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Predominate is defined as to have control or authority over. ” What is the proper procedure for entering a predominance test in WinWam? 2 days ago · Another word for predominance: prevalence, weight, preponderance, greater number | Collins English Thesaurus. Most people chose this as the best definition of predominance: The state or quality of b. Explore releases from Predominance at Discogs.
· 1. singular noun If there is a predominance of one type of person or thing, there are many more of that type than of any other type. Antonyms for predominance. Track listing "I Am Pain" – 4:34. English Language Learners Definition of predominance. But they are wrong. , Li Huang; James Lambert, “Another Arrow for the Quiver: A New Methodology for Multilingual Researchers”, in Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, DOI. uncountable the state of having more power or influence than others synonym dominance.
’ ‘The predominance of non-indigenous varieties of trees as avenue trees in the city is a fact that tree-lovers have highlighted. What is the meaning of predominance? : a situation in which there is a greater number or amount of a particular type of person or thing than of other people or things. the ongoing struggle for global predominance. noun the state, condition, or quality of being predominant: the predominance of the rich over the poor. Shop for Vinyl, CDs and more from Predominance at the Discogs Marketplace. Recent Examples on the Web Like Mattis and Esper, Flournoy views China as the most significant long-term challenge to American predominance on the world stage. Returns a primary scheme and secondary schemes defining symbol properties for predominance-based data-driven visualizations in a Layer.
More often "the predominance of the popes constituted them natural judges of international cases. ‘The predominance of females in the patients with a chronic cough is as one may expect. the state, condition, or quality of being predominant: the predominance of the rich over the poor. Produced at the Abyss Studios it&39;s focused about a black metal genre. Predominant is the older and much more common form. Antonyms for predominant. predominance of • the predominance of Latinos in the community. (Osteoblastic Osteosarcoma, NCI Thesaurus).
com, the world&39;s most trusted free thesaurus. • The predominance is assumed to follow in a Paretian manner from inequality in the distribution of the relevant power-related resources. to be the stronger or greater in amount, size, number etc.
The predominance of non-indigenous varieties of trees as avenue trees in the city is a fact that tree-lovers have highlighted. dominance dom´ĭ-nans 1. Synonyms for predominance in Free Thesaurus. predominance translate: 主导地位，支配地位.
Predominance is the debut album by the Norwegian black metal band Susperia. the act of a person who encloses something in or as if in a casing or covering a school giving instruction in one or more of the fine or dramatic arts a comic character, usually masked, dressed in multicolored, diamond-patterned tights, and carrying a wooden sword or magic wand TAKE THE QUIZ TO FIND OUT. morebulk, rare:predomination▪ the possession or exertion of control or power: "the American predominance at sea" synonyms supremacy, mastery, PREDOMINANCE control, power, ascendancy,. Meaning of predominance.
The Predominance was an Ishori war cruiser and the flagship of the Ishori task force over Bothawui during the Caamas Document Crisis. The geometryType determines which type of symbol to return. YourDictionary definition and usage example. : It would be easier to disband this group once the majority is assured of its predominance, but not before that. " That defect is the predominance of art over inspiration, of body over soul.
Antonyms for (adjective) predominant. Définitions Importance prédominante, rôle principal ; prépondérance : La prédominance des tons bleus dans un tableau. It was commanded by Captain Av&39;muru. The lines on a predominance diagram indicate where adjacent species have the same concentration. Top antonyms for predominance (opposite of predominance) are inferiority, minority and disadvantage. 甚至 最终 ， 他们 在 经济 上的 主导 地位 也 会 受损 PREDOMINANCE 。 《柯林斯英汉双解大词典》 The predominance of diesel engines has come from improved engine efficiencies and designs compared to other forms of propulsion such as steam or gas turbines. Antonyms: subordinate, low-level.
Main entry: overriding, paramount, predominant, predominate, preponderant, preponderating. Predominance (and Other Devices as Applicable) Last Revision: Janu Back to Table of Contents Background What are the criteria used to define "predominantly in the direction favorable to the device owner? See the dictionary meaning, pronunciation, and sentence examples. ’ ‘Nasdaq, with its predominance of young technology companies, is typically one of the world&39;s most volatile markets. See definitions of predominance. Definition: having superior power and influence.
A morphologic variant of follicular carcinoma of the thyroid gland characterized by the predominance of malignant follicular clear cells. What does predominate mean? Eventually even their economic predominance was to suffer. (Clear Cell Variant Thyroid Gland Follicular Carcinoma, NCI Thesaurus) A conventional osteosarcoma characterized by the predominance of osteoid matrix. the supremacy, or superior manifestation, in a specific situation of one of two or more competitive or mutually antagonistic factors. Find more ways to say predominance, along with related words, antonyms and example phrases at Thesaurus. An example of predominate is a prison guard having control over prisoners.
What is an antonym for predominant? This may explain the predominance of rectosigmoid cancers detected by faecal occult blood testing. · predominance (countable and uncountable, plural predominances) The condition or state of being predominant ; ascendancy, domination, preeminence, preponderance. the state or condition of being greater in number or amount: "the predominance of English language materials on the Web" synonyms prevalence, dominance, greater number/amount, preponderance, majority,. Usage: the predominant mood among policy-makers is optimism. Jesus Slaves was recorded live in 1994 by Wolverine and slightly remixed by Predominance and Ex.
More PREDOMINANCE videos. What is the opposite of predominance? a situation in which one person or group of people has more importance or power than others a predominance of sth a situation in which one type of person or thing within a set is the largest in number: There is a predominance of people with an arts degree on the board of governors. What does predominance mean? moredominance, sway, preeminence, superiority, leadership, hegemony, sovereignty, upper hand, edge, rare:predomination, paramountcy, prepotence, prepotency, prepollency. Scrabble Points: 19. a predominance of female teachers in elementary schools; A survey of judges showed the overwhelming predominance of upper-class backgrounds. The predominance is assumed to follow in a Paretian manner from inequality in the distribution of the relevant power-related resources.
Another word for predominance. Information and translations of predominance in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions resource on the web. 1600; see predominant. PREDOMINANCE Meaning: "quality of being predominant; superiority in power, authority, PREDOMINANCE or influence," c.
• The predominance these spatial constructs have for the ordinary constable is essential to an understanding of the police mind. The basemap parameter determines the color of the symbols used to visualize each feature. predominance: 1 n the quality of being more noticeable than anything else Synonyms: predomination Type of: noticeability, noticeableness, obviousness, patency the property of being easy to see and understand n the state of being predominant over others Synonyms: predomination, prepotency Type of: ascendance, ascendancy, ascendence,. A predominance diagram purports to show the conditions of concentration and pH where a chemical species has the highest concentration in solutions in which there are multiple acid-base equilibria. But a toleration is a partition of power, and predominance is the vitality of a party. : the state of being more powerful or important than other people or things.
Definition of predominance written for English Language Learners from the Merriam-Webster Learner&39;s Dictionary with audio pronunciations, usage examples, and count/noncount noun labels. Definition of predominance in the Definitions. Shortly before the Second Battle of Bothawui, the Predominance was prevented from attacking a pair of Sif&39;krie skiffs by Leia Organa Solo, who damaged the Millennium Falcon so that it could not maneuver and then called on. Predominant and predominate are synonymous adjectives.
A number of handbooks and commentators hold predominate to be a mistake—a few insisting that the word is only a verb. Our culture is the predominance of an idea which draws after it this train of cities and institutions. predominance And though in recent years Spanish America has seemingly settled down, and republican institutions have followed upon long periods of continual revolution, yet over the American continent as a whole there is an overwhelming predominance, material and intellectual, of the communities of English speech and politically of English origin. 29 synonyms for predominance: prevalence, weight, preponderance, greater number, dominance. Barcode and Other Identifiers Matrix / Runout (Disc 1): RACD1.
Learn more in the Cambridge English-Chinese simplified Dictionary. Examples of predominance in a Sentence a group of young reformers who have gained predominance within the government The tribe fought to maintain its predominance. In this part of the country industry predominates (over agriculture). Powered by Oxford Dictionaries.
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Alexander Black is one of the unsung pioneers of the film business. Before film and projectors, he published photo narratives which he called "Picture Plays". As an illustrator who could take photographs, he sought to combine the skills in tableaux in which he created the scenery and hired the actors. For the photo narrative above - Miss Jerry - he wrote the following text,
SCENE 1 "When the story opens Holbrooke and his daughter have been in New York for five years enjoying the fruits of the miner's success... The first cloud of misfortune is a letter from the mine reporting probable disaster. The miner and his daughter must make some radical change in their way of living..."
SCENE 2 "When she surpises him... he starts guiltily, slipping the letter into his pocket, muttering some commonplace about being late for the office. But she reads trouble in his face, and the Colorado postmark on the envelope which he has not taken from the table, confirms her suspicions of trouble at the mine."
SCENE 3 "On the same morning Kate the maid announces in much excitement that there is a Pirate in the Hall. The pirate lounged in and drawls "I guess this is Jerry.. " - "Is this you Pink ?" exclaims the girl....." The Photo Narrative survived the impact of the movies - here a cheap and badly produced books of picture puzzles, each section devoted to a crime case. The clues are there to see or rather - would be if the printing was clear.
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Nationality and ethnic groups
Posted: December 24th, 2018, 6:24 pm
by Zhasho
What is the Láadan template for discussing specific national or ethnic groups? In English, of course, we do not have just one pattern. "English," for instance, takes the original tribal name Angle and adds the suffix "-ish" to mean something like "of the Angles." But "American" takes the name of the country, America, and adds the suffix "-n," which seems to signify "of America." "French" is probably a contraction of "Frankish," i.e. "of the Franks," and "-ese" as in Chinese or Vietnamese is probably an alternate form of "-ish." I have no idea where "Dutch" might have come from. Ethnonyms in English are a mess! In Láadan, I have not seen any ethnonyms at all; or even any names of countries that could be used to form ethnonyms. How would this work?
Re: Nationality and ethnic groups
Posted: February 15th, 2019, 11:19 pm
by Zhasho
Okay, I asked this same question on the Láadan Facebook group. User Bruce Irving replied, "I would think maybe add the person suffix á - "
So that would give Amerihaná (America-person), Inihelishá (English-person). He also pointed out that because of core words like brada and bre, we could use Brazhilihá (Brazil-person). What does the rest of the community think?
Re: Nationality and ethnic groups
Posted: April 10th, 2020, 3:08 am
by Zhasho
Since my website has a strong travel component, I found it necessary to propose names of continents. In keeping with the above, and with existing word meanings, I propose:
Azha = Asia
Ehuroba = Europe
Ariha = Africa
Huneameriha (hune = north + ameriha) = North America
Haneameriha (hane = south + ameriha) = South America
Hanehoth (hane = south + hoth = place) = Australia (lit. Southern Land)
Melahoth (mela = ocean + hoth = place) = Oceania
This then leaves room for such combinations as:
Ehurazha = Eurasia
Hathahameliha (hatha = center + ameriha) = Central America
Hathahenehoth (hatha = center + hene = east + hoth) = Middle East
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BAD BREATH (Halitosis)
This ailment is more dangerous yet more people neglect the same knowingly or unknowingly. This ailment refers to certain foul.
1. Gives bad smell from the month.
2. Pain in the teeth, certain times.
1. The diseased gums are the common cause of this ailment.
2. Because of the foul-smelling from the teeth.
3. Because of the small holes i n the teeth from where four smell comes out.
4. Because of the discharge at the back of the throat.
5. Because of the infections of the nose, throat etc.
6. Because of gastrointestinal disorders by chronic constipation.
1. By using the tea prepared by the seeds of fenugreek.
2. Raw juice of all fruits and vegetables are beneficial in curing this disease.
3. Unripened Guava is considered to be more helpful in preventing this ailment.
1. Well balanced fruit diet is very suitable in curing halitosis.
2. Eggs, meat, carbohydrate’foods, not to be used while suffering.
3. The teeth should be cleaned twice or thrice daily after having lunch and meals
4. Better to eat a raw apple after the meals
5. The use of the twigs of neem tree, is considered to be healthy, if used as tooth-brush.
6 Meat particles and food particles from the holes of the teeth, should be removed carefully.
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why is vaping bad
Why Is Vaporware Bad?
How come Vaporware bad? That is one question a lot of people ponder as it seems like vaporware is increasing. It seems to be the new trend to release a fresh piece of software that allows you to inhale vapors from your own computer or laptop without having to purchase an expensive vaporizer. How come Vaporware bad?
Exactly why vaporizing your computer is bad is because it is not safe. When you breathe in vapor you are taking in dangerous chemicals. They are called THMs, they have been linked to cancer and several other health problems. Studies also show that over 700 different chemicals that vaporize have already been linked to serious health problems. So you may ask what is so bad about vaporing?
Well, it’s bad because there are lots of health problems due to inhaling second hand smoke. ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY Protection Agency estimates that every year about 12 Americans die from second hand smoke related illnesses. This includes not merely those who die directly from the smoke but those who suffer long-term consequences. How come Vaporware bad? This is because when you vaporize your personal computer you are breathing in all that nasty secondhand smoke.
Everybody knows that smoking is harmful to our bodies. You have to avoid it if you can. But not only is it bad for your body additionally it is bad for your computers. Computers get hot and clogged up with chemicals and allergens, which can make your personal computer run slow or crash.
You may think that you are not inhaling any harmful substances once you vaporize your computer. But that’s not true. There are a large number of vaporizers out there that will give you the same effect of smoking. So why is vaporware bad?
Because not only does it make your computer run slower but it can even cause permanent damage to your computer. Once you smoke a cigarette, the chemicals get into your lungs. But when you vaporize your computer, the chemicals that go into it stay in your personal computer. This means that when you attend work the next day, everything you were working on has been gone. And that means you will have to start yet again.
Can you imagine what could happen in case you have this happen to your computer? It is possible that you could be fired from your job. Even worse may be the fact that you can become ill right from the start of your job and also have to take time off. The reason why is vaporware is bad due to the bad affects that it can have on your pc.
If you are searching for a remedy to the question, “Why is Vaporware Bad? “, you might be thinking about the Antivirus Software that I have found. It will keep your personal computer safe from any harmful programs. To download your free copy of Anti Virus Software please check out my blog by clicking on the link below.
This software is designed to scan your computer and detect all viruses and malware. It’ll then remove them from your computer. It will keep your personal computer safe and can run Eightvape Coupon your programs smoothly. This program will not slow down your personal computer.
This program works together with all versions of Microsoft windows. Before you download this program, ensure that you have the latest version installed in your personal computer. Otherwise it will not work properly. It is free to download so there is absolutely no harm in trying it out.
Vaporware is a common problem for computers. Lots of people use these kinds of programs without realizing just how much damage they are doing with their computers. They don’t realize that they are downloading dangerous programs onto their computers. After the unwanted programs are downloaded they are able to corrupt your system and also crash it.
You may ask yourself “why is vaporware bad?” I’d say it’s because every time you download one of these programs it can damage your computer. It can create a virus and spy you. It could delete files and registry entries. All of the damage and issues that it causes can’t be fixed with a repair CD.
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Board and Batten!?! What is this Jargon?!?
This month’s jargon term is, “board and batten” or “board-and-batten,” depending on whether you’re using the term as an adjective or noun; for the record, hyphenate when using the term as an adjective. Every now and then, this type of exterior siding many be called, “barn siding,” because many barns across North America are constructed with this.
The actual definition of “board and batten” from my handy-dandy Guide to Vermont Architecture is this, “Exterior siding of flush wide, vertical planks with narrow wooden strips (battens) covering the joints.”
Historically, board and batten would refer to siding built of wood but given today’s building material options, this siding can be made of plastic, metal, or even fiberglass. Board-and-batten siding can be seen on informal styled architecture, think country homes, churches, and/or barns. During the Victorian era it would have been seen as an architectural feature on Carpenter Gothic homes.
So, board-and-batten siding has an interesting back story. Basically, people built in this style because of a lack of materials plus it helps create a stronger and more energy efficient wall. You’re probably wondering what the hell I’m talking about…
Imagine yourself, a recent arrival to the New World. There’s extensive, old growth forests that you’re not familiar with; England really doesn’t have forests like this anymore. You are also in desperate need of a shelter for yourself and family. Cutting down trees and building a log house would be the easiest and quick; you only have axes and saws and there are no saw mills yet built. The log house is easy to build, for the most part, the issue is that the felled tress do no exactly fit together, so there are gaps that you and your family fill in with moss, leaves, sticks, and mud. It mostly does the job…but there’s still a cold draft during the winter. By the way, you’re not the only family that needs to build a quick home plus there’s also an extreme logging occurring in the New World with lumber being shipped back to Europe. The forests are slowly depleted but houses still need to be built because of the increasing numbers of colonists. Eventually a town is built up around where you and your family settled and a saw mill in constructed. Because of the lack of trees and a new sawmill, newer settlers are building there houses out of planks and strips of wood. Out of one felled log, a lot of planks can be planed, meaning it is most cost effective. The seams between vertical standing planks can easily be covered with narrow wood strips (batten), keeping the cold out during the winter.
For an actual visual of a log home located in Northern New York, check out this link: The article is about an actual log cabin that was reconstructed to represent the home of the first settler in Parishville, Luke Brown and his family. In the photos accompanying the article, you can see the space in between the stacked logs.
Check out the following images to see buildings constructed with board-and-batten siding. There are no spaces in between planks!
This patriotic home is one of the many summer cottages located in Thousand Island Park on Wellesley Island in the 1000 Islands Region. The battens are painted red while the boards are white. The home was constructed in 1876. The cottage is an example of Eastlake wood detailing, stick style elements, and I would call it Carpenter Gothic.
The Ol' Station
This is a convenient store located in Blue Mountain Lake in the Adirondacks. This photo was taken way back in 2015 on the way home from a Dave Matthews concert in Saratoga Springs. As of this post, the store might be permanently closed…but hopefully the building is still there and maybe a new tenant is in the building.
Buildings from Upper Canada Village:
Blacksmith and Wheelwright
This is a building seen at Upper Canada Village. The living history museum consists of a number of buildings that have been moved from around Canada to form this village showing what life would have been like in the 1800’s. This building combines board and batten on the upper story with squared log siding on the first floor. There are a number of buildings with this combination of siding at Upper Canada Village.
Union Cheese Shop
This is another building at Upper Canada Village. The cheese shop shows 19th century techniques and uses period equipment to produce cheese that can be purchased at the Village’s store.
Masonic Lodge
This is the Masonic Lodge at Upper Canada Village. It is a 1863 building that was moved to the Village in 2008 from the Village of Kars in south-west Ottawa. The building is constructed on board and batten.
Hallstatt, Austria:
A Building in Hallstatt
This is a building located in Hallstatt, Austria. Hallstatt is located in Upper Austria and is on the western shore of Hallstatter See (lake). The village and surrounding area is a World Heritage Site because of it’s wonderful history and culture. I’m not very sure about the history of the building or it’s current use. I assume it might be an inn along with being someone’s permanent residence.
Another Hallstatt Building
This building is also located in Hallstatt, Austria. It looks like it could be a barn but I have a feeling it might be another house. Hallstatt is part of Salzkammergut, in the eastern Alps. The village has a very rich history spanning all the way back to the Iron Age because of the salt mines. The town suffered from massive fire in 1750 that destroyed most of the wooden buildings. The center of the town is all in Baroque style, while buildings away from the center like this and the other building are wooden with board-and-batten siding.
Batten Door
This is a door I saw while walking around Hallstatt. It is considered a batten door, most likely on the other side of the door are some kind of planks holding the battens in place to be a door.
Let me know in the comments if you have any questions or have any board-and-batten sided buildings in your neighborhood!
Thanks for reading!
Further Reading and Resources:
1) An article about Board and Batten- a brief history, how it is currently used in architecture, etc. :
2) A nice little history lesson on the siding:
3) Another great article on what board-and-batten siding is:
4) Like always, my handy dandy resource for architectural jargon is:
“The Historical Architecture of Vermont: Guide to Vermont Architecture,” Curtis B. Johnson, editor and Elsa Gilbertson, Principal Author, published by: the Vermont Division for Historic Preservation, 1996.
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I'm trying to understand the solution to question 4 of this midterm paper.
The question and solution is as follows:
enter image description here
I thought that the process for updating weights was:
error = target - guess
new_weight = current_weight + (error)(input)
I do not understand for example, for number 2 below, how that sum is determined. For example, I want to understand whether to update the weight or not. The calculation is:
x1(w1) + x2(w2)
(10)(1) + (10)(1) = 20
20 > 0, therefore update.
But the equation to obtain the same answer in the solution is:
1(10 + 10) 20
20 > 0, therefore update.
I understand that these two equations are essentially the same, but written differently. But for example, in step 5, what do the elements in g5 mean. What do the -8, -16 and -2 represent?
p.s. I know in a previous (now deleted) post of mine, I asked a question related to the use of LaTeX instead for maths equations. If someone can show me a simple way to convert these equations online, I'm more than happy to use it. However, I'm unfamiliar with this software, so I need some sort of converter.
I will tell you my knowledge, correct me if I am wrong.
Perceptron Learning Algorithm (PLA) is a simple method to solve the binary classification problem.
Define a function:
$$ f_w(x) = w^Tx + b $$
where $x \in \mathbb{R}^n$ is an input vector that contains data points and $w$ is a vector with the same dimension as $x$ which present for the parameters of our model.
Call $y=label(x)=\{1,-1\}$ where $1$ and $-1$ are the label of each $x$ vector.
The PLA will predict a class like this:
$$ y=label(x)=sgn(f_w(x))=sgn(w^Tx+b) $$
(The definition of sgn function can be found in this wiki)
We can understand that PLA tries to define a line (in 2D, or a plane in 3D, and hyperplane in more than 3 dimensions coordinate, I will assume it in 2D from now on) which separate our data into two areas. So how can we find that line? Just like every other machine learning problems, define a cost function, then optimize the parameters to have the smallest cost value.
Now, let define the cost function first, you can see that if a data point lies in the correct area, $y$ and $f(x)$ have the same sign, which means $y(w^Tx+b) > 0$ and otherwise. Similar to your example, I will define: $$ g(x)=y(w^Tx+b) $$
We ignore all the points in the safe zone ($g(x)>0$), only update to rotate or move the line to adapt with the misclassified points ($g(x)\le 0$), here, you can understand why we only update if $g(x)\le0$.
We need to define a cost function to minimize it, so our cost function will become: $$ L(w)=\displaystyle\sum_{x_i\in U}(-y_i(w^Tx_i+b)) $$ where
• $U$is the set of the misclassified points
• $y_i$ is the label of data point $i$-th
• $x_i$ is the $i$-th data vector
• $w$ and $b$ is parameters of our model
For each data point, we have the derivative is $$ \frac{\partial L}{\partial w} = -y_ix_i \\ \frac{\partial L}{\partial b} = -y_i $$
Finally, update them by Stochastic gradient descent (SGD), we get: $$ w = w - \frac{\partial L}{\partial w} = w + y_ix_i \\ b = b - \frac{\partial L}{\partial b} = b + y_i $$
For your last question, notice that the weight and bias changed from $4$-th updated, so we have: $$ y_5 = 1, x_5 = (4,8), w = (-2,-2), b = -2 \\ \Rightarrow g_5 = +1 \times (4\times(-2) + 8\times(-2)+ (-2)) = -8 -16 -2 $$
Your Answer
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Directional Darwinian Selection in proteins
Molecular evolution is a very active field of research, with several complementary approaches, including dN/dS, HON90, MM01, and others. Each has documented strengths and weaknesses, and no one approach provides a clear picture of how natural selection works at the molecular level. The purpose of this work is to present a simple new method that uses quantitative amino acid properties to identify and characterize directional selection in proteins.
Inferred amino acid replacements are viewed through the prism of a single physicochemical property to determine the amount and direction of change caused by each replacement. This allows the calculation of the probability that the mean change in the single property associated with the amino acid replacements is equal to zero (H0: μ = 0; i.e., no net change) using a simple two-tailed t-test.
Example data from calanoid and cyclopoid copepod cytochrome oxidase subunit I sequence pairs are presented to demonstrate how directional selection may be linked to major shifts in adaptive zones, and that convergent evolution at the whole organism level may be the result of convergent protein adaptations.
Rather than replace previous methods, this new method further complements existing methods to provide a holistic glimpse of how natural selection shapes protein structure and function over evolutionary time.
Natural selection, as first outlined by Charles Darwin, acts on phenotypes:
"She [natural selection] can act on every internal organ, on every shade of constitutional difference, on the whole machinery of life...Under nature, the slightest difference of structure or constitution may well turn the nicely-balanced scale in the struggle for life, and so be preserved...It may be said that natural selection is daily and hourly scrutinizing, throughout the world, every variation, even the slightest; rejecting that which is bad, preserving and adding up all that is good..." [1].
We can think of natural selection as collecting adaptations that optimize an organism's survival, reproductive success, and fecundity in a given environment or habitat. As Darwin explicitly states above, this process is not limited to the phenotypes of the whole organism; it works on "every variation, even the slightest." Although we sometimes think of proteins in this way, there currently is not a consistently reliable method for identifying and characterizing the evolution of protein phenotypes. This being stated, science is currently faced with the challenge of assessing the impact that anthropogenic climate change is likely to have with potentially catastrophic effects at the base of the food chain on the molecular level. The scientific community's efforts to produce realistic solutions to the big problems associated with climate change will be greatly enhanced by the development of more robust analytical methods for comprehensively characterizing the effects of natural selection in terms of the biochemistry and physics of protein structure, function, and interactions.
Several statistical methods for identifying and characterizing selection at the molecular level have been proposed since the genetic code was determined in the 1960s. Of these, three classes of methods dominate the literature. The first, and most significant, is the family of methods that implements one of many variations of the nonsynonymous-to-synonymous substitution rate ratio, or dN/dS (e.g., [215]). Briefly, this approach compares the rate of nonsynonymous (dN), or amino acid changing, nucleotide substitutions with the rate of synonymous (dS), or silent, nucleotide substitution. When dN is significantly greater than dS, the system is said to have been influenced by positive selection, when dN = dS, the system is said to be neutral, and dN <dS indicates negative selection. This family of methods is broadly accepted and implemented, and has enjoyed a great deal of success. This simple model, however, has several shortcomings, including problems with the underlying assumptions (e.g., [1619]) and difficulties accurately estimating rates when divergences are very small and great, and is not sensitive enough to detect natural selection in some protein coding genes when it is known to have taken place (e.g., [2022]).
As a reaction to weaknesses of dN/dS approaches, Hughes et al. [23] presented a similar approach (hereafter referred to as HON90) that compares proportions of conservative (p NC ) and radical (p NR ) amino acid replacement in terms of qualitative properties of amino acids to detect selection promoting charge profile diversity in class I MHC proteins. When p NR > p NC , the property of interest is said to have changed more than would be expected under random conditions. The Hughes et al. study [23] was the first to implement amino acid properties--in this case charge, polarity, hydrophobicity, and volume--to identify selection at the protein level. From a conceptual standpoint, this approach presented a method to assess patterns of amino acid replacement using the phenotypes of proteins, thus providing an avenue of analysis more consistent with Darwin's original definition of natural selection. This protein-level phenotypic approach has since been implemented several times and has yielded encouraging results (e.g., [2428]).
In an effort to tap into the wealth of information afforded by the implementation of quantitative amino acid properties, researchers have expanded upon the HON90 approach in a number of ways, including the use of a spectrum of magnitude categories [18, 29], a sliding window [30], accuracy benchmarking [31], and potential uses for characterizing single amino acid replacements [32]. These approaches (hereafter referred to as MM01 methods) take the underlying pattern of nucleotide composition into account. The collective identity of properties that individually yield positive statistical results provides clues that link specific genetic variants to selective advantages and disadvantages afforded by known changes in ambient environment [18, 33, 34]. The robustness of the results yielded by MM01 approaches is greatly enhanced by the wealth of information emerging from crystallography and magnetic resonance experiments that determine protein structures with a high degree of precision and accuracy. Results localized to protein regions of known structures and functions provide evidence useful for comprehensively characterizing protein function evolution [30, 3438].
Existing solutions fall short
Reconstructing evolutionary events at the molecular level and diagnosing them in terms of natural selection has been an extraordinary challenge. Each individual point mutation carries with it just a small quantum of information. Patterns emerge as these quanta accumulate over evolutionary time. Oversimplifying models used to assess patterns of evolutionary information emerging from molecular data results in a net loss of analytical yield. Overparameterizing models has the opposite effect, producing more detail than can be realistically supported by the data. When studying a phenomenon as nuanced and multifaceted as molecular evolution, striking a happy medium between oversimplification and overparameterization is extremely difficult. Researchers want to squeeze every ounce of information from their data without seeing patterns that are not really there.
It is not surprising that dN/dS approaches sometimes ignore signs of natural selection that other methods pick up. dN/dS is a simple method, with several documented limitations [1622]. The HON90 approach takes a step forward by incorporating amino acid properties, but the number of qualitative properties is limited; if the evolution of protein-coding gene sequences cannot be linked to charge, polarity, hydrophobicity, volume, or just a handful of other properties, negative results will be produced. Although these properties are important in terms of protein function, they likely are not the only properties affected by natural selection.
MM01 approaches present several advantages over dN/dS and HON90 methods (e.g., [18, 30, 35, 36, 3945]). However, in an effort to force a greater information yield from the data, this method may be parameterizing systems to the point that accuracy suffers [31, 32, 46]. Clearly, this third class of approaches performs better in some circumstances, such as when divergences are very great and rates of synonymous change are underestimated [18], or when divergences are very small and synonymous changes have not had time to accumulate [32].
The high frequency with which new genomes and metagenomes are being produced also suggests that a method with the potential for high-throughput that does not require information from underlying nucleotides is needed. Gene annotations produce a huge number of BLAST results [47, 48]. Many of these are in the form of aligned protein, and not nucleotide, sequences. None of the methods outlined above are capable of screening this type of information for signs of molecular adaptation and cannot be utilized for studying adaptive changes at the genomic or metagenomic levels.
There is at least one aspect of physicochemical evolution that has been largely overlooked: the direction of selection. One exception is the study by Merritt and Quattro [27]. They identified a case in which positive selection resulted in a biased accumulation of negatively charged amino acids after a gene duplication event. However, changes in charge are generally rare in protein evolution [27, 49, 50] and, as discussed, the possible qualitative properties to test in the way Merritt and Quattro present are few in number. Testing for directional shifts in quantitative properties, of which there are now several hundred catalogued in the Japanese database AAindex [51], will allow for more comprehensive exploration of property space, and will likely result in a more clearly resolved vision of how proteins adapt to the specific needs of organisms as they evolve in changing habitats. Such a new method, when coupled with existing methods, will provide a full set of analytical tools for identifying and characterizing molecular adaptation in a biologically meaningful way.
A method similar to that presented by Merritt and Quattro [27] that allows for the implementation of quantitative physicochemical amino acid properties will require a different statistical test. Inferred amino acid replacements will be viewed through the prism of a single physicochemical property to determine the amount and direction of change caused by each replacement. This will allow the calculation of the probability that the mean change in the single property associated with the amino acid replacements is equal to zero (H0: μ = 0; i.e., no net change) using a simple two-tailed t-test.
The novel aspect of this new method is its criterion. It evaluates amino acid replacements multi-dimensionally across a great number of physicochemical amino acid properties, and identifies instances of several amino acid replacements across several sites, evolving across phylogenetic space in the same physicochemical direction in a single dimension of property space. This approach makes the study of molecular evolution more applicable to studies that link patterns of amino acid replacement with environmental changes through time or space. A directional approach represents a return to the fundamental concept that selection affects phenotypes, while at the same time simplifying implementation. By so doing, interpretation of results will be less ambiguous.
The new method begins with a list of amino acid differences that includes the location of each in the context of the linear sequence of nucleotide codons and/or amino acids, depending on the input data. This list can be generated using an ancestral character-state reconstruction algorithm (such as codeml [52]) if the input is a multiple sequence alignment and a phylogenetic structure, or by pairwise comparison if the input is the results of a BLAST search [47, 48]. From this list, the magnitude and direction (i.e., an increase or a decrease) of change in each amino acid property under consideration is inferred. A simple two-tailed t-test may be performed for each property to statistically evaluate the null hypothesis that the net change is equal to zero. The value of the t- test statistic is calculated using simple established equations:
t = X ¯ s X ¯ N
s X ¯ = Σ X i 2 - Σ X i 2 N N - 1
Here X i is the value of the change in amino acid property for each inferred amino acid difference, i , and N is the total number of amino acid differences. In the example below (Table 1), the value of X i for the difference at residue site 82 is +7.0, while the value of N is 15.
Table 1 Directional selection analysis of Pan and Homo SAGE1
The data may be partitioned in several different ways: A sliding window may be implemented to evaluate potential clustering of unidirectional changes; known or estimated secondary structures may be used to group amino acid differences according to the structural components of the protein; the range of amino acid sites corresponding to the functional domains of the protein may be used. How the data are partitioned is largely contingent on the scientific question, the amount and type of differences in the data, and the amount of supporting structure and function information available. In each case, care must be taken to partition the data in biologically meaningful ways that test specific hypotheses.
There are over 500 physicochemical amino acid properties on the AAindex database [51] available to assess amino acid differences. For the purposes of this study, the 25 properties in Table 2 were chosen to be representative of the breadth of amino acid property space. These properties describe aspects of proteins that are important to overall structure (e.g., molecular size, hydrophobicity, secondary structures) and function (e.g., ionization, non-bonded energy, solvent accessibility); properties that can potentially be affected by natural selection.
Table 2 Quantitative physicochemical amino acid properties
Together, these four complementary methods will enable more robust evaluation of data than is possible with any single method: dN/dS methods focus on patterns of nucleotide substitution; HON90 looks at phenotypic patterns across amino acid changes; MM01 methods emphasize patterns among the most radical changes; the new method detects localized directional shifts in protein phenotypes. Furthermore, certain methods are able to more easily accommodate different data types. All of the methods can assess multiple protein-coding nucleotide sequence alignments with an accompanying phylogenetic structure, but dN/dS methods, for example, are unable to evaluate blastp output because there is no way to estimate the rate of synonymous change in the encoding DNA sequences from aligned amino acid sequences. The new directional selection method will easily accept blastp output because it does not require information about the underlying pattern of nucleotides or the governing genetic code.
Results and discussion
Directional selection linked to Habitat Shifts
Several marine and freshwater calanoid copepod cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) sequence pairs were considered. The first approximately 650 nucleotides of the cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 coding region for each were obtained from the Barcode of Life Database ( and evaluated using the directional selection approach. The comparison of Calanus hyperboreus (marine) and Mastigodiaptomus montezumae (freshwater) is representative (GenBank accession numbers FJ602504 and EU770508, respectively). Interestingly, the first 650 nucleotides encode all of the components of the first COI proton pump [53]. There are 11 amino acid differences within the first 215 amino acid residue sites for this species pair. These replacements have resulted in radical changes in several physicochemical properties. None of the properties were implicated in the proton output region of the protein (p < 0.05), but three properties affected the proton input region: one that describes hydrophobicity (H p ), one for polarity (P r ), and one for tertiary structure (F). Collectively, these properties, coupled with their direction of change, indicate that the proton input region became less hydrophobic, more polar, and more structural malleability during calanoid adaptation to freshwater, resulting in a more direct and less energetically expensive path for hydrogen ions to penetrate the membrane and enter the proton pump.
Several marine and freshwater cyclopoid copepod cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) sequence pairs were considered as well. Of these, the comparison of Oithona similis (marine) and Thermocyclops inversus (freshwater) is representative (GenBank accession numbers EU599544 and EU770551, respectively). There are 40 amino acid differences within the first 215 residue sites of COI for this species pair. Five properties yielded statistically significant directional results (p < 0.05) across the entire alignment, including V0, P r , p, μ, and H t . Like the calanoid data, the cyclopoid data failed to exhibit positive results in the proton output region. The proton input region, however, experienced significant directional change in 12 properties (Table 3). The identity of the properties and the direction of change were similar to the calanoid results, indicating a decrease in hydrophobicity (h, H p , H t ), an increase in polarity (P r , p), and increased structural malleability (N a , B r , F), but cyclopoids also exhibited a decrease in molecular size (B l , V0) and total non-bonded energy (E t ), and an increase in turn tendency (P t ). Collectively, these results suggest an even more direct and less energetically expensive path for hydrogen ions to enter the proton pump than exhibited by the calanoids.
Table 3 Results of directional selection analysis of marine and freshwater copepod COI
Interestingly, the calanoid and cyclopoid results appear parallel at the property level even though none of the specific sites affected were the same. To illustrate even the subtle parallel shifts in properties, Table 3 also includes those properties that yielded results at a lower significance (p = 0.1). Every property affected during calanoid adaptation to freshwater was also affected during cyclopoid adaptation to freshwater, and in the same direction. Cyclopoids had a greater number of affected properties likely due to a greater accumulation of amino acid replacements.
The discovery that these two lineages of copepods found parallel routes for COI functional adaptation is the most exciting conclusion of these results. These findings suggest that the amazing amount of convergence in the natural world may be the result of a limited number of alternative physicochemical strategies. This partially explains how independently evolving proteins can converge upon similar structures and functions when sequence identity remains low. Furthermore, the consistency of these results demonstrates how analyzing protein-coding genes in terms of changing protein phenotypes provides a link between the evolution of organisms and the influence of environmental variables, and hints at the actual causes of natural selection.
The methods for identifying and characterizing natural selection at the molecular level, dN/dS, HON90, and MM01, use different aspects of the evolutionary information locked in protein-coding sequencing sequences. However, none of these methods are able to identify signs of adaptation in protein sequences without the aid of the underlying nucleotide information. A new method for identifying adaptation in either protein or protein-coding DNA sequences is presented. Collectively, the four methods will enable a more robust evaluation of existing data than is possible with any single method. Furthermore, the new directional selection method can tap the wealth of information in BLAST reports, like those emerging from genome and metagenome annotation efforts. It is likely that high-throughput analysis of annotation reports will provide a glimpse of the collective evolutionary forces that shape the morphologies and behaviors at the organismal level, especially as they evolve in a changing environment, providing a strong link between macroevolution and microevolution. Such a link will likely prove important to improving our understanding of how modern anthropogenic changes in global and local climates may be affecting vulnerable organisms over evolutionary time or at more accelerated rates.
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The author thanks Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences for support of this research. He also a acknowledges the many students who have worked on associated projects, especially S Woolley, J K Sailsbery, R G Christensen, A Fuchsman, and A Burchill. Furthermore, he thanks M J Clement and K A Crandall for numerous conversations and assistance mentoring students. He thanks G Wyngaard for help understanding copepods and their gene sequences. Finally, he thanks G Shimmield and T Brailovskaya for advice and editing assistance.
Funding for publication was provided by the Department of Biological Science at University of Arkansas-Fort Smith.
This article has been published as part of BMC Bioinformatics Volume 14 Supplement 13, 2013: Selected articles from the 9th Annual Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Symposium (BIOT 2012). The full contents of the supplement are available online at
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Correspondence to David A McClellan.
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There are no competing interests with regard to this research.
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This research was performed by the sole author.
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McClellan, D.A. Directional Darwinian Selection in proteins. BMC Bioinformatics 14, S6 (2013).
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• Amino Acid Replacement
• Amino Acid Difference
• Amino Acid Property
• Synonymous Change
• Protein Phenotype
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Question: How Long Does An MRI Of The Kidneys Take?
Can an MRI detect kidney problems?
Kidney failure, also known as renal failure, is a term used to describe a situation in which the kidneys are no longer able to function effectively.
Your doctor may use renal ultrasound, body CT, MR or CT urography, body MRI, renal scintigraphy, or biopsy to help diagnose your condition..
What foods help repair kidneys?
Do MRI techs know results?
The Imaging Center’s protocol is to tell patients their results must come from their doctor. “Plenty of patients ask, but techs should not give information and should not even react to what they’re seeing on the image,” Edwards said.
How long does it take for an MRI to be done?
A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan is a painless procedure that lasts 15 to 90 minutes, depending on the size of the area being scanned and the number of images being taken.
How do I know if its kidney pain?
Symptoms of Kidney Pain A dull ache that’s usually constant. Pain under your rib cage or in your belly. Pain in your side; usually only one side, but sometimes both hurt. Sharp or severe pain that may come in waves.
What are the symptoms of stage 1 kidney disease?
Symptoms of stage 1 kidney diseaseHigher than normal levels of creatinine or urea in the blood.Blood or protein in the urine.Evidence of kidney damage in an MRI, CT scan, ultrasound or contrast X-ray.A family history of polycystic kidney disease (PKD)
What is the test for kidney function?
Know your kidney numbers! Your kidney numbers include 2 tests: ACR (Albumin to Creatinine Ratio) and GFR (glomerular filtration rate). GFR is a measure of kidney function and is performed through a blood test. Your GFR will determine what stage of kidney disease you have – there are 5 stages.
Why would you have a kidney scan?
Your healthcare provider may use the scan to see how well blood is flowing in your kidneys. You may need this if your provider thinks you have a blockage or narrowing in the blood vessels. This scan can also be used to diagnose: The amount of functioning kidney disease.
What is the first sign of kidney problems?
Can you sleep during an MRI?
For those examinations, we will not allow you to fall asleep. However, there are many other types of MRI examinations that do not require you to follow commands. For those examinations, our efforts to make our patients comfortable may cause them to nap through their exam.
Can an MRI take 2 hours?
MRI scans usually take between 45 and 60 minutes, but can sometimes take up to 2 hours. After the test, you may be asked to wait while the pictures are checked to make sure that they are clear and show all of the body part. If not, more pictures may be needed.
What does an MRI of the kidney show?
For example, if a mass is found in the kidney, MRI can tell the difference between a hollow cystic mass and a solid mass. It can show clear 3-D images of its shape. Based on 3-D MRI images, a urologist or radiologist can see if a mass is cancerous or benign (not cancerous).
What is an MRI scan used to diagnose?
How much does a typical MRI cost?
Just like all medical procedures, the price range to have the procedure performed varies widely, but on average, it will cost you between $400 and $3,500. The variability comes with which type of procedure you have done, on what body part and where you choose to have the MRI scan.
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Little-Known History
Isla Bermeja, Mexico’s Disappearing Island
On the Mexico-Querétaro Highway, on August 4, 1998, a semi-truck slammed into the side of a car carrying two passengers. One, the driver, was unharmed. The other person in the car was killed instantly. The passenger was the 74-year-old José Ángel Conchello Dávila, a Mexican senator and former head of the Mexican political party known as the PAN. While holding many offices and posts in his long and distinguished political career, Senator Conchello was perhaps best known for what otherwise would have amounted to a footnote to history: He was a tireless defender of the existence of Isla Bermeja, a small island about 100 kilometers off the coast of the Yucatán which had appeared on maps off and on across the centuries and in recent times had not been confirmed as real. Conchello reasoned that if the island were proven real, it would extend Mexico’s maritime territorial claims much farther into the Gulf of Mexico and would secure Mexico’s rights to billions of barrels of petroleum and untold mineral resources within an expanded Exclusive Economic Zone, or EEZ, of Mexico. Senator Conchello advocated rediscovering the island, building a lighthouse or some other improvements there and establishing a permanent Mexican presence on Bermeja all the while Mexico was negotiating with the United States on how the two countries would divvy up the Gulf of Mexico’s resources. In September of 1997, the Secretary of the Navy of the Mexican government sent an oceanographic vessel to try to locate the island, covering over 300 square nautical miles in the general area of where Isla Bermeja had appeared on various maps. They found nothing. Senator Conchello accused the United States, specifically the CIA, of deliberately destroying the island so as to nullify any larger claims Mexico would have in the Gulf. Months before senator’s voice was permanently silenced in that fatal car crash in 1998, the US and Mexico signed the Clinton-Zedillo Treaty, which was heavily influenced by big American oil companies, and the partitioning of the Gulf of Mexico into economic zones was complete. The Clinton-Zedillo Treaty ignored the possible existence of Isla Bermeja and thus awarded the United States a lion’s share of the resources of the region.
Is the island called Isla Bermeja a real place? Was it once real and now gone? Was it something misdescribed or was it reported to be in the wrong place? The search for truth begins in Florence, Italy, at the Archivo di Stato. In these archives there exists a map dating back to 1535, drawn by Gaspar Viegas, a Portuguese cartographer. On the map there is clear indication that an island exists in the Gulf of Mexico called Bermeja, which in older Iberian dialects means “reddish in color.” The English word “vermilion” comes from the same Latin root as “bermeja.” On this map and others, the island was supposedly located at 22 degrees, 33 minutes north latitude and 91 degrees, 22 minutes west longitude. Bermeja next appears in a 1544 map by Sebastian Cabot, the Italian explorer who sailed for England and charted many areas of North America. The map was printed in Antwerp and clearly shows Bermeja along with a small group of islands to the east of it called Negrillos. Over the centuries, like Isla Bermeja, the series of about 6 small coral islets and rocks known as Negrillos will appear and disappear, and to this day the existence of this small chain of islands is also in dispute. Cabot’s map was especially useful for his English overlords who encouraged piracy in the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico. As a consequence, Isla Bermeja was also known as a hiding place for English and Dutch buccaneers who would attack Spanish treasure ships and disrupt commerce in the area. At this time, it had been described as a lightly wooded island measuring roughly 80 square kilometers and with abundant bird life. The island first “disappears” in 1772. In a comprehensive map of New Spain by Alzate and Ramirez neither Bermeja nor the tiny islands of Negrillos are present. A few years after the publication of this map, official cartographers of the Spanish Crown, Miguel de Alderete and Andrés Valderrama, sought to prove the existence of islands rumored to be north of the Yucatán and hundreds of miles into the Gulf. From Alderete’s diary of July of 1775, he writes:
“We sailed for Havana trying to locate Bermeja and other islands. When we arrived at the location of Bermeja even though the visibility was clear and the sea calm, we didn’t discover anything, not a spot, nor a mark, nor variance in color, nothing.”
A few decades later, in another journey from Veracruz to Havana, the captains of the ships San Julian and the Buen Consejo, two men named Juan Moreno and Manuel Sandoval, respectively, reported the sighting of a large rock jutting out of the water east of where the maps put Isla Bermeja. The captains, and later researchers, determined this rock to be part of the Negrillos group, and somehow, although nearby, they had completely missed Bermeja. Reports like these were not uncommon in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Isla Bermeja was repeatedly shown on maps that were official or edited by or under the supervision of the Mexican government, but no maritime verification was known to have been carried out in the region during this time. The existence of the island is registered in the 1864 Ethnographic Charter of Mexico, governmental edition, and also in a book from that time called Islas Mexicanas officially published by the Secretariat of Public Education. On page 110 the book places the island at 22º 33’ North latitude, and 91º 22′ West. Some American and English maps of the 1800s not only showed the existence of Isla Bermeja and the similarly on-again, off-again Negrillos chain, they showed them as being territory of the United States, with a small “U.S” in parentheses under the name of the islands on maps. This was not uncommon to see, as many unclaimed or out-of-the-way small islands, reefs and atolls were claimed by the United States under the Guano Islands Act of 1856. The first part of the act reads:
“Whenever any citizen of the United States discovers a deposit of guano on any island, rock, or key, not within the lawful jurisdiction of any other Government, and not occupied by the citizens of any other Government, and takes peaceable possession thereof, and occupies the same, such island, rock, or key may, at the discretion of the President, be considered as appertaining to the United States.”
Whether any American ever visited Bermeja or Negrillos and made territorial claims is not known. Cartographers may have just been following a convention of labeling any remote islands and rocks as being possessions of the United States.
By the 1920s Isla Bermeja had disappeared from most maps. Officials from Mexico’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs even declared before the Mexican Congress that the island had sunk and no longer existed. A Mexican senator at the time, Luis Coppola Joffroy, made statements to the media about the Foreign Affairs Ministry’s presentation to Congress. He said:
“Although since the sixteenth century the state of Yucatan was included as part of national and international maps, since 1920 (Isla Bermeja) is no longer taken into account as Mexican national territory, and at present, physically, its information is not found or hidden by different authorities and governmental entities.”
The last government-printed schoolbook showing Isla Bermeja was released in 1946. After that, interest in the island disappeared, it seems, along with the island.
It was only during the Clinton Administration in the United States during the 1990s when Mexican national attention focused once again on Isla Bermeja on the insistence of Senator Conchello. With the Clinton-Zedillo Treaty in force for over a decade, and with American oil companies already well established with gigantic platforms in the Gulf on agreed-to territory, interest in Isla Bermeja resurfaced, much like an island rising out of the sea. In 2009 there were 3 formal expeditions to find the island.
On March 20, 2009, the oceanographic vessel Justo Sierra of the National Autonomous University of Mexico, or UNAM, sailed from the port of Tuxpan, Veracruz, to conduct an on-site study. This vessel was equipped with the most modern scientific devices for marine research. The results of this expedition that were published in the UNAM Gazette of June 25, 2009, indicate that, “There are no vestiges of an island in the area studied.” It also points out that, “at the point of interest the sea has a depth of 1472 meters and is on a flat bottom.” The UNAM expedition did not rule out that the vestiges of the island are in different coordinates or if the island had existed in the past. Its disappearance could have been explained by geological forces causing it to sink.
The second expedition was carried out between May 25 to June 1 of the same year, by the Mexican Navy vessel Rio Tuxpan, and was sponsored by the Mexican Society of Geography and Statistics. Although a definitive and official version of this expedition is not available, information was made public through the interviews published in the Diario de Yucatán and the notes published by the expedition participant Edwin Corona. The expedition’s mission was simple: “To clear up doubts and make known the whereabouts of the Bermeja Island.” The Rio Tuxpan traveled 1,500 kilometers and did not just inspect the island’s assumed coordinates but also explored much of the surrounding waters. This expedition found nothing and concluded that the existence of Isla Bermeja and of the small chain of islands called Negrillos was simple cartographic error repeated over time.
The third expedition was financed by Televisión Azteca. The ship Kalin Haa set sail on June 5, 2009, with several researchers on board, among them the historian and cartographer, a specialist in cartography of the Yucatan Peninsula, Michel Antochiw Kolpa. Although this trip was made in more precarious conditions than the previous two, from the point of view of the technical equipment available on board, the conclusions were similar. Antochiw stated, “La Bermeja is not the only ‘disappeared’ island. The small archipelago called in the old maps Negrillos Islands, or the Reef of Negrillo, does not exist, nor do the other keys or reefs such as the so-called Arias Bank.”
In addition to the sea expeditions, there have been attempts to locate the island by air and satellite. One notable attempt to locate the island by air was made by the Mexican television network Televisa which created a show about Isla Bermeja that considered the island to be a mystery along the lines of The Bermuda Triangle. Indeed, others have noted the existence of ley lines crossing the path of the island or mysterious vortexes nearby that may cause the island to pop in and out of existence. If the island once existed and indeed is now gone, there are many theories to explain its disappearance, from rising sea levels due to global warming, to destruction by hurricanes or other natural forces, to Senator Conchello’s theories about CIA obliteration of a tiny piece of very valuable Mexican territory.
The story of Isla Bermeja is not over. On April 4, 2012 a man named Marco Antonio Salvo Veloso uploaded a five-and-a-half-minute video to YouTube about a fishing trip that he and his two friends took to Isla Bermeja. The island has the reddish tones, ample birds and scrubby trees that were described in the 16th Century Spanish and pirate accounts. There were no compass coordinates accompanying the video, so there is no way of telling exactly where Salvo Veloso actually was, but it seems like it wasn’t his first trip out to this island. Whether real or imagined, sunk or destroyed, caught between vortexes or blinking out of space and time, Isla Bermeja remains a little-known but intriguing Mexican mystery.
Breglia, Lisa. Living with Oil: Promises, Peaks, and Declines on Mexico’s Gulf Coast. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2013.
Casares Cámara, Hernán. “Confirman la inmersión de una isla.” In Diario de Yucatán, 26 Nov. 2008. (in Spanish)
Dirección Hidrográfica. Derrotero de las islas Antillas: de las costas de Tierra Firme. Madrid: Imprenta Nacional, 1820. (in Spanish)
Méndez, Enrique and Robert Garduño. “No encuentran la Isla Bermeja.” La Jornada, 24 Jun 2009. (in Spanish)
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The rand is 60 years old today – Here is how much South Africans paid for coffee, bread, and beer in 1961
The rand was introduced as South Africa’s currency on 14 February 1961 which means it is celebrating its 60th anniversary today.
A Decimal Coinage Commission was established in 1956 to look at South Africa’s currency and 8 August 1958 it recommended replacing the British Pound with a new currency named “rand.”
The rand officially replaced Pound Sterling as legal tender and pounds on 14 February 1961 and pounds, shillings, and pence were replaced by rands and cents.
To inform the public about the new currency, the government introduced a mascot called Daan Desimaal who was accompanied by a radio jingle.
The change in currency happened just three months before South Africa declared itself a republic and left the Commonwealth of Nations on 31 May 1961.
Rand 1961
When the rand replaced the British pound in 1961, the exchange rate was approximately R2 for £1.
Over the next two decades the exchange rate remained fairly stable and even strengthened in the seventies.
In the eighties, however, the value of the rand started to erode following sanctions and international isolation because of the apartheid system.
Since then, there was a consistent weakening of the rand against major currencies like the British pound and US dollar.
The rand weakened to a record low of over R25 to the British pound in 2020, but has since strengthened and is now trading at around R20 to the pound.
According to, the rand’s highest value against the British pound was 1.40, while its lower value was 25.22.
The chart below shows the performance of the rand against the British pound over the last fifty years.
Pound to ZAR
The weakening of the rand means prices of goods and services increased in South Africa which is clearly seen in the country’s inflation rate.
Inflation as measured by the consumer price index is the key indicator of the changing value of money.
South Africa has produced some form of consumer price index since at least 1895. Stats SA provides inflation figures back to 1911 on its website.
Between 1961 and 2020, prices increased by almost 97 times. What this means is that a basket of goods and services costing R100 in 1961 would have cost almost R9,700 in 2020.
In February 1961 annual inflation was 1.6%, and the average for the whole of 1961 was 1.9%.
The 1960s was a period of generally low inflation, reaching a peak of 4.6% in November 1966.
Inflation climbed during the 1970s and 1980s to reach its highest recorded level of 19.7% in September 1986. Annual inflation has averaged 8% in the period since the rand’s introduction.
The household fuel & light and transport categories were the main drivers of inflation in 1961, both registering annual rates of 3.5%. Food inflation was 2.1%, and clothing and footwear recorded no increase in 1961.
Stats SA provided an interesting look back at how prices changed between 1961 and today, as shown in the image below.
Now read: Rand breaks through R15.00 to the US dollar
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The Need To Reintroduce Sir Syed Ahmed Khan And His Thought
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (17 October 1817—27 March 1898) was founder of the Anglo-Mohammedan Oriental College which became Aligarh Muslim University in 1920 (First Muslim University in South Asia).
All his life, Sir Syed strived to enlighten Muslims on the need for education through his literary works.
Like many other great reformers of his time, Sir Syed urged his countrymen not to be slaves to meaningless customs and traditions. In one of his public lectures at Mirzapur, he emphasised that people had to base their actions on reason.
“A brave and true well-wisher of his nation should himself enter the field, break the strong chains, so that others may also gather courage to come out of this captivity.”
Giving examples from religious and historic events — Abraham, Christ, Prophet Muhammad, Martin Luther and Socrates — he praised the efforts of his contemporaries who stood by him.
This included Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Babu Keshav Chandra Sen and Iswar Chandra Viddya Sagar. He tried to convince Muslims to study the English language because knowledge of modern arts and sciences was available only in English. Not surprisingly, he encountered stiff opposition from religious scholars of his time for his adoption of modern science.
Sir Syed convincingly argued that if, in the past, Muslims could study Greek and Persian language, there was no reason for them not to take up Western education in English. He is known to have stated, “Persian, at its early stage, was the language of fire-worshippers. But the Muslims have adopted it in such a manner that it has now become their language. How can religious prejudice come in the way of learning English language, in the light of these facts?”
Sir Syed believed that nothing in Islam and its belief is against reason and science. He exhorted Islamic scholars to face the challenges of modern philosophy.
More importantly, it is baffling how one single person could combine the roles of an administrator, reformer, thinker, educationalist, journalist, writer, religious scholar, devoted family man and humanist with as much success as Sir Syed.
Unfortunately, we Pakistanis have failed to preserve the contributions and achievements of Sir Syed, who worked day and night for the Muslims of the Subcontinent. There is still time to pay our full attentions towards shaping a syllabus of all schools, be they governmental or private schools.
By the help of a proper syllabus we can make our youth aware of Sir Syed’s contributions in promoting peace and prosperity, as a lawyer and as a politician.
In fact, most of the syllabus in our schools consists of the biographies and autobiographies of other historical figures. Then can’t we shape a syllabus on the life of a man who worked to free Muslims?
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Finite number of switching cycles
Back to the HVPS User Interface
To produce a finite number of cycles (burst of pulses), use the following configuration:
Configuration to generate a finite number of switching cycles
1. Source output : either on or off (see text below).
2. Switching mode: Switching.
3. Switching source: internal timer.
4. Voltage control mode: internal regulated control (this leads to accurate output voltage, according to the calibration file of the HVPS). You can change voltage control mode (4) only if the voltage set point (5) is 0V, and the source output (1) is off. It should be kept on regulated except for very specific applications.
5. Set the desired voltage with either the knob control(5a), or the digital control (5b)
6. Set the desired frequency in Hz. The frequency range is 0.001 Hz to >1kHz.
7. Place this button on the right.
8. Enter the number of cycles that you want to make (maximum value: 65535)
9. Allows to restart a series of cycles
If the button (1) is on, a series of cycles is being made, and you can follow the progression on the Current HVPS parameters part of the interface. Once the series of pulses has been made, the HVPS turns off, and button (1) reflects this by being set to the off state. There are 3 ways to restart a new series of pulses once the HVPS has finished the previous series:
• By pressing on button (9)
• By pressing on button (1) to re-enable the output
• By pressing the push button (s1) on the HVPS enclosure. Unlike the two previous methods, the user interface is not aware if a new series of cycles is started using the button. The interface will not change state to reflect that the output is enabled again, but the high voltage LED D3 on the PCB should be blinking again (or be solid red if frequency is high). Consequently, it is recommended that you use one of the two methods above to restart the pulses. However, the button is the only way to restart a series of pulses when the HVPS is used without a computer.
While a series of pulses is being made (button (1) is on), pressing on button (1) to turn the output off pauses the generation of pulses (0V at the output). When you press (1) again, the HVPS resumes the burst of pulses where it was paused. You can also press on your keyboard space bar if the interface window has the focus to toggle the state of button (1).
If you change the number of pulses in control (8) while the HVPS is producing a burst of pulses, the counter will restart from 0 up to your newly defined value.
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Question: Is Dark Chocolate High Copper?
How does the body get rid of excess copper?
Scientists have long known that the body rids itself of excess copper and various other minerals by collecting them in the liver and excreting them through the liver’s bile..
How much copper is safe per day?
When taken by mouth: Copper is LIKELY SAFE when taken by mouth in amounts no greater than 10 mg daily. Copper is POSSIBLY UNSAFE when taken by mouth in large amounts. Adults should avoid using more than 10 mg of copper per day.
Is copper a toxic metal?
Copper toxicity is a type of metal poisoning caused by an excess of copper in the body. Copperiedus can occur from eating acidic foods cooked in uncoated copper cookware, an IUD, or from exposure to excess copper in drinking water and other environmental sources ….Copper toxicitySpecialtyToxicology3 more rows
How much copper is in an avocado?
Vitamins and mineralsAmount mg, mcg% Daily value (DV)Copper0.19 mg21%Vitamin B-6 (pyridoxine)0.26 mg15%Folate81 mcg20%Vitamin K21 mcg18%14 more rows•4 days ago
What are the health benefits of copper?
What causes high copper in your blood?
Copper toxicity can result from chronic or long-term exposure to high levels of copper through contaminated food and water sources. Symptoms of this condition include diarrhea, headaches, and in severe cases, kidney failure. Certain genetic disorders, such as Wilson’s disease, can also lead to copper toxicity.
What food is high in copper?
The richest dietary copper sources include shellfish, seeds and nuts, organ meats, wheat-bran cereals, whole-grain products, and chocolate [1,2].
What are 3 rich sources of copper?
Copper — which is vital to your health — is found in a wide range of foods, from meat to vegetables. Particularly good sources include oysters, nuts, seeds, shitake mushrooms, lobster, liver, leafy greens and dark chocolate.
What are the symptoms of too much copper in the body?
Side Effects of Too Much CopperNausea.Vomiting (food or blood)Diarrhea.Stomach pain.Black, “tarry” stools.Headaches.Difficulty breathing.An irregular heartbeat.More items…•Mar 8, 2019
Is copper in water bad for you?
How does copper make you sick? Periodically drinking water that contains copper above the action level does not guarantee it will harm someone’s health. Consuming high levels of copper may cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and stomach cramps.
Does dark chocolate contain copper?
Per 100-gram bar, 70-85% dark chocolate contains 1,766 micrograms of copper and 60-69% dark chocolate has 1,248 micrograms.
How much copper does dark chocolate have?
A 3-ounce bar of dark chocolate can contain 0.75 milligrams of copper. This is more than 100% of the US Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) for children and over 80% of the RDA for teens and adults. On the other hand, a 3-ounce bar of milk chocolate can contain 0.18 milligrams of copper.
What are the symptoms of copper deficiency?
Common signs and symptoms of copper deficiency include fatigue and weakness, frequent sickness, weak and brittle bones, problems with memory and learning, difficulties walking, increased cold sensitivity, pale skin, premature gray hair and vision loss.
What happens if you don’t get enough copper?
Copper deficiency can lead to problems with connective tissue, muscle weakness, anemia, low white blood cell count, neurological problems, and paleness. Too much copper can be toxic.
How can I reduce copper in my body?
Medicines such as Cuprime and Depen (generic name: D-penicillamine) and Syprine (generic name: trientine) are used to help excrete excess copper with the urine. Zinc is also used to reduce copper absorption in the diet. Still, it is helpful to avoid copper-rich foods as much as possible.
Is cocoa high in copper?
We used Hershey’s pure cocoa that is rich in copper (content 3.8 mg/cocoa 100 g) for copper deficiency. … The mean serum copper levels increased from 90.7 +/- 10.4 to 100.6 +/- 17.1 micrograms/dl for about 100 days. Recently, the amount of daily copper requirement for adults has been reported to be 1.28-2.5 mg per day.
What blocks the absorption of copper?
Ascorbic acid is known to inhibit the absorption of copper.
Does oatmeal have copper?
Regular oatmeal. Cereals with <0.1 mg of copper per serving (check label) Butter. Cream.
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Why kids write letters backward
This here is a pile of keepsakes from preschool.
So what we have is just
a standard family portrait, some smiling cat, masterfully drawn rainbows and
flowers, and then there's this. It's my name written completely backward.
Weird right?
Except I used to do this all the time.
If it wasn't my full name it was usually just a random letter or number, like I
did with the 'G' in kindergarten.
It's called mirror writing, and most kids
under the age of 7 have done it at some point, in some form.
It seems kind of ridiculous now, but
it's completely normal.
It's just a sign of how our brains evolved to see the world.
Learning to write is kind of hard.
First, we have to understand a string of abstract shapes,
then, as we learn, we have to understand that, in English,
script goes from left to right. Early on, before really understanding which direction to write in,
kids like me just wrote where there was empty space available.
So if I put a 'K' on the right edge of the page,
I just wrote the rest of my name into the empty space on the left.
I would be willing to bet that you started with the letter K,
because you know that "K" is the first letter of your name
and they progressed in the right-to-left direction – writing the K backwards,
the I and the M would also be written backwards but we don't see that
because they look exactly the same.
Rob McIntosh has studied various forms
of mirror writing for years.
Much more common, actually, is just partial mirror writing.
Where the script might go in the correct direction
but individual letters will be reversed.
So maybe the letter "D" is written as a "B" or "B" is written as a "D."
You might be thinking, "So what? Kids are still learning
and just don't understand the shapes yet."
But it's not likely for a kid to take that same letter and flip it completely upside down.
And we're not talking about them confusing one letter for another entirely.
Remember, I didn't use the wrong shapes.
I used the right ones.
In the right order –
just backward.
So how did I manage to do that?
The short answer is that children can't tell these mirror images apart at this stage.
You know, we tend to think that it's children are bad at discriminating the
mirror images, but we might turn that around and say that actually that
children are very good at generalizing across mirror image forms.
And it seems to be that that's something the human brain is set up do.
There's a name for this inability to tell mirror images apart: "mirror generalization"
and our adult minds do it all the time too.
Think of the Statue of Liberty
You can probably picture that it's a green statue that holds a torch but
What hand is the torch in?
I'm trying to think ...if I picture...
Oh, God.
Oh I have no idea.
I mean 50/50 guess I'm gonna say the right hand.
Torch is in the right hand.
Are you sure?
No. [Laughs]
And you can probably describe the Apple logo ...
a silhouette of an apple with a bite mark out of it ...
but –
Which side is the bite taken out of?
Oh my god. I look at this every single day.
If I'm looking at it?
it's on the left side of the Apple.
I want to say the right side.
Uh, the left side.
The left side.
The trouble is that orientation as in the left or right direction something is
facing is rarely committed to memory –
because in the natural world it doesn't really matter.
When we see it an animal facing to the left,
we'll still recognize it as a dog when it turns around.
When I'm sitting to the right of someone,
I'm not suddenly shocked when they turn to face me or move to my left.
Most objects in nature don't change their identity depending on which way round they're facing.
Trees, plants, and animals basically look the same one way or another.
So our brains cut corners to allow us to recognize these things quickly
and commit them to memory without focusing on direction.
So when it comes to letters and numbers and other things that depend on orientation
we have to work a little harder to remember which way is right.
We have to sort of suppress the tendency to automatically generalize.
Which is actually an amazing feat.
Our brains have evolved to mirror generalize –
and we've taught them when and how to turn that skill off.
