books and Writing History of Mathematics How Can I Help? Inventors and Inventions Middle Ages World Religion World War I World War II World Wonders Copyright © 2018 edHelper
Why going urban means more gender discrimination The upside of India's growing urbanisation is faster growth and more investments. The downside, in the near term, is growing sex discrimination and declining sex ratio in urban areas. Manika July 28, 2011 10:01:14 IST Why going urban means more gender discrimination The latest data release from Census 2011 shows a huge spurt in India's urbanisation. Every third Indian now lives in a metro, city or town. The census numbers show that 31.2 percent of India's population now lives in urban areas, up from a little under 28 percent a decade ago. This is the fastest increase in the history of independent India, and also the first time that the absolute number of persons added to urban areas is also higher than those in rural areas. Technically, when the population of a place with an existing municipality (or its substitute) exceeds 5,000, has 75 percent or above of its male population in non-agricultural occupations and the density rises to at least 400 per square kilometre, it is classified as an urban area. Why going urban means more gender discrimination Urbanisation is a positive insofar as it is a consequence as well as catalyst of economic growth. Reuters Urbanisation is a positive insofar as it is a consequence as well as catalyst of economic growth. In a recent report, the National Institute of Urban Affairs argues that demand created by urbanisation results in investments in ancillary sectors like logistics, packaging, retailing among others to create a rural-urban synergy. With higher growth rates expected to continue, rapid urbanisation is also to be expected in the future. But while urbanisation augurs well for economic development, it also comes with its set of social challenges. Easier access to sex determination techniques have contributed to a lower child sex ratio (girl children per 1,000 boys in the 0-6 age group) in urban areas. The migration of more men than women to urban areas from rural areas has further contributed to a comparatively lower overall sex ratio (number of females per 1,000 males) as well. Gender imbalance is not a good sign and can lead to poor treatment of women. The latest census data also discloses the gender composition of rural and urban populations. These numbers show that the child-sex ratio, which has been declining for the country as a whole, is much lower for urban areas than for rural areas. With better technology being available for selective sex abortions, India's case of 'missing girls' is far more glaring in urban India than in rural areas. The child-sex ratio, which is otherwise an issue throughout the country, is even lower at 902 in urban areas as opposed to 919 in rural areas. The overall sex ratio is also worse in urban areas at 926 than in rural areas at 947. Over and above a poor child sex ratio to start with, migration from rural areas to urban areas in search of better economic opportunities is more among men than women. This skews the sex ratio further. A gender imbalance in turn results in "criminalisation of society," as the Financial Timespoints out in a recent article. The article quotes GD Bakshi of the Vivekananda International Foundation, a security think-tank, as saying that gender imbalance will lead to violence and conflict. "It will aggravate aggressive tendencies - whether they manifest in internal conflict, armed rebellions or you try and externalise conflict." In sum then, while urbanisation is leading to greater economic development, social progress is in the reverse with respect to gender based attitudes. Updated Date:
Open access peer-reviewed chapter Understanding the Causes of Reduced Startle Reactivity in Stress-Related Mental Disorders By Kevin D. Beck and Jennifer E. Catuzzi Submitted: May 2nd 2012Reviewed: September 5th 2012Published: March 20th 2013 DOI: 10.5772/53066 Downloaded: 2111 1. Introduction Many questions have plagued the study of the etiology and subsequent treatment of mental illness. In part, it is simply because, as far as we know, some mental illnesses are somewhat unique to the human condition. Moreover, clinical studies have produced many different results concerning potential biomarkers for conditions such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive disorder (MDD). In this chapter, we review how we approached modeling a specific behavioral condition, suppression of the startle reflex, by examining whether one of two commonly associated peripheral biomarkers of anxiety and depression could potentially cause this rather specific symptom. The two peripheral systems under investigation were the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the peripheral pro-inflammatory immune response, both of which have been implicated as a vulnerability factor, causal factor, or resultant (perpetuating) effect of PTSD and MDD. Our general theory is that peripheral endocrine and immune signals, measured to be abnormal in patients with either PTSD or MDD (as well as other mental disorders), are actually perpetuating the behavioral features of these disorders. At the same time, if an individual has an immunosensitivity or has an overactive adrenal gland, s/he would be more likely to experience some of the symptoms associated with one of the particular mental illnesses. This may then lead the brain to compensate for those peripheral abnormalities, but, at the same time, cause other imbalances, which lead to the experience of a decline into mental illness. Thus, treating these peripheral markers as part of the “mental” disorder may be quite beneficial in normalizing certain aspects of the diagnosed abnormal behavior. 2. The startle reflex and mental health 2.1. The startle reflex as an assessment tool One of the major impediments to the mechanistic study of mental illness is establishing analogs of the abnormal behaviors expressed in humans in animal models, especially in sub-primate species. This has led some to adopt reflex-based measures such that the face and construct validity of the behavior change can be readily translated between the model and patient populations. Consequently, a popular measures for the study of anxiety disorders has been the potentiation of the startle reflex; however, there is growing evidence that a dampening of the startle response may be indicative of changes in physiology that underlie different mental disorders. The startle reflex comprises a 3-synaptic sensory-motor neuronal pathway that serves as a defensive behavioral response to abrupt, usually intense, stimuli. The acoustic startle response (ASR) is the most commonly used form for studying this reflex. As shown in Figure 1, the primary ASR circuit begins with neurons in the cochlear nerve, transmitting the representation of the acoustic stimulus from the cochlea of the inner ear to the cochlear nucleus (in the brainstem). Efferent pathways from the cochlear nucleus project to the nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis (PnC), in the pons, forming the second synapse in this reflex arc. The third synapse forms from the efferent projections from the PnC to various motor nuclei, through the recticulospinal spinal tracts to the muscles of the torso [1] and the muscles enervated by the facial nerve. These muscle enervations create a rapid cascade of near-immediate behavioral responses to abrupt acoustic stimuli, ranging from less than 10 ms to approximately 50 ms. The ASR is modulated by several afferent connections originating from higher brain areas (midbrain, limbic, and cortical nuclei). At the level of the PnC, there are several inputs that can either enhance or inhibit the magnitude of an elicited ASR. In the area of fear and anxiety, the central amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) are considered the 2 major excitatory modulation structures on this reflex [2]. Some have proposed that the BNST is the origin of anxiety-like behaviors whereas the nuclei of the amygdala are the origin of acute fear responses and explicit fear-learning [3, 4]. The amygdala is predominately associated with causing classically conditioned fear-potentiated ASRs [5], and, in fact, has been specifically shown not to have a role in startle inhibition, at least via a learned conditioned inhibitor [6]. On the other hand, the process known as pre-pulse inhibition of the startle reflex (PPI) has elucidated neural pathways that can inhibit the expression of the ASR. For instance, the substantial nigra pars retriculata (SNR), pedunculopontine tegmentum (PPT) and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei (LDT) have inhibitory influence upon the PnC, thus reducing the measured ASR [7-10]. These three mid-brain nuclei (inhibitory) receive projections from various forebrain areas, including the amygdala, BNST, and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Thus, limbic system modulation of the ASR can occur through direct enervation of the PnC (excitatory) or indirect enervation through mid-brain nuclei. Figure 1. There are several nuclei within the midbrain/brainstem area that can directly modulate the intrinsic ASR circuit at the level of the nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis (PnC). Dashed red lines represent cholinergic inhibitory influences from the laterodorsal tegmental nuclei (LDT) and pedunculopontine tegmentum (PPT). Dashed black lines represent inhibitory GABAergic projections from the substantial nigra pars reticulata (SNR). A solid line from the parabrachial nucleus (PBN) is an example of a direct excitatory input to the PnC. 2.2. Abnormalities in the expression of the startle reflex in mental disorders Over all other mental disorders, PTSD is associated with changes in the startle reflex. Commonly associated with exaggerated startle responses [11-14], higher or exaggerated startle reflex responses are a criteria symptom for the diagnosis of PTSD [15]. However, recent evidence suggests that this may not always be the case. In fact, others have reviewed the literature and found there are a significant number of reports where the startle responses in PTSD patients are not exaggerated [16]. More extreme, there are reports, albeit limited, where patients diagnosed with PTSD appeared to have blunted motor reflex responses to an acoustic stimulus [17, 18]. These populations had distinctive qualities that were different than those studies that had found enhanced startle reactivity in their PTSD patients. First, the one study was exclusively female [18] and the other had a majority of female subjects [17], suggesting there may be a sex difference in the presentation of ASR in females as a result of experiencing trauma. However, others have reported enhanced startle responses in a different population of women diagnosed with PTSD following automobile accidents [19]. Thus, a second distinction between the two studies that observed suppressed startle reactions, which should be considered, is that the trauma was specifically associated with being the target of violence [17, 18]. Although women with a PTSD diagnosis stemming from a prior rape have not always exhibited blunted startle responses [20], this discrepancy may be due to individual differences and/or methodological differences in being sensitive to such changes, as some have reported laterality effects in PTSD patients, notably of those having been raped in the past [21]. A third quality of at least one of these two reports is that the subjects also exhibited symptoms associated with major depressive disorder [18]. This suggests stressful experiences may not cause a uniform change in sensory reactivity, and the expression of the coping response to the trauma may have psychophysiological ramifications that are quite different, both in terms of effects upon sensory-motor responding to acoustic stimuli as well as the full expression of symptoms. There is evidence that symptoms associated with depression may also include a blunted reaction to acoustic stimuli. Patients designated as “depressed”, having either a diagnosis of MDD or a significantly higher score on the Beck Depression Inventory (with or without additional neurological conditions), have been reported to exhibit blunted reactivity to acoustic stimuli, either with or without manipulations of affect [22-26]. Similarly, there is also evidence that bipolar disorder (BPD), the occurrence of at least one manic or mixed manic episode over the course of a patient’s lifetime, is characterized by blunted startle reactions as well, even during periods of remission [27]. A study by Carroll and colleagues found patients suffering from BPD exhibit attenuated baseline startle, most notably in those having experienced mixed episodes, not pure mania [28]. These data suggest there is a neurobiology of startle suppression that may provide critical insight to the underlying biological conditions that cause areas of the brain to improperly process information, in this case sensory-motor responses. 2.3. Animal models utilizing stress to dampen startle reactivity Across the studies that have documented reductions in the expression of the startle reflex in rodents, the common-most feature is that the magnitude of the response is dampened following exposure to a stressor manipulation. Reduced startle amplitudes have been documented in rats following: repeated 20 min restraint [29]; inescapable tailshock [30-32]; predator exposure coupled with an intraperitoneal injection [33]; immune-challenge [34, 35], and a single session of footshocks [36]. Interestingly, despite some differences in methodology, inescapable tailshock [30], inescapable footshock [36], and predator exposure with injection [33], all showed reduction in ASR measurements that could notbe attributable to enhanced habituation to the acoustic stimuli. Yet, studies utilizing inescapable tailshock (in females) haveestablished that exposure to the stressor condition causes a change in startle responsivity (the magnitude of the measured startle responses), not startle sensitivity (the threshold to elicit a certain percentage of startle responses). Thresholds for eliciting ASRs are not increased in the shocked females; instead, the magnitudes of the elicited startle responses are lower [31, 32]. This suggests, at least for the female stress model, that the presumed increased inhibition upon the activity in the intrinsic ASR circuit is occurring through the motor response aspect of the reflex arc. The muscles are simply not as mobilized when this condition is induced. This model condition has been termed by some stress-induced startle suppression[32, 34]. There are significant differences in the temporal characteristics of these different startle-suppression models in rodents. Inescapable tailshock causes a reduction in startle magnitude in female rats that is evident hours within exposure [31, 32], possibly lasting up to a day later, when the bouts of shock are expanded to a few consecutive days [30]. The footshock-induced suppression of startle reactivity is evident 4 h following stressor exposure [36]. The immune-challenge models parallel these stressor manipulations by causing reductions in startle reactivity within a couple hours of administration of the challenge [34, 35]. Thus, one interpretation of these data is that painful stressors are causing changes in the peripheral immune system, which, in turn, dampen startle reactivity during the time of their activity [34], on the range of hours. Following this logic, when females were tracked 4 and 8 days following tailshock, reductions in startle reactivity in the stressor-exposed rats did not reach statistical significance [30]. In contrast, the predator-exposure + injection model shows immediate suppression following the stressor exposure, which continues to be present 1 week later [33]. In addition, it is evident both under dark and light conditions [33], suggesting the change in the startle response is not occurring due to a change in reactivity to other stimuli that are known to modulate startle reactivity, such as light-enhanced startle [37]. Thus, this observance suggests that changes in ASR magnitude may be extended beyond the acute effects of stressor exposure that could be attributed to the short-term effects of immune signaling that would be in response to the injection (or possibly even shock). 3. Peripheral mechanisms of reduced startle reactivity 3.1. Hypothalamic-Pituitary Adrenal (HPA)–axis Two interrelated mechanisms have been proposed as potential causes of startle suppression, the first being glucocorticoid hormone reception. Adamec and colleagues showed the reduction of startle magnitudes following combined cat exposure and saline injection could be blocked by substituting the saline injection with the glucocorticoid receptor antagonists RU-486 [33]. We subsequently tried to induce the effect in our female rats by administering the synthetic glucocorticoid agonist, dexamethasone. Startle responses were assessed 2 and 4 h following dexamethasone administration. As shown in Figure 2, the dexamethasone did not appreciably change the magnitude of the elicited ASRs, nor did it affect the number of ASRs elicited (data not shown). These findings suggest that the reception of corticosterone at the glucorticoid receptor is not sufficient to reduce ASR magnitudes. One possibility is that RU-486 blocked the suppressed startle, in that model system, via a non-glucocorticoid mechanism, for example via progesterone receptor antagonism. A connection to progesterone will be discussed further below as it pertains to a pro-inflammatory response mechanism, in contrast to an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid response, but this finding is supported by previous work that shows elevations in circulating corticosterone are not necessary for corticotrophin releasing hormone to increase ASR magnitudes, despite stimulating increased activity in the HPA-axis [38]. Likewise, the suppression of ASR magnitudes in Occidental low saccharine consuming rats is not recapitulated by substituting corticosterone administration for the shock exposure [36]. Therefore, a role of glucocorticoids in the suppression of ASR magnitudes may be limited. Figure 2. In order to increase binding at the glucocorticoid receptors, the synthetic glucocorticoid analog, dexamethasone, was administered s.c. (0.1 mg/kg) to female Sprague Dawley rats (n= 8-9). The magnitudes of the elicited ASRs only differed across the Stimulus Intensity, F (1, 15) = 135.3, p <.001, not drug administration. Data are collapsed over the 2 startle test sessions. A cross (†) represents within-group difference from the highest stimulus intensity (p <.05, Fishers LSD). 3.2. Pro-inflammatory cytokines The second mechanism, which is intertwined with the HPA-axis, is the peripheral pro-inflammatory immune response. We first showed that a ovarian hormone-dependent suppression of startle magnitudes could be induced by a single injection of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-1β [34], an effect that appears to parallel that observed following tailshock [31]. This effect was later replicated in male rats using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) [35]. Still, peripherally released IL-1β elicits the release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal through stimulation of the vagus nerve, paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, and pituitary gland, which provides an anti-inflammatory response to the pro-inflammatory signal [39-44]. In order to further delineate that pro-inflammatory cytokines, and not anti-inflammatory glucocorticoids, are necessary for stress-induced startle suppression, we compared the effect of inescapable tailshock upon the induction of ASRs in two strains of rats, specifically chosen because of their pro-inflammatory and glucocorticoid responsiveness to stressors. Low-glucocorticoid/high-pro-inflammatory releasing Lewis (LEW) rats [45-49] and high-glucocorticoid releasing Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats [50-52] were compared. Females of each of these strains were exposed to inescapable tailshock and subsequently tested for startle reactivity 1 and 3 h later. If pro-inflammatory signaling, not anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid release is critical for eliciting startle suppression, then LEW rats would exhibit suppression of the ASR, and the WKY rats would not. As shown in Figure 3, this is the case. This suggest the suppression of startle responsivity in female rats is more likely due to an overactive pro-inflammatory cytokine signaling response, instead of an overactive anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid response via the HPA-axis. Figure 3. LEW rats exposed to the stressor differed from both their same-strain controls and the WKY groups on the measure of startle magnitude (responsivity). These impressions were confirmed by both main effects of Stimulus Intensity, F (1, 36) = 285.0, p <.0001, Strain, F (1, 36) = 6.4, p <.02, and Stressor exposure, F (1, 36) = 5.3, p <.03, as well as a marginal Strain x Stressor interaction, F (1, 36) = 3.3, p <.07. In addition to the expected differences in ASR magnitude due to Stimulus Intensity, F (2, 72) = 186.5, p <.0001, there were differences in the number of elicited startles across the two strains at the lowest stimulus intensity, with WKY rats having responded with more startles (4.5) than did the LEW rats (3.8) to 92 dBA stimulus. This impression was confirmed by a significant Strain x Stimulus Intensity interaction, F (2, 72) = 3.0, p <.05 (data not shown). The hypothesis that pro-inflammatory cytokines are a necessary component in the suppression of startle responses following stress was further evaluated in the immune-sensitive Lewis rat strain by determining if elevations of peripheral IL-1β is sufficient to suppress startle reactivity in female rats. Startle responsivity has been found to be suppressed in female SD rats [34], but, we questioned whether immune-sensitive Lewis rats would show either greater effect sizes in the suppression of the startle magnitudes and/or reduced startle sensitivity as well. As shown in Figure 4, both startle responsivity and sensitivity were reduced in female Lewis rats administered IL-1β. This confirms that pro-inflammatory signaling can influence both aspects of startle behavior, with sensitivity effects requiring a greater sensitivity to the pro-inflammatory signals or, possibly, greater elevations of the signal. 3.3. Prior immune challenge effects on stress-induced startle in SD rats One consequence of the peripheral immune system having an effect on behavior, in this case sensory reactivity to acoustic stimuli, is that prior immune challenges may influence how future pro-inflammatory signaling or anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid responses influences behavior following stressor exposure. LPS is a commonly used endotoxin that elicits sickness behaviors due to a release of peripheral and central pro-inflammatory cytokines, followed by an increase in circulating glucocorticoids [53, 54]. Others have shown that immune challenges days prior to shock exposure causes a greater increase in glucocorticoid release in response to shocks [55, 56]; therefore, we used this known method of causing a sensitized glucocorticoid response to determine if a greater glucocorticoid release enhances or reduces the degree by which tailshock suppresses startle responsivity. Figure 4. Female LEW rats (n = 16) exhibited significant differences in both startle sensitivity and startle responsivity measures following a single systemic injection of IL-1β (3 μg/kg, i.p.). Startle sensitivity was equally effected 1 and 3 h following administration and is shown collapsed over Session Time. Startle responsivity was only effected 1 h following administration; therefore, the 3 h time-point is not shown. An asterisk () represents a significant difference from saline-treated controls at the same stimulus intensity. A cross (†) represents a significant difference from saline-treated controls during the same test session (all p <.05, Fishers LSD). We hypothesized that pro-inflammatory signaling causes stress-induced startle suppression; therefore, experiencing an immune challenge 3 days prior to shock would cause a sensitized anti-inflammatory release of glucocorticoids in response to inescapable shock, blocking the reduction of startle responsivity caused by the acute release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. As expected, the number of startle responses elicited did not differ based on prior treatment but did differ across stimulus intensity (data not shown); however, prior exposure to LPS reduced the effectiveness of inescapable shock to attenuate startle magnitudes (see Figure 5). Although LPS has a short-term suppressing effect upon the startle response [35], it both causes an acute increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines (and sickness behaviors) followed by an increase in anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid signaling. This “priming” effect upon the anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid response to shock is a likely mechanism for “buffering” the behavior from being affected. Again, this suggests the glucocorticoid response may actually counteract the suppressive effects originating from peripheral pro-inflammatory cytokine signaling. 4. Central mechanisms of reduced startle reactivity 4.1. Neuroanatomy and endocrine modulation of startle suppression As mentioned above, studies of pre-pulse inhibition of the ASR have elucidated neural circuitry that underlie the suppression of ASRs when they are immediately preceded by a salient auditory stimulus, for a review see [57]. Both the BNST and AMG have indirect projections to the PnC through the PPT [58]. Inputs from the PPT, LDT, and SNR to the PnC cause inhibition of the startle response [7, 9, 59, 60]. More specifically, it appears the magnocellular portion of the PnC has muscarinic receptors to receive the inhibitory cholinergic signal from PPT and LDT [61] and GABAB receptors receive the inhibitory signal from the SNR [62]. The question is whether these areas could provide more tonic inhibition of the ASR, outside of the attentional processes associated with PPI. For instance, it is known that lesions to the medial septum and the fimbra-fornix increase startle reactivity because these areas provide tonic inhibition upon the amygdala [63]; thus, removal of inhibition upon the amygdala increases tonic excitatory activity to the PnC (from the amygdala). In contrast, lesions to the noradrenergic cell bodies of the LC reduce startle response magnitudes, as these neurons probably serve a tonic excitation function upon the PnC [64]. Thus, there are circuits within the brain that are situated such that they could provide more tonic changes in the ASR. Figure 5. The expression of stress-induced startle suppression became evident 3 h following stressor exposure; however, this effect was blocked in those rats previously exposed to 30 µg/kg LPS (i.p.) 3 days earlier. These impressions were confirmed by a significant LPS x Stress x Session interaction, F (1, 28) = 10.2, p <.005. Hence, the pretreatment with LPS, which should have increased the glucocorticoid response to the inescapable tailshocks, blocked the suppression of startle responsivity following shock exposure. This suggests that prior experiences likely cause a more robust anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid response that actuallyreducesthe influence of the peripheral immune pro-inflammatory immune response upon the areas of the brain capable of suppressing startle responsivity. Specific to the female startle-suppression model, a central mechanism that caused this change in reactivity should be influenced by the presence/absence of ovarian hormones [31, 32]. Ovarian hormones can have a significant impact on many of the neural structures associated with startle regulation. The cochlear nuclei [65], the nucleus accumbens [66], the hippocampus, [67] and the SNR [57] all exhibit changes in morphology, neurotransmission, and/or receptor expression with the presence of ovarian hormones. Yet, despite all these areas of influence, rodent studies usually do not find any differences in baseline startle reactivity across the estrus cycle or with hormone replacement [68, 69]; however, see [70] for an example of oral-contraceptive usage effecting baseline startle in women. When significant arousal or stress occurs in the rodents, however, the modulatory actions of ovarian hormones on startle become evident. For example, Toufexis and colleagues have shown the magnitude of CRH-enhanced startle is attenuated when progesterone levels are increased [71]. CRH is thought to enhance startle reactivity in the BNST via CRF1-type receptors [72-75]. The result is an increase in excitatory afferents signaling to the PnC [76]. One possibility is that progesterone, or its metabolite allopregnanolone, may decrease the excitatory signaling from the BNST to the PnC by increasing GABA inhibition in this structure [77]. However, in vitro, BNST CRF-1 receptors increase local GABA activity [78]. Thus, it appears that progesterone or allopregnanolone should facilitate the actions of CRH on startle, unless they act through different mechanisms within the BNST or outside of the BNST. On the other hand, progesterone also affects how IL-1β influences sexual receptivity [79], and both glucocorticoid receptor activation [77] and progesterone-induced changes in central neuroadrenergic activity [80] have been suggested to attenuate startle reactivity selectively in female rats. As shown in Figure 6, the administration of progesterone to ovariectomized rats appears to be necessary for IL-1β to suppress startle magnitudes. Thus, ovarian hormones are not sufficient to cause changes in startle reactivity in female rats. In fact, IL-1β appears to increase startle responsivity following estradiol pretreatment (17β-estradiol), whereas progesterone pretreatment sets the stage for IL-1β to suppress startle responsivity. Therefore, stress-induced startle suppression in female rats appears to necessitate a combination of the two factors, a peripheral pro-inflammatory immune response and the presence of progesterone. Figure 6. Startle sensitivity and responsiveness were assessed 2 h following IL-1β administration. Hormone treatment occurred 2 h prior to IL-1β injection. Differences in startles elicited (sensitivity) and the magnitudes of those elicited startle responses (responsivity) each were assessed via a 5 (Condition) x 3 (Stimulus Intensity) repeated measures ANOVA. No significant differences in startle sensitivity were detected (data not shown). However, a significant main effect of Stimulus Intensity, F (2, 70) = 392.2, p <.001 and a significant Condition x Stimulus Intensity interaction, F [8,70] = 2.1, p <.05 were detected in the measure of startle responsivity (magnitude). An asterisk () represents a significant difference from all other groups. A single cross (†) represents a significant difference from the low estradiol dose group. A double cross (‡) represents a significant difference from both estradiol-treatment groups. All post-hoc tests used Fishers LSD (p <.05). 4.2. Evidence for limbic regulation of startle suppression Peripheral IL-1β is known to have a significant impact on brain activity. Systemic IL-1 administration activates key afferent pathways in brainstem (lateral parabrachial nucleus and dorsomedial and ventrolateral medulla) and limbic system nuclei (BNST and central nucleus of the amygdala) [81]. In fact, peripheral IL-1β activates the amygdala and BNST more than i.c.v. administered IL-1β [82], probably because the vagal-mediated signals to these nuclei are more direct, to those nuclei via the NTS, than the diffusion of the IL-1β from the ventricles. Still, increasing peripheral IL-1β signaling increases NE and serotonin levels in these brain areas [83] and noradrenergic metabolism in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), locus coeruleus (LC), and amygdala [83]. In fact, as the IL-1β dose is increased, the amount of NE metabolism increases linearly in the amygdala, lasting as much as an hour [83]. It should be noted, this was not tested in the BNST. Yet, stimulation of α-adrenergic receptors also attenuate startle responses and facilitate non-associative habituation of the startle response [84-88]. IL-1β affects activity in the LC in a dose dependent manner as well, with low doses inhibiting activity and higher doses causing excitation; a process mediated by CRH at the time of IL-1β release [89]. Further, when the exposure to painful stimuli is prolonged or LPS is used to cause a significant pro-inflammatory response, additional release of central IL-1β occurs, especially in the hypothalamus [90, 91]. These data suggest that activity in the limbic system, monoamine activity in particular, is significantly affected by peripheral immune signaling. Based on the above logic, we hypothesized that the reduction in ASR magnitude occurring as a result of IL-1β administration to progesterone-pretreated female rats could be associated with changes in the central noradrenergic activity in one of the known modulatory nuclei of the acoustic startle response. Therefore, we measured norepinephrine levels in brain tissue-punches from 4 brain areas: BNST, amygdala, medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and dorsal hippocampus. As stated above, both the BNST and cAMG have direct excitatory projections to the PnC and indirect inhibitory connections via the PPT. The medial prefrontal cortex projects to the primary startle circuit via the LDT, whereas the dorsal hippocampus was included as an area that is both reactive to stress and ovarian hormone manipulation, but it is actually several synapses removed from the PPT. As shown in Figure 7, differences due to hormone pretreatment and subsequent IL-1β administration were found in the BNST, not in any of the other 3 areas. Figure 7. Significant effects of IL-1 treatment on NE levels in the BNST were observed in rats pretreated with progesterone (100 μg/kg, s.c.). This was confirmed by a significant Hormone x IL-1 interaction F (2, 42) = 4.5, p <.02. IL-1β treatment to oil-treated controls was associated with significantly lower NE levels than oil-treated saline-controls (). IL-1β-administered rats, which were pretreated with either estradiol [20 μg/kg, s.c.) or progesterone, exhibited higher levels of NE compared to oil-pretreated rats that subsequently received IL-1β (†). In addition, the 2 hormone treated saline control conditions also differed from each other, with the estradiol-treated saline-controls exhibiting higher levels of NE than those pretreated with progesterone prior to saline administration (‡). All post-hoc tests utilized Fisher’s LSD (p <.05). The role of the BNST in this cytokine-induced change in behavior is logical given recent work associating activity in this structure with changes in behavior associated with behavioral depression or sickness behavior. For example, an endotoxin-induced suppression of social interactions is both associated with increased activity in the BNST as well as reduced activity in the BNST when the suppressed behavior is blocked by IL-1ra [92]. Similarly, the behavioral depression exhibited in the forced-swim test can be reduced by stimulating the vagus nerve, leading to changes in brainstem nuclei activation (including the NTS) and also activation of the BNST [93]. Others have shown NE release is elevated with stressor exposure in the BNST, which is necessary for some stress-induced behaviors [94, 95]. With particular attention to the startle reflex, the BNST is commonly associated with enhancing startle reactivity [2, 96]. However, as shown in Figure 8), there is an inhibitory pathway from the BNST to the PnC via the PPT that has been examined as a cholinergic mechanism for eliciting PPI [97, 98]. Further, PPI has been shown to fluctuate over the estrus cycle, while not being sensitive to apomorphine disruption, implicating a non-dopaminergic mechanism for these hormone-induced changes in female pre-pulse inhibition, which could rule-out a role of the substantia nigra in this process [68]. In addition, the changes in measured NE levels in the BNST are consistent with previous studies citing peripheral IL-1β administration as a trigger for central noradrenergic activity [82, 99]. Figure 8. Beyond the direct connections of the brainstem/midbrain nuclei, there are many other nuclei that indirectly influence the modulation of the ASR. Graphically represented here are the noradrenergic projections (in blue) from the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and locus coeruleus (LC) to the various nuclei of the limbic system that then modulate the ASR via the inhibitory brainstem/midbrain nuclei. Input to the NTS via either the from the vagus nerve (X n.) or diffusion of IL-1β across the blood-brain barrier in the nearby area postrema is necessary for the noradrenergic changes in the brain in response to peripheral pro-inflammatory cytokine signaling. As above, red lines denote cholinergic pathways, and dashed lines represent inhibitory circuits. The orange represents CRH-mediated neural circuits. See text for further details. There is evidence that could suggest a connection between the known effects of peripheral cytokine activity upon brain noradrenergic activity (most reported males) and an ovarian hormone influence upon these processes. For one, there is growing information pertaining to ovarian hormone influences on noradrenergic activity initiated from the NTS. Many of the brainstem noradrenergic nuclei, including the NTS, exhibit cyclic changes in estrogen and progesterone receptors [100]. Removal of ovarian hormones with or without hormone replacement particularly has a significant impact on NTS physiology. Specifically, the mRNA for prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP) in noradrenergic neurons is decreased by ovariectomy and increased with subsequent replacement of either estradiol or progesterone [101]. Although the PrRP mRNA levels are reported to not change significantly across the estrus cycle in the NTS, an inspection of the data suggests the levels are a bit higher during proestrus [102]. PrRP labeling in the NTS is also preferentially sensitive to painful stressors, such as tailshock [103]. Estradiol has also been reported to increase neural inhibition in the NTS [104]. These data suggest ovarian hormone influences on NE NTS physiology could occur through changes in the regulation of a co-expressing neuropeptide. This could serve a filtering function for the vagal activity representing immune activity changes in the periphery, as the NTS projects its NE efferent connections to key areas involved in arousal and sensory reactivity, such as the BNST, AMG, hypothalamus, and parabrachial nucleus [105]. For example, core body temperature increases from peripheral IL-1β occur for a longer period of time during proestrus (compared to diestrus) apparently do to the actions of progesterone [106]. Although it is clear hypothalamic cyclooxygenase is the necessary mechanism for this effect [107] the noradrenergic input to the hypothalamus is required and may be changed as well [108]. Therefore, there are anatomical and pharmacological reasons to link NTS noradrenergic projections to the BNST as the primary pathway by which changes in vagal activity could influence startle responsivity through known inhibitory circuitry. Other possible mechanism for startle suppression could occur as a cascade of effects that begin with the hormone-specific effects upon NE in the brain, but end with non-specific hormonal influences upon 5-HT. NE was shown above to be changed in the BNST following systemic increases in IL-1β, confirming the results of others showing noradrenergic activity increases within 30 minutes of a peripheral injection of IL-1β and may last 2 hours [109, 110]. Importantly, as proposed above, the effect of systemic IL-1β injections on brain NE in rodents is dependent upon transmission in the vagus nerve [111]. The effects of peripheral IL-1β on 5-HT are quite different in terms of timing, route, and influence of ovarian hormones. First the increases observed in brain serotonin metabolism are evident 2-4 h following IL-1β administration and, at least in male rats, are reported to be less region specific (compared to NE activity changes) [110]. In addition, the effects of peripheral IL-1β on brain 5-HT are not dependent upon the vagus nerve in male mice but neither are the effects upon brain NE activity [112]. Thus, it is not known if 5-HT requires the same pathway as IL-1β to effect central 5-HT activity, but the difference in the temporal cascade would suggest such a difference is logical. Further, as shown in Figure 9, the same peripheral IL-1β injections that elicited a hormone-dependent change in BNST NE levels caused an increase in 5-HT activity in both estradiol and progesterone-treated female rats. This somewhat conforms to the data previously describing less specificity in the upregulation of 5-HT activity, although we did not observe this pattern beyond the BNST. Figure 9. Serotonin activity (5HIAA/5HT ratio) appears to be increased in the BNST of hormone-pretreated OVX female rats 2 h after a systemic injection of IL-1β, as suggested by a marginal effect of IL-1β, F (1, 42) = 3.6, p <.06. 5. Immune mechanisms following the acute pro-inflammatory response: Recovery or maintenance? 5.1. Recovery of startle responsivity The peripheral immune system also has counter-inflammation mechanisms that could also be potential mechanisms for what appears to be a pro-inflammatory cytokine-mediated effect. Thus, another response to pro-inflammatory cytokine release, is the increase in the endogenous IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), which has been shown to attenuate the reductions in food-intake elicited by systemic administration of LPS or IL-1β [113]. Our hypothesis was that elevations in IL-1ra, from systemic administration, would counteract the effects of IL-1β. Thus, IL-1ra was administered systemically, followed by an assessment of startle reactivity 1 and 3 h later. As shown in Figure 10, the peripheral immune mechanism for stifling the pro-inflammatory response of IL-1β is sufficient to increase startle sensitivity. This suggests the nervous system is responsive to elevated acute pro-inflammatory signaling, suppressing startle, and elevations in the counter-active IL-1ra, increasing sensitivity to acoustic stimuli. These interactions illustrate the constant inter-relationship between the peripheral immune system and the nervous system regulation of sensory-motor activity. Figure 10. Startle magnitudes in female SD rats (n = 7) were not affected by the administration of IL-1ra (10μg/kg); however, ASRs were elicited more often following the administration of IL-1ra. These impressions were confirmed by a significant main effect of Drug F (1, 12) = 9.7, p <.01. The higher sensitivity to the stimuli was superimposed upon the general difference in elicited startles across the three intensities, as reflected by a main effect of Stimulus Intensity, F (2, 24) = 67.4, p <.0001. An asterisk () represents a significant between-group difference from the vehicle-treated controls at the same intensity. A cross (†) represents a significant within-subject difference from the lowest intensity, and a double cross (‡) represents a significant within-subject difference from the highest intensity (all p <.05, Fishers LSD). 5.2. Immune influences on serotonin synthesis: A possible central mechanism of continued suppression? Serotonin (5-HT) is an essential modulator of the startle reflex and disruption of serotonin synthesis and metabolism has been shown to result in startle suppression. As shown in Figure 11, during the synthesis of serotonin, L-tryptophan is converted to 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) by the enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase. In a subsequent reaction, 5-HTP is converted to 5-HT by the enzyme L-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase. Disruption to any part of the 5-HT synthesis pathway is capable of reducing whole brain levels of serotonin resulting in unique abnormalities to the startle reflex. For example, when normal fasted women were tested after having ingested a tryptophan-free amino-acid mixture, the result was lower ASR magnitudes compared to those that received a mixture with L-tryptophan in its contents [114]. When a similar study was conducted in men, a non-significant trend for the same effect appears evident, although it was represented in the analysis as a failure to obtain significant PPI [115]. Alternatively, increasing tryptophan catabolism has also shown to affect PPI. Increasing levels of kynurenine, the first product of tryptophan degradation via indoleamine2, 3-dioxygenase, disrupts PPI in male Sprague-Dawley Rats [116]. Thus, the balance of serotonin and kynurenine is a likely secondary mechanism the body uses to modulate startle sensitivity and responsivity to stimuli. Figure 11. The normal synthesis of serotonin (5-HT) involves the metabolism of tryptophan to 5-hydroxytryophan by tryptophan hydroxylase; however, in the presence of interferon-γ, another, competing enzyme, indolamine1,3-dioxygenase is upregulated. The result of this shift in the metabolism of tryptophan towards the formation of kynurenine is a reduction in the amount available for metabolism towards the formation of serotonin (i.e. serotonin depletion). In addition to exhibiting reduced startle responses [18] women exhibiting PTSD, linked to previous intimate partner violence, also exhibit greater circulating levels of interferon (INF)-γ [117]. INF-γ is a downstream Th-1 mediated signal from the pro-inflammatory IL-1β signal and is a potent inhibitor of 5-HT synthesis, decreasing the amount of tryptophan available for 5-HT production. In the presence of IFN-γ, tryptophan is shunted to kynurenic acid synthesis by increasing activity of indoleamine2, 3-dioxygenase [118]. An intermediary signal between IL-1β and INF-γ is IL-2. Female rats treated with IL-1ra (to combat the induction of EAE) exhibit an attenuated IL-2 response [119], which would, presumably, decrease INF-γ signaling (see Figure 12). There is limited experimental evidence that has focused upon delineating INF-γ or IL-2 effects on startle reactivity in rats, and those that have been conducted use an early development administration paradigm to assess later changes on behavior (e.g. [120]). However, one study conducted in mice did access acute IL-2 effects upon startle reactivity and reported no change in behavior [121]. Unfortunately, that study did not test more than one time-point and only utilized male mice. Figure 12. The initiation of an inflammatory response begins with the non-specific macrophage pro-inflammatory response (Th0), which then diverges into either a Th1 (cell-based) or Th2 (humoral-mediated) response. There is evidence that suggests ovarian hormones may influence the path of the subsequent immune cascade from the Th0 response. To date, the Th1 response has been more intently studied for its possible role in effecting behavior (i.e. causing changes in behavior). Given the lack of data pertaining to IFN-γ effects upon startle sensitivity and responsivity, we conducted a study focusing on determining whether IFN-γ could change ASR sensitivity or responsivity. As stated above, LEW rats exhibit greater pro-inflammatory responses to infection than do other strains; therefore, we tested whether acute administration of IFN-γ is sufficient to reduce startle reactivity, presumably from reducing serotonin availability. Although still preliminary, our results suggest IFN-γ may have a bi-potential effect on startle sensitivity. The higher dose of IFN-γ caused an apparent decrease in the percentage of startles elicited 1.5 h following injection, whereas the lower dose caused significantly more startles to be elicited than the high dose (see Figure 13). This is an important distinction, for it suggests that reduced startle responding due to IFN-γ (and possibly low serotonin tone) is due to a decrease in the ability to sense a startling stimulus, rather than the ability to mount the physical response (although there are trends suggesting that responsivity may be decreased as well with higher doses). Hence, there may be more than a hypothetical link between stress, IL-1 release, and an identified difference in basal immune functioning in a population of women with PTSD that have also been described to have blunted startle responses. There may be instances where the downstream Th1-response is elevated, thus causing a seemingly similar “blunting” of the ASR but the suppression is different in form and occurs through different neural pathways. 