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Farm robots – From Science Fiction to Agricultural Labour Solutions
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While manufacturing and pharmaceutical companies trumpet their achievements in pushing back the boundaries of technology, global agriculture continues to make less heralded but equally significant innovations.
This includes developing new ways to use Artificial Intelligence and Automation, to provide faster, less labour intensive and more profitable production methods.
For some, technology in farming is still largely viewed as peaking from mechanised equipment and the use of drones. However, it is becoming clear that the potential to combine AI and farming is vast.
Speaking in preparation for attending June’s prestigious Royal Highland Show, UK Government Minister Lord Duncan summed it up.
He said: “Agriculture is part of the lifeblood of the UK. It feeds us, fuels us, pumps in billions of pounds to the UK economy, and supports nearly 400,000 jobs in Scotland alone. Indeed 80% of Scotland’s land mass is involved in agricultural production.
“It is also an area which is at the cutting edge of science and technology. Anyone who thinks that farming is tweedy and dusty would be astounded at the level of technology and scientific precision involved in modern day agriculture. From robotics to genetics and feeding the world, the UK is a pioneer in technological innovation.”
Robots on the horizon
So, what place do robotics have on modern farms and how will they impact on agricultural jobs?
As with many other sectors of business and industry, it’s a myth that automation is creating mass unemployment. In farming recruitment, as in other sectors, it is creating a shift in emphasis, and a focus on new skilled agricultural machinery jobs.
There is also hunger for people with the vision and skills to bring AI projects to fruition.
Automation and robotics are being developed for farms to carry out much of the mundane and physically demanding work, that provides a recruitment headache for farmers, especially at harvesting peaks.
For this reason, much of the relevant emerging tech involves machinery to carry out weeding, seeding and pruning. As well as solving what is an increasingly serious shortfall in labour, reliance on this sort of equipment would free up the farmer’s time to spend on business development and diversification tasks.
Over in the USA, successful trials have been completed with strawberry harvesting equipment that negates the need for dozens of seasonal pickers. In America, this is deemed vital as immigrant labour is now in a massive deficit.
Another example from the States is trials by Israeli firm FFRobotics to use automated harvesting equipment in Washington apple orchards. FFRobotics has reported that the equipment could “precisely and gently pick ten times more usable fruit compared with an average worker.”
However, much of this US innovation has focused on California. This state is not only home to Silicon Valley but it is also responsible for $45 billion worth of agriculture. It produces around 50% of the USA’s fresh fruits, vegetables and nuts.
Robotic test projects in California have featured small machines that can pass around crops tackling weeds, for example.
One of the massive advantages of such AI operated machines is that they can function around the clock, even in conditions that traditional farm equipment may struggle with. They also produce highly precise and consistent results. Which also means the potential for far higher agricultural yields due to more careful harvesting, as claimed by the apple picker from FFRobotics.
Ample backing for agricultural automation
Fortunately for the agricultural sector, developments previously dismissed as science fiction or unfeasibly expensive, are becoming a practical reality.
This is because the money to invest in this type of technology is now readily available. Big global investors are willing to speculate on developing AI projects that could solve worldwide production, health and environmental issues.
However, one of the biggest “driving” forces behind such developments is of course the automobile industry. The worldwide race to go into production on the first “driverless car” continues, despite initial setbacks such as the tragic loss of life in an Uber trial in Arizona.
The work on Connected and Autonomous Vehicles creates synergy for agricultural innovation too. The sensors and learnt-programming that can drive cars around safely, can also be applied to farm equipment able to negotiate around hurdles and crops, to deliver vital repetitive functions.
This means agriculture benefits not only from its own inward investment, but also the massive amount of money being ploughed in to AI generally.
The perfect example of this synergy is the fact both John Deere and Case New Holland are currently testing autonomous tractors.
Nor is the only impetus for agricultural robotics and automation coming entirely from profit-led enterprises.
Universities across the globe are joining forces with industry, pharmaceutical companies and agricultural bodies to become a hotbed of AI applications. This helps to provide a much needed increase in graduates with relevant science, technology, engineering and maths qualifications.
Backed on so many fronts, automation and robotics are going to continue to gain considerable traction.
In their report “Global Artificial Intelligence Study: Exploiting the AI Revolution” PwC call robotics the “$15.7 trillion game changer”, as that’s the projected value AI technology will have by 2030.
Growing, not replacing agricultural and farming jobs
As mentioned, much of the benefit of using automated farm equipment hinges on mundane, physically punishing and repetitive work that creates hard to fill seasonal vacancies.
Conversely, employment in agriculture is likely to receive a boost as a result of farming enterprises becoming more productive and viable long term, from exploiting the opportunities provided by new technology.
Robotics equipment that requires no human support of any kind is clearly still a far-fetched notion. Agriculture will continue to need engineers and operators to supervise automated processes.
Indeed, the starting point for many agricultural enterprises will be finding management personnel with sufficient insight and acumen to source the right AI driven concepts.
Agricultural firms who are already embracing mechanical processes in their operations are clearly ahead of the game. They are already willing to invest in the latest equipment but also in agricultural recruits with an engineering or technical background.
The early innovators and adaptors look set to cash in on their ambition.
Returning to California for an example, one agricultural organisation invested $750,000 in a mechanical lettuce harvester that uses water jets to cut, avoiding the use of blades and repetitive labour. The organisation reports that this equipment paid for itself within 12 months due to the size of its farming operations.
The rise of robotics and automation in agriculture is unstoppable and exciting. We would be pleased to look at your agricultural recruitment in terms of people with the skills to develop and implement technological advancement.
Here at Agriculture Recruitment Specialists, we are experts in the many changes taking place in the agricultural industry. If you are looking to prepare your business for the future by securing the best talent, we can manage the recruitment process for every industry involved in the food and rural sectors, throughout the UK, Europe and across the world. To find out more about our services, please contact our recruitment professionals today.
If you are looking to progress your career, Agricultural Recruitment Specialists are the worldwide recruitment leader in agricultural, food, farming and rural recruitment and have a variety of executive and management positions available within agriculture, horticulture and the food and rural sectors throughout the UK and the rest of the world. To find out more about our agricultural job vacancies and discuss your future career, contact our team of agricultural recruitment professionals. You can visit our website here: or call our team on: 01905 345 155 or email us at:
Alternatively, if you are a client looking to expand your team, whilst using a professional recruitment / headhunting solution, then please call us today on 01905 345155 or email us at:
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I'm having a little difficulty understanding how dlls actually work. I know that one copy of a dll is loaded into memory and all applications that use it have the dll mapped onto their own space. But what I don't understand is how that dll runs in that memory space. Most of the code should run as is, but long jumps and calls would need to be adjusted like in dos EXEs. This doesn't make sense to me since the actual code would have to be modified for a specific process and it wouldn't work for any of the other processes. Can someone please clarify this for me?
Posted on 2001-04-09 00:16:00 by Satrukaan
DDL's and PE (both are PE EXE's in fact) have a relocation map attached to them that shows all points (adresses) that have to be changed based on loading address. When windows loads a DLL or a PE it makes the changes for you... More then that 386/Pentium procesors are able to make a program belive he works at any convenient adress (say 0000.0000 or 4000.0000h) even if the program is physicaly loaded at 0A23.BFFFh) With DLL things are alittle more complicated because yes they are mapped (code) for each programm but data zones must be diffrent for each program they link to. Because of this DLL structure is more complicated and a "Startup" standard exported function (call back style)has to be called to do this nedded data inits at every link to a program PE also have links to the used DLL functions and when a PE is loaded it's links to the DLL are "filled up" by the OS with the "real" curent addres of DLL functions PE will use Note that where this functions are loaded, may (or may not) change at every OS startup... hence the name Dynamic Linking Library or DLL This message was edited by BogdanOntanu, on 4/9/2001 5:02:27 AM
Posted on 2001-04-09 04:53:00 by BogdanOntanu
But a relocation map modifies the code (adds some value to long jumps and calls). If it modifies the code, then how can the code be shared between processes? Because each process would load the dll in a different position would it not? or does windows map the same dll in the same position for every process?
Posted on 2001-04-10 21:45:00 by Satrukaan
As an optimation, windows attempts to use the same copy of the dll .code segments, loaded to the same address, with multiple processes. If it can't, it doesn't, and loads em multiple times. It will even split them if it gets surprised by one process writing to the .code segment (so it may keep the others 'unchanged.' As a programmer, you really need not worry about this. Just write your dll as if only a single process will ever use it (just like you may write an application as if it was the sole runner on the machine).
Posted on 2001-04-10 22:21:00 by Ernie
Thanks a lot for clearing that up for me. I know that it probably will not affect any of my code. I just bothered me. I often think about how windows does certain things cause it's interesting. I was wondering why windows doesn't just keep the data segment relative to the calling process and move the code segment relative to the start address of the called dll so no relocation would be required. But I guess if it only has to relocate once most of the time then it should be better.
Posted on 2001-04-11 05:56:00 by Satrukaan
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Adina Sommer`s Rare Antique Maps and Contemporary Art
Libyae interioris pars- Tabula III Aphricae
• Translation
Article ID AF0306
Artist Ptolemy/ Fries (1490-1531)
Lorenz (Laurent) Fries was born in Alsace in 1490 or thereabouts, describing himself on one occasion as from Colmar, one of the towns of the region. He studied medicine at university, or rather at universities, as he seems to have had a peripatetic education, apparently spending time at the universities of Pavia, Piacenza, Montpellier and Vienna. Having successfully completed his education, Fries established himself as a physician, at a succession of places in the Alsace region, with a short spell in Switzerland, before settling in Strasbourg, in about 1519. By this time, he had established a reputation as a writer on medical topics, with several publications already to his credit. Indeed, it was thus that Fries met the Strasbourg printer and publisher Johann Grüninger, an associate of the St. Die group of scholars formed by, among others, Walter Lud, Martin Ringmann and Martin Waldseemuller. Gruninger was responsible for printing several of the maps prepared by Waldseemuller, and for supervising the cutting of the maps for the 1513 edition of Ptolemy, edited by the group. This meeting was to introduce a important digression into Fries' life, and for the next five years, from about 1520 to about 1525, he worked in some capacity as a cartographic editor with Gruninger, exploiting the corpus of material that Waldseemuller had created. Claudius Ptolemy ( arround 100- 160 a.C.) Geographia, gives a list of geographic coordinates of spherical longitude and latitude of almost ten thousand point locations on the earth surface, as they were known at his times. The list is organized in Tabulae which cor- respond to specific regions of the three known continents at that time, Africa, Asia and Europe. Research on Ptolemy’s Geographia has started at the University of Thessaloniki, Greece, in the eighties, focused mainly, but not exclusively, on data re- lated to territories which are now under the sovereignty of the modern Greek state. The World of Ptolemy is classified in Regions, since each Chapter is referred to one of them, giving by this way the concept of Atlas as it is understood today.
Title Libyae interioris pars- Tabula III Aphricae
Year ca. 1535
Description Map shows northern Africa in trapezoid projection with the Rivers and mountains are roughly shown. On reverse the description with splendour-fully columns and ornaments. The Ptolomey watermark on the left side.
According to the "Out-of-Africa theory", Africa is considered the "cradle of mankind", where homo development led to the development of the anatomically modern human Homo sapiens. One of the earliest advanced civilizations in mankind was formed in ancient Egypt. Over the millennia, various "great empires" such as the Empire of Abyssinia emerged on the continent. There were other kingdoms in West Africa, such as the Ashanti and Haussa, but they emerged much later. There were also some important cultures in East and South Africa, as in the area of today's Sudan, then called Nubia or Kush. Nubian pharaohs ruled all of Egypt for a dynasty. For example, the inhabitants of Greater Zimbabwe were important cultures in southern Africa. This stone castle was architecturally a masterpiece at that time and important for trade between the peoples of the south and east. The Swahili were known in East Africa. North Africa was connected to Europe and the Near East by the Mediterranean rather than separated. Carthage, a foundation of the Phoenicians in what is now Tunisia, was around the middle of the 1st millennium BC. The dominant power in the western Mediterranean until it was replaced by Rome in the Punic Wars. This prevailed from 30 BC. BC (conquest of Egypt) over all of North Africa. Even the ancient Egyptians (Queen Hatshepsut) made trips to Punt, probably in what is now Somalia. The kingdom of the Queen of Sheba, which probably had its center in southern Arabia, is said to have spanned parts of the Horn from Africa to the north of Ethiopia.
Place of Publication Vienna
Dimensions (cm)30 x 45,5
ConditionPerfect condition
Coloringoriginal colored
90.00 €
( A reproduction can be ordered individually on request. )
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More than a half century has elapsed since the murder of Martin Luther King. How did the nation react to his killing? The answer is easy. There was an immediate outpouring of near universal grief and outrage. And it was not limited to any particular race or political persuasion. Americans everywhere were horrified by what had happened and resolute in their determination to continue the struggle Dr. King had fought and died to advance.
What was that struggle? What were the goals of the movement he and others had begun and which his successors refused to abandon? It can be summed up in two words: equality and justice. Which meant, as a practical matter, that no one was to be judged, in words Dr. King himself had coined, “by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.”
How quaint those phrases now sound! In fact, so positively antique are they that anyone reckless enough to invoke them these days is likely to get cancelled. What has happened to us as a nation that this is where we find ourselves today? To anachronize hallowed ideals on the one hand, then to anathematize people who persist in seeing their continued relevance? Who are so reactionary as to idealize relations among people as being both color blind and character driven?
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What Is Cold Data Storage? Storing Cold Data in the Cloud
Efficient storage management includes migrating aging data through progressively inexpensive storage tiers. When data ends its migration at the cold storage stage, you can keep it for long periods of time at low cost.
Cloud-based data storage generally falls into four storage classes or tiers:
• Hot storage is primary storage for frequently accessed production data.
• Warm storage stores slightly aging but still active data. It costs less because the underlying storage systems don’t have the high performance and availability requirements, but it keeps data quickly accessible.
• Cool storage houses nearline data, which is less frequently accessed data that needs to stay accessible without a restore process.
• Cold storage is a backup and archival tier that stores data very cheaply for long periods of time. Restore expectations are few and far between. Security, durability, and low cost characterize this tier.
Cold Storage Use Cases
The biggest reason for using cold storage is saving money by reducing use of hot, warm, and cool storage tiers. Cold storage provides efficient and infinitely scalable capacity at a lower cost than any other storage tier.
For example, the healthcare industry produces massive amounts of medical images with retention requirements in the decades. The financial industry also has steep retention requirements, in some cases up to 30 years. Many financial institutions have stored this data in tape vaults for many years, but restoring massive data sets from tape is expensive. Cold storage in the cloud retains data for long periods, and restoring the data does not require original tape drives.
Litigation and regulatory investigations are also cold storage usage cases. For example, a retail chain might store massive amounts of backup on the cloud. One day the company receives a lawsuit from a customer who slipped and fell in a store seven months ago. The business will need to search through their backup for relevant data, collect it, analyze it and provide it to the reviewers within a few weeks. This is far simpler to do on cold storage in the cloud than from massive tape collections.
A third scenario is preserving raw data for analytics and secondary applications. Massive data sets are very expensive to keep on hot or warm storage systems. Cold storage tiers keep the raw data available for occasional access at a very low cost.
In healthcare, finance, and law, cold data storage can help companies comply with data retention regulations. Health record retention varies among states, but typically the law requires at least a few years after a patient’s discharge or death. If a patient has been released permanently from the hospital but their healthcare records still must be retained for years, cold data storage is the least expensive option. It’s designed for infrequently accessed data.
For healthcare (or financial or legal) data that probably won’t be accessed more than once or twice a year, deep archive storage (such as Amazon Glacier Deep Archive) is the least expensive option. Glacier Deep Archive costs $0.00099 GB/month.
Cold Storage and the Public Cloud
For many companies, cold storage in the cloud offers distinct advantages over on-premise nearline storage or tape vaulting. The public clouds are ramping up their cold storage in response. Amazon Glacier and the new Google Cloud Storage Coldline are dedicated to long-term cold storage. Azure uses its Cool Blob Storage to serve both cool and cold tiers.
The three services have a lot in common. Storage pricing is very similar. Amazon and Google both charge $0.004 per monthly stored gigabyte. Azure charges $0.01 per gigabyte for its cool blob storage for objects. Data access and recovery are more expensive than simple storage, which protects the public clouds against customers using cold storage as a cheap active data tier.
Durability is critical for all three services. Both Glacier and Coldline clock their durability in 11 nines (99.999999999 percent). Both services achieve this availability level by redundantly storing data across multiple domains, storage systems, and disks. Azure logs 11 nines for locally redundant storage and 12 nines for zone-redundant storage.
Recovery service levels differ somewhat between the three. For example, Amazon Glacier offers different service levels for restore times that range from minutes to hours while Google Coldline and Azure Cool Blob Storage offer fast recovery in milliseconds. Not everyone needs to recover cold data storage in such a short amount of time, but if you do, then the much shorter access time could prove very handy.
Data transfer times are important to uploading data as well as retrieving it. Whether you back up first to the cloud or keep backup copies on-site and then back them up, you need cloud transfers to stay within backup windows. The most efficient way to do this is to choose a backup product that backs up incremental changes and rehydrates them into a full restore. Also, look for backup providers who can accelerate cloud transfers between the on-premise data center and cold storage tiers.
• Amazon Glacier is offered by Amazon Web Services (AWS) and offers unlimited cold data storage. Amazon isn’t kidding about Glacier being a cold storage tier. Retrieval costs are higher, and data access and recovery can take five hours or more. The two-step retrieval process first retrieves data from the staging area, then offers a 24-hour window to either download it or access it via Amazon EC2. Glacier offers a bulk retrieval option that enables businesses to retrieve TB and PB of data, typically within 5 to 12 hours. This option enables customers to cost-effectively use Glacier to store big data for occasional analysis.
• Google designed Google Cloud Storage Coldline as a direct competitor to Glacier and charges the same amount for monthly storage. Both Amazon and Google discourage frequent data retrieval from their cold storage services, but when customers need to retrieve data fast, Coldline is there with retrieval periods in the milliseconds. Google markets these fast recovery times for the disaster recovery market, where customers may need to download high volumes of data very quickly.
• Microsoft Azure Cool Blob Storage is more like Google Nearline and Amazon S3 Standard I/A than Coldline and Glacier, but it can serve as cold object-based storage. Both hot and cool Azure blobs store unstructured data as objects. As with the other two cold storage services, cool data is much less expensive to store than hot tiers. Data retrieval is in the milliseconds and access costs are higher than storing cold data.
Cold Cloud Backup Vendors
All backup products back data up to the cloud as a target, but not all of them optimize backup to cold storage tiers. Typical features for this level of integration include policy-based backup and archiving to the cold storage tier, indexing the tier for faster search and recovery, and offering flexible site choices when recovering data.
• Cloud backup vendor MSP360 offers CloudBerry Backup, a service that backs up data to cold and cool storage classes as well as hot and warm tiers. CloudBerry Backup is available for AWS, Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud; it was one of the earliest backup vendors to support Google Coldline. CloudBerry Backup is best suited for small businesses.
• Cohesity combines massive secondary storage on-premise, remotely, and in the cloud. Cohesity also supports all storage classes and directly backs up to Amazon Glacier, Google Coldline, and Azure Cool Blobs.
• Commvault backs up to multiple clouds, including Amazon, Google, and Azure. It also supports Nutanix, IBM, VMWare, and Alibaba. Users can adjust some backup settings using the CommCell Console.
• Veritas NetBackup offers flexibility to choose from a variety of clouds and workloads. It also provides data migration, disaster recovery, and virtual machine management.
The Benefits of Cold Cloud Storage
The need for stored data continues to increase, and businesses must retain much of it for compliance, analytics, and research purposes. Keeping all this data on costly storage tiers is extremely expensive, both in capital and operating costs.
In the past, tape was the solution to cold storage requirements. But massive data volumes and the need to quickly access data for recovery or analytics have outstripped tape’s effectiveness.
This is why the cloud is deservingly popular for storing cold data — and why public cloud vendors have stepped up with cold storage services. IT must still perform due diligence to investigate which cold storage tiers are optimal for their needs and which backup vendors optimize cloud-based cold storage tiers. Although this research will take some time and energy, the cost and durability benefits of cloud-based cold storage are more than worth it.
Christine Taylor
Christine Taylor
Christine Taylor is a writer and content strategist. She brings technology concepts to vivid life in white papers, ebooks, case studies, blogs, and articles, and is particularly passionate about the explosive potential of B2B storytelling. She also consults with small marketing teams on how to do excellent content strategy and creation with limited resources.
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Beginners' guide to fundamental analysis
Use fundamental analysis to identify markets that are under- or over-priced, by looking at the economic and financial factors which affect their value. Learn about fundamental analysis and how to use it in your trading.
What is fundamental analysis?
Fundamental analysis is a means of measuring a company’s actual or ‘intrinsic’ value by assessing economic and financial factors, such as a balance sheet, macroeconomic indicators and management forecasts.
Most companies’ share prices will not always reflect their intrinsic value, as market prices are driven by rational elements – such as a company’s ability to generate revenue and profits – as well as irrational factors, such as market sentiment towards a company and media perception.
Fundamental analysis is used to estimate the intrinsic value of a stock, ignoring short-term trends and investor enthusiasm, to determine the true price that a company should be trading at.
Once you know the intrinsic value of a stock, you can compare it to the market price. You’ll then be able to tell whether a company is undervalued or overvalued – giving you an indication of whether to buy or sell the asset.
For example, if a stock was overpriced, it could decline at some point in the future and if the stock was undervalued, you could take a position early and profit if the market value changes to reflect the intrinsic value.
Fundamental analysis vs technical analysis
Technical analysis is concerned with the historical price movements of an asset. So, you’d need knowledge of chart patterns and what each pattern might mean for the future price movements of a stock.
Learn about 16 candlestick patterns all traders should know
Fundamental analysis, on the other hand, requires an in-depth knowledge of your chosen market and sector so that you can quickly and accurately identify viable companies based on news reports, financial statements or changes in company leadership.
Different types of fundamental analysis
Fundamental analysis’s primary goal is to estimate the intrinsic value of a company, or the value at which the price should tend to over time. This can be achieved using several methodologies, which are often divided in two categories: quantitative and qualitative analysis.
Quantitative fundamental analysis methods look at a company’s viability as an investment in numerical metrics, such as profit and loss statements, cash flow statement and market share.
A trader would use these metrics to assess how the company is being run, and whether it is capable of yielding a profit. It is with this analysis that the trader might decide to open or close a position, depending on how profitable they perceive the company to be.
Then there’s qualitative fundamental analysis which assesses factors that affect the character or quality of the company, such as brand recognition, senior management or customer satisfaction.
On the whole, fundamental analysis is focused on qualitative analysis. Popular qualitative analysis methods include:
1. Top-down or bottom-up approach
2. Porter’s five forces
3. SWOT analysis
4. Economic moats
Top-down or bottom-up approach
To use a top-down approach, you’d look at global macroeconomic metrics – including gross domestic product (GDP), unemployment rates, inflation, and interest rates – to identify favourable countries and regions.
Once the list is narrowed for the top performing countries, you’d identify stand-out industries within those economies, which will also involve analysis the number of companies, average net profit margin and price elasticity.
Finally, you’d refine the remaining list to include only the best businesses in those sectors, in terms of price-to-earnings (P/E) ratio, profit and loss and other metrics.
The bottom-up model follows an opposite filtering order, going from analysing individual companies and then widening your search to include relevant studies on the sector and country or region they are in.The bottom-up model follows an opposite filtering order, going from analysing individual companies and then widening your search to include relevant studies on the sector and country or region they are in.
Porter’s five forces
Michael Porter developed a framework that analyses the intensity of competition within an industry, which you can use to understand the likelihood of a company's long-term profitability. It is based on five key variables:
1. Barriers to entry – the threats facing new companies, such as setting up costs
2. Threat of substitution – how likely it is that a consumer could switch products easily
3. Bargaining power of suppliers – the number of supplies available decreases the power of each supplier to make demands
4. Bargaining power of customers – the high cost of switching supplier and low competition decreases the power of consumers who have few alternatives
5. Competitive rivalry – intense rivalries can drive brand loyalty and encourage strategic concentration
SWOT analysis
SWOT analysis is a method that’s focused on identifying a company’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and any threats.
Strengths and weaknesses are internal attributes of the organisation – such as talent or brand reputation – while opportunities and threats are based on the external environment, for example a country’s legislation or how fast the industry is growing.
This type of analysis is designed to facilitate a purely fact-driven assessment of an organisation, avoiding any emotional and inaccurate decision making. It can help guide you toward businesses that are more likely to have long-term success in their industry.
Economic moats
The term economic moats was first coined by Warren Buffett, as a way of describing a business´ ability to maintain a competitive advantage over its opponents over time. The metaphor of a medieval castle is used to solidify the idea of protecting a firm’s profits from outsiders.
Investors should look for businesses that currently have, and will be able to maintain, a competitive advantage. This allows the company to outperform the market over the long term, and hopefully secure you a profit.
The main ways of creating an economic moat are:
How to use fundamental analysis
You can use fundamental analysis to identify buy and sell signals in the market of your choice. If your fundament analysis indicates the asset is undervalued compared to its intrinsic value, you could opt to buy the market – and if it was overvalued, you might see it as an opportunity to go short.
The way you use fundamental analysis will depend on your style of investing and your trading goals.
Value investing
Value investing seeks to identify potentially undervalued companies. Key metrics that are used include a low price-to-book or P/E ratio, economic moats and a high dividend yield. Value investors look to buy comparatively cheap companies with secure long-term prospects.
Benjamin Graham is considered by many as the father of the value investing and wrote the iconic book ‘The Intelligent Investor’. He believed that in their search for undervalued companies, a value investor will prioritise the quality of the business over the market price. As summarised by Graham’s famous student, Warren Buffett, ‘It's far better to buy a wonderful company at a fair price, than to buy a fair company at a wonderful price’.
This investment style is generally intertwined with contrarian investing, as they both argue that going against the crowd or prevailing sentiment at the time (buy when everyone is selling, sell when everyone is buying) tends to offer positive rewards.
Growth investing
Growth investing was developed by Thomas Price and popularised by Philip Fisher with his book ‘Common Stocks and Uncommon profits’. It focuses on companies with a high growth potential even if share price appears expensive in terms of metrics.
Instead of investing in an already established company, the investor will take a risk on companies that have the potential to continue growing at a higher-than-average rate. Growth companies are found predominantly in the technology or pharma sectors.
GARP investing
A growth at a reasonable price (GARP) strategy blends aspects of both value and growth investing, with investors seeking companies with exponential growth but at a competitive price.
Popularised by investment manager Peter Lynch, and developed with his book ‘One Up on Wall Street’, it uses a financial ratio called price-to-earnings growth (PEG) as its main way to identify attractive companies. Once a company is analysed, it is divided into one of six different categories based on growth potential: slow, stalwart, fast, cyclicals, turnarounds and asset plays. A concrete metric is given to each, helping to identify growth shares that are trading at a reasonable price.
Lynch also uses subjective criteria such as the customer’s satisfaction. As an example, he claims that his best investment in Taco Bell was driven by the fact that ‘he like their sandwiches’.
Pros and cons of fundamental analysis
Pros of fundamental analysis
Fundamental analysis helps traders and investors to gather the right information to make rational decisions about what position to take. By basing these decisions on financial data, there is limited room for personal biases.
Rather than establishing entry and exit points, fundamental analysis seeks to understand the value of an asset, so that traders can take a much longer-term view of the market. Once the trader has determined a numerical value for the asset, they can compare it to the current market price to assess whether the asset is over- or under-valued. The aim is to then profit from the market correction.
Cons of fundamental analysis
Fundamental analysis can be time consuming, it requires multiple areas of analysis, which can make the process extremely complicated.
As fundamental analysis takes a much longer-term view of the market, the results of the findings are not suitable for quick decisions. Traders looking to create a methodology for entering and exiting trades in the short term might be better suited to technical analysis.
It is also important to consider the best and the worst-case scenario. While fundamental analysis provides a more well-rounded view of the market, it is possible for negative economic, political or legislative changes to surprise markets.
Last updated : 2020-12-15T10:54:47+0000
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In addition, narrowing the planning period up to one months, we can construct a detailed forecast of biting a month ahead in which the activity of fish is projected to the nearest minute. Having an accurate geo-referenced coordinates gps, very easy to recalculate the time of the bite to anywhere in the world. There may be a suspicion that the theory of the Knight refers mainly to the marine fish fauna. Not exactly. It is known that the movement of the moon are related Natural phenomena such as the ebb-tide. They have a very concrete impact on the activity of marine life. But not only them.
Freshwater fish as well feel the motion of the moon. In this case, the mechanism of this effect remains a mystery. Different fish are themselves differently and the effect of the moon on them differently. Thus, for central Russia, the most dependent on the moon fishes are: pike, chub, catfish. At the same time, biting catfish increased with the onset of the full moon. In contrast, perch and chub activated in times of a young, rising of the moon.
Impact on the pike a little more difficult to trace. This predator adheres basically a three-day cycles. Although, this "Jordan" pike occurs most often during periods of rising moon. It is clear that weather factors also strongly affect the biting fish. For example, high pressure stability in the summer – a bad bite. Low pressure (cyclone) – biting better. Fog – no bite at all. Fish feel the approach of cyclones and anticyclones. The highest activity of them and accordingly, the best bite is happening in a day or two before breaking weather. For example, before the arrival of a cold front, or vice versa, before the advent of warm. In any case, predict the weather for long periods of mankind has not yet learned, and short-term prognosis is poor assistant in planning a fishing vacation. In terms of trophy fishing, Knight's theory can not be overemphasized. Because 90% of all captured specimens of fish caught precisely during periods of activity, and fishing calendar today helps plan trips to the millions of anglers fishing.
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How to Perform Secure Data Analysis at Scale?
How to Perform Secure Data Analysis at Scale?
The history of data analysis dates back more than 1000 BC during the Egyptian era and is more relevant than ever in 2018. This shows how important data analysis is and will continue to be.
Data analysis refers to the technique of collecting raw data, analysing it and transforming it into information that can be used to reach a specific conclusion.
Let’s see the various stages of data analysis and for this consider an example where a student has to analyse whether private or government schools are better.
• The initial or the first phase would be Setting Objective, it means you should know the reason behind collecting and analysing the data. In this case our objective is to prove which schooling system is better.
• Once the objective is set, now the next phase can be divided into two parts; the first part is to determine what data to be analysed and the next is how it has to be done.
When it comes to “What data to be Analysed”, considering the example, it will be quality of education provided, successful passed, basic knowledge of subjects grade wise, etc
For “How data has to be Analysed”, parameters like what benchmark to select for checking the quality of education, questions that need to be included to test the basic subject knowledge, etc
• As the objective and the parameters are set, the next phase is collect or gather all the information that are available relevant to the second phase, it’s not necessary that all the information be useful, but in this phase, the importance is to only collect as much as data as possible.
• In this phase all the collected data is segregated, all the unnecessary information is discarded and the useful ones are organized. The best way to do this by asking the following questions:
1. Does the collected data provide satisfactory answers to the question about schools?
2. Will the data collected prove useful to defend counter questions?
• Once all stages are completed, you will have a well organized data that will help you find a solution to the question that we took as an example.
Read: Tips To Become A Great IT Security Manager.
How do you improve your data analysis skills on a daily basis?
Few basic habits can actually make a big difference. Following the below habits can have a huge impact on how you develop your skills:
• Gather: This is where you need to go through materials related to Data Analytics, there are various tutorials available online, read books, watch videos, etc
• Documentation: Once you gather information, it is important to retain that and what’s better than making your own notes? They can be just scribblings about the highlight of a particular topic in Data Analytics, this will help you go back to ideas that arose during the tutorial.
• Art of Application: Whatever information you have, it is important to apply it practically, try to come up with scenarios and find a solution to it.
One of the most important part that an analyst overlooks is the use of proxies.
Proxies can help in the following ways:
– Automating the process of extracting the data without worrying about the IP getting blocked
– Spoofing location and getting geo-specific data
Big Data, as the name suggests is a collection of large data, this collection can be in the form of structured or unstructured data.
This data can help an organization to get insights that can further help them in taking data driven decisions, thus improving the overall progress of the company.
Earlier Big Data was often recognized by 3Vs but these have expanded and now can be characterized by 6Vs.
1. The data collected from different sources which are relevant to the organization can be characterized as a volume
2. Information comes in a variety of formats. They range from organized, conventional databases, also unstructured content, email, video, sound, etc.
3. The third most important characteristic is the speed or velocity at which the data is collected.
4. One of the additional characteristics is veracity, this means the level of authenticity of the collected data.
5. Once the data is collected and structured, the next important characteristic to measure is its value i.e the value that it holds to the organization
6. Variability helps us understand the various ways the collected data can be used.
How does Big Data leave an impact?
The size or the volume of data collected is not important but how the collected information is utilized is what matters.
The data that is collected can be analyzed to get information or answers to cost effectiveness, proper time management, data driven decisions and when big data and such analytics are mixed together, you can easily determine:
• The exact reason for system failure, what are the pressing issues and other effects almost in real time
• Analyzing the behavior of the potential buyer and thus improving or personalizing the sign up process
• With such a massive amount of data, it is easy to know the fraud patterns and can be blocked before it gives a massive blow
Who uses Big Data?
1. Banking Sector: When it comes to banking, there is always a large amount of data that flows in all the time. Banking sector usually uses this information to be to improve security and better the customer experience. But banks have to make use of powerful analytics tool to take real advantage of this data.
2. Schooling and overall education: Usually the need for big data analysis is played down when it comes to education. But it can turn out to be very crucial steps towards improving the overall education system. Big data analysis can easily show key results related to student’s performance, the average passing percentage and what other improvements can be done in the system.
3. Healthcare Industry: This industry or rightly put as “service” benefits with their patients’ data, like their previous diagnosis, medication taken or that is being used and any other patient record. Analysing these data can prove crucial for an effective treatment.
4. Manufacturing: When large volumes of data from the manufacturing industry are analysed, it helps in improving the quality of the product, customer service and helps companies to realize market trends and what a customer wants.
5. Administration: Administration can also be defined as a large body with a lot of subdivisions and the data generated from each department can be humongous. To provide a better way of life to the people of the region, to understand their issues and to be able to quickly implement
what is hadoop
It is a software that allows the processing of Big data across a lot of computers using a simple program.
The problems with Big data and how Hadoop solves it
1. Storage: Nowadays the size of big data for an solar panels actionsolar.net san diego organization grows exponentially and it is not cost effective in putting resources in the high storage server.
Resolution: Hadoop uses HDFS i.e Hadoop Distributed File System which can store data in different hardware but process the same data parallelly.
2. High volume of data: This creates an issue because the data that is received can be structured, unstructured or semi-structured and especially in different formats
Resolution: This issue is again resolved by Hadoop Distributed File System as there is no pre-dumpling schema validation, so whenever a new data is out under HDFS, there is no need to define the schema.
3. Computing power: The size of data that usually comes in nowadays is in Terabytes and it will take a great amount of time to process all these data. For example, you have 2 TB of data and a computing power of 1Gbps, so the total time taken to process all these data will be around 34 minutes and this will significantly increase if the volume of data is very high
Resolution: Hadoop uses a cluster of computers or it’s functioning and hence the processing of data is run parallelly and this significantly reduces the computing time.
Configuring Hadoop
Let’s dive a bit into the technical aspect of Hadoop configuration. The following are the steps for a single node installation.
– Hadoop needs a working Java 1.5+ (aka Java 5) installation.
user@ubuntu:~$ sudo apt-get update #Updating the source list
or Install it
user@ubuntu:~$ sudo apt-get install sun-java6-jdk
Adding a dedicated Hadoop system user
user@ubuntu:~$ sudo addgroup hadoop_group
user@ubuntu:~$ sudo adduser --ingroup hadoop_group hdusert
This will add the user hdusert and the group hadoopgroup to the local machine.
hdusert_ to the sudo group
user@ubuntu:~$ sudo adduser hdusert sudo
Configuring SSH
A key has to be generated for the hduser user
user@ubuntu:~$ su – hdusert
hdusert@ubuntu:~$ ssh-keygen -t rsa -P ""
NOTE: P “”, here indicates an empty password
This will create an RSA key pair with an empty password.
Now SSH access has to be enabled for your local machine with this created key and is done by the following command.
hdusert@ubuntu:~$ cat $HOME/.ssh/id_rsa.pub >> $HOME/.ssh/authorized_keys
The first step is to switch to hduser
hduser@ubuntu:~$ su - hdusert
Next step is to download and extract Hadoop 1.2.0. Also, Setup Environment Variables for Hadoop
export HADOOP_HOME=/usr/local/hadoop
# Add Hadoop bin/ directory to PATH
export PATH= $PATH:$HADOOP_HOME/bin
Change the file: conf/hadoop-env.sh
#export JAVA_HOME=/usr/lib/j2sdk1.5-sun
in the following file
# export JAVA_HOME=/usr/lib/jvm/java-6-openjdk-amd64 (for 64 bit)
# export JAVA_HOME=/usr/lib/jvm/java-6-openjdk-amd64 (for 32 bit)
Create the directory and set the required ownerships and permissions
hduser@ubuntu:~$ sudo mkdir -p /app/hadoop/tmp
hduser@ubuntu:~$ sudo chown hduser:hadoop /app/hadoop/tmp
hduser@ubuntu:~$ sudo chmod 750 /app/hadoop/tmp
Paste the following between
In file conf/core-site.xml
scheme and authority determine the FileSystem implementation. The
uri's scheme determines the config property (fs.SCHEME.impl) naming
the FileSystem implementation class. The uri's authority is used to
In file conf/mapred-site.xml
and reduce task.
In file conf/hdfs-site.xml
<description>Default block replication.
Now Format the HDFS filesystem via the NameNode
hduser@ubuntu:~$ /usr/local/hadoop/bin/hadoop namenode –format
Finally, starting the single node cluster
hduser@ubuntu:~$ sudo chmod -R 777 /usr/local/hadoop
Run the following command
This will startup a Namenode, Datanode, Jobtracker and a Tasktracker on the machine.
hduser@ubuntu:/usr/local/hadoop$ jps
Secure big data analysis:
As there are tons of data that are downloaded every day, the challenges related to security also increases many folds. Few of them are listed below:
Data in Cloud
Cloud storage has facilitated a way to store a large amount of data but it comes with privacy and security issues. You should be careful whom you select as your cloud provider and get the details of the security setup before purchase
Also Read Real Life Examples Of The Application Of Big Data Analytics
Access Control
This is also a very important security feature that is overlooked that involves not only deciding which users get access to the data but also how much access is provided to each user
Data Protection
When data is collected on such a massive scale, there are chances that sensitive information gets mixed up and leaked.
Also Check Web scraping for business.
Big data is a boon is so many ways, it can help an organization evaluate their performance, make corrections and optimize their delivery.
They should also secure the data from a breach and other security vulnerability. When the data is collected there should be real time monitoring and as the information stored runs into Terabytes of data, proper measures should be in place to safeguard it. These are the few steps that can be undertaken for secure Big Data Analysis
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How one physicist is deciphering knitting’s mathematics
Understanding how knots affect the properties of textiles may contribute to the creation of bespoke materials.
Physicist Elisabetta Matsumoto has been knitting since she was a teenager. Matsumoto discovered an oddly knotty stitch when knitting a pattern for a Japanese red dragon during graduate school at the University of Pennsylvania in 2009.
“I have books with thousands of different stitch patterns, but the one in the red dragon wall hanging was one I had never seen,” she says. That got her thinking about the geometry of stitches and, eventually, led her to study the mathematics of knitting.
Matsumoto claims that there are about a hundred simple stitches. A knitter can change the elasticity, mechanical strength, and 3-D structure of a fabric by changing stitch combinations. Yarn isn’t very elastic on its own. When knitted, however, the yarn produces fabric that can extend more than twice its original length, despite the yarn itself barely stretching.
Matsumoto, who is now at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, is trying to figure out the mathematical rules that govern how stitches give fabrics their distinct properties.
She wants to create a catalog of stitch styles, their variations, and the fabric properties that result.
Knitters, scientists, and manufacturers, she claims, may all benefit from a knit dictionary. Matsumoto’s work is based on knot theory, which is a collection of mathematical principles that describes how knots shape. These concepts have been used to describe how DNA folds and unfolds, as well as how a molecule’s composition and spatial distribution confer physical and chemical characteristics.
Matsumoto is using knot theory to figure out how each stitch interacts with its surrounding stitches.
“The types of stitches, the differences in their geometries as well as the order in which you put those stitches together into a textile may determine [the fabric’s] properties,” she says.
Making minor adjustments, such as changing a couple of crossings in a knot, can have a significant effect on the textile’s mechanics. A fabric made of just one stitch form, such as knit or purl, for example, has a tendency to curl at the edges. However, if you alternate the two stitch forms in alternating rows or columns, the fabric will lie flat. Despite their similar appearances, the fabrics have different degrees of stretchiness, according to Matsumoto and graduate student Shashank Markande.
Matsumoto’s team is currently teaching a robot to knit. A software can predict mechanical properties of fabrics using yarn properties, mathematical stitch descriptions, and final knitted structures as inputs. These forecasts could one day help customize materials for specific applications, ranging from scaffolds for increasing human tissue to wearable smart clothing, and possibly solve thorny problems in everyday life.
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A Historical Background-
Believed to be as old as the Jagannath temple at Puri, Orissa, the Ratha Yatra, or the Chariot Festival as it is popularly known outside India, is unique in its benevolence and massive cultural aspects. Considered to be the only fair in India wherein the deities are taken out of their temples, the biggest processions of the fair take place in Puri, Orissa along with the other one that takes place in the Western state of Gujrat. The fair marks the annual ceremonial procession of Lord Jagannasth, his elder brother, Balbhadra and younger sister, Subhadra, from their home temple in Puri to another temple, in what is believed to be their aunt’s place according to the age long myth.
Cultural and sentimental conundrum-
This journey is known to have been documented in the Puranas, thus creating the largest chariot procession in the world. People belonging to all religions, creeds and cultural backgrounds form more than a million group of visitors for the fair every year. In fact, the impact of its belief is so profound that it has received immense enthusiasm from New Zealand to South Africa, from New York to London. Millions come to experience this holy yet astounding procession as a ‘king’ sweeps the road with a golden mop and five massive 18-wheeled chariots bearing the sibling deities make their way through the crowd.
Devdutt Patnaik who writes on the relevance of mythology in the modern times, aptly sums up the intention behind the admiration of the Lord Jagannath cult and the Chariot festival as he states, “Locally, Jagannath is called Kaliya for its black colour with great affection. Although, modern colour prejudice makes many insist that Krishna is actually blue. He is God, of course, spelt with a capital G, but more than that, he is a friend, as the dominant mood in the temple of sakha-bhaav, devotion through the emotion of friendship”. Analysing this statement generates a clear understanding of how the Rath Yatra is a culturally and spiritually tied way of the local expression.
Spiritual Inclusivity and Concord-
Unlike the ornate, carefully crafted metal idols used elsewhere, these three deities are fashioned from wool, cloth and resin. These are mal-formed with large heads and no arms, thus reminding of a native legend about an impatient king. At the end of the festival, the chariots are dismantled and their wood is used as fuel in the temple kitchen, believed to be the largest kitchen in the world that cooks 56 things every day, thus feeding nearly 2000 to 20 lakh people.
The glory of Jagannath influences the daily lives of the natives, right from their birth, marriages and even death. Puri is connected with all the important regions and places throughout the nation with railways, roads and flights. Due to the increasing number of pilgrims, the British government constructed the networks starting right from their rule in India. Thousands of native artisans, producers and priests are employed through generation, who wait throughout the year for this time of economic aid and steadiness that is socially and culturally rendered to them since ages.
Potteries and paintings that are demanded on a large scale provide a sense of stability to the native potters and artists along with the purohits, pandits, traditional dancers and musicians who enthusiastically engage in the yatra and attract many more people, thus aiding a continuity of the age-long culture. The Orissan art, literature and music are influenced immensely by the Jagannath cult and are a major cause as well as a promising outcome of this cultural abode. The Rath Yatra, is thus, a reminder of spiritual inclusiveness and harmony that has found barriers with the coming generations of conflict and an otherwise cultural disintegration.
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Principles of Data Security
Information Security is a branch of information scientific research that handles the administration of info. Details personal privacy is the relation between the collection and disclosure of information, technological, the public’s assumption of personal privacy, as well as the moral and also legal concerns surrounding them. It is also often called information safety and security or information protection. The main aim of this art is to assure that the handling of information does not breach the personal privacy rights of people. As component of the European Neighborhoods, the Union has actually defined Data Protection as a necessary aspect of liberty of mobility. The term might be interpreted as the law of the defense of individual information. Under the Law (Regulation) on European Data Security Civil Liberties, every EU participant state is bound to guarantee that their laws protect the civil liberties of people regarding the handling of personal data. On top of that, all EU participant states are bound to each various other in international contracts to make sure that they have appropriate measures in place to secure personal data from abuse. One of the significant concepts of data defense is to guarantee precise as well as adequate privacy and also security of individual info. The term ‘personal information’ refers to any info that is held by a private or an organization as well as is made use of or made easily accessible to a 3rd party. This may include data regarding an individual’s social security number, credit card number, or any kind of other sensitive info. The sensitive details may include yet is not restricted to, economic details, medical documents, and information worrying legal or work standing. The term information protection focuses on the collection, storage space, preservation and protection of delicate information. Sometimes, the term is used to describe the tasks executed by public companies such as courts, institutions and universities. In certain other circumstances, the term is made use of even more freely to describe plans or techniques of a specific or organization. Much more specific terms, such as data security, data cleaning as well as information honesty might be made use of to focus on a certain aspect of a business’s data protection treatments. An additional principle of data protection focuses on the responsibility of an organization to shield confidential information. In this regard, it is perhaps more crucial to shield business-sensitive information than would certainly be essential for non-sensitive data. While regulations does exist that needs these companies to secure confidential information, several business choose to go additionally by producing self-service information personal privacy plans. In this way, a firm makes certain that the essential safeguards remain in place and also can be conveniently accessed by staff members. A final concept of data security focuses on stopping access to blessed info. If company or staff member data is being shielded, it is essential not to make the mistake of allowing just anyone to examine them. Specifically, this principle is necessary for protecting training video clips as well as other recordings including sensitive material. It would be really simple for a wayward worker or an interested outsider to eliminate sensitive material from these videos without adhering to a safe data protection approach. As such, it is very important for individuals to utilize reputable solutions when they need to produce backup systems for their companies.
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Nyaya: The Philosophy of Logic and Epistemology
From Tibetan Buddhist Encyclopedia
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Among the systems of Indian philosophy, Nyaya has specialized in the fields of logic and epistemology.
Knowledge has been explained as the manifestation of objects.
Knowledge enlightens the objects as a lamp does.
Knowledge has two distinctions—valid (prama) and invalid (aprama).
According to Nyaya, valid knowledge is definite or real knowledge and it consists in knowing the objects as it is; for example, to know the snake as a snake and the bowl as a bowl.
Valid knowledge has four distinctive sources viz., perception, inference, comparison and testimony.
Knowledge arising from sources other than these is called invalid or aprama knowledged.
According to Gautama, perception is un-contradicted knowledge which arises out of the proximity of the object with the sense organ.
It is distinct and unrelated to any name. According to this view, perception is that form of knowledge which results from the contact or nearness between the object and the sense organ, and this is explicit and real knowledge.
For example, when any object is so near to my eye that I have no doubt whatsoever as to its being real,-then it is perceptual knowledge.
If a distinct object appears to me to be a human being and I have some doubts about this knowledge, then in spite of the actual contact between the sense organs and the object, the knowledge is not perceptual knowledge.
In the same way, knowledge of the rope as the snake is not perceptual knowledge even though it is not attended by any doubt.
Hence, illusory knowledge cannot be considered to be perceptual.
The Nyaya philosophers have recognized six kinds of proximity —samyog, samyak, samavaya, samyukt, samaveta, samavaya, samaveta, samavaya and visesana visesya bhava.
This analysis of perception does not take into account the extraordinary and intuitive perceptions because there can be no knowledge of them without contact with senses. Knowledge of pleasure and pain, etc., occurs without ostensible contact with the sense organs.
In this way, the general characteristic of perception is not contact with the senses but rather immediate cognition.
Perceptual knowledge of an object occurs only when there is cognition of it, meaning thereby that in perception, knowledge occurs without any past experience or inference.
In this way, some Nyaya philosophers have given the name of perception (pratiti) to cognition, implying thereby that perception is that knowledge which is not the result of any other knowledge.
Distinctions of perception:
Perception has been analyzed in various ways. From one angle, perception has two distinctions—ordinary (Laukika) and extraordinary (Alaukika).
Extraordinary perception provides immediate knowledge even without the senses.
Ordinary perception also admits of two distinctions—external (bahya) and internal (manas).
External perception has five distinctions connected with the five senses—visual, tactual, auditory, gustatory and olfactory.
In internal perception, the actual contact between the object and the mind produces knowledge of pleasure, pain, love, hatred, morality, immorality, etc.
In this way, the two kinds of perception, internal and external, admits of three distinctions—determinate (savikalpa), indeterminate (nirvikalpa) and recognition (Pratybhijna).
On the other hand, extraordinary perception also has three distinctions—perception of classes (samanya laksan), complication (jnana laksan) and intuitive (yogaja).
Again, ordinary perception has been divided into the following three classes:
1. Indeterminate perception:
Gautama, is his sutras, accepts the categories of determinate and indeterminate perception.
When the external sense organ comes into contact with the objects, first of all a particular kind of knowledge, known as 'sanmukh' or 'avyakrita' in Nyaya philosophy, arises in the self consisting merely of an awareness of the existence of the object without any knowledge of its name, qualities, etc.
It is called indeterminate perception because it lacks any determining feature, such as, quality. It is the undeveloped form of perception.
Its existence is proved not by perception but by inference.
According to the Nyaya philosophers, indeterminate knowledge should precede determinate knowledge.
These two types of perception are only inferred because no relation can be established between the object and the quality without differentiating or distinguishing the two.
2. Determinate perception:
Indeterminate perception can have no practical utility. In determinate perception there is no doubt as to whether the object is an animal or a human being or anything else.
According to the Nyaya view, a moment before it arises, the knowledge of an object is devoid of characters, such as, name and class; but following this, the next moment-there is awareness, in the same knowledge, of such characteristics of the object as name, class, shape, quality, etc., and the once indeterminate knowledge is manifested in practice in the form of sentences presenting determinate knowledge of such characteristics of the object as name, class, shape, quality, etc.
This is determinate perception.
In this way, determinate perception gives knowledge of the fact that 'this is a man', 'he is still' etc.
It is the developed form of perception and it is on the basis of it that the worldly activities continue to be performed.
3. Recognition:
In this arises the sense that the object now being perceived has been sent at some earlier juncture. To take an example.
If upon meeting the person to whom you were introduced a year ago, you feel that he is the same individual, this knowledge will be called recognition. In this knowledge there is always an element of immediate experience.
The extraordinary perception has been classified as follows:
1. Perception of classes:
The perception which involves the cognition of a common quality or attribute is different from ordinary perception, and it is therefore called the perception of classes.
When one says that all men are mortal, the observation is based upon the knowledge of the mortality of some men as representatives of a class and this knowledge is known as the perception of classes.
When, upon perceiving someone, one says that he is a man, one perceives manhood in him, or in other words, according to the Nyaya philosophers, knowledge of man arises from the perception of his common quality of 'manhood' which he shares with all men.
It is on the basis of this same perceptual experience that one says that man is mortal because mortality is an attribute of manhood.
2. Perception by Complication:
This includes perceptions such as, 'the ice looks cold', 'the stone appears solid and the grass soft'.
In these examples, coldness, solidity and softness are subjects of tactual perception. It may, therefore, be asked, how they can be visually perceived.
This has been explained by the Nyaya philosophers thus.
We have, on many previous occasions, perceived sandal wood.
By smelling it at the same time as perceiving it visually an association between its colour and its smell is established in the mind.
It is for this reason that the sight of sandalwood is the occasion of the perception of its smell as well.
In this example, the present experience of smell is based upon a recollection of the previous smell.
It is called perception by complication because it is based upon past experience.
It is extra-ordinary perception because generally one sense organ does not perceive sensations of a different nature which usually stimulate some other sense organ.
3. Intuitive perception:
It is the intuitive perception of all objects, and is peculiar to yogis who possess supernatural powers.
This experience can be had only by those who have achieved supernatural power after meditation and Yogic practices.
This power makes it possible for them to have perceptual knowledge of all objects, past and future, complex and minute, near and far.
Intuitive perception is also recognized by other Indian philosophers.
The distinctions of perception are clearly illustrated in the following chart:
The second source of valid knowledge according to Nyaya philosophy is inference.
Inference is the means to 'anumana'.
It is that knowledge preceding which there is some other knowledge.
It is past or indirect (paroksha) knowledge and takes place through the medium of some mark which is called the 'hetu', and bears the relation of invariable concomitance with the observed feature.
Anumana literally means that knowledge which follows some other knowledge.
The basis of inference is the relation of invariable concomitance.
The invariable relation between the 'hetu' and the 'sadhya' is called concomitance or 'vyapti'.
The knowledge of the qualities of the 'paksha' through the hetu is called 'paramarsha' or judgment.
Hence, inference or Anumana is said to be the knowledge gained through judgment, or in other words, the knowledge of the presence of the sadhya in the paksha through the linga, which is a quality of paksha and is invariably related by concomitance.
For example, there is fire on the hill, because there is smoke on the hill, and where there is smoke there is fire.
Here, there is the relation of invariable concomitance between smoke and- fire.
For this reason the presence of fire on the hill is inferred by the presence of the smoke on the hill because of concomitance, and because it has been observed on previous occasions that fire is invariably present where there is smoke.
Constituents of Inference:
In an inference there are three items put in a least three sentences.
These three constituents of inference are respectively called paksha, sadhya and hetu.
They are similar to the three items—monitor, major, and middle—of the syllogism of Western logic.
Paksha is not that of the inference about which there is inference.
Sadhya denotes that which is proved of the paksha.
Hetu establishes that there is relation between the sadhya and the paksha.
For this reason, hetu is also known as the means. To illustrate by means of an example, in the above inference of fire on the hill, smoke is the means of inference.
It is the linga or hetu or sign, the observation of which leads to the inference of the fire.
This inference is based upon the invariable concomitance between fire and smoke.
In this way the inference of fire from smoke involves three steps—(1) there is smoke on the hill. (2)
There is invariable concomitance between smoke and the fire (of which we are already aware). (3)
There is fire on the hill.
Here the hill is the paksha because it is in relation to it that the inference is being made, fire is the sadhya because it is fire which is being proved of the paksa (hill), and smoke is the linga.
In this way, from the standpoint of thought process, the first step in this inference is knowledge of paksa with the hetu, then the knowledge of the vyapti between paksha and sadhya and finally, the judgment about the relation of sadhya with the paksha.
Then this inference will be stated in the following manner:-
There is fire on the hillside.
Because there is smoke on the hillside.
Where there is smoke there is fire, as in the kitchen.
Comparison with Western Syllogism:
In the above-mentioned inference, the first step is to establish a relation between the minor paksha and the major sadhya, the second is to describe the middle hetu, and the final step is to give example to show the invariable relation of the sadhya with the hetu.
This order of inference in Indian logic differs from that of Western syllogism only in respect of the order of judgments, and not in the type of judgments which are the same in both cases.
The three judgments of the foregoing example are similar to the conclusion of both. In the Western syllogism, the order is the following—major premise, minor premise and the conclusion.
Thus, the order of the Western syllogism is the opposite of the order of the Indian inference.
In the Western syllogism the major premise is stated first, but in Indian, it is stated last. Conclusion is the last in the Western syllogism but first in the anumana.
All the three judgments of anumana are categorical and may be either affirmative or negative.
Types of Inference:
Inference has been divided into two types according to the purpose for which it is meant—(l) Svarth or for self and (2) Pararth or for others.
In the former, the inference is intended for oneself while in the latter it is for conveying knowledge to others.
In the former, there is no necessity of presenting the judgment in an orderly fashion but when it is a case of making another person understand, it is necessary that correct order of the judgments be adhered to.
According to the Nyaya philosophers, inference for others consists of five constituents.
An example the five constituents of the inference is as follows:
1. Pratijna— There is fire on the hill.
2. Hetu— Because (on the hill) there is smoke.
3. Dristanta— Where there is smoke there is fire, as in the kitchen.
4. Upanaya— There is smoke on the hill.
5. Nigamana— Hence, there is fire on the hill.
Hetu shows the reason for the pratijna.
Dristanta is a universal judgment which, along with an example, shows the invariable relation between sadhya and hetu.
Upanaya shows that the dristanta applies to this particular instance.
Nigamana is that which results from its preceding judgment.
In this inference, the linga is observed thrice.
The first time smoke is observed in the kitchen, the second time in the hill and the third time it is seen in relation to fire.
This inference having five constituents has been called 'paramanyava' by Gautama because it includes four pramanas.
In Gautama's ancient logic, inference has been divided into three kinds on the basis of the distinctions of vyapti.
These three kinds are—purvavat, sesavat and samanyatodrista.
Of these, the first two are based upon casual relationship while the last is not on this basis.
1. Purvavat:
'Purva' means previous or preceding, while 'vat' means like.
Hence, purvavat inference is that which is like the previous, or in other words, one in which the consequent effect is inferred from the precedent cause.
In this manner, in purvavat inference, the future effect is anticipated on the basis of the present cause. It is purvavat inference, when, perceiving the clouds in the sky, it is said that it will rain.
In purvavat inference there is a cause-effect relationship between the sadhana and the sadhya.
2. Sesavat:
'Sesa' means the residual effect.
Therefore, inference of the cause from its effect is sesavat inference.
Contrary to purvavat inference, here the casual relationship is between sadhya and sadhana in the vyapti.
In this, the previous or past cause is inferred from the present effect.
To infer that it must have rained somewhere by observing an increase in the water in the river, its speed or its muddiness, is to employ the sesavat form of inference.
It is also sesavat inference, when, on examining one part of the whole, it is deduced that the remaining must also possess the same qualities.
Thus, it is sesavat inference when from tasting a beakerful of sea water it is inferred that the water in the rest of the sea must also be saline.
Commentators upon the Nyaya classics have interpreted sesavat inference in a different way also.
When the alternatives are nullified and there is no possible material from left, then what remains is called sesa.
Any inference through the medium of this sesa is called sesavat inference.
For example, being a characteristic quality, sound is not in time, space or mind. It cannot be the special quality of earth, water, fire, air or soul because it is heard by the ears.
That which is left is the sky. There is no ninth form of matter or 'padartha'.
Hence, according to the sesavat inference, it is proved that sound is the quality of the sky.
The inference which provides knowledge of any imperceptible or unperceived object is called samanyatodrista such as the inference of motion in the sun by observing it in the East in the morning and in the West in the evening.
This inference is not based upon the relation of causality, but upon the fact that the means and the end are always found together.
The fact that there is motion in the sun is inferred from its change of position because, when other objects change their position, there is always motion.
Hence samanyatodrista inference resembles comparison to some extent.
On the basis of the method of establishing vyapti or the relation of invariable concomitance, inference has been further divided into three kinds by the Neo Nyaya, vis., Kcvalanvayi, Kevala vyatireki and anavaya vyatireki.
This applies to the case where the means and the object are always found going together, meaning thereby, the case in which the vyapti is established by an agreement in presence between the middle and the major term, and in which there is no exception.
For example—
All knowable objects are namble.
The pot is a knowable object.
Therefore the pot is namable.
Or, that which can be known must also have a name. The pot can be known; hence it must also have a name.
It the first premise of this inference, there is the relation of vyapti between the subject and the object.
===Kevala vyatireki===
Where the inference proceeds not from the agreement in presence of lie middle and the major term but from the vyapti between the absence of the major term and the absence of the middle term, it is called kevala vyatireki inference.
An example of this type of inference is as follows:
Thai which is not different from other elements has no smell.
The earth has smell.
Therefore, the earth is different from other elements.
In this inference the first premise established a relation between the absence of the major term and middle term and the relation established is one of invariable concomitance. It is not possible to discover the characteristics smell in any place other than earth.
For this reason, it is not possible to establish a relation of agreement in presence between the major and the middle term.
In this way, here inference has been made on the basis of invariable concomitance.
===Anavaya Vyatireki===
Where the relation between the major and the middle term is based on the agreement both in presence and absence, the inference is anvaya vyatireki.
The following is an example of it:—
Where there is smoke there is fire,
There is smoke on the hill,
Hence there is fire on the hill,
Where there is no fire there is no smoke.
There is smoke on the hill,
Hence there is fire on the hill.
The foregoing different types of inferences according to Nyaya philosophy may be illustrated by the following chart:-
According to the Nyaya philosophy, comparison is the name given to the knowledge of the relation between a name and the thing so named.
It supplies knowledge of the relation between a name and the object which is given that name.
It is based on the knowledge of some common properly or similarity between two major objects.
Take it for granted that you have never seen a wild cow.
A person dwelling in the forest informs you that it is not unlike an ordinary cow and possesses much the same shape.
If, then, you come across some animal which resembles a cow and conclude that this is the animal known as a wild cow, then this knowledge is the result of comparison.
Here, there is a relation between the name and the object of that name, or in other words, the animal known as the wild cow is similar to a known animal the cow. I
In this activity of comparison, when one sees the similarity between the cow and the wild cow, and recollects that the wild cow resembles a cow, only then does he know that its name is a wild cow.
According to the Nyaya philosophy, sabda is a reliable statement.
A sentence is a group of words, and 'word' is an entity which has the power to express some meaning.
According to the ancient Nyaya system, this power of meaning is due to God, while according to later Nyaya philosophers, it is endowed by tradition.
The quality of being evidence or source of valid knowledge is possessed, not by all words, but only by the words of seers.
If some individual has knowledge of the truth and presents this knowledge for the good of humanity, then his word shall be accepted as true.
Knowledge comes about with the comprehension of the meaning and not only of the word.
Hence, the knowledge of the meaning of the statements of seers is testimony.
Types of words:
Words have been sub-divided into two classes according to the object of meaning—Dristartha and Adristartha.
The former relates to the knowledge of such objects that are perceptible, as statements of seers, ordinary persons who can be believed, descriptions contained in religious texts concerning objects that have been seen, evidence given by witnesses in courts of law, believable facts concerning agricultures and the rituals described in religious texts for rain, etc.
The latter classification relates to imperceptible objects such as acceptable statements of common men, saints, religious leaders and religious texts, statements of scientists concerning atoms, beliefs of religious leaders concerning sin and virtue and the explanations of God, creatures and other things offered in the religious texts.
The origin of words forms another basis for their classification viz., Vedic, and Laukika (ordinary). According to the Nyaya philosophers, words originate with some person, be it a human individual or even God himself.
Vedic words are creations of God himself. Ordinary words arc created by human beings.
For this reason, Vedic words are completely free from defects and delusions.
Ordinary words can be true as well as false.
The utterances of reliable individuals are treated as true.
It would be evident from the foregoing description of Nyaya epistemology that in epistemological thought, Nyaya philosophy is second to no other system of Indian philosophy.
After going through their detailed and subtle exposition of this subject, it cannot be said that logic has not been adequately developed in Indian philosophy.
The Concept of God:
What Is God?
According to the Nyaya, God is the creator, sustained and destroyer of the Universe.
He is the efficient, not the material, cause of the Universe.
He directs the activities of living souls. Just as an intelligent and benevolent father inspires the son to act according to intelligence, capability and qualities, so also, God inspires living beings to act according to the tendencies acquired by them in the past and to win rewards appropriate to their actions.
It is He who determines the pains and pleasures of the jivas, provides their merits and rewards their actions appropriately.
He creates the universe from the eternal entities such as atoms, space, time, ether, mind and soul which live with Him.
It is because of His desire that the universe remains in its state of stability.
In this way, it is He who also sustains the universe.
He employs his power of destruction when it becomes imperative that the universe be destroyed.
In this way, He is also the destroyer of the universe.
Substances such as space and time, have the same relation to God as the body has to the soul.
Consequently, they do not limit Him.
He is all-powerful unlike man whose power is limited by his virtues and sins.
He has real knowledge of all objects and occurrences.
He is, therefore, omniscient.
He is the substratum in which knowledge exists.
He is Himself not knowledge. In Him are the six perfections.
He is majestic, almighty, all-glorious, infinitely beautiful, and has infinite knowledge and perfect freedom from attachment.
Roofs of the existence of God:
The Nyaya philosophers have put forward many proofs of the existence of God.
Some of the important ones are the following:-
1. God is the creator of the organic objects of the universe:
There are two kinds of objects in the universe—organic and inorganic.
The atoms of space, time, soul, mind, earth, water, fire and air are perfect and eternal.
Hence, there cannot be any question of their creator.
But objects other than these are neither atomic nor all-pervading (vibha).
Hence, they must necessarily have some cause, without the guidance and direction by an intelligent agent, their material cause cannot give them the form or shape they are found possessing.
This agent must possess the knowledge, the desire to attain the objective, and the power to make an effort.
He must also be omniscient, otherwise he cannot have knowledge of such microscopic existence as the atoms.
All these qualities of such an agent are to be found only in God.
This proves the existence of God as the creator of the universe.
2. God is the cause of differences in fortune and the ruler of past tendencies:
In this world, the fortune of everyone is different: One is born in a rich family and another in the house of a pauper.
Some do not get a full meal even after back-breaking labour while others have everything at their beck and call. Some are intelligent and others foolish.
Naiyayikas believe that this difference is due to their past adrsta.
This entity, called adrsta, is a conglomeration of merits and demerits developing from good or bad actions of the past.
Good actions create merit in our souls and bad actions create demerit; in this way, adrsta is the collection of good and bad actions of the present and the previous lives.
Good actions have good and bad actions bad results.
According to this adrsta, the individual is the recipient of pleasure and pain in this as well as in the subsequent lives.
But adrsta is unintelligent and hence it cannot of itself create correlation in the past actions and their results.