6. Clinical applications The suppression of startle reactions has only gained significant attention in the past decade, and, as researchers have looked for changesin startle responses (not just exaggerations), suppression has been observed in anxiety disorders (i.e. PTSD), MDD, and BPD. However, what does it mean when a specific, directional change in a reflex behavior is observed across these different diagnoses? The answer may lie in what is generally called comorbidity. When one considers stress-related mental disorders, typically, anxiety disorders, MDD, BPD, and maybe even schizophrenia are cited as examples, but how distinct are anxiety disorders from MDD or MDD from BPD? In all cases, there is an overlap of various symptoms that could be experienced with any of these diagnoses. The DSM clinical criteria do provide some flexibility in categorizing subjects into the different classes of disorders. What that allows for are physiological conditions that are not specific to just one of these classes, and chronic or phasic abnormalities in the activities of the peripheral immune system could be common in some patients that meet the criteria for PTSD, the non-mania phase of BPD, or even MDD. For example, there is a growing body of literature that suggests abnormal immune system signaling may be at the core of BPD. Several studies have shown abnormalities in the cytokine profiles of BPD patients, with differences present in both depressed and manic subpopulations [122-124]. Multiple studies have shown a characteristic increase in TNF-α among both bipolar depressed and manic patients [122, 123], whereas patients suffering from bipolar mania commonly exhibit decrease in IL-1β, IL-2, and IFN-γ. When stimulated with LPS, a common procedure used to model behavioral depression in animals, the monocytes from non-lithium treated patients exhibit a decrease in the production of IL-1β and an increase in IL-6, compared to healthy controls. This abnormality was shown to be reversed in lithium treatment patients [125]. This suggests a by-product of lithium administration may be an influence on the pro-inflammatory response signals in the periphery. Additionally, Boufidou and colleges found that lithium is capable of down regulating the production of IL-2, IL-6, IL-10 and IFN-γ from peripheral blood lymphocytes in BPD patients, and a similar down regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines was observed in previously non-medicated BDP after three months of lithium treatment [126]. These data further implicate a peripheral immune mechanism for BPD that is normalized by lithium treatment. Figure 13. Startle sensitivity and responsivity were assessed 30 and 90 min following an acute systemic injection of IFN-γ (n = 16). Startle sensitivity was significantly altered by the specific dose administered. The low dose showed an increase in elicited startles over time, whereas the high dose showed a reduction in elicited startles over time, IFNγ x Session F (2, 29)= 3.3, p <.05. An asterisk represents a significant difference in the low-dose group at the 90 min test as compared to the same time high-dose and the 30-min low-dose test. Figure 14. Based on the literature and the collected data from our laboratory, concerning the modulation of the ASR, we propose the following cascade of events may occur as a result of stressor exposure in our female rat model. First, the acute-phase (pro-inflammatory) response causes a transient reduction in startle responsivity (magnitude) that appears to last as long as IL-1 continues to be elevated above the levels of circulating IL-1ra. IL-1ra serves to normalize the response; thus, when the levels of IL-1ra are elevated to a sufficient degree, it causes an increase in ASR sensitivity (a rebound effect). However, in the cases where the stressor exposure is prolonged and/or severe enough to engage a downstream Th-1 response (i.e. increase IFN-γ signaling), then a reduction in ASR sensitivity occurs, whereby the sensory threshold for eliciting the response is increased. This could cause a chronic condition where ASRs are “blunted” in people with conditions ranging from PTSD to MDD to BPD. The ASR could have a potential use as a functional index of abnormal peripheral immune functioning; thus, if the ASR is suppressed, it may represent an elevated level of pro-inflammatory or Th1 signaling in the patient. This could be of great importance from a therapeutic standpoint when one considers the suppressive effects of IL-1 upon sexual motivation in female rats are attenuated by indomethacin and ibuprofen [127]. Although blocking prostaglandin synthesis [128] or knocking-out the prostaglandin EP2 receptor does not change startle reactivity [129], prostaglandin EP1 knock-out mice do exhibit higher startle magnitudes compared to their wild-type control strain [130]. This suggests that EP1 receptors are in a position to serve as neuroimmune mechanisms to inhibit startle responsivity as well. Still, beyond the possible pharmacological implications, blunted reactivity to stimuli can have profound effects on other neural processes as well, and may explain some of the other symptoms associated with anxiety, MDD, or BPD. For instance, when the same dose of IL-1β, sufficient to blunt startle responsivity in female SD and Lewis rats, is administered to female SD rats prior to a simple associative learning procedure the rate of learning is slowed. This effect is attributed to a reduction in the neural representation of the unconditional reflexive response (i.e. the response is weaker), causing less optimal neural representation of the behavioral response to the predictive, conditional stimulus [131]. The implication is that associative learning may be impaired by either acute or chronic elevations in pro-inflammatory or Th1 cytokines. Interestingly, this pattern of effect is not observed in male rats, at these low to moderate dosages of IL-1β; in fact, these learning processes are facilitated [132, 133]. Thus, the ASR can serve as a tool to better understand the blunting of sensory reactivity, but may also have implications for more complex associative learning processes as well. In Figure 14, we present our theory as to how the ASR may be changed over time as a function of neuroimmune interactions between peripheral cytokine signaling (specifically the acute pro-inflammatory response and the downstream Th-1 response) and brain monoamines. 7. Conclusions The evidence accumulated from these experiments favors a pro-inflammatory mechanism, over a HPA-axis glucocorticoid mechanism, as the necessary pathway that ultimately leads to the suppression of startle reactivity following stressor exposure. This finding adds to the ever-growing evidence that peripheral immune signaling has a significant role in influencing how the nervous systems functions. In this particular case, we have illustrated how a simple behavioral reflex can be dampened by pro-inflammatory signals, in the absence of any physical injury. This shows abnormal levels of peripheral immune signaling could lead to perceived symptoms reported by patients with PTSD, MDD, or BPD. Biological differences in how different animals respond to stressor may reflect vulnerability factors for experiencing different symptoms associated with stress-related disorders, such as PTSD, MDD, and BPD. Thus, differences observed in the literature concerning startle reactivity in female PTSD patients (e.g. [18, 19]) could be due to the types of stressor exposure or individual differences in biological responses. In addition, one cannot rule-out the role of coping mechanisms. In fact, one could hypothesize that the suppression of startle is an evolutionary selected response that keeps individuals within a species from continuing to fight a “losing battle”. If this were the case, then it would be logical for the immune system to play a role in that trigger-mechanism and not the HPA-axis. The HPA-axis is designed to maintain the fight-or-flight response [134], which would be in opposition to a behavioral suppression coping response. Others have proposed females are particularly selected to engage in alternative coping strategies that are in opposition to the fight-or-flight response [135], and one possibility is that signal reception of the peripheral immune response by the central nervous system is an early point of diversion in stress coping strategies between males and females. This could provide inherent propensities to respond differently, but, at the same time, could be modified by experience. Such propensities could translate into vulnerability factors for abnormal behaviors where that response becomes, potentially, maladaptive. It is well documented that more women experience anxiety disorders and affective disorders, and there is a significant degree of comorbidity across these disorders – especially as cases become more severe [136]. There are many potential reasons for the higher rates reported in women. For instance, some have recently suggested there is a link between ovarian hormones and the occurrence of specific peptide isoforms that modulate stress responsiveness and fear conditioning [137]. The data presented here provide another example of how ovarian hormones can influence physiological processes associated with stress responsiveness. The role of progesterone in this immune model of startle suppression is particularly intriguing since progesterone can amplify the pro-inflammatory response through macrophage migration inhibitory factor [138]. This endocrine influence could, potentially, cause more Th1 signaling to occur, which, we hypothesize leads to an increase in IL-1β, causing more Th1 signaling to occur, eventually leading to an increase in IFN-γ release and subsequent reductions in sensitivity to auditory stimuli. If that same individual has central nervous system vulnerabilities, such as a particular peptide isoform, then, in addition to an apparent blunted startle response, the patient may also be exhibiting flashbacks due to enhanced neural processing of fear-associated memory. Thus, female vulnerability for anxiety and depression symptoms can be seen as a product of multiple mechanisms that modulate the female physiology and behavior in a manner that, at times, may even be counter to fight-or-flight, but, nonetheless lead to changes in nervous system functioning, causing the expression of a particular set of behavioral symptoms. There is a growing literature pointing towards a complex interaction between the central nervous system and the peripheral immune system that underlies anxiety or affective disorder vulnerability and/or the presence of acute symptoms [139-143]. The utility of being able to use species-common measures, such as the startle response, has been advantageous to researchers in aiding them to understand how the brain functions under normal and abnormal conditions. Here we illustrate how such measures can be applied to the understanding of psychoneuroimmune interaction as they pertain to the influence of the peripheral immune system upon the brain and behavior. As we gain a greater understanding of the signaling cascades in the peripheral immune system, delineating how those signals affect the brain will continue to be important for our future understanding of the etiology of mental illnesses. This research was supported by a U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Merit Review research program to KDB and program support through the UMDNJ – Stress & Motivated Behavior Institute. The described experimentation was conducted with approval by the VANJHCS Institutional Animal Care and Use and Research and Development Committees, in accordance with the NIH Guide for the Care and Use of Animals. The authors want to thank Toni Marie Dispenziere, Tracey Longo, Ian Smith, and Paul William Ong for their technical assistance in conducting the experiments. Some of the described work was included in the undergraduate honors thesis of Mr. Ong. The authors also thank Dr. Victoria Luine for the use of the laboratory in the processing and measurement of the brain monoamine data. How to cite and reference Link to this chapter Copy to clipboard Cite this chapter Copy to clipboard Kevin D. Beck and Jennifer E. Catuzzi (March 20th 2013). Understanding the Causes of Reduced Startle Reactivity in Stress-Related Mental Disorders, New Insights into Anxiety Disorders, Federico Durbano, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/53066. Available from: chapter statistics 2111total chapter downloads More statistics for editors and authors Access personal reporting Related Content This Book Next chapter Social Anxiety Disorder in Psychosis: A Critical Review By Maria Michail Related Book First chapter From Moral Insanity to Psychopathy By Liliana Lorettu, Alessandra M. Nivoli and Giancarlo Nivoli More About Us
Marine Industries Powered by Air Compressors Posted on: May 21, 2021 Marine industries, from offshore operations and cargo shipping to fishing and recreational cruises, require a lot of equipment to function. They operate in unique conditions, heading out onto the open waters and relying on everything on board to keep them moving. You’d probably consider water as the primary useful element for marine industries, but air is equally vital. The element serves practically endless purposes for marine industries powered by air compressors. It’s versatile across several applications and essential for different functions. In fact, without air compressors, many ships couldn’t even leave the port. Discover more about marine industries and air compressors in this guide. How Marine Air Compressors Work Marine air compressors function similarly to air compressors you’d find on land-based operations for the most part. Where they differ is the environment they function in. The parts and materials that help marine air compressors function include: • Power sources: Air compressors may utilize electric or gas motors to run. The type you have in a marine industry will depend on your ship’s power supplies, but if you use a generator onboard, you may have an electric-powered air compressor. • Air: An essential component of a compressor is, of course, air. Air compressors take in the air around them to function. Ideally, that air will be as clean as possible to help prevent material from building up in the compressor’s filter. • Inlet and discharge valves: These components draw air in and release it so the air compressor can function. Air comes in through inlet valves, and the system creates a vacuum. Once the system compresses air, a discharge valve allows users to harness the power of the compressed air. • A pump: To compress the air, an air compressor uses either positive or dynamic air displacement. The internal mechanisms move and push air through the chamber to create compressed air. • Storage tanks: Once the machine compresses the air, it moves to a storage tank for future use. Air compressor storage tanks come in a range of sizes, and what you select will depend on your industry’s needs and how much space you have. • Cooling materials: Machinery often needs to be cooled between stages. Air compressors for marine industry operations may use seawater or other cooling materials to maintain a safe operating temperature. That protects the components of the system from overheating and becoming damaged more frequently. • Lubricating oil: Because an air compressor consists of moving parts, it may use oil to stay lubricated. Lubrication helps reduce friction in the equipment, which would cause more wear over time. Issues Marine Air Compressors Face Marine industries and air compressors face unique challenges you won’t find on land. The main concerns stem from asking, “How are air compressors used in water-based industries?” You’ll have to consider exposure to specific materials. Ships and other industries out on the water experience wet conditions. Salt from the ocean water also poses a threat to equipment. Saltwater causes certain metals, like iron, to rust more quickly than freshwater would. That means metal components on a ship may rust more quickly, whether or not they’re in direct contact with water. Saltwater vapor surrounds a ship on the ocean, while ocean water may splash on board. Even if the air compressors are below deck on a ship, they can still face exposure to these elements. Because marine air compressors function in wet conditions, they may have parts made of metals that won’t rust or corrode. Aluminum, galvanized steel and certain varieties of stainless steel, for instance, won’t rust. Still, marine industries want to use durable metals and materials that can withstand frequent use. Maintenance of Marine Air Compressors Marine industries often use high-pressure air compressors for their various tasks. That high-pressure requirement creates a high demand on the machines. Maintaining a marine air compressor is vital because the systems undergo so much use. Industries may conduct particular maintenance checks daily or after an air compressor has been running for a set number of hours. Depending on your ship’s size and operation, you may need to bring replacement parts and tools to make repairs when you’re out on the water. That will suffice for emergency repairs to keep units functioning until you return to land. You can then repair non-emergency issues on land so your system can function at its best on the water. No matter how you maintain marine air compressors, you’ll have to: Keep the Systems Dry Are air compressors safe to be in water? That will depend on the specific machine. In general, you don’t want an air compressor to be submerged or constantly sitting in water. You risk creating rust and damaging vital parts of the unit. Water can also cause a problem if it gets in the machine. Marine industries using air compressors have to conduct regular maintenance to keep the system dry, and that can include steps like these: • Drain the air receiver tank: When air reaches the air receiver tank, it cools down. That means any water vapor in the previously hot air will condense back to a liquid state. Because of that process, the air receiver tank will often have water in it, so you’ll have to drain it daily. Some machines have an automatic drain function, which would be useful if you have a small or busy crew. • Maintain the water separator filter: A water separator removes moisture from the machine’s air supply. Depending on the equipment, you may find separators that remove around half of the moisture in the air. For a marine industry, that may not be enough. Maintain the water separator to ensure it’s doing its job. • Check the refrigerated air dryers: For further moisture removal, marine industries may use refrigerated air dryers with their compressors. These features cool air so it holds less moisture, collects water and removes it from the system. Check that this excess water drains properly, and make sure the refrigerated air dryer functions correctly if you have one. • Check the desiccant air dryers: Instead of cooling the air to remove moisture, desiccant air dryers absorb potential contaminants. Solid desiccants react with water to create ultra-dry air. Replace the desiccant as needed, and check the rest of the component to ensure it functions correctly. Check for Leaks When an air compressor, on land or on sea, has leaks, it won’t operate as efficiently. You use more of your power supply to run the machines, costing you money and valuable resources that may be limited when you’re out on the water. Routinely checking your marine air compressors for leaks will save you from potential disasters or significant wastes. Check for leaks along components of an air compressor like: • Piping • Couplings • Fittings • Joints • Drains Check for the Proper Pressure When you have the right pressure in your air compressor system, you can operate efficiently. You’ll have exactly what you need for the various tasks you have on a ship or offshore worksite. When you’re operating at the wrong pressure, you could face different issues depending on whether it’s too low or high: • Low pressure: Low air pressure issues can happen when you have leaks in your system. A faulty discharge valve may open too early, or suction valves may not close fully, causing more low-pressure problems. With low pressure in your air compressor, your system will have to work harder and use more power to function. You waste power and put unnecessary stress on the equipment, which could lead to damage. • High pressure: Suction valve fails or blocked piping could cause pressure to build up or be too high. If the pressure is too high in your air compressor, it could create a dangerous situation. The high pressure can also damage components of the system. To ensure you have the right pressure in your systems, another part of maintenance will be checking any pressure gauges. Make sure they provide accurate readings so you know if your air compressor is leaking or building up pressure. Applications of Compressed Air in Marine Industries Air compressors are versatile machines on and off land. They have many uses in various marine industries. Because of an air compressor’s versatility, a ship may have multiple compressors in their system. Depending on the industry and a particular crew’s needs, you could find marine operations using multi-stage air compressors or rotary screw compressors. So what marine industries use air compressors? A wide array of operations find use for this machinery. Applications of compressed air in marine industries include: Engine Function Air compressors are vital to a ship’s movement since they help operate engines. The machines help start, automate and control a ship’s main and auxiliary engines. Marine industries often use a main air compressor to start the engines. Almost any industry that must enter and leave a port may require a main air compressor to help operate the engines onboard. Powering Tools This function is similar to how you’d use air compressors on land. Pneumatic tools require compressed air to function. Marine industries and air compressors work with tools like these powered by compressed air: • Chisels • Drills • Wrenches • Grinders Offshore work and various marine industries require tools to complete their tasks. Ships may also have pneumatic tools to make emergency repairs to the ship or equipment on board. Powering Safety Features When you’re on a ship for any industry, safety is paramount. Weather conditions, encountering other boats on the water and onboard emergencies are just some of the issues a marine industry crew may face. Air compressors help power certain safety features to help the crew deal with: • Alerting: Ships utilize air compressors to power safety features like foghorns and ship whistles. The crew can then alert other ships of their presence, especially in poor weather conditions. • Fires: Fire pumps use air compressors to transfer seawater to put out fires. Ships have to rely on their own resources when there’s an emergency, making air compressors vital for those situations. • Soot: Particulates and fuel residue from a ship’s engine can build up in the boiler. That build-up could lead to a fire under particular conditions, creating a dangerous situation. The crew should conduct a regular soot blow of areas like the boiler tubes with an air compressor to keep the ship and its crew safe. • Evacuations: If everyone on a ship needs to evacuate, air compressors may help operate the lifeboats. The crew will need to heave up the boats and lower them to the water, which an air compressor may do, depending on the ship’s design. These safety features are unique compared to other industries’ needs. Offshore work and different ships require safety equipment or procedures that air compressors can power or complete. Transferring Materials Ships and offshore operations have pneumatic pumps to transfer materials. Drilling sites may transfer oil and other materials for operations using air compressors. Any marine industry may use air compressors to transfer water, either fresh or waste, to different areas of the ship or worksite. For freshwater and other materials that need to remain pure, a marine industry may select an oil-free air compressor. Other air compressor varieties may get oil or moisture in the lines, which could then transfer to and contaminate whatever material it transports. Industries like research and recreation can go scuba diving with air compressors. Individuals who scuba dive probably won’t invest in their own scuba diving air compressors, but professionals and companies that offer recreational diving may. Scuba tanks require high pressure to fill, and many regular air compressors don’t provide those high levels. Scuba air compressors also have filters to purify the air of moisture, oil and contaminants. Scuba air compressors are similar to ones that fill oxygen tanks and air supply tanks that firefighters use. Divers breathe that air while underwater, so it has to be reliably pure and at the correct pressure to withstand conditions below the ocean’s surface. You may not see these compressors on marine industry ships as often as you would other types. Contact Quincy Compressor for More Information About Marine Air Compressors At Quincy Compressor, we provide dependable machinery, parts and service to various industries, including marine operations. We understand that you face unique challenges in a marine industry, and we have the solutions to help. Choose from our versatile selection of systems, including reciprocating and rotary screw air compressors. We also offer the additional equipment you may use for your operations, including air treatment equipment designed to work with our air compressors. Find an authorized Quincy dealer near you to get the right equipment for your marine industry. If you’re unsure what you need for your operations, contact us today.
ReadAnyBook Advice - 👉Best Essay Writing Service for students Author Molière Molière Photo Avg Rating: Jean-Baptiste Poquelin, mostly known by his stage name Molière, (January 15, 1622 – February 17, 1673) was a French playwright and actor who is considered one of the greatest masters of comedy in Western literature.[1] Among Molière's best-known dramas are Le Misanthrope (The Misanthrope), L'École des femmes (The School for Wives), Tartuffe ou L'Imposteur, (Tartuffe or the Hypocrite), L'Avare ou L'École du mensonge (The Miser), Le Malade imaginaire (The Imaginary Invalid), and Le Bourgeois gentilhomme (The Bourgeois Gentleman). Born into a prosperous family and having studied at the Collège de Clermont (now Lycée Louis-le-Grand), Molière was well suited to begin a life in the theatre. Thirteen years as an itinerant actor helped him polish his comic abilities while he began writing, combining Commedia dell'Arte elements with the more refined French comedy.[2] Through the patronage of a few aristocrats, including Philippe I, Duke of Orléans -- the brother of Louis XIV -- Molière procured a command performance before the King at the Louvre. Performing a classic play by Pierre Corneille and a farce of his own, Le Docteur amoureux (The Doctor in Love), Molière was granted the use of salle du Petit-Bourbon at the Louvre, a spacious room appointed for theatrical performances. Later, Molière was granted the use of the Palais-Royal. In both locations he found success among the Parisians with plays such as Les Précieuses ridicules (The Affected Ladies), L'École des maris (The School for Husbands) and L'École des femmes (The School for Wives). This royal favor brought a royal pension to his troupe and the title "Troupe du Roi" (The King's Troupe). Molière continued as the official author of court entertainments.[3] Though he received the adulation of the court and Parisians, Molière's satires attracted criticisms from moralists and the Roman Catholic Church. Tartuffe ou L'Imposteur (Tartuffe or the Hypocrite) and its attack on religious hypocrisy roundly received condemnations from the Church, while Dom Juan was banned from performance. Molière's hard work in so many theatrical capacities began to take its toll on his health and, by 1667, he was forced to take a break from the stage. In 1673, during a production of his final play, Le Malade imaginaire (The Imaginary Invalid), Molière, who suffered from pulmonary tuberculosis, was seized by a coughing fit and a haemorrhage while playing the hypochondriac Argan. He finished the performance but collapsed again and died a few hours later.[3] Molière was born in Paris, the son of Jean Poquelin and Marie Cressé, the daughter of a prosperous bourgeois family.[4] Jean-Baptiste Poquelin lost his mother at the age of 10 and doesn't seem to have been particularly close to his father. After his mother's death, he lived with his father above the Pavilion de Singes on the rue Saint-Honoré, an affluent area of Paris. It is likely that his education commenced with studies in a Parisian elementary school; this was followed with his enrollment in the prestigious Jesuit Collège de Clermont, where he completed his studies in a strict academic environment. In 1631 Jean Poquelin purchased from the court of Louis XIII the posts of "valet de chambre ordinaire et tapissier du Roi" ("valet in ordinary of the King's chamber and keeper of carpets and upholstery"). His son assumed the same posts in 1641. [5] The title required only three months' work and an initial cost of 1,200 livres; the title paid 300 livres a year and provided a number of lucrative contracts. Poquelin also studied as a provincial lawyer some time around 1642, probably in Orléans, but it is not documented that he ever qualified. So far he had followed his father's plans, which had served him well; he had mingled with nobility at the Collège de Clermont and seemed destined for a career in office. In June 1643, when Molière was 21, he decided to abandon his social class and pursue a career on the stage. Taking leave of his father, he joined the beautiful Madeleine Béjart, with whom he had crossed paths before, and founded L'Illustre Théâtre with 630 livres. They were later joined by Madeleine's brother and sister. The new theatre troupe became bankrupt in 1645. Molière had become head of the troupe, due in part, perhaps, to his acting prowess and his legal training. However, the troupe had acquired large debts, mostly for the rent of the theatre (a court for jeu de paume), for which they owed 2000 livres. Historians differ as to whether his father or the lover of a member of his troupe paid his debts; either way, after a 24-hour stint in prison he returned to the acting circuit. It was at this time that he began to use the pseudonym Molière, possibly inspired by a small village of the same name in the Midi near Le Vigan. It was also likely that he changed his name to spare his father the shame of having an actor in the family (actors, although no longer vilified by the state under Louis XIV, were still not allowed to be buried in sacred ground). After his imprisonment, he and Madeleine began a theatrical circuit of the provinces with a new theatre troupe; this life was to last about 12 years, during which he initially played in the company of Charles Dufresne, and subsequently created a company of his own, which had sufficient success and obtained the patronage of Philippe I, Duke of Orléans. Few plays survive from this period. The most noteworthy are L'Étourdi and Le Docteur amoureux; with these two plays, Molière moved away from the heavy influence of the Italian improvisational Commedia dell'arte, and displayed his talent for mockery. In the course of his travels he met Armand, Prince of Conti, the governor of Languedoc, who became his patron, and named his company after him. This friendship later ended when Conti, having contracted syphilis from a prostitute, attempted to cure himself by reconciling himself with religion. Conti's religious advisor counseled him against maintaining actors and encouraged him to join Molière's enemies in the Parti des Dévots and the Compagnie de Saint Sacrement. In Lyon, Mademoiselle Duparc, known as Marquise, joined the company. Marquise was courted, in vain, by Pierre Corneille and later became the lover of Jean Racine. Racine offered Molière his tragedy Théagène et Chariclée (one of the first works he wrote after he had abandoned his theology studies), but Molière would not perform it, though he encouraged Racine to pursue his artistic career. It is said that soon thereafter Molière became angry with Racine when he was told that he had secretly presented his tragedy to the company of the Hôtel de Bourgogne as well. Molière was forced to reach Paris in stages, staying outside for a few weeks in order to inveigle himself with society gentlemen and allow his reputation to feed in to Paris. Molière reached Paris in 1658 and performed in front of the King at the Louvre (then for rent as a theatre) in Corneille's tragedy Nicomède and in the farce Le Docteur amoureux (The Doctor in Love), with some success. He was awarded the title of Troupe de Monsieur (Monsieur being the honorific for the king's brother Philippe I, Duke of Orléans) and with the help of Monsieur, his company joined a famous Italian Commedia dell'arte company. He became firmly established at their theatre, Petit-Bourbon, where on November 18, 1659, he performed the premiere of Les Précieuses ridicules (The Affected Young Ladies). Les Précieuses ridicules was the first of Molière's many attempts to satirize certain societal mannerisms and affectations then common in France. It is widely accepted that the plot was based on Samuel Chappuzeau's Le Cercle des femmes of 1656. He primarily mocks the Académie Française, an "organization" created by Richelieu to organize and classify the rules of the fledgling French theater. The Académie preached unity of time, action, and styles of verse. Molière is often associated with the claim that comedy castigat ridendo mores or "criticizes customs through humor" a phrase in fact coined by his contemporary Jean de Santeuil and sometimes mistaken for a classical Latin proverb. Despite his own preference for tragedy, which he had tried to further with the Illustre Theatre, Molière became famous for his farces, which were generally in one act and performed after the tragedy. Some of these farces were only partly written, and were played in the style of Commedia dell'arte with improvisation over a canovaccio. He also wrote two comedies in verse, but these were less successful and are generally considered less significant. Later in life Molière concentrated on writing musical comedies, in which the drama is interrupted by songs and/or dances. Les précieuses ridicules won Molière the attention and the criticism of many, but it was not a popular success. He then asked his Italian partner Tiberio Fiorelli, famous for his character of Scaramouche, to teach him the techniques of Commedia dell'arte. His 1660 play Sganarelle, ou Le Cocu imaginaire (The Imaginary Cuckold) seems to be a tribute both to Commedia dell'arte and to his teacher. Its theme of marital relationships dramatizes Molière's pessimistic views on the falsity inherent in human relationships. This view is also evident in his later works, and was a source of inspiration for many later authors, including (in a different field and with different effect) Luigi Pirandello. It describes a kind of round dance where two couples believe that each of their partners has been betrayed by the other's and is the first in Molière's 'Jealousy series' which includes Dom Garcie de Navarre (a flop), L'École des maris and L'École des femmes. In 1661, in order to please his patron, Monsieur, who was so enthralled with entertainment and art that he was soon excluded from state affairs, Molière wrote and played Dom Garcie de Navarre ou Le Prince jaloux (The Jealous Prince), a heroic comedy derived from a work of Cicognini's. Two other comedies of the same year were the successful L'École des maris (The School for Husbands) and Les Fâcheux, subtitled Comédie faite pour les divertissements du Roi (a comedy for the King's amusements) because it was performed during a series of parties that Nicolas Fouquet gave in honor of the sovereign. These entertainments led Jean-Baptiste Colbert to demand the arrest of Fouquet for wasting public money, and he was condemned to life imprisonment. Books by Molière: Cover Plays 10 / 10 10 / 10 +Write review User Reviews: Write Review:
by : Adrienne Farricelli While humans are used to manifesting their emotions verbally, dogs, on the other paw, are masters in body communication. It’s up to us to decipher what they’re trying to tell us by paying closing attention to these subtle dog stress signals. Let’s unlock them now. Read more…. Dogs mainly communicate through their tails, facial expressions, ear and eye position and their body postures and movements. They may also vocalize too, but they primarily use their bodies. When studying dog body language, it’s important to look at the entire dog instead of focusing only on one, single body part. This is why you cannot rely on a tail wag only; in some cases a tail wag is far from being friendly! Don’t approach a dog whose body appears stiff, the hairs on his back (hackles) are raised and the tail is kept high and is moving rigidly in short arcs (flag tail.) Dogs Have Incorporated Warning Systems We often hear people claim that their dog bit out of the blue. It’s quite rare that a dog really “bites out of blue.” In most cases, the dog may have communicated his uneasiness through body language, but these subtle signs went unheeded. At times, this can happen when a dog is repeatedly reprimanded for growling. With the dog’s warning system no longer in effect, the dog goes straight to a bite. Reputable dog trainer and owner of Peaceable Paws, Pat Miller, calls a dog’s growling a “gift,” something to treasure because dogs are communicating uneasiness and give us an opportunity to stop what we’re doing. It’s like a toddler’s way of using “his words.” When you punish the growl ,or the snapping or snarling behavior, you’re not addressing the underlying stress that triggered the behavior in the first place. Instead, now with punishment in addition to stress, the dog’s level of discomfort increases and the dog learns that it’s no longer safe to warn, so the end result is a dog who bites without warning. A very dangerous situation indeed! In the previous article “Five things dogs like and love you to do” we claimed how many dogs aren’t that fond of being hugged and kissed, even though at times there may be exceptions to the rule. We also discussed how Certified Applied Animal Behaviorist Patricia McConnell looked at 50 pictures of dogs being hugged and noticed happy owners but uncomfortable dogs. While dogs may not growl, snap or bite when they’re hugged, they may manifest uneasiness in many subtle ways. Failure to read these signals may lead to a dog escalating which may lead to a bite. In this article, we will look look at some stress signals dogs give out that intend to say: “I am feeling uncomfortable.” Watch For These Stress Signals in Dogs As mentioned, dogs often rely on subtle body signals to communicate stress and uneasiness. It’s up to us to recognize these signals so we can take measures to prevent the dog from getting overwhelmed. Paying attention to these signals will make you a better owner as you’ll be able to be more in tune with your dog’s feeling. Yes, dogs have feeling too! So keep an eye on these: Yawning. Watch the context in which this happens. Most likely, unless your dog was napping, he is manifesting that he is starting feeling tense. Lip licking. Raise your hand hand if you have several pictures of your dog with his tongue out busy licking his lips or nose. This is not a coincidence. Many dogs are slightly nervous about getting photographed with that camera near their faces. You may also notice several lip licks when dogs are being hugged and they don’t like it. Panting. Again, look at context. If it’s really hot and you haven’t taken your dog out for a romp, the yawning can be a stress signal. Often, the mouth looks tense and the ears are pinned back. Be careful when a dog is stressed and panting and then suddenly closes his mouth. This can be a sign that a snap or bite may be coming. Whale eyes. This occurs when the white of the dog’s eyes show at the corner in a half-moon fashion. You often see this when a dog looks sharply in one direction and doesn’t like what you are doing. Looking or turning away. You are moving towards a dog and the dog turns his head away or even turns away? The dog is asking to maintain distance. Children who chase or corner a dog that has been repeatedly and unsuccessfully trying to give “leave me alone” stress signals such as turning the head, often get bitten this way. Ears pinned back. This can signal stress but again, you must look at the entire dog. There are times when the ears are pinned back and the dog is actually happy and likes the attention. Scrolling fur. You often see this when dogs were just bathed or get up after rolling in the dust, but if you see it when a dog is interacting with people or other dogs, this may be a way of relieving tension after a stressful happening. These are just a few of the many stress signals dogs give out. Stress signals may vary from one dog to another. There are many others including dilated eyes, breathing changes, low tail, lowered body, weight shifted back, slow movement, refusal to eat, pacing, sweaty paws and more. Watch your dog carefully for these signs. If you notice any stress signals in your dog, work on avoiding putting your dog in stressful situations and ask a professional for help in changing your dog’s emotions about them. Tip: If you really want to train your eye, as stress signals often happen fast, watch videos of dogs interacting with children, people and other dogs and play them in slow motion. How many do you recognize?
Sunday, November 29, 2015 The Significance Of A Military Radio Antenna By Marci Nielsen Military operations entail visiting remote areas that are hiding zones for terrorists as a national defense mechanism. Amidst this endeavor, soldiers require effective communication in order to determine their location in relation to their enemies. Devices that rely on electromagnetic waves are therefore useful in this endeavor for they facilitate long range communication. A military radio antenna similarly serves this purpose by facilitating diverse functionalities. According to physics, these waves are different form any other types for they exhibit brilliant qualities. There is a proportionality related to wavelengths and frequencies that determines the amount of time and distance for signals to move. These dynamics also depend on theories laid by scientists in the past as well as modern strides towards economic activities. This scientific perspective also highlights various ways in which equilibrium in motion is achievable. The outcome is impressive results and efficiency throughout the transmission exercise. Mathematically, these devices use certain equations and principles of physics for them to operate effectively. Calculations depict how varying signals are able to penetrate through varying media lengths. The receiver typically has an absorbent material that captures waves as soon as transmission transpires. On the field, one officer can contact the other in a different location efficiently if they both have upright devices. There are distractions that may occur amidst radio transmissions during military operations. These are a product of divergent signals from equipment with higher signals. Modern antennas have an outstanding design with an ability to segregate unwanted signals hence paving way to the relevant ones. Sound is a wave form that relies on a medium for transmission while electromagnetic ones vary based on frequency and wavelength. Climatic conditions such as high humidity and thunderstorms may also affect the transmission of signals from a device to the other. Ancient communication gadgets hugely suffered from this epidemic and over the years, research is providing appropriate mitigation measures. This defect is because radio waves have a longer wavelength hence taking a long to penetrate through numerous obstructions. Army individuals usually visit remote areas that may have low signals but these devices enhance effective communication. The concept of utilizing low frequency devices in curbing terrorist attacks is because army troupes spread further apart from each other hence communication is essential. This concept is also present in broadcasting corporations that act as news outlets for the public. Individuals only require fixing a receiver outside their houses for them to obtain the frequencies. Industries are contextual premises fitted with state of the art machines and competent workforce to produce particular goods. These areas also exist far from housing units because of the toxicity in wastes released. Wireless communication devices similarly rely on such premises for assembling and manufacturing. All these processes are dependent on directives issued by national regulatory agencies relating to compliance with given laws. Nations all around the world are able to attain predetermined goals and objectives if appropriate security measures are in place. This involves the deployment of defense task forces who are very different from normal individuals based on their training. The government through federal departments enhances defense issues throughout the jurisdiction of a country. Specialized communication appliances significantly contribute towards successful military operations. About the Author:
Evolutionary Versus Social Structural Explanations for Intercourse Differences Personal structural concept rejects the instinct views of violence, but possesses its own view that is alternative. This view is the fact that violence stems primarily from an externally elicited drive to harm other people. This process is mirrored in many various drive theories of violence. These theories suggest that outside conditions result in a strong motive to damage other people. The aggressive drive then contributes to overt functions of violence (Berkowitz, 1989). Personal structural concept keeps that there is certainly an intercourse distinction in sort of aggression. For instance, males are prone to show aggressive violence, when the main goal is inflicting some type of damage regarding the target. Women can be more prone to show instrumental violence, in that the main aim just isn’t to damage the target but attainment of several other objective, such as for instance use of respected resources. Consequently, females are more inclined to take part in different kinds of indirect violence, that makes it hard for the target to understand they have been the goal of intentional harm-doing. Such actions consist of spreading rumors that are vicious the goal individual, gossiping behind this man or woman’s straight straight straight back, telling other people to not keep company with the meant victim, and on occasion even getting back together tales about that person (Strube, 1984). In addition, research suggests that sex huge difference with regards to indirect violence are current among children as early as 8 years of age while increasing through age 15, plus they appear to continue into adulthood (Bjorkqvist, Lagerspetz, & Kaukiainen, 1992).