For this an intelligent director and guide is needed.
The jivatma cannot be the guide of the adrsta, because it does not have any knowledge of its past tendencies.
Besides, the results of past tendencies have been known to run counter to the desire of the jivatma.
Thus, according to the Naiyayikas, only God who is immortal, all powerful and omniscient, can be the guide of the past tendencies.
In this way, a difference in fortunes of the individuals and the influence of past tendencies prove the existence of God.
3. God is the cause of the validity of religious texts:
The Vedas are valid and authoritative, and hence their creator, God, is also authoritative.
Just as a science can be declared valid after testing even only a part of it, similarly the Vedas including their supernatural dicta may be accepted as valid after testing the validity only of their pronouncements about the worldly things.
The validity of the Vedas depends upon their author.
The author of the Vedas cannot be a Jiva since he cannot be cognizant of their supernatural and extra-sensory subjects.
The author of the Vedas can only be one who has perceptual and actual knowledge of the past, the present and the future, of atoms and cosmos, and of sensible and extra-sensory objects.
For this reason, the creator of the Vedas is God and their validity emanates from Him.
Just as the validity of the sciences depends upon their creator so does the validity of the Vedas depend upon God.
4. Divine utterances also prove the existence of God:
The fourth proof about the existence of God comes from Sruti, the Vedic scriptures.
The existence of God has been accepted by the Vedas, the Upanishads and the Gita.
The existence of God can be proved by experience and not by logic.
For this reason, those individuals who do not have personal experience should depend upon Sruti or divine utterances.
According to Kusumanjali, just as the sciences themselves and scientification are proofs of the truth of scientific laws, similarly Sruti also is evidence enough to prove the existence of God.
Udayana's arguments:
Udayana has advanced nine arguments as explained below, contained in the following verse, for proving the existence of God
1. Karyat:
The universe is an effect; hence, it must have an instrumental cause.
This cause is God.
2. Ayojanat:
Atoms are inactive hence they must be provided with motion by God, which is necessary for their conjuction.
Past tendency cannot impart motion to the atoms without God.
3. Dhrttyadeh:
The creator and the destroyer of the universe is God.
It is due to his decision that creation, maintenance and destruction take place.
4. Padat:
Words get their power of giving meaning to their subjects from God.
5. Pratyaytah:
God is the author of the authoritative Vedas.
6. Sruteh:
Sruti establishes the existence of God.
7. Vakyat:
Vedic sentences give expression to moral laws. God is the author of moral laws.
8. Samkhya Visesachcha :
According to Nyaya-Vaisesika, the diatomic structure is not formed of the microscopic substance of two atoms but of their number two.
The numeral one is perceptible, but all the other numerals are mental concepts.
At the time of creation, the souls, atoms,adrsta, space, time, manas, etc., arc all unconscious or unintelligent.
For this reason, number will be dependent upon the mind of God and will be created by it.
For this reason, it is necessary to believe in the existence of God.
9. Adrstat:
We experience the result of our factions and four characteristic actions lead to merit and demerit.
Adrsta is the collection of merits and demerits.
But this adrsta is unintelligent.
Hence, in order that there may be experience of the results of adrsta there must be God.
Some arguments have been given against the proofs for the existence of God which Naiyayikas have put forward.
They have been answered by the Nyaya philosophers.
The major among them are as follows:-
(1) In connection with the foregoing third and fourth proofs for the existence of God, it may be objected that they are interdependent, and consequently suffer from the fallacy of circular argument.
But according to the Sarva Darsana, Sangraha their interdependence is not circular because it would have been circular only if the two subjects had been interdependent from the same point of view.
In this particular case, from the viewpoint of existence, the Vedas are dependent upon God because God is their author, while from the viewpoint of human knowledge, God is dependent upon the Vedas because it is through the Vedas that human beings get to know God.
(2) The second objection to the Nyaya conception of God is that if God is the creator of this universe, he must possess a body, because without a body no activity can be indulged in.
The Nayayikas answer this by saying that the existence of God is either proved by the Sruti or it is disproved.
If it has been proved then there is no use raising such objection.
(3) The third objection to the Nyaya conception of God is concerned with the purpose which God has in creating the universe.
It is argued that God can have no purpose of his own in creating the universe because He is perfect He could not be doing it for others because one who works for the good of others cannot be wise.
If His purpose in creating the universe is simply benevolence, then there should not have been so many unhappy individuals in this world.
Hence, God cannot be credited with having created this world. Answering this objection, the Naiyayikas say that God has created this world out of compassion.
The world having been created, it is only natural that there should be pain and pleasure in the world, because the jivatmas are attended by their respective adrsta.
Just as mind is not the slave of the body though it helps in the achievement of its objective and in acting to this end, in much the same way, the universe does not make the God dependent upon His creation but helps Him in the realization of His objective.
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Alpha Clock Five - Making lowercase and custom letters
edited September 2014 in Clock Kits
Hello everyone: I'm experimenting with adding lower case letters in the .cpp file. Everything seems to work until I get past the letter 't.' (ASCII 116) After that, instead of the desired letter (u-z), I get a bunch of garbage. I plugged the values I got into the Alpha 5 char generator in the wiki and this is what was produced:
Desired letter: 'u', 4,1,4
What I got: 4,0,0 (half an underscore)
"v", 0,2,4 (I got 0,0,0. a Space.)
"w", 12,1,6 (I got 3,0,0. A Negative symbol.)
"x", same as Capital "X." (0,2,208). (I got 9,3,3. Garbage.)
"y", 20,1,40 (I got 255,3,1. Garbage with both decimal points.)
"z", 20,2,0 (I got 42,1,3. Looks like a backwards 6.)
The last 3 characters ("{","|",and "}") work fine as special characters.
If I put these into the .ino file as an a5editFontChar() in the DisplayWordSequence, only then the actual letters come up, however an extra segment lights up on (sp) ASCII 32.
I changed the upper limit in the a5editFontChar section of the cpp file to 126 (or '~') to accommodate the extra characters. I also commented out the a5LoadNextFadeStage() in both files to save RAM.
Any suggestions? Thanks! ~Chuck
• Take a look at how a5editFontChar works.
Inside, it has:
byte offset = (3 * (asciiChar - a5_asciiOffset));
A byte is the same as a uint8_t, an unsigned 8-bit variable. It can only range between 0 and 255. Noting that a5_asciiOffset is 32, it is the case that if asciiChar is equal to 117, you get
offset = 3*(117 - 32) = 3*85 = 255.
For any asciiChar greater than 117 (ascii 'u'), you'll run into a problem there.
The following lines of code are:
a5_FontTable[offset++] = A;
a5_FontTable[offset++] = B;
a5_FontTable[offset] = C;
So, it should be clear that even that edge case of 'u' will not actually work, because it still increases the value of offset, even if it began at "only" 255.
• Now that I looked at it, it is quite obvious. I don't know why it didn't click for me. I was trying everything last night. I even tried making a secondary font table (a5_FontTableB) with a different offset. I did manage to find a temporary solution.. I remember you talking to me (when I was doing the marriage proposal) about using some of the symbols as extra characters. So I substituted #&,:; for uvwyz (I left x out because when mapped on the display, it's the same as X) and used ^ and ` for special characters.
Thanks Windell! I now have 3 out of 5 things accomplished. All that's left is the Temperature Sensor (Where would be a good place to put it on the PC board? And where in the code (and which file) do I it put it in?) and more clock options.
• The best method depends on a couple things: What kind of temperature sensor, and what you want to do with the data. If it's an analog sensor, you might want to use pin PA5 as an input (pin 35 of the IC), which is not otherwise used.
As far as the software goes, it again depends what you're trying to do. One easy way would be to put the display routine in place of one of the features that you're not using, like the 5 letter words, for example.
• edited September 2014
I will more than likely be using the popular DS18B20 for the sensor. I would use the data as an ordinary thermometer and display it on the display. As for code, I put in the #include OneWire.h in ino file for the time being. I thought about making a new menu option, after "Time and..." (#define TempDispMenuItem 11) and using the +/- buttons to switch between Fahrenheit and Celsius (or maybe include just for fun, Kelvin and Rankine) as well as include it as an alternating mode with the current time. Come to think of it, I really don't use the 5 letter words display too much, so yeah, maybe I could replace that and save some memory.
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The Issue of "Black-on-black Crime" in Black Lives Matter Movement
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Race is one of the correlates of crime receiving attention in academic studies, government surveys, media coverage, and public concern.
Roughly eight-in-ten blacks with at least some college experience (81%) say they’ve experienced racial discrimination, at least from time to time, including 17% who say this happens regularly. Discrimination is the unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people or things, especially on the grounds of race, age, or sex. The term racial disparity as it relates to crime can be defined as the proportion of a racial or ethnic group within the criminal justice system exceeding the proportion of such a group within the general population. People of color are more likely to be racially profiled, stopped, and harassed by the police. Racial disparities in the US criminal justice system worsened after 1980 following various political developments.
So today in the U.S. today, there is still there is racial profiling. Theirs racial profiling almost every wear you go towards a young black African or African American human. There is racial profiling at stores. There is racial profiling at jobs. There is even racial profiling at a church. It’s crazy how things like that still go on till today. Imagine back in the day like the 1980’s. Imagine back in the 1990’s, or even back when 2000’s. I know this really have to do with blacks but when the September 11, 2001, bombing had happened. If you were a Muslim, for some odd reason you would be looked at as a terrorist. All terrorist attacks against the U.S. on September 11,2001, had fueled a whole bunch of widespread and fear about mounting Islamophobic was the Americans response to the events. The opinions about the Muslims and Arabs living in the United States and judgment towards the Islamic faith was so bad. Study suggest that Americans possess lingering resentment and reservations about Arab and Muslim Americans. You see now how people are quick to judge after a group of your kind makes a terrible mistake.
Black people get treated like they don’t belong because of your appearance. Or because of the way you talk. The way you talk or sound when you speak should be the reason you get a job. It matters about the way the person uses their brain. Or because of the actions other Black people make. None of that shows who you are all the time. There was a story of four black men being criticized for being black.
“Every time the term black-on-black crime is used, the term that comes to human consciousness is race,” David Wilson, professor at the University of Illinois and author of ‘Inventing Black-on-Black Violence,’ told The Christian Science Monitor in a phone interview.
“The term really privileges that notion that race is at the core of the process.” The violence in our black communities is borne out by statistics. The numbers from the Bureau of Justice Statistics show that from 1980 to 2008, blacks were six times more likely than whites to be homicide victims and seven times more likely than whites to commit homicide.
The problem with using the phrase “black-on-black crime,” is that many activists and scholars argue, is that it traces the cause of violence to race, instead of looking other factors such as poverty and lack of job opportunities in our black communities.
The former New York Mayor said Black on Black Crime “is most misused when implying that bad violence is unique to the black community.” As the former New York Mayor Rudy Guiliani did, pointing out that “93 percent of blacks are killed by other blacks.”
Federal data has shown that it’s the same for white-on-white crime: Between 1980 and 2008, 84% of white victims were killed by whites, and the differences remained slim throughout 2009 to 2013.
The people who don’t care about black lives don’t see things, such as poverty rates, disparities in opportunity, and segregation of neighborhoods, rather than any indication that black communities inherently struggle with internal strife more white communities, advocates say.
The term black-on-black crime ‘invokes that there is something different about the racial category of blacks,” Dr. Wilson says, “Naming a process says so much about how you choose to understand the process. It’s really just saying that Black Lives Matter is not that important because these are just black people making bad choices in the world.
Wilson culled through more than 20 years of news articles to find out where the term “black-on-black crime” first appeared in everyday lexicon, He found that in the 1970s and ’80s, it was used to describe crime in Chicago and other cities where the perpetrator and victim of homicides were black.
The Black Lives Matter movement addressed the criticism on black lives by stating that they do care about “black-on-black crime” and the actions taken to reduce violence. But they also point out that it is a diversion.
The continued focus on black-on-black crime is a “diversionary tactic”, which is to suggest that black people don’t have the right to be outraged about police violence in vulnerable black communities, because those communities have a crime problem, it states.
In a May 2015 study coauthored by Rod Brunson, dean of the Rutgers’s School of Criminal Justice, and Anthony Braga, director of Northeastern University School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, argues that use of the term “black-on-black crime” brings negative consequences and can be problematic when used by political commentators, politicians, and police.
“We don’t argue that it is not statistically accurate that most crimes are intraracial,” Professor Brunson said in a phone interview with The Christian Science Monitor. “But it is used in such a way to suggest that black people are the more morally deficient member of the society.”
The term itself, he says, is not the problem, It’s the context in which it is used.
“It really depends on the context in which you use it,” Brunson says. “If police leaders are standing before a community on the heels of a tragic event like a homicide or shooting and they use the term, it could suggest that the community endorses or accepts the violence.”
Brunson emphasizes that our black community has been taking steps to resolve it, citing the “Boston Ten Point Coalition” as an example. The Boston Ten Point Coalition stops the black on black crime and violence going on in Boston, Massachusetts.
Poverty, poor schools, poor social service, all these create conditions where crime is disproportionately observed in a minority community and you can blame black lives for trying to make a change in the world.
Our criminal justice system in America has offered the suggestion that being black is a crime. Each case that involved a police officer killing an unarmed black person has left society with an empty void every time the defender was determined not guilty. This social movement used theories framing and collective identity. To organize and be mobile the BLM relied heavy on social media presence. The birth of #BlackLivesMatter hashtag was extremely popular and it was able to gain momentum after the Trayvon Martin case when Zimmerman was found not guilty, even had me mad. This group needed to express their frustration and they wanted to give others a way to express themselves and this was the perfect platform. Through social media, this group was able to organize protests, rallies and sit-outs in a very non-traditional way. The Black Live Matter movement was born in the new wave of social movement theories.
With new methods always brings about negativity. Even though Black Lives Matter was able to bring light on unfortunate events that were taking place their message quickly surged several other social movements such as #BlueLivesMatter and #AllLivesMatter. The members/supporters of BLM were quickly viewed as racists because of their support for one race of people. In this social movement, there was some gains and some losses, the BLM gained a large recognition and was able to get people having the race conversation and they were able to shed light on the issues that were taking place in the background. They lost because people in America were using the All Lives Matter statement to twist the Black Lives Matter Movement into being anti-white instead of a celebration of being black. By doing this and focusing on the Black part of the Black Lives Matter Movement, they are not truly hearing the concerns that are being voiced.
Since the summer of 2014, the Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement has grown into an international network of grassroots organizations in more than 30 US cities and four countries outside of the United States. I’d say with all the controversy between all of the hashtags, this organizations have done a great job of recruiting individuals and keeping the peace within their organization. Because this organization is so popular and has a major support of entertainers/political backing, they finance has not been an obstacle as of today.
In conclusion, The Black Lives Matter Movement is a new civil rights movement to fight against this new form of racism called colorbind. It’s stating that race matters in a society where race is considered insignificant to those who are not affected. The Black Lives Matter Movement is trying to shift away from colorblindness to color consciousness. It’s not ignoring that racism is still a problem in the United States. The Black Lives Matter movement needs to continue to grow as a social movement and go further than the NAACP and Civil Rights movement did in the 1960’s. They need to focus on gaining more support from other organizations, educating their communities and educating outside communities about being consciences of others culture.
The BLM still has a long road ahead to achieve the change they want to make in society as a whole but I believe it can accomplished as long as they provide empowerment to those that are affected and provide teachings to those who need to understand why Black Lives Matter.
The Black Lives Matter (BLM) Global Network is a chapter-based, member-led organization whose mission is to build local power and to intervene in violence inflicted on Black communities by the state and vigilantes. They are a collective of liberators who believe in an inclusive and spacious movement. They also believe that in order to win and bring as many people with them along the way, they must move beyond the narrow nationalism that is all too prevalent in Black communities. The BLM affirm the lives of Black queer and trans folks, disabled folks, undocumented folks, folks with records, women, and all Black lives along the gender spectrum. They are working for a world where Black lives are no longer systematically targeted for demise.
The Black Lives Matter Movement came about after the death of Trayvon Martin and continued to grow with the death of Michael Brown. Both young men were black, unarmed, and were shot and killed. The topic of police brutality increased throughout the United States as everyone watched LIVE on TV what was unfolding in both cases. Both cases brought up the existing issue of racism in America. The issue of Colorblind is a new form of racism that has developed in the post-Civil Rights era and is connected to the negative response that the Black Lives Matter Movement has received. As with the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s there has been backlash.
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:: Georgian Folk Music Instruments - Chonguri
Zoom in Zoom out Site map [email protected] Home Georgian Version Russian Version www.hangebi.ge
Chonguri is widespread in the western part of Georgia (Samegrelo, Guria, Adjara). Usually, in different regions this instrument has different constructions. In general, it accompanies the performance of solo, two- and three-part vocal songs. Mostly dance melodies and merry songs are performed on it. Chonguri and doli (a drum) are often played together in the region of Adjara. In this case only one Chonguri and one doli are involved in the performance of a melody. More than one Chonguri is generally never used while performance. Since the distant past Panduri and Chonguri have always played an important role in the lives of Georgian people and it still takes an honorable place in their daily lives.
Women sang songs with the accompaniment of Chonguri during work process. In the old times, having dealt with house work a group of women musicians called “Nadi” gathered late in the evening and performed songs with the Chonguri accompaniment. More usually Panduri and Chonguri were played by women what made them more attractive. People knew well when, where and on which occasion to use these instruments. In each Georgian family this instrument was kept in a visible place (it was usually hung on the wall).
Chonguri stands on a higher level of development than Panduri. is due not only to the excellent design of the Chonguri (which includes the capacity of the resonant body, its refinement, wall thickness and string material) and the high tone quality connected with it, but the possibility of emitting various harmonious sounds (due to the large number of chords) and the ways of performing melody on it.
Chonguri and Panduri differ in the number of strings. Panduri has three strings and Chonguri - four. In general, Chonguri’s length is 978-1156mm. Instrument’s main parts are body, neck and accessories (tuners, a nut, a bridge and a button etc.). The body consists of an abdomen (1) and an upper board (2). The neck consists of a head (3) and a finger-board (4). The subsidiaries are tuners (5), a nut (6), a bridge (7) and a button (8). Chonguri does not have frets. The abdomen (1) of a chonguri is made up of 7-8 thin (2-3mm) mulberry slabs, glued together and fastened with a narrow plate. The outermost slabs have 6 sound-holes, each 3-5mm in diameter. The abdomen is glued onto a 2-3mm thick plate. The upper board (2) comprises three parts glued together. The main (middle) part is made of fir. The two crescent-shaped mulberry plates are glued on both sides of the upper board. In the middle of the board there are 2-3mm-wide sound-holes forming a rhombus. The depth of the body is 160-170mm. The chonguri’s neck is made of walnut. On the head (3), there are three holes for tuners and one for a strap to hang up the instrument. The finger-board (4) is flat from one side and round on the other. It has a hole for straining the fourth (“Zili”) string. The neck and body are united by 7 small slabs of the same material as the slabs in the abdomen. The chonguri has four strings. Three ones are equal in length and the fourth (or “Zili”) string is shorter by about one-third than the other three. Long strings are attached to the tuners from one side and to the button of the Chonguri on the other. The “zili” string is attached to the tuner on the neck from one side and from the other side - to the button of the Chonguri, together with the other strings. The “zili” string is between the 1st and 2nd long strings, so it is the second string from the bottom.
Formerly, the strings were made of horsehair (silky), but nowadays such strings are rare. Today it is mostly used nylon strings. The range of notes of a chonguri lies between the lowest tone of the 3rd string and the highest tone of the “zili” string (very similar to banjo). Depending on the tune, the range of notes on the chonguri is either an octave, a seventh or a ninth.
The tuning of Chonguri: f-a-c 1-f 1; f-a-c 1-e 1; f-g-c 1-g 1.
In general rule, Chonguri (and sometimes Panduri’s) is cut out from the whole core of wood, also there is a different manner of designing this instrument, when the instrument body is glued part by part, by attaching thin wooden plates together. This enables us to make the walls of the body as thin and perfectly shaped as possible. This results in the deep resonant sound of the instrument. The sound of the instrument is also conditioned by the special strings made of silk thread. Chonguri differs from Panduri in ways of performance as well. The former is played by moving fingers from the lower strings to the upper, but Panduri is played by moving fingers from the upper strings to the lower. Though Chonguri and Panduri differ from each other they are similar in their functions. Both are used for accompaniment. But in the region of Adjara Chonguri is often played together with another Georgian folk instrument “Doli” (drum).
According to the evidence of the best instrument designers to design a high-quality instrument, the chosen wooden material should be without stumps, “clean”; preferably taken from a windy places. The best part of wood for Chonguri material is the part between the tree branches. Rough parts are not used for this purpose. The timber is split in two parts. Both are called “Deda” (mother). They are kept indoors, away from sunlight and wind for about thirty days. During this time the material must completely dry out, or it will crack.
The “Deda” (mother) should be made in the following way: at first, a deep hollow is cut out of the specially prepared timber, then it is cleaned with sandpaper, afterwards a breastplate is attached to it and kept for a while. Then at the end of the handhold they attach small wooden plate (a bridge) with 4 notches. There are some holes made in the middle of the hollow part to emit and enhance a clear sound. Then maker place the bridge with 4 notches under the strings to separate strings from one another. The process of designing a chonguri takes three days. The body is usually made from pine or mulberry wood, which gives the instrument its characteristic sound. The chosen wooden material should be without knots, unblemished, and preferably taken from windy places. The best wood for making chonguris comes from the trunk of the tree.
Though, Panduri and Chonguri are different instruments, they are quite similar by design, sound-producing and functions. The similarity between the designs of Chonguri and Panduri is well reflected in the appearance: both are string instruments, both have round-bellied bodies and narrow necks, they are played by striking fingers on strings. The similarity of functions of these instruments is reflected in the following: 1) Both are used for accompaniment and mainly dance melodies are performed on them. 2) Both are used by women during work process (“Mchechloba” and “Nadi”). 3) Both are connected with certain ancient customs (such as songs directed to the protective spirits, known as “Batonebi”’s worship). These are the main signs that make resemblance of Panduri and Chonguri evident.
All this enables us to conclude that these two musical instruments should have been one instrument. Today Chonguri and Panduri stand on different levels of development. As the research shows, The panduri is more ancient than the chonguri. In fact, the chonguri actually has evolved from the panduri. This obviously happened by adding the fourth string to the three-string panduri. Judging by the historical records this change probably took place no later than the 16th century. We should note that in the eastern part of Georgia, especially in lowlands, the three-string panduri is called “Chonguri,” but near the mountainous parts, it is called “Panduri” as well as “Chonguri.” According to the evidence of the mountain inhabitants, it would be logical to assume that Panduri is the old name and Chonguri is the new one.
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How to Add Oxygen to Gas
by Richard Rowe
itstillruns article image
run dragster image by Pascal Péchard from
Engines make power by burning fuel in the presence of oxygen; the more fuel the engine can burn, the more power it will make. Oxygen is the limiting reactant in almost every engine on the planet, meaning that there will always be more fuel available to burn than oxygen to burn it. A number of monopropellants (including nitromethane and hydrazine) contain oxygen to assist in combustion, these fuels can be very difficult to meter and may require extensive engine modifications to use. However, one little-known oxidizer often used by cheating racers can boost power output without the dangers inherent to more powerful monopropellants.
Step 1
Buy several gallons of propylene oxide (aka epoxypropane), which is a volatile organic compound derived from propylene. As indicated by its molecular formula C3-H6-O, this additive is very similar to propane in nature but it contains an additional oxygen atom. Propylene oxide runs around $235 per five- gallon drum (as of 2010), so expect it to add about $3 per gallon to your fuel costs when mixed in the recommended proportions.
Step 2
Fill a two-gallon gas can with the highest octane gasoline available (93 in most states, 90 in California) to top of the gas can's indicator line. Use your measuring cup to collect 20.5 fluid ounces of propylene oxide, then pour it into the two gallons of gasoline. This will put you right at the eight-percent propylene-to-gasoline ratio proven to provide the highest gains in performance without reaching a point of diminishing returns.
Drain your fuel tank or run it completely dry until your car stalls. Pour the two gallons of fuel into your gas tank. Mix another two-gallon/20.5-ounce mixture and pour it into your fuel tank. Continue filling the tank to the desired level. Start the car and allow it to run for five minutes. You may notice a distinct chemical odor coming from your tailpipe; this indicates that the propylene has worked its way through the system and is burning in the engine.
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Why Are My Muscles So Tight Even After Stretching?
Why are my muscles always so tight?
The most common reasons why muscles get tight are: overuse, dehydration, injury, and stress.
Let’s look at each one and see how it contributes to muscle tightness.
Overuse typically occurs with faulty movement patterns..
How do I loosen up my neck muscles?
Forward and Backward TiltStart with your head squarely over your shoulders and your back straight.Lower your chin toward your chest and hold for 15-30 seconds. Relax, and slowly lift your head back up.Tilt your chin up toward the ceiling and bring the base of your skull toward your back. … Repeat the set several times.
Can you hold a stretch too long?
You hold your stretches too long (or not long enough). Not holding a stretch long enough can render it ineffective, but too long can actually make you stiffer, putting you at risk of injury. The sweet spot falls between 15 and 60 seconds, depending on your level of flexibility and the stretch.
What muscles get tight from sitting?
“Sitting all day will make the front of your body tighten up—especially your hip flexors, rectus femoris, pectoralis, upper traps, and anterior scalenes (the front of your neck),” explains David Reavy, a Chicago-based orthopedic physical therapist at React Physical Therapy.
Why wont my muscles relax?
What is muscle rigidity? Muscle rigidity, also known as muscle tension, rigor, or stiffness, is one of the most common causes of muscle pain. It’s characterized by the inability of the muscles to relax normally. The condition can affect any of the muscles in the body, causing sharp pain that makes it difficult to move.
Why do my muscles tighten up after stretching?
They may both feel a sensation of tightness at their end range of motion. This is a nervous system response to the stretch likely designed to protect you from injury. Your nervous system has a very large degree of control over your range of motion.
Can stretching make muscles tighter?
How do I stop my muscles from being tight?
To help prevent muscle stiffness, try the following:Practice good posture.Make sure your furniture at home and at work provides comfort and support.Take regular breaks. To reduce stiffness, get up, walk around, and stretch every so often to keep the muscles loose. … Eat a healthy diet.
Are tight muscles weak or strong?
Weaker muscles often masquerade as tight muscles, owing to neurological changes within the muscle. If the muscle isn’t strong enough to do everything it needs to do, it can seize up to protect itself, leading to a feeling of tightness.
Why do my muscles feel like they need to be stretched?
The sensation of muscle tightness or a need to stretch comes about in response to stimulus from the body, and it gets you to pay attention to the area in question, and then move it around. This is sometimes completely appropriate.
Is it OK to stretch multiple times a day?
Don’t overdo it. Like other forms of exercise, stretching puts stress on your body. If you’re stretching the same muscle groups multiple times a day, you risk over-stretching and causing damage.
How long does it take to loosen a tight muscle?
“Roll your tight muscles a minimum of once a day for 10 days to two weeks, or until you feel relief,” says Biggart. “Two to three times a day is even better.
Can you stretch too frequently?
However it’s also possible to over-stretch, with the resulting risk of muscle, tendon or ligament damage. Also, too much flexibility – hypermobility – can be detrimental in itself.
How long is too long to hold a stretch?
Between 10 seconds to 3 minutes It’s fine to ease your way into it. According to Joely Franklin, a Level 3 personal trainer and sports therapist, “If you can bear it, even though it may be a bit uncomfortable, go ahead and hold the stretch for 45 seconds to a minute.”
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Model Field - Django ORM Working - Part 2
The last post covered the structure of Django Model. This post covers how the model field works, what are the some important methods and functionality and properties of the field. Object-Relational Mapper is a technique of declaring, querying the database tables using Object relationship in the programming language. Here is a sample model declaration in Django. class Question(models.Model): question_text = models.CharField(max_length=200) pub_date = models.DateTimeField('date published') Each class inherits from models.Model becomes a table inside the SQL database unless explicitly marked as abstract. [Read More]
Structure - Django ORM Working - Part 1
Django ORM hides a lot of complexity while developing the web application. The data model declaration and querying pattern are simplified, whereas it’s structured differently behind the scenes. The series of blog posts will explain Django ORM working(not just converting Python code to SQL), model declaration, querying (manager, queryset), supporting multiple drivers, writing custom queries, migrations etc… Consider a model definition from the Django tutorial. from django.db import models class Question(models. [Read More]
Permissions in Django Admin
Admin dashboard is one of the Django’s useful feature. Admin dashboard allows super users to create, read, update, delete database objects. The super users have full control over the data. Staff user can login into admin dashboard but can’t access data. In few cases, staff users needs restricted access . Super user can access all data from various in built and third party apps. Here is a screenshot of Super user admin interface after login. [Read More]
Testing Django Views
Majority of web frameworks promote MVC/MTV software pattern. The way web applications are designed today aren’t same as 5-6 years back. Back then it was server side templates, HTML, API’s weren’t widespread and mobile apps were becoming popular. Rise of mobile and Single Page Application shifted majority of web development towards API centric development. Testing API is super simple with data in and data out, but testing a django view in classic web application is difficult since HTML is returned. [Read More]
Simple Json Response basic test between Flask and Django
Django and Flask are two well known Python web frameworks. There are lot of benchmarks claim Flask is 2xfaster for simple JSON Response, one such is Techempower. After lookinginto the source, it struckme Django can do better! I will compare Flask and Django for simple json response. The machine used is Macbook pro, Intel Core i5-4258U CPU @ 2.40GHz,with 8 GB Memory on OS X 10.10.3. gunicorn==19.3.0 will be used for serving WSGI application. [Read More]
django print exception to console
Django has very good debug toolbar for debugging SQL. While working with Single Page Application and API exceptions can’t be displayed in browser. Exception is sent to front end. What if the exception can be printed to console ? Django middleware gets called for every request/response. The small helper class looks like Add the filename and class name to MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES in settings file like This is how exceptions looks [Read More]
Two scoops of django
Two Scoops of Django -1.5 is book by Pydanny and Audrey Roy focusing on writing clean and better Django application. If you are using Django in production this is must read book. Q: I am using django since 0.8 do I need this book ? A: Yes, consider the book as starting point to validate your assumption. Q: I just started using django, should I read this ? A: Yes. I started to use django in production last month. [Read More]
Updating model instance attribute in django
It is very common to update single attribute of a model instance (say update first name in user profile) and save it to db. In [18]: u = User.objects.get(id=1) In [19]: u.first_name = u"kracekumar" In [20]: Very straight forward approach. How does django send the sql query to database ? In [22]: from django.db import connection In [22]: connection.queries Out[22]: [... {u'sql': u'UPDATE "auth_user" SET "password" = \'pbkdf2_sha256$12000$vsHWOlo1ZhZg$DrC46wq+a2jEtEzxmUEw4vQw8oV/rxEK7zVi30QLGF4=\', "last_login" = \'2014-02-01 06:55:44. [Read More]
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Dec 162007
Combined toplight - did they forget?
Sadly, it is unlikely we will know for sure what happened to the Sailfish 25 sloop Ouzo after she disappeared from the Southampton/Portsmouth VTS Sandown Bay on the night of 21/22 August 2006. Neither the boat nor any debris has so far been found to provide conclusive evidence regarding her loss, only the three bodies of her crew. The UK’s Maritime Accident Investigation Branch believed that the tiny vessel collided with, or was swamped by, the ro-ro ferry Pride Of Bilbao, which encountered a small boat , invisible to radar which was spotted by its lights at about 300 metres, at 0107. After studying other available data a team from South Tyneside College proposed another vessel, the Crescent Beaune, which did not have a lookout posted at the time and whose path may have crossed the Ouzo at 0140.
Regardless of how the Ouzo was lost, there are lessons to learn from the investigation.
Through a glass darkly
The lookout wore photochromic lens spectacles, the type that darken in sunlight and revert to clear in darkness. When the lookout’s spectacles were examined by the Institute of Ophthalmology, UCL, London, they found what the MAIB terms ‘startling results’: Put simply, at most only 80 per cent, and probably less, of light got through the lenses when they were most clear, ie. with no darkening effect, compared to between around 95 per cent and 99.5 per cent for non-photochromic lenses. This may provide one reason why the lights of the yacht were not spotted earlier. The effect was not apparently known to opticians and ophthalmologists before this study.
True, there are better-performing photochromic lenses available, but it seems best to avoid photochromic lenses while carrying out vision-critical duties. at night. In fact, there’s no point in wearing photochromic glasses at night, prehaps a spare pair of plain or coated ‘night spectacles’ is the answer.
Dark adaption: Starting at zero
Most of us are aware that it takes at least 30 minutes for vision to adapt to darkness. For the first five or six minutes of darkness we get a subjective sense of immensely improved night vision, but what is adapting are the relatively insensitive cone photoreceptors in the eyes, not the rod receptors that enable us to see dim lights when fully adapted at 20-30 minutes.
Red lighting at the chart-table gave The Pride Of Bilbao’s second officer headaches so he removed the red filter. Since he checked the chart regularly throughout the passage the chances are that his nightvision was poor.
Because bridge black out procedures were not complete, when the lookout entered the chart room prior to taking up his duties, he was faced with the unshielded white light at the chart table, which reset his dark adaptation to zero. Significantly, he spotted the small boat lights nine minutes after he began his lookout duties, about the time the rod receptors in the eyes were beginning to kick in.
The optimum period for handover at night, clearly, would be 20 to 30 minutes, which is probably impractical on most ships, 10 minutes may just be acceptable but 15 minutes might be a good compromise.
And make sure blackout curtains protect the lookout’s night vision.
Deadly lifejackets
Whether you’re a professional mariner or a ‘yachtie’ a badly fitted lifejacket can kill you. Survival expert Frank Golden studied the lifejackets found on the bodies of the three yachtsmen. Although all three lifejackets were inflated only one was fitted properly and there is evidence that the wearer survived the longest, as much as 12 hours after the incident.
Crotch straps might have overcome the bad fitting of the lifejackets but none of the lifejackets had one.
None of the lifejackets had lights that could have alerted passing vessels to the wearer’s predicament.
Obvious lessons: make sure you know how to don a lifejacket properly.
If you’re a yachtie, spend the extra few bucks for the optional crotch strap and light.
Reflecting on radar
Even though the yacht was spotted visually at around a mile, it did not show on radar, possibly because the X-band radar was set to automatic sea-clutter control.
The Ouzo carried a flat-pack octahedral radar reflector. The performance of this equipment is questionable even in the optimum orientation, called ‘rain catcher’ but when hung on a halyard by the available fittings and holes they tend to default to ‘catch bugger all’, which, combined with a yacht’s low radar signature makes a small vessel virtually invisible.
MAIB’s advice is: “In areas where small craft may be expected, it is good practice, when using automatic sea clutter, to regularly change to manual control to improve the chances of detecting them. During this incident, the second officer did not do so in an area where small yachts might be encountered, especially during the summer months.”
If you own a small vessel, make sure the radar reflector meets ISO8729:1999
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One Response to “Lessons From Ouzo, Dodgy Specs and Deadly Life Jackets”
1. […] us? Bookmark this article! We’ve mentioned photochromic lenses before on MAC, following the MAIB’s report on the loss of the yacht Ouzo and her crew and the […]
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Origin Story of Aspirin
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One great myth in medicine is that aspirin was first used by Hippocrates to treat pain. He's the ancient Greek physician regarded as the father of medicine in fifth century BCE. But his writings barely mention willow.
Willow leaves and bark contain salicin which is the active ingredient that dulls pain. Most histories of aspirin include four-thousand-year-old Sumerian tablets that mention willow as pain relief. It was also used by the ancient Chinese and Greeks. But Hippocrates gets the most credit.
The problem is that the type of willow tree he used didn't have enough salicin in the bark to be effective when chewed or brewed as tea, as prescribed by him. The real credit goes to several groups of scientists. In the eighteenth century, Edward Stone, an English vicar used dried willow bark for five years to treat fevers. Drying it concentrates the salicin. Then in eighteen-twenty-six, Italian researchers extracted salicin from willow bark and two years later, a German pharmacologist purified it and named it salicin for willow in Latin. It was another fifty years before a clinical trial of salicin showed it reduced fever and inflammation.
Soon after it was mass produced in Germany and a chemist for Bayer pharmaceutical made it into the aspirin we know today, one that's easier on the stomach. An astonishing forty thousand metric tons of aspirin is still used. We're grateful that it not only relieves pain but reduces swelling and prevents blood clots!
For more information…
Hippocrates and willow bark? What you know about the history of aspirin is probably wrong
Aspirin is one of the most widely used drugs in the world. Its main ingredient comes from a natural product, salicin, found in plants such as willow and myrtle. Aspirin is also a good example of how myths build up around ancient medicines...
A history of aspirin
One of the first drugs to come into common usage, aspirin is still one of the most researched drugs in the world, with an estimated 700 to 1,000 clinical trials conducted each year...
Aspirin: Turn-of-the-Century Miracle Drug
Aspirin has had a long history as a pain reliever. But only in the 1970s did scientists begin to uncover its chemical secrets....
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What is patient mobility?
What is patient mobility?
Patient Mobility Assessment: Page 1. APATIENT MOBILITY assessment is a. process for determining how much a patient can move, what equipment or aides will be necessary for them to complete a daily task, such as walking or toileting and how much support their caregiver must provide if the patient has limitations.
What is a mobility problem?
Mobility problems means that a person is having difficulty walking and moving as they normally would. This can have a major effect on a person’s independence at any age. There are many causes for mobility problems which can be assisted with Physiotherapy input.
What is a mobility test?
To test the mobility of your upper back, the classic test is an overhead squat. To perform this, grab an exercise band (or if you’re in a pinch, a broomstick works well too) and pull it apart above your head. A good visual clue is to picture in your mind the band being on top of where a ponytail would sit.
READ: How much do interventional radiologists earn?
What is your level of mobility mean?
Mobility is the ability to move freely. If your basketball injury causes you to lose mobility in your knee, that means you can’t move it very well. Mobility often refers to whether you can move an injured body part, like a joint or a limb, but it can also describe movement in general.
What could be the closest meaning for mobility?
Synonyms & Near Synonyms for mobility. locomotion, motility, motivity.
What does talent mobility mean?
Talent mobility encompasses your organization’s ability to quickly understand the skills, experiences, and career interests of your employees. The overarching goal of this is to move employees into new roles internally, where existing skills can be sharpened and new skills can be developed.
How do you increase internal mobility?
How to increase internal talent mobility
1. Set up a formal internal mobility program.
2. Develop accessible (and novel) paths.
3. Make sure you have the right technology.
4. Invest in training and mentoring.
5. Recognize the value of institutional knowledge.
6. Set internal hiring targets.
7. Incentivize your employees to stay.
What is mobility HRM?
Employees move with in an organisation, laterally or vertically for a variety of reasons. To ensure the effectiveness of the employees in the organisation. The lateral or vertical movement (promotions, transfer demotion or separation) of an employee within an organization is called internal mobility.
What is internal talent mobility?
Internal talent mobility is the process of moving people within your workforce to fill open opportunities. This can include promotions to new roles, short-term redeployment, gig opportunities, or moves to different departments.
What are the types of internal mobility?
Internal mobility is a term used to describe the movement of your employees to new, internal opportunities within your organization. It includes both vertical mobility, so usually an upward movement between job levels, and horizontal mobility, which describes moving within the same job level.
READ: What are the signs of neurological problems?
How do you manage internal mobility?
10 tips to improve a company’s internal mobility
1. Adopt an ‘inside first’ mindset.
2. Encourage, value and celebrate mobility across your organisation.
3. Create a culture of continuous feedback.
4. Create an intentionally inclusive environment that values diversity.
5. Make sure the right technologies are in place.
6. Focus on the employee experience.
7. Work hard to improve engagement.
What is external mobility?
External mobility means shifting of employees into and out of an organisation. It is defined as the rate of change in the employees of an organisation during a definite period. It measures the extent to which old employees leave and new employees enter into an organisation.
What is internal and external mobility?
Employees can build their careers either by moving into a new job within their current organization or else by moving to a different organization. We use matching perspectives on job mobility to develop predictions about the different roles that those internal and external moves will play within careers.
What is the difference between internal and external sources of recruitment?
Internal recruitment is a process in which employers look to fill the position from within its company. External recruitment is when employers look to fill the vacancy from any suitable applicant outside the company. You’ve got an open position and need to staff up. Now, you have two options for recruiting.
Which is best internal or external recruitment?
It’s cheaper and faster to recruit staff internally than it is externally as it leverages employees that you already have. Internal recruitment promotes loyalty and can even improve employee morale as it serves as a reward for existing employees. It also contributes to reducing employee turnover. …
READ: Is Indiana Wesleyan University a good school?
What are the major sources of recruitment?
External Sources of Recruitment:
• Press advertisement: A wide choice for selecting the appropriate candidate for the post is available through this source.
• Campus interviews:
• Placement agencies:
• Employment exchange:
• Walk in interviews:
• E-recruitment:
• Competitors:
What are the pros and cons of internal recruitment?
The Pros and Cons of Internal Recruitment
• Reduces Hiring Time.
• Reduces Onboarding Time.
• Lower Cost to Management.
• Encourages Employee Engagement and Morale.
• Creates a Culture of Resentment.
• Leaves Gaps in the Workforce.
• Limits the Pool of Applicants.
• Promotes an Inflexible Work Culture.
What are 3 advantages of recruiting internally?
Advantages of Internal Recruitment
• Reduces Time to Hire.
• Shortens Onboarding Times.
• Saves Money.
• Strengthens Employee Engagement.
• Creates Conflict Amongst Colleagues.
• Leaves a Gap in the Existing Workforce.
• Limits Your Pool of Applicants.
• Results in an Inflexible Culture.
What is the best practice for internal recruitment?
What is the best practice for internal recruitment? Hold both internal and external candidates to the same criteria. An organization has several open positions that would require retraining and relocation of existing employees.
What are disadvantages of internal recruitment?
Limit your pool of applicants For example, if a role is fairly new to your business, your employees will have other specialties and may not be able to fill this skills gap. Relying solely on internal hiring means you could miss the chance to hire people with new skills and ideas.
Which is the least expensive method for recruitment?
4 inexpensive recruitment ideas
1. Social media. Social media is where many of us spend hours of our time.
2. Referrals. Another recruitment idea is asking your employees for referrals.
3. Cost-effective job boards. If you want to get connected with relevant candidates, fast, job boards are the way to go.
4. Job fairs.
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The molecular identification of FoxP3 +ve regulatory T cells [ 2006 - 2008 ]
Also known as: What are the genes controlling the T cell regulatory phenotype?
Research Grant
[Cite as]
Researchers: Prof Simon Barry (Principal investigator) , Prof Frances Shannon Prof Heddy Zola Prof Richard D'Andrea
Brief description The immune system has a series of checks and balances in place to distinguish foreign bodies from normal, or self-antigens. In healthy individuals this prevents the immune system from attacking the cells and tissues of the body, food proteins, and the beneficial bacteria of the gut. However in autoimmune disease the system becomes imbalanced, allowing reactions to benign antigens, causing diseases such as diabetes, asthma and rheumatoid arthritis. One of the key players in the maintenance of a healthy immune system is a specialized set of T cells known as T Regulatory cells. These cells are rare, at 1-4% of all T cells, yet are potent modulators of other T cells, and can prevent the activation of a T cell if it is reacting to a self-antigen. If they can control the cause of autoimmune disease, and patient Treg cells can be manipulated, it may be possible to use them therapeutically. Recently the switch that is required to generate regulatory cells was identified from patients with a rare autoimmune disease called Immunodysregulation, polyendocrynopathy, enteropathy, X-linked syndrome or IPEX. A mouse disease, Scurfy, with similar symptoms, is caused by the same mutations. The mutated gene encodes a protein, FoxP3, and this protein is able to bind to other genes in T cells and regulate their function. Without this protein, there are no T regulatory cells, resulting in autoimmune disorders. At this time there is very little known about how the FoxP3 gene is able to make a T cell become a regulatory T cell, and nothing is known about the genes that are turned off and on to facilitate this. If we can understand better the role of this protein, FoxP3, in the generation and maintenance of T cells with regulatory function, we may better be able to diagnose and treat autoimmune diseases, and this knowledge will have broad application to many autoimmune disorders.
Funding Amount $AUD 483,273.48
Funding Scheme NHMRC Project Grants
Notes Standard Project Grant
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Is Paramecium prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
Paramecium (pair-ah-me-see-um; plural, Paramecia) is a unicellular (single-celled) eukaryotic organism with a shape resembling a slipper. Paramecium is a eukaryote because it has a membrane-bound cell nucleus and many other organelles.
Although paramecium is small and has only one cell, it can do everything that a living creature can do: Paramecium can swim, digest food, and reproduce. Paramecium’s cell contains several complex organelles performing specific functions to make its survival possible.
Paramecium Cell Structure
[In this figure] The anatomy of a Paramecium cell.
Each structure/organelle and its function will be explained in this article.
Entended read:
The Structure of Paramecium Cell
The Structure of Paramecium Cell
This article covers
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Who invented religion?
Religion - Why Do People Believe?
Summary: People once established phenomena they did not understand through a divine power. Science later spread doubts among many believers. But almost two thirds of Germans still hold fast to one god. Teja Fiedler explored the question of why the search for support and the meaning of life does not stop in the modern age.
The young warrior is crying. His tears fall on the linen bag, which his hands clasp. He hides his brother's ashes. Around him in a semicircle crouch the other men of the Shabono, as the Yanomami in the Venezuelan-Brazilian border region call their tiny villages. A shaman prances up. He got drunk on the herbal drug Epena in order to gain access to the spirit realm. He puts a large pan of banana soup in the middle. He grabs the bag, opens it and lets the ashes trickle into the soup. “Brother, my brother,” sobs a sister of the dead man.
The shaman spreads the ashes with his hands until the soup looks gray and tough, like freshly mixed cement. Suddenly he jumps up, lashes out with his machete, thrashes on the clay floor around the soup pot, then drops the machete and tugs, his hands clenched in claws, at something invisible, as if he wanted to tear it loose and toss it away. "Dööi, dööi, dööi," he groans, drenched in sweat. - “Away, away, away” you evil demons, leave us and the dead in peace! Breathing heavily, he paused, scooped the gray soup out of the pan with a wooden cup and handed it to the deceased's brother. He slurps them, tears still in his eyes.
The cup goes around until the crucible is empty. Now the village has absorbed the dead, redeemed them and themselves. Because for the Yanomami, this people of Stone Age hunters on the upper reaches of the Orinoco, corpses are the dwellings of demons. These evil spirits drive game out of the forests, bring enmity among people, and bring disease and death. Only when there is nothing left of a dead person, absolutely nothing, are the demons harmless. From now on, nobody in the village is ever allowed to pronounce the dead man's name again. Otherwise the demons might come back.
The Yanomami know no more about heaven and hell than about nirvana or rebirth.
But these people are living proof that people, regardless of their culture or education, have the urge to explain the inexplicable. That it is inherent in them to find a comprehensible law in the rule of fate and the forces of nature. Because only where people have an explanation for what is happening can they possibly exert a targeted influence.
From 1994 on, the German archaeologist Klaus Schmidt excavated a Stone Age cult site in Göbekli Tepe, Turkey. Around 11,000 years ago people dragged stone pillars weighing tons there without the help of draft animals, heaved them up and placed them in round temples, the walls of which were made of hewn stones. Why this drudgery? You'd had enough to do with survival, hunting and gathering. Maybe because people can't do anything else? The late Klaus Schmidt said: “We know that Homo sapiens created religious artifacts from the beginning. Man always had religious thoughts. That distinguishes him from the animal. "
Even primitive man sought an answer to the question of what "holds the world together at its core". But his search for meaning quickly reached its limits, although - or perhaps because - his cerebrum was so much more efficient than that of all other living beings. At a loss and powerless he stood before the forces of nature, before the sun and moon, lightning and thunder, drought and cold, even more helpless before suffering and death. Where did they come from? That was beyond his practical understanding, and he reverently prostrated himself to the incomprehensible in the hope of at least soothing it.
Most threatening animals such as big cats, vultures and scorpions were depicted on the pillars in Göbekli Tepe. Probably symbols or deities from a cult of the dead. You needed them. Or they were feared. Schmidt suspected that in addition to these magical animals, astral gods - such as a sun god or a moon goddess - were also worshiped.
The gigantic work required the hunters and gatherers to work in a team that was unfamiliar until then. It was this ancient religion that probably brought the Stone Age hunters together and formed larger settled communities. That in turn influenced the religions. People had to give themselves rules for their own coexistence in order to curb the latent propensity for violence in their community. In order to give these rules unchangeable validity, they were ascribed to the gods. Not to their own detriment: communities with a cultic cohesion coped with the struggle for survival better than a loose bunch - a selection advantage in the Darwinian sense.
The great idea of worshiping a single god instead of a multitude of gods, who has no beginning and no end, first arose in ancient Egypt under Pharaoh Akhenaten and then finally took place around 1000 BC. In the Middle East. He is the God that Jews, Christians and Muslims worship. For the “Christian Occident”, belief in him and the redeeming death of his Son Jesus Christ became the undisputed answer to the eternal question of where the world and people are from and where they are going.
TED video: Former nun and religious scholar Karen Armstrong explains why people want to be religious, but religion itself is so unpopular:
The redemption from suffering and death in the hereafter after a godly life, the helping hand of an almighty God in this world was a fact for rich and poor like frost in winter or death in childbirth. Hell after death in sin was a gruesome certainty. Whereby the fear of eternal torture, as medieval man knew only too well from secular jurisdiction, inspired the fear of God. When the plague raged in the 14th century, donations and good works in favor of the Church increased by leaps and bounds: whether our benevolent hearts spare us, O Lord, or let us, should you call us away, go to heaven!
To fundamentally question their beliefs was simply beyond people's imagination. The split in Christianity into a Catholic-Orthodox and a Protestant branch after the Reformation did little to change this. Only very occasionally did suicidal crossheads deviate from the path that the churches pointed to God. In 1527, the Munich baker's journeyman Ambrosi Losenhammer called out during mass in the quiet of the change, during which, according to Christian doctrine, bread and wine become Jesus' body and blood: “That is nothing more than bread!” This frontal attack on the Eucharist cost him his head . He revoked his blasphemy before the execution. That at least saved him from being burned as a stubborn heretic. Nobody took offense at the death sentence. That was all once upon a time.
In the secular constitutional state, everyone can be saved according to his own style. No one is held accountable for turning away from the true faith. The number of people leaving the church increases among Catholics and Protestants alike and by far outweighs the new entrants. Church services are chronically poorly attended.
The Jehovah's Witnesses, with their literal interpretation of the Bible and their expectation of the near end of the world, are considered weird fundamentalists, at least in Europe. A Catholic confessor like the writer Martin Mosebach, who thinks “that everyone should be Catholic” and regrets that “the Western world has forgotten how to kneel”, sees himself in a “special position” today. In the Christian West, religions have lost the authority to interpret the ultimate things.
And yet, according to a survey in 2014, almost two thirds of Germans believed in a God, in the USA even 90 percent. But to which god? And why? And why today?
A good ten years ago, the American biologist Dean Hamer published a book with the ingeniously catchy title "The God Gene". A media sensation. Had microbiology of all things, usually laughing at all questions about the supernatural, found the scientific proof that humans cannot help but believe?
The DNA as the body's own guide to God? The discoverer of this "God gene" VMAT2, which is involved in the control of the brain metabolism, rowed back very soon. Hamer: "The name does not mean that there is a gene that makes people believe in God, but rather refers to the fact that people have a hereditary predisposition to the spiritual." The genes would only determine that humans believes, but not what he believes.
Modern brain research confirms the innate tendency towards the spiritual. Identical twins, who are genetically identical, show a very similar level of spirituality, according to a study by the University of Minnesota, even if they grow up in completely different living conditions, one as a married doctor in a liberal city, the other as a bachelor in one Fishing village.
The degree of spirituality is "measured" with the TCI test of the American psychologist Robert Cloninger. A comprehensive catalog of questions must be answered, which should sound out the spiritual potential of a person. Two examples: "Do you sometimes feel part of something without limits in space and time?" Or: "Are you fascinated by the numerous aspects in life that cannot be scientifically explained?"
Those who surrender to their innate inclination towards the divine can in fact have experiences that go far beyond everyday life. The neurologist Andrew Newberg examined the brains of meditating Buddhist monks in an MRI scanner and came to the conclusion that the more people immerse themselves in meditation, the more the parietal lobe of the brain, which keeps emotions and orientation under control, retracts its activities - it comes to one "Delimitation of the ego". The meditator may actually feel that he is becoming one with the supernatural power he longs for.
All religions know this phenomenon. For the Christian mystics it was the “unio mystica”, the union with God. However, this mystical experience is a very individual process and no evidence for a general “God module” in our head. Because the brain waves that cause this state create a colorful palette of emotional stimuli. They enlighten esotericists, who come to the aid of unearthly unicorns, and occur just as much during very earthly orgasms or when going through severe pain.
From a scientific point of view, man's spiritual experience is not the same as religion. Man just likes to fill it with religion. It is almost irrelevant for religious practice whether man created God in his image and likeness or whether it was the other way around. Whether God is “nothing else than the human being projected into the infinity of the sky”, as Ludwig Feuerbach, ancestor of atheism, believed he knew. Or whether, according to Christian - but also Jewish and Islamic - convictions, “everyone carries a divine spark from birth that must be preserved”.
People believe because they want to believe. The question of the big why drives them.
"Religion is despair of the world purpose," said the enlightening journalist Karl Ferdinand Gutzkow in 1835. Even today, most of them still do not want to accept that the interrelationships of the world overstrain their understanding and that the reason and purpose of human existence is nothing more than the preservation of the species Homo sapiens in the Darwinian sense. They long for a "coherent pattern of interpretation", as the Protestant theologian and religious historian Friedrich Wilhelm Graf calls this binding life compass. But of course she does not pursue the question of meaning day and night. It is just as important and formative for the life practice of most believers that they feel uplifted and uplifted in their religion.
When a peasant in the 18th century, after six days of drudgery on Sunday, emerged from a smoky, poor cottage and plunged into the baroque cheers of his parish church, he couldn't help but drop on his knees. And at a Mozart mass in the bright rococo of the Upper Bavarian Wieskirche or at the, yes, almost unearthly moving face of Mary in Michelangelo's Pietà in St. Peter's Basilica, a gap opens up for believers today. Even convinced atheists can sometimes not defend themselves against a hint of “divine spark”.
Holy places are faith enhancers, just like rituals. The cleansing bath of millions of Hindus in the Ganges, the communal symbolic stoning of the devil near Mecca during the Islamic pilgrimage Hajj. In Catholicism, the splendid Corpus Christi processions or the ceremonial swinging of the censer on high feasts.
A childhood memory of Matthias Matussek, once an altar boy, now an author and a professing Catholic: “With every wave, delicate white clouds rose from the silver lid, up to God. Past my nose. ”For Matussek, the Catholic rite is a festival with a view of transcendence:“ For us Catholics, the liturgy is the way out of the everyday, the door to the sacred. If there is an opposite world, then it arises, it shines in these sacred functions. "
Faithful people emphasize again and again that they feel secure and strengthened in the community. You pray, sing, kneel together, and every glance over the crowd of like-minded people is a small confirmation that you are on the true path. One is raised up to holy women and men who have done extraordinary things in the name of God or have even been martyrs for their faith: a faith that gives so much strength simply cannot be a mere human invention and will also give me strength in extremely difficult situations give! Faith can move mountains, as the saying goes.
For many religious people, the family was the cradle of their faith. They experienced a safe childhood in a Christian environment that they fondly remember. And because God has always been there, He stayed with it for life as part of the feel-good package from youth.
“I had a sheltered and happy childhood. There was indeed a good God, but also a strict God who sees everything. There were guardian angels who took care of me. There was good and bad, there was the Madonna who crushed the snake's head, ”Matussek remembers. “This children's belief created a reservoir like an underground lake. It might be partially buried in the course of life, but it was always there. "
Chancellor Angela Merkel tells a little more prosaically about her path to Christianity: “Belief in God and closeness to the Church have shaped and occupied me from childhood. This was not least due to the fact that my father was an active pastor (...) So I grew up in a family in which Christianity shaped the attitude to life. "
According to the Swiss cultural critic Alain de Botton, adherence to religion today is due, among other things, to the power of habit. "Most religions benefit from the fact that they have been around for centuries."
So religion is stuck in people's minds simply because it's been around for a long time? Because people are too lazy to give up their traditions?
Of course, religions are also cultural achievements that have grown over time, says the Hamburg theologian and pastor Johann Hinrich Claussen. But that does not guarantee their survival. “Look to the east of Germany. 40 years of the GDR, 40 years of non-religious attitudes were enough to de-Christianize the country. And since the state-decreed creation of a socialist, so-called new person failed miserably, there is hardly any connection beyond the family today. "
In the East German federal states, only 25 percent of people believe in any god, and eight percent believe in a personal God. There is practically no difference between young and old in this regard. Spirituality has been able to develop freely there for a quarter of a century. Why does the “divine spark” that everyone carries within themselves according to Christian doctrine does not glow again, at least in the younger generation? “Basically everyone is interested in religion,” says Claussen, “but it doesn't develop on its own.It needs to be encouraged. Those who have never learned to believe find it difficult to believe. And for that there was and is hardly any impetus for the young people from their parents with the atheistic GDR past. "
The Enlightenment and natural sciences have had a hard time damaging the former certainties of Christian religions since the 18th century. In view of the historical-critical analysis of the Bible texts or the overwhelming burden of proof of the theory of evolution, only fundamentalist fringe groups hold on to the belief in letters that the Holy Scriptures are in large parts God's direct revelation. Even if their minds object, they stick to their traditional beliefs in order to have solid ground under their feet in an increasingly confusing world.
“They fear that the whole building will collapse if a stone breaks out,” says Martin Urban, pastor's son, plasma physicist and science author. “Intellectually dishonest,” he calls this attitude. "If a child has ever seen that a false beard, cape and hood turn a man into a Santa Claus, then the belief in children is over - as sad as that may be."
Most religious people today feel more drawn to a poorly defined, perhaps even only possible God, which they do not want to remove from their life as a transcendent hold. Basic theological problems - such as the mystery of the Trinity or theodicy, the reasons for suffering, death and evil in the world in the face of God's omnipotence - are of only marginal interest, if at all. Miracles, be it the awakening of the dead Lazarus, be it the blood of St. Gennaro, which rises every year in Naples, they reject in the name of reason and science as well as touching biblical stories, such as that of Noah's Ark, on which the millions of animal species of Earth survived the Flood in a ship of rather modest dimensions. A beautiful parable, nothing more.
"With the fear of hell or the prospect of paradise you could not even lure the proverbial old woman into the church", says Pastor Claussen. "And if you tell the story of creation in religion class as it is in the Bible, then a bright third grader will tell you that the dinosaurs existed 100 million years before humans."
The contours of God have become blurred, and his role has also changed. The more explainable science has made the world, the less the believers look to it for a source of meaning. Rather, he has become a counterpart today: “People see their relationship with God as much more of a partnership than before,” says the religious psychologist and Jesuit priest Bernhard Grom. You seek dialogue with him, receive strength, consolation, and decision support from him in prayer. The deeply believing Samuel Koch, paraplegic since his accident on the TV show “Wetten, dass ..?”, Feels God's comforting closeness, especially in difficult hours: “In such lonely moments there is still someone who is there and always available. "
The Catholic theologian and development worker Josef Thalhammer and his family lived among the poor in Brazil for 18 years. He does not believe in the eternal hellfire, with theodicy he has increasing problems and the revelation content of the Bible, hm, very mixed. But he is convinced of God's protective hand in his life. "I've had this experience so often and it has strengthened my belief."
There was this morning mass in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso. “The church was a poor hut with a sandy bottom. In front the priest at a roughly timbered altar, I was kneeling barefoot as the only visitor in the first bench, ”Thalhammer remembers. “The sun fell on the measuring cup through the open door. Suddenly the priest froze, the gleaming goblet raised to change, it seemed a wonderful sight to me. After a few seconds he lowered the goblet and took a deep breath. Why, I asked later: 'Right behind your right heel a rattlesnake wanted to curl up in the warm sand. If you had got up, she would have bitten you. But then she ran away. ‘“ A mão de Deus é grande - God's hand is really big, says Thalhammer, the bite of this snake would have been fatal.
The God of today is felt more than recognized by believers. Even contemporary theology - Protestant more than Catholic - no longer speaks of ultimate things in the heart of dogmatic convictions. Jesus was certainly a charismatic person. In his death on the cross, faith takes shape for the Christian, says Pastor Claussen. But as far as his divinity and the entire context of salvation history are concerned, every Christian must strive for the truth for himself. Doubts are human and appropriate. "But at some point you have to take the plunge into believing."
Fundamentalists consider a religion that doubts itself to be a religion that denies itself in the name of the zeitgeist. However, this kind of open religion suits the spirituality of most other people of our time. In the face of an ego-obsessed, achievement-driven, materialistic world, they want to believe, perhaps more than ever. But they don't want their faith to be dictated to them.
“As a craftsman of meaning, modern man builds his own private world of faith, for example combining old Christian ideas with symbols and cultic practices of other religions. Organizes yoga evenings in the Catholic parish hall or develops a willingness in inner religious dialogue groups to combine different things into a new, humanistic belief ”, observes the religious historian Graf.
In this world of patchwork belief, the established religious communities are also moving towards one another. The sole right of representation in matters of God - for which they had often fought down to the blood for centuries - they have given up. Today they largely tolerate that other religions also try to approach the unimaginable. The common goal is in the foreground, no longer the different path. Last October there was a “Peace Prayer of the World Religions” in Hamburg. Christians, Jews, Muslims, Hindus, Buddhists, Alevis and Bahá’i united in prayer to "confront those who call for violence in the name of religion and ideology". Religious alliance against religious fanaticism.
As much as the latter seems to have fallen out of time, it is in truth a reaction to the modern age. In an essay for the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, Friedrich Wilhelm Graf provided a fascinating interpretation of the fundamentalist believer who wants to bomb the return of the early medieval Islamic caliphate with an explosive belt: “The pious, who knows directly about his God, means God's will much better to know than the many others. ”He felt himself to be a legitimate tool of an almighty, in whose omnipotence he practically partook. “When the given world, characterized by diffuse ambiguity, contradictions and permanent misery, is suffered as a corrupted counter-world to the true, God-willed order, he is forced to move the world as it unfortunately is towards the ideal and original order of God to overcome (...) The rules that are still in force here and now no longer develop any binding force for him, as they are considered to be false, sinful, revocable sets of rules, which to confidently ignore are only courageous acts of faith. "Murder as a worship service - we don't know how such brutalized piety can be civilized."
Europe's civilized piety is reassuring its belief in a final supernatural authority, of all things, in the natural sciences, which have contributed so much to the decline of Christianity - “as it is in the book” - over the past 200 years. Because God has always found prominent advocates in science. For example Charles Darwin, the founder of the theory of evolution: "The impossibility of proving and understanding that the great and exceedingly glorious universe just like man has become accidental, seems to me to be the main argument for the existence of God."
The dizzying knowledge of physics and chemistry about the micro and macrocosm has not diminished but strengthened the belief in a final, “divine” force in the universe for many scientists. Werner Heisenberg, Nobel Prize Winner for Physics: “The first sip from the cup of science leads to atheism. But God is waiting at the bottom of the cup. "
But should there not be a god behind the big question mark in the universe, but a completely inner-worldly explanation that only seems supernatural to our limited brain?
Atheists consider it religious arrogance to believe that just because "the crown of creation" is a phenomenon inexplicable, it must be something supernatural. The British biologist J.B.S. Haldane says of the limited knowledge of the human brain: "I suspect that the universe is not only stranger than we assume, but stranger than we can assume."
The Munich quantum physicist Jan Mühlstein is a liberal Jew. He lives well with the balancing act between science and religion. “God already exists for me, as an origin, as a starting point. But I don't believe in a guiding God. As a Jew, I live less in a belief than in a religion. Its rules bring structure and security, but they are also a challenge. I draw strength from the Bible. It is such a rich treasure that it would be worth looking into even if God should not give it. "
That there is God cannot be proven. That it doesn't exist, but neither does it exist. Atheists can conclusively reduce the claims and contradictions of the revealed religions to absurdity. But they cannot explain where the forces came from that led to the “Big Bang” with which the universe began. Martin Urban, the plasma physicist from the pastor's family, still sees no concrete evidence of a divine power in the universe beyond the awe of science. “But I hope the universe has something to do with God. And you never know, maybe in the future science might discover something for God for once. "
In the 19th century, Marxism believed that it had found an inner-worldly solution for man's search for meaning. His doctrine of the class struggle resulted in the victory of the working class in a paradise on earth in which every person can be himself. This belief was bitterly disappointed in the 20th century. And so people have to continue to struggle to give their life meaning when a “Carpe Diem!” - “Enjoy the day!” - is not enough. According to Blaise Pascal, the astute French theologian of the 17th century, believing in God is the safest way, despite all doubts. If God doesn't exist, said Pascal, believing in him hasn't done any harm. If he exists, was it right to believe in him? "What a theological sleight of hand," says Pastor Claussen with a smile.
(NG, issue 12/2015, page (s) 44 to 65)
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Trading stock indices
Author: Martin Moni
Martin Moni
All publications of the author
With so many stocks to trade, it is very difficult to keep track of all of them. What you need is an average of the stocks to help make the decision easier, and this is what indices provide. The first index ever created was the Dow Jones index which was created in 1896 by Charles Dow to provide an average of the then large number of companies.
At the time, telecommunication facilities weren’t as advanced as they are today, so the index provided an efficient way for people to invest. Instead of sending requests by telegram for one stock at a time, the index made the process easier. This advantage of indices is still clear nowadays because of the efficiency, despite all the technological advances.
Today, some indices are independent of the stock exchanges where the actual stocks are traded, but most exchanges in the world have created an index for the stocks listed in that exchange.