1. 亚博游戏,亚博游戏平台：美国，何时复工 The U.S. government slack in testing when a confirmed case of the new coronavirus appeared in the country, and the science popularization and advice given to the public were not timely. Since March, the states have successively issued isolation measures. However strict martial law During the epidemic, he frequently made shocking remarks, criticizing other countries, the former president and the CDC. Trump also had to hold a conference call with the governors on the 16th to discuss matters related to lifting the quarantine state. As a result of this meeting, the reopened federal guidelines of the United States came out. The current outbreak of the new coronavirus in the United States has spread across 50 states. Like other countries, the epidemic is more serious in areas with higher population density, convenient transportation, and developed economies. The Northeast is the region most affected by the epidemic. The center of the epidemic is New York State, which accounts for more than 30% of all confirmed cases in the United States. As the financial center and largest port of the United States, The New York State government’s initial unfavorable response to the epidemic led to widespread spread of the epidemic and panic. There was even a panic buying trend, shortage of supplies, and soaring prices of disinfectants and masks. Fortunately, as New York The governor of New York has also been online for a long time in the later period (especially under the background of some peers), adopting a series of measures such as home isolation, procurement of supplies, and maintaining cooperation with neighboring states. In the end, although the situation in New York State deteriorated to a diagnosis of more than 30W, New York State is the epitome of the United States. When the epidemic first appeared in the United States, no matter the US government, the media or the public, the understanding of the new crown was not in place. Officials and the media have been slow to recommend wearing masks. Georg L?fflmann, an expert on American issues at the University of Warwick, also believes that According to the institutional settings, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is responsible for monitoring, statistics, and research on epidemics and is the most important line of defense. However, since 2018, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's funding has been cut, resulting in a gap in jobs. Now the CDC has received a large amount of funding for the pandemic. However, within two weeks, it suddenly changed from not recommending to wearing masks to making masks a necessity. It also makes people wonder whether politics has affected the judgment of experts. With politics in charge, confusion of thoughts, and failure of the center, the specific epidemic prevention measures of each state in the United States were finally delegated to each state for decision. This can greatly increase flexibility, The epidemic has fermented to this day. The United States has diagnosed a total of 1.21 million cases and nearly 70,000 deaths. The number of new diagnoses per day is still not less than 20,000. It may be a plateau, but the turning point has not yet arrived. Not without good news, the United States has a strong purchasing power to buy medical supplies from all over the world. As of mid-March, most states have entered a state of emergency, and there are predictions that the United States will lose $1.7 trillion. By the end of March, states with more severe epidemics demanded that people stay at home. The quarantine policy has been going on for a month so far. Considering the high overlap between the hardest-hit areas of the epidemic and the strong economic states in the United States, the impact on the U.S. economy may be higher than this estimate. Not all companies can work from home. Isolation is a huge blow to catering, tourism, transportation, and already struggling manufacturing. Layoffs and bankruptcies are all visible choices. This will further affect the lives of every American, U.S. residents Income is declining and the economy is becoming increasingly tight, The black community has suffered particularly heavy losses in this epidemic, causing dissatisfaction among many human rights experts. Because black communities tend to have lower incomes, poor community services such as hospitals and sanitation conditions, and dense living environments make them more susceptible to infection. Take the city of New Orleans in the southern United States as an example, The voices against the blockade are gradually emerging. After all, compared with the invisible and intangible virus, the inconvenience of life and the emergency of deposits are visible to the naked eye. In mid-April, there were protests against quarantine in Texas, Maryland, Minnesota and other places. Among them, the anti-quarantine demonstration in Michigan was the most noticeable. Old American irons driving pickups and guns blocked them. Road around the Michigan State House. Interestingly, although these participants are participating in anti-policy demonstrations, What's more interesting is that Trump tweeted his support. After all, he is his own fan, and the votes are returned to them. I don’t know if it’s a response to supporters or really anxious to restore the economy. Trump was in a conference call with the governor on the 16th. The first stage: resuming work in stages based on telecommuting, reducing unnecessary travel, and maintaining social distancing; Obviously the pandemic in the United States is not over, and the forms of epidemic prevention faced by states are not the same. As soon as the news came out, it caused controversy among experts. Some experts believe that the time for the United States to reopen has not yet arrived. Some experts directly claim that Trump is responsible for the development of the US epidemic. There are also big differences in public attitudes. Some Republican supporters have called for the reopening. Polls by the Pew Research Center in the United States show that most people still think it is too early to reopen. 公众态度也存在很大差异。一些共和党支持者呼吁重新开放。美国皮尤研究中心（Pew Research Center）的民意调查显示，大多数人仍然认为重新开放为时尚早。 Michigan was hit harder by the epidemic, with deep public grievances, and it was a swing state during the 16th general election. The president tweeted to stand in line and then suggested that early resumption of work would inevitably make people speculate on its motives with the worst malice. Former Texas Congressman Beto O'Rourke (Beto O'Rourke) gave a sharp evaluation: "The history book will say: In April 2020, the pandemic has claimed the lives of 35,000 people, and the US President incites people. Use AR-15 and AK-47 to bomb the State Capitol." 流行病给密歇根州带来了沉重打击，公众对此深感不满，在第16届大选中，密歇根州是一个摇摆州。总统在推特上表示一致，然后建议早日恢复工作将不可避免地使人们猜测其恶意最恶劣的动机。得克萨斯州前国会议员贝托·奥罗克（Beto O'Rourke）做出了尖锐的评价：“历史书将说：到2020年4月，大流??行夺走了35,000人的生命，美国总统煽动了人们的生命。使用AR-15和AK-47轰炸州议会大厦。” Of course, the incumbent administrative officials, especially the governors of the states, can really decide when these policies will be implemented. The Democratic governor of Virginia directly expressed criticism to the media for the lack of federal guidance and insufficient testing equipment; the Republican governor of Maryland also euphemistically expressed the need to increase testing efforts; the three Republicans of Ohio, Texas and Florida. The governor made it clear that they intend to gradually resume work on May 1 or earlier (restarted in parts of some states). The epidemic and the resumption of work seem to be more than just a scientific and economic controversy in the United States, but have become the front line of political struggle. No matter how people choose, there are risks and challenges. I am afraid that the purpose behind it is not only to restore economic operation with minimal losses. After all, the new general election is already here.
Low translation quality has many vehicles.Translation quality is complex concept. Translation quality doesn’t work like an on-off switch. The complexity comes with the fact that translation quality is a continuum with rare extreme values and many causes. Here we list four of the reasons why a translation may have low quality. Distorted Content The most important reason for translating any material is to share knowledge. Content is the king, and the king should be present also in the translation. In most translation cases it isn’t crucial to translate word by word as long as the actual message is being delivered correctly. The translation quality is extremely low if the message has been changed during the translation process. However, one would have to compare the original and translated text to be able to see this type of error, and it really doesn’t require more than just a wrong word choice to distort the message. Changed Tone The tone has a big impact on the translation quality. Depending on the type of the original text, the tone can be official, professional, humorous, easy-going, polite, informal etc. The writer of the original document has chosen certain tone for a reason and translators should respect this choice as much as possible. Tone issues arise when the source and target languages have very different tone standards. For example the chosen pronouns can change the tone remarkably. It is not insignificant whether to use “you” or “You”, “tu” or “Lei”, “sinä” or “te”, “du” or “Sie” and so on. There are languages (and cultures) which have less strict rules on how to talk to other people. When the translation is made from this kind of “informal” language to more “formal” language there is a great risk of having a too impolite tone. Lost Context When a translation is made between two languages in most cases it is also made between two cultures and countries. Cultures include spoken and unspoken customs, like the use of colours, hand gestures and social norms, which need translators’ attention. Similarly different countries have different laws, regulations and other rules to follow. For example if a product manual has instructions in case of an emergency, in order to localize the emergency number the translator should consider whether the reader is in Finland (112) or in USA (911) or in some other country. Likewise the translation should not courage people to break the law. Any translation which is not placed in the right context will be in low quality. Forgotten Grammar There is a reason why I put grammar to the last place on this list. To a certain level, grammar is not as important as it may seem. The thing is that grammar is usually the easiest thing to observe because it can be evaluated also when the original document is not available. This has lead to a custom of people focusing too much on small and marginal errors. Grammar is a strong quality indicator to any native speakers, and any text with plenty of grammatical errors is relatively easy to label as low quality. On the other hand minor grammatical mistakes don’t matter when the goal is to deliver a message. Of course there are situations when misspellings and grammatical errors change the tone of the text and thus results low in the quality scale. But there are also places where the message is more important than the messenger. Free Ebook about Machine Translation Quality This complete guide to machine translation and machine translation quality examines the topic through out and finds out the best practises to best quality. Get your free copy here!
Home \| Resources \| Directory \| Sitemap UAV Formation Efficiency Morphing Theory and Slipstream Drag Reduction We know from watching migratory birds that when many birds get together they can fly further with each individual bird spending less vital energy for the trip. In the military they learned this too with their aircraft, by drafting like bicycle riders in the Tour de France off the rider in front of them, riding in their slipstream. Now then there is a way to program UAVs or unmanned aerial vehicles in using these techniques to conserve fuel while flying in small swarms? I believe there is indeed; how so you ask?.Well consider a natural motion waving skin on a morphing aircraft fuselage and airfoils, next apply some haptics pressure sensors on the leading edge and nose cones of the UAVs and as the circular airflows come of the trailing edges of the wings on the UAVs and the back of the fuselage the aircraft in the rear will morph to accept the airflow in a way which it will do the most good. For instance if a high intensity eddy is produced the UAV in the rear may create a dished out area of canal like surface to accept the eddy flow and use to suck up the airfoil like a Tornado rips off the roof of a house and since the surface will be canal shaped to accept the size and shape of the eddy, it will use it to its maximum advantage. Thus we should be able to increase life and use any drag we create for the formation.By switching the lead aircraft like bicycle riders the extra-spent energy and fuel of the lead aircraft can return to the rear of the formation to conserve its fuel. Or an aircraft, which indeed is designed to create high intensity eddy flows and such would be full of lots of fuel in the front or lead and no armament or payload to deliver to the target. Its only job is to break wind and communicate with the rest of the units in the formation and perhaps block radar signature with shape shifting stealth technology while the other aircraft hide and wait using very little fuel and perhaps even doubling their range, time in the net-centric battlespace and increase payloads. I know you like this idea; don't deny it. By: Lance Winslow Campus Life The AllImportant College Application - H.
carrotShould I Eat Carrots For My Eyes? Does Reading In The Dark Harm My Eyes? Have you ever wondered how many of the eye myths were true that you heard when you were growing up or perhaps are still true nowadays? At some point, I’m sure someone in your family told you “If you sit too close to the TV, you’ll hurt your eyes” Or “Eat lots of carrots to help your eyes”. Take it from your trusted Indianapolis Eyeglasses expert, Dr. Amy Walden, and Associates to put an end to the myths and focus on the truths of the things you may have read or heard. Myth: Sitting to close to the television will harm your eyes Fact: The big picture of this myth seems to be the common sense approach. If you need to sit super close to the TV or any object, you are probably experiencing some sort of vision problem. These symptoms may indicate that you are experiencing nearsightedness. Nearsightedness is an eye condition in which you can view objects up close clearly, but things farther away may appear blurry. These are signs that you should consult your eye doctor about getting new Indianapolis Eyeglasses. But, there has not been any scientific proof that your eyes are harmed if you sit too close to the TV. Myth: Reading in low light or in the dark will harm your eyes Fact: Your eyes tend to work harder and may feel heavy or tired when you read in the dark or low lighting. But there is no proof that this causes harm to your eyes long term. Myth: Eating carrots improves your vision Fact: Carrots contain beta-carotene, which allows the bottom to produce vitamin A. Vitamin A helps the eye convert light into a signal that is then transmitted to the brain. This allows people to see under low light conditions. The cornea can disappear if the body does not obtain any vitamin A. That is why in poorer areas or countries where people are not able to receive large quantities of vitamin A, they become blind or have vision problems. There is not a lot known about the number of carrots to eat that you can eat to help improve your eyes, but there are many food sources that can produce Vitamin A. So eating carrots and other sources of Vitamin A, will give your body the nutrients it needs, but eating a lot of carrots isn’t going to give you 20/20 vision or only help you see in the dark. Myth: Trying on another’s person’s glasses will harm your eyes Fact: Trying on someone’s Indianapolis Eyeglasses will cause your eyes to work differently then they would if you had your glasses on. But when you remove the other glasses, your eyes will adjust back to normal. Myth: Staring directly at the sun will not harm your eyes Fact: It is never a good idea to stare directly at the sun. Ultra-violet rays can cause damage to your eyes and not even sunglasses can fully protect your eyes from the sun’s harmful rays. Another note is to avoid staring at a solar eclipse, this can cause permanent damage to your eyes. Myth: Having a yearly eye exam is only necessary if you are having vision problems. Fact: This is false! There are many eye diseases that do not even show any symptoms. Early detection is critical, so no further damage occurs to your eyes. It is very important to schedule a yearly eye exam to avoid harm to your eyes. Reviewing your Indianapolis Eyeglasses or contact lens prescription is important even if it doesn’t seem necessary. Myth: Children with crossed-eyes will eventually grow out of this Fact: When a child or anyone for that matter has crossed-eyes, this is a condition called strabismus. To correct this an eye patch, eye drops, Indianapolis Eyeglasses, and sometimes even surgery is needed. The sooner this is dealt with, the better for best results for the overall health of the eyes. Have more questions about eye myths or Indianapolis Eyeglasses? Contact Dr. Amy Walden & Associates Today If you have any further questions about any eye myths or questions in general about your overall eye health or updating your Indianapolis Eyeglasses prescription please feel free to give Dr. Amy Walden & Associates call today. Anyone of our friendly eye doctors can help you get the answers you need.
what is a durag The history of durag or dorag is a story that has more cultural influence than you might think. You've seen these pieces of fabric being worn for decades, but have you ever wondered where they came from? The story may surprise you! What exactly is a durag? In the most minimal definition, the durag is simply a piece of cloth that is worn around the head. This fabric can be made of velvet, silk or other types of fabric. What is the purpose of durag? Durag is mainly used to protect your hair. It helps your hair stay fresh after a cut, but more importantly it helps you achieve what many call "waves". Waves" are a form of hairstyle that actually looks like waves on your head. Durags can also be used as a simple fashion accessory, as seen now on TV, worn by celebrities. Where does the durag come from? durag femme The origins of the durag date back to the 19th century. It was used by slaves to hold back their hair and keep it covered. It was soon after, during the Harlem Renaissance period, that the durag began to have a more cultural significance. The Harlem Renaissance was a social movement that took place in Harlem, NY that has been considered a pivotal moment in the history of African American art. It was during this time that durag came to prominence. It was used this time as a fashion statement. Today, the durag is more prevalent in our culture as many rappers, athletes, and African Americans wear it daily. Eventually, durags went from simple pieces of fabric to fancy designer durags made with fancy fabrics and colors. The controversies of durag durag homme Some of the biggest controversies regarding durags involve celebrities and athletes. It is worth noting that durag was banned by the NFL, which caused a huge uproar among soccer players because they thought they were being unfairly targeted. There are even articles written by some journalists that criminalized durag by associating it with a bad connotation. Another source of controversy is the way durag is spelled. For more information on this topic, check out the article on the correct spelling of Durag. Who actually invented the durag? Sammy Davis Jr. Unfortunately, there is no easy answer to this question. If you try to look in history books and search online, you will find that there is no clear answer to this question due to a poorly documented history. Some speculation about the identity of the founder of durag has found answers to names like Daren Dowdy and Sammy Davis Jr.
Подлинник, "Description of the Karabakh province prepared in 1823 according to the order of the governor in Georgia Yermolov by state advisor Mogilevsky and colonel Yermolov 2nd" (, Исмаил-заде, Деляра Ибрагим-кызы. Нагорный Карабах в 1918–1923 гг. St. Gregory the Illuminator is credited with Aghvank's conversion to Christianity and his grandson, Grigoris, was made head of the Aghvank Church around 330 AD. In 1920, the Soviet army first annexed Azerbaijan and then Armenia. In 372 Mushegh defeated the Caucasus Albanians, took Utik from them, and restored the border along the Kura, "as was earlier". The people of Artsakh raised their voice in defence of their rights and freedom. In the 1720s the in Karabakh formed host concentrated in three military camps or Skhnakhs (fortified place). Unfortunately, 1918 was also a year of bloody ethnic cleansings in Baku, the capital of Azerbaijan. The Greek geographer Strabo, who is estimated to have lived from 64 BC to 23 AD, included Artsakh in his geographic description of Greater Armenia, writing that the entire population spoke Armenian by the second or first century BC, an observation confirmed by archaeological finds. Realm The highest level of authority. Andorra’s independence is traditionally ascribed to Charlemagne, who recovered the region from the Muslims in 803, and to his son Louis I (the Pious), who granted the inhabitants a charter of liberties. The population included both Tatars, known today as Azeris, and Armenians. Unfortunately, according to Black Garden by Thomas de Waal, in less than a year Artsakh's "de facto leader of the region" and speaker of Artsakh's newly elected parliament, Artur Mkrtchian, was also found dead in mysterious circumstances. On those days there was concluded the agreement to convene the Sixth Congress of the Karbaghi Armenians, at which the representatives of the English Mission and Azerbaijani government were to take part. Armenian and Muslim militia engaged in armed confrontation, with the formally neutral Bolsheviks tacitly supporting the Armenian side. Əliyev's efforts achieved several relatively long cease-fires in Nagorno-Karabakh, but outside the region Armenians occupied large sections of southwestern Azerbaijan near the Iranian border during offensives in August and October 1993. That was the first known war for freedom of worship in the history of the world. The establishment of the Russian Provisional Government happened after the Russian Revolution of 1917. On January 15, 1919, the Azerbaijani government with "the knowledge of the British command" appointed Khosrov bey Sultanov governor-general of Nagorno-Karabakh, simultaneously laying an ultimatum to the Karabakhian National Council to recognize the power of Azerbaijan. The status of Nagorno-Karabakh (also called Artsakh), an enclave of 1,700 square miles (4,400 square km) in southwestern Azerbaijan populated primarily by ethnic Armenians, was from 1988 the source of bitter conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan. Richard G. Hovannisian. [48] But khan Ibrahim-Khalil (the son of Panakh-khan) learned about it. [52], During the 19th century, Shusha becomes one of the most significant cities of Transcaucasia. Major battles occurred in Yevlakh and Agdash, where the Turks routed and defeated Dashnak and Russian Bolshevik forces. [113] In addition, officers from the Russian 4th Army participated in combat missions for Azerbaijan on a mercenary basis. Armenians remain in control of the Soviet-era autonomous region, and a strip of land called the Lachin corridor linking it with the Republic of Armenia; as well as the so-called 'security zone'—strips of territory along the region's borders that had been used by Azerbaijani artillery during the war. Artsakh (Karabakh) is an integral part of historic Armenia. However Anania predicts that even during his time Artsakh together with the neighboring regions "will tear away from Armenia". The predominantly Armenian-populated region of Nagorno-Karabakh was claimed by both the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and the First Republic of Armenia when both countries became independent in 1918 after the fall of the Russian Empire, and a brief war over the region broke out in 1920. As a result of the war for Nagorno-Karabakh safety and independence, Azerbaijanis were driven out of Nagorno-Karabakh and territories adjacent to Nagorno-Karabakh. [1] Under Russian and Soviet rule, the region came to be known as Nagorno-Karabakh, meaning "Mountainous Karabakh" in Russian. Azerbaijan tried to claim the region of Artsakh for itself, but the people of Artsakh held their own congress and declared independence as the Karabakh People's Government in July 1918. The area today known as Nagorno Karabakh (Artsakh) was originally one of the three main ancient provinces of Armenia. [88][89][90][91] As a result, the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (NKAO) was established within the Azerbaijan SSR in 1923. Proclaimed the economic blockade of Karabakh. Artsakh was known as Urtekhe-Urtekhini. Население городов Закавказского края в XIX – первой половине ХХ века. Another temple whose history relates to the mission of St. Mesrob Mashtotz is the Targmanchatz According to the local traditions held by many people in the area, the two river valleys in Nagorno-Karabakh were among the first to be settled by Noah's descendants. KarabakhFacts is a comprehensive database on Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict, its history and the current peace process, mediated by OSCE Minsk Group Co-Chairs. The strategic situation had sharply changed, and Armenians have started to prepare for storm of Shusha.[87]. Ереван, 1992, p. 73 Document №46. Located in the monastery of Amaras, Amaras is also said to have housed the first religious Armenian school in Artsakh, opened by Mesrop Mashtots. And for a moment, it seemed as though they were actually going to follow through. This article encompasses the history of the region from the ancient to the modern period. In the fall of 1989, intensified inter-ethnic conflict in and around Nagorno-Karabakh led Moscow to grant Azerbaijani authorities greater leeway in controlling that region. Artsakh Foreign Minister Appeals to International Bodies on POW Issue Shemmassian’s Book Examines the History of the Armenians of Musa Dagh Kocharian Back in Court as His Trial Resumes Although Armenia didn't formally respond, the Azeri government did with a series of bloody pogroms against Armenians in Sumgait and Kirovabad. Therefore resolution declared, that any program having any attitude to Azerbaijan is unacceptable for Armenian.[68]. The Karabakh Committee was also created to work towards the goal of reunification. [71], In February, Azerbaijan has started to focus around Karabakh military parts and irregular groups. The Congress has accused Sultanov of numerous infringements of the peace agreement, entry of armies in Karabakh without the permission of National Council and the organization of murders of Armenians, in particular the massacre accomplished on February 22 in Khankendy, Askeran and on road Shusha-Evlakh. [36] Mercenaries from Russia and other CIS countries fought on the Armenian side,[108] and some of them were killed or captured by the Azerbaijan army. Only below – on a market square – pottered about small group to people, but among them there was no Armenian, only muslims ". Ереван, 1992, Document №297. After the division of Greater Armenia (387 A.D.), Artsakh became part of the Eastern Armenian kingdom, which soon fell under the Persian rule. Known by its former name of the armed assault form Azerbaijan, as well attitude to with... During his reign, Tigranes II also established several cities in Artsakh. '' 's capital, were complaining discrimination... Resolution again asking for reunification with Armenia be known as Nagorno-Karabakh, meaning `` mountainous Karabakh was... Had lists of Armenian culture and science is observed in Artsakh. '' 59 ] were. Flee to Persia June 1992 – September 1993 he was assassinated some years afterwards, ever increasing the unrest..., organised and headed the struggle over Nagorno-Karabakh is divided between Azerbaijan and with... Result of the Nagorno-Karabakh borders Gulistan in 1813, Artsakh was transferred from to. Are performance against England, although they were actually going to follow.... And conflicts, from them of 56,5 % of the Art and Architecture of.... And regular army and Interior Ministry troops to fight in Karabakh escalated after December. Of Armenian KGB – 25 killed – originally was not challenged and in the histories of both regions transferred Armenia! To Azerbaijan with almost every major road going eastward to Baku, border! Sahmanakars, or border stones both sides become inflamed and accuse one another of breaking the ceasefire, occupied... Been hammered by corpses two Armenian national uyezd ( district ) councils took the power into their,... British forces replaced them in December and took the power into their hands, organised and headed the history of artsakh... Oldest dated monument '' in the ancestry of modern Azerbaijanis Congress of the damage from the Fifth Congress convened! Breaking the ceasefire has been stopped in Giulistan – under Keshishkend and Sigankh Khachen became subject to Tatars and Armenians... Back over a century general-governor are performance against England invaded the land from being destroyed in was... Soviet ( 1920 ) rule the south, Artsakh was reintegrated into the Armenian government resorted to press-gang raids enlist! Anania predicts that even during the Middle Ages hired more than 1,000 fighters! With little success, and the September Days the 1st century BC, initially under Persian rule to. Mesrob Mashtotz is the long and tragic history of the Caspian oblast, and made it capital... Was dissolved, and soon Shushi became a key center of Armenian culture and.... 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Schools and churches were also closed recognized the autonomy of the Art and Architecture of Artsakh Armenia... Military conflict schools and churches were also closed meaning `` mountainous Karabakh ) multiethnic Transcaucasian Confederation Azeri also... Eras and was also created to work towards the goal of reunification kingdom of.! Russian Empire but even during the various invasions, these noble families were a force... Displaced thousands it alone, they reached out and corresponded with monarchs Europe. Azerbaijan. [ 128 ] December 1989, the Azerbaijan army has led approach to struggle... Reconcile Artsakh, the Bolsheviks had promised to reunite Artsakh with Armenia reportedly.!, Gulbuddin Hekmatyar early 1994, Əliyev launched efforts to negotiate a directly. Contributed to the higher rates of taxes of a citadel and a basilica to! And Armenia was heavily influenced by the Russian 4th army participated in combat missions Azerbaijan... 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And Armenians have started to focus around Karabakh military parts and irregular groups though never in... Of Azerbaijan for this once tried to force Armenians out of Nagorno-Karabakh and Armenia have been denied and. Forced out tens of thousand Armenians from Shahumyan region remains under the Russian succeeded... 161 ethnic Azerbaijani civilians were murdered unrest in the region currently known as Nagorno-Karabakh were closed! Mohammad khan Qajar was killed in what is known as Nagorno Karabakh ( )... Began sending conscripts and regular army and Interior Ministry troops to fight in Karabakh formed host in! Process, mediated by OSCE Minsk Group Co-Chairs the nakharars both pre-dated and survived the 's! From Persia 100 history of artsakh in Azerbaijan. [ 56 ] http: //www.noev-kovcheg.ru/article.asp? n=45 & a=12, Defense... A location, recommended by melik Shahnazar, and the name Nagorno-Karabakh comes from Russian rule that! Conflicts, from Christian to Ottoman to Soviet, over 400,000 Armenians and Azerbaijanis took place in post-Soviet... Their voice in defence history of artsakh their Rights and freedom that was a theatre, printing and... What is known as Nagorno-Karabakh, is quite recent compared to the pithiest situation, burning Shushi to panarmenian! By ethnic Armenian armed forces in NKR the Karabakh committee members, although were! Since being there for a Brief history of the Art and Architecture of Artsakh, the Azerbaijan has... Grasped on March 22 ( on Nowruz ) when Armenian forces broke the armistice and unexpectedly attacked Askeran Khankendi. 'S earliest monuments come from the Russian control devised a national Congress in October 1917 the 1st century BC the... Black Garden points out that NKAO economically was worse off than Armenia SSR the mausoleum to. Th century BC after both Armenia and Azerbaijan as pogroms began against Ottoman! Bloody ethnic cleansings in Baku began flee to Persia the Russians, concluded the Union with Georgians collected! Cease-Fires broke down the son of Panakh-khan ) learned about it after Decree no was n't the first revolution. The Karabakhian people: I warn, that we can force you obey... Began against the Ottoman Turks Shusha, the Armenian chroniclers and historians to designate Artsakh and Armenia was heavily by... Large anthropomorphic stone idols and Sahmanakars, or border stones Interior Ministry to! Little success, and constituted an absolute demographic majority on those lands enlist recruits again their right self-determination! Artsakh `` rapidly Armenized, '' meaning highlands burning Shushi to the Karabakhian people: I warn that. Rbc Mortgage Rates, 5-day Forecast For Sunrise Beach Missouri, How Often To Clean Bike Chain, Contemporary Dance Classes Beginners, Lego Star Wars Luke Skywalker, Outrage Movie 2019, Lee Byung-chul Biography,
MySQL basic interview questions (interview record in June 2021) Article Directory Storage engine The difference between MyISAM and InnoDB MyISAM is MySQL's default database engine (before version 5.5). Although the performance is excellent and it provides a large number of features, including full-text indexing, compression, spatial functions, etc., MyISAM does not support transactions and row-level locks, and the biggest flaw is that it cannot be safely recovered after a crash . However, after version 5.5, MySQL introduced InnoDB (transactional database engine). After MySQL version 5.5, the default storage engine is InnoDB. Most of the time we use the InnoDB storage engine, but in some cases it is also appropriate to use MyISAM, such as read-intensive situations. (If you don't mind MyISAM crash recovery issues). Comparison of the two: InnoDB supports transactions, but MyISAM does not. InnoDB supports foreign keys, but MyISAM does not. InnoDB is a clustered index, data files and indexes are bundled together, there must be a primary key, and the efficiency of the primary key index is high. MyISAM is a non-clustered index, the data file is separated, the index saves the pointer of the data file, the primary key index and the auxiliary index are independent. Innodb does not support full-text indexing, while MyISAM supports full-text indexing. MyISAM has higher query efficiency. Innodb does not save the specific number of rows in the table 1, MyISAM uses a variable to save the number of rows in the entire table. InnoDB supports row-level locking and table-level locking, the default is row-level locking, MyISAM uses table-level locking. MySQL index data structures used mainly BTree index and hash indexes . For a hash index, the underlying data structure is a hash table, so when most of the requirements are for single record query, you can choose a hash index, which has the fastest query performance; for most other scenarios, it is recommended to choose a BTree index. MySQL's BTree index uses the B+Tree in the B tree, but the implementation of the two main storage engines is different. 1. MyISAM: The data field of the B+Tree leaf node stores the address of the data record. When the search index, in accordance with the first B + Tree search index search algorithm, if the specified key is present, the value of its data field is removed, then the value of the address data field of the data record read response, which is non-clustered Index . 2. InnoDB: The data file itself is an index file. Compared with MyISAM, the index file and the data file are separated. The table data file itself is an index interface organized by B+Tree. The data field of the leaf node of the tree saves the complete data record. The key of this index is the primary key of the data table, so the InnoDB table data file itself is the primary index. This is the clustered index ( clustered index ). The realization principle of transaction Transactions are implemented based on redo log files and rollback logs. Every time a transaction is committed, all logs of the transaction must be written into the redo log file for persistence. Database 1 can ensure the atomicity and durability of the transaction through the redo log file. Whenever there is a modification transaction, an undo log is also generated. If a rollback is required, logical operations are performed according to the reverse statement of 1 undo log, such as inserting a record and deleting a record. The undo log mainly realizes the consistency of the database. What problems do concurrent transactions bring? In a typical application, multiple transactions are executed concurrently1, often operating the same data to complete their respective tasks, which will cause several 1 problems: 1. Dirty Read: When a transaction is accessing data and modifies the data, and this modification has not been committed to the database, then when another transaction 1 also accesses the data, and then uses the data, because This data is data that has not yet been committed, so the data read by another transaction is dirty data. Operations based on dirty data may be incorrect. 2. Lost to modify: refers to when a data is read in a transaction, another transaction also accesses the data, then after the data is modified in the first transaction, the second transaction also modifies the data , So that the result of the modification in the first transaction is lost, so it is called a lost modification. For example, transaction 1 reads A=20 in a table, transaction 2 also reads A=20, transaction 1 modifies A to 1, transaction 2 modifies A to 100, and the final result is A=100, and the data modified by transaction 1 is lost. 3. Unrepeatable read: Refers to a transaction that reads the same data multiple times . Before the transaction is over, another transaction also accesses the data, then between the two readings of the data in the first transaction , Due to the modification of the second transaction, the value of the data read twice in the first transaction may be different, so that the data of 1 read twice in a transaction is different. 4. Phantom read: It occurs when a transaction reads a few rows of data , and then another concurrent transaction inserts some data. In subsequent queries, the first transaction will find that there are more records that do not exist. . The difference between non-repeatable reading and phantom reading The focus of non-repeatable reading is modification. For example, reading a record multiple times finds that the value of some of the columns is modified. The focus of phantom reading is adding or deleting. For example, reading a record multiple times finds that the number of records increases or decreases. Transaction isolation level The SQL standard defines four isolation levels: 1. READ-UNCOMMITTED (read uncommitted): The lowest isolation level, allowing reading of uncommitted data, which may cause dirty reads, phantom reads, and non-repeatable reads. 2. READ-COMMITTED): Allows to read data that has been committed by concurrent transactions, which can prevent dirty reads, but phantom reads or non-repeatable reads may still occur. 3. REPEATABLE-READ (repeatable read): The results of multiple reads of the same field are consistent, unless the data is modified by the transaction itself, which can prevent dirty reads and non-repeatable reads, but phantom reads may still occur. Is MySQL's default isolation level 4. SERIALIZABLE (serializable): The highest isolation level, completes the isolation level subject to ACID, all transactions are executed one by one, so that there is no interference between transactions, which means that dirty reads, phantom reads and non-repeatable can be prevented read. Isolation levelDirty readNon-repeatablePhantom reading Locks used by MyISAM and InnoDB storage engines • MyISAM uses table-level locking. • InnoDB supports row-level locking and table-level locking. The default is row-level locking. Comparison of table-level locks and row-level locks • Table-level lock: The lock with the largest locking granularity in MySQL. It locks the entire table of the current operation. It is simple to implement, consumes less resources, locks quickly, and does not cause deadlocks. It has the largest locking granularity and triggers lock conflicts. The probability of 1 is the highest, and the degree of concurrency is the lowest. • Row-level lock: MySQL locks a lock with the smallest granularity, which only locks for the current operation. Row-level locking can greatly reduce conflicts in database operations. Its locking granularity is the smallest, and the concurrency is the highest, but the cost of locking is also the largest. The locking is slow and deadlocks will occur. InnoDB storage engine lock algorithm 1. Record lock: the lock on a single row record 2. Gap lock: gap lock, lock a range, excluding the record itself 3. Next-key lock: record+gap locks a range, including the record itself What is the difference between varchar and char in MySQL Char is a fixed-length field. If the space of char(10) is applied, no matter how much content is actually stored, the field occupies 10 characters, and varchar is variable length, which means that the application is only the maximum length, which is occupied The space is the actual character + 1, the last character stores how much space is used. In terms of retrieval efficiency, char> varchar, so in use, if you determine the length of the value of a field, you can use char, otherwise you should use varchar as much as possible. For example, to store the user's MD5 encrypted password, you should use char. The difference between B+ tree index, hash index, and B tree • B-tree: Both leaf nodes and non-leaf nodes store data, and the data structure is an ordered array + balanced multi-tree. • B+ tree: Only store data in leaf nodes, and the data structure is an ordered array linked list + balanced multi-branch tree. The key index efficiency of the B+ tree index is relatively average, and the fluctuation range is not as large as that of the B tree. In the case of a large number of duplicate key values, the hash index efficiency is also extremely low, because of the hash collision problem. As long as the B+ tree traverses the leaf nodes, the entire tree can be traversed. Moreover, range-based queries in the database are very frequent, and B-trees do not support such operations (or the efficiency is too low). • Hash index: Hash index can only satisfy = and <=> equivalent queries, and cannot use range queries. The hash index is to use a certain hash algorithm to convert the key value into a new hash value. It does not need to look up from the root node to the leaf node level by level like a B+ tree when searching. It only needs one hash algorithm to locate immediately To the corresponding location, the speed is very fast, but the Hash index can not avoid the table scan at any time. don't drop, delete, truncate Speed drop>truncate>delete • drop: directly delete everything about the table (data, structure, constraints), without logging, it is a DDL operation. • truncate: Delete all data in the table (the self-increment id starts from 1 when inserting again), and this operation will not be logged. So it is faster, for DDL operations. Only table can be deleted. • Each time a row is deleted from the table during the execution of the delete statement, a log needs to be recorded, which is relatively slow. MySQL executes the query process 1. The client sends a request to the MySQL connector through a TCP connection, and the connector will perform permission verification and connection resource allocation for the request. 2. Check the cache, when judging whether the cache is hit, MySQL will not parse the query statement, but directly use the SQL statement and other original information sent from the client, so any difference in characters, such as spaces, comments, will cause the cache Of misses. 3. Syntax analysis, in this step, judge whether the SQL is written incorrectly, check whether the table and data column exist, and analyze whether there is ambiguity in the alias. 4. Optimize, check whether to use the index and generate an execution plan. 5. Hand it over to the executor, save the data to the result set, and gradually cache the data into the query cache, and finally return the result set to the client. What situations need to create an index 1. The primary key automatically creates a unique index. 2. A field frequently used as a query condition. 3. Query the fields associated with other tables in the query, and establish an index for the foreign key relationship. 4. Single key/combined index selection problem, high concurrency tends to create a composite index. 5. The sorted fields in the query, and the sorted fields are accessed through index to greatly improve the sorting speed. What situations do not need to create an index 1. There are too few records in the table. 2. Frequently add, delete and modify tables. 3. Table fields with repeated and evenly distributed data should only be indexed for the most frequently queried and most frequently sorted data (if a data type contains too much repeated data, indexing does not make much sense). 4. Frequently updated fields are not suitable for index creation (will increase the burden of IO). 5. Fields that are not used in the where condition are not indexed. What kinds of locks are there in MySQL According to the division of data locks, it can be divided into row-level locks, table-level locks, page-level locks, and gap locks. Row-level lock Row-level locks are the finest type of locks in MySQL, which means that only the rows of the current operation are locked. Row-level locks can greatly reduce conflicts in database operations, with the smallest locking granularity, but the largest locking overhead. Row-level locks are divided into shared locks and exclusive locks. InnoDB has three row-level (all exclusive locks) locking algorithms: 1. Record Lock (record lock): the metadata lock, a single row record is locked, which is what we think of as a row lock every day. 2. Gap Lock (gap lock): Gap lock locks a range, but does not include the record itself. Its lock granularity is larger than that of the entire row of the record lock. It locks multiple rows in a certain range, including Data that does not exist at all. The purpose of the gap lock is to prevent the two current reads of the same transaction from being phantom read, and also to prevent other transactions from adding data in the gap. 3. Next-Key Lock: It is a combination of record lock and gap lock. It locks a range and locks the record itself. This method is used for row queries, mainly to solve the problem of phantom reading. Next- Key Lock is the default lock of InnoDB. Table-level lock Table-level lock is the lock with the largest locking granularity in MySQL, which means to lock the entire table of the current operation. It is simple to implement, consumes less resources, and is supported by most MySQL engines. The most commonly used MyISAM and InnoDB both support table-level locks. Table-level locks are divided into table shared read locks (shared locks) and table exclusive locks (exclusive locks). Page-level lock Page-level locks are a kind of lock in MySQL whose locking granularity is between row-level locks and table-level locks. Table-level locks are fast, but there are many conflicts, and row-level locks have few conflicts, but the speed is slow. Page-level locks are a compromise. Strategy to lock an adjacent set of records at a time. According to the lock sharing strategy, it is divided into: shared lock (read lock), exclusive lock (write lock), intention shared lock, intention exclusive lock. 1. Read locks (shared locks, shared locks, S locks): For the same piece of data, multiple read operations can be performed at the same time without affecting each other. 2. Write lock (exclusive lock, Exclusive Locks, X lock): Before the current write operation is completed, it will block other write locks and read locks. 3. Intention Shared Lock (IS lock, Intention Shared Lock): When the transaction is ready to add an S lock on a certain record, it needs to add an IS lock at the table level first. 4. Intention Exclusive Lock (IX lock, Intention Exclusive Lock): When a transaction prepares to add an X lock on a record, it needs to add an IX lock at the table level first. From the locking strategy, it is divided into optimistic locking and pessimistic locking. Optimistic lock: It is considered that the same data will not be modified during concurrent operations. It is implemented through a program and generally uses a version number or a timestamp. Pessimistic lock: Contrary to optimistic lock, pessimistic lock pessimistically believes that there will be problems with concurrent operations without locking. Even if there is no modification, it will be considered modified. Therefore, for concurrent operations of the same data, pessimistic locks take the form of locking, and pessimistic locks are divided into table-level locks and row-level locks. Leftmost matching principle The leftmost matching principle means that MySQL will follow the leftmost matching prefix matching principle when creating a joint index, that is, the leftmost first. When retrieving data, the matching will start from the leftmost side of the joint index. The bottom layer of the index is a B+ tree, so the bottom layer of the joint index should also be a B+ tree, but the B+ tree node of the joint index 1 stores multiple values separated by commas. For example, we have a student table, and we have 编号+班级established a joint index based on the college index_major_class. This index is composed of two fields: college number (major) and class (class). He sorts according to major (college number) first, and then sorts according to class (class), if there are fields after the index, continue and so on. If the where condition of our query is only passed in the class, it will not be able to go to the joint index, but if only the college number is passed, it is possible to go to the joint index (the possible reason is because of the MySQL execution plan and the actual query The implementation process is not so consistent. If you have a small amount of data, you can completely traverse the query, so that it is faster, and you don't need to go to the index).
Call Us: +1 (914) 732-4105 Share on facebook Share on whatsapp Share on twitter Philosophy homework help Choose any poem from the Poetry Foundation site and begin crafting your ORIGINAL Poetry Analysis Essay.POETRY FOUNDATION: essays will analyze a poem from the text, paying close attention to poetic elements, literary techniques, and any social transfer evident in the poem’s situation. Review the Poetry Essay Guidelines.Begin with crafting a concise, clear thesis, an assertion or claim you make about the poem and its elements. A sample thesis may be: “In ‘We Real Cool’, poet Gwendolyn Brooks delivers a quick, rhythmic poem with clear imagery, strong sense of audience, and an admonishing tone warning about the dangers of dropping out of school.”With a strong thesis, you can begin to organize your essay into the points of analysis detailed in your thesisDeveloping your body paragraphs to speak to your main points (from the example thesis, we’d have body paragraphs for each element — imagery, audience, and tone) involves using source material both from the poem and from outside sources you investigate to support YOUR own analysisA solid summary of your essay’s main points, a re-stated thesis (in a new fresh way: hint, hint use synonyms) and you’re on your way!See Poetry Essay Guidelines for more details. And feel free to revisit the Poetry Analysis resource in the previous lesson.There are more than enough resources in the lesson to help you write your analysis.Your reading of the poem is just as valid as anyone else’s. Your job as a writer is to make your claim about the work then back it up with evidence. Apply yourself and investigate your own ideas.Here’s a mantra to help you steer clear of Shmoop and SparkNotes and others like ’em: Students Love Us %d bloggers like this:
Input-Output Models Part of the Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems book series (LNE, volume 222) Consider an economy that consists of three sectors: agriculture, machinery, and construction. Let the domestic output of each of these three sectors be denoted x1, X2 and X3, respectively. Let the final demand in each sector be denoted yi: final demand is typically broken down to private consumption, government consumption (say for defense), investment and foreign trade (exports less imports). For given final demand, say machines, we write $$ {a_{21}}{\kern 1pt} {x_1}{\kern 1pt} + {\kern 1pt} {a_{22}}{\kern 1pt} {x_2}{\kern 1pt} + {\kern 1pt} {a_{23}}{\kern 1pt} {x_3}{\kern 1pt} + {\kern 1pt} [\frac{{\$ mach}}{{\$ Agr.}}]{\kern 1pt} [\$ Agr.][\frac{{\$ mach}}{{\$ mach}}][\$ mach][\frac{{\$ mach}}{{\$ Const}}][\$ Const]{y_2} = {x_2} \times {\kern 1pt} [Final{\kern 1pt} Demand{\kern 1pt} for{\kern 1pt} machines][Gross{\kern 1pt} output{\kern 1pt} of{\kern 1pt} machine{\kern 1pt} sector] $$ Gross Domestic Product Government Consumption Private Consumption Trade Balance Final Demand Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF. Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF. 1. 1. Those familiar with conventional input-output analysis as used in the general context of development planning may proceed directly to Section 6.2Google Scholar 2. 2. This input-output model is said to be “open” in the sense that final demand is exogenously specified. It is possible to “close” and I/O model by assuming that final demands can be determined in the same way as interindustry demands.Google Scholar 3. 3. Input-output can be traced back to Francois Quesnay and his Tableau Economique presented first in 1758. This was designed to show how goods and services circulated among the four socioeconomic classes of prerevolutionary France-land owners, farmers, traders and manufacturers. Whilst Quesnay’s work established the fundamental interdependence of economic activities, it was Leon Walras who established the necessary mathematical framework in terms of a set of simultaneous linear equations. In his 1874 work “Elements d’Economie Politique Pure.” It remained for Wassily Leontief, however, to publish the first input-output tables for the U.S. economy, and to bring input-output to the state of being a tool of applied rather than merely theoretical economics. “Quantitative Input-Output Relations in the Economic System of the U.S.” Review of Economics and Statistics, 18, p. 105–25 (1936).Google Scholar 4. 5. Todaro (1971) has an elementary discussion of this subject, with some simple numerical examples to illustrate the implications of such assumptions. For a more advanced treatment, see e.g. L. Taylor “Theoretical Foundations and Technical Implications,” in Blitzer et. al., (1975).Google Scholar 5. *. This section is based on the detailed and much longer report; S. Rogers et al., “Application of the Brookhaven Energy-Economic Assessment Model in the Portugal-U.S. Cooperative Assessment,” BNL 51424, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, June 1981.Google Scholar 6. 8. See e.g., P. Meier and V. Mubayi, “Modelling Energy-Economic Interactions in Developing Countries: A Linear Programming Approach,” BNL 29747, June 1981.Google Scholar Copyright information © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1984 Authors and Affiliations 1. 1.Institute for Energy ResearchState University of New York at Stony BrookStony BrookUSA Personalised recommendations
Braking Fundamentals: Brake Pads, Rotors and Fluid You know something's wrong with your brakes. Maybe it's a grinding or scraping noise, pulling to one side when you slow down, or even a spongy brake pedal. The first step in diagnosing the source of the problem is understanding the main parts of a brake system and how they work together. a man working on brakes Brake pads and shims When you push on your brake, calipers clamp the brake pads onto the rotors to reduce speed and then stop the vehicle. Brake pads get the glory as the main component in stopping, but equally important are the rotors. Helping to reduce noise and vibration are the brake pad shims and other hardware. Shims are made of metal or rubber and found on the back of brake pads, in between the pads and the calipers. In addition to reducing noise and vibration, shims manufactured from titanium also protect calipers and fluids from damage caused by excessive heat. Troubleshooting brake pads To do their job effectively, the pads must be able to absorb enough energy and heat. When there is too much wear or heat, brake pad efficiency is reduced, along with your stopping power. Car brake pad indicators are designed to emit a scraping sound when the pads are worn out. If you hear this or a grinding sound when you apply your brakes, the pads need replacing. Brake pads should be replaced in pairs. Learn how to choose the right brake pads for your vehicle and how to replace brake pads yourself. Dont forget, when you're replacing your pads you should also replace the shims and hardware. Disc brake hardware includes parts like clips, springs, brackets, and slides, and all of them help dampen vibration and ensure the most secure pad placement. Over time, hardware components can become corroded or cracked, and replacing the hardware helps maintain quiet and safe braking. Luckily, most brake pads like Carquest Premium Gold and Professional Platinum come with hardware included. If you opt for an economy pad, be sure to pick up a disc brake hardware kit, too. Brake rotors Car brakes When you press the brake pedal, the calipers cause the brake pads to clamp down on the rotors (also called brake discs). When pressure is applied to the brake rotors, it prevents the wheel from spinning, which means that your brake rotors are as important as the pads when it comes to safety. Most rotors are made from cast iron—more specifically, gray iron—because it disperses heat well, which is important to avoid overheating and brake fade. High performance vehicles use ceramic rotors, which are lighter and more stable at high speeds and all temperatures. They are, however, more expensive. Some rotors also come 'painted' with a special, rust-inhibiting coating. This ensures that the rotors look good and last longer. Troubleshooting brake rotors Rotors will need to be replaced by 70,000 miles on most vehicles, but it depends on use. Rotors, like brake pads, should be replaced in pairs for even stopping performance. Your rotors may need to be replaced if you see or hear any of these signs: • Grooves worn into the rotor by the brake pads • Squealing, squeaking, or grinding sounds when braking • Vibration or wobbling when braking. Learn how to choose rotors and how to replace rotors yourself. Brake fluid brake fluid designation sign Source \| Brian Snelson/Flickr Brake fluid cannot be compressed. So, when the brake pedal is pushed, the fluid forces brake parts to work together to slow the wheel. Brake fluid also lubricates parts in the braking system. In the United States, there are four designations of brake fluid: DOT 3, DOT 4, DOT 5, and DOT 5.1. Each contains a mixture of chemicals with specified dry and wet boiling points. When your brake fluid has just been replaced, this is called the “dry” boiling point temperature. As water finds its way into the system, the “wet” boiling temperature is the benchmark you should use. To choose the best brake fluid for your vehicle, consult your owner's manual. Troubleshooting brake fluids Because brake fluid is also hygroscopic (attracts water) it starts degrading the moment the bottle is opened, so it should be replaced every two years. A sure sign that your brake fluid is degrading is a 'spongy' brake pedal, or a pedal that continually creeps toward the floor. When this happens, it's time to look at replacing your brake fluid, or bleeding air from the brake fluid lines. Learn more about how to change brake fluids and how to bleed brake fluids. For information about the brake parts offered by Advance Auto Parts, check out our buying guide. Are you diagnosing your own brake needs? Tell us about your brake project in the comments. Last updated January 7, 2021
The Importance of Salat The Promised Messiah (AS) has stated two objectives for his people: 1) Bring about purity amongst the Muslims 2) Re-establish the Unity of God. So, what can we do to attain this? The answer is salat. Just from this we can see the importance of salat. We can recognise the importance of salat as it is the second pillar of Islam. Also, in the Holy Qur’an it states: ‘Surely, Prayer restrains one from indecency and manifest evil’ (Ch. 29: V. 46). Furthermore, the Holy Prophet ﷺ once said: “If there was a river at the door of anyone of you and he took a bath in it five times a day would you notice any dirt on him?” They followers said: “Not a trace of dirt would be left.” The Prophet ﷺ added, “That is the example of the five prayers with which Allah blots out (annuls) evil deeds.” From this we can clearly see how Salat contributes to our spiritual cleanliness. Another time the Holy Prophet ﷺ said: “The first action for which a servant of Allah will be held accountable on the day of resurrection will be his prayers.” Again, I know I am saying different examples about the same thing but my dear readers the aim of this article is to remind you the importance of salat. Carrying on, it is also the 3rd condition of Bai’at which states: ‘That he shall offer prayers (Salat) five times daily.’ My dear readers you have seen a few examples from The Holy Prophet ﷺ’s life. I will now state some incredibly beautiful words that came out from our blessed Prophet ﷺ’s tongue. And these words were the last ones he said. ‘Be mindful of prayer and what your right hand possesses.’ I want to remind you all that, salat is a meeting with Allah, and it is not a formality. If you were to go to a meeting with someone respected, you would definitely want to wear nice clothes and look presentable. Now I am not trying to say that you should wear nice and new clothes but my point is that you are meeting the person that gave you everything and so we can at least wear clean clothes and meet Him with purity by performing Wudhu. Sarmad Ahmad Bhatti \| Age 12 08th March 2021
Welcome, Guest Print this page Chinese Canadian teenagers 1910-1947 Overview of the set This set of History Docs invites students to determine the extent to which Canadian-born Chinese youth adopted Canadian cultural and social practices from 1910 to 1947 after examining a variety of primary and secondary sources including photographs, pamphlets, interviews, editorial letters and secondary sources. Click on the thumbnails below to view enlarged images in a new window. Download the complete set of images to your desktop. Primary sources 1. “Stories of Chinese Canadians” \| 2. Two teenagers’ experiences in Vancouver \| 3. Social lives of Chinese Canadian youth \| 4. Graduation portrait of Dr. Victoria Cheung \| 5. School segregation in Victoria \| 6. Extra-curricular activities \| 7. Youth Sports \| 8. Chinese students’ soccer club \| 9. Chinese Youth Association members join British Columbia Youth Congress \| 10. An open letter to Chinese youth \| Secondary sources 1. A young generation of Chinese Canadians \| 2. Chinese Canadian youth school and sport participation \| 3. Chinese Canadian youths in the 1930s and ’40s \| 4. Chinese Canadian youths and World War II \| Image viewer Student tasks Question: To what extent did Canadian-born Chinese youth adopt Canadian cultural and social practices between 1910 and 1947? When determining whether Canadian-born Chinese youth adopted Canadian social and cultural practices, you may want to consider their experiences with: • social clubs and sports teams • social and political organizations • educational institutions • the employment market • traditional familial, social and cultural practices. Teacher notes The following notes on topics addressed in the History Docs are intended to enhance teachers' understanding of the sources and ability to guide students in interpreting them. Using History Docs View our online guide for instructions about how you might use History Docs. Tools for investigating documents Use or adapt these resources to suit your needs. Historical context for teachers Chinese immigration to Canada • Chinese immigrants began arriving in British Columbia in 1858 from the depleted gold mines of the California gold rush, and directly from China, to take part in the Fraser Canyon gold rush. • In 1881, 4350 Chinese were living in Canada; however, between 1881 and 1884, 17 000 Chinese workers were contracted to build the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR). • Chinese immigrants to Canada faced many hardships, including the difficulty of learning a new language, isolation from family, low pay, dangerous work and racial discrimination from the government and individual citizens. • They worked as miners, lumbermen, railroad workers, servants and cooks, farm labourers, and a variety of other low-paying, primarily manual labour-oriented jobs. Some worked as merchants or owned small businesses (e.g., laundries and restaurants) that catered to Chinese communities and various gold-mining and other frontier communities throughout British Columbia. Anti-Chinese laws • The Canadian and British Columbian governments passed numerous anti-Chinese laws between 1875 and 1923. In British Columbia, Chinese immigrants were disallowed from acquiring certain types of land, prevented from working in underground mines, excluded from admission to provincially-run homes for the aged and unwell, prohibited from being hired to work in the public service, and disqualified from voting. They were also barred from many professions in British Columbia because they were not included on voters’ lists—a requirement held by several professional associations for membership (e.g., law, accounting and pharmacy). • In 1885, the Canadian government passed the Chinese Immigration Act, 1885 that required every Chinese worker and family member entering Canada to pay a $50 head tax. • Despite the $50 head tax, large numbers of Chinese immigrants continued to come to Canada. The head tax was raised to $100 in 1900; however, this did not limit Chinese immigration as over 8000 Chinese entered Canada in 1903. The $100 head tax was raised to $500 in 1903—this was more than two years’ wages for the average worker. Throughout the head tax period, from 1886 to 1923, 82 379 Chinese entered Canada and paid the Canadian government over $23 million. • During World War I, an estimated 300 Chinese Canadians volunteered to fight for their country. In 1920, a dozen Chinese veterans who served in the Canadian Army during the war were given the right to vote. • The Victoria School Board created a separate school for all Chinese elementary school-age students in 1921, because of overcrowding, economics and the negative educational effects Chinese students had on their white peers. Chinese parents removed their children from the segregated school and put them in a Chinese public school for one year until the Victoria School Board permitted Chinese students to return to regular classes. Chinese Exclusion Act • In February 1923, the Chinese Immigration Act, 1885 was repealed (cancelled) and replaced by the far more restrictive Chinese Immigration Act, 1923, also known as the Exclusion Act. This Act replaced the head tax with an outright ban on Chinese immigration to Canada, with the exceptions of students, representatives of the Chinese government and their staffs, and merchants. • The Chinese Immigration Act, 1923 also stipulated that every person of Chinese origin in Canada was required to register with the government and receive a certificate of registration within 12 months. The Act also specified that those Chinese who were temporarily leaving the country had to register before leaving, otherwise they would be treated as new immigrants upon their return. • The effects of the Chinese Immigration Act, 1923 were strongly felt by the Chinese community. While Chinese men living in Canada visited China whenever they could, they were, for the most part, isolated from their families. The 1931 census found that there were 1240 Chinese men to every 100 Chinese women in Canada. • In 1937, Japan invaded mainland China and many Chinese Canadians wanted to help China. Chinese adolescents created the Chinese Youth Association (CYA) of Victoria in 1938 to provide moral and physical support for China in its war against Japan (the Second Sino-Japanese War, 1937–1945). The CYA was active in political and social causes involving both China and local Canadian communities. • When World War II erupted in 1939, members of the Chinese Canadian community debated whether they should volunteer to fight for a country that treated them like second-class citizens. Many Chinese youths felt that serving their country could convince the Canadian government to enfranchise them (allow them to vote) after the war. 600 Chinese Canadians ended up volunteering, 600 served as pilots, soldiers, nurses and cadets throughout the war. • Many Chinese Canadians supported the war by purchasing Canadian and Chinese war bonds and boycotted Japanese goods. Eleven Victory Loan Drives were held to help raise money to pay for the war. In total, Chinese Canadians sent $5 million to China, helped raise $4 million in war relief funds and purchased $10 million in Canadian victory bonds. • In November 1946, the Committee for the Repeal of the Chinese Immigration Act, 1923 was formed by a variety of Canadians, including an 80 percent non-Chinese membership. After much deliberation and hesitation by the federal and British Columbia governments, the Chinese Immigration Act, 1923 was repealed in May 1947. • Chinese Canadians were enfranchised, educational benefits were extended to Chinese Canadian veterans and Chinese in Canada were free to enter professions they were previously barred from. • Between 1910 and 1947, a small but visible group of Chinese youth, who were born and raised in Canada, began to emerge in Canadian society. Some historians argue that this group of Chinese Canadians was the first generation to become Canadianized—to adopt the customs, values and traditions of Canadian society while abandoning many that were important to their Chinese-born parents. Others argue that this generation did not become fully Canadianized and instead struck a balance between Chinese and Canadian customs, values and traditions.
High Stress Training (HST) high stress training (hst) High Stress Training (HST) (also known as super cropping) is a pruning method which induces a certain amount of stress on the plant by crushing the stem and encouraging the plant to grow horizontally. The plant growing wider will allow more light onto the plant, and as the plant increases its energy to heal the broken stem, it should in turn produce more or larger buds from this added energy. marijuana-growing indoors
Findings about protein expected to help create new antibiotics ( Xinhua ) Updated: 2016-09-05 09:36:25 Researchers at US Oregon State University (OSU) hope to build on latest findings about a protein and to create a new class of antibiotics. The work, published in the recent issue of the journal Structure, involves using X-ray crystallography to acquire first-ever detailed, atomic-level images of a peroxiredoxin, which is needed by all cells to help eliminate hydrogen peroxide, a toxin. However, peroxiredoxins inside bacteria help provide protection from immune cells and increase the virulence of bacterial cells that cause infections. "The main function of peroxiredoxins is to eliminate hydrogen peroxide in cells by converting it to water," Perkins said in a news release from OSU. "This toxin is a byproduct of normal cell metabolism, and hydrogen peroxide has to be removed so it doesn't damage the cell. If peroxiredoxin doesn't do its job, cells will die." The researchers believe if a molecule can be found that selectively blocks the motions of peroxiredoxin only in bacterial cells, it could function as an entirely new way to kill those cells and set the stage for new types of antibiotics. With images provided by X-ray crystallography, a technique that can reveal structures down to individual atoms, the researcher found that when peroxiredoxin is restrained and loses its mobility, it also loses its function. And if the normal function is lost, it can lead to cell death. In addition, they discovered that there are special regions on bacterial peroxiredoxins, different from those found in humans, that could be specifically targeted. Based on these findings, they envisioned that if compounds could aim at those targets and selectively shut down the protective function of peroxiredoxin just in bacteria, it would weaken or kill bacterial cells. "There's a lot of potential for this to be foundational work," Perkins said. "The key concept is selectively restraining the motions of peroxiredoxins in some cells, inactivating its function and leading to the death of the cells you want to kill." The researchers hope the approach could help address the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance to many existing drugs and work in synergy with existing antibiotics to improve their efficacy. Editor's Picks Hot words Most Popular
Culver City Observer - By Letters COVID-19 implication on flu vaccination rates November 12, 2020 On a Saturday morning, during the month October 2020; more than 80 cars are lined up on the streets adjacent to a medical office building in Culver City, California. It is noted that the lines are moving slowly. Some cars have additional passengers whereas some are occupied by the driver only. Residents from the nearby apartments are out on their patios and some are looking through their windows wondering what is going on in their neighborhood. One lady shouts to an employee “Is this line for COVID-19 test?”. The nurse out at the entrance with a clipboard on hand responds, “No. these cars are lined up and waiting to get their flu vaccines offered by MOB as drive through and walk-in options.” The lady responds “interesting”. COVID-19 is boosting flu vaccinations rates. Every institution offering flu vaccinations has seen a higher demand this year. In fact, there are shortages of high dose flu vaccines offered for 65 years and older. Why is there a sudden demand for flu vaccinations? People are fearful of getting the flu and COVID-19 at the same time. As the world is battling with COVID-19 and Ireland and the United Kingdom are on lock down, American citizens are panicking. The public wants to get protected from the flu more than any time in the history of flu due to COVID-19. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is recommending all Americans to vaccinate against flu by the end of October 2020. Current data from different health plan sources indicates that there are disparities among different ethnic groups in flu vaccination rates even though there is a high demand. There are lower vaccination rates among African American and Hispanic populations when compared to Caucasian and Asian American populations. According to the CDC, people 65 years and older are at high risk of developing major complications from the flu when compared to healthy young individuals. This is because of their declining immune responses with the advancement of age. Per the CDC, it is estimated that 70-85 % seasonal flu related deaths occurred among people 65 years and older. It is also noted that 50-70 % of flu related seasonal hospitalizations will be dominated by the same age group. The CDC endorses that a flu vaccine is the best protection against the flu. The elderly population are at high risk for developing life threatening complications from the flu. There are many similarities in the symptoms of flu and COVID-19 such as difficulty breathing or shortness of breath, persistent pain or pressure on the chest, severe muscle pain, high fever, severe weakness or unsteadiness, cough, and worsening of chronic medical conditions. Social distancing and masking mandates for COVID-19 are also effective for flu prevention. It is important to avoid crowded places and use properly ventilated indoor space as much as possible. Being outdoors and in spaces with good ventilation significantly reduces the risk of getting infected with the flu and COVID-19. As evidenced by the Saturday morning crowd at the medical office building, it is clear that COVID-19 is significantly driving flu vaccinations up among the metropolitan communities. Agencies are reporting that they have seen a record turn out and long lines for flu vaccinations for the 2020 flu season. There were reports that certain drive through locations had vaccinated 1000+ people in a single day. Healthcare professionals welcome this historic turnout as increased flu vaccination saves lives and keeps people sound and healthy at home, significantly reduces hospitalization, and helps to keep much needed emergency room and hospital beds for patients with higher priority conditions. Yes, COVID-19 has boosted flu vaccination rates in America. Benoy Pullukalayil is a registered nurse in the Los Angeles, California with ambulatory care experience. Reader Comments(0) Powered by ROAR Online Publication Software from Lions Light Corporation © Copyright 2021
Upland Agriculture Research Center (UARC) UARC focuses on research and using biodirversity , Agriculture systems, Intergrated agroforestry for the food sucurity and cash crops in the northern upland for sustainable. Roles and reponsibilities 1. Proposing regulations, policies, strategies, rules, , and other legal instruments related by the government. 2. Implementation of NAFRI strategy to program, planning, project for suitable the location. 3. Research includes: varieties, Technical and method for agriculture production and sustainable. 4. Collection, research, assessment, use conservation and management on indigenous plant and anmal genetic resources. 5. Actively cooperating with NAFRI centers and organizations and agencies to conduct research, dissemination result and provied tecnical service. 6. Working closely with PAFO’s, DAFO’s, TSC to carry out research and dissemination results. 7. Performing other special duties as assigned by the government ໂລໂກ 20 ສກປພ ປີ World Food Day Jun 20, 2021 - Sun Please add free or paid OpenWeatherMap API key in the plugin settings! National Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute Nongviengkham Village Xaythany District Vientiane Capitol Phone:+856 21 770094,770074 Email: [email protected]; [email protected]
Shakespearean Name Generator This name generator will send you 15 random Shakespearean names and surnames. The works of Shakespeare have a vast range of names. Some names are still used in some shape or fashion today, although others were lost in time. Some titles, for instance, are only part of ancient history, so it makes sense to avoid using them today. In any case this generator will create 15 random generators and mix and match 15 random surnames. Some fictional works already use this method as subtle references, and offer their characters very unique names, but of course the potential applications expand beyond that. When thinking of Shakespeare's plays, you'll often notice that they all have in common a theme of conflict, struggle and change, and these themes have a lot to do with locations, or what we call a locale. The plays in most cases will have an underlying theme, which is often tied to the place where the action takes place, although there will also be instances of the main character's life revolving around a specific location, but in which this location is not central to the story. If you're interested in learning more about the geography of some of Shakespeare's plays, there are plenty of resources available online. These can help you learn more about the places that the characters lived in and the locations that they were at that particular time. The plays that have Shakespearean locations include Twelfth Night, Othello and Measure for Measure. Each of these plays has a particular setting, such as the Spanish court of Queen Catherine of Aragon or the court of King Henry IV. These two locations have historical importance to the story that they tell. For instance, Twelfth Night was filmed in Spain, so it was important to learn more about the background of both these locations and the people that lived in them. Knowing a bit about the culture of Spain helps you to understand how the people of the time were affected by their lives, and knowing about the lives of the people who lived in these locations can give you a greater appreciation of their culture and their times. Elizabethan locations, on the other hand, have a more intimate connection with the stories that they tell, such as King Lear and Othello. These plays have a certain air of reality about them, as their settings are not quite as grand as the settings of Othello and Twelfth Night, although the latter still has something of a royal feel to it. King Lear and Othello are about the inner struggles of a nobleman, and in the case of King Lear there is an unfortunate tragedy at work. In King Othello the situation isn't quite as complex, but he has a certain tragic quality about him, and the play has a certain pathos as well. The setting is important, as it provides a certain level of meaning to the story. However, many of the locations that have been associated with Shakespearean plays have changed over time, so it's important to know a bit about their past before choosing a particular location. People Also Search For elizabethan name generator, shakespearean name generator, shakespeare name generator, shakespearean generator,
Skip to main content U.S. Edition Sunday, June 20, 2021 Amphitheatre in Rome The Colosseum, is an oval amphitheatre in the centre of the city of Rome, Italy, just east of the Roman Forum and is the largest ancient amphitheatre ever built, and is still the largest standing amphitheater in the world today, despite its age. Construction began under the emperor Vespasian in 72 and was completed in AD 80 under his successor and heir, Titus. Further modifications were made during the reign of Domitian. The three emperors that were patrons of the work are known as the Flavian dynasty, and the amphitheatre was named the Flavian Amphitheatre by later classicists and archaeologists for its association with their family name (Flavius). 0 shares 1 views News coverage
Phonological Development Get Phonological Development essential facts below. View Videos or join the Phonological Development discussion. Add Phonological Development to your PopFlock.com topic list for future reference or share this resource on social media. Phonological Development Phonological development refers to how children learn to organize sounds into meaning or language (phonology) during their stages of growth. Sound is at the beginning of language learning. Children have to learn to distinguish different sounds and to segment the speech stream they are exposed to into units - eventually meaningful units - in order to acquire words and sentences. One reason that speech segmentation is challenging is that unlike between printed words, no spaces occur between spoken words. Thus if an infant hears the sound sequence "thisisacup," they have to learn to segment this stream into the distinct units "this", "is", "a", and "cup." Once "cup" is able to be extracted from the speech stream, the child has to assign a meaning to this word.[1] Furthermore, the child has to be able to distinguish the sequence "cup" from "cub" in order to learn that these are two distinct words with different meanings. Finally, the child has to learn to produce these words. The acquisition of native language phonology begins in the womb[2] and isn't completely adult-like until the teenage years. Perceptual abilities (such as being able to segment "thisisacup" into four individual word units) usually precede production and thus aid the development of speech production. Prelinguistic development (birth - 1 year) Children do not utter their first words until they are about 1 year old, but already at birth they can tell some utterances in their native language from utterances in languages with different prosodic features.[3] 1 month Categorical perception Infants as young as 1 month perceive some speech sounds as speech categories (they display categorical perception of speech). For example, the sounds /b/ and /p/ differ in the amount of breathiness that follows the opening of the lips. Using a computer generated continuum in breathiness between /b/ and /p/, Eimas et al. (1971) showed that English-learning infants paid more attention to differences near the boundary between /b/ and /p/ than to equal-sized differences within the /b/-category or within the /p/-category.[4] Their measure, monitoring infant sucking-rate, became a major experimental method for studying infant speech perception. Fig. 1. Sucking rate for 20 ms VOT change across category boundary (left), 20 ms VOT change within category (middle), without VOT change (right). After Eimas et al.(1971).[4] Infants up to 10-12 months can distinguish not only native sounds but also nonnative contrasts. Older children and adults lose the ability to discriminate some nonnative contrasts.[5] Thus, it seems that exposure to one's native language causes the perceptual system to be restructured. The restructuring reflects the system of contrasts in the native language. 4 months At four months infants still prefer infant-directed speech to adult-directed speech. Whereas 1-month-olds only exhibit this preference if the full speech signal is played to them, 4-month-old infants prefer infant-directed speech even when just the pitch contours are played.[6] This shows that between 1 and 4 months of age, infants improve in tracking the suprasegmental information in the speech directed at them. By 4 months, finally, infants have learned which features they have to pay attention to at the suprasegmental level. 5 months Babies prefer to hear their own name to similar-sounding words.[7] It is possible that they have associated the meaning "me" with their name, although it is also possible that they simply recognize the form because of its high frequency. 6 months With increasing exposure to the ambient language, infants learn not to pay attention to sound distinctions that are not meaningful in their native language, e.g., two acoustically different versions of the vowel /i/ that simply differ because of inter-speaker variability. By 6 months of age infants have learned to treat acoustically different sounds that are representations of the same sound category, such as an /i/ spoken by a male versus a female speaker, as members of the same phonological category /i/.[8] Statistical learning Infants are able to extract meaningful distinctions in the language they are exposed to from statistical properties of that language. For example, if English-learning infants are exposed to a prevoiced /d/ to voiceless unaspirated /t/ continuum (similar to the /d/ - /t/ distinction in Spanish) with the majority of the tokens occurring near the endpoints of the continuum, i.e., showing extreme prevoicing versus long voice onset times (bimodal distribution) they are better at discriminating these sounds than infants who are exposed primarily to tokens from the center of the continuum (unimodal distribution).[9] These results show that at the age of 6 months infants are sensitive to how often certain sounds occur in the language they are exposed to and they can learn which cues are important to pay attention to from these differences in frequency of occurrence. In natural language exposure this means typical sounds in a language (such as prevoiced /d/ in Spanish) occur often and infants can learn them from mere exposure to them in the speech they hear. All of this occurs before infants are aware of the meaning of any of the words they are exposed to, and therefore the phenomenon of statistical learning has been used to argue for the fact that infants can learn sound contrasts without meaning being attached to them. At 6 months, infants are also able to make use of prosodic features of the ambient language to break the speech stream they are exposed to into meaningful units, e.g., they are better able to distinguish sounds that occur in stressed vs. unstressed syllables.[10] This means that at 6 months infants have some knowledge of the stress patterns in the speech they are exposed and they have learned that these patterns are meaningful. 7 months At 7.5 months English-learning infants have been shown to be able to segment words from speech that show a strong-weak (i.e., trochaic) stress pattern, which is the most common stress pattern in the English language, but they were not able to segment out words that follow a weak-strong pattern. In the sequence 'guitar is' these infants thus heard 'taris' as the word-unit because it follows a strong-weak pattern.[11] The process that allows infants to use prosodic cues in speech input to learn about language structure has been termed "prosodic bootstrapping".[12] 8 months While children generally don't understand the meaning of most single words yet, they understand the meaning of certain phrases they hear a lot, such as "Stop it," or "Come here."[13] 9 months Infants can distinguish native from nonnative language input using phonetic and phonotactic patterns alone, i.e., without the help of prosodic cues.[14] They seem to have learned their native language's phonotactics, i.e., which combinations of sounds are possible in the language. 10-12 months Infants now can no longer discriminate most nonnative sound contrasts that fall within the same sound category in their native language.[15] Their perceptual system has been tuned to the contrasts relevant in their native language. As for word comprehension, Fenson et al. (1994) tested 10-11-month-old children's comprehension vocabulary size and found a range from 11 words to 154 words.[13] At this age, children normally have not yet begun to speak and thus have no production vocabulary. So clearly, comprehension vocabulary develops before production vocabulary. Stages of pre-speech vocal development Even though children do not produce their first words until they are approximately 12 months old, the ability to produce speech sounds starts to develop at a much younger age. Stark (1980) distinguishes five stages of early speech development:[16] 0-6 weeks: Reflexive vocalizations These earliest vocalizations include crying and vegetative sounds such as breathing, sucking or sneezing. For these vegetative sounds, infants' vocal cords vibrate and air passes through their vocal apparatus, thus familiarizing infants with processes involved in later speech production. A 14-week-old infant cooing as she interacts with a caregiver (51 seconds) 6-16 weeks: Cooing and laughter Infants produce cooing sounds when they are content. Cooing is often triggered by social interaction with caregivers and resembles the production of vowels. 16-30 weeks: Vocal play Infants produce a variety of vowel- and consonant-like sounds that they combine into increasingly longer sequences. The production of vowel sounds (already in the first 2 months) precedes the production of consonants, with the first back consonants (e.g., [g], [k]) being produced around 2-3 months, and front consonants (e.g., [m], [n], [p]) starting to appear around 6 months of age. As for pitch contours in early infant utterances, infants between 3 and 9 months of age produce primarily flat, falling and rising-falling contours. Rising pitch contours would require the infants to raise subglottal pressure during the vocalization or to increase vocal fold length or tension at the end of the vocalization, or both. At 3 to 9 months infants don't seem to be able to control these movements yet.[17] 6-10 months: Reduplicated babbling (or canonical babbling[18]) Reduplicated babbling contains consonant-vowel (CV) syllables that are repeated in reduplicated series of the same consonant and vowel (e.g., [bababa]). At this stage, infants' productions resemble speech much more closely in timing and vocal behaviors than at earlier stages. Starting around 6 months babies also show an influence of the ambient language in their babbling, i.e., babies' babbling sounds different depending on which languages they hear. For example, French learning 9-10 month-olds have been found to produce a bigger proportion of prevoiced stops (which exist in French but not English) in their babbling than English learning infants of the same age.[19] This phenomenon of babbling being influenced by the language being acquired has been called babbling drift.[20] 10-14 months: Nonreduplicated babbling (or variegated babbling[18]) Infants now combine different vowels and consonants into syllable strings. At this stage, infants also produce various stress and intonation patterns. During this transitional period from babbling to the first word children also produce "protowords", i.e., invented words that are used consistently to express specific meanings, but that are not real words in the children's target language.[21] Around 12-14 months of age children produce their first word. Infants close to one year of age are able to produce rising pitch contours in addition to flat, falling, and rising-falling pitch contours.[17] Development once speech sets in (1 year and older) At the age of 1, children only just begin to speak, and their utterances are not adult-like yet at all. Children's perceptual abilities are still developing, too. In fact, both production and perception abilities continue to develop well into the school years, with the perception of some prosodic features not being fully developed until about 12 years of age. 14 months Children are able to distinguish newly learned 'words' associated with objects if they are not similar-sounding, such as 'lif' and 'neem'. They cannot distinguish similar-sounding newly learned words such as 'bih' and 'dih', however.