How are indices calculated?
To calculate the value of the index, a simple average was done for the value of the stocks, but this method had some problems. Different companies have different market capitalizations, which means that the value of one company’s stocks has a greater impact than another’s. To cover for this, a capitalization-weighted formula was created that took into account every company’s market cap so that the value of the index truly represented the actual average. Over the years, various indices have adopted several variations to this method, but all of them still use the weighted average rather than the direct average.
US stock indices
The US has the largest economy in the world, and this is driven primarily by the large number of industries operating in the country. With many companies come many stocks, and there are several indices in the US that represent various aspects of the US economy:
S&P 500
Created by Standard and Poor, the credit rating agency, the S&P is among the most often quoted indices in the world. This is considered to be the best indicator of the economic health of the US because it consists of the largest number of stocks. The index contains 500 stocks of the country’s largest companies, and the list of companies in the exchange changes through the selection of a committee. Companies that are listed have to pass certain criteria, and many companies clamour to have their companies listed there.
To keep the value of the index up-to-date, the index is connected to the NASDAQ and NYSE exchanges so that information is immediately relayed. As trading continues, the value of the S&P 500 is adjusted according to the changing value of the stocks it represents. It uses the traditional capitalization-weighted formula to adjust its value, so it doesn’t cover adjustments like stock splits. Nevertheless, it remains to be a popular and accurate index.
(Learn how to trade on the NYSE)
Dow Jones
Although it only lists 30 publicly traded companies, the Dow is still the most prestigious and often talked about index worldwide. To cover for adjustments in the company structure like stock splits, it uses a scaled average method to calculate value. The Dow is also considered to be a measure of US economy health, and it mostly represents the industrial sector with companies such as Verizon, Intel, Boeing and ExxonMobil listed among others.
You will also notice that the value of the Dow is usually quite large, currently trading at above 20,500. This is because the divisor used in its calculation is less than one, making it a bit more inaccessible.
Besides the 2 major indices above, several other indices are available in the US such as the Russell 3000 with 3,000 companies listed, almost all of the public equity market. Exchanges like the NASDAQ, CBOE and AMEX also have their indices that represent the companies traded in the exchange.
Europe stock indices
Away from the US, many other exchanges have created their own indices, including Europe. The major indices in Europe include:
FTSE 100
There are 100 companies listed in the London Stock Exchange and the FTSE 100 represents the overall economy of the UK. To see how the FTSE responds to economic news from the UK, the best example would be to look at the effects of the Brexit poll.
On that single day, the FTSE 100 dropped by almost 20% before recovering in the days to follow. Calculations on value are made by a free-float adjustment factor and some major companies listed include Barclays, BAT, BP, HSBC, Standard Chartered and 95 more.
From the Frankfurt Stock Exchange comes the DAX index which represents 30 of the biggest companies in Germany. Because it represents only 30 companies, it may not be reflective of the actual economy of Germany, but it is still taken as such. Also, because Germany is the largest economy in the Eurozone, the value of the DAX often represents the economy of the Eurozone in general.
Asian stock indices
Going east, some major indices include:
• Nikkei 225 – represents the Tokyo Stock Exchange and some 225 stocks listed on the exchange
• SSE Composite index – contains all of the stocks traded on the Shanghai Stock Exchange in China
• Hang Seng Index – 50 companies in the Hong Kong stock market
• BSE SENSEX – 30 companies in the Bombay Stock Exchange in India. It was created by S&P
• FTSE Bursa Malaysia KLCI – 30 companies in the Bursa Malaysia exchange, Malaysia
International indices
Going even wider, there are indices that represent stocks of some of the biggest companies in the world. Some of the major global indices include the BBC Global 30, the S&P Global 100, the MSCI World and several others. Unlike the other national indices, international indices are not really useful to traders because they take an average of global economic health. For a Forex trader, it is more important to learn how one economy is performing relative to the other. After all, currency pairs compare the strength of one currency against another. Nevertheless, it might be of some use to someone, so it’s good to know about it.
How to make use of indices
Besides trading stocks, indices are a great addition to a trader’s portfolio because they represent a basket of stocks. In a way, it is similar to trading stocks, only several of them simultaneously. (These basics of stock trading can also be useful for trading indices)
There are 2 ways to make use of indices, trading them or using them as a guide:
Trading indices
You can buy and sell indices just like you do stocks and currency pairs directly or using other financial instruments. Some of the top rated and well known Forex brokers will allow you to trade the indices directly, although these trades usually require a bigger amount of capital. For example, indices do not have mini-lots like currency pairs do, so you have to trade complete lots. Depending on the leverage offered, you may need a lot of capital to trade the indices, especially some blue-chip ones like the Dow Jones which has a very high value.
Still, you can trade indices using other instruments; ETF trading brokers are the most common, but you can also use options, futures and forward contracts to trade indices. Of course, you need to understand each of these instruments before using them, but they provide alternative platforms to trade indices. (Learn about options trading)
Using indices
Besides trading them, you can also use indices as a guide for your Forex trading. For example, learning that the value of the S&P 500 is rising should inform you that the US economy is also becoming stronger. With this knowledge, you can open long positions based on the US dollar or US stocks. Besides, news about indices is spoken about more often on Forex broker reviews websites, and it can act as a great guideline for your trades.
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Useful Notes / Caligula
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"Caligula was no boy scout,
He did things that we can't even talk about.
The Romans knew he'd lost his head,
When he filled a vacant senate seat with Mister Ed.
"Ita feri ut se mori sentiat." ("Strike so that he feels he is dying.")
The infamous Roman emperor, reigned between AD 37 and AD 41. His actual name was Gaius Julius Caesar Germanicus; Caligula is a nickname, meaning "little boot", that he got in his childhood, because, him being a Military Brat, his mom liked to dress him up as a soldier. His great-uncle was Emperor Tiberius, while his nephew was the equally infamous Nero. Caligula was elevated to emperor once Tiberius died in AD 37.
The first six months of his reign were reportedly an easygoing time for the Romans. Caligula was something of a PR maestro and knew how to put himself over: holding endless games, burning Tiberius' "enemies list", and showering gold coins (actually his inheritance) onto his fans. Later that year he fell seriously ill, the cause of which is still debated. Some suggest herpes or malaria (untreated malarial encephalitis causes extremely high fevers which are noted for causing brain damage in those who survive them) while others suggest lead poisoning.
All of Rome prayed for him to survive...
Upon recovering, Caligula had permanently lost his hair and apparently his mind. The popular image about him is of an insane tyrant. It's hard to find out how much of this is true, since hardly any contemporary sources survived about him. The outrageous tales about him committing incest with his sisters, sending his army against the sea after declaring war on the ocean god Neptune and having them stab the waves and collect shells as booty, marrying a woman who was 9 months pregnant so he wouldn't have to wait for an heir (whether or not it was his is unclear), using a tax hike upon the birth of his daughter to provide gold for him to roll around in, and wanting to make his favorite horse a consul come from Suetonius, who wrote a biography about Caligula 80 years after his death at the behest of an another dynasty of Emperors who had interest in demonizing their predecessors.
What is certain that Caligula wanted to increase his authority, which made him unpopular with the Senate note , and that he engaged in some rather extravagant and occasionally questionable public and personal construction projects at a time when Rome experienced both an economic downturn and a brief faminenote .
Said construction projects are a prime example of Caligula's complicated legacy: on the one hand, he enacted public works like improvements to several harbors during the famine (allowing increased food imports), expanding and upgrading the empire's road system, and initiating the construction of two new major aquaducts. On the other hand, he constructed of a pair of massive ships on a sacred lake- the smaller one a floating temple to Diananote , the larger one lavishly equipped as a party barge (for purely ceremonial purposes related to the temple, of course).
There were several conspiracies against him, and he was eventually stabbed to death by his own bodyguards, who also killed his wife and infant daughter.
Is the trope namer for The Caligula and Caligula's Horse. His life was the source material for the infamously controversial film Caligula, starring Malcolm McDowell in the title role.
Tropes as portrayed in fiction:
• Only Known by Their Nickname: Rarely will he be called "Emperor Gaius" in fiction or non-fiction.
• Historical Domain Character: Together with Nero and to a lesser extent, Commodus, the stock mad Roman Emperor to appear in popular culture.
• Historical Villain Upgrade: There has been much scholarly debate on just how many of his evil deeds are real. Although it was common for writers to slander previous rulers, most historians still think that he was, at the very least, pretty unstable.note
Appears in the following works:
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Comic Books
• Buffy the Vampire Slayer: "The Origin" claims that Caligula was a vampire who eventually became Jack the Ripper.
• The 2011 Avatar Press miniseries Caligula begins with Emperor Caligula and his cronies raping the protagonist's family to death as part of their drunken revelry, then follows the protagonist's infiltration of the Emperor's inner circle in a plot to assassinate him. It turns out that Caligula was possessed by a demon during his high fever.
• The Shazam! villain Ibac derives his superpowers from four ruthless historical figures, with Caligula providing his cruelty and the latter "c" in his name.
• Simon Dark: The "familiar" Gaius Publius was once a gladiator who earned Caligula's ire by refusing to kill a defeated opponent. Caligula gave Gaius to a sorcerer who proceeded to transform him into an inhuman monster intended to be an unquestioning slave, but Gaius retained his mind and independence.
• Robert Graves in his novel, I, Claudius (closely following Suetonius) portrays him as evil and completely insane.
• He's mentioned in America (The Book), in the section "The 5 Greatest Moments in Negative Advertising", where it's said that he was nearly undone by a smear campaign that depicted him as a "pretty nice guy". He went into "damage control" by publicly sodomizing a puppy.
• The Trials of Apollo: He's the third emperor and one of the Big Bads of the series. He kills Jason Grace. Apollo had met him once as a mortal, and was apparently so terrified of him he didn't return to the Roman Empire for several decades.
Live-Action TV
• John Zorn's "Moonchild: Songs Without Words" (2006) has a track called "Caligula".
Video Games
• In Assassin's Creed II, it's stated that it was a member of the Assassins that finally put down Caligula.
• Is the star of the [adult swim] online game Viva Caligula! and its sequel, Viva Caligula! in Hell. The goal? Kill 'Em All, using various weapons.
• Nasuverse:
• Referenced by Nero in Fate/EXTRA, who reminisces about him being a delightful uncle who would play with her and tell her stories when she was a child. Hakuno thinks to themself that Nero is probably deliberately choosing to remember Caligula as he was before he went insane.
• Appears as a summonable Servant in Fate/Grand Order and a member of the Berserker class, and in this universe his insanity was caused by the affections of the moon. He's unbelievably violent and more than a little obsessed with his niece Nero, but in his rare moments of lucidity he shows a surprisingly thoughtful bent and he was a good man before his madness took him.
• Crusader Kings II references one of his exploits with a random event as a ruler with the "Lunatic" trait where you name your horse your chancellor.
Western Animation
How well does it match the trope?
Example of:
Media sources:
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Vedanta is the end portion of the Vedas that teaches Brahma Vidya, the knowledge of the limitless being, which is, according to the Upanishads, the Self.
Vedanta reveals that the nature of I is free from any limitation, it is one, non-dual being. The general understanding of the I is ‘I am limited’ time-wise, space-wise and knowledge-wise. It is because of this conclusion that I am struggling to become happy. This is what is referred to as ‘Samsara’.
In order to get out of that endless cycle of birth and death, I need to know my essential nature as free from death, free from change, free from any limitation whatsoever.
Vedanta says,
You are the whole, you are full and complete as you are.
You are everything you want to be already.
You are the gold in and through all the ornaments.
All you need is to know, to remove the darkness of ignorance, to know yourself as such.
That is Freedom, that is Moksha. That is what ultimately every being is searching for in life, freedom from pain and suffering, freedom from the sense of smallness and inadequacy.
We all want to be happy, at all times and in all places.
We cannot find that in the world, the world is changing, that is the wonder of this creation, of this life.
Therefore I have to look somewhere else. Somewhere I have not yet thought of so far, somewhere closer than the closest.
Myself. That is Vedanta.
For Vedanta Classes see Schedule and/or contact me directly.
WHAT IS VEDANTA? – Swami Dayanand Saraswati ji
Vedanta is a solution to the problem of taking myself to be a mortal, imperfect, and subject to various limitations. These are the conclusions to every individual. Vedanta is the teaching which solves this problem. In its vision, you are the solution to the very problem from which you suffer. “I am Brahman, the whole” is Vedanta. Therefore, Vedanta is the solution.
Vedanta does not offer a solution. The solution is Vedanta. Wherever there is a solution, that solution is Vedanta. A solution can only be in the form of “I am the whole. I am free.” Anything that unfolds this particular piece of knowledge is Vedanta, whatever else it may be called.
Because Vedanta is the knowledge found at the end of the Veda, it is called Vedanta (anta, meaning end). The Veda is a body of knowledge handed down from one generation to another. It has no authorship in that it has not been authored by any given individual. It is a body of knowledge said to have been revealed to the ancient sages who, in turn, handed it over to the next generation, which handed it over to the next one, and so on, right down to our own time.This lineage is called karna-parampara in Sanskrit, meaning “ear to ear.” The knowledge is heard through one pair of ears and, having been retained, is passed on to another pair of ears. In this way, the whole Veda is maintained intact.
The Veda is divided into four – Rig Veda, Yajur Veda, Sama Veda, and Atharva Veda. These four Vedas are again divided into two parts according to subject matter. The first part of each of the four Vedas is called karma-kanda and the last portion is called Jnana-kanda.
Karma-kanda is the section dealing with rituals and prayers, whereas the Jnana Kanda deals with only with realities – the nature of the self, the world, and God; how these three are interconnected; and whether there is a difference between them or not. This knowledge of realities liberates the person because Vedic vision is that you are the whole and there is no difference whatsoever between you, the world, and God. The teaching is generally in the form of dialogues between a teacher and a student. One particular dialogue or a few dialogues together makes up one Upanishad
Therefore, Vedanta, otherwise known as the Upanishad , forms the body of knowledge which is the solution to the fundamental human problem. This is why we do not say Vedanta offers the solution. We say the solution is Vedanta because the solution is in the form of knowledge, which is Vedanta.
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NCAA Football
NCAA football is professional football, often playing by teams of professional student players, usually field by college or university students. The name “NCAA” stands for National Collegiate Athletic Association. The games are played in different conferences with teams from the four major conferences. The names of the conferences are the Atlantic Coast Conference, Central Conference, Eastern Conference, and the Mountain West Conference.
ncaa football
College football is played between teams of players who are enrolled at universities or colleges. As a college student you are usually an individual who is paid for by means of a salary, scholarship, payment or other form of payment, either directly or indirectly, from a school or organization that you are playing for. Typically the most common is playing for the school you are enrolled at in order to gain a degree. College football is the most popular and attended sport in the United States. College football has been played in various ways depending on geographical regions and time periods.
Originally Division I-A football was played between teams at a single school. These were ” Division I “ames” of the football world. This moved to Division II “ames” in the early years before the move to Division III “ames” came about. From here the leagues improved and became what we know today as Division IV “ames” football. At this point there were three separate conferences including the “outheastern” conferences.
In order to be eligible to play at a “Division I” football school you must be a full-time student. If you are seeking athletic scholarships as well as paid professional football positions you will need to attend college and work part-time during your college career. For football players, playing college football means being paid by the NCAA or National Collegiate Athletic Association. Professional football players generally make millions of dollars per year and they are paid primarily by the NFL. Football players are considered athletes in the eyes of the NCAA and its football governing body.
For many years the NCAA did not allow football players to participate in professional football games unless they met minimum standards of being a “full-time” student with a dependable earnings. The NCAA also set standards for the playing conditions and benefits provided to football players on college campuses. These standards are in place to protect the rights of the football player and prevent abuse of the sport.
Today the NCAA has put in place a process to eliminate eligibility for football players who are not being paid appropriately. This includes football players who are attending independent schools as well as the college soccer programs. Many schools offer financial aid and scholarships to football players that earn them college football scholarship. However, these scholarships and financial aid packages do not cover the full cost of the college experience. A good football player deserves more than just a scholarship. It is important to receive a fair share of college money and support the athlete at every step along the way.
Today’s college football players have become heroes to many fans. College football players have been honored for their on field exploits, their off field specials or their on and off the field partnership with the community. Football has become a part of the American spirit and represents the many different races, cultures, ages, talents and abilities that make the United States great. Football has become a unifying force, uniting cities, states, counties, teams and individuals from all walks of life. Sports has been an essential part of the American lifestyle since its first inception and has continued to encompass a great deal of the American culture.
College football has been successful because it provides athletes with a paycheck. College football players have been able to maintain their scholarships and continue to help financially. This has allowed the athlete to establish himself or herself and to help show the country that they can succeed if given a chance. Many of today’s professional athletes wouldn’t be where they are today if it weren’t for the support of college and university football programs. Without the various programs and fundraisers that support our nation’s collegiate athletes our nation would not be as competitive or as rich.
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Good brain foods
Today we discuss good brain foods and other essential habits to prevent dementia, remembering that it is a hugely busy organ consuming nearly half of the oxygen we breathe in. That is why a sudden loss of blood supply to any part of it has such tragic consequences.
Blood oxygen should be above 95 percent but if for any reason it dips below this then all our organs but especially the brain are at risk. This why the coronavirus is so dangerous as it causes what scientists are calling silent hypoxia; levels even below 50% with no signs of difficulty breathing.
Eggs Hilton poaching is strongly anti-inflammatory.
Anything that raises blood glucose, and especially in those who have diabesogenic T2D where there is insufficient insulin to move that sugar out of the capillaries and into the cells, causes inflammation so there is a tendency for tiny clots to form in the arteries.
Add to that the dramatic inflammation in the capillaries of the lungs caused by the Covid cytokine storm and the blood oxygen entering the brain drops dramatically.
Damage to the brain cells then causes what is generally being termed Long Covid; neurological symptoms that continue for many months after the infection is over.
My favourite good brain foods
• Green leafy vegetables like broccoli, kale and spinach.
• 100% whole grains and new potatoes.
• Pumpkin and butternut, and in fact all the brightly coloured vegetables like beetroot.
• Oils rich in omega-3 fatty acids like those from flaxseed and cold-water fish.
• Free-range meat and chicken; and eggs.
• Dairy products are a little more controversial, but I include them, and especially the probiotic kefir.
• Green broad beans.
Good brain food and other lifestyle considerations focuses in large measure on keeping that blood glucose under control, and an anti-inflammatory menu to protect our blood vessels.
Daily exercise, particularly after a starchy meal, means that the glucose produced from carbohydrate we have consumed will be turned to glycogen instead of raising blood sugar.
Glycemic load
Traditionally glycemic index (GI) has been used to determine how an ingested carbohydrate will affect blood glucose; it's based on the same amount of food, but of course we often eat vastly different amounts of each. For example the standard serving of potato is 150g, rice 120g and butternut 75g.
For example, a single spoonful of boiled white rice, having a very high GI of 86, would have a lesser effect on blood glucose and subsequent vascular inflammation than three measures of pasta with a much lower glycemic index of 49.
Glycemic load (GL) is the GI multiplied by the amount of carbohydrate in a typical serving. It is really a more meaningful and useful tool.
• White rice (120g)
• Instant oats (250g)
• Rolled oats
• Potato boiled (150g}
• Pasta (120g)
• Bread, commercial, W or B (40g)
• Bread, wholemeal (40g)
• Bread, 100% wholemeal (40g)
• Legumes (150g)
• Pumpkin (75g)
• Milk (250ml)
• 32g
• 26
• 24
• 20
• 31
• 19
• 13
• ? 14
• 22
• 8
• 12
• 86
• 79
• 55
• 78
• 49
• 75
• 54
• ? 45
• 31
• 64
• 32
• 28
• 21
• 14
• 16
• 15
• 14
• 7
• ? 5
• 7
• 4
• 4[1]
The pumpkin family interestingly is used in many traditional communities to treat diabetes; but it has a high GI. How can that be? The answer is that normally a helping size is only 75g giving it a very low glycemic load of 4.
Looking at GI alone one would think pumpkin and butternut to be wholly undesirable foods.
So for good brain food one would choose carbohydrates in the lower half of this table, and avoid those in the upper part except when having a very small serving. Two or three spoonfuls of rolled oats are desirable for its other beneficial properties.
Sugar and honey
Traditionally simple carbohydrates like sugar and honey were assumed to be digested and absorbed more rapidly with a consequent significant rise in blood glucose.
And starches consisting of chains of thousands of glucose molecules were assumed to be assimilated more slowly; diabetics were encouraged to eat them.
Then finally the science arrived. The fact that boiled rice, potato and instant oats have a far higher glycemic index than either sugar or honey confirmed Mencken's law, and certainly put a cat among the pigeons.
- HL Mencken
The evidence is now unequivocal. Refined grains like white rice, commercial bread and boxed oats are the great enemies of the brain; as are potatoes from cold storage and sweetened beverages and cereals.
On the other hand unrefined grains, sourdough bread made from 100% flour and legumes are certainly good brain foods.
There is a huge amount of research now clearly proving that the wellness of the microbiome in the intestine is strongly associated with a low incidence of the neurodegenerative conditions like Alzheimer's disease. Kefir ranks very highly on my list of good brain foods.
Researchers have found that those with a happy microbiome incidentally are far less likely to get long Covid.
Broad beans
Green broad beans also known as favas are almost impossible to buy so you have to grow them yourself. Young and freshly harvested they are simply delicious. Old or dried they are awful.
In the context of good brain foods they are the only significant source of L-dopa, a phytochemical that is strongly associated with a low incidence of Parkinson's disease and macular degeneration; it is the precursor of dopamine. The optic nerve is generally considered part of the brain.
Broad beans are very important brain food, except when they are double-skinned; then they have a very high glycemic index and are likely to promote inflammation of the capillaries and a greater likelihood of clot formation, and stroke. I do not advocate the practice, but admittedly the portion size and load are likely to be low.
Eggs Parkinson's disease is one of our favourite breakfasts; onions, fava beans, and peppers with garlic and green leafy vegetables, on low GI toast.
Eggs Hilton with broad beans on 100% wholemeal sourdough toast.
Can you pick out the broad beans looking rather like very fat, grey ticks?
Free-range eggs incidentally have three times the omega-3, so that would make this wonderful breakfast doubly one of the good brain foods.
One other benefit of the dark leafy greens is the lutein they contain; essential for preventing blindness in the older person[3].
100% wholemeal sourdough bread
There's a big fat lie in the world of flours where millers and bakers are legally allowed to call the products 'wholemeal' even though up to 40% of the bran and germ have been sifted out, and sent for hog food.
Look for the 100% wholemeal label which means that there has been no sifting into streams of bran, germ and endosperm; all the goodies are there.
I include 100% wholemeal sourdough bread in our list of good brain foods, though I have not been able to come up exact figures; it has a touch more starch, far more fat, extra protein and fibre. It's a thumb suck but I would give it a GI of about 45 - 50, and a glycemic load of around 4 or 5. Those are all low.
There is a huge amount of research showing that 100% wholemeal is friendly towards blood vessels. The naturally occurring vitamin E alone makes this so; it is an anti-coagulant that is removed along with the fat in the refining of all other flour.
Turn it into sourdough bread and the naturally occurring lactic acid that is formed in the fermentation promotes a gelatinisation between the gluten and the starch further reducing the bioavailability of the carbohydrate[2].
In short, 100% wholemeal bread is very friendly towards the brain, but the commercial loaf, cookies and bagels certainly are not. Read more about baking your own using sourdough. It takes me just five minutes every morning.
A bread machine loaf of sourdough.
When it comes to mental wellness good brain foods are not enough; there are other lifestyle factors that are equally important. Top of the pops is good sleep and that will probably mean cutting back on refined carbohydrates and alcohol in the evening.
Few activities will help you sleep better than some form of exercise during the day, particularly after a starchy meal. Whether it's walking, swimming or cycling, or another favourite, it makes little difference. Your brain needs attention seven days a week; could you walk to church, school or the shops, or take a stroll at lunchtime, apple in hand?
It is interesting that in all five of the Blue Zone countries of the world where ten times as many folk live to a vigorous and strong old age they are religious; but they belong to different faiths. Unwinding, meditating, or being still before God it would seem are an important part of nourishing your brain. A forest bathe without your cellphone might serve a similar purpose. It's all about mental relaxation.
One could add many different activities with the same theme tune; perhaps play your guitar or flute, paint a picture or plant some broad beans in the garden. Opening a beehive and watching the most amazingly organised society at work does a power of good for my own brain.
When did you last go on a hike? It is certainly good for your brain.
This hike on the whale trail did a power of good for my brain.
Here are the back issues.
• Bake your own sourdough bread
• Microplastics from our water
• Alternative types of water storage
• Wear your clothes out
• Comfort foods
• Create a bee-friendly environment
• Go to bed slightly hungry
• Keep bees
• Blue zone folk are religious
• Reduce plastic waste
• Family is important
• What can go in compost?
• Grow broad beans for longevity
• Harvest and store sunshine
• Blue zone exercise
• Harvest and store your rainwater
• Create a cyan zone at your home
Good brain food
Good brain food because prevention is always better than a cure; by the time you have Alzheimer's disease it is too late in any case.
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1. Dietary carbohydrates: role of quality and quantity in chronic disease
2. On the Effect of Lactic Acid on Blood Glucose and Insulin Responses to Cereal Products
3. Lutein macular degeneration.
56 Groenekloof Rd,
Hilton, KZN
South Africa
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difference between water tube boiler and fire tube boiler
Choosing The Right Boiler: Watertube vs. Firetube - Boiler
Let's not forget that there is a tremendous difference in water volume between a firetube boiler and a watertube boiler. From a cold start, the firetube boiler, due to its larger water volume, takes longer to bring up to operating temperature or pressure vs. a similar sized watertube boiler.
Fire Tube Boiler - Boiler and Mechanical Power
The universal type of steam boilers is the smoke tube or fire tube boiler where the heat and gases of combustion (from furnace) pass through tubes that are enclosed by water. While in water tube boilers, water passes through tubes. Mostly used boiler in small and medium industries with different fuels and steam pressure requirements. Types of
The Differences Between Water Tube Boilers and Fire Tube
A water tube boiler runs off of water tubes that are heated externally by fire. The tubes connect to a steam drum and a mud drum, and steam is produced in the upper drum. The water in the tubes creates steam directly, instead of tubes heating water as is the case in a fire tube boiler. Water tube boilers are used more for industrial
Steam Boiler | Working Principle and Types Of Steam Boiler
Comparison between water tube and fire tube boiler. Water Tube Boiler Fire Tube Boiler; 1) It can generate steam at high pressure (upto 162 bars ads) 1) It can generate steam at high pressure (upto 24 bars ads) 2) The rate of steam production is upto 45☓10 4 kg/hr.
How Watertube Boilers Outperform Firetube Boilers | Miura
Water tube boilers blow fire tube boilers away in regards to efficiency. Water tube boilers require far less water to function, and at the same time, they also have a higher rate of steam generation than fire tube boilers. This helps to reduce the amount of water and fuel necessary to make a water tube boiler run compared to the alternative option.
Vertical fire-tube boiler - Wikipedia
Difference between Fire Tube and Water Tube Boiler
The main difference between Fire Tube and Water Tube Boiler is that In Fire Tube Boiler hot flue gases pass through tubes and water surrounds them, and In Water Tube Boiler water passes through tubes and hot flue gasses is surround them. These boilers are largely used in power development and other industries like sugar industries, cotton
PDF Which Boiler Type is Right?
an overview of the various types of boilers. In a firetube boiler, water surrounds the furnace and tubes that house the flame and hot gases. Firetube boilers normally range in size from 15 to 2,200 horsepower as a package with design pressures between 15 and 250 pounds for steam and between 30 and 160 pounds for hot water.
Difference Between Fire Tube Boiler and Water Tube Boiler
The distinction between fire tube boiler and water tube boiler should be possible on different focuses. These focuses incorporates sorts of liquid streams inside the cylinders, steam age rate, floor zone required for the steam age, transportation, proficiency, fluctuating burdens, working expense and so forth the learning of the distinction about these two heater is exceptionally critical.
What is a Boiler? Different Types of Boiler - Mechanical
Since fire is inside the tubes and hence it is named as fire tube boiler. The heat from the hot gases is conducted through the walls of the tube to the water. The examples of the fire tube boiler are: simple vertical boiler, Cochran boiler, Lancashire boiler, Cornish boiler, Locomotive boiler, Scotch marine boiler and Velcon boiler. (ii). Water
Advantage and Disadvantage of Water Tube Boiler - An
For Water Tube Boiler heat passes through outside (Around) of the tube and in Fire Tube Boiler heat passes through inside of the boiler tube. Water Tube Boiler has several types by different categories. You will find each common category in this article. The water-tube boiler has some special advantage that the fire tube boiler doesn't have.
NFB Series | Series | Navien
Totally reinventing fire tube technology from the ground up. Patented stainless steel heat exchanger —eliminates high stress point welds. Advanced user interface and controls with intuitive text display, simplifies boiler setup. Built-in hardware to connect a boiler system pump, 3 zone pumps or 3 zone valves.
Difference Between Fire Tube Boiler and Water Tube Boiler
The difference between fire tube boiler and water tube boiler can be done on various points. These points includes types of fluid flows within the tubes, steam generation rate, floor area required for the steam generation, transportation, efficiency, fluctuating loads, operating cost etc. the knowledge of the difference about these two boiler is very crucial.
Condensing vs. Non-Condensing Boilers: What's the Difference?
Fire tube: where the combustion gases and furnace flame are inside tubes located in a cylindrical vessel that holds the water and steam. Electrical: where electricity is the main energy source to heat the water, eliminating the need for combustion components inside the boiler or flue stacks to vent harmful exhaust.
Comparison between Fire tube and Water tube boilers
Comparison between Fire tube and Water tube boilers A boiler is a device used to generate s team at a desired pressure and tem pe rature by transferring heat energy produced by burning fu el to water to change it to steam.
PDF Boiler Basics: Design & Application Differences
• Low pressure - Steam boilers less than 15 psi. Hot water boilers less than 160 psi and/or 250 0 F. outlet temperature . 5 . When Cleaver-Brooks or any other boiler manufacturer build a boiler, the pressure vessel must be built in accordance with ASME\ഠcodes. The code dictates the materials, processes and design of the pressure vessel.
Fire Tube Boiler - Construction, Types and Its Working
Difference between Fire Tube Boiler and Water Tube Boiler. The comparison between two boilers namely water tube as well as fire tube mainly includes working pressure, material type, the rate of steam production, the requirement of floor area, efficiency, load handling variation, design, operator skills, the cost for maintenance are discussed below.
Water Tube Boiler | Operation and Types of Water Tube
difference between water and fire tube boiler
Difference between Fire Tube Boiler and Water Tube Boiler . Mar 19, 2016· The main difference between fire tube and water tube is that in fire tube boiler the flue gases flow in the tubes and water flows from the shell and in water tube boiler, water flows from the tubes and the flue gases from the shell or passes over the tubes.
Lay-up of Heating Boilers - National Board of Boiler and
The steps of preparing a boiler for wet lay-up are essentially the same for dry lay-up. The exception is when a boiler is closed and prepared to be filled with water and water treatment chemicals. Perform dry lay-up steps 1-6 (except do not swab the fireside with mineral oil) and then follow with step 7 below.
What is difference between water tube boiler and fire tube
Water Tube Boiler: * Water circulates in tubes and heated externally by hot gases. Fuel is burned inside the furnace. i.e (hot gases- outside the tubes and water- inside the tubes). * Operating pressure = upto 100 bar * Efficiency = upto 90% * Ste
Difference between Water Tube & Smoke Tube Boilers
The table below gives a brief comparison of Water Tube and Smoke Tube Boilers-comparison of water tube and smoke tube boilers
Steam Generator vs. Steam Boiler | Powerhouse
The water flows through the smaller diameter boiler tubes while the combustion gases travel around them to transfer heat to the water. The boiler tubes in the watertube design carry the heated water inside the tubes between the lower drum (mud drum) and upper drums (steam drum), with the generated steam accumulating in the upper drum.
Wetback vs Dryback firetube boiler design
Understanding the operational design differences. Firetube boilers are available in either dryback or wetback design. They are identified by the type of reversal (turnaround) chamber, or posterior portion of the combustion chamber, through which flue gasses travel through the furnace to second-pass tubes to heat water within the boiler.
Boilers - Marine Engineering
Water drum size is limited to that required to receive the generating tubes, for modern radiant heat boilers with only a single bank of screen tubes and no generating tubes between the drums, the water drum has been replaced by a header and the downcomers fed straight to the waterwall headers.
Types of Marine Boilers and Difference Between Water Tube
Types of Marine Boilers and Difference Between Water Tube and Smoke Tube Boilers Posted on March 12, 2013 November 25, 2019 Author Mark Eriscson Comment(0) This article is to discuss about the various types of marine boilers that are being used or once used to drive the ships or to generate the steam.
Difference Between Boiler Mountings And Boiler Accessories
Boiler Accessories. Accessories are the auxiliary items required for proper operation of boiler and improve the efficiency of it. These are integral parts of the boiler, but not mounted on it. Control fluid parameters at outside of the boiler. These are not essential parts of the boiler, without which boiler can operate though at lower efficiency.
what are the difference between fire tube and water tube
Difference Between Water Tube Boiler And Fire Tube Boiler. heating surface area calculation for boiler water tube CFBC Boiler . Sep 23, 2013 Types of boilers (Combustion chamber) Boiler Fire tube boiler Water Hea difference between the tube interior and exterior K position of the inner surface of the fin>Home>Reference-
PDF johnstonboiler.com
the boiler construction. Boilers that use a tangent tube wall (see Figure 4) to define the combustion chamber and outer walls will require an outside, gas-tight, enclosure. Because the tubes will move as they heat and cool, open spaces will develop between STEAM AND WATER DRUM OPEN AREA FOR COMBUSTION WATER TUBES MUD DRUM "o" STYLE BOILER Figure 2
Types of boilers, Fire tube, water tube and combination
In a fire tube boiler, hot gas passes through the pipes and boiler feed water is inside the shell to be converted into steam. Fire tube boilers are usually used for relatively small steam capacities with low to moderate steam pressures. As a guideline, competitive fire tube boilers for steam speeds up to 12,000 kg / hour with pressures up to 18
How Water Tube Type Steam Boilers Work - Miura Boiler
How a Water Tube Boiler Works. One of the latest advances in steam production technology is the use of water tube boilers. This type of boiler is distinct from conventional boilers that use a fire tube system. Water tube boilers are more efficient than fire tube boilers, generating more steam but using less fuel.
Water Tube Boiler - Working Principle, Types of Water Tube
A water tube boiler can be defined as a Steam boiler in which the flow of water in the tubes, as well as hot gases, enclose the tubes. Not like fire tube boilers, this boiler attains high-pressures, as well as high-steam capabilities, can be achieved.
The fundamental difference between these boiler types is which side of the boiler tubes contain the combustion gases or the boiler water/steam. Firetube Boiler. In firetube boilers, the combustion gases pass inside boiler tubes, and heat is transferred to water between the tubes and the outer shell.
Difference between fire tube boiler and water tube boiler
Difference between fire tube boiler and water tube boiler Water Tube Boiler. Strength of Materials (P-2) - - *Calculate the maximum allowable pressure difference* allowed between the inside and outside of a sphere 50 mm mean diameter with a wall 0.6 mm Mechanical Engineering
Types of Boilers - Forbes Marshall
Water tube boilers: In water tube boilers, water and steam flow inside the tubes and the hot gases flow over the outside surface. Modern high capacity boilers are of water tube type. The boiler circulation system is constructed of tubes, headers, and drums joined in arrangement that provide water flow to generate steam.
4 Different Designs of the Fire Tube Boiler: Which Is Best
Firetube vs Watertube Boilers: a Comparison
The firetube boiler passes combustion gas inside a series of tubes surrounded by water in a vessel to produce steam, while a watertube instead sends water through a series of tubes surrounded by combustion gas used to transfer heat energy and produce steam. Here are a few key differences between the two:
fire tube boilers, water tube boilers-ZBG Boiler
What Is The Difference Between Fire Tube Boiler and Water Tube Boiler 2016-05-13 When determining a boiler for your project, there are a number of considerations like operation pressure, rated steam capacity, water output, application and the boiler cost, etc.
Boiler circulation systems: natural circulation and forced
Figure 1 - schematic representation of natural/thermal circulation boiler and forced circulation boiler Natural versus forced circulation typical schematic. In natural or thermal circulation type boilers, the rate of circulation depends strongly on the density difference between the unheated water and the heated steam-water mixture.
Fire Tube Boiler Suppliers
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Trying to eat healthy and feel full at the same time can sometimes feel like a challenge. Snack-time is often an underestimated part of the equation. Choosing healthy snack options not only wards off feelings of hunger but also helps to boost the metabolism, increase energy levels, and maintain a healthy weight.
Here’s some healthy snack options that help to prevent bad eating habits:
1. ApplesNy-_Medical-weight-loss
Everybody has heard the old adage, an apple a day keeps the doctor away. While apples aren’t a miracle cure for anything, eating them regularly has amazing benefits.
Due to the high fiber and water content in this delicious fruit, eating an apple approximately 30 minutes before a meal helps people eat less and feel fuller for longer.
A large apple contains less than one gram of fat, 115 calories and 5 grams of fiber. The natural sugars also help to satisfy the sweet tooth. If apples aren’t your thing, nearly all fruits make a smart and healthy choice for snack-time, as long as they are consumed in moderation.
2. Almonds
Researchers presented a study at the 2006 Obesity Society Annual Scientific Meeting that showed snacking on almonds can prevent feelings of hunger and also helps people manage their weight. Not to mention, they are packed with antioxidants, magnesium, and vitamin E.
Almonds are the perfect on-the-go healthy snack option and will help to curb unhealthy eating habits.
3. Vegetable Soup
Several studies have shown that eating a bowl of broth-based soup before mealtime helps people eat less and feel fuller for longer. Make it a bowl of vegetable soup to reduce calories and add nutrients.
With minimal calories, high water content and rich flavor, soup makes a delicious and smart choice for snacking between meals.
4. Pine nuts
Dieters will often avoid eating pine nuts because of the fat and calorie content. However, healthy fats are an essential part of any diet.
Pine nuts contain an omega-6 fatty acid called pinolenic acid, an ingredient that increases the release of satiety hormones, including CCK (cholecystokinin), a hormone that works as an appetite suppressant.
The type of fat found in pine nuts can actually help to reduce cravings and maintain a healthy weight. But remember, it’s important to eat raw pine nuts or pine nut oil in order to retain the nutritional quality.
5. Popcorn
Popcorn gets a bad rap because most people associate it with kernels covered in butter or salt. The truth is, popcorn can be delicious without those things.
For a healthy snack, pop it yourself or buy unsalted and plain microwave popcorn. One cup of popcorn is only 15 calories and is packed with whole grain.
Add some flavor to your popcorn with chili powder, lime zest, cayenne pepper, rosemary, sage, or whatever herbs you prefer.
Healthy Snack Options
Snack-time doesn’t have to feel like a challenge. Try adding these healthy snacks to prevent feelings of hunger and reduce cravings for unhealthy foods.
NYC Weightloss Solutions can help you achieve your weight-loss and fitness goals by providing the advice and support you need to stay on track. Don’t try to go it alone – get started today on your journey to a happier and healthier life.
To schedule your free consultation please click below or call (212) 759-8118
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Health and Social Care Level 3 Essay
Submitted By DennyJames33
Words: 689
Pages: 3
Sex Discrimination act 1975
This is to protect both men and women against discrimination or harassment on the grounds of gender in employment, education, and advertising or in the provision housing, goods, services or facilities. The sex discrimination act was introduced in 1975 in order to protect dishonest and unlawful kinds of sex discrimination and discrimination on the grounds of marriage, and establish an instruction with the aim of working towards the elimination of such discrimination and promoting equality of opportunity between men and women generally and for related purposes. For example things such as someone treating a woman on the ground of her sex he treats her less favourably than he treats or would treat a man. Or, he applies to her a provision or practices which he applies or would apply equally to a man, but which puts or would put women at a particular disadvantage when compared with men. This kind of behaviour is protected by the sex discrimination act. Indirect sex discrimination is where a condition or practice is applied to both sexes but adversely affects more of one gender than the other and is not justifiable. For example an unnecessary requirement to be less than 5ft 10ins would discriminate against men, while a requirement to work full-time might discriminate against women. This statement seemed to imply that women were considered to be an economic underclass requiring protection and a legislative method of increasing the standard of treatment they receive in the workplace in order to give them equality of employment opportunity when compared with men. From this it may be concluded that the anti-discrimination laws including the Sex Discrimination Act 1975, were enacted to provide relief against disadvantage, rather than for example to be punitive as against discriminators. The Sex Discrimination Act 1975 was therefore enacted in order to provide a method of compensation for victims of discrimination, and in the process it would also deter future sex discrimination practice. The Act was therefore concerned with the effect of discrimination on victims rather than the precise nature of the conduct of the discriminators. The Sex Discrimination Act 1975 applied to discrimination on the grounds of sex in several areas, including employment, and although it is drafted in terms of women being the object of the discrimination, the Sex Discrimination Act 1975 actually applied equally to men as it did to women. The Sex Discrimination Act applied to discrimination at all stages of employment, from recruitment to dismissal. The original anti-discrimination statutory includes the Sex Discrimination Act 1975 which is provided that the proportion of women who could comply with the provision had to be ‘considerably smaller' than the comparator group (men) for a
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Tiny Robot Can Remove Swallowed Button Batteries
Monday, May 16th 2016, 10:15 am
By: News 9
It's a little known but dangerous problem -- nearly 3,500 people swallow button batteries every year. Normally, the tiny battery pass through the body without a problem, but if they don't, it can be a real problem.
Swallowing one of those batteries can be extremely dangerous. Just this year, a toddler in Jay, Oklahoma, passed away a day after swallowing a button battery. Now doctors are testing out a new solution that can help your body get rid of the battery.
It's a tiny robot that can be swallowed in the form of a capsule. Once inside the body, the robot opens itself up and is steered by external magnetic fields. It then crawls across the walls of the stomach and can grasp and remove the swallowed battery.
Researchers say it could also be used to patch up internal wounds. The team of researchers presents the robot this week at the International Conference on Robotics and Automation.
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The Arabian Nights
The most famous of all story collections, The Arabian Nights, also known as The Book of the Thousand and One Nights, is beloved around the world. Composed of Persian, Arabic, Greek, Indian, and other sources that accumulated over hundreds of years, these fabulous stories-within-stories have long fired readers’ imaginations with an enchanted world of flying carpets, magic lamps, genies, demons, magicians and sorceresses, carnivorous giants, and bloodthirsty bandits.
Translation has played a key role in the formation of The Arabian Nights as we know it, making it far more prominent in the West than it has ever been in the Arab world. Westerners’ first discovery of some of the tales in the early eighteenth century sparked a feverish thirst for more, which led to compilations that freely adapted, reconfigured, and even added to the originals. The resulting love affair with the art, architecture, literature, cuisine, and culture of the East significantly remapped the European literary landscape.
Editor Wen-chin Ouyang has compiled a carefully chosen selection from influential English translations, showcasing the strengths of different translators, including Richard Burton, Edward Lane, Jonathan Scott, and John Payne. Here are Shahrazad, Sinbad the Sailor, Aladdin, Ali Baba, and many more, in the most readable and enjoyable versions available.
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Two Sides, One Issue: Caffeine helps students achieve success
Caffeine helps students feel more productive and energized which allows them to achieve more, not only in school but also in life.
Melissa Nie
It’s a common practice to stay late into the night studying for an upcoming exam or polishing an essay. At a school like St. Paul Academy, the homework load is heavy, and polls show that 78% of students resort to using caffeinated beverages at least once a week in order to push through the day. However, caffeine has its benefits and its costs. Should students change their caffeine habits?
Monday mornings can be tough for everyone, and caffeine is a great way to boost one’s energy. At SPA, it is common to see people lounging in the cafeteria enjoying caffeinated beverages, since about 44.9% of students consume coffee or tea at least once a week. This is no surprise, as caffeine is greatly beneficial to one’s mind and health when consumed in reasonable amounts.
Contrary to popular belief, caffeine will not stunt one’s growth. Based on information from KidsHealth, this myth comes from the fact that when a person consumes too much caffeine, it can make them unable to sleep. Growth hormones are released when one is asleep, and so someone who constantly has too much coffee or soda may not grow as quickly as someone who takes it in moderation or not at all. But caffeine alone will not affect growth.
In its most common form, coffee, caffeine has many benefits other than providing an energy boost. According to Authority Nutrition, studies have shown that coffee improves your metabolism by burning fat, and helps to improve performance in sports. Furthermore, it lowers one’s risks of Type 2 diabetes, Alzheimer’s, and Parkinson’s disease by up to 60%. In addition, people who drink coffee tend to have livers that are better at protecting the body from diseases than those who don’t.
Caffeine has been shown to improve a user’s memory. According to SFGate, it helps users remember more information and it prolongs their attention span. Caffeine does this by blocking a hormone called adenosine, which relaxes one’s body, and allows for an increase in dopamine and glutamine hormones, which make users more alert. A better attention span and memory allows students to retain more material from their classes, which in turn helps with homework and assessments.
Although caffeine may be classified as a drug, it is still significantly less dangerous than substances like cocaine, heroin or meth, which are all stimulants that speed up the central nervous system. Based on information from Caffeine Informer, the Food and Drug Administration classified it as a drug that was “generally recognized as safe” in 1958. Compared to all the things that students could be using, caffeine is a much safer alternative, and it’s something that has a much lower risk of harming someone’s life.
Students should continue to use caffeine if it helps them with their academic life. Caffeine is highly beneficial when it comes to homework, tests and papers, and when taken in moderation, it can be a key tool to success.
Read the other side here.
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Christianity and mythology
What is the story behind Christianity?
Christianity originated with the ministry of Jesus, a Jewish teacher and healer who proclaimed the imminent kingdom of God and was crucified c. AD 30–33 in the 1st century Roman province of Judea.
What God is Worshipped in Christianity?
Christians , however, believe in a triune God : God the father, God the son (Jesus Christ) and the Holy Spirit. And many evangelicals will say that means Muslims and Jews do not worship the same god as Christians .
What is Christianity and their beliefs?
Christians are monotheistic, i.e., they believe there’s only one God, and he created the heavens and the earth. The essence of Christianity revolves around the life, death and Christian beliefs on the resurrection of Jesus. Christians believe God sent his son Jesus, the messiah, to save the world.
Which God is the true God?
God is described in the Quran as: “He is Allah , the One and Only; Allah , the Eternal, Absolute; He begetteth not, nor is He begotten; And there is none like unto Him.” Muslims repudiate the Christian doctrine of the Trinity and the divinity of Jesus, comparing it to polytheism.
Is Christianity in the Bible?
The first recorded use of the term (or its cognates in other languages) is in the New Testament, in Acts 11 after Barnabas brought Saul (Paul) to Antioch where they taught the disciples for about a year, the text says: “[] the disciples were called Christians first in Antioch.” (Acts 11:26).
What are 5 major beliefs of Christianity?
You might be interested: Sacrifices in christianity
Is Jesus God or God’s Son?
Jesus is declared to be the Son of God on two separate occasions by a voice speaking from Heaven. Jesus is explicitly and implicitly described as the Son of God by himself and by various individuals who appear in the New Testament. Jesus is called ” son of God ,” while followers of Jesus are called, ” sons of God “.
What are the 7 names of God?
Seven names of God YHWH . El . Eloah . Elohim . Elohai . El Shaddai . Tzevaot . Jah.
Who created God?
What was Jesus message?
He is believed to be the Jewish messiah who is prophesied in the Hebrew Bible, which is called the Old Testament in Christianity. It is believed that through his crucifixion and subsequent resurrection, God offered humans salvation and eternal life, that Jesus died to atone for sin to make humanity right with God.
What is the oldest religion?
You might be interested: Founding fathers christianity
Why is Christianity so popular?
Who is only one God?
Monotheism is the belief in one god . A narrower definition of monotheism is the belief in the existence of only one god that created the world, is omnipotent, omnipresent and omniscient, and intervenes in the world.
Is Holy Spirit a God?
The Holy Spirit is referred to as the Lord and Giver of Life in the Nicene creed. For the majority of Christian denominations, the Holy Spirit is the third Person of the Holy Trinity – Father, Son, and Holy Spirit , and is Almighty God .
Who is the strongest God in the universe?
Shiva is also considered as the God of Gods. The existence which represents infinity itself. He is the supreme masculine divinity in this universe and is lord of the three worlds (Vishwanath) and is second to none in wrath and power. Sarvaripati Shiva is one of the most fearsome manifestation of the supreme God.
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Who made christianity the state religion of rome
Who made Christianity the official Roman religion? Emperor Constantine What was the religion of Romans? Ultimately, Roman polytheism was brought to an end with the adoption of Christianity as the official religion of the empire. What was the religion before Christianity in Rome? From the beginning Roman religion was polytheistic. From an initial array of […]
Case against christianity
What are the 3 main beliefs of Christianity? Christianity Beliefs This divine Godhead consists of three parts: the father ( God himself), the son ( Jesus Christ) and the Holy Spirit. The essence of Christianity revolves around the life, death and Christian beliefs on the resurrection of Jesus . What religion is the opposite of […]
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pdf, 23.99 MB
pdf, 23.99 MB
Tracking the animals from Handa’s surpise using droppings. This was done using actual models of the poo, but the photographs can be used instead. We used them in the local woods too for added realism and created a film using FX Guru (Zoo Escape special effect).
The poo discussion could use size of dropping and size of animal. Why is there a difference in colour? Similarities between your own poo and another animal (monkey) - why? Identifying bird poop from prior knowledge of bird poop in the UK.
Stimulates children’s interest and is very entertaining. We also wore gloves for added realism when handling the model droppings.
Droppings were made from clay and painted where appropriate with a mix of PVA and ready mixed paint. The bird poop is cornflour and water with a drop of black read mixed paint.
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Tsaklis, or tsakalis or tsaglis, are small paintings used in religious rituals in Tibet and neighbouring regions. They have the size of postcards or somewhat larger or smaller. They are mostly made on thick paper, made by glueing several layers on top of each other, but also on canvas. On the reverse side there are often texts, often in beautiful calligraphy. They have been made for centuries. They were used in religious rituals.
The religion is a mixture of Tantric Buddhism, the indigenous Bon religion and the shamanistic and animistic folk religion. There is a great variety of deities and demons, which all are to be served with proper ritual. Many of the deities and demons are depicted on the tsaklis.
Tsaklis played a significant role in the rituals, together with other religious implements. The deity pictured on the consecrated tsakli was thought to be present during the ceremony.
Tsaklis were used as a visualization aid for meditation, for teaching purposes and for initiation ceremonies. Tsaklis are also called initiation cards. Very important rituals were the death rituals, during the Bardo period of up to 49 days between death and reincarnation. In a typical buddhist Bardo ritual the soul of the deceased meets a hundred deities, which are all pictured on tsaklis.
Special rituals could also be performed in the name of the relatives, accompanied by specially made tsaklis.
Tsaklis were also used for the rituals of the folk religion, to apease demons and divinities and ward off evil influences.
On this website we present two books about tsaklis. One book is a catalogue of a small exhibit of some material from a private collection of tsaklis and other miniatures, with short commentaries. The other is a more extensive treatment of this material.
Some examples of tsaklis
Samantabhadra and Samantabhadri
10.0x11.5 cm
The yungdrung or swastika on a Bon tsakli
9.8x15.7 cm
A Bon deity with consort in yab yum
12.5x19.0 cm
A demon with a head of a yak, a human torso and and a snake as the lower half of its body; he carries an antelope skin
8.3x11.2 cm
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What lessons can Bangladesh learn from the Swiss model? | The Daily Star
12:00 AM, July 06, 2019 / LAST MODIFIED: 01:08 PM, July 06, 2019
What lessons can Bangladesh learn from the Swiss model?
It is a well-known fact that even the least successful example of democracy is better than no democracy. This is because at the core of democratic principles, is accountability of the government to the people. Although no one size fits all, and depending on historical experiences, cultural, social, political and developmental context, there can be many different ways of progression towards democracy, accountability or checks and balances are the key word in the process.
Democracy presupposes that the conduct and performance of public officials, politicians, and other duty bearers or service providers are accountable to the people because they use “public mandate” and public resources to deliver their authority, entrusted or otherwise.
The beauty of the Swiss model of direct democracy can be observed in many different ways. The most relevant dimension in the Bangladesh context is that it shows social accountability in practice, which is a process for constructive engagement between citizens and their government to ensure accountable governance at both national and local levels.
We are getting used to unqualified concentration of power and monopolisation of political space where no realistic scope of a peaceful transition of power appears realistic in the foreseeable future.
The Swiss system of direct democracy also shows how the people of Switzerland are connected to their government, how openly and effectively the government creates the space for public participation and how meaningfully the people participate in the governance process to ensure public ownership of laws, policies and actions. This ownership makes enforcement and compliance a way of life. Power-bearers’ accountability to the citizens is the core value and there is in-built process to walk the talk. It often comes with inevitable costs including long delays, which is also acceptable in greater public interest.
There are two main driving forces in democratic governance through social accountability—the people who are the source of all power in the state and the government who possesses the power and responsibility to govern mandated by people.
In terms of approach, social accountability presupposes that firstly, the government keeps the space wide enough for people’s voice and demand to be raised, participation and engagement; and secondly, the people are aware of their rights and willing to engage with the duty bearers. Creation of an enabling environment for social accountability demands inter-connected social, economic, and political factors that define the space for constructive engagement.
In addition to checks and balances at the national level, effective connecting of the government including duty bearers with people can promote accountability at the service delivery end, contributing to advancing people’s welfare in a just and inclusive manner. The good news is that quite a few such social accountability interventions are taking place at the initiative of NGOs in Bangladesh in some service delivery sectors. TIB has been conducting a robust social accountability campaign at the local level in 45 different places all over the country engaging the common people, particularly the youth in such vital sectors of public interest as education, health, local government, land and climate finance governance.
Visible and measurable success including replication in many cases by the government is taking place. But these are not only limited to the given resources and capacities, but also vulnerable to mostly hesitant political and government responsiveness.
That Bangladesh has a long way to go before a truly enabling environment for social accountability led governance is created and sustained is a common wisdom. We are getting used to unqualified concentration of power and monopolisation of political space where no realistic scope of a peaceful transition of power appears realistic in the foreseeable future. Deepening politicisation and related professional dysfunctionality of key institutions of democratic accountability and national integrity system are undermining the prospect of rule of law.
An ever-shrinking space for civil society and media and a growing intolerance of dissent are denying the prospect of people’s participation in governance—through their voice and their demand—in a country that has a strong tradition of civic movements crowned by the glorious Liberation War. Some of the core values and principles of Bangladesh’s articulation of independent nationhood are being compromised. Curtailing the scope of constitutionally guaranteed basic rights like freedom of speech, opinion and association by some repressive legal provisions under such controversial laws as ICT Act, Digital Security Act 2018 and the FD Act 2016, followed of late by another draconian draft Voluntary Social Welfare Association (registration and control) Act 2019, is but an example.
Politics as an increasingly dominant factor in corruption and crime and the key driving force behind systematic violation of people’s rights and promotion of impunity is increasingly demonising itself in the public eye, especially the young generation. The result is an increasing detachment of politics from the people and public interest. Overall, there is a growing lack of public trust that power belongs to the people. Intimidation and sense of insecurity are so wide and deep that the people hardly believe that they have the right and means to ask for justice and accountability.
It is only natural in this context that as much as we can admire and learn from the Swiss direct democracy model, the prospect of social accountability and democratic governance in Bangladesh will remain tenuous at best in the foreseeable future.
Iftekharuzzaman is Executive Director, Transparency International Bangladesh.
This article is based on the remarks made by the author at the roundtable discussion on “Features of Switzerland’s Direct Democracy” held on July 3, 2019, at The Daily Star Centre at the initiative of the Swiss Embassy in Bangladesh and The Daily Star. The views shared here are the author’s own, and may not necessarily reflect his official position.
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Ghost Towns of America: Bodie, California
Located in the Bodie Hills, the once prosperous mining town of Bodie, California has been considered a ghost town since 1915.
Bodie is a ghost town located in the Bodie Hills of Mono County, in the US state of California. The location of the town is 75 miles southeast of Lake Tahoe and 12 miles east-southeast of Bridgeport City. Bodie has an elevation of 2,554 meters. The US Department of the Interior recognizes Bodie Historic District as a National Historic Landmark. As a result, the town receives approximately 200,000 visitors yearly. The Bodie Foundation is responsible for the administration of Bodie Town since 2012.
The Bodie Gold Rush
Bodie began as a mining center in 1859 due to the discovery of gold by W.S.Bodey and other prospectors. Unfortunately, Bodey passed on the following November while on a supply trip to present day Mono City in California. The small town embraced the name “Bodie” after him. About the same time as prospectors discovered gold in Bodie, there was also the discovery of silver at Aurora and Comstock Lode in Nevada. However, the silver mining ventures boomed in these towns while the gold mining in Bodie slacked. By the year 1868, the two stamping mills built by two companies failed.
Eight years later, the Standard Company discovered a profitable gold-bearing ore deposit in Bodie. The discovery of gold stirred up the mining business boom in Bodie and attracted many people to it. By 1879, the population of Bodies was around 5,000 to 7,000 people. In addition, there were about 2,000 buildings in the town. As years passed on, the value of gold at Bodie was approximately US$34 million. The town had nine stamp mills and the gold company transported the gold bullions to either Carson City or San Francisco for minting. During the boom, Bodie had a telegraph line, the Wells Fargo Bank, four volunteer fire companies, a railroad, a cemetery, a mortuary, and a jail. In addition, the Standard Pioneer Journal of Mono County published a thrice-weekly newspaper. With time, there were daily printing of newspapers in Bodie town. Bodie also had its own Chinatown with hundreds of Chinese residents. At the peak of the gold mining business in Bodie, the town had 65 saloons. Murders, stagecoach holdups, barroom brawls, and shootouts became common occurrences.
The Decline of Bodie
There were signs of the decline of Bodie town in the early 1880s. By the end of the year, it became obvious that the town was taking a downhill turn. Bodie miners were get-rich-quick people. When they heard of promising mining booms in Arizona, Montana, Tombstone, Utah, and Butte they were drawn away from Bodie. The population of the town declined significantly. As a result, the mining town turned into a family-oriented community. The residents built the Methodist Church and Roman Catholic Church in 1882. The Methodist Church still exists today, however the Roman Catholic Church burned in 1930. During this period, the gold mines produced gold worth US$3.1 million. Furthermore, a new railroad called Bodie Railway & Lumber Company was built. It facilitated transport of cordwood, mine timbers, and lumber to Bodie town. The population kept decreasing until only 698 people were left in 1910. In 1913, the Standard Consolidated Mine shut down, and in 1914 the last gold mine closed down. The town received the label of “ghost town” the following year.
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The Modern Rules Of Scripting Engine.
A scripting engine is a computer-programming user interface that enables a computer program to execute any type of arbitrary function as a machine-code implementation. A scripting language or scripting engine is a computer-programming interface that enables a computer program to perform any type of arbitrary command on a running device without the requirement to recompile or tons it right into the CPU. Scripting engines are carried out at runtime and not compiled prior to execution. Scripting engines have commonly been applied as part of the mainframe operating system. Modern computer systems, nevertheless, commonly consist of a built-in scripting engine which can be accessed and also utilized by the individual via making use of a GUI (Icon) application.
A scripting language or engine permits the extraction of program code from an HTML file. The resource code of a manuscript is after that kept in some type of a repository and also accessed by the interpreter with the use of an interpreter such as the Python Engine. Some scripting languages are used as server-side scripts, while others are used as client-side applications. In a Java application, for instance, the script can be installed within a Java script documents and also the Java compiler will certainly then create the essential code required by the interpreter. The resource code of these type of applications are normally saved in a devoted container data. Scripting engines are utilized in conjunction with programming languages such as Python, Perl and also Java.
JavaScript, an object-oriented scripting language, was produced by J. Nicholas Koston in 1995. It was created to develop interactive website and also is now made use of to create several websites including information internet sites and also socials media like Facebook. JavaScript’s simpleness and also adaptability have made it incredibly popular for many years. JavaScript enables the implementation of complicated tasks without the demand for the server to be available.
The scripting engine is responsible for doing tasks like presenting a video to the customer, processing key-board input, developing pictures as well as adding interactivity to the web page. The work of the video game engine is to take an existing desktop video game, convert it to utilize a browser-based interface and then send the produced game logic to the web internet browser. The results of the game will certainly be returned to the desktop video game environment with the web. JavaScript video games operate on any kind of system that can sustain the basic graphics card and the most up to date web internet browsers.
There are different type of scripting languages. C++ are both most usual yet they do not supply an environment that awaits the scripting engine. Java is another scripting language that provides a rich setting for the scripting engine but the requirement to utilize the J scripting compiler for the generated code makes it an inadequate option for some type of applications. JavaScript does not have a memory-saving function. Memory saving attribute occurs with other languages, that makes scripting engine more reliable. A scripting language need to permit an application to reuse the same code or stem from an existing collection.
The scripting language made use of in a text editor to produce the game can either be a basic purpose scripting language like C# or it can be a more particular programming code. In C, many text files use the Windows standard library to operate on. When creating text games for gaming consoles, the designer has access to the console operates via the Win32 API. When making use of the scripting engine, one can access the Win32 API to obtain the console function’s model.
A scripting language or program language is an automated scripting device for an online equipment that automates the implementation of activities that would certainly otherwise be done by hand by an intelligent human driver. Scripting languages are typically interpreted at runtime instead of compiled into a kind that can be checked out by a computer. The phrase structure of a scripting language complies with a certain collection of regulations and also is extremely basic to learn. Because scripts can run in a prompt style, they can commonly be utilized as a source of money by small businesses as well as people alike. The web has actually made the world a much smaller sized location, making it feasible for anybody with a desire to work from home to do so.
Various things can be configured utilizing a scripting language, varying from video games to full-fledged os. The significant benefit of a scripting engine is that it allows programs to be created without having to problem themselves with any kind of coding or linking concerns. In the past, programs language programs were tough to utilize because the developer needed to compose the machine code that would run the numerous aspects of the software application. This coding process was really time consuming and also, because of this, it was hard to find a programmer who can consistently create excellent outcomes.
Scripting engines have considerably streamlined the procedure of creating different programs and also applications. Instead of needing to concern oneself with the details of machine code, programmers composing these kinds of programs just need to concern themselves with the specifics of just how to write the required machine code. In addition, different languages can also be written in combination with each other, permitting designers to make use of the existing capacities of both scripting languages.
Among one of the most essential attributes of scripting languages is their ability to enable the designer to have a lot of control over how the ended up item will look and also work. For instance, JavaScript gives a mechanism for including event handlers and connecting with the global extent. This means that designers can develop and customize any type of facet of the site, even when the program is not really running. Furthermore, numerous degrees of protection are offered, suggesting that manuscripts can be added that will ensure that hackers do not have accessibility to specific parts of the web site. Synapse X Download
Although some of the latest scripting languages do require that a great deal even more job to be done on the developer’s component before they can begin using them, also one of the most fundamental ones are extremely powerful. In fact, by creating the manuscript first and afterwards filling it right into the web page as a regular HTML web page, programmers can save a good deal of time that would generally be invested writing the code in a text editor. On top of that, most sophisticated scripting languages can be incorporated with a number of different types of data sources, such as Microsoft Accessibility as well as MySQL, and also the capacity to create manuscripts can make them suitable with a wide range of different operating systems. Due to the fact that so many points can be managed via the scripting engine, it has actually become very popular for sites to use this sort of innovation as opposed to utilizing the more typical means of creating internet sites.
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May 30, 1883 in New York history
📝 On This Day 📝
138 years ago on May 30th, 1883
Memorial Day visitors overcrowd a Brooklyn Bridge stairway and cause a stampede that kills 12 people and injures dozens more
The Brooklyn Bridge had only been open six days, but a tragic event struck when something caused a crowd of people to panic as they were climbing a set of stairs at the Brooklyn Bridge. The details are still unclear to this day, but in newspaper reports from the time of the event, the New York Times described a crush of people going up stairs at the Manhattan side of the bridge and the New-York Tribune claimed that there had been ongoing problems with crowding at that location.
Brooklyn Bridge (c. 1915) via Library of Congress
Although described as a stampede, the event sounds more like extreme overcrowding, with the Tribune including details that some people fell over the sides of the stairway and were trampled as people rushed away.
The Memorial Day holiday and the recently-opened bridge attracted huge crowds in what Tribune called a "fatal fascination", with bands playing music and people stopping to admire the skyline, which led to as many as 15,000 to 20,000 pedestrians on the bridge at one time. Pedestrians were charged one penny to cross the bridge, so, after the disaster, a review of the tolls collected revealed that 97,224 people had paid to cross the bridge that day, which was actually down from the previous Sunday, when 163,500 people had crossed. The crowding was worse on the Manhattan side, as most people entered the bridge from there, and, like many do today, turned around at some point to return, increasing the number of people attempting to pass by each other on stairways. The growing crowd backed up as people slowed down to descend the stairs and caused a crush of people in the crowds behind who had no other escape. Panic set in and the crowds jostled and pushed, trying to escape until bridge workers arrived and removed a piece of iron fence that allowed pedestrians exit the path.
Here's a quote from W.H. Hunt, interviewed by the Tribune, who had been on the bridge that day: "I started across the Bridge about 4 o'clock, but turned back after I had got about half way over on account of the crowd. I noticed a jam in front of me, but there was a constant stream flowing from Brooklyn, and before I was aware of the danger, I was firmly wedged in the crowd and carried irresistibly toward the fatal steps. The people went down those steps by the score, and we that were behind couldn't stop. With the screams of the women, the shouts of the men, and the cries of the children it was the most horrible thing I ever saw. There didn't seem to be anybody there with any authority, and the people were perfectly panic-stricken. … I was not over half a dozen steps away from the stairs when the police and ambulances arrived, and I don't doubt but that I should have been seriously injured had they arrived fifteen minutes later. The pressure of the crowd was irresistible."