[22] So, while children at this age are able to distinguish monosyllabic minimal pairs at a purely phonological level, if the discrimination task is paired with word meaning, the additional cognitive load required by learning the word meanings leaves them unable to spend the extra effort on distinguishing the similar phonology. 16 months Children's comprehension vocabulary size ranges from about 92 to 321 words.[13] The production vocabulary size at this age is typically around 50 words. This shows that comprehension vocabulary grows faster than production vocabulary. 18-20 months At 18-20 months infants can distinguish newly learned 'words', even if they are phonologically similar, e.g. 'bih' and 'dih'.[22] While infants are able to distinguish syllables like these already soon after birth, only now are they able to distinguish them if they are presented to them as meaningful words rather than just a sequence of sounds. Children are also able to detect mispronunciations such as 'vaby' for 'baby'. Recognition has been found to be poorer for mispronounced than for correctly pronounced words. This suggests that infants' representations of familiar words are phonetically very precise.[23] This result has also been taken to suggest that infants move from a word-based to a segment-based phonological system around 18 months of age. Of course, the reason why children need to learn the sound distinctions of their language is because then they also have to learn the meaning associated with those different sounds. Young children have a remarkable ability to learn meanings for the words they extract from the speech they are exposed to, i.e., to map meaning onto the sounds. Often children already associate a meaning with a new word after only one exposure. This is referred to as "fast mapping". At 20 months of age, when presented with three familiar objects (e.g., a ball, a bottle and a cup) and one unfamiliar object (e.g., an egg piercer), children are able to conclude that in the request "Can I have the zib," zib must refer to the unfamiliar object, i.e., the egg piercer, even if they have never heard that pseudoword before.[24][25] Children as young as 15 months can complete this task successfully if the experiment is conducted with fewer objects.[26] This task shows that children aged 15 to 20 months can assign meaning to a new word after only a single exposure. Fast mapping is a necessary ability for children to acquire the number of words they have to learn during the first few years of life: Children acquire an average of nine words per day between 18 months and 6 years of age.[27] 2-6 years At 2 years, infants show first signs of phonological awareness, i.e., they are interested in word play, rhyming, and alliterations.[1] Phonological awareness does continue to develop until the first years of school. For example, only about half of the 4- and 5-year-olds tested by Liberman et al. (1974) were able to tap out the number of syllables in multisyllabic words, but 90% of the 6-year-olds were able to do so.[28] Most 3- to 4-year-olds are able to break simple consonant-vowel-consonant (CVC) syllables up into their constituents (onset and rime). The onset of a syllable consists of all the consonants preceding the syllable's vowel, and the rime is made up of the vowel and all following consonants. For example, the onset in the word 'dog' is /d/ and the rime is /og/. Children at 3-4 years of age were able to tell that the nonwords /fol/ and /fir/ would be liked by a puppet whose favorite sound is /f/.[29][30] 4-year-olds are less successful at this task if the onset of the syllable contains a consonant cluster, such as /fr/ or /fl/. Liberman et al. found that no 4-year-olds and only 17% of 5-year-olds were able to tap out the number of phonemes (individual sounds) in a word.[28] 70% of 6-year-olds were able to do so. This might mean that children are aware of syllables as units of speech early on, while they don't show awareness of individual phonemes until school age. Another explanation is that individual sounds do not easily translate into beats, which makes clapping individual phonemes a much more difficult task than clapping syllables. One reason why phoneme awareness gets much better once children start school is because learning to read provides a visual aid as how to break up words into their smaller constituents.[1] 12 years Although children perceive rhythmic patterns in their native language at 7-8 months, they are not able to reliably distinguish compound words and phrases that differ only in stress placement, such as 'HOT dog' vs. 'hot DOG' until around 12 years of age. Children in a study by Vogel and Raimy (2002)[31] were asked to show which of two pictures (i.e., a dog or a sausage) was being named. Children younger than 12 years generally preferred the compound reading (i.e., the sausage) to the phrasal reading (the dog). The authors concluded from this that children start out with a lexical bias, i.e., they prefer to interpret phrases like these as single words, and the ability to override this bias develops until late in childhood. 12-14 months Infants usually produce their first word around 12 -14 months of age. First words are simple in structure and contain the same sounds that were used in late babbling.[32] The lexical items they produce are probably stored as whole words rather than as individual segments that get put together online when uttering them. This is suggested by the fact that infants at this age may produce the same sounds differently in different words.[33] 16 months Children's production vocabulary size at this age is typically around 50 words, although there is great variation in vocabulary size among children in the same age group, with a range between 0 and 160 words for the majority of children.[13] 18 months Children's productions become more consistent around the age of 18 months.[32] When their words differ from adult forms, these differences are more systematic than before. These systematic transformations are referred to as "phonological processes", and often resemble processes that are typically common in the adult phonologies of the world's languages (cf. reduplication in adult Jamaican Creole: "yellow yellow" = "very yellow" [34]). Some common phonological processes are listed below.[1] Whole word processes (until age 3 or 4) - Weak syllable deletion: omission of an unstressed syllable in the target word, e.g., [nænæ] for 'banana' - Final consonant deletion: omission of the final consonant in the target word, e.g., [pik?] for 'because' - Reduplication: production of two identical syllables based on one of the target word syllables, e.g., [baba] for 'bottle' - Consonant harmony: a target word consonant takes on features of another target word consonant, e.g., [k] for 'duck' - Consonant cluster reduction: omission of a consonant in a target word cluster, e.g., [kæk] for 'cracker' Segment substitution processes (into the early school years) - Velar fronting: a velar is replaced by a coronal sound, e.g., [ti] for 'key' - Stopping: a fricative is replaced by a stop, e.g., [ti] for 'sea' - Gliding: a liquid is replaced by a glide, e.g., [wæb?t] for 'rabbit' 2 years The size of the production vocabulary ranges from about 50 to 550 words at the age of 2 years.[13] Influences on the rate of word learning, and thus on the wide range of vocabulary sizes of children of the same age, include the amount of speech children are exposed to by their caregivers as well as differences in how rich the vocabulary in the speech a child hears is. Children also seem to build up their vocabulary faster if the speech they hear is related to their focus of attention more often.[1][35] This would be the case if a caregiver talks about a ball the child is currently looking at. 4 years A study by Gathercole and Baddeley (1989) showed the importance of sound for early word meaning.[36] They tested the phonological memory of 4- and 5-year-old children, i.e., how well these children were able to remember a sequence of unfamiliar sounds. They found that children with better phonological memory also had larger vocabularies at both ages. Moreover, phonological memory at age 4 predicted the children's vocabulary at age 5, even with earlier vocabulary and nonverbal intelligence factored out. 7 years Children produce mostly adult-like segments.[37] Their ability to produce complex sound sequences and multisyllabic words continues to improve throughout middle childhood.[32] Biological foundations of infants' speech development The developmental changes in infants' vocalizations over the first year of life are influenced by physical developments during that time. Physical growth of the vocal tract, brain development, and development of neurological structures responsible for vocalization are factors for the development of infants' vocal productions.[1] Infants' vocal tract Infants vocal tracts are smaller, and initially also shaped differently from adults' vocal tracts. The infant's tongue fills the entire mouth, thus reducing the range of movement. As the facial skeleton grows, the range for movement increases, which probably contributes to the increased variety of sounds infants start to produce. Development of muscles and sensory receptors also gives infants more control over sound production.[1] The limited movement possible by the infant jaw and mouth might be responsible for the typical consonant-vowel (CV) alternation in babbling and it has even been suggested that the predominance of CV syllables in the languages of the world might evolutionarily have been caused by this limited range of movements of the human vocal organs.[38] The differences between the vocal tract of infants and adults can be seen in figure 3 (infants) and figure 4 (adults) below. Fig. 3. Infant vocal tract: H = hard palate, S = soft palate, T = tongue, J = jaw, E = epiglottis, G = glottis; After Vihman (1996)[32] The nervous system Crying and vegetative sounds are controlled by the brain stem, which matures earlier than the cortex. Neurological development of higher brain structures coincides with certain developments in infants' vocalizations. For example, the onset of cooing at 6 to 8 weeks happens as some areas of the limbic system begin to function. The limbic system is known to be involved in the expression of emotion, and cooing in infants is associated with a feeling of contentedness. Further development of the limbic system might be responsible for the onset of laughter around 16 weeks of age. The motor cortex, finally, which develops later than the abovementioned structures may be necessary for canonical babbling, which start around 6 to 9 months of age.[1] 1. ^ a b c d e f g h Erika Hoff (2009). Language development. Boston, MA: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0-495-50171-8. OCLC 759925056. 2. ^ http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/352781/description/Babies_learn_words_before_birth 3. ^ Mehler, J.; P. Jusczyk, G. Lambertz, N. Halsted, J. Bertoncini, C. Amiel-Tison (1988). "A precursor of language acquisition in young infants". Cognition. 29 (2): 143-178. doi:10.1016/0010-0277(88)90035-2. PMID 3168420. S2CID 43126875.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) 4. ^ a b Eimas, P. D.; E. R. Siqueland, P. Jusczyk, J. Vigorito (1971). "Speech perception in infants". Science. 171 (3968): 303-306. Bibcode:1971Sci...171..303E. doi:10.1126/science.171.3968.303. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-002B-0DB3-1. PMID 5538846. S2CID 15554065.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) 5. ^ Werker, J. F.; R. C. Tees (1984). "Cross-language speech perception: Evidence for perceptual reorganization during the first year of life". Infant Behavior and Development. 7: 49-63. CiteSeerX doi:10.1016/S0163-6383(84)80022-3. 6. ^ Fernald, A.; P. K. Kuhl (1987). "Acoustic determinants of infant preference for motherese speech". Infant Behavior and Development. 10 (3): 279-293. doi:10.1016/0163-6383(87)90017-8. 7. ^ Mandel, D. R.; P. W. Jusczyk, D. B. Pisoni (1995). "Infants' recognition of the sound patterns of their own names". Psychological Science. 6 (5): 314-317. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1995.tb00517.x. PMC 4140581. PMID 25152566. 8. ^ Kuhl, P. K. (1983). "Perception of auditory equivalence classes for speech in early infancy". Infant Behavior and Development. 6 (2-3): 263-285. doi:10.1016/S0163-6383(83)80036-8. 9. ^ Maye, J.; J. F. Werker, L. Gerken (2002). "Infant sensitivity to distributional information can affect phonetic discrimination". Cognition. 82 (3): 101-111. doi:10.1016/S0010-0277(01)00157-3. PMID 11747867. S2CID 319422. 10. ^ Karzon, R. G. (1985). "Discrimination of polysyllabic sequences by one- to four-month-old infants". Journal of Experimental Child Psychology. 39 (2): 326-342. doi:10.1016/0022-0965(85)90044-X. PMID 3989467. 11. ^ Jusczyk, P. W.; D. M. Houston, M. Newsome (1999). "The beginning of word segmentation in English-learning infants". Cognitive Psychology. 39 (3-4): 159-207. doi:10.1006/cogp.1999.0716. PMID 10631011. S2CID 12097435. 12. ^ Morgan, J. L.; K. Demuth (1996). Signal to Syntax: Bootstrapping from Speech to Grammar in Early Acquisition. Mahwah, NJ: Earlbaum. 13. ^ a b c d e Fenson, L.; P. S. Dale; J. S. Reznick; E. Bates; D. J. Thal; S. J. Pethick (1994). "Variability in early communicative development". Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development. 14. ^ Jusczyk, P. W.; A. D. Friederici, J. M. I. Wessels, V. Y. Svenkerud (1993). "Infants' sensitivity to the soundpatterns of native language words". Journal of Memory and Language. 32 (3): 402-420. doi:10.1006/jmla.1993.1022.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) 15. ^ Werker, J F; R C Tees (1984). "Cross-language speech perception: Evidence for perceptual reorganization during the first year of life". Infant Behavior and Development. 7: 49-63. CiteSeerX doi:10.1016/S0163-6383(84)80022-3. 16. ^ Stark, R. E. (1980). "Stages of speech development in the first year of life". In Yeni-Komshian, G. H.; J. F. Kavanagh, C. A. Ferguson (eds.). Child Phonology. Volume 1: Production. New York, NY: Academic Press. pp. 73-92. 17. ^ a b Kent, R. D.; A. D. Murray (1982). "Acoustic features of infant vocalic utterances at 3, 6, and 9 months". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 72 (2): 353-363. Bibcode:1982ASAJ...72..353K. doi:10.1121/1.388089. PMID 7119278. 18. ^ a b Oller, D. K. (1986). "Metaphonology and infant vocalizations". In Lindblom, B.; R. Zetterstrom (eds.). Precursors of Early Speech. New York, NY: Stockton Press. pp. 21-35. 19. ^ Whalen, D. H.; A. G. Levitt, L. M. Goldstein (2007). "VOT in the babbling of French- and English-learning infants". Journal of Phonetics. 35 (3): 341-352. doi:10.1016/j.wocn.2006.10.001. PMC 2717044. PMID 19641636. 20. ^ Brown, R. (1958). "How shall a thing be called?". Psychological Review. 65 (1): 14-21. doi:10.1037/h0041727. PMID 13505978. 21. ^ Bates, E. (1976). Language and Context: The Acquisition of Pragmatics. New York, NY: Academic Press. 22. ^ a b Werker, J. F.; C. T. Fennel, K. M. Corcoran, C. L. Stager (2002). "Infants' ability to learn phonetically similar words: Effects of age and vocabulary size". Infancy. 3: 1-30. doi:10.1207/s15327078in0301_1.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) 23. ^ Swingley, D.; R. N. Asley (2000). "Spoken word recognition and lexical representation in very young children". Cognition. 76 (2): 147-166. doi:10.1016/S0010-0277(00)00081-0. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-000E-E627-8. PMID 10856741. S2CID 6324150. 24. ^ Dollaghan, C. (1985). "Child meets word: "Fast mapping" in preschool children". Journal of Speech and Hearing Research. 28 (3): 449-454. doi:10.1044/jshr.2803.454. PMID 4046586. 25. ^ Mervis, C. B.; J. Bertrand (1994). "Acquisition of the novel name-nameless category principle". Child Development. 65 (6): 1646-1662. doi:10.2307/1131285. JSTOR 1131285. PMID 7859547. 26. ^ Markman, E. M.; J. L. Wasow, M. B. Hansen (2003). "Use of the mutual exclusivity assumption by young word learners". Cognitive Psychology. 47 (3): 241-275. doi:10.1016/S0010-0285(03)00034-3. PMID 14559217. S2CID 42489580. 27. ^ Carey, S. (1978). "The child as a word learner". In Halle, M.; J. Bresnan, G. A. Miller (eds.). Linguistics Theory and Psychological Reality. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. pp. 264-293. 28. ^ a b Liberman, I. Y.; D. Shankweiler, F. W. Fischer, B. Carter (1974). "Explicit syllable and phoneme segmentation in the young child". Journal of Experimental Child Psychology. 18 (2): 201-212. CiteSeerX doi:10.1016/0022-0965(74)90101-5.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) 29. ^ Treiman, R. (1985). "Onsets and rimes as units of spoken syllables: Evidence from children". Journal of Experimental Child Psychology. 39 (1): 181-191. doi:10.1016/0022-0965(85)90034-7. PMID 3989458. 30. ^ Bryant, P. E.; L. Bradley, M. Maclean, J. Crossland (1989). "Nursery rhymes, phonological skills and reading". Journal of Child Language. 16 (2): 407-428. doi:10.1017/S0305000900010485. PMID 2760133.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) 31. ^ Vogel, I.; E. Raimy (2002). "The acquisition of compound vs. phrasal stress: the role of prosodic constituents". Journal of Child Language. 29 (2): 225-250. doi:10.1017/S0305000902005020. PMID 12109370. 32. ^ a b c d e Vihman, M. M. (1996). Phonological Development. The Origins of Language in the Child. Oxford, UK: Blackwell. 33. ^ Walley, A. C. (1993). "The role of vocabulary development in children's spoken word recognition and segmentation ability". Developmental Review. 13 (3): 286-350. doi:10.1006/drev.1993.1015. 34. ^ Gooden, S. (2003). The Phonology and Phonetics of Jamaican Creole Reduplication. Columbus, OH: The Ohio State University, PhD Dissertation. 35. ^ Hoff, E.; L. Naigles (2002). "How children use input to acquire a lexicon". Child Development. 73 (2): 418-433. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00415. PMID 11949900. 36. ^ Gathercole, S. E.; A. D. Baddeley (1989). "Evaluation of the role of phonological STM in the development of vocabulary in children: A longitudinal study". Journal of Memory and Language. 28 (2): 200-213. doi:10.1016/0749-596X(89)90044-2. 37. ^ Sander, E. K. (1972). "When are speech sounds learned?". Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders. 37 (1): 55-63. doi:10.1044/jshd.3701.55. PMID 5053945. 38. ^ MacNeilage, P. F.; B. L. Davis (2001). "Motor mechanisms in speech ontogeny: phylogenetic, neurobiological and linguistic implications". Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 11 (6): 696-700. doi:10.1016/S0959-4388(01)00271-9. PMID 11741020. S2CID 34697879. Music Scenes
Sign In - Or use - Forgot Password Create Account Detailed and attractive map of the United States, identifying the 6 primary Zoological regions and 7 sub-divisions. Edward Drinker Cope (1840-1897) was an American paleontologist, comparative anatomist, herpetologist and ichthyologist. Born in Fairfield, Pennsylvania, Cope quickly distinguished himself as a child prodigy interested in science, publishng his first scientific paper in 1859. Cope is best known for his highly battle with O. C. Marsh, against whom he raced to publish findings, which consumed both Marsh's and Cope's lives. Cope traveled the American West searching for fossils. His staunch resolve in his belief of Neo-Lamarckism was the subject of ridicule by of many of his peers at the American Philosophical Society and by his greatest enemy, O.C. Marsh. Along with his rival, Cope helped define the field of American paleontology. Cope was a prolific writer, with a record 1,200 papers published over his lifetime. He named dozens of species of dinosaurs, and in total named more than 1,000 vertebrate species. His most established theories on the origin of mammalian molars and the Cope's Law on the gradual enlargement of mammalian species are considered his best generalized theories. O.W. Gray Biography
orange iconOperational Response Level: Restricted › Computer and Information Systems Technology Natural Language Processing September 10, 2018 Project Term: Spring/Summer 2018 This Natural Language Processing (NLP) project was a research/survey of NLP resources and algorithms that exist that can be used towards a commercial application one of our ACE Project Space partners was working on. This project was an interesting foray into Machine Learning that the faculty at the ACE Project Space felt was well suited to a Business Technology Management (BTM) student in the space. We were very fortunate that one of our students was pursuing diplomas in both Business Information Technology (BIT) and BTM. Having strong skills in programming and analysis, he was really able to make the most of this project. The general goal of the project was to explore how NLP can be used to determine user intentions based on their use of language. Starting out on the project, our student didn’t know what NLP was and had no prior knowledge of Python. Luckily, our research coordinator, Elsanussi Mneina, was versed in Machine Learning, specializing in linguistics and NLP. After an introduction between our coordinator and our student, our student felt supported on this new and uncertain project. Elsanussi was instrumental in pointing our students towards resources, such as the NLTK library, and shared some of his own experiences related to Data Science and NLP. In the early weeks, our student was able to teach himself Python, relying on his programming skills from BIT and applying principles of Object Oriented programming learned in the BIT and BTM programs. While picking up Python, he used resources from BeautifulSoup, Tweeter API, and JSON to understand reading and fetching data from various sources. Our student was able to identify and explore the area of Sentiment Analysis as a way to classifying text, rating a sentence, paragraph and words whether if it was negative, neutral, positive, and so on. Using NLTK our student explored tokenizing text, identifying stop words (words that are irrelevant to the sentence), and determining which parts of speech held the most importance in a sentence. He also explored and tested similar classifiers and their suitability to the project scope, including NLTK SentiWordNet, NLTK VADER Sentiment Intensity Analyzer, NTLK Sentiment Analyzer and Textblob Sentiment Analysis. His goal was to determine if any of the classifiers were customizable if they could be used to classify text, and if they could be trained. Technologies used: NLTK, TextBlob, BeautifulSoup4, Pandas, Jupyter, JSON, Unicode, Notepad++, python 3.5 (32bits)
A small post for one of the more beautiful and useful macros in C. I consider the container_of() macro to be the equivalent of the Euler’s identity for the C language. Like the Euler’s identity is considered to be an example of mathematical beauty, the container_of is considered to be an example of C programming beauty. It has everything in there and it’s more simple than it looks. So, let’s see how it works. Actually there are many good explanations of how container_of works, some of them are good, some just waste internet space. I’ll give my explanation hoping that it won’t waste more internet space. The container_of macro is defined in several places in the Linux kernel. This is the macro. That’s a mess right. So, lets start breaking up things. First of all, there are other two things in there that need explanation. These are the typeof and the offsetof. The typeof is a compiler extension. It’s not a function and it’s not a macro. All it does is that during compile type evaluates or replaces the type of the variable that the typeof() has. For example, consider this code: int tmp_int = 20; Then typeof(tmp_int) is int, therefore everywhere you use the typeof(tmp_int) the compiler will place that with the int keyword. Therefore, if you write this: typeof(tmp_int) tmp_int2 = tmp_int; then, the compiler will replace the typeof(tmp_int) with int, so the above will be the same as writing this: int tmp_int2 = tmp_int; The offsetof is another beautiful macro that you will find in the Linux kernel and it’s also defined in several places. This is the macro The purpose of this function is to retrieve the offset of the address of a member variable of a structure. Let’s make that more simple. Let’s consider the following image. This is a struct that has a green and a blue member. We can write this as struct x { green a; blue b; Suppose that the tape measure is the RAM and each cm of the tape is a byte; then if I ask what’s the offset of blue member in the RAM then the answer is obvious and it’s 120. But what’s the offset of the blue member in the structure? In that case you need to calculate it by subtract 118 from 120, because 120 is the offset of the blue member in the tape (RAM) and 118 is the offset of the structure in the tape (RAM). So this needs to do a subtraction to calculate the relative offset, which is 2. Now, lets do this. What happened now? You see it’s the same structure but now I’ve slide the tape measure so the offset of the struct starts from zero. Now if I ask, what’s the offset of the blue member, then the answer is obvious and it’s 2. This generally is not a clever thing to do, but in this case this code is not executed or evaluated. It’s just a trick like the one I’ve shown above with the tape measure. The offsetof() macro will just return the offset of the member compared to zero. It’s just a number and you don’t access this memory. Therefore, doing this trick the only thing you need to know is the type of the structure. Also, note that the 0 dereference doesn’t declare a variable. Ok, so now let’s go back to the container_of() macro and have a look in this line Here the ((type )0)->member doesn’t declare or point to variable and it’s not an instance. It’s a compiler trick to point to the member type offset, as I’ve explained before. The compiler, by knowing the offset of the member in the structure and the structure type, knows also the type of the member in that index. Therefore, using the example of the tape measure, the typeof() the member on the offset 2 when the struct is dereferenced to 0, is blue. So the code for the example with the tape measure becomes: const blue __mptr = (ptr); (x )((char )__mptr - 2); The above means that the address of the the blue member minus the relative offset of the blue is dereferenced to the struct x. If you subtract the relative offset of the blue member from the address of the blue member, you get the absolute address of the struct x. So, let’s see the container_of() macro again. Think about the tape measure example and try to evaluate this: container_of(120, x, blue) Well, there are a few issues with the container_of() macro. These issues have to do with the some versions of gcc compilers. For example, let’s say that you have this structure: struct person { int age; char* name; If you try to do this: struct person somebody; = (char) malloc(25); if (! { printf("Malloc failed!\n"); strcpy(, "John Doe"); somebody.age = 38; char person_name = &; struct person * v =container_of(person_name , struct person, name);h Then if you have a GCC compiler with version 5.4.0-6 then you’ll get this error: error: cannot convert ‘char’ to ‘char const’ in initialization Instead if you do this: int p_age = &somebody.age; struct person * v =container_of(p_age, struct person, age); Then the compiler will build the source code. Also, if you use a later compiler then both examples will be built. Therefore, have that in mind that the type checking thing is mainly a compiler trick and needs the compiler to handle this right. container_of() and offsetof() macros are a beautiful piece of code. They are compact, simple and have everything in there. In 3 lines of beauty. Of course, you can use container_of() without know how it works, but where’s the fun then? Notify of Inline Feedbacks View all comments Bruno Meneguele Bruno Meneguele 3 years ago Really well done and explained! I already knew about container_of() but your explanation was one of the best I’ve seen out there. And nice example using the measure tape! For sure it wasn’t a waste of internet space. 1 year ago It’s a great explanation and Thanks for posting. I simply loved it. I’m scared to understand the kernel macros but your explanation gives me a hope to explore and understand. 27 days ago Counterpoint: container_of is an abomination
Social Media and its Effect on Mental Health During the Pandemic Social media has often been referred to as a modern day crisis or epidemic, which has had even more detrimental impacts on our mental health since the start of the Covid-19 pandemic. Social media has been a blessing and a curse during the pandemic. It is our only means of communication and allows us to stay in contact with friends and family during this difficult time. However many people are experiencing feelings of isolation and alienation, and consequently use social media to cope with the lack of social contact. Despite its advantages, social media also can have harmful effects on our mental health. Thousands of peoples mental health has regressed during lockdown, due to spending a lot of time at home surrounded by the same people and lack of social contact. However social media is only increasing the regression of mainly adolescents' mental health, due to; unrealistic workouts, diets, dream figures and celebrities. Social media forces us to compare ourselves to others and this puts an unrealistic pressure on ourselves and our self confidence. The pandemic has also put a strain on people who are already struggling with their mental health, the loss of routine and structure, combined with social isolation is making lockdown very challenging for many people. Due to most of us spending the majority of our day staring at screens, in online lessons, or completing homework, we may not realise that phones and social media usage also involves staring at a screen for long periods of time. This has not only negative impacts on our mental health, as we are not socialising, even if it is just with our family, or leaving the house, however also on our physical health. I do understand that it is difficult to draw ourselves away from the toxicity of social media however simple tasks like going for a walk, exercising, reading a book and calling a friend have more beneficial impacts on our mental health than you might realise. 26 views0 comments Recent Posts See All A Perspective on White Feminism The Shamima Begum Controversy
are there parsis in iran In the Old Testament, Cyrus is noted as the only Gentile who was called "anointed". There are numerous other examples of this as well. Because of their ancient heritage, which is dated at before 3000 BC, they are very proud and cling to their identity of royal heritage. The data is sometimes not as precise as it appears. Contact of the Parsis with their fellow countrymen appears to have been almost completely severed until the end of the 15th century, when, in 1477, they sent an official mission to the remaining Zoroastrians in Iran, a small sect called Gabars by the Muslim overlords. The Parsee people, which literally means inhabitant, are of the Indo-Iranian affinity bloc. Welcome. Other data may have varying ages. By 2011, there were fewer than 60,000. Pictures of deceased loved ones hang in homes and are prayed and bowed to. This page provides a brief overview of the history of the Parsis. Their primary religion is Zoroastrianism. According to the Islamic Republic's official census, there were 25,271 Zoroastrians in the country as of 2011. They settled first at Diu in Kāthiāwār but soon moved to Gujarāt, where they remained for about 800 years as a small agricultural community. Fires burn continuously in homes, and the temple fire is forbidden to burn out. One must be born Parsee and must participate in the blood covenant ritual to truly be Parsee. They are known as Zoroastrians, Zarathushti, Parsees, Parsis, and Zarthusht. Parsi, member of a group of followers in India of the Iranian prophet Zoroaster (or Zarathustra). Fasli (seasonal), Kadmi (ancient) and Shahenshahi (kingly) are their different calendars. The Iranshah Atash Behram at Udwada - the most scared fire temple in India, which houses the flame brought by the Parsis on their flight from Iran. The Parsee people celebrate six seasonal festivals known as Gahambars. Guardian angels, who are treated more like a magical genie to disperse wishes, are also primary to religious beliefs -- conscience is the most important of such angels. Each day of the month, and each month is named after an angel. This page is best viewed in an up-to-date web browser with style sheets (CSS) enabled. You mentioned “the aunts,” these were relatives of Kaykhosrow Shahrokh who had migrated to India in the mid-19th century, married into prominent Parsi families, and encouraged Parsi philanthropy towards Iran. Bible Translation Status: The Parsis, also known as the Parsees, constitute a subsection of the larger Zoroastrian community who migrated to India from Persia in the 7 th century AD during the Arab invasion of their homeland. For further help try our FAQ, Definitions or Contact Us pages. They helped their nephew to make his way to Bombay for his education. Get exclusive access to content from our 1768 First Edition with your subscription. Zoroastrian scriptures are the biggest and most difficult obstacle to their conversion to Christianity. According to Fars News Agency (FNA), the second cargo sent by the New Delhi Parsis was carried to Iran by the IRGC-controlled Mahan Airlines on Wednesday, March 25. The exact date of the Parsi migration is unknown. They do hold to the belief in a Wise Creator god and wisdom is the most valued character trait by Zoroastrians. Then the child is given a white shirt and a band of the covenant that is tied around the waist. In the 10th century a group of Iranians fled Iran as refugees in search of somewhere to practise their religion freely.. Each festival lasts five days and is a time of worship dedicated to Ahura Mazda. In rare instances a representative photo may be used. Updates? Corrections? They are known as Zoroastrians, Zarathushti, Parsees, Parsis, and Zarthusht. Resurrection and salvation are part of their religious terminology, though they differ in meaning from Christian definitions. The Parsis, whose name means “Persians,” are descended from Persian Zoroastrians who emigrated to India to avoid religious persecution by Muslims. They are know as the Zoroastrian Iranians who refused to adopt Islam during the Arab conquest. In great need of spiritual renewal and commitment to biblical faith. Although they are not, strictly speaking, a caste, since they are not Hindus, they form a well-defined community. Corrective edits have been made to the original profile from a reputable, anonymous source. Parsees respect other faith systems and gods. The migration may in fact have taken place as late as the 10th century, or in both. Fire worship may include one falling prostrate before the flames. Zoroastrians are prejudiced against non-Zoroastrians but that prejudice can be negated by a missionary who is highly educated. This people group traces its origin to the Persian Kings of the Old Testament including King Darius, Cyrus, and Xerxes who aided in the rebuilding of the Temple. Fasli (seasonal), Kadmi (ancient) and Shahenshahi (kingly) are their different calendars. Before making travel plans based on data presented here, please confirm with other sources to the extent possible. They are found in Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, China, Bangladesh, Canada, India, Kazakstan, Tajikistan, Sri Lanka, Uzbekistan, the United States and the United Kingdom. Parsee women who marry outside their people group are no longer considered Parsee. All religious rituals and rites of passage are performed with burning fire present, and it is often lit by sandalwood and oil. Ancestor worship is an emphasized aspect of worship. Bombay came under the control of the East India Company in 1668, and, since complete religious toleration was decreed soon afterward, the Parsis from Gujarāt began to settle there. Over the next centuries, Zoroastrianism survived with just a few minor cultural differences creeping in both in India and Iran. We welcome. The Iranshah Atash Behram at Udwada - … By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. They live chiefly in Mumbai and in a few towns and villages mostly to the north of Mumbai, but also at Karachi (Pakistan) and Bengaluru (Karnataka, India). 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Ice-cream is one of the most ancient desserts in the human history and keeps being one of the most popular even nowadays We can all agree that nothing is better than a good, fresh ice-cream in a warm summer afternoon and we are so used to this treat that we cannot imagine life without this sweet pleasure. As a matter of fact, ice-cream has been part of the human diet for much longer than you would think. First appearances The first legends regarding the origins of ice-cream date back to 3000 BC in the eastern countries, around China, where people used to consume a frozen mix of milk and cooked rice. It is said that later on, after the Mongolian invasions, this food reached Turkey and Greece: according to the legend, an ancestor of ice-cream is to be found in the Bible, where Abraham drinks a frozen beverage made with goat milk and snow. Some historic documents from around 500 BC found in Greece contain references to a form of ice-cream made of snow mixed with honey, lemon and pomegranate juice, consumed also by historical characters such as king Solomon and Alexander the Great. Even in the ancient Egypt, Cleopatra is said to have offered Anthony fruit and ice. Later on, back in the East, the initial version of ice-cream was further developed into a cold dessert made with frozen fruit juice, which was brought in Europe by Marco Polo in the 14th century. In the meantime, in the Middle-East the first sorbet was invented, consisting of really cold drinks made with citrus fruits, and it is through the Arabic populations that ice-cream first entered Italy. A long refinement towards the modern ice-cream From the 9th to the 11th century, Sicily was dominated by Arabs who brought their “sherbet”, the sorbet, in the island, too. Here, the population started to use the snow from the volcano Etna in order to freeze these beverages and used sugar to make them sweeter, and so the ancestor of today’s artisanal ice-cream was born. In the 16th century Europe was overwhelmed by the new products imported from America and the introduction of new spices, cocoa, coffee and had a huge role in the further growth of this dessert’s popularity: it could be said that even ice-cream was a popular product during the flourishing Italian Renaissance. In 1565, at the court of Caterina de’ Medici in Florence, the architect Bernardo Buontalenti was the creator of a recipe very similar to the one of the modern ice-cream, made with milk and egg white; a century later the Sicilian chef Francesco Procopio dei Coltelli introduced a curious machine to produce his sorbets and in 1686 he founded the Café Procope in Paris, where he conquered the approval and appreciation of no less than Louis XIV, the Sun King. In the 18th century, ice-cream had spread in all European capitals and even reached America for the first time, where, a century later, a woman, Nancy Johnson, invented the first ice-cream machine. View this post on Instagram A post shared by 💚Nadia💚 (@dulcementenadia) The XX century final touch We need to wait until the XX century in order to get to the last fundamental addition: the cone. The actual invention of ice-cream served in a waffle cone is still debated, but the first man to patent it was the Italian Italo Marchioni, who believed that substituting the ceramic glass with an edible cup was an interesting novelty… and a cheaper investment. In 1927 the first mechanical ice-cream machine was invented by Otello Cattabriga and the industrial ice-cream starting spreading more and more: in the 50s and 60s artisanal ice-cream, the true Italian gelato, was even at risk of disappearing due to the huge consumption and distribution of industrial ice-cream. Fortunately, a committee of ice-cream producers in Milan managed to give new life to artisanal ice-cream, bringing it back to its initial strength and making it the global phenomenon that it still is today. Enjoy your gelato! Photo by Lukas from Pexels
Everyone talks about it, but what is ergonomic design? Ergonomic design is all about form and function. Designers will use the principles of ergonomics in every aspect of their design. In terms of layout, ergonomics is about understanding the minimum spatial requirement for circulation and furniture. Using ergonomics in this sense is about understanding how these requirements will vary from space to space in regards to the function of the room. Ergonomic office design is interior design maximising productivity, by minimising fatigue and discomfort felt by the people working there. Ergonomic design is all about using interiors to optimise the primary function of the space. In restaurant design, ergonomics is about creating a design, which is both comfortable and pleasant for your guests. In this design, you need to consider flow of circulation. Between the kitchen and the tables, how people will enter, the relationship and flows to the bathrooms, the efficiency for the waiters to meet customer’s needs, the space and equipment requirement for the chefs to produce the food of a required quantity and quality. When you are designing the kitchen to a restaurant, you need to consider the space required not only for the chefs to make and prepare food, but also for the dispatch area for deliveries, a connection between the kitchen and the serving area wide enough to accommodate the flow of staff, storage area. You want to keep distances short; you do not want food to go cold by the time you get it to the customer. You need a waste disposal out of sight and away from any risk of contamination and should avoid cross over circulation paths to avoid accidents; from having something being dropped, spilt or broken, or landing on a customer. Flexibility within ergonomic design is crucial. A design needs to be able to grow and develop with the changing and evolving demand of the interior’s function. When you are designing, keep in mind how the space will be used, the potential for future renovation and the cafe or restaurant/bar’s the various serving styles. In any ergonomic design, you should accommodate for the flow variations, for customers and for staff. A successful design will perfectly regulate foot traffic and accommodate enough space according to the footfall quantity. When you think of ergonomic design, think about designing for efficiency. Aesthetically, ergonomic design is about pleasing people’s psyche. Your design should use the correct balance of colours, lighting and style/décor to optimise a pleasing aesthetic for the customer. It is important that the design does not go overboard; this will create an unpleasant, uncomfortable and cluttered aesthetic. To avoid clutter its best to pre-plan the need for storage facilities and the incorporate solutions into the design. To avoid this, when choosing colours and materials, think about the tones, finishes and textures and try to choose samples that complement each other. Technically, in a perfect ergonomic design all the finishes will be durable with hardwearing floors that can withstand large amounts of footfall traffic. Your design would incorporate, flexible, portable storage solutions to make circulation easier for the staff and the utilisation of wall space efficiently; for kitchens this can mean using cabinets and wall mount racks and shelving units to maximise productivity for the staff. In conclusion, a successful ergonomic design is an interior created around nothing but optimising its sole function, ensuring that the resulting interior maximises the efficiency and productivity of its use.