On June 1st, two days after the tragedy, the Tribune described the scene on the bridge, where much smaller crowds passed by the stairs and the general feeling of celebration that had carried over from the bridge's recent opening day ceremony was now gone.
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a civil society alliance for combatting chronic disease in the caribbean
Healthy Caribbean Coalition - Active Design Guidlines
<< back to Publications index
Active Design Guidlines
Active design is critical to addressing obesity and its related diseases - the fastest growing epidemics of our time, while also supporting the goal of sustainability.
In the 19th and early 20th centuries, architects and urban reformers helped to defeat infectious diseases, such as cholera and tuberculosis, by improving design of buildings, streets, neighborhoods, clean water systems and parks. In the 21st century, designers can again play a crucial role in combating the most rapidly growing public health epidemics of our time: obesity and its impact on related chronic diseases such as diabetes, heart disease and some cancers. Today, physical inactivity and unhealthy diet are second only to tobacco use as the main causes of premature death in the United States. A growing body of research suggests that evidence-based architectural and urban design strategies can increase regular physical activity and healthy eating.
Click here to download this publication (NYC Department of Design and Construction website)
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Home Tech Learn Top 10 Data Analytics Tools and its Uses:
Learn Top 10 Data Analytics Tools and its Uses:
by Rohan Mathew
Learn Top 10 Data Analytics Tools and its Uses:
In a world where data is the new oil, the importance of big data analytics tools has increased like nothing else. Big data is a new concept that is gaining interest in everyone’s mind. Now the main question which rises to everyone’s mind is what is big data? Big data is complex data that is very huge in size and cannot be analysed using any traditional management tools. Big data analytics is used for the purpose.
Enter the world of latest Technologies on TechieWord
Understanding big data analytics:
Now you must be wondering as to what is big data analytics is. Big data analytics meaning is the analysis of huge data sets with different variables to find out the hidden patterns into the data and convert that raw data into useful information. The big data analytics definition as given by IBM is “Big data analytics is the use of advanced analytic techniques against very large, diverse data sets that include structured, semi-structured and unstructured data, from different sources, and in different sizes from terabytes to zettabytes”.
What are the different types of big data analytics?
The different types of big data analytics are:
Predictive analysis: It is used to predict the future by using techniques like data mining, statistical modelling, etc. From the company’s situation, it tries to predict the solution for the root problems.
Prescriptive analytics: Prescriptive analysis is the main type of analytics used by companies to find a solution to their problems. Some describe it as if it is a part of predictive analysis though it isn’t. It has a little different vision than predictive analysis. What prescriptive analysis does is analyse the large available data set and find the best recommendation, and suggest it. The core thing is that prescriptive analysis works for the present, predictive analysis works for the future, and descriptive analysis is working for the past.
Diagnostic analytics: Diagnostic analysis uses the data from the past and makes an analysis as to why the particular thing happened. This means it answers the why of every situation. This is best to find the reasoning behind something.
Descriptive analysis: As we know, the diagnostic analysis uses past data, and in the same way, the descriptive analysis takes data from the past. The main differentiating factor in it is that in the diagnostic analysis, we answered why the particular event happened, whereas, in the descriptive analysis, we answer what happened. So, it answers the factor behind every event. So what is given by descriptive, whereas why is given by diagnostic.
Cyber analytics: The latest technology which is invented to maintain the balance between knowledge and cybersecurity. This analytics has increased in many folds now because the number of devices with the internet has increased.
Top 10 Big Data analytics tools:
One should pursue data science course and use these big data analytics tools:
1. Hadoop: The main strength of Hadoop is its HDMS which is its distributed file system. It is useful for R&D and is highly scalable. It provides access to large data.
2. MongoDB: This tool is best for using on the data, which is unstructured and that changes again and again. You should learn it perfectly and should know working queries.
3. Cassandra: The most reliable tool as used by many big entities like Twitter, Netflix, which is founded by Facebook.
4. Drill: Drill is an open-source programme that will permit experts to work on large datasets.
5. Elastisearch: Elastisearch is used for application search, website search, logging and log analytics, security analytics and business analytics.
7.Oozie: Oozie is a server-based workflow scheduling system to manage Hadoop jobs. Workflows in Oozie are defined as a collection of control flow and action nodes in a directed acyclic graph.
1. Storm: Storm is a free and open-source distributed realtime computation system. Apache Storm makes it easy to reliably process unbounded streams of data.
2. Knime: Knime is used for simple ETL processing, has rich algorithm sets, and there are no stability issues in it.
3. Datawrapper: It is device friendly, fast and fully responsive.
So, these were the top 10 big data analytics tools that one can learn to use and make a future in it.
Pursuing a data scientist certificate course will give you data scientist certification and will increase your value in the market in terms of employment. It is a bright field to work in. So, as big data analytics tools is a new buzzword today, one should go and set a career in it to have a bright future with knowledge and a good return from that knowledge. So, this was all about big data analytics tools and data science course
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What is Bitcoin halving, how often it happens and when it will be in 2021
03.06.2021 13:52
What is Bitcoin halving
The uncontrolled issuance of any currency leads to its depreciation. The issuance of fiat currencies is controlled by states. The news is overflowing with information about the consequences of this 'control'. Inflation grows, money devalues, uncontrolled emission leads to economic and social problems.
Bitcoin, unlike fiat currencies, has a mechanism to protect against uncontrolled emission and the resulting inflation.
Bitcoin's creator, Satoshi Nakomoto, introduced the process of halving into the bitcoin algorithm.
Halving is the process of halving the miners' reward for each block mined. In the bitcoin algorithm, halving occurs after mining 210,000 blocks, or about once every four years. The halving process will be repeated until bitcoin issuance ends in 2140.
The regular decrease in the mining reward sets the pace of bitcoin issuance and protects the digital currency from inflation.
Over time, bitcoin issuance decreases, the difficulty of mining increases, the demand for bitcoin increases as the cryptocurrency becomes more popular, and the price of bitcoin increases accordingly.
In this way, bitcoin is similar to gold. With every gram of gold mined, its reserves on Earth dwindle and gold becomes more difficult to mine. For centuries, gold has served as an international medium of exchange and savings. The cryptocurrency community considers bitcoin a digital substitute for gold.
As of October 2020, there have been three bitcoin halvings.
The first halving took place on 28 November 2012 at 210,000 blocks. This halving did not cause a stir and was only of interest to a narrow circle of specialists. The second halving took place on 9 July 2016. Then block #420000 was mined by the Chinese mining pool F2Pool. The mining fee was reduced from 50 BTC per block to 25 BTC.
Before the second halving, experts and analysts predicted an imminent rise in bitcoin as the cryptocurrency grew in popularity and mining rates declined. Their predictions proved to be correct. Bitcoin went up and reached $20,000 per BTC by December 2017.
The rise was followed by a fall. By the third halving, bitcoin was above $8,500 per BTC. The third halving took place on 11 May 2020 at a block of 630,000. The reward for mining is now 6.25 BTC.
Experts suggested three models of bitcoin exchange rate behaviour after the third halving. Some thought the bitcoin rate would rise, others promised a fall in the rate, while others said the halving would not have a significant impact on the rate and that the bitcoin price would not change much.
By 2140, when miners get all the blocks, the last halving will have taken place. After that, miners will earn money from servicing transactions on the bitcoin network. Until then, the mining rewards will be halved roughly every four years.
The reduction in the reward for mining leads to some miners being able to refuse to mine new blocks on the Bitcoin network. The abandonment of some miners will not affect the frequency of mining new blocks or the time intervals between blocks. As the hash rate of the network decreases, the complexity of mining will decrease, allowing the remaining miners to keep the bitcoin blockchain running by the algorithm's requirements.
The mining complexity of the bitcoin network is recalculated after each 2016 block is mined. It should take about 10 minutes to mine one block. It should take two weeks to mine 2016 blocks. The difficulty of mining will increase if 2016 blocks are mined in less than two weeks, if it takes longer to mine 2016 blocks, the difficulty of mining will decrease.
After the second halving, the cryptocommunity actively discussed the possibility of a "death spiral" for bitcoin.
A "death spiral" was understood to be a situation where miners stop working with the bitcoin network due to a decrease in the economic efficiency of mining, the hash rate of the network decreases, and the recalculation of complexity has not yet taken place.
Sceptics believed that a decrease in hash rate due to the departure of some miners would lead to a decrease in transaction speeds and could eventually lead to the bitcoin network not being able to cope with the complexity of the computation when mining new blocks. There will be no reduction in complexity because the mining has not reached the 2016 block for the network algorithm to revise the complexity. Transactions on the network will slow down, the bitcoin exchange rate will go down - this will end with the paralysis of the bitcoin network and its depreciation as a currency.
Then blockchain expert Andreas Anthanopoulos shattered the sceptics' argument.
The expert drew the cryptocurrency community's attention to the changes in mining since the first coins were mined by the network's creator, Satoshi Nakamoto, and the situation in the industry for 2018.
The days of mining bitcoin on a personal computer are over, with miners entering the process with a detailed business plan and long-term strategy.
Miners don't just make money from mining new blocks. Transaction fees are a smaller part of miners' income so far, but as bitcoin becomes more popular and more transactions are made within the network, it will catch up to, and quite possibly surpass, mining fees at some point.
Cryptoanalysts have identified a pattern of bitcoin exchange rate behaviour before and after the halving.
At the time of the halving, the average exchange rate was 50% of the local high after the previous decline in miners' fees. The local high after the third halving differed from the local high after the second halving by 1,610%.
The average increase in local highs between the halvings was 2,572%. By this logic, the bitcoin price by the fourth halving in May 2024 was expected to be $50,000 per bitcoin.
In practice, the value of 1 BTC reached $50,000 already in early 2021. The maximum for bitcoin remains $64,000. Halving also means a reduction in the supply of new bitcoins, which, combined with increased interest in the cryptocurrency from major players, is having a positive effect. It is estimated that 70% of the coins supplied by miners are purchased by institutional capital. Further growth in demand leads to a shortage of assets and their resale at higher prices. This situation can be observed now, as, in addition to funds and corporations, retail traders are actively interested in bitcoin.
Bitcoin halving ensures an even release of digital coins into circulation, prevents inflation, drives up the price of the "first digital currency" and keeps miners interested in mining new blocks, with the consequent transition to only servicing the network and earning from transactions within the network.
Each price decrease is a reminder - the "stock" of blocks is finite, it increases the value of the mined blocks.
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To some people, the existence of homelessness in USA is a paradox. Why does a country as wealthy as The United States of America have so many homeless citizens? To date, homelessness has had an impact on every citizen one way or another to remain truly obscure. To sufficiently cover the social problem of homelessness, the first issue is to discredit the myth that homelessness is an issue plaguing the mentally ill, the lazy misfits of the society, and alcohol and drug users. This belief is unfounded. Homelessness is a product of political, social, and economic changes.
Homelessness is the situation in which an individual or a family lacks stable, regular, permanent or appropriate dwellings. The homeless population can be categorized into three groups: the unsheltered, the emergency-sheltered, and the provisionally accommodated. The unsheltered homeless lack dwellings and also do not have access to the emergency shelters. The second group has access to the system’s shelter support while the provisionally accommodated are either in an interim house, are sheltered in facilities that lack security of tenure, or are in institutionalized care lie group homes.
Almost 1% of the United States population is homeless. The politicians call the situation of homelessness a revolving door. Every day, a number of homeless people find permanent shelters and in the same day, a significant number of people also lose their houses. Homelessness has a tremendous impact on the people and causes a multitude of problems for the society as a whole. Homeless people are ubiquitous that the society forgot that they are people in desperate need of healthcare, transportation, and they have little control over their daily lives. They live by the schedule of shelters or by the mercy of some marginal jobs that they can get.
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It is hard to determine the cause of the significant number of people who are homeless. However, some of the causes of homelessness are the failure of some supporting systems for the veterans, like the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, women and children running away from domestic and other types of violence, redevelopment of urban areas which demolishes cheap housing in favor of real estate development, disasters, and difficulties with ex-prisoners getting good jobs. All the issues listed above are the social contributions to homelessness.
These factors are differentiated into system failures and discrimination factors. The system failures examples are when proper organizations fail to offer support to guaranty the welfare of veterans or children, lack of a good support system for domestic violence and refugees, and improper planning for people leaving hospitals and rehabs. Discrimination comes in mostly for people leaving correctional facilities, like a penitentiary, rehabs, or juvenile jails. Such people are not hired and hence cannot afford adequate housing. As long as the society will see value in pushing poor people out of their homes with no compensation to build mansions that will be occupied by well-off tenants who can pay a fortune, or fail to employ ex-convicts, stereotyping them as dangerous and not fit to work, then the issue of homelessness will continue to fester.
The National Alliance to End Homelessness states that about 630,000 people spend their nights in a state of homelessness. 22% of these are children, 13% are veterans, and 46% are the disabled and unable to work. In 2014, 7 million people moved in with their families and friends, a well-known step before becoming homeless. 6.6 million people in 2014 were paying more than half their salary for their monthly rent. The pattern shows that the number is increasing by 2.1% every year, which is a worrying trend. This is the reason why understanding the social problem of homelessness is important.
Some of the solutions that are currently being implemented include government and NGOs awareness, funding, and other community-based solutions. The National Alliance to End Homelessness has been on the forefront, fighting for awareness for the state of the homeless. This has led to coming up with nonprofit and government sponsored development plans, and funding for low-income housing with more security to prevent the areas from turning into crime havens. Some of the organizations have created awareness to make sure that companies do not discriminate individuals who are looking for second chances. The companies should give jobs to able and reformed people, including the ex-convicts and individuals who have been in rehabs. The government is working hand in hand with NGOSs to make sure that there are homes for people running away from domestic terror, refugees, and immigrants.
Other solutions to eradicating homelessness are systems to negotiate with landlords to help with bad credit histories and rental assistant programs to solve short-term issues. The community should join hands to make sure that the houses are of reasonable price ranges, that there is a process of building more houses with a subsidized cost, and make offers for low-income people.
The challenges that the community is likely to go through in pursue to end homelessness is an economic crisis, and low people turn out in developing subsidized housing. The first huge problem is an economic crisis which may lead people to think only about themselves. Most people are profit-oriented and will not care much about subsidizing rent to take into consideration the welfare of the destitute. People live in the world of focusing more on themselves, which leads to little or no turnout for community projects. Most people may be too focused on their woes that they fail to contribute to the joint efforts of the society. I anticipate that this is a major issue that will get in the way of ensuring that everyone has safe and permanent dwellings.
While people are in their permanent home, it is easy miss the invisible inhabitants at the mercy of food remains. Their living conditions are at the subjects of the environment. It is our duty as a society to note that homelessness is a social problem that should be carefully thought about. We should all join efforts and help the people affected by homelessness as it is our role and responsibility to help those in need.
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Question: Why Aluminium Is Not Good For Cooking?
Why is chocolate wrapped in aluminum foil?
By using aluminum foil also protects the chocolate in order not to break or tear when sent, very clearly the role of aluminum foil is very helpful at all to protect your favorite chocolate candy so you can enjoy it in one piece and still taste fresh as favorite chocolate you want..
Which is better Aluminium or steel?
While aluminum does increase in strength in colder environments, it is generally more prone to dents and scratches than steel. Steel is less likely to warp or bend from weight, force, or heat. These resistant properties make it one of the most durable industrial materials.
Has anyone survived Alzheimer’s?
Is Alzheimer’s worse than dementia?
Is it bad to store food in aluminum foil?
Are aluminum baking pans safe?
Is it better to cook with aluminum or stainless steel?
Stainless steel is one of the most durable forms of cookware on the market. … The main difference is that aluminum will have an even heat surface while the Stainless will have hot spots at the direct flame contact sites. Because this style of cookware does so well with heat, it is actually not great for delicate foods.
Does cooking in aluminum cause Alzheimer’s?
Is stainless steel safe for cooking?
It’s called “stainless” because it’s resistant to rust and corrosion, which makes it a great material to cook with. Stainless steel tends to distribute heat evenly over its surface, making it especially great for griddle cooking and flat baking sheets.
Is Aluminium safe for microwave?
Is stainless steel toxic?
Is it better to cook with stainless steel or nonstick?
Conclusion. Stainless steel cookware vs non stick cookware is not an either-or decision. Using non stick should be the exception and not the rule. … Non stick, while more forgiving and easier to cook with, should be used for low-fat and delicate foods and stainless should be used for virtually everything else.
Do Aluminium pans cause dementia?
What foods are high in Aluminium?
Is Cooking with aluminum bad?
No effects in healthy adults, research shows While it is true that some aluminum gets into food when cooked in aluminum foil or with aluminum cookware, and that this is enhanced in acidic foods, it is not true this causes any health effects in healthy adults.
Is Aluminium harmful for health?
Which metal is safe for cooking?
What does aluminum do to the brain?
Patients exhibited elevated aluminum concentrations in plasma and brain tissue (15, 24). Those affected showed disorientation, memory impairments, and, at advanced stages, dementia (15).
How is aluminum excreted from the body?
Which side of aluminum foil is toxic?
Aluminum Foil: Should the Shiny Side be Up or Down When Cooking? Since aluminum foil has a shiny side and a dull side, many cooking resources say that when cooking foods wrapped or covered with aluminum foil, the shiny side should be down, facing the food, and the dull side up.
Which metal is good for health?
Copper has an essential role in keeping you healthy. Most people get enough copper by eating a healthy diet. Certain conditions, such as Crohn’s disease, or gastric bypass surgery may make you more prone to copper deficiency. Not having enough copper in the body is more common than having too much copper in the body.
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Prebiotics: Why are they so Good for Gut Flora?
Probiotics, prebiotics, and symbiotics... What's the difference and what are they good for?
Prebiotics: Why are they so Good for Gut Flora?
Last update: 28 January, 2020
In the last few years, more businesses have been engaged in the research and commercialization of functional foods. It turns out that these are instruments for improving peoples’ health. They also help to reduce the risk of certain diseases. Some examples of functional foods are those that companies add probiotics to. Perhaps, less well known are the prebiotics and symbiotics, but these can also be beneficial to health.
How do these three components differ?
Although they might be related, you can also find each of these individually. The use of probiotics, prebiotics, and symbiotics is on the rise. Even better, there’s a whole lot of scientific evidence that backs their usage.
According to the FAO, probiotics are “living microorganisms that exert beneficial actions upon the health of the host when administered in appropriate quantities.” In other words, they’re living microorganisms that have certain effects on the body. Bacteria of the Lactobacillus genus are probiotics that people use for their fermenting qualities. You can find Lactobacillus in yogurts.
On the other hand, experts call the substratum that uses the probiotics “prebiotics.” These are some of the components you can find in dietary fiber. They affect the host positively. That’s because they selectively stimulate the growth and metabolic activity of certain strains of bacteria in the colon.
The upper gastrointestinal tract can’t digest these large molecules. That’s why they reach the large intestine fully intact. Only there are they broken down by the bacterial microflora. As this happens, the colon’s conditions improve and they generate healthy bacterial biomass.
Lastly, symbiotics are a mix of probiotics and prebiotics. Their main function is to improve the survival of healthy bacteria. The end goal of this is to modify the gut flora and metabolism.
Legislation on prebiotics
In order for the government to consider an ingredient in food to be prebiotic, it must fulfill the following qualifications:
• The upper part of the digestive tract should neither digest it nor absorb it.
• A limited number of potentially beneficial colon bacteria should ferment it selectively. Some examples of these are bifidobacteria and lactobacillus.
Yogurt is a beneficial food that contains prebiotics.
• It has to be capable of altering the colon’s microflora and making it healthy. One example of how it does this is by reducing the number of putrefactive organisms found there.
Currently, the oligosaccharides with probiotic properties that researchers are studying and recognizing the most are the fructans. The most important source of fructans in the diet are wheat derivatives, onions, garlic, bananas, and leeks.
Inulin and its prebiotic properties
Inulin is a fructan that you can find in a wide variety of plants. However, the best place to find it is in chicory root, leeks, garlic, and bananas. Some other good sources for it are barley, wheat, honey, onions, asparagus, and artichokes. Grasses, such as cereals, are also great ways to consume it.
Inulin has a soft neutral flavor. It’s also more or less water-soluble and it’s great for adding flavor and volume to food. That’s why it has diverse applications in the food industry. You can use it to substitute sugar, replace fats, change the texture of foods, or stabilize foam or emulsions. That’s why companies put it into a wide variety of products. Some of these are dairy, fermented foods, jams, desserts, mousses, ice creams, and bakery products.
The maximum dosage allowed for adding new food to your diet is 10 grams per day in single doses. If you’re eating it in multiple doses, then 20 grams per day is acceptable. In higher amounts than this, it could cause gastrointestinal issues. Some examples of these are diarrhea, intestinal noise, and flatulence.
How do they influence the gut flora?
Bacteria that inhabit the last stretch of the small intestine, the colon, need sustenance. Carbohydrates that you didn’t digest are the main substratum. Scientists have seen that the presence of probiotics in the colon results in bacterial fermentation. They’ve observed this in laboratory studies.
Purple onions are a very healthy food.
The fermentation process produces compounds such as hydrogen or in methane form. There’s also an increase in the bacterial population. Even though this sounds dangerous, the lining of the intestines is populated by microscopic creatures. Together, these make up the microecosystem experts call the microbiome.
In order to maintain balance in this ecosystem, you can use two strategies. One is to feed the microbes that are there. That way, they’ll grow and provide sustenance (prebiotics) or directly provide living microbes (probiotics).
Positive effects of prebiotics
The fermentation of prebiotics decreases the pH of the colon. It also inhibits the growth of pathogenic bacteria such as E. coli. Aside from this, this process also causes the formation of large quantities of short-chain fatty acids. Some examples of these are acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid. These increase calcium and magnesium absorption.
Butyric acid, which is also one of these short-chain fatty acids, is the main source of energy for the colon’s epithelium. There’s also evidence to show that it has strong functional effects. For example, it might help with reducing the growth of tumor cells.
On a final note, scientists have demonstrated something interesting about soluble fiber. They’ve found that it interacts with bile acids and increases fecal excretion. This leads to the reduction of the plasma concentration of LDL cholesterol.
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• Ashwell M. Conceptos sobre alimentos funcionales. ILSI Europe Concise Monograph Series, ILSI Press 2005
• Davy B, Melby C. The effect of fiber-rich carbohydrates on features of Syndrome X. J Am Diet Assoc 2003;103 (1):86-96
• Kolida S, Tuohy K, Gibson G. Prebiotic effects of Inulin and Oligofructosa. Br J Nutr. 2002 87, Suppl. 2, S193-S197
• Van Loo J, Coussement P, De Leenheer L, Hoebregs H, Smits G. On the presence of inulin and oligofructose as natural ingredients in the Western Diet. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 1995;35(6):525-552
• Coussement P. A new generation of dietary fibres. European Dairy Magazine 1995; vol 3:22-24
• Kolida S, Tuohy K, Gibson GR. Prebiotic effects of Inulin and Oligofructose and. Br J Nutr 2002; 87, Suppl 2: 193S-197S
• Mollet B, Rowland I. Functional foods: at the frontier between food and pharma. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2002;13:483-5
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This project doesn't require much (any) knowledge of CircuitPython to get up and running, but if you're new to it, and would like to know more, there is a full getting started guide here. There's also a great introduction to the PyRuler here.
If you'd like to edit the code, Adafruit suggests using the Mu editor to edit your code and have an interactive REPL in CircuitPython. You can learn about Mu and installation in this tutorial.
If you haven't already reprogrammed your PyRuler, it should come pre-programmed as a USB HID keyboard that you can try out. Plug the PyRuler into your computer USB port via an A to microB cable. A drive named CIRCUITPY should appear. Open the file on that drive in Mu and change this line:
Then when you hit one of the four buttons, it will type Ω, µ, π, or (I totally just typed those on my PyRuler!)
Quick Install
Because we already have everything we need to use the PyRuler as an HID keyboard, getting up and running is very simple:
• Download the code as a file
• Plug the PyRuler into the computer with a microUSB power/data cable
• Once the CIRCUITPY drive appears, just drag the file you downloaded into the CIRCUITPY folder and replace the file that's there
• The PyRuler should immediately reboot, and start working as a panic button for your video conferences!
To install, just download the new file and replace the one on your PyRuler!
import os
import board
from digitalio import DigitalInOut, Direction
import time
import touchio
# Set this to True to turn the touchpads into a keyboard
# Used if we do HID output, see below
from adafruit_hid.keyboard import Keyboard
from adafruit_hid.keycode import Keycode
from adafruit_hid.keyboard_layout_us import KeyboardLayoutUS
import usb_hid
kbd = Keyboard(usb_hid.devices)
layout = KeyboardLayoutUS(kbd)
#print(dir(board), os.uname()) # Print a little about ourselves
led = DigitalInOut(board.D13)
led.direction = Direction.OUTPUT
touches = [DigitalInOut(board.CAP0)]
for p in (board.CAP1, board.CAP2, board.CAP3):
leds = []
for p in (board.LED4, board.LED5, board.LED6, board.LED7):
led = DigitalInOut(p)
led.direction = Direction.OUTPUT
led.value = True
for led in leds:
led.value = False
cap_touches = [False, False, False, False]
def read_caps():
t0_count = 0
t0 = touches[0]
t0.direction = Direction.OUTPUT
t0.value = True
t0.direction = Direction.INPUT
# funky idea but we can 'diy' the one non-hardware captouch device by hand
# by reading the drooping voltage on a tri-state pin.
t0_count = t0.value + t0.value + t0.value + t0.value + t0.value + \
cap_touches[0] = t0_count > 2
cap_touches[1] = touches[1].raw_value > 3000
cap_touches[2] = touches[2].raw_value > 3000
cap_touches[3] = touches[3].raw_value > 3000
return cap_touches
while True:
caps = read_caps()
# light up the matching LED
for i,c in enumerate(caps):
leds[i].value = c
if caps[0]:
# Zoom
, Keycode.V)
if caps[1]:
# Teams
# Note that video toggle doesn't work in the web app
, Keycode.SHIFT, Keycode.M)
if caps[2]:
# Skype
, Keycode.M)
, Keycode.K)
if caps[3]:
# Jitsi
More Details
The code is a lightly-modified version of the code that comes on the PyRuler. However, rather than typing the keys for Ω or µ, it presses the combination of hotkeys needed to toggle the camera and microphone in that specific application.
For example, the first button (the Ω) looks like this:
# Zoom, Keycode.V)
In Zoom, the hotkey for for starting/stopping video is Alt-V, and the hotkey for mute/unmute is Alt-A.
In the code, we're just asking it to press the Alt key, press the V key, release the V key, wait a quarter of a second, press the A key, then release all keys.
"But wait!", you ask, "You didn't hit Alt before the A!"
True, but for modifier keys like Alt, they affect all keys pressed while holding them down. They act just like the Shift key, which is just another modifier key. If you hold the Shift key down and START TYPING, all of your letters become capitals - you don't have to press Shift for each one.
The code for Teams looks slightly different:, Keycode.SHIFT, Keycode.M)
Here, we have TWO control keys, both Control and Shift before the M and O keys are pressed. (Ctrl-M is for mute/unmute, and Ctrl-O is for starting/stopping video. You can see why these are difficult to remember in all the apps!
The other thing that's different here is the time between the M and O keys being pressed is increased to half a second. While testing the program, I found that some applications didn't respond very well when the keys were pressed too quickly. Sometimes, this would result in just the microphone being muted, but the video remaining on.
This is a fine situation, but not if you didn't mean for it to happen!
Even worse, as these hotkeys are toggles (they turn things both off and on), if you'd press the button on the PyRuler again, you could unmute the microphone and turn off the video!
Real-world testing is important, and sometimes small tweaks are needed in the code!
This guide was first published on Aug 04, 2020. It was last updated on Aug 04, 2020.
This page (Code) was last updated on Jun 11, 2021.
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Better Care is Needed for Postpartum Depression
A doctor learns to ask the right questions to help patients get the help they deserve.
Read more
Plan B Is Not an Abortion Pill
Understanding emergency contraception.
Dear politicians, health policymakers, reporters, and highly-opinionated social media friends. Plan B is not an abortion pill. Stop calling it that.
Plan B is the brand name of one form of emergency contraception. RU486 (Mifepristone) is a medication used to induce abortion. Plan B and RU486 are not the same medication. Emergency birth control prevents pregnancy. Abortion medication terminates a pregnancy.
Our views on abortion vary. We must understand what we are arguing about. Our country’s public policy and heated Facebook debates should at least be based on facts. Emergency contraception is completely different than a medical abortion. In fact, emergency contraception prevents the need for abortions while preventing unplanned pregnancy.
What is emergency contraception?
Emergency contraception (EC) contains progesterone, a hormone produced naturally by the ovaries. It is often called “the morning after” pill. Common brands, such as Plan B, are available over the counter without a prescription. EC is formulated with a high dose of progesterone. This hormonal blast disrupts, delays, or prevents ovulation. High dose progesterone also thickens the cervical mucus creating a toxic environment for sperm. It will not terminate an already established pregnancy.
It’s not called Plan A
Over-the-counter emergency birth control should be used within 72 hours of unprotected sex. Presciption EllaOne (ulipristal acetate) can be taken up to 5 days after unprotected sex. The earlier it is used, the better it works. EC decreases the risk of pregnancy by 70–80% (ACOG). It is not a great primary form of contraception. Emergency contraception is called Plan B and not Plan A for a reason.
Will it cause an abortion?
Progesterone does not cause abortion. Emergency contraception decreases the risk of pregnancy by inhibiting ovulation. If conception has already, then it is too late for emergency contraception. Once pregnancy occurs, the ovary forms a type of ovary cyst called a corpus luteum. It produces progesterone to support the growing pregnancy. Taking emergency contraception will only add more progesterone to support the developing fetus.
What are the side effects?
Side effects include nausea, vomiting, headache, breast tenderness, abdominal pain, dizziness, and fatigue. Those side effects will subside within 1–2 days after treatment. Because EC disrupts ovulation, irregular bleeding is common. Users may experience menstrual changes, including spotting, heavy bleeding, or altered timing of the next menstrual period.
What works best?
Photo by Reproductive Health Supplies Coalition on Unsplash
A copper intrauterine device (IUD) is the most effective form of emergency contraception. An IUD is a small T-shaped device inserted into the cavity of the uterus. It should be placed within 72 hours of unprotected intercourse. It prevents pregnancy by inhibiting sperm’s ability to swim towards the egg. It reduces the risk of pregnancy by 99% and provides effective birth control for up to ten years.
Short term solution
Emergency contraception is a safe option to prevent pregnancy after having sex without a condom or birth control. Other much more effective forms of contraception are available to help prevent pregnancy over the long term. Emergency contraception also does not protect against HIV or other sexually transmitted infections.
What is the abortion pill?
The abortion pill is a misnomer. Two medications, when combined, can terminate a pregnancy. RU486 (Mifepristone) competes with progesterone at the receptor sites. After taking RU486, a second medication called Misoprostol is given to induce uterine contractions. The combination of these two medications is used in abortion clinics for medical abortions. RU486 is highly regulated and only available under medical supervision at a clinic that offers abortion services.
Thank you Sexography for publishing this article on Medium.
Blog Author: Dr. Jeff Livingston
Blog Photo By: Alex Hockett on Unsplash
Is It Normal To Itch All Over In Pregnancy?
My entire body itches and I can not stop scratching. Read more
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What methods are commonly used during weaning (mare removal) and why? A pilot study
Catherine Williams, Hayley Randle
Research output: Contribution to journalMeeting Abstractpeer-review
The behavioral effects on the foal during weaning are well documented and it is commonly agreed that foals are likely to suffer from stress during this procedure. A questionnaire comprising closed and open questions issued to breeders resulted in 440 responses all of which (100%) were usable. The gradual method was the most popular method used (40.5%), followed by abrupt (30.9%),‘other’ (15.2%), paddock (8.6%) and barn method (4.8%) respectively. Foal age is much lower for the abrupt method and much greater for ‘other’ method in comparison with all other methods (Chi-square statistics, P < 0.001). OLS regression results revealed a positive association between method and age (t ¼ 9.04; F4,435 ¼ 22.7, P <0.0001; Adj R2 ¼ 0.17) with younger foals more likely to be weaned using the abrupt (t ¼ 4.31, P < 0.0001) and barn methods (t ¼ 2.17, P< 0.05) and older foals more likely to being weaned using the ‘other’ method (t ¼ 6.97, P < 0.0001, F4,435 ¼ -21.3, Adj R2 ¼ 0.24).Inspection of respondents data suggest that large studs and those who breed many foals are more likely to breed every year and tend to remove foals from their mother earlier. This study demonstrates that current weaning practices vary broadly in terms of method used and age at removal, but shows significant trends according to stud size and number, and number of foals bred per year.
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'What methods are commonly used during weaning (mare removal) and why? A pilot study'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Cite this
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第９回優秀賞environment for the present and future generations. Therefore, as the immediatethreat of an all-consuming nuclear war recedes, environmental degradation isprogressively poisoning the earth raising fears that the planet may not be able tosustain life in the not so distant future.In a nutshell, the post-Cold War world still has the ingredients which constitutea recipe for world insecurity and human suffering. Because the UN was set up topromote world peace and human welfare, it is therefore no less relevant in the post-Cold War era than it was in the period of the Cold War.The new challenge for the organization is how ? given that the Cold Warideological polarization is now a thing of the post ? it can best live up to its ideals andintended role in a world still characterised by conflict, human rights abuse, economicinequality, and environmental degradation.Ⅳ．The UN and Conflict Resolution in the Post-Cold War EraArticle 1 of the UN Charter proclaims the first purpose of the organization tobe the maintenance of international peace and security by taking effective collectivemeasures to prevent or remove“threats to the peace”and to suppress“acts ofaggression or other breaches of the peace”. The UN Security Council has the primaryresponsibility under Article 24 for the maintenance of international peace andsecurity.Herein lies one major challenge to the UN’s conflict resolution mechanism in thepost-Cold War era. The five permanent members of the UN Security Council are theUS, Great Britain, Russia, China and France. The end of the Cold War has led to asituation in which the United States is in a position to exercise more influence overthe decisions of the Council, now that the Soviet Union has been replaced by a Russia39
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UPDATED 13:33 EDT / MARCH 26 2020
As adoption of artificial intelligence accelerates, can the technology be trusted?
The list of concerns around the use of artificial intelligence seems to grow with every passing week.
Issues around bias, the use of AI for deepfake videos and audio, misinformation, governmental surveillance, security and failure of the technology to properly identify the simplest of objects have created a cacophony of concern about the technology’s long-term future.
One software company recently released a study which showed only 25% of consumers would trust a decision made by systems using AI, and another report commissioned by KPMG International found that a mere 35% of information technology leaders had a high level of trust in their own organizations’ analytics.
It’s a bumpy journey for AI as the technology world embarks on a new decade and key practitioners in the space are well aware that trust will ultimately determine how widely and quickly the technology becomes adopted throughout the world.
“We want to build an ecosystem of trust,” Francesca Rossi, AI ethics global leader at IBM Corp., said at the digital EmTech Digital conference on Monday. “We want to augment human intelligence, not replace it.”
Deepfakes on the rise
The EmTech Digital event, restructured into a three-day digital conference by MIT Technology Review after plans to hold it this month in San Francisco were canceled, was largely focused on trust in AI and how the tech industry was seeking to manage a variety of issues around it.
One of those issues is the use of deepfake AI tools to create genuine appearing videos or audio to deceive users. The use of deepfake videos has been rising rapidly, according to recent statistics provided by Deeptrace, which found an 84% rise in false video content versus a year ago.
“Today more than ever we cannot believe what we see, and we also cannot believe what we hear,” Delip Rao, vice president of research at AI Foundation, said during an EmTech presentation on Tuesday. “This is creating a credibility crisis.”
To help stem the flow of deepfakes into the content pool, the AI Foundation has launched a platform, Reality Defender, that uses deepfake detection methods provided by various partners, including Google LLC and Facebook Inc. The nonprofit group recently extended its detection technology to include 2020 election campaigns in the U.S. as well.
“As a generation, we have consumed more media than any generation before us and we’re hardly educated about how we consume it,” Rao said. “We cannot afford to be complacent. The technology behind deepfakes is here to stay.”
Facial recognition and cybersecurity
AI has also come under fire for its use in facial recognition systems powered by a significant rise in the installation of surveillance cameras globally. A recent report by IHS Markit showed that China leads the world with 349 million surveillance cameras. The U.S. has 70 million cameras, yet it is close to China on a per capita basis with 4.6 people per camera installed.
The rise of AI-equipped cameras and facial recognition software has led to the development of a cottage industry on both sides of the equation. One Chinese AI company – SenseTime – has claimed the development of an algorithm which can identify a person whose facial features are obscured by a surgical mask and use thermal imaging to determine body temperature.
Meanwhile, a University of Maryland professor has developed a line of clothing, including hoodies and t-shirts, emblazoned with patterns specially designed to defeat surveillance camera recognition systems. All of that underscores the growing societal challenges faced by practitioners in the AI field.
The other complex problem affecting the AI industry involves cybersecurity. As adoption grows and the tools improve, the use of AI is not limited to “white hat” users. “Black hat” hackers have access to AI as well and they have the capability to use it.
Cybersecurity vendor McAfee Inc. has seen evidence that hackers may be employing AI to identify victims likely to be vulnerable to attack, according to Steve Grobman, senior vice president and chief technology officer at McAfee. Malicious actors can also use the technology to generate customized content as a way to sharpen spear phishing lures.
“AI is a powerful tool for both the defenders and the attackers,” Grobman said. “AI creates a new efficiency frontier for the attacker. We’re seeing a constant evolution of attack techniques.”
AI for operations and research
The trust issues surrounding AI represent an important focus right now because the AI train has left the station and a lot of passengers are on board for the ride. AI has become a key element in improving operational efficiency for many businesses and a number of speakers at the event outlined how enterprises are employing the technology.
Frito Lay Inc. uses AI to analyze weather patterns and school schedules to determine when its corn chip inventory should be increased on store shelves. Global healthcare provider Novartis AG is using AI to support clinical trials and determine injection schedules for people with macular degeneration.
And when engineers at shipping giant DHL International saw how AI could be used to detect cats in YouTube videos, they wondered if the same approach could be taken to inspect shipping pallets for stackability in cargo planes.
“These are small decisions we’re doing for load efficiency on over 500 flights per night,” said Ben Gesing, DHL’s director and head of trend research. “At DHL, no new technology has been as pervasive or as fast-growing as AI.”
Perhaps even more intriguing was the recent news that Salesforce Inc. has employed AI to undertake major research on protein generation. Earlier this month, Salesforce published a study which detailed a new AI system called ProGen that can generate proteins in a controllable fashion.
In a presentation Tuesday, Salesforce Chief Scientist Richard Socher described how the company viewed AI as a double-edged strategy. One is the “science fiction” state, in which dreams of self-driving cars and big medical breakthroughs reside. The other is the “electricity” state, which uses technology such as natural language understanding to power chatbots.
“AI is in this dual state right now,” Socher said. “At Salesforce, we’re trying to tackle both of those states. I truly believe that AI will impact every single industry out there.”
If Socher is right, then every industry is going to have to deal with a way to engender trust in how it uses the technology. One EmTech speaker presented results from a recent Deloitte study which found that only one in five CEOs and executives polled had an ethical AI framework in place.
“There are challenges ahead of us,” said Xiaomeng Lu, senior policy manager at Access Partnership. “We can’t run away. We have to tackle them head on.”
Image: Pixabay
Since you’re here …
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Tag Archives: Beaulieu
How a saint’s cult gets started
Apses and chapels of St-Pierre de Beaulieu en Limousin
2. Ibid. doc. no. CIX.
More curiosities of the Beaulieu cartulary documents
The abbey of Saint-Pierre de Beaulieu-sur-Dordogne
A dining scene from the Luttrell Psalter
Roman and Romanesque bridge over the River Ter at Roda de Ter
4. Deloche, Beaulieu, doc. no. CLXVI.
Doorbells of the early medieval Dordogne
[This is the unrelated second part of the post I wrote over last Christmas holidays about interesting stuff in the Beaulieu-en-Limousin cartulary. The first part is here.]
Saint-Michel des Bannières, Lot, from afar
If this isn’t the place, it’s not far off: Saint-Michel des Bannières, Lot, France, pretty close to Bio, one of the hamlets where what I’m discussing is documented
The other interesting thing that I’ve found in [the editor’s introduction to the cartulary], though, is nothing like as debated [as the debate over fear of the Year 1000] and far more mundane. Deloche [the editor] was quite keen on protochronism for the Limousin, largely directed at studies based on Paris and the locality, but this is a thing he seems to have thought quite normal but which I’ve never seen before. While talking about ceremonies of property transfer, he says:
[Symbolic transfer] took place by means of a bellpull that the donor offered the recipient, at the door of the house, per cordam signi et hostium domus
This he quotes from an 887 document, although it also occurs in an 881 one in a bit more detail.1 Now, I’m really not sure that it means what Deloche thought it meant. There’s nothing about bells in the Latin and I would, unguided, have read the first phrase there as referring to a seal tie or something like that, and the second is only really explicable in the variant Deloche reports from the 881 instance, “ostium de domo”, but it is quite hard to think what else a cord “of the sign and doors of the house” could be. Something here at a door has a string on it. Presumably it makes something happen when people pull on it. Is there any earlier evidence for how this would have been done? The doorbell seems like a device someone should have come up with 887, but it doesn’t seem to fit with how we imagine medieval homes, does it? You don’t expect to get to the front door of a farm before someone spots you walking through the yard…
1. M. Deloche (ed.), Cartulaire de l’Abbaye de Beaulieu (en Limousin) (Paris 1869), doc. no. CLXIII, discussed (and misquoted) p. XCII whence quote; also instanced in doc. no. CLXXIII, where it comes up in a longer list of tokens that were offered, “per cordam de signo et hostium de domo et cespitem de terra sive ramum de arboribus”.
Ceasing to fear the End in the millennial Limousin
[This entry was written as a part of a larger one over the Christmas period of 2013/2014, and stuck in the queue at a position I’ve only now reached in my backlog. The second part, which bore no actual connection, will follow in a couple of posts’ time. I’ve completed the links, images and footnotes and edited for better style, but the text is still something I wrote in my previous job and this shows. I think it’s still interesting though!]
It’s probably the kind of thing that belongs in a list of phrases headed by, “You know you’re a medievalist when…”, when you select a medieval French cartulary for your holiday reading. Although the cartulary of Beaulieu is relevant to one of my eternally-developing draft papers, as those with long memories may recall, it wasn’t exactly relevant to what I should have been doing over the holiday, which was substantially write about the Spanish frontier and work up course materials for a course on the Apocalypse. And yet, by that process of scholarly coincidence that seems to follow us around, the thing that was in front of me turns out to have a strange relevance.
The abbey of Saint-Pierre de Beaulieu-sur-Dordogne
The abbey of Saint-Pierre de Beaulieu-sur-Dordogne, original home of said cartulary. Par Wester (Travail personnel) [GFDL, CC-BY-SA-3.0 ou CC-BY-2.5], via Wikimedia Commons.
You may be aware from previous exchanges on this here blog between myself, others and Professor Richard Landes that there is something of a debate over the significance of the date 1000 A. D. for those who lived shortly before or through it. With various more-or-less reputable Biblical or Patristic texts fairly set on the idea that Christ could be expected to return after a thousand years, it’s certainly understandable that such prospects might have worried those alert enough to chronology to realise this, or those to whom they preached, but there is little or no agreement about how many people those people were, how widespread and how influential, and the whole debate has become somewhat impassioned and polemical.1 One of the counter-arguments made against the original idea of the ‘terrors of the year 1000’, in which this was supposed to be a general cause of worry and social upheaval in the run-up to 1000 or 1033 (1000 + Christ’s birth and crucifixion respectively) was that texts suggesting the end of the world was imminent are fairly easy to find long before 1000. This can be worked either way of course: either 1000 was not therefore as significant as it’s been made, or apocalyptic worry was much more general than we assume.2
Illustrated page from the Catedral de Girona, Núm. Inv. 7 (11)
Several people cared about the Apocalypse in 975 enough to order really luxurious copies from the Leonese monastery of Tábara of this illustrated commentary on it by Beatus of Liébana, this one of which has now wound up in Girona, but the actual commentary was written closer to 800… So the same problem arises only more colourfully. This is from the Girona Beatus, which is Catedral de Girona, Núm. Inv. 7 (11). By Meisterin der Schule von Távara [Public domain], it says at Wikimedia Commons whence the file.
Unaware of how this debate would later develop, however, in 1869 we find M. Maximin Deloche, in the process of writing a lengthy and very erudite introduction to his edition of the Beaulieu cartulary, adding an obvious extra step to the ‘terrors’ argument that I haven’t seen anywhere in the more modern literature, as follows:
The Christian centuries that preceded the year 1000 were busily preoccupied with that date’s approach, which, after a certain interpretation of Revelations and according to popular belief, would witness the end of the world. It is an error to believe that this sentiment of fear had its birth shortly or even one or two centuries before this era that one should have considered so fatal. We find a manifestation of this in a monument of which the sincerity is incontestable, the will of St Radegund, dated to 584: it begins with the words, “Mundo in finem currente…”
So far we are conventionally stood against those arguing for a millennial spiritual crisis, but after another pre-1000 example of such sentiments, he goes somewhere unexpected:
Several of our charters contain this [fear] in their preamble. If we consult their dates, we see that they embrace a period of a century and a half before the year 1000. Thereafter, we find it announced only once more, in a title of the year 1060, but this redaction is without doubt only a reproduction, made mechanically and without discernment, of a preceding formulaic usage.
He takes it no further, but it’s important: what does it mean if, even if the idea that the end might be coming soon was common long before 1000, after that it stops?3 Studies on the disappointment of such prophecies suggest that they were usually quickly retooled for a new date, but if the Beaulieu pattern were to be found more widely, we might need to think in terms of disappointment with and even cynicism about such learned predictions, which might indeed find echoes in the rise of popular heresy that Robert Moore more than anyone has demonstrated from, say, 1030 onwards.4 There was so much else going on, of course, including a sea-change in the way that documents were being written that could maybe explain the abandonment of a purely formulaic usage, so this too could serve both sides of the argument over apocalypticism’s importance, but just methodically I really like this use of negative evidence. Why should such a thing disappear, and if it doesn’t elsewhere then why here? It’s worth thinking about…
1. The resort to dismissal and ad hominem examined, not without involvement, in Richard Landes, “Introduction: The Terribles Espoirs of 1000 and the Tacit Fears of 2000″ in R. Landes, A. C. Gow. & R. Van Meter (edd.), The Apocalyptic Year 1000: religious expectation and social change, 950–1050 (Oxford 2003), pp. 3–15.
2. A good clear account of the earlier historiography is Edward Peters, “Mutations, Adjustments, Terrors, Historians and the Year 1000” in Michael Frassetto (ed.), The Year 1000: religious and social response to the turning of the Millennium (New York City 2002), pp. 9–28.
3. M. Deloche (ed.), Cartulaire de l’Abbaye de Beaulieu (en Limousin) (Paris 1869), pp. XCV-XCVII, quotes XCV-XCVI & XCVI.
4. Retooling of expectations studied in depth in Richard Landes, “Lest the Millennium Be Fulfilled: Apocalyptic Expectations and the Pattern of Western Chronography 100–800 CE” in W. Verbeke, D. Verhelst & A. Welkenhuysen (edd.), The Use and Abuse of Eschatology in the Middle Ages (Leuven 1988), pp. 137–209. On the rise of heresy in this period see Robert I. Moore, The Birth of Popular Heresy (London 1975, repr. Toronto 2005), and for heresy’s connection to the millennuium, Moore, “The Birth of Heresy: a millennial phenomenon?” in Journal of Religious History 24 (Oxford 2000), pp. 1–24, vs. Richard Landes, “The Birth of Heresy: a millennial phenomenon”, ibid. pp. 26–43.
So when did Cluny become so special, exactly?
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Quick Answer: Can Probiotics Fight Salmonella?
How do you counteract salmonella?
Even if you don’t need medical attention for your salmonella infection, you need to take care not to dehydrate, a common concern with diarrhea and vomiting.
Adults should drink water or suck on ice chips.
Can your body fight off Salmonella?
Can garlic kill salmonella?
6. Garlic and Cinnamon May Help Kill the Bacteria. Most salmonella-related gastroenteritis cases resolve in a week without any treatment.
Can salmonella have long term effects?
The condition frequently resolves within several months, but it can become chronic, even permanent. Reiter’s Syndrome, which includes, and is sometimes referred to as reactive arthritis, is an uncommon, but debilitating, possible result of a Salmonella infection.
Can salmonella weaken your immune system?
How can you kill food poisoning bacteria?
Can Lactobacillus kill salmonella?
The results showed that all tested Lactobacillus isolates nearly caused complete inhibition of Salmonella typhi cytotoxicity on Vero cells. Cytotoxic effect of Salmonella typhi isolate (SS6) on untreated and Lactobacillus treated Vero cells.
How does salmonella cause illness in humans?
How is Salmonella typhimurium prevented?
Keep your food preparation areas cleanKeep raw meat and poultry separate from produce and other foods when shopping for and storing groceries.Wash hands, cutting boards, countertops, cutlery, and utensils after handling uncooked poultry.Wash raw fruits and vegetables before eating.Cross-Contamination.
What foods cause salmonella?
Foods Linked to U.S. Outbreaks of Salmonellosis Past U.S. outbreaks of salmonellosis have been associated with meat products, poultry products, raw or undercooked eggs and dough, dairy products, fruits, leafy greens, raw sprouts, fresh vegetables, nut butters and spreads, pet foods and treats.
How do you test food for salmonella?
Simply swab the test area and incubate. A change in color after 24-48 hours of incubation is considered presumptive positive for Salmonella species. No expensive lab equipment is required. The InSite™ Chromo and InSite™ L.
What antibiotic treats salmonella?
Common first-line oral antibiotics for susceptible Salmonella infections are fluoroquinolones (for adults) and azithromycin (for children).
How long can salmonella last?
Salmonella illness can be serious and is more dangerous for certain people. Symptoms of infection usually appear 6 hours to 6 days after eating a contaminated food. These symptoms include diarrhea, fever, and stomach cramps. In most cases, illness lasts 4–7 days and people recover without antibiotic treatment.
What should I eat and drink if I have salmonella?
Eat bland foodbananas.cereal.egg whites.honey.Jell-O.oatmeal.peanut butter.plain potatoes, including mashed potatoes.More items…
Can probiotics kill salmonella?
Summary: Many tourists traveling abroad go down with diarrhea, which can be caused by salmonella. While probiotics are often cited as the solution to various stomach problems, the probiotic, Lactobacillus plantarum has no effect on salmonella, reveals new research.
What is the fastest way to recover from salmonella?
How do you fix salmonella poisoning?
Salmonella Treatment Your doctor might suggest that you drink a rehydration liquid like Pedialyte or take a medication like loperamide (Imodium) if your diarrhea is severe. If your doctor confirms that you have a salmonella infection, they might prescribe antibiotics.
How do I know if I have e coli or salmonella?
What kills salmonella naturally?
Does ginger kill salmonella?
Ginger. Fresh raw ginger is another good-for-you food that has an antibiotic effect on foodborne pathogens. While not a cure-all, eating some fresh ginger before meals can offer an extra layer of protection from illnesses such as salmonella and listeria. Ginger also helps quell indigestion.
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hemorrhoids early pregnancy,"Zhuan" physiological changes during pregnancy
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University First Hospital
1. Basic concepts
The first is fertilization. Fertilization is the process by which sperm penetrates the egg to form a fertilized egg. Pregnancy is the process of embryo and fetus growth and development in the uterine cavity. Egg fertilization is the beginning of pregnancy, and the fetus and placenta are delivered from the mother, which is the end of pregnancy. The gestation period refers to the time before the sperm and egg combine to form a fertilized egg, the pregnant egg is implanted in the uterine cavity, and the placenta and fetus grow and mature before being discharged from the body. The entire pregnancy period is about 280 days, also known as 40 gestational weeks, which can be divided into 3 periods: early pregnancy, middle pregnancy and late pregnancy.
Early pregnancy refers to menopause to 12 weeks + 6 days of pregnancy, middle pregnancy refers to 13 weeks of pregnancy to 27 weeks + 6 days of pregnancy, and the third trimester is after 28 weeks of pregnancy.
2. Local changes during pregnancy
(1) Changes in the vulva and vagina
Changes in the reproductive system include changes in the vulva and vagina. First, the extensibility of the vulva is enhanced, local hyperemia, thickened skin, pigmentation of the labia majora, increased blood vessels in the labia majora, and soft connective tissue. Second, the vaginal stretchability is enhanced, the vaginal mucosa is colored and thickened, the folds increase, and the connective tissue becomes soft. Third, the defense function of the vagina is enhanced. There are more exfoliated cells in the vagina, and the secretion is mushy. The pH of the vagina also changes. Due to the influence of a large amount of estrogen and progesterone, the glycogen in the vaginal epithelial cells accumulates and is decomposed into lactic acid by Lactobacillus, which increases the pH in the vagina and helps prevent bacterial infections.
(2) Changes in the uterus
The first is menopause. The uterus gradually enlarges and softens. At 12 weeks of pregnancy, the uterus enlarges beyond the pelvic cavity. In the third trimester, due to the sigmoid colon on the left side of the pelvis, the uterus has different degrees of dextrorotation. The second is the increase in uterine cavity volume, from 10ml in non-pregnancy to 1500ml in term pregnancy. The cheeks of the uterus are also elongated and thinned, gradually elongated at 12 weeks of gestation, from 1cm in non-pregnancy to 7-10cm in term. There are more blood vessels in the cervix, the edema changes in purple-blue color, and the glandular secretions of the cervical canal increase to form mucus plugs to prevent the invasion of bacteria.
(3) Changes in the ovaries
The ovary stops ovulating, and its volume increases slightly. Before 10 weeks of pregnancy, the corpus luteum produces estrogen and progesterone to maintain pregnancy. After 10 weeks, the function of the corpus luteum is replaced by the placenta.
(4) Changes in breasts
During early pregnancy, the breasts are obviously enlarged and congested, the nipples are colored and darkened, and the sebaceous glands on the areola form sprout nodules. The large amount of estrogen secreted by the placenta stimulates the development of mammary ducts, progesterone stimulates the development of mammary glands, pituitary hormone, Placentapoietin and others are involved in the development and perfection of mammary glands and prepare for breastfeeding. During the third trimester, the breasts will have light yellow and thin colostrum outflow. At this time should pay attention to breast care, avoid excessive stimulation of the nipple, so as not to cause contractions.
3. Systemic changes during pregnancy
(1) Changes in the circulatory system
1. Heart changes during pregnancy
The position of the heart has changed. Due to the elevation of the diaphragm, the heart shifts to the left, up, and forward. The increase in heart volume increases by about 10% from the first trimester to the end of pregnancy. At the same time, the blood flow and the speed of blood flow also increase. The heart rate in the third trimester can generally increase by 10-15 times per minute.
Increase in cardiac output and blood volume. First, the increase in cardiac output peaks from the 10th week of pregnancy to the 32nd and 34th weeks of pregnancy, and the peak continues until delivery. After labor, especially in the second stage of labor, the cardiac output has a significant increase. The increase in blood volume begins at 6 weeks of gestation and reaches its peak at 32 to 34 weeks of gestation. The increase in blood volume is 1500ml, which is about 35% increase. Among them, plasma increases by 1000ml, and red blood cells increase by 500ml, making it easy to develop physiological anemia during pregnancy.
2. Changes in venous pressure
Pregnancy increases the blood volume of pelvic blood flowing back to the inferior vena cava, and the right circumflexion of the uterus compresses the inferior vena cava to obstruct the blood return, which is prone to lower limbs and perineal varicose and hemorrhoids. When lying on the supine position for a long time, it can also cause a decrease in the amount of blood returned to the heart, a decrease in cardiac output, and a drop in blood pressure, which is called supine syndrome or supine hypotension syndrome.
3. Changes in blood composition
The first is the change of red blood cells. During pregnancy, the bone marrow continuously produces red blood cells. The red blood cells increase slightly, but the increase in blood volume is less. Due to blood dilution, iron-deficiency anemia is prone to occur during pregnancy. In order to meet the growth and development of the fetus and the physiological changes of the mother's various organs and to adapt to the increase in red blood cells, in the middle and late pregnancy, attention should be paid to increasing the intake of iron-rich foods. The second is the change of coagulation factors. The coagulation factors are increased, the platelets have no obvious changes, and the blood is in a hypercoagulable state, which helps prevent postpartum hemorrhage. The change of plasma protein during pregnancy is mainly due to the decrease of albumin. Due to blood dilution, it begins to decrease from the first trimester. In the second trimester, the plasma protein is about 60-65g/L and remains until delivery.
(2) Changes in the urinary system
Renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate have both increased. During pregnancy, the increase in metabolites increases the burden on the mother’s kidneys. Renal blood flow increases by 35% compared with non-pregnancy. The glomerular filtration rate is higher than Increased by 50% during non-pregnancy. Due to the influence of renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate, urine output increases in the supine position, so nocturia during pregnancy increases.
During early pregnancy, due to the enlarged uterus compressing the bladder, pregnant women often experience frequent urination. As the gestational age increases, the uterus enlarges beyond the pelvic cavity. Generally, the above symptoms disappear at 12 weeks of pregnancy. In the third trimester, due to the fetal presentation dropping into the pelvis, pregnant women may again experience frequent urination and urine overflow, mainly caused by the fetal presentation re-pressing the bladder. Because the glomerular filtration rate increases and the renal tubule reabsorption of glucose cannot increase correspondingly, about 15% of pregnant women have urine sugar, which should be differentiated from gestational diabetes. Under the influence of progesterone during pregnancy, the smooth muscle tension of the urinary system is reduced, and the renal pelvis and ureter are slightly dilated in the second trimester, and urine reflux can occur. Pregnant women are prone to acute pyelonephritis.
(3) Changes in the respiratory system
During the first trimester, the rib cage widens and increases, the diaphragm rises, and the diaphragm activity during breathing also increases. The increase in lung ventilation in the second trimester is greater than the oxygen consumption, which is beneficial to provide oxygen for pregnant women and fetuses. Pregnant women in the third trimester of pregnancy are mainly chest breathing, and the gas exchange remains unabated. As the diaphragm rises, pregnant women breathe deeply and have difficulty breathing after lying down. They should choose a lateral position or raise their head to relieve symptoms.
(4) Changes in the digestive system
Pregnant women in early pregnancy will experience various degrees of nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite and other early pregnancy reactions, which usually disappear at 12 weeks of pregnancy. In the second and third trimesters, due to the influence of estrogen, the smooth muscle tension of the digestive tract is reduced, the bowel movement is reduced and weakened, and the time for gastric emptying is prolonged. Pregnant women often experience fullness in the upper abdomen. Due to the rise of the diaphragm, the stomach is compressed and the pylorus When the dilator muscles relax, the contents of the stomach will also flow back to the lower part of the esophagus, causing a burning sensation in the stomach; bowel movements are weakened and constipation occurs.
(5) Other changes during pregnancy
1. Weight change
Weight gain during pregnancy includes fetus, placenta, amniotic fluid, uterus, breast, blood, tissue fluid, and fat accumulation. The ideal average gain during pregnancy is 12.5 kg.
2. Increased demand for minerals
The growth and development of the fetus requires a large amount of calcium, phosphorus, iron and other minerals. Therefore, attention should be paid to mineral supplementation during pregnancy.
3. Skin changes
The effect of increased progesterone causes increased melanin, skin pigmentation, and pregnancy spots.
Four, summary
The entire gestation period is 280 days, that is, 40 gestational weeks. Various maternal systems have undergone a series of physiological changes and functional adjustments, in order to meet the needs of fetal growth and delivery, and to prepare for postpartum breastfeeding. In order to adapt to these physiological changes, nutrition management during pregnancy should be done to ensure the health of mothers and babies.
what does a hemorrhoids look like,Doctor Xin Xuezhi visits Dazhong.com to answer questions from netizens on the harm of blood in the stool
Moderator: The first question is hello, the expert. My name is Zhao Lan. I am a farmer. I often have blood in my stool. What should I do? I want to ask what is this disease?
Xin Xuezhi: There is a lot of blood in the stool. For details, please refer to our interview and seek medical treatment in time.
Moderator: Hello, Professor Xin, I sometimes itchy anus and blood in the stool. What is the reason?
Xin Xuezhi: As I have just mentioned, it may be anorectal eczema. If the elasticity of the skin decreases, blood in the stool can occur.
Moderator: Zou Cheng’s friend, hemorrhoids, have been surgically removed for two months, but it’s not good up to now. He often has blood in his stool. What is the reason?
Xin Xuezhi: It has been two months after the operation, and there is still blood, which is ulcerative. It is an immune disease of unknown cause. The cause of its disease is not known originally, so it is very troublesome to treat. It is divided into several stages, one is the acute stage, the acute high-incidence stage, with pus and blood, and the other stage of remission. This disease is plain, and Psychology has a great relationship. The more you are anxious and sulking, these will all affect. Keep a happy mood during the remission period. In addition, do not overeating or eating raw food. The decline in our immunity will also affect it, and its recurrence season is regular. Generally, this autumn and spring are multi-method seasons.
Moderator: Another question, he said hello director, sometimes he has blood in the stool and sometimes no, he asked whether this kind of surgery needs surgery?
Xin Xuezhi: This question is too general, so the first cause of blood in the stool is to find out, and the second is whether it is an operation. This has to be specific. If you want a heavy external hemorrhoid, you need an operation.
Moderator: There is another lady. She said that as soon as she ate too much spicy food, a piece of meat came out of her anus. She asked if it was hemorrhoids and how to prevent and treat it?
Xin Xuezhi: First of all, you have to reduce or not eat hot peppers. Whether the second one is surgery, or that sentence, must be checked. In this case, it may be hemorrhoids, and the other one cannot rule out polyps.
Moderator: Another gentleman said that stools are often disc-shaped. He asked what should I pay attention to when eating?
Xin Xuezhi: Some patients commit suicide by jumping off the building due to poor defecation. If there is no toilet on a business trip, the toilet is not clean, and there are plainclothes, and you can’t use it anymore. If you control it today, you will control it tomorrow. Dietary fiber, then exercise more, sit on the desk for a long time, the other is the patient during pregnancy and after childbirth, we must prevent this dry stool, so if her stool is hard, we must use medicine, and do not use irritating medicine. It contains rhubarb and tomato leaves, because it will reduce the nerves of the intestines, so she should use drugs that nourish yin and clear away heat. Western medicine should use drugs that increase intestinal water and increase intestinal probiotics. . As long as it is due to excessive water in the bowel, it will become soft.
Moderator: This netizen said that eating chili caused pain in the anus, and it was bloody. He is only 30 years old and is a male. What is the reason? He said he had anal fissure before.
Xin Xuezhi: He has an obvious incentive to eat chili. He should quit chili. If he eats too much chili, capillary congestion will cause excretion disorders. Whether you have anal fissure or ulcer, it will definitely get worse.
Moderator: There is another question for his mother. There is fluid retention in the stomach and indigestion. I want to ask what is going on.
Xin Xuezhi: He should have emptied the stomach, it should be your first not to empty, which shows that your stomach motility is poor. Then the motility of the intestines will also be very poor. In this case, to maintain gastrointestinal motility, you should not have emotional changes, and exercise more. A drug that can take a little gastric motility.
Moderator: In addition, what are the good ways to treat anal fistula?
Xin Xuezhi: Speaking of anal fistula, our Qianfoshan Hospital is also catering to some international things. For example, some operations can cure the anal fistula, but it also has limitations. One is the recurrence rate, and the other is more expensive.
Moderator: In addition, this is a breastfeeding mother with anal fissure for several years. Now it is breastfeeding. How to use the medicine?
Xin Xuezhi: There is a certain tendency to self-heal after anal fissure, but not necessarily. If you have three months after childbirth, we will have a seal and it will be completely fine. If you have polyps, we can do simple contact sutures. Yes, it basically does not affect the baby's breastfeeding.
Moderator: This is a student. He said he has had hemorrhoids for half a year, and now he has no time to cure hemorrhoids in school, so he said what should be done? Does it take a long time to treat hemorrhoids?
Xin Xuezhi: Because hemorrhoids are not in the acute phase, they will not affect your quality of life. If you want to take the college entrance examination or when you are busy at work, you can use a little medicine to maintain local hygiene, but when you choose the right time, especially For pregnant women, this thing must be cured before, otherwise it will affect many, many things.
Moderator: This is a 50-year-old woman. She said that she often itch in the anus in the past month, and washing with salt water does not work. Ask what's the situation?
Xin Xuezhi: Itching in the anus can be a kind of bacteria similar to athlete's foot, that is, bacterial infection. These bacteria like damp places. This patient should not wash too much, keep it dry, and use some drugs. Two can be washed with some Chinese medicine, and then simply washed with a little pepper salt water.
Moderator: In addition, he is a 27-year-old man. As long as he stands for a long time, his tail hurts. Does he say this has anything to do with it?
Xin Xuezhi: As I said just now, the pain in the low tail and the anal drop are gradually increasing. There are many diseases in this basin. The basin is mainly composed of muscles. It is like a net bag, with spasms in one of its muscles. In the case of, it will have a series of pain. One patient is like this patient. I think he has spasticity syndrome. He is manifested as a pain at the level. In addition, he will manifest as aggravated pelvic bleeding. .
Moderator: This friend said that when he wipes with paper after going to the toilet, he will often have polyps. What is going on?
Xin Xuezhi: This may be a mixed hemorrhoid, which can be operated on.
Moderator: This friend, he said hello to the expert, there will be a faint pain in the lower left of the stomach, and frequent diarrhea. What is the reason?
Xin Xuezhi: This is because the left side is often painful, and the left side is the colon. Many people will feel swelling and pain. You don't care about it.