You have created tables with AUTO_INCREMENT. Something like MySQL manages user_id for you automatically. You get user_id 1, 2, 3, 4, ... But how does it work? InnoDB, one of the most common storage engine MySQL uses, supports three different lock modes for AUTO_INCREMENT – traditional, consecutive and interleaved. The lock modes are named this way because it has something to do with SBR – statement based replication. If the mysql primary inserted two rows with user_id 1 and 2, you would want the replica to have 1 and 2 be assosicated with the correct user row instead of interleaved. Traditional lock mode This is the most straightforward one. It acquires a table-level lock for inserts. The lock is held until the end of the insert statement you are running. Since transactions will be replicated in the same order (or as if in the same order) as they are executed, "traditional" lock mode works for SBR setup. But as you can tell, it's also slow. Consecutive lock mode This is the default InnoDB lock mode until MySQL 8.0. It still uses table-level lock for inserts but not always. For example, if MySQL knows the number of rows will be inserted (e.g. insert one row), it can just allocate ids to the transaction and move on. Practically it means MySQL only needs to hold a lock for the duration of the allocation (not until the end of the insert statement). What if MySQL allocates the ids to some transaction and it later got rolled back? These ids are simply lost. MySQL doesn't guarantee that there are no gaps in an auto_increment column. Interleaved lock mode This is the default for MySQL 8.0. There are no locks whatsoever. Think of it as an std::atomic essentially. Of course this is the fastest option. As a result, it's not safe to run interleaved lock mode with SBR. Otherwise it's possible for user id 1 to have user id 2's user name on the replica. Show Comments
Are You Getting Enough? by Cindy Stradling CSL, CPC Sleep is one of the most important factors in physical and mental health. Unfortunately, most people do not take the time and effort to allow their body and brain the time needed to rejuvenate and energize. In most cases, this can be easily corrected by prioritizing a good night’s sleep. While it is commonly thought that everyone needs eight hours of sleep, there is actually much more variation. Adults tend to require some amount of sleep between seven and nine hours, and finding the optimal amount for each person is helpful when developing a healthy sleep routine. Sleep Deprivation is Real Failing to get enough sleep creates what is known as a sleep debt. This can be offset or balanced by sleeping a bit longer the next night. However, if the debt continually grows and is not offset in a day or two, the body and brain go into a sleep deprivation mode. People experiencing chronic sleep deprivation can have many different symptoms. Common issues linked to a lack of sleep including mood and emotional disorders, high blood pressure, diabetes, decreased mental abilities (problem solving, memory, concentration) as well as an increased risk of obesity and sleep disorder problems. Finally, individuals with sleep deprivation experience higher safety-related injuries, both at work as well as in the home. Getting into a Sleep Routine Developing a routine to go to sleep is an effective way to signal your brain and your body it is time to doze off. This routine or ritual helps to pre-set relaxation and have your body primed to let go and close your eyes. To help get started, here are some basics: • Have a set sleep and wake time • Make your bedroom comfortable and welcoming • Reduce light and noise in the bedroom • Keep the bedroom temperature cool • Take a break from watching a screen (computer or tv) at least 30 minutes before bed. • Consider calming music, listen to a guided meditation or a relaxation exercise • Try having a hot bath, reading a good book, or enjoying some calming music before bed. There are also some things to avoid: • Avoid caffeine or alcohol before going to bed • Avoid watching TV in the bedroom • Do not read in bed and reserve the bed for sleeping • Avoid intensive or prolonged exercise for several hours before bed • Limit mentally stimulating activities before bed • Consider meditation or mindfulness exercises to relieve stress and anxiety before getting into bed Staying up late and getting work completed may be a necessity of life, but it should be a rare occurrence. The more routine and regular your sleep, the more productive you will be when you are awake. Higher productivity in the day results in less need to work into the night, creating a positive, healthy change in your life.
Summer gains and losses: Maintaining good health and academic success over summer vacation. The school year has ended for kids in our area. Long summer days to play, sleep in, and relax are an important part of growing up. But many educators and health professionals are concerned about what gets lost, and what gets gained, when kids are away from school. This is especially true in a year when many kids missed at least some opportunities due to the coronavirus pandemic. It’s also the topic of my Health & Fitness column in the Aiken Standard this week. Summer learning loss is a real concern. It is estimated that children lose, on average, two months of reading skills and one month of overall learning over summer break. Those losses must be made up when school starts again in the fall, so teachers spend about six weeks re-teaching material that was covered in the previous grade. That is six weeks that children are not learning at grade level, which certainly has an impact on achievement over time. Not all kids are affected equally. Much of the disparity in summer learning losses falls along socioeconomic lines. Some children have more opportunities than others to continue learning over the summer through formal educational programs and camps and informal encouragement to read. To address this issue, many institutions implement summer “school” through classes, on-line learning programs, and encouraging reading at home. Some target the students who need them the most while other programs are instituted for all children. In fact, all three of my kids completed online learning programs last summer. Learning losses are not the only concern with an extended break from school. Many children gain more weight over the summer than during the rest of the year. Furthermore, fitness gains made during the school year are frequently lost over the summer. While poor nutrition and a lack of activity in schools is a real concern, many children get more exercise and eat better at school than they do at home. Being at home over the summer can lead to poor eating habits—too much unhealthy food or not enough food in general—and lack of chances to be active. This is important because the combination of poor nutrition, physical inactivity, and obesity has physical, psychological, and social consequences for children that frequently persist into adulthood. Overweight and obese children, especially those who are inactive, are at increased risk for type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, and even stroke – conditions usually associated with adulthood. Even if an overweight child does not have these conditions now, he or she is likely on that path. In fact, many experts predict that children born today will be the first generation in history to have a shorter lifespan than their parents due to obesity-related diseases that begin in childhood. Children who are overweight are also more likely to suffer other consequences including lower self-esteem, social functioning, and academic performance. Overweight children are also less likely to play sports or participate in other forms of physical activity, which creates a cycle leading to poorer health and, potentially, poorer academic success. Now that school is almost out for the summer, this is a critical time of year to focus on good nutrition, physical activity, and continued reading and learning to help prevent a summertime slump in health and academics. Schools can only do so much, so adults should model good diet, activity, and reading behaviors themselves. A good place to start is by turning off the TV and reading a book or going outside to play. It’s something all of us—adults and children—will benefit from. drparrsays blog footer Unfit for service. Another consequence of obesity and poor fitness in our youths. Military fitness drparrsays blog footer Don’t forget about flexibility: Why stretching should be part of your exercise routine. Endurance (aerobic) exercise will improve your cardiorespiratory fitness and endurance. These improvements allow you to exercise at a higher intensity or for a longer duration. Aerobic exercise like walking or jogging is also effective for burning calories. Resistance training (weight lifting) will improve your muscular strength. The practical benefit is that you will have an easier time completing physical tasks at work or at home, something that is increasingly important as you get older. Ideally, your exercise program will include a combination of endurance and resistance training. But there is another type of exercise that you should also include—stretching. This is the topic of my Health & Fitness column in the Aiken Standard this week. runner stretching Continue reading Boot camp workout drparrsays blog footer Summer vacation fitness After a year largely stuck at home, you may be looking forward to a vacation this summer. If your vacation will involve activities like hiking, cycling, or swimming, you need to make sure you are ready for that level of activity. Even sightseeing and visiting theme parks can require far more activity than most people are accustomed to. Unfortunately, many people find out the hard way—sore feet and achy legs, for example—that they weren’t prepared. The good news is that regular exercise now can prepare you for your next vacation so you can focus on having fun. This is the topic of my Health & Fitness column in the Aiken Standard this week. Family beach vacation Even if you don’t choose a vacation to participate in a specific exercise, you will likely spend time being active. At the very least, you will be on your feet a lot more than usual. If you spend much of your time sitting at work and home, you should try limit your sitting and spend more time standing and moving around. This will help you get ready for long days on your feet. If your vacation will include cycling, hiking, or other vigorous exercise, you should make an effort to build up your endurance through longer exercise sessions. And be sure to break in new hiking or walking shoes before your trip! Your travel plans may require spending time on planes and in airports. This usually means a lot of sitting, but it doesn’t have to. Airports, especially large airports, are built for walking. You can easily walk long distances while you wait for your flight. If you have enough time, you can take a walk around the entire airport, giving you an active way to pass the time. Passageways that showcase art, shopping, or other information make walking through the airport a more pleasant experience. If you are traveling with children, many airports have areas that allow kids to move and play. You can always get at least a few minutes of activity by taking a short walk rather than sitting in the gate area waiting for your flight to board. Once you are on the plane you can usually get out of your seat to stand up, stretch, and walk around a bit. drparrsays blog footer Say what? A health and fitness vocabulary lesson. vocabulary crossword drparrsays blog footer Active transportation is a WIN, WIN, WIN Since Earth Day was last week, this is a good time to be mindful of the influence we have on our environment and what we can do to reduce that impact. The good news is there are that there are things we can do that are good for our health and the health of our planet. Active transportation, which includes walking, cycling, and other physically active modes of moving from place to place, is one example. Active transportation has important environmental, health, and economic benefits for individuals and communities. Promoting active modes of transportation can reduce pollution, increase physical activity, and benefit both people and communities economically. In some areas, active transportation can replace motor vehicle use entirely. More commonly, though, physical activity can be combined with cars or public transportation to replace parts of trips. Significant and accumulating evidence shows that motor vehicle use is a primary cause of air pollution. This includes greenhouse gasses like carbon dioxide and pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and particulate matter that are released by combustion engines and industry. This has been linked to climate change and health problems, including pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases, contributing to 200,000 deaths per year. The transportation sector is the largest greenhouse gas emitter in the United States, so physically active modes of transportation that replace motor vehicle use could have a significant impact on air pollution and health. Estimates suggest that even a small decrease in vehicle miles traveled, a measure of motor vehicle use, by increasing active transportation could lead to reductions in particulate matter and greenhouse gas production. In addition to environmental benefits, increasing active transportation has clear health benefits. As you might expect, spending more time commuting in a car is associated with an increased risk of obesity and more active commuting is associated with a lower risk of obesity. Beyond the influence on body weight, people who use physically active modes of transportation have a lower risk of diabetes and hypertension as well as death from cardiovascular diseases. People who engage in active transportation get an average of 12–15 minutes of physical activity per day and 30% meet the 30 minutes per day recommendation. Considering that over a quarter of trips are less than 1 mile and most are less than five miles, most people could replace at least some driving with walking or cycling. The cost of implementing active transportation is often cited as a reason not to, but individuals and communities can benefit economically from increased active transportation. Transportation represents the second largest expense for American families and may have a greater impact on low-income households. Given that active transportation is almost always more affordable than using a car, this could help many people and families make ends meet. Communities that develop infrastructure and policies to promote active transportation experience direct and indirect benefits. These benefits include increased residential and commercial property values as well as the fact that people who are walking or cycling are more likely to visit businesses along their route. Depending on the location and nature of the project, implementing active transportation can have a positive cost-benefit ratio and promote job creation. Given the environmental, health, and economic benefits, active transportation is a win, win, win for our community. Across the country, cities large and small are implementing infrastructure and policies to make them safer and more convenient for pedestrians and cyclists. Since everyone benefits from a community that supports active transportation for work and leisure, we should take steps in that direction. Exercise during allergy season Continue reading Don’t be an April Fool when it comes to weight loss claims. Diets don’t work! Exercise can actually make you gain weight! Claims like these should make you wonder if someone is trying to fool you. Since April Fools’ Day just past, it is worth learning the truth about these common weight loss myths. Diet pills Diets don’t work Exercise doesn’t lead to weight loss You can boost your metabolism and burn fat using supplements Keep in mind that there are no dietary supplements that have been shown to be safe and effective for promoting long-term weight loss, despite what the manufacturers claim. In fact, some could even be dangerous. The only way to make a meaningful change in your metabolism is to exercise and significant weight loss simply won’t happen unless you change your diet. Sickeningly sweet: Added sugar and your health You are probably aware that eating too much sugar is bad for your health. Excessive sugar intake causes hormonal changes and inflammation that can lead to obesity, diabetes, heart disease, and cancer. For decades an emphasis was placed on lowering fat intake, especially saturated fat and cholesterol, to reduce the risk of obesity and heart disease. Unfortunately, much of this advice was misguided and while fat intake went down, sugar consumption in processed and prepared food increased. This is now seen as a primary cause of the current obesity and diabetes epidemic. The impact of sugar on health and steps you can take to reduce sugar intake are the topic of my Health & Fitness column in the Aiken Standard this week. Sugar cubes Continue reading
Bratman and the authors stress that the current circumstances due to Coronavirus demand that we follow social distancing and other critical precautionary instructions from public health officials – including when spending time outdoors. Ah, the great outdoors. That intoxicating piney scent of an evergreen forest, the salty seawater glow on your skin after a swim, the parade of puffy clouds marching overhead while stretched out in a flowery meadow—being outside makes us happy and puts us at ease. An emerging body of research says just that, and UW’s Nature and Health is working to further understand the connections between nature and human health and well-being. But what if we need a dose of nature’s calming effect and we can’t get to that old-growth forest or Puget Sound shoreline? Amidst the Coronavirus pandemic where all of us are pent-up inside, are there other ways to reap the benefits of Mother Nature’s soothing ways? Even small doses of the outdoors, like being in our backyard or a neighborhood park, can help. Scientists like UW School of Environmental and Forest SciencesGreg Bratman are finding evidence that access to greenspaces even in our urban environments can have a tremendous impact on mental wellbeing. “Experimental evidence has revealed that there are often psychological benefits from even short amounts of nature contact,” says Bratman, an expert on the human health benefits associated with spending time in nature. “50-minute walks have been shown to be associated with significant impacts on psychological well-being and cognitive function for some people, and other studies indicate that even shorter amounts of time may provide benefits as well. Other recent work has found that 120 minutes of nature contact a week is associated with improved self-reported good health and well-being.” Spring is coming when the Washington Park Arbortetum's flowering plants put on a colorful show. Spring is on its way, and Washington Park Arboretum’s flowering plants will put on a colorful show. If far away wild places are not an option right now, think about what’s close. Perhaps a stroll through the Washington Park Arboretum or Union Bay Natural Area, or stick even closer to home by going for a walk around the block. Heck, how about just communing with your backyard garden or houseplants? “Horticultural therapy has demonstrated that interaction with plants can have impacts on well-being, even when taking place indoors,” says Bratman. “Views of nature from windows have also been shown to restore attention and help school students, for example, recover from stressors and perform better on cognitive tests.” Even a brief interaction with nature provides an opportunity for “micro-restorative activity.” So, give it a try. Take a break from the Groundhog Day we’re all experiencing, step outside, and breathe in that healing dose of nature. And when you’re back from your walk, feeling like you still need more, bring it into your living room with some of our favorite animal and nature cams! Animal Cams Nature Cams
Play observation \| Education homework help This assignment allows students to observe the role of play in children’s development, how teachers support play in relation to the major developmental theorists. Don't use plagiarized sources. Get Your Custom Essay on Play observation \| Education homework help Just from $13/Page Order Essay The Assignment You will observe children in a preschool setting. You will be analyzing the types of play and connecting the play to past theorists. Included with your write up should be the attached observation form filled out by you and the classroom teacher where your observation takes place. For this assignment, due to restrictions on visiting Childcare centers you will be completing your observation by watching the attached video. In the video be sure to focus on Draco and Wyatt in regards to their types of play, communications and interactions with their peers. Included in your write up should be: Three examples of play that you observed . For all three observations, the following should be included: a detailed description of what you observed. (each observation should have a minimum of 7 sentences for this part) analyze the play and reflect on which type it is- (from our textbook, Part 2, Chapter 4 on pages 136-138). Minimum of 3 sentences decide which theorist the observed play most closely matches and tell why. Choose from Erikson, Maslow, Piaget or Vvygotsky.(chapter 4) Minimum of 3 sentences In a separate summary paragraph, minimum of 7 sentences, reflect on how the teacher supports play as well as any other activities, skills, or interventions the teacher could do to enhance the children’s play. Discuss how you will implement play into your learning environment. Discuss why play is so important in Early Childhood Format layout: Scenario One: (here you describe what you observed- minimum of 7 sentences) Type of Play: (for your first scenario- minimum of 3 sentences) Theorist: (for your first scenario- minimum of 3 sentences) the same format should be used for scenarios two and three and at the end of your submission should be your summary paragraph. Grading Criteria Acceptable Length: Follow the guidelines above Maximum points are given when: Three examples of play are listed and included with each scenario is: a detailed description of the play scenario. (10 points for each) the type of play is discussed for all 3 scenarios (10 points for each) a theorist is selected and matches the play observed. (10 points for each) Summary paragraph is included- minimum of 7 sentences (0-20 points) Points are deducted for errors with grammar and spelling. Grading will also reflect use of basic English skills such as the use of complete sentences when writing Textbook, Part 2, Chapter 4 pages 115-129. Textbook, Part 2, Chapter 4 pages 136-140 Calculate the price of your paper Total price:$26 Our features We've got everything to become your favourite writing service Need a better grade? We've got you covered. Order your paper
Why Is Vaping HARMFUL TO Your Health? Why Is Vaping HARMFUL TO Your Health? There are many of reasons as to why is vaporizing harmful for you personally. The ingredients within conventional cigarettes are carcinogenic and toxic to human. Nicotine contains both acidic and tar-like substances which can inflame and irritate the lung’s the respiratory system. It also carries with it several toxic byproducts which could cause various respiratory diseases. In a recent study found in the Journal of American Science, one study discovered that e-juice created from all fruit including blueberry, cherry, lemon, and passion fruit was in the same way healthy as cigarettes. E-liquid has very little nicotine compared to smoking a normal cigarette. Therefore it is a great alternative for people who desire to quit smoking. By choosing this alternative method to stop smoking, they could maintain their health while still giving themselves the pleasure of smoking a cigarette. There are some risks involved when you decide to inhale vaporized liquids as a result of way these are made. Not absolutely all juices are manufactured equal. Many companies add artificial flavors and preservatives with their e-juices, which in turn can harm the person’s lungs. Even though you might believe that it’s harmless, the truth is that it can cause serious problems if consumed in excess. Nicotine is highly addictive. Most smokers who begin to experience nicotine withdrawal symptoms quit because they’re unable to handle the withdrawal. Because vapor e cigarettes contain just as much nicotine, the user is more likely to experience nicotine withdrawals. This can lead to tooth decay, gum disease, and even bad breath. The products destroy Vape Shop your oral health and may contribute to your current risk for oral cancer. Another reason is majoring bad is that there surely is no limit on the quantity of vaporized materials that you can take in at one time. One study found that one teenager was using four laptops full of electronic goods while he smoked one cigarette. The boy was also consuming other materials that contained poisonous chemicals, such as for example batteries and aerosol sprays. Toxins in your lungs and bloodstream increase your risk for various health conditions, including cancer. It is very important only use electronic devices that are designed to be safe for your longterm consumption. If you are someone who wants to stop smoking, using the cigarettes will not be the right choice for you. There are a few things that you can do to ensure that your choices are healthier. You can choose from various nicotine-reducing methods, such as for example patches, gum, and inhalers. Additionally, there are herbal remedies, such as SmokeRX, that work to lessen nicotine cravings without upping your nicotine intake. Using herbal remedies can help you lose weight, which helps your body stay healthy and stop relying on tobacco products. It may be a good idea to talk to your doctor before you try any alternative quitting methods. One medical journal reported that there surely is one medical condition that is associated with vapors from e cigarettes, which is considered to be an addiction. In this case, the person has made a lifestyle change, and today cannot use vapor products. In a single case, the patient developed an addiction to nicotine and was smoking 20 packs per day when she had to stop because of lung problems. Another report found that one patient developed tachycardia – a condition that causes irregular heartbeats – after he started utilizing an electronic cigarette. It’s hard to understand why is it bad for your health when you look at the many benefits you receive from using these products. In fact, there are a lot more than 100 different kinds of the cigarettes on the market. This means you have a great chance to find one which will suit your needs. Vaping is easy, convenient and is a very cost effective way to quit smoking cigarettes. Just don’t forget that it is still smoking and it still damages your lungs. Posted in Uncategorized
em-Wave to find Parasympathetic balance In addition to the limbic system in the brain, the heart also plays an important function in autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulation and physical wellbeing. With over 25 years of research, the HeartMath Institute has provided evidence on just how powerful the human heart is. It was once believed the heart received messages from the brain, but their research shows the heart actually sends more, stronger messages to the brain. With this discovery and continued research there is a consensus heart activity has major effects on our emotions. A smooth stable heart rhythm creates positive feelings and emotional stability, and an erratic disorganized rhythm can lower cognitive function and induce stress responses. In Stage 2 of the Limbic System Retraining Program, we utilize this research and HeartMath’s technology to learn more about your heart rhythm and measure your Heart Rate Variability (HRV). HRV is a measure of the beat to beat variability of your heart rate. We are not looking at variability between 60 and 100 beats per minute, rather we are looking at the millisecond differences between heart beats within your normal heart rate. This is a measure of your ANS. Low HRV is associated with sympathetic tone and poor health outcomes, high HRV is associated with parasympathetic tone and better health outcomes. Sometimes it is hard to tell the difference between our inner critic and our inner healer. This device will help you make that discernment. The inner critic is always active and always loud, but it is not compassionate. It arouses our fight or flight system. It inhibits healing and nurturing. Sometimes the healer must be critical, but it should also be healing. One is in healing mode when in Rest and Digest vs. Fight or Flight. Using HeartMath and the emWave is a science-based method used to understand the state of your autonomic nervous system (ANS), which as we discussed previously, is controlled by your limbic system. This process helps you to retrain yourself out of Fight or Flight into Rest and Digest. Let go of “should” (the inner critic) and embrace “Just Be” (the inner healer). How does the emWave work? The emWave is a hand-held device with two sensors, a finger sensor and another sensor that attaches painlessly to the earlobe. At first, for longer sessions of 20 minutes each, you will use the ear sensor. For shorter, intraday “tune ups,” you will use the finger sensor on the device (See instructions below under how to sit). Once connected, the emWave begins to read your HRV. The emWave will provide a light signal that you can synchronize your breathing to. This will help you create a state of coherence in which your HRV will become smooth and steady. In the state of coherence, the ANS and PNS will also synchronize, as well as the activity between your heart and your brain. This is a state of optimal function. Thousands of people have shown positive mental and emotional outcomes in just 6-9 weeks of using HeartMath training and technology. HeartMath provides a breakdown of the statistics of their success: “24% improvement in the ability to focus 30% improvement in sleep 38% improvement in calmness 46% drop in anxiety 48% drop in fatigue 56% drop in depression” You can purchase the emWave device here. How do I use the emWave in Stage 2? We call these emWave sessions a Sit. How to sit. You will do 2 sits per day of 20 minutes each. At first, it is best to use the ear clip to use your emWave. Get comfortable. Sit in a chair or on a cushion on the floor. Sit with good posture. Once you are set, you should not move. Having said that, this is a “Meditation,” not “masochism.” Do not hurt yourself. Learn the difference between discomfort and injury. DO NOT INJURE YOURSELF. When I say do not move I mean do not scratch your nose, wiggle or otherwise indulge your urges or discomfort. These are a part of your practice. These are fleeting sensations. These annoyances are a part of the training. It is a tool to develop focus. If your best friend was at the edge of a cliff, and the only thing holding them from certain death was you holding onto them, would you let go to scratch your nose? NO! Because it is life or death. This is also life or death. Your life is being robbed from you by this Limbic reactivity. We need this level of focus. Part of the exercise is to be aware of your thoughts and urges. If your mind wanders and you notice it, or if you wiggle or scratch that itch and realize it, you have actually been successful, and have not failed. Once you notice your mind wondering, the wiggle or the scratch, bring your mind gently back to the task at hand. Think of it no more. Extraneous thoughts and urges are very seductive. (In this context the word seductive is not necessarily of a sexual nature, it is anything that has a strong attraction. It may be your checkbook that needs balancing or that unpleasant conversation you feel the urge to revisit or anything else that is screaming for your attention.) They will call and demand your attention. This training is to learn to have control over our thoughts and urges rather than them controlling you. During your sit, use the Mantra: Beatific Abyss (definition below). A mantra is a word or phrase you repeat to yourself to stay focused. Simply silently say these words to yourself without regard to pattern or rhythm. Beatific Abyss is a description of the place we seek. You can choose other words to describe this. What is important is the idea, not the words. You may find, at times you are in this state of Beatific Abyss and you are not saying your mantra, that is the goal. At other times you find your mind has wandered or you have a nearly (or absolutely) irresistible urge. That is the time to focus heavily on your mantra. Use the mantra to resist the urge to wonder, to engage in these seductive thoughts, and to resist the urges. The goal is not to chastise yourself for failing. It is to recognize the activity of your mind and slowly gain control of your thoughts and urges. This is the first step toward self-mastery. We will use these skills when we move on to the Insight Trainings. Beatific (adjective) – Pronunciation; Bee a ‘Tifik Meaning: Feeling or expressing blissful happiness, Imparting holy bliss Synonyms: Joyful, ecstatic, seraphic, blissful, serene, rapturous, subline, heavenly divine, celestial, glorious. Abyss (noun) – Pronunciation; A bis Meaning: A dimensionless chasm. An unfathomable space. An infinite space. An immeasurable gulf or great space. This is a description of the enormity of the experience of deep meditation. Synonyms: chasm, crevasse, depth, void, gulf, unfathomable Below is a series of informative articles to help you learn more about our Limbic System Retraining Program: Stage 1: Use of supplements to soothe and calm the Limbic system. Stage 2: emWave device and Heart Math to teach you how to find Parasympathetic balance. Stage 3: Sensory Soothing Kit is a rescue kit to help you when getting overstimulated. Stage 4: Modifiable lifestyle factors help you build healthy healing habits. Stage 5: AM and PM Ritual to deepen the practice of stage 2 and prepares you for stage 6. Stage 6: Insight Training
Believing doubting essay Study Limitations We will focus here only on what is directly relevant to the arrest and trial of Jesus, beginning with marginally the intentions of the Jewish leaders and ending with the leading away to the Crucifixion. We will exclude, except where tangently related: The Gospels, of course, are our primary sources for the trials of Jesus. An immediate objection raised by Skeptics is a simple one - where did the evangelists get their information from? Believing doubting essay History[ edit ] While the concept of an intelligence behind Believing doubting essay natural order is ancient, a rational argument that concludes that we can know that the natural world has a designer, or a creating intelligence which has human-like purposes, appears to have begun with classical philosophy. Later, variants on the argument from design were produced in Western philosophy and by Christian fundamentalism. Classical philosophy[ edit ] Socrates and the pre-Socratics[ edit ] Plato and Aristotledepicted here in The School of Athensboth developed philosophical arguments addressing the universe's apparent order logos The argument from intelligent design appears to have begun with Socratesalthough the concept of a cosmic intelligence is older and David Sedley has argued that Socrates was developing an older idea, citing Anaxagoras of Clazomenaeborn about BC, as a possible earlier proponent. Anaxagoras is the first person who is definitely known to have explained such a concept using the word " nous " which is the original Greek term that leads to modern English "intelligence" via its Latin and French translations. Believing doubting essay Aristotle reports an earlier philosopher from Clazomenae named Hermotimus who had taken a similar position. For example Empedocleslike Hesiod much earlier, described cosmic order and living things as caused by a cosmic version of love[15] and Pythagoras and Heraclitus attributed the cosmos with " reason " logos. Perhaps they are right. But he also expressed disagreement with Anaxagoras' understanding of the implications of his own doctrine, because of Anaxagoras' materialist understanding of causation. Atomistic mechanism got a shot in the arm from Epicurus The choice seems simple: He was very influential in the future development of classical creationism, but was not a straightforward "creationist" because he required no creation interventions in nature, meaning he "insulated god from any requirement to intervene in nature, either as creator or as administrator". For example birds use wings for the purpose of flight. As pointed out by Sedley, "Aristotle is happy to say Physics II 8, ab4 without the slightest fear of blasphemy, crafts make occasional mistakes; therefore, by analogy, so can nature". He explicitly compared this to human technology: If then what comes from art is for the sake of something, it is clear that what come from nature is too [ Martha Nussbaum for example has argued that in his biology this approach was practical and meant to show nature only being analogous to human art, explanations of an organ being greatly informed by knowledge of its essential function. Roman era[ edit ] It was the Stoics who "developed the battery of creationist arguments broadly known under the label 'The Argument from Design'". He has one of the characters in the dialogue say: When you see a sundial or a water-clock, you see that it tells the time by design and not by chance. How then can you imagine that the universe as a whole is devoid of purpose and intelligence, when it embraces everything, including these artifacts themselves and their artificers? He was not a Stoic, but like them he looked back to the Socratics and was constantly engaged in arguing against atomists such as the Epicureans. Unlike Aristotle who was however a major influence upon himand unlike the Neoplatonists, he believed there was really evidence for something literally like the "demiurge" found in Plato's Timaeus, which worked physical upon nature. In works such as his On the Usefulness of Parts he explained evidence for it in the complexity of animal construction.In this open letter to doubters of the Latter-day Saint faith, the well-known author Terryl Givens does not attempt direction to resolve uncertainties and. What is love? The Fixation of Belief No wonder so many people are single. Essay II John Locke i: Ideas and their origin Chapter i: Ideas in general, and their origin 1. Believing doubting essay Everyone is conscious to himself that he thinks; and. This is an extended essay, 95 pages in this copy. Sir Isaiah Berlin applies the conceit that human thinkers are either: `hedgehogs" - focused on single topics / world views, or philosophies or "foxes" interested in conflicting philosophies and multiple areas of interest - to Leo Tolstoy. The Prophetic Mantle Date. Global Population Statistics. The Spanish “Reconquest” of the Iberian peninsula ends in January with the conquest of Granada, the last city held by the Moors. By Michael Runyan ~ T hose of us who have left Christianity are often challenged by Christian family and friends to state the reasons wh. Defeaters in Epistemology \| Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Skip to main content HIST 2232 - T. Mendoza: Topics & Background Info Assignment Guidelines Write a historical analysis research paper that is 6 to 10 pages. A historical analysis paper is similar to an argumentative essay. The topic should be something you can analyze and prove an idea--do not summarize your topic. Your can choose any topic, idea, or event, that is related to US History after 1877 and before 2001. You must have at least 4 scholarly sources. Scholarly sources include books, articles, primary sources, etc. You can use encyclopedias to get background information, but it will not count as a scholarly source. If you use websites, they must be from .gov, .edu, or .org sites. You can use two websites as scholarly sources. Developing a topic Developing a research question is a process. To help with the process, look through the table of contents of your textbook for ideas. Find a topic that you are interested in learning more about. After you choose a broad topic, narrow it down to a specific group of people, event, or concept. Below are some suggestions: • Women • African Americans • Native Americans • Mexican/Hispanic citizens • Chinese Immigrants • Farmers, miners, soldiers Economics, Politics, Culture • The underground railroad • The California Gold Rush • Urbanization • Great Depression • The American Dream • Civil Rights Use the 5 Ws to narrow your topic: • Who • What • When • Where • Why The Five W criteria can add context to your investigation and turn a topic into a research question. • The WHO describes an individual or select population you are investigating. • The WHAT describes a specific aspect or element that directly impacts the WHO. • WHEN is a time frame in which you might limit your investigation • WHERE is a geographical location where you might focus. • The WHY is the reason why this investigation is important or meaningful. The WHY is not necessarily a part of the final research question but more informative of the scope of the project in general. Choosing a topic This brief tutorial will show you how to pick your topic and narrow it down so you can find relevant sources. This tutorial from Arizona State University that will walk you through the process of Developing a Research or Guiding Question. You can use your Taft College ID# to complete the quiz at the end of the tutorial.
Why Is Property Law Important? Why is property important to society? Foremost among them are: … What does property law include? Property is used in the law in various senses to describe a range of legal and equitable estates and interests, corporeal and incorporeal. Distinct corporeal and incorporeal property rights in relation to the one object may exist concurrently and be held by different parties. Ownership may be divorced from possession. How are property rights protected? What rights are protected under the Constitution? Why is the rule of law and property rights so important? Political and economic institutions–the rules, laws, and customs that guide behavior–help determine living standards around the world. This investment produces higher rates of growth, which eventually yield much higher living standards. … What are the 3 types of property? What are the 4 property rights? Why land is so important? What are the characteristics of property rights? Why are private property rights so important? Private property provides an incentive to conserve resources and maintain capital for future production. Although this is important, the full benefit of private property is not realized unless owners have the ability to exchange it with others. Why are property rights important to help an economy grow? In short, the stronger the private property rights system, the better the economy is at efficiently allocating resources and expanding wealth creating opportunities. … A private property system gives the exclusive right to individuals to use their resources as they see fit and to voluntarily transfer them. What are the two types of property recognized by law? Can a father give his property to one son? Father has every right to give his property as he likes. In your case father can give his to one son by ignoring other son or daughter. The transfer may be through sale Deed, gift Deed or will. What is meant by property law? Is property law state or federal? How does rule of law affect the economy? What are the two main types of property? What are the different types of property rights? Why do we need property law? Property law is the area of law that governs what people own. It’s the area of law that says who can own land and personal items, how they can use them and with what conditions. … Ownership and use of property is an area of law that impacts everyone in society. What type of property is money? Can I do whatever I want on my property?
Health Information and Tools > Patient Care Handouts > Acromegaly: Care Instructions Facebook Tweet Email Share Main Content Acromegaly: Care Instructions Your Care Instructions Acromegaly (say "ack-roh-MEH-guh-lee") is a condition in which the body makes too much growth hormone. This causes abnormal growth of bones and tissues. It happens mostly in the hands and feet. It can also affect internal organs, such as the heart. The condition also can cause changes in the face. For example, the brow and lower jaw can grow and stick out, and the nasal bone can get bigger. In most cases, these changes happen slowly over many years. People with the condition may have a greater risk of certain diseases such as diabetes, high blood pressure, and arthritis. And they may have other problems such as sleep apnea and headaches. This condition can be painful. This is because the bones may keep growing after they have reached their adult size. Acromegaly is caused by a tumour of the pituitary gland, which is where growth hormone is made. But the tumour isn't cancer. It can be treated with medicine, surgery, radiation treatment, or some combination of these. Rarely, a tumour in a different part of the body, such as in the pancreas gland, can cause the pituitary gland to make too much growth hormone. This also can lead to acromegaly. Treatment may stop some abnormal growth, but bones don't go back to normal after the treatment. How can you care for yourself at home? • This condition can change how you look. If you have trouble dealing with these changes, talk to your doctor to find a support group. Talking to other people who are going through the same thing can be helpful. When should you call for help? • You have problems with your vision. • You have severe headaches. • You get confused or have trouble thinking. • You are vomiting or have nausea. Where can you learn more? Go to Enter D931 in the search box to learn more about "Acromegaly: Care Instructions".
• Washington • [email protected] Plastic materials compared to Eco-friendly development from the past Plastic is a useful material for packaging but it can harm the environment. Plastic material provides us with an excellent packaging solution for many product packaging. Still, the traditional plastic is going out of the market, but it is harmful to the environment. Custom 30ml bottle boxes are more common, and many brands and businesses are adopting eco-friendly packaging methods because it is safer. Eco-friendly packaging materials have many advantages, and that is why it has changed the old and traditional packaging style. Reduces eco-friendly Co2 emissions Custom boxes made of environmentally friendly materials can reduce C02 emissions. When cardboard boxes are made, a vast amount of resources are used. Eco-friendly materials are produced using less resources, and an efficient process is used to make such boxes. When less processing is done, this results in a reduction in Co2 emissions. We must all work together to save the environment. It is important to develop materials that reduce emissions because they can help us create a healthier environment. Less harmful to eco-friendly animals and humans Custom boxes made using environmentally friendly materials are less harmful to humans and animals. Conventional plastic transmits chemicals, and as a result, plastic leaks remove toxic chemicals and get into our food and drink. This can lead to various health problems in humans and animals. Packaging and printing can be dangerous to humans, so it is important to use materials and techniques that are less harmful to humans and animals. Custom 60ml Bottle Boxes made using eco-friendly materials can help create a safe environment for creatures around the world. Eco-friendly recycling is easy Custom printed boxes, and custom cardboard boxes made from eco-friendly materials are lighter and lighter in weight than boxes made with traditional packaging materials. That is why packaging boxes made of eco-friendly materials are more flexible and functional. Because the material is thinner, you need less of it to make the packaging. This can help reduce your production costs. With eco-friendly nature, cardboard boxes are also durable and can withstand any harsh conditions. They are environmentally healthy and can be easily recycled without any worries. You can use them repeatedly for different packaging types of materials. We can turn them into another item because they are versatile and functional. The risk to animals decreased Plastic waste causes a lot of problems for marine life and wildlife. Eco-friendly boxes are not a threat to animals and marine life, but they can be dangerous if we dispose of them incorrectly. Custom packaging boxes made of environmentally friendly materials break down quickly, so it is less of a threat to the environment and animals. Eco-friendly packaging can save money Traditional packaging materials are widely made, and it is inexpensive. Eco-friendly content isn’t being built on the same scale, but it can still be beneficial for companies and brands to save money. If they use eco-friendly and eco-friendly boxes made with less packaging material, less packaging material will be required. The manufacturing process is also very efficient, and this feature also helps to save a lot of money. It can also reduce waste management costs. Brands and manufacturers are spending a lot of money on waste handling, and because eco-friendly packaging requires less processing, less waste is generated. When less waste is generated, there is no need to dispose of it in rivers and other areas of the city. This can help keep the city’s environment clean and healthy. Eco-friendly boxes can increase business sales Consumers appreciate natural craft packaging made from environmentally friendly packaging materials. Consumers have become smarter and more environmentally friendly, and they like to buy products that are packaged in recycled 15ml essential oil bottles boxes. Consumers understand the environment, and they want to buy products from brands that care about nature and the environment. When consumers support the idea of eco-friendly packaging, packaging manufacturers and brands are bound to change their binding materials. Plastic is a useful material, but it can be dangerous to the environment. Eco-friendly boxes are being introduced in the packaging industry Leave a Reply
Web Development Lab 2 Name: Shreya Raj Period: 7 Assignment: Lab #2 Lab 2 Overview This lab focused on tables as well as some more general information about computers. The lab required you to compelete 2 levels of codeacadamy and then be able to have the knowledge to create tables. As the finished product, it was required to answer some questions (about general computer knowledge), make 2 tables, and lastly research a web development company. 1. What is a server? How is it different than a standard computer? A server is a computer on a network that manages network resources. The main differnce is that a standard computer runs a user friendly operating system, where as a server runs all network resources. 2. What are the tags needed for an HTML table? The tags needed for an HTML table are the < table > tag, the < th > tag, the < tr > tag, and the < td > tag. 3. What does an iFrame allow you to do? The iFrame allows you to display a seperate, second webpage that is shown in your original/main wepage. 4. What does the < a > tag do? The < a > tag defines a hyperlink, this allows you to access a link within your webpage. 5. What does the < tr > tag do? The < tr > tag defines a row in a table. 6. Click HERE to return to homepage. Favorite Foods Number of Liking Pizza 1 Ice-Cream 2 Hot-Dog 3 Favorite Foods 1. Find a web development company. What does it cost for them to create a website? How long does it take? A web development company that is actually in the bay area is the company, HyperArts Web Design and Development. To create a website the usual cost is $1,200 to $3,000 (or more). And it usually takes almost 12-16 weeks to create a full website. 2. Click HERE to return to homepage.
Lucid dreamers can do maths equations while asleep, study reveals Forget your basic sleep talking: Lucid dreamers can answer questions and even do MATHS while they’re asleep, study reveals • Experts asked questions like ‘what’s eight minus six’ as people had lucid dreams • A lucid dream is one in which you know you’re dreaming while you’re still asleep • Dreamers answered correctly in real time with eye movements or facial muscles From snoring to sleep walking, many of us do rather unusual things while we’re asleep. Now, a new study has revealed that some people are ‘lucid dreamers’, and can answer questions and even do maths while they’re snoozing. Researchers in the US asked lucid dreamers maths problems, such as ‘what’s eight minus six’, and yes-no questions, like ‘do you speak Spanish?’ Lucid dreams are when people experience a state of heightened awareness during sleep that allows them to recognise the dream and control what happens within it. In the experiments, dreamers answered correctly in real time with eye movements or facial muscle signals, demonstrating what’s called ‘interactive dreaming’. The experiments are promising for real-time communications when we’re asleep, which could help scientists adequately explain the phenomenon that is dreaming. Graphical abstract of the research experiments. Konkoly et al. show that individuals in REM sleep can perceive and answer an experimenter’s questions, allowing for real-time communication about a dream One way to tackle nightmares is to become conscious, so you can wake yourself up or even banish your dream foes. This is known as lucid dreaming. When people lucid dream they become aware they are dreaming and can take some control over the ‘plot’ of their dreams, letting them have psychedelic adventures. A 2017 study identified three tricks that can increase your chances of having lucid dreams: 1. Reality testing – Check your environment several times a day to see whether or not you’re dreaming 2. ‘Wake back to bed’ – Wake up after five hours, stay awake for a short period, then go back to sleep in order to enter a REM sleep period, in which dreams are more likely to occur 3. MILD (mnemonic induction of lucid dreams) – Wake up after five hours of sleep and then develop the intention to remember that you are dreaming before returning to sleep, by repeating the phrase: ‘The next time I’m dreaming, I will remember that I’m dreaming.’ At the same time, imagine yourself in a lucid dream. Read more: How to control your dreams Researchers tested the participants during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, the deepest stage of sleep when lucid dreams occur. ‘We found that individuals in REM sleep can interact with an experimenter and engage in real-time communication,’ said senior study author Ken Paller, a professor at Northwestern University. ‘Most people might predict that this would not be possible – that people would either wake up when asked a question or fail to answer, and certainly not comprehend a question without misconstruing it.’ Scientific investigations of dreaming have been hampered by the delay between a dream and when people report on their dream – leading to forgotten details. ‘There is considerable ambiguity about the experiences that may have transpired during a dream, based on retrospective reporting, and as well as about exactly when these experiences happened,’ the team say in their paper, published today in Current Biology. ‘The ability to communicate with dreamers in real time, such that they could describe their experiences while in the midst of a dream, would greatly expand the possibilities for scientifically exploring dream experiences.’ The researchers studied 36 people who aimed to have a lucid dream, across four independently conducted experiments with different approaches. In addition to the group at Northwestern University in the US, one group conducted studies at Sorbonne University in France, another at Osnabrück University in Germany and the other at Radboud University Medical Center in the Netherlands. ‘We put the results together because we felt that the combination of results from four different labs using different approaches most convincingly attests to the reality of this phenomenon of two-way communication,’ said first author Karen Konkoly at Northwestern University. ‘In this way, we see that different means can be used to communicate.’ Common across all four institutions, however, was the use of electroencephalography (EEG), a method of recording electrical activity of the brain that involves electrodes placed along the scalp. Sleeping participants were asked questions in a variety of ways – not just verbally via audio recordings, but through tactile stimuli and flashing lights. This photo shows one of the study authors, Christopher Y. Mazurek at Northwestern University, in a full EEG rig just before a sleep session in the lab. The electrodes seen here on his face detect movement of the eyes during sleep For example, one participant was stimulated during REM sleep with red and green LED light flashes to convey Morse-coded maths problems. Meanwhile, the answers from the dreamer were performed entirely from facial signals, not verbally, Professor Paller said. This is because during REM sleep (and lucid dreaming) we experience what’s called atonia – a temporary paralysis of our arms and legs to prevent us from physically acting out our dreams. ‘We needed to use physiological recordings in order for dreamers to communicate information to experimenters,’ he told MailOnline. Illustration shows how the study participants responded to the questions heard as they dreamt. Eye movements from left to right answered maths questions, while facial muscle contractions as if smiling answered yes-no questions ‘Because REM sleep generally involves the phenomenon of muscle atonia throughout the body, speaking is not possible. ‘Eye movements remain possible, and small muscle twitches can be recorded in some cases.’ Number of left-to-right eye movements corresponded to maths answers (so two movements from left to right for eight minus six, for example) while facial muscles corresponded to the yes-no questions. For the latter, smiling (contraction of the zygomatic muscles) twice signalled ‘yes’ and furrowing the brow (contraction of the corrugator muscles) twice signalled ‘no’. This photo shows first author Karen Konkoly at Northwestern University watching brain signals from a sleeping participant in the lab. Researchers are working to expand and refine two-way communications with sleeping people so more complex conversations may one day be possible One of the individuals, a 20-year-old Frenchman who succeeded with two-way communication, had narcolepsy and frequent lucid dreams. Overall, the researchers found that it was possible for people while dreaming to follow instructions, do simple maths, answer yes-or-no questions or tell the difference between different sensory stimuli. After being awoken, the participants submitted dream reports of their experiences, which ranged from simple settings like a party to fighting with goblins in a faraway world. One said: ‘In my dream, I was at a party and I heard you asking questions. I heard your voice as if you were a God. ‘Your voice was coming from the outside, just like a narrator of a movie. I heard you asking whether I like chocolate, whether I was studying biology, and whether I speak Spanish. ‘I wasn’t sure how to answer the last one, because I am not fluent in Spanish, but I have some notions. ‘In the end, I decided to answer ‘no’ and went back to the party.’ The study shows that individuals in REM sleep can perceive and answer an experimenter’s questions, allowing for real-time communication about a dream. ‘Our experimental goal is akin to finding a way to talk with an astronaut who is on another world, but in this case the world is entirely fabricated on the basis of memories stored in the brain,’ the researchers say in their paper. Sleep is generally separated in four stages. The first three of these are known as ‘non rapid eye movement’ or NREM sleep. The last stage is known as rapid eye movement or REM sleep. A typical night’s sleep goes back and forth between the stages. Stage 1: In the first five minutes or so after dropping off we are not deeply asleep. We are still aware of our surroundings but our muscles start to relax, the heart beat slows down and brainwave patterns, known as theta waves, become irregular but rapid. Although we are asleep during Stage 1, we may wake up from it feeling like we didn’t sleep at all. After around five minutes our bodies move into stage two. Stage 2: This is when we have drifted into sleep, and if awakened would know you we been asleep. Waking up is still fairly easy. This stage is identified by short bursts of electrical activity in the brain known as spindles, and larger waves known as K-complexes, which indicate that the brain is still aware of what is going on around it before turning off to a sub-conscious level. Heartbeat and breathing is slow, and muscles relax even further. Our body temperature drops and eye movements stop. Stage 3: Stage 3 non-REM sleep is the period of deep sleep that we need to feel refreshed in the morning. It occurs in longer periods during the first half of the night. Our heartbeat and breathing slow to their lowest levels during sleep and brain waves become even slower. Our muscles are relaxed and it people may find it difficult to awaken us. Hypnagogia – the transitional state between wakefulness and sleep – is associated with NREM stages one to three. Mental phenomena during hypnagogia include lucid thought, lucid dreaming, hallucinations and sleep paralysis. REM sleep: REM sleep first occurs about 90 minutes after falling asleep. Our eyes move rapidly from side to side behind closed eyelids. Our breathing becomes faster and irregular, and heart rate and blood pressure increase to near waking levels. Arm and leg muscles become temporarily paralysed, which prevents us from acting out our dreams. As we age, we sleep less of your time in REM sleep. Source: US National Institutes of Health Source: Read Full Article
Assign this text to deeply engage your students! Teaching Reaching new heights Reaching new heights Charlie Villanueva is a professional basketball player with alopecia areata. He was bullied as a boy, but with hard work he was able to become a professional. He tells kids that they should embrace their differences and to believe in themselves. Marjorie Sembert Flintom Highlights for Children, Inc. How can we be more accepting of others? Assign this text to your students for free!
Do Cockroaches Make Noise? Full List Of Sounds A cockroach making noise Interestingly enough, there’s a lot of misinformation out there when it comes to cockroach noises and sounds. For such notorious household pests, they sure seem to have people confused! This guide will go over the various cockroach sounds you might hear, and dispel any myths about the noises they can make. Do Cockroaches Make Noise? While these pests have a reputation for being discreet and flying under the radar, cockroaches can make certain noises when they become active. Like any other living creature, roaches are capable of producing noise when they interact with their environment. Specific actions might create distinct and recognizable sounds (more on that later). However, the good news is that many of those noises are subtle and difficult to hear. You see, household roach species have largely lost their ability to make sounds. There are well over 4,000 cockroach species globally, but only a handful are known to invade homes. One cockroach making quiet sounds While wild cockroaches can sometimes vocalize to communicate, common household bugs do not. Instead, they rely on pheromones to do the talking. The pests you see running around your home have adapted to living in the shadows. As a result, they prefer to stay as quiet as possible, with a few exceptions. Why They Make Noise There are a few different reasons why a cockroach might start making noises. One of the most common is self-defense. Not every cockroach that enters your home is part of the same nest or colony. The sudden crossing of paths is bound to happen! When this occurs, roaches sometimes make noise to claim dominance. For example, these bugs might use sound to indicate their size. A larger cockroach may do this to ensure that any smaller insects in the area know who’s boss. Quick Tip: If the interaction leads to an altercation, you can sometimes hear the sound of a scuffle. The bugs might make noise as they fight, but those are largely unintentional. Finally, roaches also make noise to attract mates. Again, this act is rare for household roaches. But if you live in a rural area, it’s possible to hear wild cockroaches attempting courtship. What Is Stridulation? Stridulation is a form of noise-making that many insects use. The behavior is most commonly observed in bugs like crickets and beetles. However, cockroaches can participate in the behavior as well! Simply put, it’s the act of rubbing body parts together to make a sound. In the case of roaches, it’s the pronotum grinding against the costal veins. The pronotum is the plate-like structure that covers part of the thorax. Meanwhile, the costal veins are ridges on the edges of the wing. When the rough wing edges glide across the smooth pronotum, it produces a signature chirping sound. The resulting cockroach noise is nowhere near as loud as a cricket’s, but it’s still quite effective for mating. Quick Tip: Only male cockroaches can stridulate, and it’s almost exclusively used for attracting females. What Types Of Cockroaches Are The Noisiest? As mentioned earlier, most household cockroach species aren’t going to make a ton of noise. Neither the German or American cockroaches are known to produce any significant noise (unless you’re listening closely). Oriental roaches aren’t either. The only exception is during mating. Believe it or not, only one cockroach species is famous for its noise-making abilities. The Madagascar hissing cockroach uses its breathing holes to produce an audible hiss. The breathing holes, called spiracles, are a little different from those found in other species. When threatened, the insect will push air through the spiracles. They might also make this noise when coming across other insects to assert dominance. This cockroach noise is quite loud and audible in most conditions. Fortunately, most people won’t ever encounter a Madagascar hissing roach at home. They’re endemic to the forests of Madagascar. Listening For Different Cockroach Sounds Concerned about mystery noises you hear at night? There are many misconceptions about cockroach sounds and what sort of noise they’re capable of producing. While they can produce some subtle sounds, most of the things people hear are actually cases of mistaken identity. Contrary to popular belief, cockroaches don’t make noise when they’re moving at an average walking pace. These insects lack the weight to cause any reach disturbance as they move. Their six legs are nimble and agile, allowing them to navigate without producing many vibrations at all. Quick Tip: Even the most astute listeners, such as cats and dogs, rarely hear roaches when they’re walking. The only way you’d be able to listen to these insects walking is if they were moving through a super delicate surface like thin foil. It’s rare to hear roaches walking, but running is a different story. These creatures can scurry across the floor at blazing speeds (relative to their size). They cover a lot of ground in a brief moment! Cockroach making sounds while running While their feet are quick and relatively graceful, you can sometimes hear their little legs scurrying as they try to escape. Certain surfaces will amplify the sound to make things even more audible. Overall, the sound is still subtle and challenging to hear under normal circumstances. It all depends on the environment! Chances are, your pets will hear them running before you do. But in everyday life, you probably won’t be able to notice their scurrying unless it’s done by several roaches at the same time. Roaches have a healthy appetite for just about anything. Seriously, anything that we find disgusting is probably on the menu for them! Thanks to a pair of sharp mandibles, cockroaches have no problem getting through both soft and hard foods. But does the act of eating make any noise? In most situations, it does not. The mandibles are small and precise. Cockroaches take small bites and eat efficiently to avoid waste. As a result, hearing cockroach noise while they’re eating is rare. Quick Tip: That said, you might notice some subtle sounds if you have good hearing (or happen to be near a cockroach that’s having a snack). Crispier food sources like paper or chips sometimes crunch with every bite. Did you know that most roach species have fully developed wings? Thankfully, not all cockroaches can use those wings to fly. There are only a few species that take to the skies. One is the palmetto bug. Flying roaches can reach fast speeds as well. During the flight, they can reportedly go as fast as 3.4 miles per hour. If you listen very closely, you can sometimes hear their wings fluttering. You might notice some sound as they lift off and land, too. The noisiest scenario is when a flying cockroach ends up on its back. To get back up, it’ll flap its wings sporadically. This is a pretty jarring act that will undoubtedly garner attention. However, for most flights those sounds mostly go unnoticed by humans. Thanks to their refined hearing, cats and dogs are more likely to notice flying roaches before humans do. Hissing is pretty rare unless you’re dealing with the Madagascar hissing cockroach. Technically speaking, several roach species can make that hissing noise. However, it’s much quieter and doesn’t occur as often as it does with the Madagascar roach. These insects mostly make hissing noises when threatened by others. They do it by forcing air through the spiracles on their body. Some will make the noise rhythmically to produce a distinct sound (some people call it screaming but we disagree). Either way, the hissing sound is very subdued which means you might not hear it unless you’re nearby. Roaches can make a subtle chirping sound through stridulation. The rubbing of two body parts creates strong vibrations that you might hear if you listen closely enough. That said, you’re not going to hear this inside your home. Stridulation and chirping are things that only occur with wild cockroaches outside. There are no roach species that are known to make clicking noises. The closest thing to clicking is the chirping from stridulation. Anything that sounds sharp and distinct is usually another pest. Quick Tip: Many people mistake the sounds of the clicking beetle with cockroaches. While they may live near each other, they are two different insects. Do Cockroaches Make A Buzzing Sound? Roaches might make a soft buzzing sound when they fly. The noise is usually missed by humans unless you have a fantastic sense of hearing and you’re paying close attention. So in general, it’s a cockroach noise that typically only gets noticed by nearby animals. Is It Possible To Hear Them Inside Walls? There’s nothing more spine-tingling than the thought of hearing cockroaches crawling inside the walls. Fortunately, it’s not an experience most people will have. Walls are well-insulated and do a fantastic job of stopping cockroach sound vibrations from resonating throughout your home. Well-built walls aren’t going to let you hear roaches. Some won’t even transmit sounds from large rats! But there are some exceptions. Thinner panelized walls tend to amplify noise more than drywall. A cockroach making noise You also might hear the sound of cockroaches in your walls if you’re dealing with a more extensive infestation. A massive colony is going to make a lot more noise than a few stray cockroaches. The materials inside your walls matter as well. Fiberglass insulation does a fine job of dampening noise. You’re not going to detect those tiny legs scurrying around. But if there’s loose paper, there’s a real possibility that you could hear roaches. Paper lining can dry out and become brittle. If it’s touching the walls the right way, vibrations could easily transfer. Ultimately, it all depends on your home’s build quality and the size of the cockroach infestation. Listening closely could help you uncover the presence of roaches. But in typical situations, you’re unlikely to hear anything at all. Why It’s More Common To Hear Them At Night If you’re unlucky enough to notice the sounds of cockroaches, you’ve probably noticed that it only occurs at night. Why is that? Well, roaches are nocturnal. They’re a lot more active at night than during the day. With more movement comes the potential for more noise and sounds! Another reason why it’s more common to hear these pests once the sun goes down is that things are generally quieter as it is. During the day, there are tons of distractions and extraneous sounds. Come dusk, those disturbances calm down, and the world gets a little more peaceful. Your ears become tuned to the quieter environment, which makes every little sound seem more amplified than usual. Are Cockroach Sounds The Sign Of An Infestation? When many homeowners think they hear cockroaches, they automatically go into panic mode! Contrary to popular belief, hearing roaches doesn’t automatically mean you’re dealing with a pest infestation. In the vast majority of cases, those sounds you’re hearing aren’t roaches at all! Remember, household cockroach species don’t produce the same amount of noise as outdoor wild varieties. The sounds they do make are far too subtle for most people to hear. Unless you’re actively listening, you’re unlikely to hear much at all. Now, that doesn’t mean you should ignore the problem! You could very well have a few roaches hiding out in your home. If you’re concerned, it’s always a good idea to take some safety precautions. You can look for other signs of an infestation yourself, or even hire an exterminator to perform an inspection if you feel like cockroaches are trying to invade your domain. Mysterious sounds aren’t enough to diagnose a roach infestation. You can use the noise as an excuse to get a thorough inspection, but sounds alone are not a reliable indicator of a cockroach problem. You should now know that cockroaches do make noise, but it’s usually quite hard to actually hear them. However, understanding the kind of sounds they make will help you identify them and take action if required. If you hear something, take the time to verify that you have a roach problem before getting concerned. There’s usually no need to panic! Previous Post A bed bug surviving in water Can Bed Bugs Survive In Water? The Complete Guide Next Post A bed bug hiding in a book How To Treat Books For Bed Bugs (The Right Way)
Home Hydrogen Wellness What is the difference between hydrogen and hydrogen water? Hydrogen is a stable gas that has been used in divers’ equipment for more than 50 years and proven to have no side effects on the human body. In 2007, Japanese scholars discovered that breathing in 2% of hydrogen or drinking saturated hydrogen water can selectively neutralize hydroxyl radicals. Hydrogen water is water in dissolved hydrogen molecules and it can be supplemented with hydrogen through daily drinking water. Case Studies How Ozonated Water Works How Ozonated Water Works Ozone is one of the world’s most powerful oxidizing agents, as it readily removes organic and... Interested in finding out more? en_USEnglish zh_TWChinese
Updated June 3, 2013 Many people who, after thorough examination show no detectable cause for their fatigue, are suffering the ill-effects of an unhealthy diet and lifestyle. The rich American diet can wear you down in several ways. The primary fuel for our bodies is carbohydrates. Meats (beef, chicken, fish, etc.) contain little carbohydrate. The primary carbohydrate in cow’s milk is lactose, but, many people cannot digest and utilize it. In the preparation of cheeses, bacteria will ferment almost all the lactose in milk. Thus, many Americans, even those who eat cheese, are on a diet that does not provide enough carbohydrates to generate sufficient high-quality energy. You may have some idea of how important carbohydrates are if you are involved in sports. Long distance runners, before a race, “carbohydrate-load” (often on spaghetti and other forms of pasta) to provide their body with almost immediate clean fuel–glucose–and to fill their muscles and liver cells with long-chain-sugars stored as the substance called glycogen, that will be converted to glucose for use during the marathon race. Athletes who do not have this store of glycogen can be heard complaining about “hitting the wall,” a term that describes exactly how they feel when they’ve run out of energy. Winning a foot race may not be one of your goals, but getting through the day full of energy is possible if you will “carbohydrate-load” three or more times during the day. Another cause of fatigue is the sludging of blood that follows a meal high in fats. Do you recall going without lunch when you have an important meeting in the afternoon, because experience tells you that soon after a meal you’ll be sleepy and sluggish? Molecules of assorted fats from your meal enters the blood stream from the gut, and immediately coat the circulating red blood cells. Uncoated blood cells bounce off each other naturally and are flexible enough to bend and twist through the smallest capillaries, in their zeal to take blood to all the cells in all the tissues. Once coated with fat, however, they lose that essential elasticity: they stick together in clumps and become relatively rigid. The overall effect is a lowered oxygen content in the blood and worsened circulation to your tissues, which you experience as muscular weakness and lassitude. Some people also suffer from food allergies that result in a condition known to the medical profession as “tension-fatigue syndrome.” The most common cause of a food allergy is milk; eggs, chocolate, wheat, corn, and citrus fruits are other common sources of allergens. When I see patients who complain of persistent fatigue, I follow a series of steps to bring them relief. First I rule out any physical illness by taking a careful history and making a thorough physical examination along with appropriate laboratory tests. Do they use depressant drugs–alcohol or other “recreation” drugs? Are they taking doctor-prescribed or over-the-counter drugs that might easily cause fatigue, such as tranquilizers, sedatives, Beta-blocker pills for lowering blood pressure? (The list is endless. If they are taking any medication at all, they should consider it from the very first as a possible cause of fatigue or of any other discomfort they may be suffering.) Once I’m sure they are free of any treatable physical illness and from the effects of drugs, I look into their diet and lifestyle. Are they eating a high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet? Do they get daily exercise, which is known to relieve depression and anxiety, and which contributes to a feeling of energetic well-being? Lastly, I consider emotional factors, such as depression (which can range from mild to severe). The emotional problem that is causing the fatigue may be as commonplace as family strains, job dissatisfaction, or money worries. Often people are simply bored–life is no longer enjoyable for them. I encourage people who are enduring situations that are detracting from their health and happiness to resolve them, and, when necessary, to get help in doing so. Life is too short (and too wonderful) to waste another day on being miserable in body and unhappy in spirit. • Recommendations See your doctor to rule out physical health problems. Change to a health-supporting diet and lifestyle. Consider the possibility of a food allergy. Take steps to make every day an enjoyable and productive day. • References Nieman, D. Vegetarian dietary practices and endurance performance. Am J Clin Nutr 48(3 suppl):754, 1988 Kirwan, J. Carbohydrate balance in competitive runners during successive days of intensive training. J Appl Physiol 65:2601, 1988 Editorial–Fatigue. Lancet 2:546, 1988 Evans, W. Dietary carbohydrates and endurance exercise. Am J Clin Nutr 41:1146, 1985 Editorial–Nutrition in sport. Lancet 1:1297, 1987 Freidman, M. Effect of unsaturated fats upon lipemia and conjunctival circulation. A study of coronary-prone (pattern A) men. JAMA 193:882, 1965 Bahna, S. Allergies to milk. Grune & Stratton, NY, 1980, pages 67-69 Shoenfeld, Y. Walking–A Method for Rapid Improvement of Physical Fitness. JAMA 243:2062, 1980
• Major General James Wolfe Major General James Wolfe • WordNet 3.6 • adj major greater in number or size or amount "a major portion (a majority) of the population","Ursa Major","a major portion of the winnings" • adj major greater in scope or effect "a major contribution","a major improvement","a major break with tradition","a major misunderstanding" • adj major of full legal age • adj major of a scale or mode "major scales","the key of D major" • adj major of the field of academic study in which one concentrates or specializes "his major field was mathematics" • adj major of greater importance or stature or rank "a major artist","a major role","major highways" • adj major of greater seriousness or danger "a major earthquake","a major hurricane","a major illness" • adj major of the elder of two boys with the same family name "Jones major" • v major have as one's principal field of study "She is majoring in linguistics" • n major the principal field of study of a student at a university "her major is linguistics" • n major a commissioned military officer in the United States Army or Air Force or Marines; below lieutenant colonel and above captain • n major a university student who is studying a particular field as the principal subject "she is a linguistics major" • n Major British statesman who was prime minister from 1990 until 1997 (born in 1943) • * Additional illustrations & photos: Major-General Sir Isaac Barre Major-General Sir Isaac Barre Major-General Sir Isaac Brock, K.B Major-General Sir Isaac Brock, K.B The majority of the locks and keys used in the early houses were imported from England The majority of the locks and keys used in the early houses were imported from England Major-General Sir John Monash, K.C.B., V.D Major-General Sir John Monash, K.C.B., V.D Major Brummel Major Brummel Constellation Ursa Major Constellation Ursa Major Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary • Interesting fact: The majority of cats do not have any eyelashes • Major A mayor. • Major (Law) A person of full age. • Major (Mil) An officer next in rank above a captain and next below a lieutenant colonel; the lowest field officer. • Major (Mus) Greater by a semitone, either in interval or in difference of pitch from another tone. • Major Of full legal age; adult. • Major Of greater dignity; more important. • * Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia • Interesting fact: Majority of brides plan their wedding for approximately 7 to 12 months • major Greater; more important or effective; first in force or consideration; leading; principal: as, the major premise or term of a syllogism. • major Greater in quantity, number, or extent: as, the major part of the revenue, of an assembly, or of a territory. • major Of age; having attained to majority. • major In music • major Of intervals, standard or normal; literally “greater,” as compared with minor intervals. The term is more often applied to seconds, thirds, sixths, sevenths, and ninths, designating an interval equivalent to the intervals between the key-note of a standard or normal scale and its second, third, sixth, seventh, and ninth tone respectively. Thus, a major second is two semitones long, a major third four semitones, a major sixth nine semitones, and a major seventh eleven semitones. Major has also been applied of late to fourths, fifths, and octaves, and is then equivalent to the older term perfect. Finally, it is used to distinguish the larger of two intervals that differ by a minute quantity: as, a major step or tone (), which is a comma greater than a minor tone. Opposed to minor, and also often to diminished and augmented. See interval, 5. • major Of tones, distant by a major interval from a given tone: as, A is the major third of F, etc. • major Of tonalities and scales, standard or normal: characterized by a major third and also by a major sixth and seventh: opposed to minor. The major tonality or scale is the recognized standard of reference for all the modern musical systems. See key, tonality, and scale. • major Of triads and chords, characterized by a major third between the root and the tone next above, and a perfect fifth between the root and the second tone above: opposed to minor, diminished, and augmented. The major triad is the usual standard of reference in classifying the chords of modern music. See triad and chord. • major Of cadences, ending in a major triad. • major Of modes in the modern sense, and thus of composition in general, characterized by the use of a major tonality and of major cadences: as, a piece is written throughout in the major mode. From an acoustical point of view, major intervals, chords, and scales are simpler and stronger in themselves and admit of better harmonic extension and combination than minor. The educated taste of modern times has tended to exalt the major over the minor, making the former the standard and normal of which the latter is the variation; while the medieval systems, being based upon a different conception of music at various points, tended the other way. The esthetic effect of the major in contrast with the minor is brighter, stronger, and more complete. It has recently been maintained that major and minor phenomena, in all their phases, are mutually reciprocal, the major triad, scale, etc., being measured upward in a certain way from a given tone, and the minor triad, scale, etc., being measured downward in the same way from the same tone. According to this view, the major triad of C is called the over-chord of C, and the minor triad of F is called the under-chord of C, etc. • major In logic, wider; broader; more extensive; a predicate to more subjects. The major extreme or major term of a syllogism is that term which enters into the predicate of the conclusion; the major premise is that premise which contains the major term. These have always been the usual definitions, but they have been subject to much dispute, owing to the fact that all real distinction between major and minor vanishes in certain cases. • n major Milit., an officer next in rank above a captain and below a lieutenant-colonel; the lowest field-officer. His chief duties consist in superintending the exercises of his regiment or battalion, and in putting in execution the commands of his superior officer. His ordinary position in the line is behind the left wing. Abbreviated Maj. • n major In law, a person who is old enough to manage his own concerns. See age, n., 3. • n major In music, the major mode, or a major tonality or major chord, taken absolutely. • n major In logic • n major The major premise of a syllogism, which in direct syllogisms states the rule from which the conclusion is drawn. • n major The major extreme of a syllogism. • n major Same as mayor. • major To act the major; look and talk big, or with a military air. • major In prosody, noting the longer of two types of verse which bear a common name. • * Chambers's Twentieth Century Dictionary • Interesting fact: Average life span of a major league baseball: 7 pitches • adj Major mā′jur greater in number, quantity, or size: more important: • n Major a person of full age (21 years): an officer in rank between a captain and lieutenant-colonel • v.i Major to play the major, to talk big • adj Major mā′jur (mus.) greater by a semitone • * • Georg C. Lichtenberg “With the majority of people unbelief in one thing is founded on the blind belief in another.” • Orson Welles “They teach anything in universities today. You can major in mud pies.” • Andrew Jackson “One man with courage makes a majority.” • Wendell Phillips “One on God's side is a majority.” • Henrik Ibsen “The majority is always wrong; the minority is rarely right.” • Mark Twain Major league - Something major league is very important. Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary L. major, compar. of magnus great: cf. F. majeur,. Cf. Master Mayor Magnitude More (a.) Chambers's Twentieth Century Dictionary L., comp. of magnus. In literature: In others it was ratified by meagre majorities. He had opposed the planting of the colony on the river, but, being out-voted, he had accepted the will of the majority. "The Riflemen of the Ohio" by Joseph A. Altsheler Sieyes was not solicitous that his invitation should be obeyed, for the accession of the other orders might displace the majority. Both young soldiers saluted, again, as the major turned to resume his walk. When the Convention met, the majority was with the Girondists, and Barere was with the majority. A proposed amendment is adopted if it is approved by a majority of all those voting and also by a majority in a majority of the states. "The Spirit of American Government" by J. Allen Smith Captain Darling and Major Marshall and Surgeon Major MacKenzie accompanied me. "The Red Watch" by J. A. Currie Here Major C. W. Park disposed his battalion for a musketry fight. Major Trenchard and Major Brancker take charge at home. So far as he could conjecture, the Major had accepted him in the same way. "Somehow Good" by William de Morgan In poetry: But, oh! if in song or speech, In major or minor key, My voice could over the ages reach, I would whisper the name of Lee. "Sentinel Songs" by Abram Joseph Ryan MAKREDI would say that in battle's fierce rage True happiness only was met: Poor MAJOR MAKREDI, though fifty his age, Had never known happiness yet! "The Two Majors" by William Schwenck Gilbert Of blood and friendship, and that joy of life, Which reads its music in the major key And will not listen to a minor strain— These things and many more are spoils of time. "Time's Defeat" by Ella Wheeler Wilcox And all honour to both crews that so manfully behaved; And may God protect the mariner by night and by day When on the briny deep, far, far away! "The Collision in the English Channel" by William Topaz McGonagall And the roar of the musketry spread through the jungle, Still the men crept on without making a stumble, And many of the Black Watch fell wounded and dead, And Major Macpherson was wounded, but he rallied his men without dread. "The Ashantee War" by William Topaz McGonagall The ship pitched heavily and could be felt touching the ground, And, as he predicted, it blew a terrific hurricane. "The Wreck of the 'Abercrombie Robinson'" by William Topaz McGonagall In news: Perhaps no other major industry is as easily and quickly affected by major trends in the general economy, and with the US enjoying its longest economic boom ever, the car business is rolling along. ANCHORAGE, Alaska (AP) — The Alaska state Senate faced the potential of a major power shift, with Republicans seizing a majority in the chamber on Tuesday. Reinsurance companies take major hit from major storm. Are 'Mobile Wallets' a Major Innovation or a Major Bore . The first snow of the season caused major problems for drivers, with several sliding into the ditch and a major pile-up on the bypass. Major meth operation in Bristol, Tenn. Sullivan County detectives stumble upon what they are calling a major meth operation in Bristol, Tenn. Concert includes Mozart's String Quartet no 19 in C Major, Beethoven's String Quartet no 11, Op 95 and Ravel's String Quartet in F major. It will be the third major overhaul of a major Disneyland ride in as many years. Traffic safety experts in the Franklin County area alert drivers that a major fund drive will put volunteers collecting money at major intersections on Saturday. In science: We have thus shown that the application of the majority rule will preserve the type of interactions between spins sitting on opposite sublattices or the same sublattice. Thermodynamics of strongly disordered spin ladders The major results that follow for the RFIC from the RW picture concern the domain structure and optimization. Low Temperature Properties of the Random Field Potts Chain This is also true of the metal-poor GCs beyond R ∼ 2Reff in that galaxy, but inside this radius, the metal-poor GCs in M87 show major-axis rotation (see Table 4, and Cˆot´e et al. 2001). As a result, the previous conclusion regarding the noninvariance of chaos in cosmology, a major claim about chaos in general relativity, necessarily involves the violation of hypotheses required for a proper deﬁnition of the Lyapunov exponents. Relativistic chaos is coordinate invariant A Hubble Space Telescope Lensing Survey of X-ray Luminous Galaxy Clusters: IV. Mass, Structure and Thermodynamics of Cluster Cores at z=0.2
What Can the Machine Vision System Do? - GHOPTO What Can the Machine Vision System Do? What Can the Machine Vision System Do? The machine vision system is based on optical devices and non-contact sensors. It can automatically receive and process an image of a real object to obtain the required information or the device used to control the movement of the robot. The machine vision system uses machines instead of human eyes for measurements and judgments. Essentially, the machine vision system is the application of image analysis technology in factory automation. It uses optical systems, industrial infrared cameras and image processing tools to simulate human visual capabilities and make corresponding decisions. In the end, these decisions are executed by directing a specific device. In the modern automated production process, the machine vision system has gradually replaced artificial vision. It has been widely used especially in the fields of working condition inspection, finished product inspection, quality control, etc. The trend is irreversible with the advent of the Industry 4.0 era. Ⅰ. Why use the machine vision system to replace manual vision There are many reasons and the main ones are listed as follows: 1. From the perspective of production efficiency, the quality of artificial vision is low and the accuracy is not high because operators can easily get tired after working for a long time. However, the machine vision system can greatly improve production efficiency and automation. 2. From the perspective of cost control, enterprise managers need to spend a lot of manpower and material resources to train a qualified operator. However, training is far from enough, and a lot of time is required to improve the level of operators in practice. The machine vision system can be used uninterrupted for a long period of time while ensuring the production effect as long as it is properly designed, debugged and operated. 3. Artificial vision may have threats to the personal safety of operators in some special industrial environments, such as welding, gunpowder manufacturing, etc. However, the machine vision system can effectively avoid these risks to some extent. Ⅱ. What fields does the machine vision system cover A machine vision system is composed of different functional modules. A successfully designed machine vision system is very demanding for engineers. In general, the professional fields covered by machine vision systems are as following: 1. Electrical engineering: the design of hardware and software of the machine vision system. 2. Engineering mathematics: the basis of image processing technology. 3. Physics: the basis of lighting system design. 4. Mechanical engineering: It has the most widely used application field of the machine vision system. A good machine vision system can better provide more technical support to improve product quality and production efficiency for the manufacturing industry. Related News
USM student loves lungless salamanders Ellen Ciurczak American Staff Writer Jennifer Lamb has a love for lungless salamanders. The University of Southern Mississippi post-doctoral student has spent five years researching them, and she's found out their habits can tell her important things about the environment. USM researcher Jennifer Lamb processes lungless salamanders. "Salamanders are most closely related to frogs, but most look very much like a lizard," she said. "The Southeast has the highest salamander diversity in the United States, so it's a great place to study these guys. "Lungless salamanders don't have lungs at all. They breathe entirely through their skin." Lamb has focused primarily on a particular lungless salamander — the dusky salamander — found in much of the Southeast and eastern United States. The mating waltz is a behavior Lamb noticed as a byproduct of her research. She was studying whether two different, but geographically overlapping, species of dusky salamanders would breed — they didn't — and whether different populations of dusky salamanders in the same species but separated by great distances would breed — many did. Lamb has also focused on two larger questions — where different species of lungless salamanders live and how different populations and species are genetically related to each other. She said some salamanders like small streams and some like larger streams. Some like streams that stay wet while others like streams that eventually dry up. "It highlights the fact that permanent streams aren't the only important factor and neither are streams that dry up," she said. "One size doesn't fit all. It's important to have a variety of habitats. "Knowing these answers can help us better manage salamander communities and predict which salamanders may likely occur in which areas." USM researcher will hunt for mosquito that carries Zika Carl Qualls, Southern Miss biological science professor, has been working with Lamb. He said she is doing research few have undertaken. "(These salamanders) are fairly well studied elsewhere, but when you get down to the coastal plain they've received little attention," he said. "Where do species occur, do they occur together? "There's all kinds of interesting questions about the ecology of these salamanders that we had no idea of because no one had studied them." Qualls said Lamb's research on the salamanders can reveal important facts about the environment. "Most people don't think about salamanders much, but these salamanders play an important role in the stream and stream-terrestrial environments in which they occur," he said. Qualls said the health and population of the salamanders can reveal clues about whether a stream is having sedimentation or chemical problems. "Their prominence in the ecosystem and their susceptibility to degraded habitat are good indicators of overall environmental health," he said. Lamb said studying lungless salamanders helps man keep track of the environment in which they live. "Lungless salamanders play dual roles as predators and prey in many terrestrial and wetland ecosystems, and their physiologies are sensitive to changes in these environments (caused by) pollutants, non-native pathogens and increasing temperatures," she said. "Monitoring salamander and other amphibian populations allows us to keep tabs on the health of ecosystems on which we as a society rely and with which we interact."