Moderator: There is also a friend. There will be many small lumps on the lower abdomen by hand. Is there a knot in the intestines?
Xin Xuezhi: The average lower abdomen does not exist for gay men. This can be done as an abdominal ultrasound.
Moderator: This is an audience from Qingyun County. He said that he had internal rectal mucosal hemorrhoids in a hospital in Jinan last year. This disease can be cured. It is said that he usually feels uncomfortable in stool.
Xin Xuezhi: This patient is a rectal mucosal hemorrhoid. At present, the cause of poor bowel movement is very complicated. If a type of operation is strictly evaluated, it will often bring undesirable consequences and the effect is not satisfactory. It should be developed and controlled before the operation. diagnosis.
Moderator: This is a paraplegic patient. He said that urination is very laborious and the anus is not contractile. How can this be treated?
Xin Xuezhi: Paraplegia, high paraplegia or low paraplegia, the anus and urethra are incontinent, this kind of very headache, the operation is very headache, there are nerves, and the healing is very slow. If he wants to do the operation, he can do minimally invasive, but Healing is much slower than others, and you must be psychologically prepared, because you can't get out, you can only do surgery, but the healing is very slow.
Moderator: This is a mother who just gave birth to a baby. It was two months after the baby was born. The stool was very dry and bleeding. Is this because of the lack of vegetables and fruits?
Xin Xuezhi: The woman who has just given birth to the baby caused a lack of water in her intestines. Also, to see if there is an anal fissure, you can use some ointment.
Moderator: This friend is Li Ming. He said that the left lower abdomen and the lower part of the belly button often hurt, and he will have diarrhea after drinking. Is this colitis?
Xin Xuezhi: It should be, like a colitis, a colonoscopy can be done.
Moderator: This friend said that he had healed blood in the stool for two years. He went to the hospital to check the doctor and said that he was quite angry and prescribed a medicine of Mai Zhiling. He said that this happens almost every day. It is used continuously.
Xin Xuezhi: You can use some medicines for clearing heat and purging fire if you have a hot air. If you are bleeding predominantly, you can take this medicine, if you want to vent the fire, don't take it.
Moderator: Another netizen named Wang Yanfei. He asked if he would have blood in the stool when he drinks. Is this stomach bleeding?
Xin Xuezhi: There is a long, long distance between the stomach and the anus. If you drink and bleed, you should come out from the top and the bottom, like if you are bleeding from drinking, or is your rectal problem, what kind of situation is it? Still have to check.
Moderator: This is a friend from Texas. He said it was because of rectal cancer that he had received pre-rectal surgery. After half a year, a CT scan showed that the pelvic lymph nodes were enlarged. What is going on without ejaculation after the operation?
Xin Xuezhi: The biggest thing about this rectal cancer operation is nerve injury. Another transfer of his pelvic cavity, he has this problem after surgery and during radiotherapy, and some inflammation may be affected by radiation. In this case, it should be that this pelvic radiotherapy has affected this gonadal.
hemorrhoids essential oils,Overview of the treatment of constipation
1. The concept of constipation: Foreign scholars Drossman and others believe that constipation can be regarded as constipation if the time of defecation is more than 25% of normal or/and 2 times a week or less. But in fact, due to differences in diet, lifestyle, bowel habits and food composition, the time between bowel movements is very different. Although it takes a long time to defecate,
1. The concept of constipation:
Foreign scholars Drossman and others believe that constipation can be regarded as constipation if the time of defecation is more than 25% of normal or/and 2 times a week or less. But in fact, due to differences in diet, lifestyle, bowel habits and food composition, the time between bowel movements is very different. Although the defecation time is long, as long as the bowel movement is smooth and there is no discomfort, constipation cannot be considered. Therefore, it is generally believed that constipation refers to those who have uncomfortable constipation, prolonged defecation time, or difficulty in defecation despite the intention of defecation, or feeling of incompleteness or discomfort after defecation, or accompanied by full abdominal distension or other discomfort. If you have the above symptoms, even if you have one or more bowel movements a day, it should be considered constipation.
2. The harm of constipation:
Long-term constipation, because the harmful substances produced in the body cannot be discharged in time, and the blood is collected, causing anorexia, nausea, belching, bitter mouth, bad breath, upset and irritability, sore mouth and tongue, swollen gums, red eyes, swelling and pain, mouth and nose A series of poisoning symptoms such as bleeding, acne and dizziness, fatigue or apathy, depression, and strange personality. Some even cause anemia, malnutrition, fecal stone disease, fecal incarceration, anal fissure, hemorrhoids, colorectal ulcers, induce rectal cancer, and can also cause asthma, emphysema, pulmonary heart disease, high blood pressure, coronary heart disease, gastrointestinal disease Aged or chronic diseases such as illnesses are exacerbated, and even sudden death from defecation. Constipation causes the retention and absorption of toxins in the intestinal tract, and can also induce premature aging or premature aging.
3. Classification of constipation:
(1): Outlet obstructive constipation
1. Organic outlet obstructive constipation
2. Functional outlet obstructive constipation
1): Rectal protrusion
2): Puborectal myopathy
3): Internal rectal prolapse/intussusception
4): Perineal descent syndrome
(Two): colonic constipation
1. Organic colonic constipation
2. Functional colonic constipation
1): Colon lengthy syndrome
2): Colon paralysis (chronic colonic transit syndrome)
(1) Decreased neurological activity
(2) Thinning of intestinal muscles
(3) Mixed constipation:
Four, the performance of constipation:
(1) Outlet obstructive constipation
(2) Colonic constipation
(3) Mixed constipation
5. Diagnosis of constipation:
(1) Detailed medical history
(2) Defecation imaging
(3) Colon transport test
(4) Barium enema
(5) EMG
(6) Rectal pressure measurement
6. Treatment of constipation:
(1) Conservative treatment
1. Increase exercise
2. Drinking water
3. Diet
4. Medication
1) Western medicine:
(1) Dilatant laxatives, whose main function is to increase intestinal contents to promote bowel movements. Commonly used are Metamucil, agar, Isogel, and methylcellulose.
(2) Stimulant laxatives, commonly used such as phenolphthalein, anthraquinone drugs such as rhubarb, senna standard preparation Senokot and Cascara. These drugs are absorbed in the small intestine, decomposed in the body into the active substance emodin, and discharged into the colon, which stimulates the intestinal muscular plexus to cause bowel movement. After oral administration, castor oil is hydrolyzed into ricinoleic acid and glycerol by pancreatic lipase. The former has a stimulating effect on the small intestinal mucosa, causing intestinal reflex peristalsis to increase.
(3) Salt laxatives, such as magnesium sulfate, sodium sulfate, etc., are not absorbed in the intestines and will work for three hours.
(4) Stool softeners, such as Di-octyl sodium sulphasuccinate (DSS) is a surfactant that softens the feces, reduces the surface tension of the feces, and allows water to penetrate into the feces. Lactulose is a synthetic disaccharide that is fermented in the colon to produce soft stools. The side effect is gas production and abdominal distension, which is often related to dosage. Polyoxyethylene propylene and Poloxalkal can be used alone or in combination with stimulant laxatives.
Glycerin suppositories and Beog-ex are commonly used in rectal colon medicines. The latter produces CO2 gas in the rectum, causing the intestinal cavity to swell and cause defecation.
But whether lubricating laxatives such as liquid paraffin, olive oil, glycerin, or irritating laxatives such as phenolphthalein, rhubarb, or swelling laxatives such as agar, methylcellulose, etc., all have side effects that interfere with normal intestinal activity and absorption Long-term use can reduce the responsiveness of nerve sensor cells in the intestinal wall. Even if there is a sufficient amount of stool in the intestine, normal peristalsis and defecation reflex will not occur, so that it is difficult to defecate without taking laxatives or enema, making it addictive and forming laxative-dependent Intractable constipation. Long-term use of diacetin can cause liver dysfunction; long-term use of liquid paraffin can hinder the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins A, D and K, calcium and phosphorus, and may cause lipoid pneumonia; the stimulating effect of laxatives It can also reflexively cause congestion of the pelvic organs, causing women to have menorrhagia and abortion in pregnant women.
Traditional Chinese medicine believes that regular use of bitter cold laxatives such as rhubarb, fanxie leaves, morning glory seeds, maren nine, bezoar detox tablets, and Shangqing nine will damage the air and body fluid, and the more diarrhea, the more secret.
2) Traditional Chinese Medicine: Syndrome Differentiation and Treatment
Constipation is generally divided into two types of deficiency and excess. Regulating Qi and moisturizing the intestines are always the treatment methods.
1. Empirical constipation: more common in new diseases or temporary intestinal dysfunction. Most of the patients are physically strong and the course of the disease is short. Proper dialectics often heals by rubbing hands. However, the diarrhea is bitter and cold, which can easily hurt the stomach.
① The same disease on the outside and inside: gastrointestinal fever and both symptoms. The main symptoms are constipation, irritability and thirst, red face and lip scorching, irritated heat in the chest and diaphragm, and slightly aversion to cold in the body. The tongue is red, the coating is yellow or white, and the pulse is floating. Prescription Lianggesan addition and subtraction: raw rhubarb 6g, Glauber's salt 12g, gardenia 12g, scutellaria 12g, Yinqiao 15g, mint 10g, bamboo leaf 10g, licorice 3g.
② Internal knot of dryness and heat: The main symptom is dry stool, short red urine, abdominal distension, dry mouth and bad breath, and body heat and irritability. Red tongue, yellow dry fur, slippery and firm pulse. Cure to clear heat and moisturize the intestines. Add and subtract with Maziren Pills: Maziren 18g, raw rhubarb 6g, white peony 12g, magnolia officinalis 12g, apricot red 12g, and Citrus aurantium 12g. For those suffering from body damage, add Scrophulariaceae and Habitat to nourish yin and nourish body fluid; if the liver fire is too strong and the eyes are red and easy to onion, add gentian grass or other clothes pills (aloe, vera) to relieve the liver and relax the bowel movement.
③Yangmingfu organs: incapable of constipation, or pure water is stinky, full of abdominal distension and pain, body heat does not go away. The tongue is red, the fur is yellow and dry, and the pulse is dense. Cure to attack the vent pad. Use Tiaowei Chengqi Decoction: 12g raw rhubarb, 15g Glauber's salt, 6g licorice. Ruoyangmingfu organs, attacking bosses, hot flashes and whisperers can use Xiaochengqi Decoction, 12g of raw rhubarb, 12g of Citrus aurantium, and 6g of Magnolia officinalis to relieve the heat. If the tongue is more dry and hot, if you are faint and delirium, you can use Dachengqi Decoction, 12g of raw rhubarb, 15g of magnolia, 15g of citrus fruit, and 12g of Glauber's salt. For those with Yangming Fu organs, severe body injury, dry mouth and cleft lip, and dry tongue coating, use Tiaowei Chengqi Decoction with Scrophulariae 15g, Shengdi 15g, and Ophiopogon 15g to relieve heat and promote body fluid. Two servings of Qi and Jin, with dry mouth and throat, fatigue, fatigue, yellow or scorched black, and weak pulse, use Zengye Chengqi Decoction to add flavor: raw rhubarb 6g, Glauber's salt 10g, licorice 6g, Scrophulariaceae 15g, Shengdi, Ophiopogon japonicus, Each 15g of sea cucumber, 10g of ginseng, (or 30g of Codonopsis) is used to relieve the viscera and promote fluids. If the yangming fu organs are solid, accompanied by yellow, red and astringent urine, and body heat and polydipsia, you can use Tiaowei Chengqi Decoction with 15g of Habitat, 10g of red peony root, 6g of Coptis chinensis, and 10g of Fructus chinensis.
④coldness internal knot: stool obstruction, abdominal pain or pain under the thigh, or accompanied by aversion to cold, cold limbs, and fever. The tongue coating is white or sticky, and the pulse is tight. The treatment is to warm yang to lax, dispel cold and relieve pain, and use warm spleen decoction: 12g of attached tablets, 10g of raw rhubarb, magnolia, dried ginger, cassia twig 10g, asarum 3g, licorice 5g. The weak can add Codonopsis and Angelica to nourish the blood. The secret of the internal knot of coldness is to observe the tongue and veins carefully. Although fever is seen, it is caused by the internal knot of coldness, stagnation of yang, and imbalance between camp and health. If you see constipation and abdominal pain, you will often fall into the cold, not only will the more secretion become more secretive, but the syndrome may become rushed, so the clinical syndrome has to be checked carefully.
⑤ Failure of Qi stagnation: symptoms of constipation, lack of desire, belching and eating less, full chest and abdomen, and even abdominal pain and bowel. Thin moss, stringy pulse. This is often caused by emotional injury and relapses or worsens due to mood swings. The treatment is to induce stagnation of qi and relax bowel movement, and use Liumo Decoction to add and subtract: raw rhubarb 6g, Citrus aurantium 10, betel nut 10, black medicine 10, agarwood 6, Guangxiang 12g. For those with a bitter mouth and dry throat and a few pulse strings, gentian, scutellaria, paeonol, etc. can be added to clear away heat and relieve fire.
⑥Damp-heat complication: Symptoms: obstructed stool, hard abdomen, or loose stool but hard to get out, or pain in the anus, dizziness, red tongue, yellow greasy coating, pulse number. The treatment is to clear heat and promote dampness, guide turbidity and stagnation, use Xuanqing Daozhuo Decoction to add and subtract: Polyporus umbellatus, Yunling 12g, 30g silkworm excrement, 15g acacia, 20g cold water stone, and 10g each of Citrus aurantium and apricot. This symptom is more common in people who are addicted to strong tea and who have been drinking liquor. In functional outlet obstructive constipation, most patients with puborectalis muscle spasm or pelvic floor muscle spasm syndrome belong to this syndrome. 30g of Radix Paeoniae Alba, 15g of Licorice, Yuanhu, and Taohong can be added to relieve spasm, relieve pain and promote blood circulation.
⑦Gastrointestinal stagnation: symptoms can be seen with constipation, abdominal distension and fullness. Use Zhi Hu Daozhi Decoction to add and subtract: raw rhubarb, coptis, and Atractylodes macrocephala each 10g, citrus aurantium, Yunling, scutellaria, each 12g, Alisma 6g, haw song each 15g.
⑧ Blood stasis internal knot: Symptoms of constipation, abdominal pain and refusal to press. Dark purple tongue or petechiae, strong or astringent pulse. To cure the bowel movement, use Xuefu Zhuyu Decoction: Angelica, Red Peony, Chuanxiong, Chuanxiong, 12g each, Pink 15g, Bupleurum, Citrus aurantium, Yuanhu, Rhubarb, Glauber's salt each 10g, Guizhi 3g, If the stasis heat internally, the night heat and early cool, or irritable, such as mania, faint and delirium, it is advisable to use Taohe Chengqi Decoction: peach red, raw rhubarb 12g, mirabilite 10g, cassia twig, licorice each 6g to break blood Blood stasis, wash away heat evil. This is more common in those who suffer from trauma or typhoid fever and suffer from heat transfer.
2. Deficiency constipation: It is more common in patients with chronic illness or habitual constipation, most of them are old and weak, and the course of the disease is longer. Therefore, the treatment only needs to slow the recovery of the function, and it is not necessary to make up for the problem.
①Yin deficiency and less blood: constipation, hard work, weak lips, sore waist and knees, dizziness, restless heart palpitations, pale tongue, thin pulse. The treatment is to nourish yin and nourish blood, moisten the intestines and lax, use Wuren pill to add and subtract: Baiziren, pine nut, Yuliren, Lycium barbarum each 12g, Shengdi, raw Shouwu each 15g, Cistanche 10g, hemp seed 20g, tangerine peel 10g , Licorice 5g. The prescription is mild in nature and can be used as a long honey pill. If the qi is weak, add 20g of Astragalus and 10g of Platycodon.
②Yin deficiency and fire: constipation, dizziness, tinnitus, five upset fever, or hot flashes and night sweats. Red tongue with little coating, fine pulse. The treatment is to nourish yin and reduce fire, increase water and move boats, and use Zengye Decoction and Baihe Dihuang Decoction to add flavor: 30g of raw land, 12g of lily, 12g of Ophiopogon japonicus, 15g of Scrophulariaceae, 10g of white peony root, and 5g of licorice. If the stool is dry and hard, add 3g of rhubarb and 10g of Glauber's salt.
③ Deficiency of qi and unlucky: The main reason is that the bowel movement is not smooth, and the stool is not necessarily dry. Stool is solved for several days or counted for a day, or stool is not easy to pass, or the time of defecation is prolonged, or there is a feeling of incomplete defecation after defecation, or the anus is swollen all day long, or despite the intention to defecate, the toilet is weak and sweating Short breath. His complexion was pale, tired and timid. Pale tongue, thin and weak pulse. This is more common in the elderly, frail, prolific and chronically ill. Functional outlet obstructive constipation such as rectal protrusion, rectal mucosal prolapse, and perineal descent syndrome are mostly of this type. The treatment is to invigorate the spleen and invigorate the qi, moisturize the intestines and relax the bowels. Use Buzhong Yiqi Decoction to add or subtract: Astragalus 30-60g, Codonopsis 30g, Angelica 15-30g, Gastrodia, Bupleurum, Platycodon, Citrus aurantium, Atractylodes atractylodes each 10g, Cistanche 20g , Shenqu 18g, licorice 6g, hemp seed 20g. For those with kidney-yang deficiency, cold limbs in shape, and more pain in the waist and knees, add 15g of attached tablets, 12g of dried ginger, and 3g of asarum to warm the spleen and kidney.
④ Deficiency of Qi and dampness: poor bowel movements, swelling of the anus, chlorosis, fatigue, faintness, anorexia. The fur is white and greasy and the pulse is fine. Treat the spleen and reduce dampness and relax the stool, use Shenlingbaizhu powder to add flavor: soaking, astragalus, silkworm excrement, cistanche each 20g, atractylodes, yunling, lentil citrus husk, array peel, almond 12g each, columbine 15g, sand 10g each of kernel and platycodon, 30g rice bran.
⑤ Deficiency of Qi and Yin: Constipation, difficulty in passing out, or incomplete defecation. Physical fatigue, laziness, thirsty, sweating or spontaneous sweating, dry mouth and tongue. Red tongue, less coating, fine pulse. The treatment is to replenish qi and nourish yin, moisturize the bowel, and use Sijunzi Decoction and Zengye Decoction to add and subtract: Codonopsis pilosula, Shouwu, hemp seed, 20g each, Atractylodes, 12g, Radix Scrophulariaceae each 15g, Scrophulariaceae 15g, Licorice 5g. If the secret knot is severe, add yellow and thenardite.
⑥ Condensation of moisture: Constipation, palpitations and chest tightness, dizziness, shortness of breath, or see edema, thirsty and not drinking too much or vomiting when water enters, short and astringent urine, complexion, dark complexion, slippery tongue, sinking pulse. The treatment is to warm the yang and transform the qi, diure and relax the bowel movement, and use Wuling San to add 12g each of Poria, Polyporus, and Atractylodes, 15g of Alisma, 10g of Guizhi, and 20g of Cistanche. This syndrome is rare, mostly due to the deficiency of spleen and kidney yang and the lack of steaming, so that moisture condenses, body fluid is not distributed, and the large intestine is not moisturized. Professor Liu Duzhou believes that the water disease of this syndrome seems dry, and it is all caused by the non-distribution of body fluid. If you mistakenly treat dryness and throw in a product that nourishes, greasy and femininity, it will help the yin to reduce the yang, make the moisture uncontrollable, often have abdominal distension, swelling of the limbs, eating and drinking, and death due to panting, so don't be careful!
⑦Yin and cold stagnation: stools are difficult to resolve, clear and long urination, cold limbs, or bloating or pain in the abdomen, which reduces the temperature and pain. The tongue is pale, the pulse is slow and weak. The treatment is to warm Yang to lax, and use Jichuan decoction to add and subtract: Cistanche and Angelica 20g each, Gastrodia and Citrus aurantium each 5g, Cynomorium 12g, Hemp 15g. Add 30g of attached tablets and 15g of dried ginger for severely yang deficiency; add Codonopsis 30g and astragalus 20g for obvious qi deficiency; add Radix Scutellariae 10g for deficiency of fire; add Rehmannia glutinosa, Lycium barbarum, and Eucommia 15g each; Decoction: 6g of raw rhubarb, 12g of ginseng, dried ginger, attached tablets, 3g of licorice.
In addition, adding 30~60g of rice bran to the above certificates is more effective. Cover with rice bran and Xinganping, start with Yangming Sutra of Hands and Feet. It is rich in oil, oryzanol and a variety of glycerides, free fatty acids, vitamins B and E, etc., and has anti-tumor effects, "can eliminate the accumulation in the stomach." The author has realized that it has the functions of opening the spleen and stomach, eliminating food and promoting stagnation, clearing the turbid and decayed gas in the stomach and intestines, and moistening the intestines and laxatives.
5. Acupuncture
6. Qigong
(2) Single proven prescription treatment
There are many single proven prescriptions for treating constipation in the folk, among which the effective ones are:
1. Take 2~5g of raw rhubarb or 5~10g of senna leaf in boiled water to treat constipation.
2. Decoction of 15g betel nut, 9g magnolia leaf and 9g tangerine leaf each, mainly treats qi stagnation and constipation.
3. Appropriate amount of sesame oil or beehive can be taken orally to cure the secret of deficiency of Yin and blood.
4. Decoction of 30g of Astragalus and Hemp seed and 15g of Suzi to treat the secret of Qi deficiency.
5. Tremella decocted with 30g water daily and appropriate amount of sugar, or decocted with 30g raw shouwu; or decocted with 20g of angelica and cistanche in water instead of tea. Can cure habitual constipation.
(3) Surgical treatment
1. Protrusion of the rectum
1) Transvaginal repair
A: Purse-string repair
B: overlap repair
2) Transrectal repair
A: overlap repair
B: Sclerotherapy
C: PPH incision
2. Removal of the rectum/inner sleeve
1) PPH incision
2) Suture fixation
3) Sclerotherapy
4) PPH incision + suture fixation
5) Mucosal incision
3. Puborectal muscle sign
1) Transanal amputation
2) Transcaudal sacral resection
3) Transcaudal partial resection
4) Transcaudal sacral cut and reverse embedding
4. Colonic redundancy:
Partial colon excision and anastomosis
5. Colon paralysis (slow colonic transit)
1) Total colon resection, back-straight anastomosis
2) Partial colectomy
3) Subtotal colonectomy
4) Selective colectomy and anastomosis
what does a hemorrhoids look like,No matter what anorectal diseases, you should seek medical treatment in time to prevent minor illnesses from becoming serious
In the outpatient clinic, surgical treatment is often recommended for patients with mixed hemorrhoids, perianal abscess, anal fistula, anal fissure, and anal papillary hypertrophy, but patients always refuse surgery for various reasons. As everyone knows, if some anorectal diseases are not operated in time, it will bring more serious consequences, increase their pain and the number of operations. If mixed hemorrhoids are not operated in time, severe anemia may be caused by repeated bleeding, which requires blood transfusion treatment, and clinically even patients with hemorrhoids who need to be rescued; if the internal hemorrhoids are prolapsed and cannot be received in time, it may be caused by congestion, edema, thrombosis, etc. Suffering from hemorrhoids, the patient will have severe pain in the anus and restlessness, increasing the difficulty and cost of the operation. Another example is the perianal abscess if it is not operated in time, it can change from a simple and simple abscess to a complex high abscess. The pain can be relieved by one operation, and it may take two, three or more operations to be cured; there is another possibility , Perianal abscess recurring, may form "perianal necrotizing fasciitis", this disease is very difficult to treat, not only the treatment cost is high (at least 100,000 yuan), but also has a certain risk of death; perianal If the abscess is not treated in time, it may cause sepsis, sepsis, etc., or it may be life-threatening. If anal fistula is not treated in time, the original simple anal fistula may become a complex and high-level anal fistula, which increases the number of operations and the difficulty of the operation. Moreover, the anal fistula recurs and may become cancerous.
are hemorrhoids hard,I want to live to be 150 years old!
To live is to live healthy! To live healthy is to live truly.
Everyone is not an independent existence, we are concerned about and we are all concerned.
Only living healthy and healthy is the greatest support to parents and children.
Because of the following tips, I think I might live over 100 years old and sprint towards 150 years old!
①First of all, "don't brush your teeth" after getting up early, rinse your mouth with 500~1000ml of "Cool Baikai" and swallow; then, jump and take a few steps; then, big! Then "flush" the ass. →This first step is all done!
So, for me, "butt" may be cleaner than "face"!
②Adhere to the "Mediterranean diet": eat a lot of vegetables, fruits, and nuts (already done); one egg a day, 1-2 servings of yogurt (can do); eat red meat once a month, white meat once a week (not yet done) To).
③Persist in exercise: Strive to walk at least 10,000 steps a day to make the bottom, or three times a week "elliptical machine" exercise for 30 minutes each time; and strive to "brush your hair" once in three days and "comb the top of your hair" from front to back, at least every time 15 minutes. "Comb your hair" can massage "acupuncture points on the top of the head", relieve "head muscle tension" and have the effect of treating "tension headaches"! I wish to develop an "automatic combing machine", which is still being tested.
After completing these three steps, you are sure that you will not get hemorrhoids, and that you will not have the "three highs". Do everything well to ensure that you can live healthy and healthy to 150 years old!
hemorrhoids bleeding treatment,Introduction to the Anorectal Department of Xuzhou Central Hospital
[Professional Features]
1. Continue to carry out defecography examinations to deepen the understanding of outlet obstructive constipation. Through cooperation with the Department of Radiology, the defecography examination was successfully carried out, which played an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of various outlet obstructive constipation such as rectal protrusion, rectal mucosal prolapse, and rectus hypertrophy. In 2009, we completed the diagnosis and treatment of nearly 30 cases of outlet obstructive constipation. The diagnosis and treatment compliance rate was 100%, and the effective rate was 100%. We also opened constipation specialist clinics.
2. Carrying out hemorrhoids stapler incision and closing surgery, a total of nearly 80 cases were completed throughout the year, with good results and leading the province.
3. Carrying out ultrasound-guided arterial ligation, which has minimally invasive treatment for hemorrhoids that are dominated by blood, greatly alleviated the pain of patients, and was awarded a provincial-level project. Hemorrhoids are a common and frequently-occurring disease in clinic. The main clinical manifestations are blood in the stool and exudation. At present, it is recognized that the most thorough and long-term treatment is still surgical therapy. The understanding of the nature of hemorrhoids has undergone a major turning point: In the past, traditional textbooks called hemorrhoids as the venous mass of anal varicose, but after many theories and practices, the modern concept of hemorrhoids has been clear. Hemorrhoids are not varicose veins. It is the anal cushion that is hypertrophy and moves downward. British scholar Thomson first proposed in 1975: "Hemorrhoids are a normal anatomical structure that everyone has.... Hemorrhoids are not a disease and should not be removed unless they have exact surgical indications." Hemorrhoid surgery held in the United States in 1980 At the symposium, Professor Marino, the chairman of the conference, concluded: “The most important conclusions of this conference are: (1) Do not treat symptoms without anal signs; (2) Do not treat symptoms without anal signs. This famous saying has become anorectal The gold standard in professional therapy. The surgical treatment of hemorrhoids should conform to the development trend of minimally invasive, precise and painless. According to the American Journal of Gastroenterology, in 1995, Professor Morinaga of Japan used hemorrhoid artery ligation for the first time ( Haemorrhoidal Artery Ligation HAL) method for the treatment of hemorrhoids. In Europe, this new, safe, effective and painless treatment method is very popular among patients and surgeons, and has been promoted and applied in hundreds of hospitals. Treatment 2 , The success rate of stage 3 hemorrhoids is 95%. The operation process and postoperative are almost painless. The operation only takes about 5-20 minutes. It has an excellent effect on hemorrhoids.
Now, the hemorrhoid artery ligation Doppler ultrasound instrument can accurately determine the position of the hemorrhoid artery, and then use the ligation window of the special probe for ligation. Hemorrhoid artery ligation Doppler ultrasonography is a new painless and minimally invasive method for the treatment of hemorrhoids at home and abroad. It can be completed in the inpatient and outpatient departments of hospitals. It uses a specially developed side-view Doppler ultrasound probe, guided by Doppler ultrasound, to identify the submucosal artery near the anal canal from above the anus, and at the same time, through the window above the Doppler ultrasound probe, Suture or ligate these arteries. After the artery was successfully ligated, the blood supply of the hemorrhoids was reduced, the hemorrhoids began to shrink, bleeding and pain were alleviated significantly, and the prolapse of hemorrhoids was significantly improved. After the tension of the hemorrhoid lesion is reduced, the connective tissue in it begins to regenerate, which further promotes the contraction of the hemorrhoids, and finally makes the hemorrhoid prolapse disappear. Its advantages of "minimal invasiveness, painlessness, precision, and low recurrence rate" will become the most ideal treatment for hemorrhoids.
4. Application of photon therapy in postoperative recovery of anorectal department: It can reduce the secretion of the surgical wound, reduce the edema and pain of the wound, and promote the early healing of the surgical wound.
5. The treatment of obstructive constipation by anal endoscopic cutting and stapling of rectal protrusion repair has good curative effect, leading domestically.
★ 6. The new transanal stapler technology (TST starr+) has good curative effect in the treatment of severe hemorrhoids, rectal protrusion, and rectal prolapse, leading domestically.
Medical guide
hemorrhoids external causes,Clinical case---External stripping and internal ligation of mixed hemorrhoids
The patient Luo, male, 50 years old, was admitted to the hospital with "mixed hemorrhoids" because of repeated prolapse of anal contents for more than 10 years. The patient's anal contents can be relapsed, accompanied by a little blood and pain, and loose stools. Specialist examination: Take the left decubitus position, the prolapse of hemorrhoids in front of the anal margin can be seen at the anal margin, about 3*3cm in size, the pedunculated polyps in the rectum can be palpable on digital anal examination, and the internal hemorrhoid mucosa at 3, 7, and 11 points can be seen under anoscope Congestion and bulge, of which the hemorrhoids protrude larger at 11 o'clock, and prolapse outside the anus with anoscope. After admission, he was diagnosed with mixed hemorrhoids and rectal polyps (as shown in the picture below).
After completing the relevant examinations, the patient underwent combined hemorrhoid external dissection and internal ligation under lumbar shu anesthesia combined with local anesthesia. Routine anti-inflammatory and hemostatic treatments were given after the operation, and the specialists were given dressing changes. The postoperative recovery was good.
Mixed hemorrhoids are a common disease in clinical practice. There is a folk saying that "nine hemorrhoids in ten people" is enough to explain the high incidence of it. The incidence of hemorrhoids is distributed in all age groups, and the difference in sexually transmitted diseases between men and women is not very obvious. The most important cause is still related to living habits. Squatting for a long time when defecation, usually like to sit for a long time, addiction to spicy food (wine, pepper) is the main cause of the disease. The main clinical manifestations of hemorrhoids are blood in the stool and prolapse. Depending on the degree of blood in the stool, dripping or jet-like bleeding may occur; depending on the degree of prolapse, it can be manifested as reversible prolapse, necessitated prolapse and hemorrhoid incarceration. Due to blood in the stool and prolapse, other related symptoms can be derived, such as perianal dampness, anal swelling, pain, anemia, etc. These symptoms of hemorrhoids can seriously interfere with the daily life and work of the patients. After repeated conservative treatments, some of them eventually have to undergo surgery.
In order to avoid the troubles caused by hemorrhoids, we should usually pay attention to prevention. Regular bowel movements, proper activities, and a light diet are the three magic weapons to prevent hemorrhoids.
hemorrhoids early pregnancy,"Tips" for "small" pain (2)
1. Sunburn
Excessive ultraviolet radiation causes cell damage and stimulates the pain caused by the subcutaneous nerve.
Suggestion: Use sunscreen or vitamin AE mixture to coat exposed parts of the skin to prevent sunburn. If you have sunburned, apply scald cream.
2. Heartburn
Heartburn is what the common people say. It is caused by the backflow of stomach acid to the lower esophagus to stimulate the mucosal epithelium, causing a burning sensation.
Recommendations: Oral drugs that inhibit or neutralize gastric acid, such as Daxi.
3. Oral pain
A variety of reasons (mouth ulcers, hard object scratches, burns) lead to oral mucosal damage, causing pain, and it often takes about a week to heal itself.
Suggestion: Eat more light foods rich in vitamins, and topically apply ice boron powder or watermelon frost powder.
Four, hemorrhoids
As the saying goes, ten people have nine hemorrhoids. It can be seen that the incidence of hemorrhoids is still very high. Internal hemorrhoids do not cause pain. Only external hemorrhoids cause pain. If hemorrhoids are incarcerated, the pain will be very severe.
Suggestion: People with mild illness can take a bath for 10-15 minutes every night. Adjust the diet and eat more foods rich in dietary fiber.
hemorrhoids treatment cream,Hand clinic (below)
Palms and health
Disease prevention starts from looking at and touching hands
Ten years ago, when I was reading an ancient book of Chinese medicine, I saw that the hand diagnosis method introduced in it was very simple and easy to learn. Even people who have no medical knowledge can diagnose themselves according to the methods mentioned in it. Disease, the accuracy rate is quite high. After I read it, I often read the book and read palmistry for myself, my family, friends and patients. At the beginning, you must first know what disease the other party has, and then look at the corresponding part of his hand. As time goes by, you will summarize some rules by yourself, and then use these rules to push other people's hands, you can say accurately The lesion is.
After getting hooked on hand diagnosis, I often go to bookstores to buy all kinds of modern hand diagnosis books, including handprint diagnosis, nail diagnosis, second metacarpal holographic diagnosis, and facial diagnosis. , Ear diagnosis, head diagnosis, foot diagnosis, etc. I combined ancient methods with modern medical methods, and my vision suddenly became wider. The diseases that were originally hidden in the various organs of the human body can be easily found in specific parts of the human body. In particular, a human hand is like a display screen. The organs and limbs and joints of the whole body are like small miniature landscapes, which are vividly reflected in the hands. By looking at handprints, not only can you understand the health of the various organs in your body in an all-round way, you can also know the changes in the color, texture, and veins of the hand itself, and you can know the disease of the corresponding viscera; you can see the innate quality of the human body. For example, what kind of illnesses you had when you were a child, how well your nutrients were absorbed, and many other things; you can also roughly predict the future situation of your body. These three-dimensional, transparent, and time-traveling information is placed in front of you. As long as you conduct a correct comprehensive analysis, the treatment of the disease will reach the focus of the disease, and you will not be able to treat the disease from the root cause of the disease. Make mistakes made by quack doctors who don't know the cause of the disease but are still using drugs.
Since ancient times, there has been a saying that "the patriarch must be a good doctor." The information reflected by palmistry can make you jump out of the thinking of seeing the disease through the local and detailed aspects, stand on a higher level, and master the path of medical treatment.
Next, I will teach Daweng the methods of palmistry diagnosis that I have summarized in the past ten years. They are the simplest and most intuitive methods, which are convenient and practical.
The second metacarpal bone most intuitively tells you the good and bad of your body
The second metacarpal holographic reflection zone was discovered by Professor Zhang Yingqing, the former director of the Institute of Holographic Biology of Shandong University.
When I consult a patient, I first touch the person’s second metacarpal bone. This is different from other facial examinations, tongue examinations, ear examinations, handprints, etc. These are all specific organs, and when you touch the second metacarpal bone, a person’s overall condition and physical nature will be all Appear clearly in front of you.
When you gently push down along the base of the back of your index finger to close to your wrist, you can clearly feel a hard bone, which is the second metacarpal bone. If there is no extra meat on this bone, no bumps and depressions, no calcium deficiency, and strong bones, it means that this person did a good job in physical exercise when he was young, and now he has great physical fitness. If this type of person suffers from physical discomfort, I will tell him that your physical foundation is very good, and the symptoms in your body are only caused by the interference of external factors, such as smoking, drinking, and irregular life? Have you been busy lately and severely lack of sleep? Is it in a bad mood, career and family problems? At this time, as long as he reminds him to eliminate the interference of external affairs, and at the same time teach him some diet and massage methods, and let him exercise more outdoors, his body will recover quickly.
If you feel lumps everywhere on the bones, it means that this is a person who has been sick since childhood. When you meet this type of person, you don’t care about which of them is severely ill or which is lighter. Just go to regulate his spleen and stomach and tell him not only to arrange nutritious three meals a day, but also to make the food as soft as possible. , Thin and rotten, so as to facilitate digestion and absorption, and asked him to soak his feet with hot water every night before going to bed to increase blood circulation. Only by replenishing qi and blood in a timely manner is the foundation of curing his illness and protecting his life. This kind of person must not let him exercise more, just take a walk. At the same time, do some simple sleep-friendly massages before going to bed, such as ear massage, combing hair, patting shoulders, and patting. Arm, lift up the qi, this is very practical for people with weak health. After a long period of time, the qi and blood are replenished, and his sleep is better, many of his problems can slowly disappear without knowing it. You did not treat him alone, but improved his physical fitness and increased his resistance. As long as he persists in diet and massage for many years, he can also live healthy to a hundred years old.
There are people in between. This is the one I have seen the most. Their bones are clear to the touch, but one or several bulges will still be felt. Then you can look for it according to the position marked in the second metacarpal picture to see which organ it corresponds to. For example, the midpoint of the connection between the head acupoint and the foot acupoint is the stomach point, and the midpoint of the connection between the stomach acupoint and the scalp acupoint is the Feixin acupuncture point. The points are the neck point and the upper limb point in sequence, and the midpoint of the connection between the lung heart point and the stomach point is the liver point. The connection between the stomach acupoints and the foot acupoints is divided into 6 equal parts. The 5 points from the stomach acupoints are duodenum, kidney, waist, lower abdomen, and leg points.
After grasping the specific positions of these organs on the second metacarpal bone, you will know which organ is sick with a touch, and if you press hard on these raised areas, the patient will immediately feel very painful; and If the disease is mild, the disease has a short time, and the bulge on the bone is not obvious, you can press it while walking down. If there is obvious numbness, swelling, heaviness, soreness, and pain somewhere, it means that this corresponds The organs are sick. In addition, touch the second metacarpal bones of both hands. When the tenderness at the second metacarpal acupoint of the left hand is stronger than the acupoint of the same name in the right hand, it indicates that the left side is seriously ill or the disease is on the left side; when the corresponding acupuncture point on the second metacarpal side of the right hand When the tenderness response is stronger than the acupoint of the same name on the left hand, it indicates that the right side is seriously ill or the right side is ill.
For beginners, it is best to find a healthy young man, touch his second metacarpal bone, and then find an old man to touch it, and then find a weak and sick person to touch it, and slowly you can experience the different physiques. Characteristics, and then ask them what they are sick with, find the tenderness point of his second metacarpal bone, and repeatedly figure out. This simplest method of diagnosis is easy to learn. At this time, it is more accurate to learn other diagnosis methods, such as hand examination, ear examination, face examination, etc., to make comprehensive judgments.
The softness and hardness of the second metacarpal bone is related to physical exercise during bone development (between 6 and 20 years old) (those who love sports, the bones are very strong), different regions The second metacarpal bone of a person is also very different. In the south, hard bones are rarely felt, while in the north, there are more hard bones. This is related to the local water quality and the length of sunshine. The south is rainy for many years and the sunshine time is short, while the north is full of sunshine for many years, which is good for calcium absorption, which makes the bones strong.
The second metacarpal bone also has a very practical advantage, that is, it can not only diagnose but also cure diseases. As long as you feel tenderness or bulge on your second metacarpal bone, it means that the corresponding part of your body is sick. When you have time, you often press and rub. Do not use the pad of the thumb to press, because the area of this acupuncture point is relatively small, and the area is too large when pressed by hand, and it is not easy to press accurately. Use the joints of the thumb to dial, so that the stimulating effect is concentrated and strong. You can also use the dull part of a hard object such as a pen or comb to press the painful part, which can have a good effect.
If there is a sudden stomach pain, press 100 times at the midpoint of the second metacarpal bone, pressing both hands, and soon the stomach no longer hurts. If the cervical spine is uncomfortable for people who often face the computer, press the second metacarpal part corresponding to the cervical spine at any time The acupuncture points of the second metacarpal bone can be relaxed and relieved; when a headache, directly press the acupoints on the head corresponding to the metacarpal bone, the effect is very good; if a woman has a gynecological disease, you can press the acupoints on the upper waist and lower abdomen of the second metacarpal bone every time At least hundreds of shots are required, and there must be enough stimulation. Persist 2-3 times a day; people with high blood pressure can apply moisturizing oil on the skin of the second metacarpal bone, and then push from the scalp to the foot acupoints. After pushing 200 times with both hands, there will be a significant blood pressure reduction effect. , But this method cannot be used commonly, it is commonly used for diarrhea and can only be used for emergency. For example, if you suddenly feel high blood pressure and dizzy, you can push quickly, and slowly you can feel that your head relaxes and your heart is not dry; pressing the acupoints of the heart and lungs when chest tightness can also relieve discomfort.
After eating something uncomfortable, the stomach is uncomfortable. You push down from the stomach point of the second metacarpal bone to your feet. You only need to push for 2 minutes. The stomach discomfort and vomiting can disappear. Continue to push two Pushing with both hands, pressing hard while pushing, will soon feel like having a bowel movement. When you expel the indigestible food in time, people will soon feel comfortable. In the past, my gastrointestinal tract was very bad, and I didn’t dare to eat anything outside. Sometimes I ate indigestible food, and my stomach and intestines were uncomfortable for a long time. After mastering this method, as long as I feel unwell, I will push this In less than half an hour, the indigestible food can be discharged in time, and it will not be uncomfortable soon. Someone asked, can this prescription be used to treat constipation? I said that it is only for temporary use, not for more use, the same as if you use more.
The half-moon shape on the nails---an alarm for human diseases
Observing the half-moon shape of the nail can determine whether a person's physique is cold, severe, or severe. People with severe cold in the body must have poor blood circulation. Just like a piece of clothing, it is light when dry, and heavy when wet. Therefore, if the body is severe in cold, blood flow will become slow and stagnant. , This will put a lot of pressure on the heart, so people who are cold and heavy will have heart problems over time. In addition, severe cold leads to poor blood circulation, and blood cannot easily reach the nerve endings of the human body, such as limbs and skin. It will cause cold hands and feet, making the skin dark, prone to spots and wrinkles. The nail is the end of the human body. If the blood flow is not smooth for many years, the half moon shape cannot be formed in the lower part of the nail. In addition, the severity of cold in the body will cause the digestion and absorption capacity of the stomach and intestines to decrease, and the production of qi and blood will decrease. Therefore, this half-moon shape can not only judge the severity of cold and dampness in the body, but also the amount of qi and blood in the body.
Generally speaking, the half moon shape of the thumb of a healthy person should occupy 1/4 of the entire nail, and other fingers (except the little finger) should also occupy 1/5 to 1/6. If only the thumb has a half-moon shape, it means that the body is cold; if there is no half-moon shape on the 5 fingernails, it means that the body is cold and the nutritional status and qi and blood are not good. The half-moon shape on the fingernails of some people is too big, indicating that they are in a good health when they are young, with enough blood, high internal heat, large appetite, not afraid of cold, restless, and tireless. In middle age, because of the high internal heat, so The temper is easy to be irritable, and blood pressure tends to be high. Such people are also particularly greedy for cold, and are more likely to cause cold and heavy in the body and blockage of the meridians. They often show yin deficiency and fire, and they are also prone to diabetes and high blood lipids. They always feel good about themselves, but their body is exhausted. If you don’t pay attention to protecting your body, it can easily cause major diseases such as cerebral hemorrhage and myocardial infarction.
Also pay attention to the color change of the half-moon shape. If the half-moon shape is round and smooth, it is light pink on the nails, while the milky white of the half-moon shape is very clear, indicating that your physical condition in the past and present is very good. If the half-moon shape is good , But the milky white on it is a little darker and grayish, indicating that you were in good shape before, but your physical condition has dropped significantly now.
Also, it depends on whether there are vertical lines on the nails. If you look at the nails of the elderly, there are few flat, smooth and shiny nails. If you look at the children, you will know how big the difference is on the nails. The older the person, the less nutritious the nails and the vertical lines. It will be longer and more, longer and deeper. The number and depth of the vertical stripes reflect the degree of aging of your body. At this time, if we adjust the body in all directions, it will get better.
The palm is a barometer of human health
The palm of a healthy person should be pink, moist, and elastic. When you see a dull, dry palm with a yellow or white color, it is a person who is suffering from both blood loss and malnutrition; the palm area is obviously white, indicating that this person is usually gluttonous and cold. , The body is cold; if the color of the palm is obviously reddish, it means that this is a person with yin deficiency and fire, heavy internal heat, short temper, and irritability; if only occasional redness, it is mostly because of the high calorie of the food or the more supplements. , Internal heat is large, and nutrition is excessive; if it is just the big thenar redness in the thumb root area, it generally means that the upper body is fiery, prone to high blood pressure, heart disease, and temperament; if it is reddish in the small thenar, it is mostly the stomach The intestinal body has a large amount of virtual fire, which is prone to diabetes; if the hand is stretched out, the color of the finger will become darker than the color of the palm after a while. When it becomes purple or dark, it means that the person’s body is severely cold and the blood flow has become slow , The blood has a high viscosity.
Several blue veins can be seen on the fingers and palms, indicating that the bowel movement is not smooth for a long time.
Blue veins on the thumb side indicate insufficient blood supply to the head, often headaches and dizziness.
There are blue tendons at the base of the thumb, which represents hardening of the heart arteries. The thicker the veins, the longer and more severe the disease. The green tendons are thinner and shallower, which means that the disease duration is short. At this time, the patient's heart will not have obvious discomfort, but there will be some chest tightness when tired and in a bad mood, and it will get better after rest.
There are blue veins on the outer side of the thenar, which means that the heart rate is irregular, and the heart beats at different speeds. Sometimes there are premature beats, palpitations, and palpitation.
There are blue veins on the bottom of the thumb, which means that the body is cold and wet and has an impact on the heart. It will also be accompanied by backaches and joint pain.
There are green tendons on the outer side of the index finger. The longer the green tendons and the darker the color, it indicates that the patient was in poor health when he was a child, with heavy chancre, weak digestion, malnutrition, often sickness, and weak physique.
There are blue veins in the middle of the middle finger, which means headaches and dizziness. If the person also has blue veins on the outside of the thumb, it means that the patient has suffered from headaches and dizziness since childhood, which is caused by the lack of blood supply to the brain.
There are blue veins at the base of the middle finger, which represents cerebral arteriosclerosis. If it is only on the left side (the one on the side of the thumb is left), the left side cerebral arteriosclerosis and meridian blockage are more serious, and the left head often has discomfort; if It appears on the right side, indicating that the cerebral arteriosclerosis and meridian obstruction on the right side are more serious, and the right side is prone to head discomfort. If there are both sides and the color of the blue veins is heavy, it means that the arteriosclerosis of the brain is very obvious.
Blue veins appear on the outer side of the little finger, which means that the kidney qi is insufficient. When I was young, I was prone to enuresis, and when I was older, I also suffered from kidney problems, and the waist and legs were weak and sore. Similarly, the longer and deeper the blue veins, the more severe the condition.
On the thenar, the green tendons appearing in the lifeline indicate that the person has allergic feet and is prone to drug and food allergies, and is prone to skin diseases such as eczema and psoriasis.
All diseases are hidden in the handprints
There are mainly 3 striped roads in human hands.
1. Lifeline: It originated between the index finger and the thumb, and is parabolic, extending to the wrist line. The longer the line, the better, and the longer it means the longer the life span.
2. Mind line: also known as the wisdom line. The starting point and the lifeline are together. It is a line that walks in the middle of the palm and ends on the small thenar. As long as the person is mentally retarded or demented, the stripes are very shallow, thin, and chaotic. , Cannot be a clear line.
3. Emotional line: The emotional line starts from the palm side of the little finger, bends in the direction of the index finger, and reaches the gap between the index finger and the middle finger. The handprints on both hands are generally the left hand represents the body information from birth to before the age of 40, and the right hand represents the body information after the age of 40. If there are the same information on both hands, it indicates that the course of the disease has been It is very long, and some handprints are divided into male left and female right, or separated left and right. No matter how they are divided, as long as the following handprints appear, it means that they are sick.
1. Insufficient handprints
In the online division of the mind, whether it appears in the left hand or the right hand, it means congenital insufficiency, weak heart function, and is not suitable for strenuous exercise. This kind of people prefer to do some manual work because of their congenital weakness and weak heart function. Handy, smart and delicate.
Island lines appear on the mind line (the main lines of the hand lines appearing in hollow lines such as fusiform, olive, eggshell, etc. are called "island lines". The more complete the island lines, the more harmful to health>, if it is on the left hand Occurrence, which usually means that the congenital brain development is affected. For example, the mother reacted badly in the early pregnancy, fell down, or the person suffered head trauma when he was a child; appearance on the right hand also indicates that the head will have obvious headaches, dizziness, etc. Unwell.
The island pattern that appears on the emotional line represents a congenital insufficient blood supply to the head. It often indicates that the mother’s nutritional status during pregnancy is not good, and the child’s head and face organs are not fully developed. After growing up, he is prone to myopia, tinnitus, otitis media, rhinitis. The island pattern appears under the ring finger of the left hand's affection line, indicating that the left eye is prone to myopia or various eye diseases. The island pattern on the same part of the right hand indicates that the right eye is prone to myopia or various eye diseases. The affection line under the ring finger of both hands has islands. Patterns mean that both eyes have myopia or various eye diseases. The same is true for the island pattern appearing under the little finger of the emotional line. It appears on the left hand, the left ear is prone to otitis media or tinnitus, and when it appears on the right hand, the stone ear is prone to otitis or tinnitus. Some people are prone to hearing loss and auditory hallucinations.
2. Handprints of acquired malnutrition
If there are lines under the palm, it usually means that the person was malnourished, digested, and absorbed poorly when he was young. It appears on the hands of men, which means that he is prone to gout and prostate problems; when it appears on women’s hands, it is easy to suffer from gynecological diseases, and the lines are heavy. It means that this lady is extremely difficult to conceive. . If the lines are thin and chaotic, it means the condition is relatively mild. If there are blue tendons on the outer side of the index finger, the person's malnutrition is caused by illness when he was a child. If there is no obvious blue tendons, the person's malnutrition is caused by poor living conditions in his childhood.
3. Rheumatic lines
There is a split at the lower end of the lifeline, which means that the body is cold and wet. If both hands have it, it means that the cold and wet body was very heavy when I was a child. If it only appears in the right hand, it means that it is only caused by the acquired coldness.
4. Weak handprints
If there is a diagonal line at the bottom of the lifeline inserted into the lifeline or crossing the lifeline, it means that the person is weak and has poor resistance.
5. Handprints of myocardial ischemia
A triangle pattern appears at the lower end of the lifeline, which represents myocardial ischemia. If there are both left and right hands, it means that the person has been sick for a long time. If it is only on the right hand, it means that the person has symptoms of myocardial ischemia after middle age, and after the person has gone through the cold and replenishing blood, the triangle pattern will become shallow, and finally it will be disconnected and no longer closed. As the body gets worse, it will deepen and close again. Therefore, people with this kind of handprint can know at any time whether their heart is ischemia or not by observing the changes in this triangle pattern.
6. Hand prints prone to gynecological diseases
Women who have obvious island patterns at the lower end of their lifeline or in the middle of the upper wrist are prone to gynecological diseases such as uterine fibroids.
7. Handprints that often suffered from colds and coughs when I was young
Random lines appear at the junction of the lifeline and the mind line, which means that the respiratory system often has problems when I was young, and I am susceptible to colds, coughs, and rhinitis.
8. Handprints of cervical spondylosis
Lines appear in the downward position between the index finger and the root of the middle finger, which means that the cervical spine is not good, and symptoms such as neck and shoulder pain, headache, dizziness, etc. often occur. The more severe the lines, the more severe the condition.
9. Handprints for low back pain
On the palm side of the little finger, the area below the emotional line represents the entire back, waist, and sacrum. You can judge where the person is sick by the number of lines in this area, such as back pain. It is low back pain in the middle and lower part, and the lower part is the lumbosacral area. The lines are only thin and shallow, which means that they are only sore and tired. The lines are deeper, which means you have very obvious low back pain or lumbosacral pain. This part is on the side of the palm, so you have to turn it sideways to see accurately.
10. Fatigue lines
If lines appear in the area above the base of the index finger and the beginning of the lifeline, it means that the person's body has weak resistance, fatigue and lack of energy. If it is a "well" pattern, it means that you have been fatigued for a long time. In addition, people with low and flat areas but with lines generally do not work and play too much, because they do not have this energy, so their physical consumption is relatively small. Although these people are always sick and crooked, they can live a long life.
The fleshy people in this area are full of energy all day long, tireless, able to eat and sleep, and they often find that their bodies are sick during physical examinations, and they have not yet noticed them. The alarm system in the body of such people has been slow to respond and cannot alert them in time. When I show palmistry to this type of person and say which part of his body has a problem, most of them answer "no." Such people must often go to the hospital for physical examinations, only in this way can they be more vigilant to avoid accidents.
11.Handprints of kidney deficiency
In the area under the little finger and above the emotional line, if it is low and flat, with small lines, it means kidney deficiency and insufficient kidney qi.
12. Handprints of endocrine disorders
There are many and disordered lines on the knuckles of the thumb near the root, which means that the person has an endocrine disorder. People suffering from diabetes and menopausal syndrome have a lot of random lines here.
13. Look at the size of lung capacity through handprints
Generally speaking, the distance between the emotional line and the mind line is 1 cm or more, which means that the lung capacity is large, and people who are significantly less than 1 cm have small lung capacity, poor physical fitness and physical fitness, and are very susceptible to colds and coughs. ,asthma.
Hand clinic
1) Look at the big and small hands and fat and thin hands
It is normal that the size of the hand is proportional to the height and weight. If you are a little beauty but have big hands that are uncoordinated, you must be careful of sudden illnesses ---cardio-cerebrovascular diseases and osteoarthritis; if you are a woman with small hands, small hands and small hearts are also small. Weak function does not necessarily mean heart disease, but it can bring Coming with low blood pressure, dizziness, palpitations, fatigue, weak uterine function, easy dysmenorrhea, irregular menstruation, unsatisfactory sex life.
Thin hands and thin people are normal. If the jade hand is thinner than a human, and the fingers are still leaking, it means that the digestive system is weak, the character is weak, and the nerves are weak. For example, the hand muscles are thin and cold, mostly due to lack of qi and blood or Yang deficiency; the hand muscles are thin and feverish, mostly due to Yin deficiency and fever or internal injury and fever.
Fat body and fat hands are normal. If you are a slender beauty with fat and swollen hands, you must be careful of kidney and heart disease; if you have thin hands but fat hands, it is fat accumulation, and there is a possibility of high blood pressure and high blood fat.
(2) Look at cold and warm hands and hand sweat
Cold as the palm of the hand is the initial manifestation of flaming heart, damp-heat content, gallbladder and stomach disturbance; if the back of the hand is warmer than the palm, it is mostly in the acute phase of fever and inflammation; if the temperature of the palm is higher than the temperature of the palm, it is mostly due to high blood lipids or blood pressure High; such as palm fever and dryness, hyperthyroidism; such as palm red and hot, mostly inflammation, blood heat. Cold hands are usually a sign of illness or poor health. If the whole hand is cold, it is mostly due to yin deficiency or deficiency of qi and blood; if the hand is cold in patients with high fever, it is a dangerous sign of impending convulsion and coma; if the temperature of the palm of the hand is lower than the temperature of the face, it is mostly due to heart failure or cardiac insufficiency.
Hand sweat, such as hot palms and frequent sweats on the palms, is caused by deficiency of yin and blood; cold sweats on the palms, not warm hands and feet, this is caused by qi deficiency or yang deficiency; such as sweating on one palm, mostly qi and blood Arthralgia, poor meridian; such as palm sweating like beads, continuous dripping, cold limbs, it is a sign of Yang Qi collapse; such as palm sweating and fever, mostly caused by internal heat.
(3) Look at the color change of palm fingers
People who are physically and mentally healthy have pink palms. If the red color becomes dark, it means that the heart function is not good; if the red line appears on the hand, high blood pressure, rheumatism or heart disease; if the fingertips are pale, it indicates blood flow disturbance; if the palm is changed to red tea color, it may be a sign of cerebral hemorrhage; If there are red spots on the palms, hepatitis or diabetes; if the palms are yellow or brown, you may suffer from liver disease; if you find congestive red or dark purple patches in the large and small thenar and fingertips in the yellow palms, There may be liver cirrhosis or liver cancer. If you have kidney disease or anemia, your palms are easy to turn blue; if the palms are obviously blue, it is also called venous swelling, which means stool stagnation in the intestines; if the palms are wilted and yellow, it indicates that the large intestine is abnormal, including abdominal distension, belching, etc. Symptoms; such as pale yellow palms, haggard, spleen and stomach qi deficiency, lack of qi and blood; such as yellow and blue, stomach cold with pain; such as small white papules on the back of the hand, suggesting high cholesterol.
(4) Look at finger length
The ratio of the two fingers is determined in the fetus and will remain the same for life. Scientific experiments have proved that inferring the probability of adult heart disease is more accurate than the waist circumference, hip circumference ratio, and body mass index that are affected by age.
Men with a longer ring finger have relatively high levels of the sex hormone testosterone propionate. Testosterone propionate can prevent men from developing heart disease. Young heart disease patients with a shorter ring finger have lower testosterone propionate levels.
The difference in the ratio of finger length is related to the level of sex hormones in the body, and even the influence and growth of sex hormones before birth. The proportion of fingers is related to women's reproductive ability and the incidence of breast cancer; men with asymmetric hands secrete fewer sperm; the ring finger is longer than the index finger or there is a musical talent.
The index finger is longer than the ring finger. Women have higher fertility, are more modest, more sensitive, are relatively susceptible to breast cancer, and do not like to take risks; males have weaker fertility, stronger verbal skills, weak aggressiveness, and poor orientation .
Fourth, break health from the changes in the lines of the hands
The texture on each person's hand is formed in the fourth month of embryonic development. The finger ridges (that is, the lines on the inner side of the fingers) remain the same for life, and the palm folds (that is, the three main stripes on the palm) have changes, but they are very stable. Diagnosis with the palm of the hand mainly draws conclusions from the observation of some of the smaller lines in the changes of human health.
When a person's body is poor, the color of the hands, fine lines and muscle elasticity will all change. For example, when the function of the heart is weakened, the muscles in the middle of the large thenar of the hand (the protruding muscle between the thumb and the wrist) near the outer palm will feel loose and sinking. Massage this part will reflexively improve the heart condition , To relieve the patient's chest tightness and palpitations.
People with abnormal personality, temperament, and psychological activities often have several barrier lines on their palms, and the lines are disordered and complex, and even leave marks on the skin and nail color.
Normal people with concise and clear handprints rarely get sick in the young and middle-aged, but are prone to sudden illness or tumors in old age; people with many and disordered handprints may be sick in the young and middle-aged, but rarely die in old age. Or malignant tumors occur; if there is a "well" pattern on the palm of the hand near the index finger, it indicates that the excessive intake of chicken, duck, fish and other diseases that cause fat metabolism disorders.
"Tongguanshou" is a larger proportion of long-lived elderly, but it is not a "good luck". The opposite "sickness" is that some genetic diseases such as congenital ignorance, trisomy B, and other patients are more common, and the incidence of "tongshou" is as high as 31%-62%. These patients are accompanied by obvious intelligence. Developmental disorders. Longevity can only be possible with the "tong penetrating hand" with normal intelligence. The conditions are such as a regular life, proper diet, and a happy spirit.
Most of the ten fingers have dustpan-shaped fingerprints on the side facing outward (ie little finger), and more people suffer from Alzheimer's.
5. Perceive health and disease from the fingertips
According to the meridian theory of traditional Chinese medicine, the five fingertips of the human body each have meridian points, which are closely related to internal organs. If you get up early in the morning, the swelling of your fingers may be related to cervical spondylosis; if your finger joints are swollen, it may indicate high urine glucose and gout; if a fingertip feels particularly painful, it indicates that there is something in the internal organs related to this meridian Such problems; such as arthritis in the fingers, prompting attention to heart disease and premature death.
Five-finger pain is a disease. You might as well pinch the root of the nail, then press and rotate it hard, starting with the little fingers, pinching one by one to feel for any particularly painful fingers. Pain in different parts of the body indicates something wrong with a different part of the body.
(1) People with little finger pain
The internal organs govern the kidney and bladder. There is Shaochong acupoint on the little fingertip of one side of the ring finger, and Shaoze acupoint on the other side. Shaochong acupoint is closely related to the heart. Therefore, when a heart attack occurs, press hard on the fingertip of the little finger to ease the attack. Shaoze is the meridian of the small intestine. When the small intestine is in poor condition, you can press this fingertip hard.
(2) Ring finger pain
The internal organs govern the liver and gallbladder. The pain is a sore throat or headache. There is a Guanchong point on the Sanjiao meridian of the ring finger. Rub this part when you have a cold and fever.
People with the same length or shorter ring finger and index finger are more likely to have a heart attack between the ages of 30 and 40. People with long ring fingers are more likely to get heart disease when they are older.
(3) Middle finger pain
The five internal organs govern the pericardium meridian and the heart. The Zhongchong point on the middle finger is located on the pericardial meridian surrounding the heart. When the heart can't stand it due to heat, you will feel pain here.
(4) Pain in index finger
The internal organs govern the spleen and stomach. There is a point of Shangyang related to the large intestine on the index finger, and if there is constipation and the finger is deeply painful, the large intestine may have problems.
(5) Thumb pain
The internal organs dominate the lungs. The Shaoshang Meridian points in the thumb are closely related to the lungs. If the lungs have disease and pressure this part, they will jump up with pain.
(6) Finger numbness
Finger numbness or swelling of 5 fingers together, suggesting cervical spondylosis; suggesting carpal tunnel syndrome, long-term operation of the computer, typing on the keyboard, dragging the mouse, and feeling back pain and fatigue; suggesting one of the symptoms of stroke, requiring special attention ; If it is accompanied by face swelling or leg swelling, it indicates heart and kidney disease; if it is accompanied by joint swelling and pain, it indicates the early manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis; if there is hard skin on the face or the back of the hand, it may indicate scleroderma.
Finger arthritis predicts early heart disease in men and one of the signs that women and men die early. Studies have shown that men with finger osteoarthritis are 40% more likely to die of heart disease than ordinary people; women are 23% more likely to die early than ordinary people.
During kneading, if the painful part is noticed, even if it is a slight pain, it is related to the acupuncture point of that finger, indicating that the part of the finger is abnormal. At this time, you need to carefully rub the sore fingers to promote the improvement of the disease as soon as possible. Not only do it with both hands, but also knead your feet every day with corresponding methods. To develop the habit of kneading hands and feet, over time, it will promote blood circulation and make the internal organs, especially the heart healthier.
Six, yin and yang, five elements and five internal organs are in the palm of your hand
Chinese medicine examines the subtle pathology of the human body by hand, so the world is in one palm, and the internal organs are all in the hand.
People have two hands, each with a Tai Chi. The left and right hands are divided into yin and yang, the palm fingers are used to distinguish yin and yang, the face and back are used to distinguish yin and yang, the texture and complexion are used to distinguish yin and yang, and the shape and god are used to distinguish yin and yang.
The four fingers are divided into three sections, and there are three talents; the sky, the earth, and the human pattern are also three talents. The five fingers are the five elements, setting east, west, south, north and four directions, matching the four seasons of spring, summer, autumn and winter.
Among the five fingers, the thumb is soil, the index finger is wood, the middle finger is fire, the ring finger is gold, and the little finger is water. In addition to soil, the five elements have the three ways of talent, which are divided into growth, prosperity and decline. The soil only divides yin and yang (luo yin and sun).
The principle of the transportation and transformation of all things can be present in the palm of the hand. If the principles of yin and yang can be achieved, the world will be in one palm. The palm corresponds to the hologram of the astronomical human body and represents the distribution of the field state of the small universe centered on itself. Positioning of the five-finger system to glimpse one of the medical treasures.
1. Thumb: The five elements are gold, dominate the lungs, dominate the soul;
2. Index finger: The five elements belong to the soil, dominate the spleen and stomach, and think;
3. Middle finger: the five elements belong to fire, dominate the heart, dominate the spirit;
Fourth, the ring finger: the five elements are wood, dominate the liver and gallbladder, dominate the soul;
5. Little finger: The five elements are water, dominate the kidneys, and dominate the will.
The five fingers are transformed by the five elements, the end of the five internal organs, and the state of the five wills. Knowing what the palm belongs to is widely used in medicine and qigong.
In the pediatric massage of TCM Tuina, soil is transported into water to stop diarrhea, and water is transported into soil to nourish the spleen, which is based on this principle. The mudra in qigong and the pinching tactics of Taoism are also inevitable related to the systemization of the five elements of the palm.
In one word, the world is exhausted. One of the differences between humans and animals is that humans have hands. The hand is the product of labor and the creative tool of labor. The hand is transformed by the five elements, so it is also the spirit of the heaven and the earth, and contains the opportunity of the heaven and the earth. Scholars who want to explore the opportunities of heaven and earth should first know their own hands
Finger inspection
Fingers-main head, main cardiovascular system. Palm-the main internal organs. Back of the hand-the main back. Toes-have a greater relationship with the head.
Thumb-related to the lungs and spleen, the main headache
Look: Too strong: extreme mood, easy to get angry; too flat and weak: poor physique, neurasthenia, insomnia, stress at work, lack of patience in doing things, and do not want to work as long as there is work; in the middle of the two is better. Refers to the appearance of blue veins, prone to coronary atherosclerosis. There are many horizontal lines in the knuckles, early heart disease is easy to occur, and the absorption function is poor. The palm joints are thick at the top and thin at the bottom, with poor absorption and weak body; thick at the top and thick at the bottom.
Press: Press with your finger, and the libido will be normal when you get up immediately after you let go; if you can't get up, premature ejaculation, spermatorrhea, and females will have apathy.
Big Thenar-the heart, the heart cannot be pushed up, and the blood supply to the heart is insufficient.
Index finger-the main joint stomach, the main headache
The underside of the knuckles belongs to the absorption system. The three knuckles are normally transformed and absorbed well; they appear blue, white, weakness, bending, fatigue, and lack of energy. The child's index finger has blue veins and is in a serious condition. The adult has blue veins and frozen shoulder.
Middle finger-connected to the heart, the main head has a headache
The middle finger is the pericardium sutra, the master's sentiment. Feeling weak, thin, small, curved, uneven, with stripes, irregular life, prone to cerebrovascular disease. Blue veins appear, prone to cerebral arteriosclerosis; blue veins are twisted and severe, easy to stroke, insomnia and dreaminess.
Ring finger-related to the liver and gallbladder, the main triple burnt meridian, the membrane system, the secretory system, and the main migraine
Too long, bad life rules, affect health; too short, lack of congenital vitality; bending, more horizontal stripes, endocrine disorders, and an uncomfortable feeling that can’t be mentioned.
Little finger-related to heart, kidney, testicles, uterus (male and female reproductive system)
Fingers, dominate the heart meridian; finger roots, dominate the small intestine meridian. Compared with the ring finger, it is lower than the second segment, and the curved heart and kidney are not good. Especially kidney and genitourinary system, sexual function is also related. Small, small and short, women have irregular menstruation, especially small, making it difficult to give birth. Men with kidney deficiency and backache. It is better to knead frequently. The little finger has passed the three passes, and people will survive every desperate situation, with surprises and no dangers. It’s not long enough to make up for it to grow nails.
View finger shape:
Strong, good five internal organs, otherwise bad. Five fingers close together, straight, straight personality, more self-confident, firm in doing things, strong in action, more persistent, sometimes stubborn, sleep well, but irritable; bend, think a lot, easily mentally weakened, insomnia, dreams, and money leakage. The long one likes to use the brain, is flexible, and turns quickly, and directs others to do it; the short one, very hard, works physically, and does it personally. The blood is white, the blood is insufficient, the body is thin, and the hands and feet are afraid of cold; the red is relatively hot; the blood gas that is too red compensates and is easy to fatigue; the fingers are red, the roots of the fingers are not red, the blood lipids are high, and the blood is sticky; the fingers have purple hair, Represents cerebral arteriosclerosis of the head, insufficient blood supply to the heart, prone to stroke and myocardial infarction; if the entire palm is dim, consider the tumor.
The law of finger shape:
Thick, big, short and strong. Good physical strength, quick response, outspoken personality, athletes, manual workers, love to move, strong blood, irritability, high blood pressure, diabetes, stroke, and cerebrovascular disease. This is especially the case if the back of the hand is bulging. Very stubborn and rude. Ideas to do Tai Chi and sit quietly. Pointy, long, thin and weak. Slow blood return, poor respiratory system, do not like to use force, like to sit still, brain is smart, willing to think about problems, easy to do office, art and other tasks, the more obvious the thinking, the more likely to be horny, easy to be mentally stressed, weaker, thinking transition, The spleen and stomach are not good. It's better to be somewhere in between.
Wrists-the five internal organs; arms and wrists-the six internal organs. Also called four levels.
The fingers and toes are soft, so you don’t have to worry about insomnia and headaches; rubbing the thumb is good for the brain, often rubbing the index finger to improve the stomach and intestines; often rubbing the middle finger can strengthen the heart; often rubbing the ring finger liver is safe; often rubbing the little finger to strengthen the kidneys.
The ten fingers are strong on the heart, the hands are on the plug, the brain is clear, the joints are rotated to pass the meridians, the palm is stretched to relax the muscles and bones, the ten fingers are rubbed to remove headaches, the nails are cut and refreshing, massage the four points to promote blood, shake the shoulders and turn the waist to relax the cervical spine.
Yin Yang and Five Elements Facial Inspection
Liver and gallbladder-the triangle area (temple) and the middle of the bridge of the nose is the liver area, and age spots grow in this area. The position on both sides of the bridge of the nose is the bile area. People with poor gall bladder will have spots or sarcomas on both sides of the bridge of the nose, indicating liver and gallbladder problems. If there are red blood filaments, acne, or bitterness in the mouth after getting up in the morning, it means that the gallbladder has a slight inflammation; if there are spots, there may be cholecystitis. If there are vertical folds in this part, or vertical folds when laughing, it means that the person has a problem with the gallbladder. If there are moles or scabs in this area, it proves that the biliary function is insufficient. Gloomy bags under the eyes also prove that they are not courageous. If the liver and gallbladder are blue, dark or spotted, or uneven, it may also be fatty liver. If there are pimples (pimples) in these two parts or one of them, it proves that the person is irritable, emotionally unstable, menopausal, etc. If there are obvious spots in these two places, and the face is dull, looks ugly, and the person is thinner, it means that the person has liver disease (hepatitis or cirrhosis).
Large intestine system-where the outside of the eyes is drawn down to the nostrils. Such as women's butterfly spots can also cause constipation. If there are red blood streaks, acne, spots, moles, and scum in this area, it means that the person has a large intestinal dysfunction, usually dry stool, constipation or loose stools. If there are semi-month-shaped spots in this area, it proves that the person is constipated Or hemorrhoids.
Rectal-The intersection of the lower line of the nose and the sagging line of the outer corner of the eye is where the spot is hemorrhoids. If there is redness or white spots, the rectum may become cancerous. The inside of the large intestine represents the small intestine. The small intestine is mainly responsible for absorption. People who have a bad spleen and stomach will naturally have a bad small intestine. If there are pimples, spots, moles or constrictions in this area, it proves that the absorption function of the small intestine is not good, and most people will be thin. There are obvious red blood streaks in the small intestine area, many of which may be caused by low blood pressure, or the family has genetic genes for abnormal blood pressure.
Respiratory system (lungs)-the eyebrows are divided into two sections, the middle one. If the pores in this area are enlarged or red, it means that there is a problem with the respiratory system. People who smoke for a long time will have spots and pigments. If the middle of the forehead is concave, and the color is dull, or blue, or spots, it means that the person has lung disease and breathing is not smooth; if there is acne, it proves that the person has a recent cold or sore throat. If there are moles, scabs or whitish or obvious Sichuan pattern on the brows, it proves that the person is prone to pharynx. Laryngitis, tonsillitis, chest tightness, shortness of breath, or lung disease can also be passed on to one's own children. People with poor lung function generally have poor bowel excretion.
Heart system-the upper third of the forehead (the edge of the hairline), where pimples (pimples) appear, or the forehead color of the face is different, indicating that the person is under heavy psychological pressure. If there are spots, it means that there is a heart disease (such as: myocardial weakness); there are moles, scabs, it means that the heart function is insufficient.
Heart-at the bridge of the nose between the corners of the eyes, horizontal lines or horizontal lines are more obvious here, which may be arrhythmia or poor heart conditions; if the horizontal lines appear deep and there are deep vertical lines (groove) on the tongue ), it may be a serious heart disease. People with heart disease generally have poor intestinal function; they can also cause diseases such as blood vessels, brain, thyroid, and parathyroid glands. Wrinkles in the lower ears and lips are coronary heart disease, and purple lips are heart disease.
Brain-between the two brows, vertical lines appear here. If the vertical lines are deep and the part is red, it proves that the person has insufficient blood supply to the blood vessels of the heart and brain, headache, neurasthenia, dreams, poor sleep, heart palpitations, irritability, etc. , The eyes are dark, which proves that the blood supply to the brain is insufficient or the sleep and rest are not good.
Chest (breast)-between the corners of the eyes and the bridge of the nose. If this part of a man is dull or blue, it means he has chest tightness and shortness of breath. If a woman is dull or blue in this area, it means that her breasts are tender and painful during menstruation. There are moles, scabs on the inner part of the upper eyelid, or powdery acne-like protrusions on the inner part of the upper eyelid, indicating that female breasts have lobular hyperplasia and male pleurisy. If there is a small bag at the corner of the eye of a woman, it means that the female breast hyperplasia or tumor.
hemorrhoids ligation,Irritating anorectal swelling
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19 November - Anniversary of the Sinking of HMAS Sydney
HMAS Sydney was a light cruiser operated by the Royal Australian Navy from its commission in 1935 until its sinking in the 19th of November 1941. andthe second RAN ship to bear the name.
In the early days of the Second World War in late 1939 and early 1940, HMAS Sydney along with several other Australian ships was involved in the unsuccessful hunting for the German Pocket Battleship, the Admiral Graf Spee and the transportation of convoys through the Suez Canal.
Later the ship sailed to the Mediterranean to join the British and French navies in their fight against their German and Italian counterparts following the German invasion of Western Europe and the Italian declaration of war. For being a part of these operations HMAS Sydney was awarded the “Mediterranean 1940” battle honours. During its 8 month deployment, only one sailor was killed.
HMAS Sydney returned to Australian waters and carried out a number of duties including transporting representatives of all 3 branches of the Australian Military to Singapore for a secret conference between the British Commonwealth, the Netherlands East Indies, and the United States of America in April 1941.
On the 19th of November, Sydney was off the coast of Western Australia heading towards Fremantle when at 15:55 a Merchant ship that identified itself as the Dutch ship Straat Malakka was spotted. The HMAS Sydney pulled up alongside the apparent Dutch ship and ordered it to show the secret call sign. Unfortunately, the Straat Malakka was not a Dutch ship at all but was in fact the German auxiliary cruiser Kormoran in disguise and promptly opened fire upon the Sydney.
The two ships exchanged fire and both suffered damage. Sydney was hit by a German torpedo as well as other gunfire and the crippled burning ship slowly sailed south, away from the Kormoran. Observers aboard the German ship reported seeing the burning Australian ship until 22:00 that night. At some point during the night, Sydney lost buoyancy and sank taking all 645 sailors on board with her.
Sydney's shells had crippled the Kormoran; the German sailors abandoned ship after it was determined that below-deck fires could not be controlled and that the ship would sink. 82 German sailors were killed in the battle, the rest were captured and taken to Fremantle for interrogation.
Australian Prime Minister, John Curtin officially announced the loss of the cruiser during the afternoon of 30 November. The destruction of Sydney with all on board was a major blow to morale: it was the largest loss of life in the history of the Royal Australian Navy, and made up over 35% of RAN naval personnel killed during the Second World War. HMAS Sydney was the largest Allied ship to be lost with all hands on board during the war.
NO TRACE OF H.M.A.S. SYDNEY AFTER SINKING RAIDER (1941, December 1). Newcastle Morning Herald and Miners' Advocate (NSW : 1876 - 1954)
The shipwrecks of both ships lay undisturbed until they were rediscovered in March 2008. They were placed on the Australian National Heritage List in 2001.
HMAS SYDNEY MISSING, PRESUMED LOST (1941, December 6). The Australasian (Melbourne, Vic. : 1864 – 1946)
© 2016 Nicholas Egan
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Hotchkiss machine gun
Hotchkiss machine gun, originally a big-bore, hand-cranked, rapid-fire weapon developed in 1878 by Benjamin B. Hotchkiss (1826–85), a U.S. ordnance engineer with a factory in Paris. It was first used by the French army in 1896.
Another gun from the Hotchkiss factory, the Hotchkiss Model 1914, was one of the first gas-operated, air-cooled machine guns. Developed in 1914, it was widely used by the French during World War I. It had a heavy barrel with external fins to dissipate heat, and weighed 88 pounds (40 kilograms). It could fire at the rate of 450–500 rounds per minute and had a muzzle velocity of 2,325 feet per second. It was fed by strips of belts, each holding 24–30 rounds. A 250-round belt was also made.
A later Hotchkiss gun, the 13.2-millimetre M1932, developed in 1932, fired at the rate of 450 rounds per minute. It was 95 inches (241 centimetres) long, with a 65-in. barrel.
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Saturday, June 19, 2021
HomeNewsNotes from the sticks: Talking trees
Notes from the sticks: Talking trees
I’VE been reading a rather disturbing book, called The Hidden Life of Trees. The subtitle, What They Feel, How They Communicate, made me particularly uneasy.
It’s by Peter Wohlleben, who manages a large forest in Germany. Over his career he has not only learned the scientific facts about trees but has developed an empathy with them. He never goes quite as far as saying they have feelings, but the question lingers.
It came as a surprise to me that trees have a social system. The roots, which extend twice the spread of the crown, grow into each other, enabling them to transfer nutrients to each other if one tree is suffering, say from insect attack or damage. This happens only within the same species, leading to the conclusion that the sensitive root tips are capable of distinguishing their own family from others. The point of this mutual support is that a group of trees is much less at risk from wind and weather than a single one, and they create a humid micro-climate which benefits them.
They also warn each other about enemies. When a caterpillar takes a bite out of a leaf, the damaged area registers pain in the form of an electrical current, though this is not transmitted in milliseconds like a human but goes at the stately pace of a third of an inch a minute. After a few minutes or even an hour the tree starts to pump toxic substances into its leaves which deter the caterpillars. At the same time it releases chemicals into the air which are picked up by neighbouring trees so that they can marshal their defences in good time. Some of these chemicals are attractive to predators of the caterpillars and they soon arrive for a juicy meal. But here is the amazing thing – trees can distinguish between pests by their saliva, and send out the appropriate information to their neighbours. This means they must have some sense of taste.
They also broadcast messages via the interconnected root system. Even if there is a gap between the roots (Wohlleben says there are occasional loners which avoid social interaction) there are fungi in the soil which transmit the news. Wohlleben envisages this as an internet of the ground. The ultra-thin filaments of the fungi weave through the soil with such intensity that one teaspoon contains many miles of them. Thus the entire forest is networked and the trees exchange news about predators, drought and no doubt lumberjacks. This ‘wood wide web’ extends between species, as it is in the fungus’s interest to keep as many trees healthy as it can.
Peter Wohlleben writes of parent trees ‘educating’ their young by restricting the amount of light and water they get, to make them grow slowly, while ‘nursing’ them with nutrients via the roots. This results in dense, strong, healthy wood which will live for hundreds of years. Although a beech sapling would grow 18 inches a year with unlimited light and water, in a forest it grows so slowly that a sapling the height of a man may be 70 or 80 years old. It may have to wait another 200 years until the mother tree dies.
Spare a thought, then, for street trees. Grown fast in nurseries, their roots trimmed to keep them small enough to handle, then planted in holes dug out of compacted earth, they are isolated from all the forest support system and discipline of growing slowly. There is no cooling humid microclimate, only burning hot asphalt in the summer, salt spray in the winter and exhaust fumes all year round. They are easy targets for pests and are easily blown over, and nearly all die prematurely – of course, being replaced by a younger victim.
One topic Wohlleben does not cover, perhaps mercifully, is whether trees suffer when they are felled. He does however call for the restoration of mixed forests with a substantial proportion of trees allowed to live their full span so that they can pass their knowledge on to the next generation.
He writes: ‘I for one welcome breaking down the moral barriers between animals and plants. When the capabilities of vegetative beings become known, and their emotional lives and needs are recognised, then the way we treat plants will gradually change as well. Forests are not first and foremost lumber factories . . . completely the opposite in fact.’
I hope I have not made the writer sound nutty – it all made perfect sense to me. There is so much more to learn about the amazing world we live in.
PS: A note of praise for the translator, Jane Billinghurst, who gets hardly a mention but has made the book immensely readable.
Gunnera news: We just escaped frost this week but it has been cold every night. The left-hand plant has got a couple of strong new leaves coming up, hidden behind the frost-damaged ones.
This is last week’s picture:
And this is yesterday:
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Margaret Ashworth
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Can Chewing Gum With Xylitol Help Keep Teeth Healthy?
It’s no secret that sugar is bad for teeth. It gives bacteria nourishment and causes plaque to build up. Because of this, sugar substitutes are always in high demand, especially ones with additional health benefits. That’s why xylitol, a natural sugar substitute derived primarily from plants is so attractive for those looking for a sweet alternative that’s actually good for teeth.
The American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (AAPD) has recognized the benefits of xylitol for preventing cavities. Studies show that it reduces plaque, is antimicrobial, and lowers enamel attacking acid.
Xylitol is currently available in mints, chewable tablets, toothpaste, mouthwash and chewing gum! Chewing sugarless gum is specially beneficial as the act of chewing increases the production of saliva in your mouth which helps neutralize acid as it washes it away. While chewing gum can never replace brushing and flossing, the American Dental Association indicates that 20 minutes of chewing sugarless gum after meals can help prevent tooth decay.
More information in the benefits of Xylitol can be found by downloading this .pdf from the AAPD.
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Showing posts from May, 2011
Plant based diet study debunks eating for your blood type for weight loss, health
You may have read that it's important to eat certain foods based on your blood type. Depending on whether your blood type is O, A, B or AB, proponents of the blood type diet say there are foods to eat and foods to avoid for optimal health and a longer life. Can eating certain foods based on blood type really help you live longer? The blood type diet was first introduced in 1996 by a naturopathic physician, Peter D'Adamo who alleges that even the spices you put on your food could contribute to better health and should be individualized for your specific blood type. The theory is that certain foods and even the type of exercise you do should be individualized. For instance, if you have type O blood you should eat plenty of meat and fish protein, vegetables and fruits but stay away from legumes - at least so the dietary guidelines say. Recommendations for weight loss include avoiding dairy, corn and wheat and filling up on red meat, broccoli, spinach and olive oil. Type A ind
Coffee cuts breast cancer risk, but how is unclear
Coffee cuts breast cancer risk Conflicting study results suggest coffee might reduce the chances of breast cancer. In a new study, researchers say women who drink more than five cups of the brew daily do seem to be protected from the disease, though the reasons are unclear. In the new study, scientists found coffee cuts the risks of antiestrogen-resistant estrogen-receptor (ER)-negative breast cancer specifically. ER negative breast cancer prevention has been the subject of much research. Drugs like tamoxifen, known as aromatase inhibitors, target ER positive types of the disease in high risk women, making the finding especially appealing. After adjusting for other lifestyle factors, the researchers still found coffee is protective for women who consume the beverage, compared to seldom or non-drinkers. The scientists also noted the effect doesn't seem to be from phytoestrogens because coffee only seems to protect women from ER-negative types of the disease. The st
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The theme of iCAAD Dublin explores resilience and change and states that “research shows that it is absolutely possible to recover from trauma and addiction”.
Research into the experiences of people exposed to conflict or other related traumatic experiences found that there was a prevalence of physiological health problems and were more likely to have chronic conditions such as pain, for example in their back or stomach anxiety attacks, cardio vascular disease, diabetes and chronic fatigue (Boscarino 2004; NICTT 2009). People who have experienced trauma are aware of the fragility of human connections. The sense of safety in the world or basic trust is, according to Herman (2001), acquired in the earliest life and as this forms the basis of all relationships, when it is broken or damaged the sense of isolation and loss contribute to depression. Depression can be compounded by the use of drugs taken to alleviate anxiety - such as alcohol - so it is unsurprising that depression is often a significant complication of PTSD. The excessive use or abuse of alcohol and drugs produce similar numbing effects, as traumatised people are unable to spontaneously change the numbing or detachment effect. Dass-Brailsford & Myrick, 2010:203 stated that “… it is not unusual for individuals experiencing trauma to become involved in self destructive behaviours such as substance misuse or self harm as a way to cope and manage unbearable distress.”
In Dublin on the 29th January 2019 we will explore the possibility of resilience and change. We have lined up international trauma expert Judy Crane as well as experts such as Senator Francis Black, Professor Catherine Comiskey of Trinity College and Alex Bunting of Inspire and Addiction NI among others, to discuss the idea that it is absolutely possible to recover from trauma and addiction.
Resilience is defined as the ability to recover from setbacks, adapt well to change, and keep going in the face of adversity. Learning to become more resilient can offer individuals the opportunity to improve their life, maximising potential and success.
It is important to recognise the role 'resilience' plays in recovery and understand what resilience is. Prior to Norman Garmezy's research on resilience in relation to recovery from trauma, most research on trauma and negative life events had a reverse focus. Instead of looking at areas of strength, it looked at areas of vulnerability. Often, it looked at the experiences that make people susceptible to poor life outcomes, rather than focusing on the strength and resilience that could occur as a result of the trauma or traumatic experience.
We all possess the same fundamental stress response system which has evolved over millions of years and which we share with animals. The vast majority of people are pretty good at using that system to deal with stress. When it comes to resilience the question is: why do some people use this system so much more frequently or effectively than others? Research shows that a life of active addiction will detract from and derail this in-built stress response system.
Research shows that people can be trained to better regulate their emotions. This is done by changing the way they explain events to themselves. This can be:
From internal to external - "bad events aren't my fault"
From global to specific - "this is one narrow thing rather than a massive indication that something is wrong with my life"
From permanent to impermanent - "I can change the situation rather than assuming that it's fixed.
This can help people be more psychologically successful and less prone to depression. The cognitive skills that underpin resilience can seemingly be learned over time, creating resilience when there may have been none. If adversity is framed as a challenge then people can become more flexible and more likely to deal with it, move on, learn from it and grow.
Recognising and honouring resilience is the key to trauma recovery. Resilience lives in the trauma wound and it can't be fully recognised unless the suffering that caused the wound is embraced.
Research shows that resilience is, ultimately, a set of skills that can be taught and learned and that this can be hugely beneficial for psychological well-being.
The Oxford Dictionary has a variety of definitions of change: (Verb) Make or become different; Move from one to another; Give up or get rid of (something) in exchange for something else. (Noun) An act or process through which something becomes different; The substitution of one thing for another; An alteration or modification; A new or refreshingly different experience. Over the past few years, Ireland has begun the process of change, especially politically. Senator Francis Black, one of our speakers at iCAAD Dublin has been working on the Public Health (Alcohol) Bill, and campaigning for cancer warnings to be displayed on alcohol products since she was elected to the Seanad in 2016. 34 months or over 1000 days after the bill was introduced in the Seanad, the legislation was finally passed by the Oireachtas in October of this year.
In an interview earlier this year Senator Black said, “I went into politics to make sure that the bill got through in its entirety. We are not trying to make this a nanny state or to ban alcohol.”
"This is really about simple measures: minimum unit pricing, labels on the bottles showing the calorie content and the cancer risks, and to have product separation in the shops so that alcohol isn't beside the nappies and bread as if it was a grocery item."
The Public Health (Alcohol) Bill meant the introduction of minimum unit pricing; structural segregation of alcohol from other products in supermarkets and retail outlets; detailed labelling requirements including health warnings, calorie and alcohol content; and restrictions on advertising and promotions.
Last February, the Irish health minister, Simon Harris said that with this bill, the Government is for the first time endeavouring as an Oireachtas to address alcohol as a public health matter.
The passing of this bill demonstrates Ireland’s commitment to change and is deserving celebration.
We hope you will join us in a celebration of Resilience and Change at iCAAD Dublin on the 29th January 2019.
Kate Campbell: Eastern Trauma Advisory Panel. Trauma, Alcohol and Drug Comorbidity
Jeff van Reenen MSc MFDAP: Resilience in recovery from addiction and trauma
A blog by Araminta Jonsson
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<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Bacteria often live in diverse communities where the spatial arrangement of strains and species is considered critical for their ecology, including whether strains can coexist, which are ecologically dominant, and how productive they are as a community<jats:sup>1,2</jats:sup>. However, a test of the importance of spatial structure requires manipulation at the fine scales at which this structure naturally occurs<jats:sup>3–8</jats:sup>. Here we develop a droplet-based printing method to arrange different bacterial genotypes across a sub-millimetre array. We use this to test the importance of fine-scale spatial structure by printing strains of the gut bacterium <jats:italic>Escherichia coli</jats:italic> that naturally compete with one another using protein toxins<jats:sup>9,10</jats:sup>. This reveals that the spatial arrangement of bacterial genotypes is important for ecological outcomes. Toxin-producing strains largely eliminate susceptible non-producers when genotypes are well-mixed. However, printing strains side-by-side creates an ecological refuge such that susceptible strains can coexist with toxin producers, even to the extent that a susceptible strain outnumbers the toxin producer. Head-to-head competitions between toxin producers also reveals strong effects, where spatial structure can make the difference between one strain winning and mutual destruction. Finally, we print different potential barriers between two competing strains to understand why space is so important. This reveals the importance of processes that limit the free diffusion of molecules. Specifically, we show that cells closest to a toxin producer bind to and capture toxin molecules, which creates a refuge for their clonemates. Our work provides a new method to generate customised bacterial communities with defined spatial distributions, and reveals that micron-scale changes in these distributions can drive major shifts in their ecology.</jats:p>
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Journal article
Nature Communications
Nature Research (part of Springer Nature)
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Study Guide
Henry V Act 3, Scene 3
By William Shakespeare
Act 3, Scene 3
Read the full text of Henry V Act 3 Scene 3 with a side-by-side translation HERE.
• Meanwhile, Henry's troops are still charging "unto the breach" but Captain Gower, Captain Fluellen, Captain Jamy, and Captain MacMorris stand off to the side...talking about the art of warfare.
• Captain MacMorris notes that this is no time for chitchat and says it's a "shame" that they're not joining in the fight.
• The Captains continue to chitchat until they're interrupted by a parley (a trumpet blast signaling that the French want to negotiate).
• The scene cuts to King Henry and his attendants at the gates of Harfleur.
• Henry delivers a disturbing speech about how the Governor of Harfleur better hurry up and surrender peacefully. Otherwise, Henry's troops will storm the gates and rape the town's "fair virgins" after they impale all the French infants on spikes and bash all the old men's heads in.
• Henry claims that, if he unleashes his soldiers on the town again, he'll have no more control over them.
• Naturally, the Governor surrenders and opens the gates.
• Henry leads his troops into the town, where his weary soldiers can rest until they push on to Calais.
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MIT Technology Review
Computing’s Johnny Appleseed
January 1, 2000
Mind Meets Machine
Such modesty was bred into Licklider at an early age. Back in St. Louis, where he was born in 1915, a self-satisfied man was said to have too much “side”-a reference to the fatty flanks of a hog. And little Robnett, as Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider was known as a boy, had been raised to think “side” was unseemly. Every evening from the time he was 5, it had been his duty and honor to take the arm of his maiden aunt, escort her to the dinner table, and hold out her chair. Even as an adult, Lick was a remarkably courteous man who rarely raised his voice in anger and who found it almost physically impossible to remain seated when a woman entered the room.
A happy, energetic boy with a lively sense of fun, Licklider early on displayed an insatiable curiosity and a love of all things technological-especially cars. At 15, he bought an old junker and took it apart again and again, trying to figure out its inner workings. For years thereafter, he refused to pay more than $50 for a car; whatever shape it was in, he could fix it up and make it go.
At Washington University in St. Louis, he wanted to major in everything-and almost did. He graduated in 1937 with a triple degree in physics, math and psychology, with particular interest in deciphering the ultimate gadget: the brain. For his doctoral dissertation at the University of Rochester, he made the first maps of neural activity on the auditory cortex, pinpointing the regions crucial to our ability to hear musical pitch.
Ironically, this passion for psychology would be central to Lick’s pathbreaking work in computing. Most computer pioneers came to the field in the 1940s and 1950s with backgrounds in math or electrical engineering, leading them to focus on gadgetry: making the machines bigger, faster and more reliable. But Lick’s study of neuroscience left him with a deep scientific appreciation for the human capacity to perceive, to adapt, to make choices, and to create new ways of tackling problems. To Lick, these abilities were every bit as subtle and as worthy of respect as the automated execution of a series of instructions. And that’s why to him, the real challenge would always lie in adapting computers to the humans who use them, exploiting the strengths of each.
Lick’s instincts in this direction were apparent by 1942, when he joined Harvard’s Psycho-Acoustics Laboratory. The Army Air Force was funding a team of psychologists at that lab to attack the problem of noise. The United States had just entered World War II, and aircraft crews were finding it difficult to function amid the overwhelming din of the engines. Lick devised a method for artfully distorting radio transmissions to emphasize consonants over vowels and thus make words stand out against a background of radio static and mechanized cacophony. Already, he was shaping the technology to fit the human, not the reverse.
That sensibility asserted itself even more after 1950, when Lick moved to MIT. Almost immediately, he got caught up in Project SAGE-a crash program to create a computer-based air-defense system against Soviet long-range bombers. The computer in SAGE was Whirlwind, which had been under development at MIT since 1944. Other early computers, such as ENIAC, had started out as giant calculators, with an operating style to match: You entered the numbers and eventually got back a printout with the answer. This came to be known as batch-processing. Whirlwind, by contrast, had started out as a flight simulator and had evolved into the world’s first real-time computer: It would try to respond instantly to whatever the user did at the console. The challenge was to prove that a computer could take the data coming in from a new generation of air-defense radars and display the results rapidly in a meaningful form.
The project succeeded. Although high-flying, fast-moving ICBMs had made the air-defense system obsolete by the time it was finally deployed in 1958, SAGE nevertheless served as a model for the interactive, real-time computers that followed-including modern personal computers. Lick headed SAGE’s human-factors team, and he saw the project as an example of how machines and humans could work in partnership. Without computers, humans couldn’t begin to integrate all that radar information. Without humans, computers couldn’t recognize the significance of that information, or make decisions. But together-ah yes, together…
By 1957, the year he left MIT for the nearby consulting firm Bolt Beranek and Newman, that train of thought was leading Lick down strange new paths. That spring and summer, he kept track of what he actually did during the day-with shocking results. “About 85 percent of my ‘thinking’ time was spent getting into a position to think, to make a decision, to learn something I needed to know,” he later wrote. He concluded that his decisions on what work to attempt “were determined to an embarrassingly great extent by considerations of clerical feasibility, not intellectual capability.”
Computers, he believed, would rescue the human mind from its enslavement by mundane detail. Human and machine were destined to unite in an almost mystical partnership, with computers handling rote algorithms while people provided the creative impulses. The hope, he said, was that “the resulting partnership will think as no human brain has every thought and process data in a way not approached by the information-handling machines we know today.” Lick found this vision of human-computer symbiosis so compelling that standard psychology could no longer compete. “Any psychologist is crazy to keep on working with people if he has access to a computer,” he said, only partly in jest.
And so he switched fields. In a 1960 paper called “Man-Computer Symbiosis,” published in the IRE Transactions on Human Factors in Electronics, Licklider formulated a new vision of computing. He described a machine that humans could relate to in the manner of “a colleague whose competence supplements your own”-a friend who could help when the problems got too hard to think through in advance. Such problems “would be easier to solve,” he wrote, “and they could be solved faster, through an intuitively guided trial-and-error procedure in which the computer cooperated, turning up flaws in the reasoning or revealing unexpected turns in the solution.”
Much easier said than done. Real-time computers were still a rarity in 1960, and far too expensive for individual use. Therefore, Lick concluded, the most efficient way to use this technology was to have the computer “divide its time among many users.” This was not an original idea; such “time-sharing systems” were already under development at MIT and elsewhere. But Lick, never one to hold his imagination in check, followed that notion to its logical conclusion: He described an online “thinking center” that would “incorporate the functions of present-day libraries.” He foresaw “a network of such centers, connected to one another by wide-band communications lines and to individual users by leased-wire services.” Any similarity to today’s Internet is not a coincidence. (To read Licklider’s seminal paper, go to
Networks would allow computers to communicate with one another. But Lick also saw a desperate need for better ways for humans to interact with computers. Punch cards and printouts were, he wrote, hopelessly impoverished relative to human communication via sight, sound, touch and even body language. His proposed solution: a desk-sized console that would function much like today’s personal computer, equipped with voice and handwriting recognition. He described a display surface “approaching the flexibility and convenience of the pencil and doodle pad or the chalk and blackboard.”
Lick pointed out the need for reference works distributed via cheap, mass-produced “published memory” (think CD-ROM); data storage that could access items by content, and not just by names or keywords (still difficult); and languages that would allow you to instruct the computer by giving it goals, instead of step-by-step procedures (even more difficult.) He also revealed his mixed feelings about artificial intelligence, then in its infancy. He saw it as being potentially very useful-but knew far too much about the brain and its complexities to believe that computers would soon be surpassing humans.
Although Licklider’s ideas were little more than visions in the late 1950s, technology was beginning to catch up. In the spring of 1960, a struggling young company called Digital Equipment Corp. introduced its first computer, the PDP-1. It was a real-time, interactive machine, and it came with a built-in display screen. It was the perfect machine for Lick to try to implement the research agenda laid out in “Symbiosis.” He and his team bought the display model off the exhibit floor for $120,000 (enough to make the BBN higher-ups blanch) and plunged in. They programmed their PDP-1 for some of the first experiments with educational software, including a language vocabulary drill written by Lick himself. They experimented with online search and data retrieval. They even worked on time-sharing-although the PDP-1, whose horsepower was roughly that of the original Radio Shack TRS-80, didn’t have much to share.
Building the ARPA Community
Lick would have happily continued this way indefinitely, had he not received a call in 1962 from the Department of Defense’s Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA). The Pentagon had formed ARPA five years earlier in the aftermath of Sputnik as a fast-response research agency, charged with making sure the United States was never again caught flat-footed. Now, ARPA wanted to set up a small research program in “command and control”: the ancient art of making timely decisions and getting those decisions implemented by your forces in the field. This was a critical matter in the nuclear age, and was obviously going to involve computers. And once ARPA director Jack Ruina heard Lick expound upon his vision of interactive, symbiotic computing, he knew he had found the right person to lead the effort.
Lick didn’t really want to leave BBN. But how could he say no? He would have $10 million a year to give away pretty much as he saw fit-no peer review, no second guessing from higher-ups. The ARPA style was to hire good people, then trust them to do their jobs. There would be no “cloak and dagger” stuff, as Lick called it; the research he funded would be completely unclassified. So long as he was advancing command and control, broadly defined, he could choose which projects to fund. In effect, Lick was being offered an opportunity to spend big money in pursuit of his vision of human-computer symbiosis.
He hit the ground running in October 1962. His strategy was to seek out the scattered groups of researchers around the country who already shared his dream, and nurture their work with ARPA funding. Within months, the “ARPA community,” as it came to be known, was taking shape. First among equals was Project MAC at MIT, founded with Lick’s encouragement as a large-scale experiment in time-sharing and as a prototype for the computer utility of the future. MAC-the name stood for both “Multi-Access Computer” and “Machine-Aided Cognition”-would also incorporate Marvin Minsky’s Artificial Intelligence (AI) Laboratory. Other major sites included Stanford, where Lick was funding a new AI group under time-sharing inventor John McCarthy; Berkeley, where he had commissioned another demonstration of time-sharing; Rand Corp., where he was supporting development of a “tablet” for free-hand communication with a computer; and Carnegie Tech (now Carnegie Mellon University), where he was funding Allen Newell, Herbert Simon and Alan Perlis to create a “center of excellence” for computer science. Lick had also taken a chance on a soft-spoken visionary he barely knew-Douglas Engelbart of SRI International-whose ideas on augmenting the human intellect with computers closely resembled his own and who had been thoroughly ignored by his colleagues. With funding from Lick, and eventually from NASA as well, Engelbart would go on to develop the mouse, hypertext, on-screen windows and many other features of modern software.
The trick, Lick knew, was to create a community in which widely dispersed researchers could build on one another’s work instead of generating incompatible machines, languages and software. Lick broached this issue in an April 1963 memo to “Members and Affiliates of the Intergalactic Computer Network”-meaning his principal investigators. The solution was to make it extremely easy for people to work together by linking all of ARPA’s time-sharing computers into a national system. He wrote:
If such a network as I envisage nebulously could be brought into operation, we would have at least four large computers, perhaps six or eight small computers, and a great assortment of disc files and magnetic tape units-not to mention the remote consoles and teletype stations-all churning away.
From the modern perspective, this little paragraph is electrifying-it is perhaps the first written description of what we now call the Internet. But Lick didn’t stop there. Clearly enamored by the idea, he spent most of the rest of the memo sketching out how people might use such a system. He described a network in which software could float free of individual machines. Programs and data would live not on an individual computer but on the Net-the essential notion of the Java applets now found all over the Web.
Forgotten Revolutionary
As eloquent testimony to the success of Lick’s strategy, consider that during the late 1960s and early 1970s, at the height of the Vietnam debacle, when many people viewed governments and institutions of all kinds as instruments of oppression and punch-card belching mainframes as a potent symbol of tyranny, a rising generation of students was beginning to think of computers as liberating. This was the generation that would gather at Xerox PARC. And this was the generation-together with the students they taught-who would engineer the personal computer revolution of the 1980s and turn the ARPAnet into the Internet and then create the World Wide Web. The list is a long one, including Alan Kay of the University of Utah, who in 1968 came up with the notion of a notebook computer called the “Dynabook”; Dan Bricklin of Project MAC, who invented VisiCalc, the first electronic spreadsheet; Bob Metcalfe of Project MAC, inventor of Ethernet and founder of 3Com; John Warnock of Utah and PARC, founder of Adobe Systems; and Bill Joy of Berkeley, co-founder of Sun Microsystems. Even now, people who never heard of J.C.R. Licklider fervently believe in what he dreamed of, because his ideas are in the very air they breathe.
Why, then, have most people never heard of him?
One reason is that Lick wasn’t the kind of person modern-day computer journalists like to write about. He didn’t start a company, or create best-selling software. He wasn’t a mediagenic guru. He seemed to be just another government bureaucrat from back in technology prehistory. Moreover, Lick wasn’t even very successful as a bureaucrat, at least not after he left ARPA. Two exasperating years at IBM sent him back to MIT in 1966; the computer giant’s corporate culture was grounded so firmly in mainframes and batch-processing that Lick saw no chance to convert the company to human-machine symbiosis in his lifetime. His rocky stint as director of Project MAC, from 1968 to 1971, strained many an old friendship there; Lick’s loathing for paperwork made him a disastrous manager. A second tour at ARPA, from 1974 to 1975, was even worse: In the post-Vietnam environment, the free-wheeling computer research program he had founded was mired in demands for immediate military relevance. A colleague who watched him there likened it to a Christian being fed to the lions.
And Lick wasn’t a young Christian anymore. By the time microcomputers hit big in the early 1980s, he was pushing 70. Just as his ideas of personal computing and networking were coming to fruition, he was losing the vigor to contribute significantly to the cause. His hands had a noticeable tremor-a condition that would eventually be diagnosed as Parkinson’s disease. His allergies had crossed the line into asthma, and he never went anywhere without an inhaler. In the end, it was the asthma that finally caught up with him: An attack left his brain without oxygen too long, and Lick died without regaining consciousness in June of 1990.
But mainly, we haven’t heard of Lick because he refused to toot his own horn. He seems to have been one of those rare beings who genuinely didn’t care who got the credit, so long as the goal was accomplished. Psychologist George Miller, who worked with Licklider at Harvard during World War II, remembers him as “extremely intelligent, intensely creative, and hopelessly generous” with his ideas.
Forty years later, Stuart Malone discovered much the same quality. In the early 1980s, Lick had taken Malone and a number of other undergraduates under his wing. He made sure they had a space of their own, a common area they painted green and called “The Meadow.” He got them exclusive use of one of the lab’s VAX/750 computers, which they immediately equipped with a Unix password: lixkids. He had made them feel part of something much larger than themselves. And, of course, he had said not a word about his own past-which was why Malone was so astonished at Lick’s retirement dinner in 1985. “There were hundreds of people there from MIT, from DEC, from PARC, from the Defense Department,” he recalls, “all standing up and crediting Lick with giving them a chance to do their best work.”
David Burmaster, who had been Lick’s assistant at Project MAC, will never forget it. “I’d felt I was the only one, that somehow Lick and I had this mystical bond. Yet during that evening I saw that Lick had had this amazing relationship with-a hundred? Two hundred? I’m not sure even how to count them. And everybody he touched felt that he was their hero, and that he had been an extraordinarily important person in their life.”
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7 ecological tipping points
South Asian monsoons, the Amazon rain forest and polar sea ice -- all significant environmental systems that control and regulate the climate of the entire planet -- could each serve as the site of an environmental tipping point as global temperatures rise, according to this article. Scientists are unable to predict the consequences of tipping-element changes to the Bodélé Depression in Chad or the Gulf Stream in the Atlantic Ocean, though changes to these systems have already been recorded. Wired.com/Wired Science blog
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Flexibility training PDF Print E-mail
Written by Mihajlo Kostic
Sunday, 27 June 2010 13:53
Flexibility in sports practice is defined as the ability to perform large amplitude motion. Deriving a large amplitude motion is restricted muscles and their span. Flexibility, as a basic motor capability has significant meaning in the physical and mental development of children, youth and athletes, because it:
- Reduces muscle tension, improves muscle coordination and intermuscular coordintion,
- Allows more free and easier movement,
- Increases the level of motor skills (coordination, speed, agility),
- Increase flexibility of connective tissue (stimulation connective tissue fluid production),
- Reduce the risk of injury to muscles, tendons and ligaments,
- Improves circulation of blood flow and other regenerative processes,
- Reduces muscle fatigue after training
- Reduces the severity of painful menstruation (dysmenorrhea) for women,
- Prolongs a sports career.
The most effective way to improve joint flexibility and range of motion is to regularly and systematic performing stretching exercises.
Our training system uses four training programs of stretching:
1st Static stretching
2nd Dynamic stretching
3rd Passive stretching
4th PNF stretching (PNF - proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation)
Static stretching involves stretching constant streching of the whole musculature. Endurance in certain positions last for 15-20 seconds and is to be repeated twice.
Dynamic stretching is performed after static stretching and is used as warm up for the forthcoming sports activities. The aim is to increase the amplitude of movements that are specific for certain sports and recreational activities. Standing and moving exercises are performed.
Passive stretching is a program that is often used by athletes who have insufficient flexibility. It is often the case that football, basketbal and handball players experience lack of flexibility of the lower back and hamstrings thighs. Stretching is done by force exerted by a coach or a partner.
PNF stretching is a direct form of passive stretching.It is actually a combination of passive and static stretching. PNF stretching usually involves the use of a partner who resists isometric contraction and passively moves the joint through increased amplitude of movement.
Flexibility exercises in our programs are done in the introductory part of the pre-workout, then after the exercise of power and speed, as a form of active rest, and in the final part of the training as a form of recovery.
Figure 1 Strecing before and after sprinting
Last Updated on Thursday, 08 July 2010 01:43
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When two people want to meet up at a large event, they may be hampered when a pre-arranged rendezvous point turns out to be inconvenient, while any centralized services for real-time coordination are overwhelmed by demand. Peer-to-peer calculations between participating devices could guide the two friends to meet at an intermediate location, regardless of the continued movement of the two friends and participating devices in the area.
Code samples and illustrations from a simulation:
Using some of Protelis’s special operators and syntax (purple), a small number of functions (blue) can be defined and applied to variables (green). “Alice” and “Bob” can be directed toward each other (red dots) through the peer-to-peer calculations performed on participating devices (blue dots).
The function distanceTo computes the minimum distance from any device to the nearest “source device” (a device where source is true). The field d is initially Infinity everywhere, but is set to 0 on sources and set to the minimum across neighbors of the sum of d and the estimated distance to the current device.
def distanceTo(source) {
rep(d <- Infinity) {
mux (source) { 0 }
else { minHood(nbr(d) + nbrRange) }
The function descend follows the gradient of a potential field down from a source. Given an original device (self) and a potential potential field, this function builds a path of intermediate devices connecting the original device with the source of the potential field. The original device is marked as part of the path. Other devices are identified as being on the path if one of their neighbors is already on the path, and they are the closest of that neighbor’s neighbors to the destination.
def descend(source, potential) {
rep(path <- source) {
let nextStep = minHood(nbr([potential, self.getId()]));
if(nextStep.size() > 1) {
let candidates = (nbr([nextStep.get(1), path]));
source || anyHood([self.getId(), true] == candidates)
} else {
The rendezvous function uses the descend function to identify the path between two people, whose devices have been marked with the owner property.
def rendezvous(person1, person2) {
descend (person1 == owner, distanceTo(person2) == owner))
map with blue dots
Imagine an initial configuration where a number of individuals carrying participating devices (blue dots) are attending a large event, and two of them (Alice and Bob, as two yellow squares) wish to meet up.
map with blue and a few red dots
Alice and Bob activate their rendezvous application, and nearby devices that are on the shortest path between them start to be selected as part of their rendezvous path (red dots).
map with blue and more red dots
No central information service is needed for peer-to-peer calculation of the shortest path.
map with blue and even more red dots
The complete path is calculated, and will update automatically as Alice and Bob walk toward each other, and as intermediate devices move around.
For more information, see Protelis: Practical Aggregate Programming, Danilo Pianini, Mirko Viroli, Jacob Beal, ACM Symposium on Applied Computing 2015, April 2015.
In addition to peer-to-peer calculations, Protelis applications can take advantage of peer-to-peer communications to distribute software updates. This is an accelerate video of an Alchemist simulation of an upgradable crowd tracking applications. Each block dot represents a device with the Protelis process scheduler installed, but with no specific crowd tracking application running. Blue dots represent randomly selected devices injected with the crowd tracking application, which spreads through the aggregate scheduler to nearby devices. The red shadow shows detection of overcrowding by this version of the crowd tracker, which is judged to be too conservative. An updated version of the crowd tracker with a corrected overcrowding detection algorithm is then injected and spread through the aggregate scheduler, and the red shadow shrinks as the better danger estimation scheme takes over.
For more information, see this paper.
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CALLBACK From the NASA Aviation Safety Reporting System
Issue 471 April 2019
Communication Challenges
The axiom that communication influences the outcome and success of every human endeavor is rarely more evident than within the complexity of modern aviation. Many types of communication are employed in aviation, and an error or degradation could result in serious consequences. Systems and equipment used include normal conversation, handwritten notes, hand signals, light gun signals, paper copy, radio, interphone, telephone, digital links such as PDC and CPDLC, SATCOM, ATIS, NOTAMs, transponders, microphones, headsets, megaphones, and more.
Communication during aviation operations becomes a special challenge when systems, human factors, or other circumstances adversely affect the transfer of much needed information. Poor communication can cause or aggravate problems. Good communication can alleviate or prevent problems and aid in solutions. Communication errors abound in aviation operations, and ASRS has received many reports of communication incidents implicating most methods and equipment currently employed.
This month CALLBACK emphasizes reported incidents in which communication may not have been the primary problem or cause, but was intrinsic to the development or resolution of a problem. In these incidents the quality of communication was a subtle, but intricate human factor that directly influenced the quality of the outcomes, whether as a beneficial asset or significant handicap.
The Unintended Consequence
An Embraer 145 First Officer reported an unusual odor in the cockpit. The crew’s appropriate response to that event contributed to another problem. The conclusion is drawn that using an oxygen mask in a flight training environment would be beneficial prior to a situation where it is actually needed.
While in the cruise phase of flight, we encountered moderate turbulence. The autopilot disconnected. The Pilot Flying reduced airspeed. A smell similar to ozone developed on the flight deck. We coordinated with the Flight Attendant. She smelled it as well and attempted to find a source. The smell briefly dissipated but then returned. No smoke, fire, or other unusual indications were noted. The autopilot was reconnected and functioned normally. The smell continued. Therefore as a precaution, we donned the oxygen masks and [notified ATC]. The flight landed without further incident.
The unknown source of the odor was the major threat. The ability to communicate with ATC was difficult due to an extremely busy frequency. Once the oxygen masks were on, crew communications became more difficult as well. This was my first event that actually required crew coordination while using the masks.
Training communication techniques in the actual aircraft with masks on would have been a valuable tool for me.
To and Two are Too Confusing
A Cirrus SR22 pilot “heard” the Controller’s instruction to turn and thought that it made sense. It was later learned how the small communication error resulted in a deviation from the clearance that the Controller issued.
I was traveling direct and under Air Traffic Control. I was descending from 7,000 feet to 4,000 feet in IMC to avoid weather buildups. During the descent ATC contacted [me], and I understood [that they] told me to turn west to 290 degrees. I started the turn, and the Controller continued to say, “Turn,” but they were very excited, repeating the instruction. I kept reporting back that I was turning 290. I began and completed my turn to 290 [degrees] as I was descending to 4,000 feet. I thought that I understood their instructions correctly, as I was just west of Class B airspace and it made sense to me to turn away from it. If there was any aircraft near [me], it did not show up on my TCAS, so it would have been a few miles away and not in direct conflict. I later found out the Controller was saying, “Turn left to 090.” The “to” caused me to understand 290. I did not hear the “0.” The Controller was very busy and hard to understand,…very excited, and talked very fast.
Altimetry for QFE Students
Departing Moscow, a G650 First Officer became confused regarding an altitude assignment related to QFE/QNH altimeter procedures. Better communication with the other pilot or ATC may have prevented the incident, but the discerning reader might yet detect some inconsistency in the reporter’s account of this complex issue.
The departure clearance included, “Climb via the IVANOVSKOYE 1D (UM 1D) SID, except maintain 900 meters.” The crew briefed the use of QNH for departure and noted that 900 meters was 3,640 feet QNH. 3,600 feet was set in the altitude window along with LNAV. After takeoff the Pilot Flying climbed to 3,600 feet, but noted that the metric altitude altimeter function was also selected and displayed on the left PFD. The Pilot Monitoring noted the 1,100 meter indication and set the altitude preselect to 3,000 feet, and I, the flying pilot, was momentarily confused and started a descent using vertical speed of approximately 200 feet/minute. Before we could descend to the incorrect altitude of 3,000 feet (which would have been about correct for 900 meters QFE), we received normal, further climb instructions.
This was an interesting human factors event because the last time I flew into Moscow, QFE was the standard altimetry in use, so all of my previous experience was in QFE in this location. Since Russia is switching to QNH operations, issuing climb altitudes in meters can cause pilots that usually fly with feet to second guess the clearance, even though the ALT/HEIGHT CONVERSION table is readily displayed on Jeppesen charts. This subtle communications issue, coupled with fatigue and other operations such as dealing with tight slot times, de-icing/anti-icing, and flight planning due to destination weather below forecast minimums (as was the case in this operation), all contributed to this momentary altitude deviation.
ATC did not note the deviation, and no separation issues occurred as a result of this event.
Pilots operating in QFE/QNH environments should not use the metric altitude feature of advanced cockpit avionics if conducting QNH operations due to the conflicting data displayed. In this case QFE meters is 1,100, which corresponded to 900 Meters QFE (field elevation at [Moscow] is 686 feet MSL). Contributing factors in this event included fatigue, recency of operations in QFE/QNH airspace, and the departure altitude clearance limit being conveyed in QFE meters when Moscow and other large cities in Russia have reportedly switched to QNH operations
A Communication Disconnect
After normal communication with the ground crew was established, this B737 flight crew got a surprise during engine start and pushback. While the incident could have ended much worse, appropriate communication may have aided in minimizing risk and resolving the problem.
From the Captain's Report:
We began a normal, on time pushback from [the] gate. Wired communications with the ground crew were standard. I directed my First Officer to start engines. He was starting Engine Number 2 when I noticed the Wing Walker give me the hand signal for “Set brakes.” I did not set the brakes, as we were still moving backward at a fast walk pace. I queried the Tug Driver over the intercom, and there was no answer. Our rearward speed increased, and the Wing Walker was still signaling, “Set brakes.” It was then that I noticed my tug was at the Safety Zone and not connected to our aircraft.
It took some time for this reality to set in, as the Tug Driver showed no sense of urgency and no attempt to communicate. I thought perhaps this was another tug, not ours. I gently applied brakes and brought the aircraft to a smooth stop. My First Officer and I were confused and a bit shocked at what had just occurred. I signaled my ground crew repeatedly to reconnect so I could ask what happened. They repeatedly refused and walked away. After discussion with my Dispatcher and the Chief Pilot, I decided to return to the gate to investigate what happened and have Maintenance inspect our nose gear.
Maintenance found nothing wrong with the nose gear. The Ground Operations Supervisor told me that the crew had not secured the tow bar correctly, resulting in a disconnect.… This could have been a tragedy.
The error with the tow bar was just the start. The Tug Driver should have communicated via intercom with urgency the moment this happened. He delayed and his headset cord detached from the aircraft. At that point he and the entire ground crew should have recognized this as an emergency. They all should have signaled by hand, “Stop!” Instead, the Tug Driver remained seated and became a spectator. The Wing Walker signaled, “Set brakes.” Had I complied with his signal, the flight attendants most likely would have been injured. There was also a possibility of a tail strike (yes, we were moving that fast). Had we been in proximity of another aircraft or any obstacle, the collision would have occurred before I knew what happened.
The ground crew involved need to be [educated].… Failure to properly secure the tow bar resulted in tow bar separation.… Failure to recognize this as an emergency and act accordingly put our aircraft and passengers in danger.… Refusal to communicate with me afterward was just unprofessional.
From the First Officer's Report:
The training of ground and ramp crews needs to stress the importance of communication with the flight crew anytime the aircraft is moving. The need to contact the flight crew by any means necessary when the tow bar becomes detached during pushback should be understood as urgent to prevent an injury, incident, or accident.
ASRS Alerts Issued in February 2019
Subject of Alert No. of Alerts
Aircraft or Aircraft Equipment 3
Airport Facility or Procedure 3
ATC Equipment or Procedure 4
February 2019 Report Intake
Air Carrier/Air Taxi Pilots 5,198
General Aviation Pilots 1,121
Flight Attendants 659
Controllers 429
Military/Other 288
Mechanics 240
Dispatchers 134
TOTAL 8,069
Indicates an ASRS report narrative
[ ] Indicates clarification made by ASRS
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Issue 471
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I understand 'use-dependence' related to a drug, for instance, more angiotensin2 effects in a hypertensive more prominent is the action of angiotensin2 receptor blockers. But I do not get the term, 'Reverse use-dependence'.
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_channel_blocker In this site, in Medical Uses, the term is mentioned.
Reverse use dependence is the reduction of a drug's efficacy with the repeated use of the target. This contrasts with ordinary use dependence, for instance with $\mathrm{Na}^+$ blocking local anaesthetics, where they exert more block after tissue use. Reverse use dependence is particularly (but not exclusively) seen with channel blockers such as quinidine.
Quinidine is a $\mathrm{Na}^+/\mathrm{K}^+$ blocker that can slow heart rates, and does so more effectively when the heart rate is already slow. Increased use of the tissue, with a raised heart rate, reduces the effectiveness of the drug. So, strangely, quinidine exerts less block when the target is in use. This is shown in figure 4 from (Breithardt et al., 1995). As the tissue is used less (cardiac cycle length increases), the effect of the drug becomes stronger (action potential duration prolongation increases). Reverse use dependence
The reverse use dependence of quinidine can be demonstrated on a molecular level with application of quinidine to a voltage-clamped channel with an $\mathrm{i}_\mathrm{Ks}$ current. We see better block when short electrical pulses are given than when longer ones are. The mechanism behind use- and reverse use dependence is by state-dependent affinities, e.g. the drug can bind more easily to the channel in open/closed state. For example, a channel blocker whose binding site becomes occluded when the channel is opened could exhibit use dependent block.
But be warned: reverse use dependent drugs may also exhibit normal use dependence. Quinidine is not just reverse use dependent, but also use dependent as a $\mathrm{Na}^+$ blocker. The type of tissue and its state change the effect of the drug and must be taken into account.
See (Breithardt et al., 1995) for a review of the topic:
In 1990 Hondeghem and Snyders introduced the concept of reverse use dependence as being a drug effect which is less marked with increased use. Specifically quinidine, N-acetyl-procainamide and sotalol lengthened action potential duration markedly at slow heart rates but much less or not at all at fast heart rates (Fig. 4 [27)). Frequently, reverse use dependence has become equated with reverse use-dependent block of ion channels. Although reverse use-dependent block of ion channels can lead to a reverse use-dependent drug effect, this does not need to be the case. Worse, reverse use-dependent drug effect does not require reverse use dependent block of channels.
Your Answer
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Cosmic Science
Muon mystery, MindPong and a lost city revealed
Egyptian archaeologists unearth a 3,000-year-old lost city, magnetic readings from muons could lead to new physics, and Elon Musk’s Neuralink venture has monkeys playing video games with neural impulses. Get the details on the Web:
‘Lost Golden City’ found in Luxor
Egypt’s best-known archaeologist, Zahi Hawass, announced today that the long-lost ruins of a 3,000-year-old city have been found in Luxor. The sprawling settlement dates to the reign of Amenhotep III and his son, Akhenaten. Egypt’s Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities says it continued to be used by Tutankhamun and his successor, King Ay.
The city was at one time called “The Rise of Aten,” reflecting the religious shift brought about by Akhenaten. Today it’s being called the “Lost Golden City.” During the past seven months of excavation, several neighborhoods have been uncovered, but the administrative and residential district hasn’t yet been brought forth from the sands. “The discovery of this lost city is the second most important archaeological discovery since the tomb of Tutankhamun,” said Betsy Bryan, an Egyptologist at Johns Hopkins University.
Previously: ‘Lost cities’ teach lessons for future cities
Muon anomaly sparks deep questions
Anomalous results from a Fermilab experiment have added to the suspicion that scientists have finally found a flaw in one of their most successful theories, the Standard Model of particle physics. The anomalies have to do with the strength of the magnetic field for a weightier cousin of the electron, known as the muon. Data from Fermilab’s Muon g-2 experiment supported previous findings from Brookhaven National Laboratory that the muon’s magnetism is ever-so-slightly stronger than predicted by the Standard Model — just 2.5 parts per billion stronger.
If the results hold up, physicists might have to consider far-out explanations — for example, the existence of scads of particles that haven’t yet been detected, or a totally new take on the foundations of physics. But the findings will require further confirmation. Grand discoveries, like 2012’s detection of the Higgs boson, typically have to be confirmed to a confidence level of 5-sigma. Now the muon findings have hit 4.2-sigma — which doubters would say is still substandard.
Previously: Could the God Equation be our ultimate salvation?
Elon Musk touts mind control
Neuralink, the brain-implant venture funded by tech billionaire Elon Musk, is showing off an AI system that lets a macaque monkey play a game of Pong with its mind alone. Researchers monitored the monkey’s neural impulses as it operated a joystick to play the game, and then correlated the firing patterns of the neurons with the gameplay. Eventually, the brain-monitoring system eliminated the need for the monkey to use the joystick at all.
In a Twitter exchange, Musk said human trials of the mind-reading system would begin, “hopefully, later this year.” He said Neuralink’s first brain-implant product would enable someone with paralysis to use a smartphone with their mind faster than someone using thumbs. “Later versions will be able to shunt signals from Neuralinks in brain to Neuralinks in body motor/sensory neuron clusters, thus enabling, for example, paraplegics to walk again,” Musk tweeted.
Previously: ‘Three Little Pigs’ demonstrate Neuralink’s brain implant
By Alan Boyle
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Planck–Einstein relation
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Planck relation[1][2][3] (referred to as Planck's energy–frequency relation,[4] the Planck relation,[5] Planck equation,[6] and Planck formula,[7] though the latter might also refer to Planck's law[8][9]) is a fundamental equation in quantum mechanics which states that the energy of a photon, E, known as photon energy, is proportional to its frequency, ν:
The constant of proportionality, h, is known as the Planck constant. Several equivalent forms of the relation exist, including in terms of angular frequency, ω:
Spectral forms[edit]
Light can be characterized using several spectral quantities, such as frequency ν, wavelength λ, wavenumber , and their angular equivalents (angular frequency ω, angular wavelength y, and angular wavenumber k). These quantities are related through
so the Planck relation can take the following 'standard' forms
as well as the following 'angular' forms,
The standard forms make use of the Planck constant h. The angular forms make use of the reduced Planck constant ħ = h/. Here c is the speed of light.
de Broglie relation[edit]
The de Broglie relation,[10][11][12] also known as the de Broglie's momentum–wavelength relation,[4] generalizes the Planck relation to matter waves. Louis de Broglie argued that if particles had a wave nature, the relation E = would also apply to them, and postulated that particles would have a wavelength equal to λ = h/p. Combining de Broglie's postulate with the Planck–Einstein relation leads to
The de Broglie's relation is also often encountered in vector form
where p is the momentum vector, and k is the angular wave vector.
Bohr's frequency condition[edit]
Bohr's frequency condition[13] states that the frequency of a photon absorbed or emitted during an electronic transition is related to the energy difference (ΔE) between the two energy levels involved in the transition:[14]
This is a direct consequence of the Planck–Einstein relation.
1. ^ French & Taylor (1978), pp. 24, 55.
2. ^ Cohen-Tannoudji, Diu & Laloë (1973/1977), pp. 10–11.
3. ^ Kalckar 1985, p. 39.
4. ^ a b Schwinger (2001), p. 203.
5. ^ Landsberg (1978), p. 199.
6. ^ Landé (1951), p. 12.
7. ^ Griffiths, D.J. (1995), pp. 143, 216.
8. ^ Griffiths, D.J. (1995), pp. 217, 312.
9. ^ Weinberg (2013), pp. 24, 28, 31.
10. ^ Weinberg (1995), p. 3.
11. ^ Messiah (1958/1961), p. 14.
12. ^ Cohen-Tannoudji, Diu & Laloë (1973/1977), p. 27.
13. ^ Flowers et al. (n.d), 6.2 The Bohr Model
14. ^ van der Waerden (1967), p. 5.
Cited bibliography[edit]
• Cohen-Tannoudji, C., Diu, B., Laloë, F. (1973/1977). Quantum Mechanics, translated from the French by S.R. Hemley, N. Ostrowsky, D. Ostrowsky, second edition, volume 1, Wiley, New York, ISBN 0471164321.
• French, A.P., Taylor, E.F. (1978). An Introduction to Quantum Physics, Van Nostrand Reinhold, London, ISBN 0-442-30770-5.
• Griffiths, D.J. (1995). Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River NJ, ISBN 0-13-124405-1.
• Landé, A. (1951). Quantum Mechanics, Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, London.
• Landsberg, P.T. (1978). Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics, Oxford University Press, Oxford UK, ISBN 0-19-851142-6.
• Messiah, A. (1958/1961). Quantum Mechanics, volume 1, translated from the French by G.M. Temmer, North-Holland, Amsterdam.
• Schwinger, J. (2001). Quantum Mechanics: Symbolism of Atomic Measurements, edited by B.-G. Englert, Springer, Berlin, ISBN 3-540-41408-8.
• van der Waerden, B.L. (1967). Sources of Quantum Mechanics, edited with a historical introduction by B.L. van der Waerden, North-Holland Publishing, Amsterdam.
• Weinberg, S. (1995). The Quantum Theory of Fields, volume 1, Foundations, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK, ISBN 978-0-521-55001-7.
• Weinberg, S. (2013). Lectures on Quantum Mechanics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK, ISBN 978-1-107-02872-2.
• Flowers, P., Theopold,K., Langley, R. (n.d.). Chemistry, chapter 6, Electronic Structure and Periodic Properties of Elements, OpenStax,
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What Is a Pharmacopoeia?
A pharmacopoeia (also spelled pharmacopeia) is a published list of medicines and other health care products. Modern pharmacopoeias list products that are authorized by the government for use. The term pharmacopoeia was first used in 1561 and came into general use early in the 17th century.
Lists of recipes for making medicines from plant, animal, and mineral ingredients have existed since ancient times and were used by apothecaries—an apothecary is a chemist who makes drugs. In England grocers also made and sold medicines, but in 1606 James I (James VI of Scotland) issued a charter establishing the Society of Apothecaries of London. This society was linked to the Guild of Grocers, but in 1617 a further charter established the Apothecary Guild, recognizing apothecaries as craftspersons independent of and quite separate from grocers.
The charter made it illegal for anyone other than a member of the Apothecary Guild to prepare or sell medicines. In 1618 the College of Physicians published Pharmacopoeiae Londonensis (London pharmacopoeia), which was a list of the preparations authorized for use by the guild. The recipes contained up to 70 ingredients; a medicine based on a single ingredient was known as a simple. Many countries now issue their own pharmacopoeia.
In addition, the World Health Organization, a United Nations agency, publishes The International Pharmacopoeia and the Council of Europe publishes The European Pharmacopoeia on behalf of 36 European nations plus the European Union.
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Arugula (Eruca vesicaria) is also known as rocket, roquette, Italian cress and roka. Arugula is native to the Mediterranean region, where it grows so wild and abundantly, it only recently became cultivated. Arugula is a member of the Brassicaceae (Mustard) Family and relative of watercress. It is gaining popularity as a salad green. Arugula is pungent, warm and highly alkaline. It stimulates the liver and lungs.
Arugula contains dithiolthiones, which are antioxidant and anti-cancer compounds, as well as beta-carotene, vitamin C, calcium, iron, and sulfur. Arugula is antiseptic (antibiotic and antiviral properties). It is recommended as a preventative food by the American Cancer Society and has been used to treat scurvy. Use young green leaves, as older leaves become bitter and intense. It is best when added to a salad containing other greens.
Brigitte Mars Written by Brigitte Mars
Explore Wellness in 2021
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The biggest concern regarding the usage of electronic cigarettes and the possible harm they might inflict on your body is due to the fact that these products are being promoted as a terrific way to fight cancer. While it holds true that electronic cigarettes have already been shown to aid in the fight against cancer in some people, there are so a great many other smoking related problems connected with these products that you ought to be aware of before you start puffing away. It is true that using electric cigarettes will help you stop smoking giving you a much convenient way to get nicotine into the body. But, you should know what the possible complications are associated with this technique of quitting smoking.
vaping health risks
The primary problem with e-cigs is that they still give off skin tightening and, which is a remarkably harmful byproduct of the burning of the initial sugar or fuel from the cigarettes. The danger associated with the consumption of electronic cigarettes and the dangers associated with their use cannot be ignored. Nicotine, which is the chemical which makes cigarettes addictive, passes through the bloodstream to the human brain, where it stimulates the release of neurotransmitters like dopamine and epinephrine. Without these neurotransmitters, you will find it extremely difficult to concentrate and focus on your work or normal day to day activities.