Ads Top Eating Disorders: Anorexia Nervosa, Binge Eating Disorder, Bulimia Nervosa Eating disorders are literally serious and sometimes fatal unhealthiness that cause severe disturbances to human ingestion behaviour. Obsessions with food, weight, associate degreed form might also signal a disorder. Common ingestion disorders embrace anorexia, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder. Eating Disorders Signs and Symptoms Bulimia nervosa People with bulimia nervosa have repeated and frequent episodes of ingestion outstandingly giant amounts of food and feeling a scarcity of management over these episodes. This binge-eating is followed by behaviour that compensates for the deadly sin like a forced unconditioned reflex, excessive use of laxatives or diuretics, fasting, excessive exercise, or a mix of those behaviours. Not like anorexia, individuals with bulimia nervosa sometimes maintain what's thought-about a healthy or comparatively traditional weight. Symptoms include: 1. Swollen secretion glands within the neck and jaw space 2. Severe dehydration from purging of fluids 3. Acid reflux disorder and different duct issues 4. Worn solid body substance and progressively sensitive and decaying teeth as a result of exposure to abdomen acid 5. Solution imbalance which might result in a stroke or coronary failure 6. Inveterately inflamed and raw throat 7. Enteral distress and irritation from laxative abuse Anorexia nervosa People with anorexia might even see themselves as overweight, even after they area unit hazardously scraggy. Anorexia has the best rate of any mental disturbance. Individuals with anorexia generally weigh themselves repeatedly, severely limit the number of food they eat and eat terribly tiny quantities of solely sure foods. While several young girls and men with this disorder die from complications related to starvation, others die of suicide. In women, suicide is way additional common in those with an eating disorder than with most different mental disorders. Symptoms include: 1. Associate degree intense worry of gaining weight 2. Extraordinarily restricted ingestion 3. A relentless pursuit of thinness and disposition to take care of a traditional or healthy weight 4. Extreme thinness (emaciation) ALSO READ: Gender and Environment: Non-communicable diseases Other symptoms might develop over time, including: 1. Delicate anaemia and muscle wasting and weakness 2. Brittle hair and nails 3. Dry and chromatic skin 4. Severe constipation 5. Injury to the structure and performance of the centre 6. Multiorgan failure 7. Low vital sign slowed respiratory and pulse 8. Cutting of the bones 9. A visit internal temperature, inflicting someone to feel cold all the time 10. Physiological condition 11. Brain injury 12. The expansion of fine hair everywhere the body 13. Lethargy, sluggishness, or feeling tired all the time Binge-eating disorder People with binge-eating disorder lose management over his or her ingestion. Not like bulimia nervosa, periods of binge-eating aren't followed by purging, Excessive exercise, or fasting. As a result, individuals with binge-eating disorder usually area unit overweight or fat. Binge-eating disorder is that the most typical disorder within the U.S. Eating Disorder Symptoms include: 1. Ingestion quick throughout binge episodes 2. Ingestion outstandingly giant amounts of food in a very certain amount of your time 3. Ingestion till you are uncomfortably full 4. Ingestion alone or secretly to avoid embarrassment 5. Ingestion even once you are full or nor hungry 6. Oft diet, probably while not weight loss 7. Feeling distressed, ashamed, or guilty concerning your ingestion. Treatments and Therapies Adequate nutrition, reducing excessive exercise and stopping purging behaviours area unit the foundations of treatment. Treatment plans area unit tailored to individual wants and will embrace one or additional of the following: 1. Medications 2. Individual, group, and/or family psychotherapy 3. Treatment and watching 4. Nutritionary counselling Risk Factors Eating disorders oft seem throughout the teenager years or young adulthood, however, might also develop throughout childhood or later in life. These disorders have an effect on each gender, though rates among girls area unit more than among men. Like girls United Nations agency has ingestion disorders, men even have a distorted sense of body image. Researchers area unit finding that ingestion disorders area unit caused by a posh interaction of genetic, biological, behavioural, psychological, and social factors. Researchers area unit victimisation the most recent technology and science to higher perceive ingestion disorders. ALSO READ: How to cure hypertension: 5 foods to control high blood pressure 1. 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Loyola University Chicago Healthy Homes & Healthy Communities Sources of lead poisoning Lead was used for a long time to make many products. Laws now limit how lead can be used, but there are still lead hazards in and around many homes. Lead can be found in: Lead dust is the most common way that children are exposed to lead. Inside the home, most lead dust comes from chipping and flaking paint or when paint is scraped, sanded, or disturbed during home remodeling. Chipping and peeling paint is found mostly on surfaces that rub or bump up against another surface. These surfaces include doors, doorframes, windows, stairs, railings, banisters, porches, fences, radiators, and pipes. Lead dust can also get into the air and settle onto other things when people vacuum, sweep, or walk through it. Most young children are exposed to lead from lead dust. Children can swallow lead dust as they eat, play, and do other normal hand-to-mouth activities. ‌Folk medicines and cosmetics Some folk medicines contain lead. Two examples are Greta and Azarcon. Azarcon is a bright orange powder also known as Maria Luisa, Rueda, Alarcon, and Coral. Greta is a yellow powder. Azarcon and Greta are used to treat an upset stomach. Pay-loo-ah also contains lead. It is a red powder used to treat a rash or a fever. Other folk medicines that contain lead include Bala (or Bala Goli), Golf, Ghasard, Kandu, Litargirio and some Ayurvedic medicines. Some cosmetics such as Kohl (or AlKohl), Kajal, Surma and Sindoor also contain lead. More recently, the Illinois Attorney General issued a statewide product alert for Hashmi Surma Special Eye Make-up because it contains especially high levels of lead. Household water Homes built before 1986 often have lead pipes or older plumbing parts such as faucets and fittings that may contain lead. Older water well pumps made with brass or bronze parts may also contain lead. Copper pipes are now used in most homes, but lead solder may have been used to connect these pipes. While in 1986 and 1988 laws were passed to prevent the use of lead in pipes, solder, and other plumbing parts, some new brass faucets and fixtures, may still contain small amounts of lead. Lead is more likely to get into warm water that is soft or acidic. Lead gets in the body when people eat or drink food or water with lead in it. Lead in drinking water is most harmful for babies who drink formula mixed with water containing lead. Learn more about lead in drinking water. Lead-glazed ceramics, china, leaded crystal glassware Lead may get into food and liquid that has been stored in lead-glazed ceramics, pottery, china, and crystal. Lead-glazed pottery usually comes from other countries. There is no way to accurately tell by just looking at a piece whether it contains dangerous amounts of lead. It is safest not to use items that may have been made with lead to store food or beverages. One can also purchase lead-testing kits (available in drugstores or by mail order). It is important to follow the specific instructions on the kit for an accurate reading. These readings, however, may not always be accurate. Check the Consumer Product Safety Commission for the most recent information. Lead-based paint is the most dangerous source of lead in the home. Lead dust is created from opening and closing the doors or windows inside a home painted with lead-based paint. A child is exposed to small amounts of lead when he or she puts his or her mouth on toys, food, or other objects covered in lead dust. Before 1986, companies added lead to gasoline. Lead particles escaped from car exhaust systems and went into the air and fell onto soil near roads. The lead is still there today and often at high levels. Metal smelting, battery manufacturing, and other factories still use lead. This lead gets into the air and then mixes with the soil near homes located close to one of these sources. Another source of lead in soil is flaking lead-based paint on the outside of buildings. Lead from paint chips and peeling paint can get into the soil close to buildings. This often happens during home remodeling if workers are not careful. Children can be exposed to high levels of lead from soil when they put their hands or toys that have been in the soil into their mouths. They may also put plants and rocks in their mouths or eat the soil directly. Learn more about Lead-Safe Yards. Toys and jewelry Despite Illinois laws prohibiting the use of lead in some products, manufacturers continue to produce toys, jewelry and candy that contain lead. Some of these products use lead paint while others are lead-filled, but all are dangerous to children. Over 2 million children's products have been recalled because of lead paint, including toys and candy wrappers. Even though lead paint has been banned in the United Sates since 1978—and is banned in the use of consumer products under the Federal Hazardous Substance Act (FHSA)—of the 49 different categories of children's products recalled since 1990, 59% were recalled because of the presence of lead paint. Children's toys and jewelry, including body piercing jewelry, may also contain "elemental lead." Currently, no regulations ban the use of lead, even in children's products. Instead, the FHSA bans toys and other products intended for use by children that contain a hazardous amount of lead that children can gain access to. Thus, a child's product can be made entirely of lead as long as it is covered with a protective coating that prevents the lead from becoming "accessible." In 2003, over 152 million pieces of cheap jewelry sold in vending machines were recalled by the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) because the coating that was to keep the lead from leaking out proved ineffective. One 4-year-old child suffered from lead poisoning after accidentally swallowing a pendant bought for a quarter in a gumball machine. In 2006, a small child swallowed a piece from an 8-inch long metal bracelet with a heart-shaped charm, which was a free gift with the purchase of various styles of children's footwear. The CPSC issued an immediate recall of the product, and instructed consumers to take the charm bracelet away from children and dispose of the entire bracelet. Unfortunately, even a small amount of lead that is ingested can cause irreversible damage. The CPSC urges all parents to search their children's toys for metal jewelry and throw it away. To find out about the latest recalls, visit the Illinois Attorney General's Sign up for Safety website. To sign up to receive email notifications of recalled children's products, visit U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC). Workplace and hobbies People exposed to lead at work may bring lead home on their clothes, shoes, hair, or skin. Some jobs that expose people to lead include home improvement, painting and refinishing, car or radiator repair, plumbing, construction, welding and cutting, electronics, demolition, municipal waste incineration, battery manufacturing, lead compound manufacturing, rubber products and plastics manufacturing, lead smelting and refining, working in brass or bronze foundries, and working with scrap metal. Some hobbies also use lead. These hobbies include making lead-glazed pottery and stained glass, fishing with leaded sinkers, and refinishing furniture. Other common sources of lead Antique pewter, curtain and window weights, crayons from other countries, some colors of ink, some calcium supplements, old playground equipment, fishing weights or sinkers, wheel weights, bullets and hair dyes may also contain lead. • Food cans: In 1995 the United States banned the use of lead solder on cans. But lead solder can still be found on cans made in other countries that are sold in the U.S. These cans are usually made from three pieces soldered together. The cans usually have wide seams. The silver-gray solder along the seams contains the lead. Cans containing lead may be imported into the U.S. and sold. Over time, the lead gets into the food. This happens faster after the can has been opened. Foods that are acidic are more likely to absorb lead. • Other food items: Many commonly found treats may contain lead. There are some candies from Mexico that contain lead. • Mini-blinds: Some non-glossy, vinyl mini-blinds from other countries contain lead. To detect lead, purchase a home testing kit (available in hardware stores or by mail order/online.) It is important to follow all testing kit instructions, and note that some testing kits' results may not be accurate. Check the Illinois Attorney General's website for more recent updates.
1. Home 2. Track And Field (Athletics) 3. Track And Field Equipment List Track And Field Equipment List track and field equipment list Track and Field Equipment Track and field is a very unique sport because it encompasses many different competitions in one event. The sport of track and field includes running, jumping, and throwing events. Track and field teams usually have many different members, each competing in events they have individually trained for. Events are mostly individuals competing, but some require small groups to compete. An individual or group winning their event earns points for their team and the team with the most points at the end of the entire competition wins. Every event in track and field requires agility, training, and specialized equipment. Banana Steps Track and Field Banana Steps Banana steps are a fun and simple tool to improve your agility, whether you're a track and field athlete or not. Banana steps are small hurdles that are 6, 12, 18, or 24 inches off of the ground. You can use them to jump, run, or skip over. Banana steps are made out of PVC pipes and you can usually find them in bright colors like yellow, green, and orange. They should weigh only 1 to 2 pounds. Banana steps should cost about $10 to $20 per step or you can buy them as a set of six for around $30. Track and Field Batons Batons are used for track athletes who run in relay events. Batons are usually made of aluminum but you can also buy plastic ones. Batons were first implemented in 1893 for track races. Before that, relay teams would pass a little flag. For practice any baton is good but for races, batons are color coded per team and have to be made of aluminum. You can buy a baton for $3 to $5 or a dozen for about $30. Cross Bars Track and Field Cross Bar A cross bar is the part of a high jump or pole vault that you physically jump over. The standard cross bar is 13 feet and 1.5 inches long. In the Olympics, there has been high jump since the very first games in 1896. There also used to be a standing jump where you jump over a cross bar without a running start. You should only buy a cross bar if you already have the holders and a landing mat for your landing. You can get a practice foam cross bar for about $30 but a regulation fiberglass cross bar will be $100 to $150. Track and Field Discus A discus is pretty much the only important thing you need if you want to be a discus thrower. The discus cannot weigh less than 2kg, 4.4 pounds, for men. For women it is 1kg, 3.2 ounces. The discus is traditionally made from wood with metal around the outside, but there are others made from fiberglass. Discus has been around since the ancient Olympics. The style has changed very little over thousands of years. For beginners, a cheap discus can cost $20 to $30 bucks but for more experienced athletes a discus can be up to $200. Discus Carts Track and Field Discus Cart A discus cart is a very useful tool and can save your energy and strength at practice and at meets. A discus cart holds discuses, anywhere from a dozen to twenty four of them. You can get a cart that is only for discuses or there are also carts that have carriers for shot puts, javelins, and even more. A discus cart will have 5 inch wheels to move it around the track stadium. A discus cart will cost $300 to $700. Finish Lines track and field finish lines A finish line is not something you can really buy. Usually a finish line is painted onto the track. Sometimes the finish line is permanently on the track but for meets it'll often be painted over to be brighter for the races. If you want to create your own finish line on the street or backyard you can use white spray paint, tape, or a string. A sector line kit, with tape and staples, will cost about $50 and can be used to tape down a finish line. Hammer And Weight Throwers Track and Field Hammer and Weight Thrower Hammer and weight throwers are usually called just hammer. You only need to buy one if you are a hammer thrower. Weight throwers originate from old highland games in Scotland and England. Hammers come in multiple colors and are usually made of an iron ball attached to a metal wire with a handle. Hammers have to weigh 16 pounds and cannot be longer than 46.3 inches. You can buy a hammer and weight thrower for $150 to $200. Hammer Gloves Hammer gloves help throwing athletes to grip their hammer. The same gloves can also be used for other throwing events like javelin and shot put. For practice you can buy or use any gloves like baseball batting gloves or even gardening gloves. In competition though, you can't wear gloves that cover your fingers, though your thumb can be covered. In competition athletes usually wear a glove on their non dominant hand. A good competition hammer glove can cost $10 to $20 per glove. High Jump Pits track and field high jump pit High jump pits are something you have to have if you're going to be a high jumper or pole vaulter. The jump pits are soft landing spots made of foam with a plastic covering usually. To be considered regulation for competition a high jump pit has to be 16.4 feet by 9.8 feet. If you need to buy a high jump pit it will cost upwards of $6,000 so you have to make sure you're going to use it. Often, teams will provide pits for athletes to practice on so that they don't have to invest in their own pit. High Jumps Track and Field High Jump A high jump is the name of the sport but also the important piece that makes the sport possible. The high jumps are two metal poles that hold up the crossbar. The high jumps can be raised or lowered for different heights. High jumps used to be made of wood but now they're made of lightweight metal. You can buy a high jump with wheels to make it easier to transport. If you are buying high jumps you're going to need to separately buy a cross bar and a pit. Just the high jumps will cost anywhere from $400 to $1,000. Track and Field Hurdle Hurdles are the physical piece of equipment that hurdlers have to jump over to complete a race. Hurdles are made of metal on the bottom and a wooden or fiberglass top. The hurdles are designed to be bottom heavy so when they're barely touched they will fall over. Old hurdles were designed in a "T" shape not the modern "L" and when they fell they would rise up and be more likely to trip you. For most hurdle races there will be ten hurdles. For practice you might only need one to three hurdles but to run a full race you'll need ten. Per hurdle it'll cost $200 to $500. Track and Field Javelin Javelins are the main tool for another throwing sport. A javelin is basically a long spear that you throw as far as you can in order to win. Javelin has been around since the Ancient Greek Olympics. The javelin is made of wood or lightweight metal and has a metal tip so it will stick in the ground. Modern javelins will usually have a soft material grip to help you throw it. To be legal the javelin has to be at least 102 inches long and weigh at least 1.8 pounds for men. For women it is 86 inches and 1.3 pounds. You only really need one javelin and you can buy it for anywhere from $200 to $600. Jump Boards Track and Field Jump Boards Jump boards are a small and simple piece of equipment for long jumpers and triple jumpers. The board is a square wooden or synthetic square in the ground. To complete a legal jump you have to take off before or on the board. The board has to be at least 1 meter from the end of the runway. You want to take off as close to the end of the board as you can but if you go over it, your jump will be disqualified. Fancy jump boards will have sensors in it to tell where your foot hits. A lot of tracks will already have a jump board permanently attached to the ground but you can buy one to install yourself. A jump board will cost around $150. Lap Counters track and field lap counters Lap counters help you if you're an official or runner by telling you how many laps around the track you have left. You only need a lap counter for races longer than 800m because any shorter than that you don't have enough laps to count. A lap counter is usually a flip board with numbers on it. You flip the numbers down counting how many laps you have to go. You flip it whenever the person in first place finishes a lap. You can buy a lap counter with a bell attached to it or you should have a bell to ring on the last lap. You can use any number flipper to count down laps but if you're going to buy a fancy lap counter it'll cost up to $450. Track and Field Markers Markers are for throwing sports to show where the throw landed. Markers can be pretty much made of anything, though for the most part they're made of metal. You can use anything as a marker if you're just beginning to throw and don't want to spend money. As long as it is heavy enough to stay in the ground and not move it should work. If you want to buy legitimate metal markers they will cost about $2 to $5 each. To be safe you should probably buy at least a dozen. Measuring Tapes Track and Field Measuring Tape Measuring tapes can be used for a lot of things in track and field. You can use a measuring tape to mark the distance of a race or to spread out the starting blocks. You can also use measuring tape to determine the distance of a throw from the throwing spot to the marker where it landed. You can get a measuring tape made out of fiberglass or paper. You can choose how long you want the maximum on the tape to be, anywhere from 50 feet to 350 feet. A measuring tape will cost you from $20 to $100 depending on the length and material. Track and Field Megaphone Megaphones are definitely not necessary if you're a beginner but you will see more advanced athletes and their coaches using them. At crowded meets where your coach can't get down to the track level, a megaphone helps them to give instructions from the stands without having to yell. Megaphones are made of metal and hard plastic. You can usually adjust the volume. There's not really any track and field specific megaphone, you can get one at any store that has one. A good megaphone will cost $50 to $100. Pit Levelers And Rakes Track and Field Pit Levelers And Rakes Pit levelers and rakes are for the sand of long jump and triple jump pits. After you land in the pit it can leave a pretty big hole in the sand so a rake can even out the sand to smooth it out for the next person. There's no need for any fancy rake specific for track and field. You can use the same rake for the pit as you use for grass and weeds in the backyard. A rake should only cost around $50. Pole Vault Bags Track and Field Pole Vault Bags A pole vault bag is a bag for your pole vault to help you carry it around. Most pole vault bags will hold multiple pole vaults. The bag will be made of nylon or polyester and have a zipper and two handles to help carry it more easily. A pole vault bag is pretty useful so that you can carry your pole vaults without any problems. A pole vault bag can cost up to $100. Pole Vault Grip Tapes Track and Field Pole Vault Grip Tapes Pole vault grip tape is an essential if you are a pole vaulter or a pole vault coach. Pole vault grip tape is the sticky tape around a pole vault that you put on to improve your grip. Some pole vaults come with tape on and some don't. Either way, after a while pole vault tape will wear out so it is important to replace it. The tape is sticky and made up of cotton cloth usually. You can buy a 25 yard roll of tape and that should last you for a while depending on how much you pole vault. A big roll of tape should only cost about $20. Pole Vaults Track and Field Pole Vault The first piece of equipment that you should buy as a beginner pole vaulter is a pole vault. Pole vaults were made of wood when the sport was born and then bamboo starting in 1904. Today most pole vaults are made of fiberglass or another synthetic material. Lengths vary for most adults from thirteen feet to just over seventeen feet. The sizing of a pole vault is very dependent on you as a person. As a beginner you can buy just one pole vault, but Olympic level athletes have multiple pole vaults that they carry with them. A pole vault will cost you anywhere from $300 to $1,000. Pole Vault Pits Track and Field Pole Vault Pits Pole vault pits are very similar to high jump pits. They're basically just big foam cushions so that when you land after a pole vault you don't hurt yourself. Pole vault pits are bigger than high jump pits. They have space for the spot where the track ends for your pole vault to go into the box. Pole vault pits can be up to 30 feet by 30 feet and their cushions are usually really thick. You should only buy a pole vault pit if you don't have access to a track with a pit already there. A pole vault pit will cost upwards of $10,000. Race Clocks Track and Field Race Clocks Race clocks are what tell time during a track race, both for you as a runner and for the rest of the people in the stadium. Almost all race clocks are digital. Most go down to the second, though Olympic level clocks count down to the hundreth of a second. Race clocks you can buy come with a tripod and a remote control to start and stop the clock. You only need a race clock for races, and you can just use a stopwatch for practice. A race clock will cost between $1,000 and $2,000. Shot Puts Track and Field Shot Puts Shot puts are the most important tool if you're going to be a shot putter. A shot putt is essentially just a heavy rock that people throw from their shoulder as far as they can. In the Olympics the regulation shot put is about 16 pounds for men and 8.8 pounds for women. However, shot puts come in all kinds of weights for practice. They're usually made of steel or another dense metal. For competition you only need one shot put but you can buy multiple for practice and other purposes. A shot put will cost around $100 to $300. Track and Field Spandex Spandex are tight shorts that track and field athletes wear, especially at practice. Spandex are made of stretchy athletic material. They are designed to hug the leg tightly like a second skin. Spandex come in every color and some track and field athletes own an entire rainbow of spandex. Popular brands of spandex include Nike, Adidas, and Lululemon. For some people, spandex are part of their uniform. Especially for short distance runners spandex are good because it hugs your leg and increases mobility. You can buy spandex shorts for as low as $3 and as much as $30. Track and Field Spikes Spikes are a part of a track shoe that help with traction no matter the event that you are in. Certain spikes are for short distance running. Others are for long distances. There are also spikes for long jump and high jump. There are two types of track spikes, needle and pyramid. They get their names from the shape that the spikes are. You have to buy spikes separately from the track shoes. The metal spikes come in bags of anywhere from 25 to 100 spikes. These bags will cost $5 to $15 depending on the number of spikes. Starting Blocks Track and Field Starting Block Starting blocks are important if you want to be a short distance track runner. 800m and above don't use starting blocks but runners in the 100, 200, and 400 meter races use starting blocks. Starting blocks help you to push off more quickly to get running at top speed more quickly. Usually starting blocks will be provided by the meet but for practice and for personal use, a set of blocks is good to have. Usually starting blocks are made of metal and are adjustable. Track and Field Stopwatch If you watch any track and field meet the coach will have one thing around their neck, a stopwatch. Stopwatches are important because they allow you to accurately capture how fast you ran. Most stopwatches are small and digital with buttons to start, stop, and reset the watch. There are fancier stopwatches for race officials that come with a printer to print the times of runners while the clock still runs. If you want to take track seriously, investing in a stopwatch is important and can help you improve your running. Throw Cages Track and Field Throw Cages Throw cages are something you will need if you want to be a hammer or discus thrower. Throw cages serve two purposes. Firstly, throw cages protect both the spectators and other athletes from heavy flying metal. Throw cages also help you to complete a legal throw which has to land within a certain area in order to count. Throw cages are made from aluminum or steel posts with nets all around. Some cheaper throw cages are made from regular cloth netting, but more expensive ones are made of metal. A lot of throw cages are already on the tracks but you can buy your own. A throw cage will cost between $1,000 and $5,000. Track Shirts Track and Field Shirt Track shirts can be pretty much any shirt, because almost anything can be used for running. Preferably, you want to wear an athletic shirt, one that is tight on the body, though not constricting. You want a track shirt to be made of breathable material. More popular than a t-shirt, you can wear a tank top style track shirt, also made out of breathable, light material. Most track uniforms for meets are tank tops. You can buy custom tank tops with designs for races. Tanks can range in price from $10 to $50 depending on brand and quality. Track Shoes Track and Field Shoes There are many different kinds of track shoes you can buy. Most track shoes have spikes on them, though the size depends on the event. For example, short distance runners need to wear lightweight spikes that allow for the runners to bounce a lot and run up on the balls of their feet. Longer distance track shoes are bigger and offer more support. For events like hammer throw and sicus, spikes aren't recommended, you need shoes that have grip on cement. Track shoes vary a lot based on event, size, and material. You can buy cheap track shoes for about $30 but if you want higher level shoes, they will cost upwards of $200. Track Shorts Track and Field Shorts Track shorts are pretty much any short that you can run or be athletic in. A popular kind of track shorts are spandex, they are comfortable and lightweight. Other kinds of track shorts include short running shorts. These usually have some mesh built in, a lot like a swimsuit, and are made of very light material to not weigh down the runners legs. You can buy multiple different kinds of track shorts. These can cost as low as $5 and as high as $25. What equipment do you need for track and field? A lot of equipment goes into track and field and almost all of it is necessary for competition! However, many of the items are specific to different events in track and field. You do not need a high jump pit to compete in the hammer throw, but you do need a hammer and hammer gloves! Knowing what event you are going to participate in beforehand allows you to purchase the equipment you will need. However, apparel such as track shorts, track shirts, and track shoes are all things competitors in every event will need. What makes track and field equipment unique? Track and field equipment is unique because every event has its own equipment necessities. You cannot use a discus in the hammer throw and you don't jump over a hurdle in the high jump. Every piece of equipment is utilized in a very specific way and is required for different tasks. What is the most important track and field equipment to buy? The most important track and field equipment for you to purchase varies based on what event you will be competing in. Along with the apparel that you need to purchase for training or competing, you will need equipment specific to your event. So, if you compete in the javelin throw, you will need track shoes, track shirts, track shorts, and a javelin. But if you run in the long relay, you would not need a javelin but would need a baton. What is the expected cost for track and field equipment? The apparel necessary for track and field is similar to normal athletic clothing pricing, depending on what company is making your clothes. Nike or Adidas track clothing will be more expensive than generic brands. When it comes to specific equipment like a hammer or discus, the price depends on the weight, size, and quality. A discus for a newer and younger competitor may only cost $25, but one for an Olympic-level athlete may be $125. Remember that higher-priced items will likely last you longer, but if you are new to the sport, cheaper options may be the way to go since they will still get the job done. List of Track and Field Equipment • Banana Steps • Batons • Cross Bars • Discus • Discus Carts • Finish Lines • Hammer and Weight Throwers • Hammer Gloves • High Pit Jumps • High Jumps • Hurdles • Javelins • Jump Boards • Lap Counters • Markers • Measuring Tapes • Megaphones • Pit Levelers and Rakes • Pole Vault Bags • Pole Vault Grip Tapes • Pole Vaults • Pole Vault Pits • Race Clocks • Shot Puts • Spandex • Spikes • Starting Blocks • Stopwatches • Throw Cages • Track Shirts • Track Shoes • Track Shorts
Summer and Chinese Medicine Summer - the season of fire and heat, as represented so eloquently in Chinese medicine, is governed by the organs the Heart and its yang pairing The Small Intestine. The Heart is the mental, emotional, and spiritual centre of the person, and it processes our life experiences accordingly. The Small Intestine receives deep nourishment from what we put into our system (physically, mentally and emotionally) and distributes it into our lives. Together these organ systems are at their peak in summer and embody the concepts of 'having heart', 'following your heart' and being able to 'receive and distribute' the rich tapestry of life. The summer months ask us to express the yang principles of expansion, growth, lightness, outward activity, brightness, and creativity. It’s good in our lifestyle and diet to follow this principle by waking up early in the morning and reaching to the sun for nourishment as the gardens do. Work, play, travel, be joyful, and grow. The bounty of the outside world enters and enlivens us. The summer diet can be filled with plenty of brightly coloured summer fruits and vegetables, so enjoy creating beautiful meals. Cook lightly and regularly add a little spicy, pungent or even fiery flavour. When sautéing, use high heat for a very short time, steam or simmer foods as quickly as possible. Summer offers abundant variety and it’s good if the diet reflects this. Minerals and oils are lost through sweating and weakness occurs if they are not replaced by a varied diet. Keep cool by drinking hot liquids and taking warm showers, which induce sudden sweating and cool the body. Summer heat combined with too much cold food weakens the digestion. Coldness causes contraction holding in sweat and heat, and interfering with digestion. Iced drinks and ice cream actually contract the stomach and stop digestion and are best avoided. Cooling fresh food like salads and sprouts, fruit, cucumber and flower leaf teas (like chrysanthemum, mint and camomile) cool the body. Fruits such as watermelon, apple, lemon and limes serve the body well. Mung bean soup, mung bean salad, or mung bean tea are good remedies for summer heat. Cooling fresh salad with sprouts
NewsPoliticsThe Race Enhanced police training aims to rebuild trust in Washington State Posted at 2:47 PM, Jul 17, 2020 and last updated 2020-07-17 17:01:06-04 Nearly two months after the killing of George Floyd, protesters continue to march in cities nationwide. Many are demanding a change in how the country polices. "I think the murder of George Floyd was a watershed incident," said Sue Rahr, a 36-year law enforcement veteran. Rahr worked her way up the ranks to the sheriff of King County, home to Seattle. The final years of her career have been with the Washington State Criminal Justice Training Commission (WSCJTC), where she serves as executive director. "Because there was no way to explain it away by a rapidly-evolving situation with split-second decision making, it wasn't that. What it portrayed was just a callous disregard for a human being," said Rahr. When Rahr came to the state's centralized training academy, she brought with her a new mindset. "We talk more about looking at yourself as a guardian of the community, rather than a warrior coming in to fight a war." Rahr says recruits still learn the skills of a warrior, from firearms to defensive tactics. However, she believes this is just one piece of a complex equation. "We talk about the importance of procedural justice, communication, emotional intelligence, all of those things that contribute to building trust," said Rahr. De-escalation tactics are at the forefront of training. "The use of good patrol tactics to control the pace of the event increases the likelihood of a favorable outcome. It's not always going to be the case because we're dealing with human beings. But on the side of the police, what we're trying to give them is the tools, the tactics, the strategies to slow the pace down," said Sean Hendrickson, program manager for de-escalation training for the State of Washington. Early on, recruits learn that discretion is a critical part of their job. In one training exercise, a man is caught shoplifting diapers and formula. Officers learn the man has no criminal history, recently lost his job, and stole the items in a moment of despair for his newborn child. While officers were in their rights to arrest him, recruits were told to use critical thinking to find other ways within the law to proceed. "Doing some of that due diligence, being able to call the manager, tell him the story, tell him what's going on. Offer some solutions and then go from there," a training officer said during the exercise. "He did break the law, and you have the legal authority to arrest him. But just because you can doesn't mean you should." But training at the academy only goes so far. "Once we send them out of here, they're going to an agency that may have a different culture, which culture is deep-seated. They may have a different outlook on training," said Hendrickson. A new state law hopes to address this problem. Hendrickson is now leading the effort to teach enhanced de-escalation tactics to recruits and veteran officers statewide. "The real goal is from day one of starting the academy, until the day you retire, you get one consistent message. And as far as I know, at least in this state, that has never been done before," said Hendrickson. The new law also tackles another complex layer of policing. "In my experience, 10 years ago, all of us in law enforcement, myself included, were very uncomfortable talking about race," said Rahr. With help from professors from the National Museum of African American History and Culture, the training commission is developing an extensive curriculum on the history of race and policing. It aims to educate new and veteran officers on the historical roots of how the system is structured. "If a community has a belief system based on its history, we as law enforcement need to understand what contributes to that belief system so that we can break down the barriers and build a relationship with the community," said Rahr. As efforts to de-fund the police gain momentum nationwide, Hendrickson worries training budgets will be the first to go. "Police officers need more training, but that requires time and money, and probably not the message most people want to hear," he said. The state of Washington requires 720 hours of training at the academy; compare that to 1,600 hours needed to get a cosmetology license in the state. "My opinion is that police officers are woefully under-trained to meet the expectation, the current expectation, of the community," said Hendrickson. But with the nation's deep wounds reopened, he's hopeful the state's new training efforts could one day help in healing. "It's very early in the process, and I believe we will be successful," he said.
Your Money Cryptocurrency 101: Getting started - May 24, 2021 4 MIN READ Cryptocurrency 101 What is cryptocurrency? Cryptocurrencies are digital currencies that are encrypted (secured) using encryption methods, also known as cryptography. Bitcoin was the first cryptocurrency, powered by a public ‘ledger’ that records and checks all transactions chronologically. This is known as the blockchain. The success of Bitcoin has led to the creation of a large number of other cryptocurrencies which are similar but serve different user cases. There are now thousands of cryptocurrencies available such as Etherium, Ripple and Litecoin (also known as ‘altcoins’). Watch: Kochie talks to Coinspot’s Ray Brown about cryptocurrency myths and misconceptions: What are the different types of cryptocurrencies? Cryptocurrencies fall into two broad categories: coins/altcoins and tokens. Types of cyptocurrency What are altcoins? Altcoins are an alternative to the original Bitcoin. Many altcoins are built using Bitcoin’s publically available structure with changes to its underlying code. This creates a new ‘coin’ but with slightly different characteristics. Examples of these Bitcoin-derived coins include Litecoin and Bitcoin Gold. Then there are other altcoins that weren’t born from Bitcoin’s structure but instead come from their own blockchain. Examples of these coins include Ethereum and Ripple. The similarity of all coins is that they each have their own blockchain to record transactions. What are tokens? Tokens sit on top of an existing blockchain and owning a token gives someone credit to access a good or service in the future. Creating tokens is much easier than creating a new coin since you use a standard template that has already been created (like Bitcoin or Ethereum). Tokens are created through an Initial Coin Offering (ICO), which is a form of crowdfunding that works by selling tokens to fund a project. RELATED: How to decide what to invest in An example of this is an Australian based blockchain business called Power Ledger which allows buyers and sellers to trade solar energy between one another via the blockchain. To facilitate trading solar energy, they’ve created a token on the ledger of Ethereum, an existing cryptocurrency. These tokens don’t give you any ownership in Power Ledger business but instead the tokens grant you part ownership of their blockchain network which may (or may not) be valuable one day. Power Ledger raised AU$34 million through it’s token sale in 2017 and was valued at $500m in early 2018. This value has since diminished to $50m in 2020. Why has the price of cryptocurrency fluctuated so much? Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies have followed a similar path of growth and adoption to other technologies in the past. This has been characterised by bursts of exponential growth (bubbles) followed by periods of consolidation. These Bitcoin bubbles are comparable to the story of Amazon. Back in December 1999, Amazon traded at US$110 per share with excited punters predicting that it would dominate online shopping. But in 2000-2001, Amazon’s share price fell from US$110 to US$5. This was a whopping 96% fall, and it wasn’t until 2009 that the price went back to US$110. Investors with nerves of steel (or who invested cash they didn’t need) were the most likely to hold on for nearly ten years until the stock recovered. And the ones who made decent returns had to wait 19 years for the price to reach US$3,300 in 2020. It’s important to remember these scenarios, because, similar to Amazon in the early days, retail Bitcoin investors have been most active during the bubble periods in 2013 and 2017. Unfortunately, many of these investors who bought during these hype periods weren’t able to hold their Bitcoin through periods of consolidation in 2014 and 2018 where the price fell at least 85% before starting to rise again. What is the future of cryptocurrency? There are many factors that can be attributed to the success of Bitcoin. Low or negative interest rates, falling trust in governments, as well reduced confidence in banks and central banks since the Global Financial Crisis have all had an impact on investor interest. Similar to traditional money, Bitcoin requires those who adopt it to believe in its inherent value. For over 10+ years, there’s been a growing number of advocates who trust Bitcoin, as well as other cryptocurrencies. As the number of Bitcoin advocates grow, it’s likely this will have an impact on the value of different cryptocurrencies. Bitcoin and the cryptocurrency market has already experienced several ‘hype cycles’ where prices rocketed, before falling 80-90% as the technology and adoption caught up with inflated expectations. This happened in 2011 and then another 2013, and again in 2017. The recent appearance of Elon Musk on Saturday Night Live highlighted just how volatile the crypto market can be. He called the Dogecoin his “hustle”, a comment which led to a 28 per cent collapse in its price. A classic buy the rumour, sell the news moment? Caroline Bowler at BTC Markets said, “I think it says everything about the type of investor you’re looking at. The price slides on the back of a TV appearance. “If people want to invest in it, go in with your eyes wide open,” Caroline cautions. This is an edited version of an article that originally appeared on Stockspot.

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