Carbon monoxide is another of the dangerous chemicals produced when the heating element is turned on. This substance can cause serious breathing complications, chest pains, nausea and also death if inhaled in great enough amounts. The ingredients within the material that makes up a typical cigarette will pass through the lungs and enter your bloodstream, although these harmful chemicals are not generally absorbed in to the bloodstream.
According to the Smoking Cessation Association, the vapor from an e-cigarette contains about 500 times more nicotine than what is found in a medium cigar. Inhaling this amount of nicotine is incredibly dangerous to your wellbeing because your lungs are not equipped to get and process this level of toxic material. When you stop smoking, ensure that you choose an electronic cigarette that does not produce any harmful chemicals. There are various in the marketplace today and you ought to research each brand to determine which one is best for you.
Nicotine is also a substance that may have damaging effects on the developing brains of young smokers. Nicotine has shown to significantly damage the brain cells that control learning and memory. If you were to stop smoking, your brain development could continue steadily to deteriorate for the next decade. The only way to totally avoid the harmful, long term side effects of nicotine would be to give up smoking. The longer you go without smoking, the less likely your brain will be vunerable to long term unwanted effects of nicotine.
When you smoke an e-cicle or have a puff from an electric cigarettes, you put yourself vulnerable to suffering from throat and mouth irritation. As the heated material passes over your lips and your teeth, you expose yourself to a range of bacteria, viruses and germs that can enter your body through your mouth. E-cicles have minimal risk of causing these side effects because the heat and moisture of the material will do to destroy the majority of the bacteria, viruses and germs in one’s body. The saliva produced by people who find themselves not smoking also exposes their body to harmful bacteria and germs. This means that if you are serious about vaping and need to get the most out of it, you need to stop smoking.
Lung illnesses are also the most common ailments linked to the use of electronic cigarettes. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or COPD can be caused by long-term smoking of tobacco. It really is believed that people that are constantly exposed to the toxins and bacteria in cigarette smoke are more likely to develop chronic illnesses like COPD as time passes. Even though there are no published studies that Vape Pens state this, many vapor enthusiasts argue that the constant exposure to vapors increases the probability of developing respiratory illnesses.
To be able to enjoy your vapes without worrying about the possible smoking related illnesses, then you need to make sure you get a glass tank that may allow nicotine to dissipate into one’s body slowly but safely. There are various vaporizers on the market which are made of glass, but some people discover that glass tanks can cause too much of a chemical build up that may increase the probability of experiencing long-term illness from vapors. Although there are no published studies linking the consumption of e-cigs to lung injury, some experts declare that there is a high probability of those who are already suffering from long term illnesses such as for example emphysema from smoking lots of cigarettes. It is advisable to stay away from the chemicals and toxins found in regular cigarettes and limit your exposure to vaporizing media so that you can remain healthy.
How exactly to Maximize Your Baccarat Strategy
How exactly to Maximize Your Baccarat Strategy
Baccarat or just baccarat can be an electronic card game popular at many casinos around the world. It’s a card game comparable to Blackjack, played at internet casinos with minimum betting. Additionally it is comparable to Texas Holdem, but online baccarat is less sophisticated than its neighbor.
Historically, baccarat was made in Italy, where it had been used as a gambling tool by high rollers before ban was enacted. At that point, it became more prevalent in Spain, where in fact the high rollers visited the casinos instead. Later in America, the overall game spread worldwide, especially in Atlantic City, where there were organized baccarat tournaments and high roller areas. The overall game quickly became a favorite with the lower class people because it offered them not too difficult winnings. The relatively easy winnings tempted them to play more, which is why the casino managers soon started to impose restrictions on players.
To be able to maintain their monopoly, U.S. casinos started offering special casino games not available anywhere else, such as for example baccarat. In response, European high rollers banded together and began to form what had become known as “pokerocks”. The combination of the 더킹 카지노 주소 two soon caused the casino game to take the world by storm. Now, any high roller who wants to gamble his way to the bank can do so thanks to the newfound availability of the overall game at a lot of the world’s leading casinos. This new development meant new opportunities for several sorts of individuals to take full advantage of their edge over the dealer, and baccarat was usually the casino game of choice.
Baccarat is used one player facing the dealer, one player holding several cards, and all of those other players are face down. Once the dealer talks about a card, one player in the group will most likely bet that card. Players who win an individual point face the dealer and everybody else in the group loses an individual point. The player with the most cards by the end of the overall game becomes the outright winner of the game.
However, it is critical to understand that baccarat is also played with multiple players, with each player acting alone, or with one team, at most. Multiple players means high rollers must be dealt a higher minimum bet than they would if playing with one at a time. The same is true in terms of the minimum bets required for a win. If you’re using five other people, you only need to bet the same as one person, or a relatively little bit of money on the reduced hand.
The most frequent way to play baccarat is merely by betting smaller amounts of money on the player hand you have chosen. If you’ve picked an excellent player hand, then this is often how novice players to learn to play. The goal is to build a small bankroll so that you will at least involve some protection in the event something goes wrong, and you can use your winnings to cover losses, so you don’t end up out of the game with nothing showing for it. Often, these novice baccarat players will play multiple hands in a single day. If you are new to the game or have been losing a lot, here is the best way to build your bankroll.
Another way to increase your bankroll would be to bet small, even if you’re using multiple people, which are high rollers. Using this method, you won’t draw too much attention to yourself, as no one will want to bet against someone with cards like “K-o-n”, particularly if it’s a known name. You can also win by throwing out bets when you reach the tie space. Baccarat is actually a form of craps, and you could win by betting a variety of times (or money) you could afford to reduce.
You can find other ways to increase your baccarat bankroll and one of these is setting the betting limits. Some baccarat games have specific betting limits, such as maximum hands or maximum levels of bets that may be made. Setting these limits can assist you lower your house edge and protect yourself from getting stuck with bad money, so remember to set these limits before you start betting. Most players prefer to set both the maximum hands and the utmost amounts of bets. They feel it’s better to enter a losing streak when they’re only making small bets, however they also needs to set these limits because baccarat isn’t a game for weak players.
E-Cigarettes For Teens – Why Vaping Flavors Is Preferred
vaping flavors
E-Cigarettes For Teens – Why Vaping Flavors Is Preferred
Recently, there has been lots of talk in the general public health community about electric cigarettes and vaporizing flavors. These services are getting a great deal of attention and understandably so. They have the potential to greatly reduce smoking while increasing your capability to breathe easier and cleaner air. We have a closer look at these services and why they could have a positive influence on public health.
First, lets discuss why people choose to use e-cigs over other nicotine delivery systems such as cigarettes. One of the compelling reasons is simply because it’s easier. If you have tried to quit smoking having an actual cigarette, you understand how difficult it usually is. There is always the necessity to light, manipulate a puff, then put the cigarette out and do it all over again. Having an electronic vaporizer or juicer, you merely take one hit, put the lid back on, and put it away.
Some e-cigs attended equipped with special flavors that give users the boost they need when they want to quit. A few of these nicotine vapers incorporate maple or chocolate and even fruit flavors. The thing is that many smokers who are desperate for ways to remove their nicotine addiction often forget that cigarettes contain a huge selection of harmful chemical ingredients that contribute to the high rate of smokers’ deaths.
By including a few of these e-cigs with beneficial flavorings, we might be able to reduce the amount of people who smoke every year. But this won’t happen if we continue to promote the application of combustible tobacco. There are several public health risks associated with smoking cigarettes and using the e-cigs that only have a flavorful twist can actually raise the chances that smokers will start smoking again. That is why the American Cancer Society and the American Heart Association have already been working hard to get visitors to stop smoking by creating public education campaigns and report on smoking cessation products on websites.
But we have to realize that there is absolutely no way that people can convince smokers to avoid using cigarettes by offering them flavored vaporizers instead. It is because it is difficult to motivate smokers to totally give up an addictive habit by offering them something that is not addictive at all. That is why we need to find other methods of discouraging smokers from needs to smoke. Fortunately, it is possible to create effective smoking cessation products without resorting to gimmicky flavors like fruity or minty flavors.
The problem with mainstream products like gums and patches is they are too easy to ignore or are never removed. Teens love to puffs since it gives them something that they are able to feel good about. Because puffs are so common among teenagers, it is important that people make sure that they understand that they’re harming themselves by smoking if they consume these kinds of e-juices. Luckily for all of us, manufacturers of vaporizing flavors will work hard to make teens want to try their new product. If your teenager wants to try a flavorful e-liquid, it is important that you encourage them to try out puffs.
Vaping e Cigels with fruit or mint flavors are specially popular among younger people. Because menthol includes a very sweet flavor, it attracts young people in good sized quantities. Teenagers also prefer to see whatever makes their mouths water. In order to keep your young smoker interested, you should find a flavor that appeals to them and they will likely stick with it even if it isn’t exactly something they Vape Shop might choose should they were offered a flavor of these choice.
It is interesting to notice that flavorings and puffs are two completely different things. Although most vaporizers and e-cigs do not use real flavorings, young people tend to favor them because they’re not yet accustomed to cigarette smoking and what it really is like. We advise that if your teenager really wants to give up cigarettes, that you encourage them to try out a number of the new e-juices and vaporizers which are on the market. Not only will they assist in improving their oral health and satisfy their palette, however they will also reduce the chance that they will develop a smoking addiction down the road.
Sub Ohm Tanks, Juicers, And A NUMBER OF Accessories Make Vaping Juice Easy
vaping juice
Vaping juice from the microwave has become a trend in the last couple of years as more people would like convenient ways to get their daily dose of fruit. Vaping juice from the microwave is simple, quick, and can be considered a fantastic alternative to the original way we consume our daily dose of fruit. Here are several of the best benefits you’ll experience when mixing your personal juice in the microwave.
This sort of e-juice does not give off a distinct taste like other styles of juices. Because it does not include a distinct taste, vaping juice from the microwave offers a great opportunity to change the taste of your drink and never have to add extra ingredients. Vaping juice from the microwave is simply the liquid employed in all e-liquids and produces real steam in the process. It usually contains propylene glycol but is normally free from propylene glycol in accordance with individual preference.
Because it is made from a liquid that’s heat sensitive, it will be possible to control how much heat it gets subjected to for a longer period of time. This allows for more flavor variations that you’ll not have with other styles of e-juices. As the flavors are not extracted from the juice solution, there is no chance of over extractions which can bring about bitter tasting and sometimes dangerous flavors. Some vaporizing juices could even contain chemicals within their mixture which could leave your body susceptible to undesireable effects. By allowing a little bit of time for the heat to go through the solution, you can ensure your body does not take in harmful ingredients with the vapor.
As a result of small amount of heat subjected to the solution, standard vaping products have a tendency to produce thicker and stronger flavors. By vaporizing juice from standard devices instead of from personal vaporizer or e-liquids, you can ensure that you get the maximum benefits. You can get exactly the same amount of flavor with less vapor and less heat in a standard device. The results can even be an improved consistency in the finished product. Addititionally there is no need to use a nicotine solution being that they are generally nicotine free and so are safe to use with all e-liquids.
While there could be some flavor differences between various brands of e-liquids, most will create a sweet and smooth taste that many enjoy. In fact, some might take it as far as to calling it candy. When choosing which one to buy, you have to be sure you are investing in a strength that is close to what you would drink while smoking. In the event that you drink a lot of coffee or other strong beverages, you might want to look for a higher strength juice to get the best experience. Otherwise, you may want to select a low strength option that will still taste good.
You can find two main types of Nicotine Strength Juice: low and high. Low Nicotine is fantastic for people who do not want to have strong flavors. Many people that are not certain if they desire to try this kind of product gravitate toward the bigger nicotine strengths. They offer exactly the same satisfaction as cigarettes but offer less nicotine Vape content. You could find many delicious low nicotine juices. Some of these flavors include fruit flavors like Mandarin orange, pomegranate, raspberry, cranberry, and also wintergreen.
High nicotine content of liquids are typically blended with natural flavors to hide any flaws. The nicotine content can reach up to twenty milligrams or more. This makes them extremely addictive and hard to stop. They may use up to three weeks to break the original addiction. Those who are trying to quit smoking or are having trouble quitting cigarettes may want to get one of these high strength liquid to greatly help them get through the a down economy.
Vaporizing your juice utilizing an e-Liquid charger will help you to take full advantage of any flavors you need or switch it up once in awhile. If you enjoy tinkering with different flavors and also blending different degrees of juice then this is a fantastic way to do it. You can also find a lot of different sub ohm tanks, plus a variety of other accessories which will allow you to quickly create new flavors or utilize them in conjunction with your present favorites.
Tips about Finding Vaping Flavors THAT YOU’LL Like
Tips about Finding Vaping Flavors THAT YOU’LL Like
The latest craze among American teenagers and the youth in general is vaping flavors of e-juice. Vaporizing means inhaling vaporized liquid nicotine, also called e-juice. Since it is not a solid like tobacco, it really is considered safer for children and older people to consume it.
vaping flavors
Vaporizing, because the name suggests, uses the heating element to convert the non-stick coil or wick right into a heated coil. vapinger.com The liquid nicotine is then forced through this heating coil to create the vapor which might be inhaled or ingested. While using e-cigarette flavors to have a high, it makes sense to test some mint flavor. Minty or citrus flavored e-cigs are thought to increase the “hit” or the nicotine delivery to the body.
Most tobacco companies are aware of the selling point of vaporizing flavors. But they are often kept away from experimenting with these flavors because it would cost them too much money. However, not to disappoint their customers, several top notch tobacco companies including VMR Tobacco have started tinkering with puffs. The VMR Company were able to obtain FDA approval for its citrus flavored vapor puff called Minty Fruity.
The VMR Company isn’t the only one that has managed to get FDA approval for its citrus flavored vapor puff. You can find other researchers that are involved in vaporizing flavors. Among these researchers are researchers from the University of Florida and the University of Southern California. Both of these universities have obtained funding from the National Institute of Health to conduct further studies on medical great things about vaporing flavors in tobacco products.
It really is expected that you will see greater demand for e-cigs with different flavors like mint and grapefruit in the future. This is due to of the increasing amount of middle-aged and old smokers who smoke due to social compulsions. It is for this reason reason that it’s important that we as a society support research into e-cigs for public health. Scientists conducting such studies are usually supported by public health experts. Public health experts usually claim that electronic cigarettes be taken along with a healthy diet and exercise.
A few of the Flavors: There are various companies in the industry which are producing unique flavors that appeal to teenagers. They produce flavors that sound appealing if they come out of the box. Some of the popular juices that appeal to young people include lemon, mango and raspberry. Additionally, there are some companies who specialize in creating fruit flavors that interest young people. One example of the is Blu.
American Heart Association: The American Heart Association has approved a number of the popular e-juice flavors. They include lemon zest and blueberry pie. Many people find it difficult to choose the fruit flavor that’s most appealing. If you need to take an extra step forward and ensure that your vaporizer tastes good, then the American Heart Association is rolling out a listing of five best fruit flavor e-juices.
A great deal of Vaping Flavors: It would seem that everything you can think of is available in vapor form these days. Many companies have already been producing unique flavored gums and rinds that focus on the tastes of smokers. Lots of the tobacco companies are trying to make their products more desirable to young people. Many of them have succeeded making use of their attempts. Vaping permits you to experiment with a variety of different sweet flavors. We would advise you to check around and do a little research before picking one.
Nicotine Use: The majority of us understand that smoking is dangerous for adults. The simple truth is that nicotine use has many negative health consequences. A lot of research has been conducted in an effort to develop a highly effective public health method of discourage smoking. By developing flavors that mimic the addictive qualities of cigarettes, less people will start smoking.
ELECTRIC CIGARETTES: If you’ve ever talked to someone who is an expert in quitting smoking you might like to listen to what they recommend concerning the different e-juices that are available. The vapor that is produced does contain a specific amount of nicotine. You may want to try various kinds of e-juices to be able to determine which are most attractive to you. If you are thinking about helping people to quit the application of cigarettes, you might want to consider using electric cigarettes.
The Averages: There are various e-juices out there but some of them are more appealing than others. A few of these flavors interest certain demographics such as gourmet coffee, blueberries and other healthy flavors. You need to choose one that is best suited for your needs. Many vaporizers can be purchased with warranties and they promise to do better still than the traditional cigarettes. Therefore you can buy a product that has worked for many others and get exactly the same results that they did.
What Are the Vaping HEALTH THREATS?
vaping health risks
What Are the Vaping HEALTH THREATS?
We all have been very aware of the many dangers that electronic cigarettes pose to both you as well as your health. But do you realize they also pose to your unborn child? New research out of Sweden revealed that vaporizing e Cigars can result in birth defects. It isn’t just limited to used smoking either. The precise effects could be deadly.
Some of the dangers stem from the truth that using e-Cigarettes can double your chances of having a miscarriage or being born prematurely. This is also true for high school students. It’s known that the smoke from the unit can actually irritate a woman’s abdominal lining, which can in turn bring about podsmall.com miscarriage. It is well known that many women would rather use an electronic cigarette to regulate the amount of hormones within their body while they’re pregnant. This could be dangerous for those who aren’t used to such high levels of hormone.
Some other shocking e-cigarette company risks stem from the dangers connected with long term usage. Long term use has been recognized to result in harm to the circulatory system. E-Cigarette company researchers have discovered that pregnant women must be extra careful in terms of their e-Cigarette usage. A recent study on teenage males revealed that certain third of the males using e-Cigarettes while drinking have suffered from injuries connected with drunkenness. One quarter of the males died.
Another group of harmful chemicals come in the proper execution of nicotine and other noxious ingredients within vaporizing cigarettes. Scientific studies conducted on animals have indicated that long-term usage of e-Cigarettes can cause them to build up lung cancers. This consists of both smokers and non-smokers. One study that was carried out on mice exposed to nicotine showed that over a ten year period, the mice developed lung cancer at twice the normal rate of mice that did not smoke.
There are other e-cigarette company risks that are thought to be connected with Vaping including respiratory illnesses such as for example emphysema. Respiratory illnesses include chronic bronchitis, chronic obstruction of the airway, and asthma. Each one of these illnesses can result in either short-term or long-term illness depending on the severity of the condition.
Among all of the illnesses that are regarded as associated with Vaping, one is the poison called Nickel Dime. The poison affects many of the teenagers who use Vaping devices. Even though poison has not yet been identified among teens, you will find a great possibility that its effects could be present because so many of the teens use the products to give them a higher. The high could result from the e-liquid that is used for vaporizing the cigarettes. The liquid has been found to include a very high degree of nickel. Nicotine can be another chemical found in the electronic cigarettes and is also known to contribute to Nickel Dime poisoning.
You’ll be able to avoid each of the Vaping health risks by not using any kind of electronic cigarettes. If you’re a smoker, you need to know that your lungs are badly affected by the prolonged smoking of cigarettes. Even though you are not a smoker, you need to still avoid using e-cigs. You need to only use them if you are with someone else who does not smoke. Should you be living in a house that’s smoke-free, then you can use your e-juice freely. But make sure that you know how to properly use the e-juice and do not overfill the bottles.
So far, we have not discovered any serious Vaping health risks that have been associated with electronic cigarettes. But it is most beneficial to stay safe and utilize them in a manner that is compatible with your lifestyle. If you are among teens and do not wish to get addicted to cigarette smoking, then it would be best for you to try out the Vaping system. They may just be the right thing for you.
What is Compulsive Gambling?
What is Compulsive Gambling?
Gambling is a popular recreational activity for individuals who are well versed in the various strategies and odds mixed up in game. Most gamblers will agree there are a variety of different facets which may affect the results of any given game. Some gamblers are so skilled they can become almost overnight rich by betting on an extremely specific event for instance a race, soccer game, or even a lottery. These gamblers are called “gambulators” and their capability to make fast and easy money has made them some of the richest people on the globe. However, if you are not used to gambling, you should know that it is not simply winning the amount that you bet on, but you must also think about the many factors that may affect your likelihood of winning and place your bets accordingly.
Many gamblers are familiar with online gambling, specifically for slots, but the rules of gambling are the same no matter where you play. Gambling is simply the wagering of something of value or currency on an occasion with an absolute outcome, with the main reason for winning either money or goods. Gambling therefore requires three factors for this to work properly: consideration, risk, and the prize. This might sound easy, but it is probably the most significant considerations when placing your bets and will make sure your continued success with online gambling.
In the usa, gambling is legal given that it isn’t conducted for profit or non-profit. Gambling may be prohibited in several states including Washington D.C., NJ, Delaware, Iowa, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, South Dakota, Texas, and California. Many cities around the USA ban gambling outright and some prohibit the application of electronic betting systems, like online slot machines. THE UNITED STATES Department of Treasury sometimes regulates online casinos as well.
There are a number of places where people can gamble including at land-based casinos, on street corners, in private homes and bars, and now 호텔 카지노 it even takes place in casinos disguised as movie theatres, bowling alleys, or live music venues. THE WEB has created a great deal of new opportunities for many who wish to engage in gambling including gaming sites, internet bingo along with other lotteries, and online casinos. Online casinos are often free to play and provide many different games. These casinos are often based in different countries around the globe and can be found in the Internet’s most popular se’s.
Internet gambling can be viewed as a part of the larger phenomenon of “Gambling Addiction”. If you are concerned about developing a gambling problem, you then should seek help from professionals who focus on gambling help. Professionals such as for example psychologists, social workers, and licensed alcohol and drug counselors can provide you with the assistance you should make gambling problems and related issues easier to handle. When you have developed an addictive tendency, these professionals can help by providing you with resources and tools that may allow you to scale back or completely remove gambling from your life.
One of the most important things any individual can perform if they think they have an addiction problem is to seek help from professionals. This can allow the individual to receive treatment for just about any underlying mental or emotional disorders as well as for gambling addictions. Although there are certain types of addictions that may be treated successfully, others require more extensive treatment. In fact, there are some gambling addictions that could be treated successfully with therapy and medications, but there are others which may only react to treatments that target the underlying reason behind the addiction.
Because there are lots of gambling addictions, treatment varies from professional to professional. The treatment plan you will receive depends on your specific addiction. An addiction to gambling could be treated successfully by an addiction cure which involves both psychological and social services. For example, in one addiction cure, the gambling addiction is treated utilizing a step-by-step approach that addresses each one of the individual’s core conditions that are contributing to the addiction. The gambler will learn new gambling skills and they’ll also learn new ways to cope and move forward in their lives.
However, other addictions such as prescription drug addiction, alcoholism, prescription drug addiction, and online gambling don’t have a separate treatment program. These types of addictions typically simply need to be handled and conquered. The bigger risk gambler, however, will require more intensive treatment. Those people who are suffering from compulsive gambling should deal with a variety of factors and problems that are contributing to their gambling addiction. Treatment for these types of addictions usually requires a combination of therapy, medications, or even reside in facilities.
Video Poker Machine Strategies – How To BOOST YOUR Chances At Winning
video poker
Video Poker Machine Strategies – How To BOOST YOUR Chances At Winning
Video poker, sometimes called virtual poker, is a multiplayer online casino game similar to five-card draw poker, which is played on a personal computer much like a slots machine. This type of poker has gained popularity with online gaming community as the new method for playing online casino games. For the reason that it is easy and less costly to create and play video poker than traditional poker or roulette. As compared with the traditional games, there is no need to 블랙 잭 룰 visit anywhere to play video poker. All you have to is a pc and web connection. Also, this game will not require any fees for withdrawal if your winning is significantly less than your bankroll.
To begin with playing video poker, the first step is to pick the table you will place your cash on. Then choose the hand you are preferred with and the cards you feel will give you the best advantage. Note that video poker uses a random number generator (RNG). Using this feature, there is no element of chance when you play.
One big difference between playing video poker and slots is that you cannot tell by just looking at the cards if they are a winning hand or not. Because of this, video poker machines are occasionally known as bluff machines. You can use some strategies to determine whether the machine is really a fair game. For example, if you know that the house comes with an advantage of three or four per card, then you should play a video poker machine having an advantage of two per card, because you do not know whether you will win or not. Furthermore, you may want to play a machine with low odds, because if you win, you can cover the two-hand slot with an off-suit, giving you a much greater advantage.
One technique that’s often used to beat video poker hands would be to bet smallish amounts when you are very confident that you will be able to win. This gives the illusion that the device is fair, because no matter how much you spend on it, the odds are still poor. As the amount gets smaller, though, you’ll begin to notice a pattern of losses. When you finally reach the losing post, you will become one with the losing crowd and will have to begin learning new ways to beat these video poker hands.
Some players choose to play video poker by carefully examining the cards before setting up their money. One way to analyze the hand would be to count the amount of times it occurs without having to be turned over. The house edge for every flush is four, so if you find yourself discarding three cards, because of this the house makes a profit of two. By carefully studying the cards, you may find that the chances of hitting several number in a flush are actually greater than the chances of hitting one or no cards at all, because some cards are certain to get turned over, while others will remain in the deck. Therefore, by carefully watching your cards, you can figure out how often you should lay out your money and when you need to keep it in the bag.
Another way to play video poker machines for real money is by going online and visiting different casino websites. Many websites offer video poker machines in a variety of rooms that will enable you to try them out for free. Some websites permit you to use a credit card to purchase credits you can then used in the machines to get the cash you need. This enables you to become one with the house edge, because you are playing contrary to the house, not the other players. Once you do become one with the home edge, however, you will have the advantage of the reduced house advantage that originates from playing many machines in various locations.
Playing video poker machines online may also take you to new degrees of excitement. Probably the most exciting things about playing a video poker machine is playing against a group of people in a chat room. You might be playing against someone who is preferable to you, or you may be playing against a group of friends who all get access to the same machines. Either way, it can bring you to new heights when it comes to excitement and strategy.
As possible plainly see, playing video poker machines does take some skill. However, the benefits you receive from it ensure it is well worth your time. Rather than gambling your money away on slots, try playing several machines occasionally with friends to see what you think of them. If you want them, you might end up wanting to go there more regularly to win more money. Once you start winning, you may even want to spend money on more machines so as to have the opportunity at winning big jackpots.
Bonuses – Making Use of Them to Your Advantage
Bonuses – Making Use of Them to Your Advantage
Getting a casino having an online casino bonus is not hard. When you wish to play at a casino, it is very important get a bonus for the money. There are lots of online casinos that offer different types of bonuses for their players. You can decide which one you like the most. However, the very best online casino bonus of every kind is not any limit.
online casino bonus
The very best online casino bonus of each kind includes: Free spins, No Deposit Bonuses, Bingo, Sign-Ups, and Rewards Programs. They are able to also offer other VIP programs with their players. These bonuses are basically for loyal players who play often. For the ones that don’t gamble too much, there are some special prizes that they can receive.
In order to take full advantage of every online casino bonus, you must know how to use the codes or bonus codes. Lots of people are not sure concerning this part. It is almost always the hardest part. They can say for certain that they have to input a quantity to activate the bonus, but they don’t understand how exactly to input the codes in a particular way in order to have the bonus. Luckily, there are casino websites that made this technique easy for everyone. Knowing how to use the bonus codes, you can turn them directly into their relevant departments and receive your winnings immediately.
Free spins are an example of the online casino bonuses that requires no deposits. They require real cash deposits though. Players can take their bonus from the poker room itself. They are able to use their bonus to use their luck in online casino games and win virtual money. Free spin can last for two weeks. After that time period, players must start over with a new number.
You can find online casino bonuses that want a deposit though. Some require real cash to be deposited while others only need a wager. Casinos usually put a limit on the wagers that can be made utilizing the free online casino bonuses. But if you want to create a few hundred dollars, your best option for you is to play for free and wager a few of your winnings. The restrictions are only placed on the wagers which are made using real money.
Among the finest online casino bonus pro tips is to use your bonuses to your advantage. One of the ways to do that is to make sure that you have sufficient cash to withdraw when you want to. Many gambling websites provide incentives for players to withdraw. A few of these incentives include a withdrawal fee that 온라인 카지노 is using the amount of money that was withdrawn.
Online casinos offering high roller bonuses is definitely an excellent way to build your bankroll. Although this plan could work well with any online casino bonus, there are several pros and cons associated with high roller bonuses. For instance, when players play in high stakes games, the winnings from these games are at the mercy of higher commissions. Some people could find that the highroller wagering requirements are simply just too great to be worth it.
With online bonuses, gleam limit to the number of free deposits that anybody can make. New players that are interested in benefiting from different types of bonuses should be aware of these restrictions before making any deposits. It is because new players who may be interested in taking advantage of these bonuses may need to deposit more money to start out. The good thing about most of these online bonuses is that once the player has enough money to start out playing, the player can withdraw just as much as they like whenever they want.
Slots Machines THAT PROVIDE Good Slot Machine Rewards
Slots Machines THAT PROVIDE Good Slot Machine Rewards
Slots are probably on the list of easiest casino games to understand and play. They are easy to learn, easy to understand, and also they don’t need much thinking or strategy on your part. That is why they are generally a popular with beginners. Unfortunately, you can find few good online slots games available today.
slots games
Having said that, it is not impossible to get good slots machines. There are a few great websites that offer a variety of different slots games so that you can play. Some of these include slots that play online, land-based casinos, and also the old the stand by position, the casino. With that said, you can easily look for a game that is ideal for you. If you’re a beginner you might want to try the casino slots first.
If you don’t have money to wager with, then you should try the slots casino bonus. You can win big with this bonus and the very best part is you can keep all the money you win. Here is how it works. When you sign up for the casino you will end up given a website address. Once you visit the website and create a deposit of at least 카지노 검증 $25 you will get a free spin on one of their slot machines.
That is a great way to test playing slots without money. Of course, before you begin playing you will need to set up a merchant account with the casino. You will need to devote a bankroll of at least $25 so that you can place your initial spin with the free spin button. When you have placed your first spin you can then withdraw your funds. In the event that you withdraw your funds, you need to leave all cash and check set up casino has taken your money for processing.
Most casinos require you to leave your cash in the slot machine once you leave. The reason they want to do this is to protect the machine’s random number generators (RNG). To ensure that the machine to generate the winning odds, the RNG needs to be unpredictable. So long as the casino includes a steady supply of these generators, they will be able to keep carefully the winning odds at an extremely higher level.
You should remember that even if you are playing for real cash, there are still some good slot machine games which might be played for free. One of these brilliant games is Blackjack. Blackjack can be a very exciting game because you do not get the same feeling you would get from playing with real cash. It is very exciting because Blackjack is probably the slot machine games which might be played for free.
There are also many online casinos offering many different free games you can play. This is very convenient for those individuals who like to play slots but cannot bring their friends or families to the casinos. For anyone who is lucky enough to locate a casino offering free slots casino play, it really is definitely worth your time to check it out. The main advantage of playing free slots casino online is that you do not have to leave your home. This is certainly something you’ll want to benefit from if you cannot look for a slot machine that can offer you a good rate of return.
When it comes to choosing a good slot machine for playing, remember that the more features it has, the higher your chances of winning. Features like video screens, Online connections, customer support and graphics can influence the amount of money you win. There are several online casinos offering good slot machine games free of charge. It really is definitely worth checking them out if you want to have a good slot machine experience.
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Readers ask: What is an annuity?
How does an annuity work?
An annuity is a long-term investment that is issued by an insurance company and is designed to help protect you from the risk of outliving your income. Through annuitization, your purchase payments (what you contribute) are converted into periodic payments that can last for life.
How much does a 100 000 annuity pay per month?
The payouts are based primarily on your age, your gender and the interest rates when you buy the annuity. For example, a 65-year-old man who invests $100,000 in an immediate annuity could get about $494 per month for life ($5,928 per year). A 65-year-old woman could get about $469 per month ($5,628 per year).
Can you lose your money in an annuity?
With traditional fixed annuities (sometimes also referred to as fixed rate annuities or MYGAs), you never lose money if you hold the policy to maturity and don’t withdraw early (thereby potentially incurring early withdrawal penalties).
What is the difference between a pension and an annuity?
In broad terms, the main difference between an annuity and a pension is that you buy an annuity after retirement to provide you with a guaranteed regular income, whereas you save into a pension pot throughout your life. A defined benefit pension pays you out a regular income for life after retirement.
What are the disadvantages of an annuity?
Annuity distributions are taxed as ordinary income, which is a higher rate than that for the capital gains you get from other retirement accounts. Annuities charge a hefty 10% early withdrawal fee if you take money out before age 59½.
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Who should not buy an annuity?
What does Suze Orman say about annuities?
Reality: Orman explains that a variable annuity will only save you on taxes in the short run. Though you do not pay taxes when you buy or sell a mutual fund within the annuity and you do not pay taxes on year-end distributions, there are other tax disadvantages.
What happens to the money in an annuity when you die?
After an annuitant dies, insurance companies distribute any remaining payments to beneficiaries in a lump sum or stream of payments. It’s important to include a beneficiary in the annuity contract terms so that the accumulated assets are not surrendered to a financial institution if the owner dies. 6 дней назад
What is the best age to buy an annuity?
Most financial advisors will tell you that the best age for starting an income annuity is between 70 and 75, which allows for the maximum payout. However, only you can decide when it’s time for a secure, guaranteed stream of income.
How can I get out of an annuity?
There are several ways to get out of an annuity. If it is an IRA, you can roll it over, or transfer it. If it is not an IRA, you can use a 1035 exchange, or surrender it. If it is an income annuity, you have to find someone to buy you out.
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Do you pay taxes on an annuity?
Do you get your principal back from an annuity?
In a lifetime annuity, you get payments until you die, so you may not get all your principal back. The point remains the same, though: Your principal earns a return, and your payments typically include some principal and some profit.
Is an Annuity better than a 401k?
Another big difference is that an annuity offers a guaranteed payment for as long as you live. That means, at least with most annuities, you can’t run out of money. A 401(k), on the other hand, can only give you as much money as you have deposited into it, plus the investment earnings on that money.
Should I take the annuity or lump sum?
What is an example of an annuity?
An annuity is a series of payments made at equal intervals. Examples of annuities are regular deposits to a savings account, monthly home mortgage payments, monthly insurance payments and pension payments. The payments (deposits) may be made weekly, monthly, quarterly, yearly, or at any other regular interval of time.
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Privacy SOS
Terrorism as spectator sport: for centuries, it was common practice in parts of the United States for whites to gather with their families at lynchings.
In the closing decades of the 19th century in the United States, “terrorism” was a tool use by white Americans to keep African Americans “in their place,” and took the form of brutal lynchings and other kinds of violence.
Anti-state terrorism made its debut in the form of anarchist bombings. Anarchists – the “enemy within” of their day – opposed the authority of the state and some favored the use of violence to overthrow state power.
Public sentiment against anarchists was inflamed by the killing of seven people, one of them a policeman, when a bomb went off at a demonstration against police brutality in Chicago’s Haymarket Square in 1886, and by the 1901 assassination of President William McKinley by a self-proclaimed anarchist. In 1903, Congress passed the Anarchist Exclusion Act to bar anarchists from entering the country and enable others to be deported. In the following year the US Supreme Court in Turner v. Williams ruled that the statute did not violate the First Amendment rights of John Turner, who was excluded from the country.
Beginning in 1914, bombings blamed on the followers of the Italian anarchist Luigi Galleani took place in New York, Boston, San Francisco and Washington DC, while in Milwaukee a bomb killed nine policemen and a woman at a police station in November 1917.
In 1918, additional legislation was passed aimed at any non citizen who “advises, advocates, or teaches or who are members of, or affiliated with any organization, society or group, that advises, advocates or teaches opposition to all organized government.” Galleani and 36 other people were deported.
But the bombing campaign continued. In late April 1919, some 30 bombs were put in the mail addressed to such people as J.P. Morgan, John D. Rockefeller, a Bureau of Investigation agent, Congressional sponsors of the anti-anarchist legislation and Attorney General Palmer himself. Two caused injuries, but the rest had either been set aside for insufficient postage or were retrieved before they could be delivered. Two months later, eight bombs went off simultaneously in various cities. Targets included a member of the Massachusetts legislature and again, Attorney General Palmer. A bomber blew himself up outside Palmer’s Washington home.
The Attorney General’s response was the massive dragnet known as the Palmer Raids. Eight months later, on September 16, 1920, a horse-drawn buggy loaded with explosives blew up outside the offices of J.P. Morgan on Wall Street, killing 33 people and wounding hundreds more.
Above: the aftermath of a 1920 anarchist bombing in front of J.P. Morgan headquarters in NYC
The press and the public remained fairly calm, possibly because of apprehension about what widespread panic could mean for the stock market. The New York stock exchange opened on the day following the bombing and a previously scheduled Constitution Day event was attended by thousands of New Yorkers.
The smattering of subsequent bombings was viewed more as a nuisance than an existential threat, as the anarchist scare faded away. More enduring was the xenophobic suspicion of immigrants, as well as the notion that such “foreign influences” as trade union organizing and socialism were fundamentally anti-American. The index of subversives maintained by J. Edgar Hoover of the Bureau of Investigation soon had 450,000 names.
© 2021 ACLU of Massachusetts.
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Six Ways To Improve Your Empathic Skills
Six Ways To Improve Your Empathic Skills
Empaths are highly attuned to other peoples’ feelings and emotions. Empathic people are often seen as just sensitive; in actuality, empaths are able to connect to other peoples’ energies in unique ways. An empathetic person can relate to others on a very deep level, which often affects their own feelings and energy levels.
What makes empathy unique is that it can be practiced and strengthened by anyone who wants to be more empathic. Like a muscle, it can grow stronger and it can atrophy. Empathic people can strengthen their skills by meditating, listening to their gut, and helping others.
There are a few ways to improve your empathic skills. Here are six of these ways:
1. Take time for yourself. We rarely give ourselves the space we need to really tune into our bodies and our minds. Even just ten minutes a day spent in a relaxing, quiet environment can dramatically improve your perspective on life. Meditation is one way to create a corner of the world for yourself to rest, relax, and be rejuvenated. These quiet moments can allow you to connect with yourself, and eventually connect with others through your emotional energy pathways.
2. Go with your gut. Too often we don’t listen to what our bodies are telling us, but this is a mistake. Our intuition is worth listening to. Learn to trust the feelings you have, especially when they’re regarding other people. This allows you to strengthen your empathic skills over time.
3. Find time to get grounded. Whether its taking a walk or sitting in a park, climbing a mountain or feeling the grass underneath your feet, connecting with nature is one way to center yourself and get some peace and quiet. Empaths are constantly dealing with other peoples’ energy, both negative and positive, and that can really wear you down over time. Make sure you are able to deal with this outside energy by taking care of yourself as much as you can.
4. Learn from the animal kingdom. Take a look at the animals around you- they live completely in the present moment and display unconditional love to those around them. Interacting with animals can help clear an empath’s head and allow you to have some moments of calm clarity.
5. Know yourself. Get to know what makes you tick and who you are as a person. Your sun sign can bring you a lot of insight into who you are as a person, as can your astrological chart. However, only you can know who you are and what makes you succeed.
6. Find your happiness. Empaths relate to other people and their energy so much that places with a lot of people can be incredibly overwhelming. Make sure you know your boundaries and are able to stick with them to avoid feeling too overwhelmed.
Empaths are very important members of society, and often empaths and their intuition make them excellent spiritual readers. If you want to work on your empathic skills, consider following these steps to improve your talents and help others.
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Life on Earth
1. Select an Australian ecosystem of your choice to research. Present your information about this ecosystem using the following:
a) Name the selected ecosystem.
Grassland-temperate grassland
b) With respect to the general five abiotic factors, describe the special environmental conditions of the chosen ecosystem.
The five general abiotic factors are:
• Sunlight
• Water
• Soil
• Temperature &
• Oxygen
Temperate grasslands are characterized by hot summers (38° C) and cold winters (-40° C). Over the course of the year, the temperature range is very large. The temperate grasslands have deep and dark soil with fertile upper layers (Robinson, 2009). It is rich in nutrients as a result of the growth and decay of deep, many-branched grass roots. These roots hold the soils together and provide a source of food for living plants (Werner, 2001).
In this ecosystem, Precipitation usually occurs in the late spring and early summer. The annual average ranges from 50.8 to 88.9 cm (20-35 inches). The amount of annual rainfall influences the height of grassland vegetation, with taller grasses in wetter regions. The ecosystem has excellent sunlight penetration which permits photosynthesis and constant supply of energy (Lodge, 2004; Smith, 2004).
The presence of fauna and flora ensures a constant supply and exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
c) List 8 organisms living in the selected ecosystem that rely on each other for survival
• Producers
• Herbivores
• Carnivore
• Omnivore
d) Select four organisms listed above and describe an adaptation
The extensive rooting systems of grasses allow them to recover quickly from grazing. Some grasses are tough which limits the number of animals that can feed on them.
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Their ability to feed on the grass makes them to be well adapted in the temperate grasslands. They have adapted to be able to run swiftly away from danger (McCulloch,2008; Powell, 2008).
Carnivores like he opossums have a long, thick, hairless, and very talented tail which can wrap around things and hold onto them.
Badgers have very powerful legs, partially webbed toes and extremely long front claws. The fore claws grow faster than the rear jaws and they have the potential to dig a hole in a very short time like a minute in order to get some security place to hide in case of any danger.they are believed to be among the species with very efficient hearing ability and they can also smell very easily.
2. Choose one example of an endangered or threatened species of fauna in Australia in the last 200 years.
The kangaroo that lives in the tree known as the Lumholtz's Tree-kangaroo.
a) Describe one possible reason for its crisis situation in Australia.
This species is only found in Northeastern Queensland’s rainforests which unfortunately are fast disappearing because of land clearing.
b) Suggest an appropriate conservation method to protect the species
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Conservation of Queensland’s rainforests will be a sure way of preserving the animals’ habitat.
This can be through legislation and protection of forests. The federal Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 is the legal framework for the protection of threatened species
3. Australia has unique fauna. Provide a possible explanation for how these fauna may have evolved and flourished here in Australia over the many millions of years, and not elsewhere.
The uniqueness of Australia's fauna is the relative scarcity of native placental mammals. Instead, the marsupials—a group of mammals that raise their young in a pouch, such as possums and dasyuromorphs—occupy many of the niches (Macintyre, 2007; Mott,2004). Placental animals occupy elsewhere in the world. Australia also has more venomous than non-venomous species of snakes. This high can be attributed to the continent's long geographic isolation, tectonic stability, and the effects of an unusual pattern of climate change on the soil and flora over geological time.
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What Do Kittens Eat When They Are Young?
What Do Kittens Eat When They Are YoungWhat do kittens eat? Kittens get their nutritional needs from their mother, but they also need food and water for the first few weeks of their life, too. At two weeks of age, provide only 1/2 cup of dry food per day, and provide a small bit more if you notice that he is still eating well. When the kittens get up to three weeks of age, start to give them moist, easily chewed treats, and gradually introduce a dry, digestible diet. You don’t have to worry about calories and nutrients now, as your kitten will get all of his nutrition from his mother, but you should still watch him for signs that he is hungry.What Do Kittens Eat?
What do kittens eat when they are older? They get most of their nutrition from you, so you should feed them with high quality cat food, a regular schedule, and never starve them or give poor nutrition. At six to eight weeks of age, start working on your kittens’ nutrition by slowly replacing old kitten chow with quality cat food brands that are fortified and enriched with vitamins and nutrients. At nine to ten weeks of age, introduce cooked food to your kittens’ diet. This will help them get used to a steady flow of new food.Discover What Do Kittens Eat
Finally, after you have worked with your veterinarian and your pet owner for a while, it is important to get your pet cat examined annually. Even healthy, growing kittens can get serious illnesses at times. To prevent illnesses like those that can be fatal, you will need to have your cat checked out by a veterinarian as soon as possible. Knowing what do kittens eat when they are young can help you and your veterinarian keep your kitten healthy for many years of a happy, cat-filled life!
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Come in Number 9
Having discarded Pluto as a real planet, we now once again have our real Number 9 planet. We cannot see it because it is about 56 billion miles from the sun, where we are a very neighbourly 150 million miles away from the sun. Where we take one year to orbit the Screen Shot 2016-01-25 at 10.31.33 AMsun, Planet 9 takes a leisurely 10-20,000 years. It’s a long time then since it got anywhere near the sun to possibly be observed by even the most powerful telescope. But two researchers, Mike Brown and Konstantin Batygin, observed the movements of bodies within the Kuiper belt, where Pluto lives, and computer-modelling of the orbits of space bodies convinced them that there is a body about 10 times earth’s mass and 2-4 times our diameter out there inflicting its gravitational pull on these other bodies’ orbits.
So there it is, come in number nine, your time is up, you have been deduced. A magical number, is number nine. There is definitely something cosmic about it. It is the last number in the decimal system of 0-9. Ten is a combination of 1+0. It is the last and the limit of all that is. The ancients believe number 9 contains a hidden code that effects everyone on earth and reveals the great truth. Ok aside from the occultists, we can look at the interesting mathematical facts about number 9. Did you know that the sum of any multiplication equals nine? 2×9 = 18, 1+8 = 9; 6×9 = 54, 5+4 = 9,638 x 9 = 5742 —> 5 + 7 + 4 + 2 = 18 —> 1 + 8 = 9, And on and on it goes. Another little trick of #9 is that any number divided by 9 simply has no end. The final digit repeats ad infinitum. For example 8/9 = 0.8888…….; 50/9 = 5.55555555……; let’s try another one: If 12345679 (excludes number 8) multiplied by 1-9 multiples of 9 then the result will contain the numbers over and over. So:
12345679 x 9 = 111111111
12345679 x 18 = 222222222 —> 12345679 x 9 x 2
12345679 x 27 = 333333333 —> 12345679 x 9 x 3
12345679 x 36 = 444444444 —> 12345679 x 9 x 4
The weird flip side to this pattern is that if you add #9 to any other number, the sum of the answer is always the other number, not the nine. So
6+9 = 15; 1+5 = 6
2+9 = 11. 1+1 = 2
17+9 = 26; 1+7=8, 2+6 = 8
and on ad infinitum
Not sure what this means but I have a feeling if you work it out you will have solved the secret of the universe.
Ok so we now have a mysterious planet number nine in our solar system. The last planet in our decimal solar system if the Sun = 10. That is probably why ancient knowledge decided the decimal system was more cosmic than the ‘base 12’ or duodecimal system which was based on the number of Titans and Gods of Olympus. The duodecimal system actually has four non-trivial factors whereas the decimal system only has two non-trivial factors if that helps you differentiate them.
But why do we care? If Planet 9 is so far away, we will never see it, so what does it matter? Perhaps it matters because we have a quest. We have a curiosity born of intelligence. We want to know what is out there. We want to know who our creator is in the same way that those abandoned children on reality TV shows search out their birth parents. Everyone wants to know: ‘having created us, why have you forsaken us’? Fair enough.
But we, in Dunedin, New Zealand, live on a tiny dot of a planet that floats in a relatively small solar system (our sun is a dwarf sun) which is located in a remote corner of the Milky Way which itself is a remote little galaxy within the incomprehensible universe.
It sort of reminds me of an interesting part of a David Attenborough documentary about the Kalahari desert in Namibia. They filmed down a cave, named Aigamas cave, 60 metres below the desert, in which there is the earth’s largest known underground lake.Down in this lake lives a little fish named the golden catfish.Golden cave catfish It grows up to 16 centimetres long. It is an air-breathing fish and as such could move a short distance on land, like an eel. To the golden catfish, this lake of almost 2 hectares is the entire universe. They have no conception of the narrow portal that leads to a completely alien world of the Kalahari desert with its huge night sky above it and the rest of Africa surrounding it.
But imagine if that fish had a genetic desire to search for its DNA relatives beyond its own universe. ‘Why have you forsaken us, oh great Golden Catfish?’ It is, after all, what drives other fish species to travel huge distances back to their birthplace. And, with that drive, the golden catfish explores the edges of its known universe and finds a small underground stream that eventually finds its way to another river or swamp down in the southern rainforests. What a discovery. What a new world with sunlight above it instead of the darkness of its cave. Imagine the change in organisms to feed on, the change in temperature and the new creatures it would meet along the way. But it would not find any more little cave golden catfish; their cave environment has resulted in them evolving as unique to that little universe; and I am not sure they would survive meeting their closest dna relative in African rivers and swamps, the sharp-tooth catfish, which gets to an average length about a metre. But, if they made it to shore and crawled briefly onto land, they would then be confronted with all manner of terrifying flying insects and birds, crawling ants and scorpions; they would hardly comprehend larger animals of hippos or elephants; hyenas or lions; it’s life Jim, but not as we know it. At what point does the catfish wonder why he left the cave.
So why do we get so excited about Planet #9 and beyond? About black holes and space portals. We are far more intelligent and imaginative than a catfish. We have watched the entire Star Wars series as well as Star Trek. We would not just stumble unknowingly into terrifying alien worlds to become nothing but a rather unmemorable snack before lunch. We may believe we are the divinely anointed masters of all beasts of the land and birds of the air, but that franchise is only for this planet. We have no rights beyond our atmosphere.
Similarly in the Aegamas cave the Golden catfish rules all the organisms in its own little universe. But that doesn’t mean much if they come up against a metre long saw-toothed relative who doesn’t feel the same family connection or a scorpion looking for lunch. As a life-form they were created from base organisms just like us. Then they evolved over millions of years to the creature they are now.
If we believe that homo-sapiens evolution has been fast-tracked from primate beasts to become super intelligent species, then we are suggesting that, between us and the primary divine creation of all life from which our forebear primates evolved, there is an alien life-form that re-wired our brains and dna 200,000 years ago to achieve that intelligence. If we find them we should be prepared in case they may not welcome us as children, rather they may say ‘Hey look at our little monkeys, how did they get here?’
But I don’t know why I bother to write this. Fifty percent of my readership would not contemplate space exploration because, at the end of it, zero-gravity golf would just seem silly; the other 50% is of the firm conviction that ruling of the beasts and the birds is solely for the purpose of having them lightly sautéed in a brandy sauce, served with a pear and blue cheese salad and washed down with delightful chilled chablis; the thought of being, in turn, a sautéed lunch for an extra terrestrial is not appealing. So I am fairly confident that neither of my two readers got past the first three lines before disengaging. My words therefore simply go into the ether, just in case ‘they’ are out there and monitoring me: ‘I come in peace’.
Of course the other theory could well be that the sun itself is the 1st heavenly body, not Mercury, in which case, Neptune becomes #9 and the search is over.
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Fake news detection using deep learning LSTM
This is the second part of my previous post Fake news detection using Machine Learning and NLP. In this post, I will discuss the application of deep learning technique i.e., LSTM for the detection of fake news from news headlines text. In the end, I will compare the results of machine learning techniques discussed in the previous post with LSTM and discuss which approach is better for this problem statement.
About Problem Statement
In recent years, due to the booming development of online social networks, fake news spreading at an alarming rate for various commercial and political purposes which is a matter of concern as it has numerous psychological effects over offline society. According to Gartner Research
For enterprises, this accelerated rate of fake news content in social media presents a challenging task to not only monitor closely what is being said about their brands directly but also in what contexts, because fake news will directly affect their brand value. So, in this post, we will discuss how we can detect fake news more accurately by only seeing their headlines.
About Data
The data used in this case study is the ISOT Fake News Dataset. The dataset contains two types of articles fake and real news. This dataset was collected from real-world sources; the truthful articles were obtained by crawling articles from Reuters.com (news website). As for the fake news articles, they were collected from unreliable websites that were flagged by Politifact (a fact-checking organization in the USA) and Wikipedia. The dataset contains different types of articles on different topics, however, the majority of articles focused on political and World news topics.
The dataset consists of two csv files. The first file named True.csv contains more than 12,600 articles from Reuters.com. The second file named Fake.csv contains more than 12,600 articles from different fake news outlet resources. Each article contains the following information:
• article title (News Headline),
• text,
• type (REAL or FAKE)
The total records in the dataset consist of 44898 records out of which 21417 true news and 23481 fake news.
So, next, we will be discussing data pre-processing and data preparation steps required for building Long Term Short Memory (LSTM) model using Keras library in python. The detailed architecture and mathematics behind LSTM can be found here. For building the LSTM model I have used Kaggle notebook.
Data pre-processing
First we have read the dataset using pandas library in python and shuffle the dataset. The main reason for shuffling the dataset is that our data is sorted by their class/target as we have combined Fake news and True news from two different sources. So, we have to shuffle the dataset to make sure that our training/test/validation sets are representative of the overall distribution of the data. The code is shared below.
For shuffling the dataset we have used random permutation as shown in the code below.
The rows in the dataset are now shuffled as shown in the figure above. Next we will remove one extra column Unnamed:0 and convert target variable label into binary variable 0 for True news and 1 for Fake news.
In the next step, we will remove the stopwords and special characters from the dataset. The code for this task is shared below:
Next step is to lowercase the data, although it is commonly overlooked, it is one of the most effective technique when the data is small. Although the word ‘Good’, ‘good’ and ‘GOOD’ are same but the neural net model will assign different weights to it resulting in abrupt output which will affect the overall performance of the model. The code for lowercasing is shown below:
Building Word Embeddings (GLOVE)
In this case study, we will use Global vectors for Word representation (GLOVE) word embeddings. It is an unsupervised learning algorithm for obtaining vector representations for words. The main idea behind word embedding is that it helps in establishing a contextual representation of word in a document, semantic and syntactic similarity and relationship among different words, etc. The word embedding is proved to work well with LSTM in the text classification tasks. The visual representation of word embeddings is shown below:
Figure. Visual representation of word embeddings (image credit : hunterheidenreich.com/)
So, now we will set the file path of the Glove embeddings file and will do configuration settings as shown in the code snippet below.
As we can see from above code, we have used maximum sequence length of 100, maximum vocab size of 20000 (we can experiment to increase it to 25000 or more for better accuracy but higher training time), number of dimensions in this embedding is 50 i.e., each word has 50 dimensions in vector space again we can experiment with 100 dimensions to check for accuracy improvement, validation split of 0.2 will be used means 20% of the training data used for validating the model during the training phase. The batch size used here is 64, we can also experiment with different batch sizes. For the demo purpose, I have used only 5 epochs to train the LSTM model, we can also increase to higher epochs for better results.
Next, we will load the pre-trained word vectors from embedding file.
Tokenize Text
Next, we will convert sentences (texts) into integers as we know any machine learning or deep learning model doesn’t understand textual data so we have to convert it into number representation.
Now, lets understand the code snippet shown above. First we have tokenize the title text using tokenizer with number of words equivalent to max vocab size we have set earlier i.e., 20000. Now, the question comes what is the use of tokenizer.fit_on_texts and then tokenizer.text_to_sequences.
So, the tokenizer.fit_on_texts used to create vocabulary index based on its frequency for example it creates the vocabulary index based on word frequency. For example, if you had the sentences “My skill is different from other student”, “I am a good student”,then word_index[“skill”] = 0, word_index[“student”] = 1 (student appears 2 times, skill appears 1 time), while tokenizer.text_to_sequences basically assign each text in sentence into a sequence of integers. So what it does is that it takes each word in the sentence and replaces it with its corresponding integer value from word_index.
Sequence Padding
Next we have padded the sequence to the maxlength of 100 which we have declared earlier. This is done to ensure that all the sequences are of same length as it is needed in case of building neural network. So sequences which are shorter than max length of 100 are padded with zeroes while longer sequences are truncated to max length of 100. Now we have assigned this sequence padded matrix as our feature vector X and our target variable y is label i.e., df[‘label’]. After printing the shape of tensor we get matrix shape as 44898 x 100.
Then we have saved the word to id (integers) mapping obtained from tokenizer into a new variable named word2idx as shown below.
Preparation of Embedding Matrix
After printing the length we found total 29101 unique tokens. Next task is to create embedding matrix. The code for preparing embedding matrix is shared below.
As per the code num_words are the minimum of Max_VOCAB_SIZE and length of word2idx+1. We know MAX_VOCAB_SIZE = 20000 and length of word2idx = 29101. So the number of words is the minimum of these two i.e., 20000. Next embedding matrix is created with the dimension of 50 and 20000 words. The words which will not be found in the matrix will be assigned as zeroes.
Creation of Embedding Layer
Next we will create embedding layer which will be used as input in LSTM model.
Model Building
In this step we will build the deep learning model Long Term Short Memory (LSTM). For this case study we will be using bi-directional LSTM.
As we can see from above code, we have used one hidden layer of Bidirectional LSTM layer of 15 neurons. For accessing the hidden state output for each input time step we have to set return_sequences=”True”. This is also a hyper-parameter which we can experiment. Further, we can also experiment with other variants of LSTMs like unidirectional LSTM and GRU. The number of neurons can also be increased to check for performance improvements. The detailed model summary is shown below.
Model Parameters
Here, the main thing to notice is that total number of model parameters are 1,007,951 whereas training parameters are only 7951 which is the sum of parameters of bidirectional LSTM i.e., 7920 and dense layer’s parameter i.e., 31. The reason for this is that we have already set trainable = false in case of embedding layer due to which 1000000 parameters of embedding layers left non-trainable.
Train test split
Now we split the feature and target variable into train and test set in the ratio of 75:25, where 75% of the data used for training the model and 25% used for testing.
Fitting model
In this step we actually fit the model on training set with batch size =64 and validation split of 20%.
As we can from above result, the model achieved validation accuracy of 95% in just 5 epochs. Obviously we can experiment with higher number of epochs but for demo purpose I have selected only 5 epochs.
The training and validation loss and accuracy plots are shown below to show the progress of model training.
Model result
The training and test accuracy of the model is shown below.
The confusion matrix of the model is shown below.
As we can see from above confusion matrix, the model has shown impressive performance. Now, lets see the classification report to understand the overall performance in statistical point of view.
As per the result, our model has higher recall and F1-score for fake news whereas precision is higher for True news. The better estimate to judge any machine learning or deep learning model performance is F1-score as it is the harmonic mean of precision and recall. A higher F1-score of 95% is fairly good score but we can improve the model performance by tuning its hyper-parameters.
Apart from that there is one more performance metric which is widely used in binary classification tasks is Receiver Operating Characterstics curve also known as ROC curve. The ROC curve of the model is plotted as shown below.
As per the ROC plot above it is evident that model performs fairly well with a higher Area Under Curve (AUC) of 0.991. AUC of 1 means ideal model.
Result Comparison
So, as we have seen our model performance in detail, now lets compare its performance with other machine learning models employed in our previous post. The detailed comparative analysis in terms of F1-score, precision, recall and accuracy is shown below.
From the above result, we can clearly observe that Passive Aggressive is the winner in this problem. LSTM with GLOVE embedding is second best.
The full code demonstrated in this post is available in this repo.
In this post, we have discussed application of deep learning model LSTM for detection of fake news from new headlines and it shows overall good result. But as per the results comparison we have found that Passive Agressive classifier shows best performance than its counterparts. Apart from that we can also try other deep learning based approaches like 1D CNN, RNN, Unidirectional CNN and GRUs for this problem statement. In the next post we will discuss application of one more trending deep learning model i.e., BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers) for this problem statement and then make detailed comparison to select the best model.
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About the author
Manu Siddhartha
Hi!! I am Siddhartha, an aspiring blogger with an obsession to share my knowledge in Machine Learning & Data science domain. This blog is dedicated to demonstrate application of machine learning in different domains with real-time case studies.
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A binary planet system consisting of two terrestrial planets (hereafter Alpha/α and Beta/β). The system barycentre (C) is between the two planets; for the sake of this question the exact position is variable as long as it remains in the space between the two, but closer to Alpha than to Beta. They are tidally locked to each other.
Alpha and Beta
Alpha is a continental planet comparable in all aspects to Earth (i.e. within 20% of size, mass, surface gravity, etc), with tectonic activity at least as active as on Earth (e.g. global average tectonic plate speed is no less than ~7 cm/year).
Ideally Beta is similar, but consider its dimensions and features as variable (so long as it remains a terrestrial planet) as needed.
Which – if any – of these scenarios is the most plausible?
α: Planet Alpha
C: Barycentre
Grey Triangle: hypothetical area of barycentric influence
Thin Grey Line: Lighter continental/felsic plate
Thick Black Line: Denser oceanic/mafic plate
Oceanic Scenario
A dense ocean plate becomes fixed below the barycentre in its area of influence. The plate may drift or rotate within this area.
Continental Scenario
A thick and mountainous continental plate becomes fixed below the barycentre in its area of influence. The plate and its mountains may drift or rotate within this area.
Hot Spot Scenario
A hot spot or upwelling from the mantle becomes a fixed feature below the barycentre in its area of influence. Plates drift freely, causing a chain of volcanoes. The oldest volcano attributed to this hot spot is no less than 100 million years old.
Before you say none of the above...
(And I'm completely open to that answer.) Would positioning the barycentre directly on the surface of Alpha make a difference?
• $\begingroup$ For the record, anyone wishing to solve Laplace's tidal equations for the case of Earth tide (i.e. the movement of the crust with solid land) may find section 3 here interesting. $\endgroup$ – HDE 226868 Sep 30 '16 at 17:36
• $\begingroup$ for the record - barycenter is more momentum related thing, not equal force. Equal force is more Lagrangian points related. I would choose 3 or 2, because of some sort of elliptical deformation(reverse to geoid shape) towards each other, but 1 is also possible just because strength of platforms and their flows will be more determining factors in that situation. It is more question how (and will it) second body affect arraignment (pattern) of those flows. 1 million bucks question. $\endgroup$ – MolbOrg Oct 1 '16 at 1:21
I have problems to find a good formulas, however:
1) For geologically active planet (like Earth).
Theoretically continent plate and continental plate remain in hydrostatic equilibrium, so none of them would be specially preferred over the other. Earth, because of rotation has got geoid shape. Here, because of slow rotation (tidal lock) of this gravitational interaction, instead of "squeezed" sphere, you'd get a "stretched sphere", something similar to Earth with tide, but tide would not only affect hydrosphere but in the long run the whole crust. Something like tide, but permanent In the same way as such not perfectly spherical shape has not influenced location of land masses on Earth, same would apply to your planets.
2) For geologically dead planet (like Mars or the Moon). A bit more tricky, as it would no longer be able to return to equilibrium shape. If a tiny planet first become geologically dead, then lose significant part of hydrosphere and atmosphere (possible, no protection from magnetic field, plus it had lower gravity at start), then the most stable position would be showing some big continental crust both towards the other planet and in the exactly opposite direction.
I agree that it’s none of the above. There is no mysterious “barycentric influence”. The planet will take the shape based on gravitational potential so it will be out of round. But given that shape, features can be present anywhere with the same effect: it is “sea level” everywhere and objects are not attracted or repelled because the sea and crust already form the right shape.
Now if the world were not in hydrostatic equilibrium but was cold and solid and fairly small, and it was slightly off balance due to its history, then it would prefer o face the heavy side away from the partner. But that's not the case you described.
If you want to find something special about the point below the partner, try looking at the Coriolis force. Since the planet is rotating about a point outside of itself, it will behave rather strangely from our point of view. Besides weather and ocean currents, this may affect mantle convection, biasing the plate tectonics in ways we don’t see on Earth.
• $\begingroup$ "this may affect mantle convection, biasing the plate techtonics in ways we don’t see on Earth." Is that not exactly what I asked about? $\endgroup$ – rek Oct 10 '16 at 13:19
• $\begingroup$ It’s the result you were looking for, but not in the manner you described. Hope that helps! $\endgroup$ – JDługosz Oct 10 '16 at 17:49
• $\begingroup$ Do you think you could expand your answer based on that last paragraph? $\endgroup$ – rek Nov 16 '17 at 6:40
• $\begingroup$ @rek see worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/57974/… . $\endgroup$ – JDługosz Nov 16 '17 at 21:18
This answer is to add some basic background data. Since this is science-based, I wanted to provide this to keep answers from getting too out of hand.
Earth:Moon has a ~100:1 mass ratio. The moon is tidally locked to earth, but not earth to the moon. The Earth will eventually become tidally locked too...it will just happen after the sun eats the earth so its a moot point.
Pluto-Charon has a ~10:1 mass ratio. Pluto and Charon are both tidally locked to each other; they are both in synchronous orbit around each other. This is the situation for planets A and B.
The Earth-Moon barycenter is 4671km from the earth's center, or about 2/3 of the way out from the core.
The Pluto:Charon barycenter is 2110km from Pluto's center, which is about 1000km above the planet's surface.
Now I'm off to research plate tectonics.
• $\begingroup$ wish you all luck in researching plate tectonics) $\endgroup$ – MolbOrg Oct 1 '16 at 1:23
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Mangalorean Catholics
W.J.Pais Food for Thought - The Konkan Coast
Mangalorean Catholics (Konkani: Kodialche Katholik) are Roman Catholics from Mangalore and the former South Canara district on the southwestern coast of India. They are Konkani people and speak the Konkani language. Portuguese shipping arrived in Mangalore in 1526, and Catholic missionary activities began around 1534, when Canara was placed under the ecclesiastic jurisdiction of the Bishop of Goa.
Most of the ancestors of Mangalorean Catholics were Goan Catholics, who had migrated to South Canara from Goa, a state north of Canara, between 1560 and 1763 during the Goa Inquisition and the Portuguese-Maratha wars.[5] Gradually they learned the languages of South Canara but retained Konkani as their mother tongue. In time, they referred to themselves as Mangalorean Catholics to distinguish themselves from their ancestors from Goa. The most disconsolate memory in the community's history was a 15-year captivity imposed by Tipu Sultan, the de facto ruler of Mysore, from 24 February 1784 to 4 May 1799 at Seringapatam.[6] After the defeat of Tipu Sultan, the community resettled in South Canara, and gradually prospered under the British.[7][8]
The culture of Mangalorean Catholics is a blend of Mangalorean and Goan cultures. After migration, they adopted the local Mangalorean culture but retained many of their Goan customs and traditions. The Mangalorean Catholic diaspora is scattered across the globe, with emigrant communities in the Arab states of the Persian Gulf and the Anglosphere.
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What is the role of a previous gastric surgery in the etiology of gastric cancer?
Updated: Feb 23, 2021
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Previous surgery is implicated as a risk factor. The rationale is that surgery alters the normal pH of the stomach, which may in turn lead to metaplastic and dysplastic changes in luminal cells. [23]
Retrospective studies demonstrate that a small percentage of patients who undergo gastric polyp removal have evidence of invasive carcinoma within the polyp. This discovery has led some researchers to conclude that polyps might represent premalignant conditions.
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