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Based on the species, ticks can be a variety of colors and belong in the Family Ixodidae. Ticks are generally not very big in size with a mature tick getting about 1 centimeter long (smaller than a sunflower seed) and the larvae could be under 1 millimeter long. Ticks are typically noticed wherever heavy woods or highly vegetated areas are. Specific tick varieties need a specific amount of moisture in order to survive, along with blood for food; via wildlife or humans. Ticks experience a four-stage life cycle – (1) egg, (2) larvae, (3) nymph and (4) adult. During the larvae phase they have six legs and through their last 2 phases they have 8 legs. Every single cycle requires blood for meals. Ticks that can carry around specific disease-causing pathogens and bacteria can actually be transferred to the host. Indicators You Have a Tick Infestation It’s simple to see ticks invading your private space. Should you have animals and detect ticks on them, you probably have ticks within your house or at least the places your animal frequents. Many people who have tick bites might endure severe negative effects that can be remedied by a doctor. Call (818) 273-6450 right away if you happen to be observing ticks inside or outside your home and discover more concerning our tick control Winnetka remedies whenever you talk to our representatives.
Quiz fact of the day 01.02.2021 – The Manchu The Manchu, also known as the Manju, are an ethnic group from Manchuria in northern China. The average American probably hasn’t heard of the Manchu, but they’ve definitely seen their influence in film and art. Manchus form the largest branch of the Tungusic peoples and are distributed throughout China, forming the fourth largest ethnic group in the country.They can be found in 31 Chinese provincial regions. They also form the largest minority group in China without an autonomous region. Among them, Liaoning has the largest population and Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Inner Mongolia and Beijing have over 100,000 Manchu residents. About half of the population live in Liaoning and one-fifth in Hebei. There are a number of Manchu autonomous counties in China, such as Xinbin, Xiuyan, Qinglong, Fengning, Yitong, Qingyuan, Weichang, Kuancheng, Benxi, Kuandian, Huanren, Fengcheng, Beizhen and over 300 Manchu towns and townships. After assuming rule of China, the Manchu readily adopted a lot of Chinese culture. They kept a lot of the Confucian values and practices of the Ming dynasty, and a vast majority of Manchu people spoke Mandarin Chinese rather than their own language. But, they left their own distinct marks on Chinese history. Since the 1980’s, the People’s Republic of China has encouraged the revival of Manchu culture. This includes traditional Manchu storytelling, Ulabun, and music with the octagonal drum. It also extends to falconry, which was of great historic importance to Manchu hunters, and to the observance of Manchu holidays. Leave a Reply WordPress.com Logo Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
Central government concerned that major cities ditching Eskom for renewable energy could divide South Africa South Africa was one of the most hit African countries by the global Covid-19 pandemic. However, that is not the only challenge ailing the nation. Power outages have become a constant headache to the South African population, especially those living in urban areas. Lack of a reliable supply of electricity has threatened to divide South Africa as federal governments root for their own, abandoning the troubled national electric-utility, Eskom. Eskom has been faced with a couple of problems such as corruption and ill management. Eskom gets its electricity supply from coal plants. Over the past ten years, these plants have aged, and the government has not serviced them. This has been caused by inadequate funds and the embezzlement of available resources. The aging coal plants have caused a drop in the capacity of power produced, leading to frequent power outages. Eskom’s power capacity is about 44,000 megawatts (MW) currently. This value is decreasing, courtesy of the ill service and wear of the plants. It is estimated that in two months, the coal plants will lose 16,000MW of power-producing capacity. Since 2008, South Africa has experienced frequent power blackouts.2019 was the apex of this problem, where power cuts contributed to economic losses worth between $3billion and $8billion.If this were to go on, the nation would incur $22 billion losses in the next ten years. These power cuts have taken a toll on the manufacturing sector, making growth in this industry slow. Since the central government under President Ramaphosa has not laid out plans to handle the Eskom problem, provincial and municipal administration has taken it upon themselves to develop new power sources for their subjects. Cape Town, being South Africa’s tourism epicenter, has been frustrated the most by power cuts. It has led the city’s government to look for renewable energy sources as an alternative to Eskom. The coastal town is finally standing on its own in energy matters. However, the central government has raised concerns about this move. Cape Town will easily find investing partners for their green energy projects, being a tourism hub. It is even better than the Eskom power. According to the International Renewable Energy Agency, solar and storage battery costs are predicted to go down. However, the national government does not support this initiative. For instance, in 2020, the central government declined to grant Cape Town the constitutional right to develop its electricity infrastructure. There have been rumors that the western part of Cape Town wants to break away into an independent region. This is one of the reasons why Cape Town lost the constitutional battle with the central administration. Another city that has developed its electricity grid is Durban. Durban recently announced its plan to break away from Eskom in the next 30 years. Durban also directed that 40% of the total energy consumed in the city should come from renewable sources by 2050. Pretoria, being the capital city of South Africa, houses Eskom. Despite the Covid-19 pandemic that has delayed economic recovery, the city has to put its house in order by transforming Eskom to solve the power shortage crisis.
Recycling not the answer How much do you recycle? Like most people, you probably make an effort to toss plastic bottles, newspapers, and glass containers into a recycle bin. Why do you do it? To protect the planet? Reduce precious landfill space? No matter what motivates you to recycle, the truth is, your motivations are likely based on a lie. Yes, that’s a strong word, but in this case, it’s accurate. Take a look at the lies that encourage many people to recycle. Lie #1: We need to recycle because landfills are filling up While it is true that the number of landfills has decreased, it doesn’t mean there’s a national shortage of landfill space. In fact, while the number of landfills has decreased, the size of landfills has actually increased. Why do you hear about landfill shortages? At a local level, a certain town or county might be running out of room, but it doesn’t equate to a nationwide problem. There are 1,654 landfills across 48 states, with the largest one located in Las Vegas that recently took in 3.8 million tons of garbage. Put simply, the country isn’t running out of space. A recent EPA report even says, “the amount of landfill space is adequate for current disposal practices.” Lie #2: If we all recycle, we’ll save resources and protect the planet This statement has several lies wrapped into a tidy statement. For starters, we don’t all recycle. Seventy-five percent of garbage is recyclable, but only about 30% of it is actually recycled. Obviously, a lot of consumers chuck recyclables right into the trash. Now let’s think about the resources used to recycle. For curbside pickup, large trucks traipse all over town, there’s manpower involved, large equipment is used to sort and bail recyclables, and trucks haul it to a repurposing facility. That’s a lot of resources and very few of them protect the planet. Lie #3: Recycling plastic keeps it out of the landfill Tossing a plastic bottle in a recycling bin should keep it out of the landfill, but in reality, that’s happening less and less. Why? A few years ago, China, once the largest buyer of U.S. plastics waste, started restricting what it would accept. Only about half (56%) of American waste that was once exported is still going to overseas markets. As a result, some recyclers don’t have a place for unaccepted plastics. The problem has created a trickle-down effect that has local recyclers, like those in Washington for example, dumping plastic recyclables into the landfill. Lie #4: Recycling is the best way to curb pollution There are countless non-profits and coalitions that all tout recycling as the planet’s savior. While it’s important for everyone to do their part to protect the environment, the idea that consumer recycling is the solution is impossible. Recycling alone isn’t the answer. Changing individual behaviors isn’t the answer. Everyone – from consumers to corporations – must shift their focus to a zero-waste concept. How? Companies must consciously think about their product, its packaging, and its afterlife. Consumers must support companies with a zero-waste goal and be willing to collectively make changes. Embracing refill technology, for example, is a good place to start. Companies would ask consumers to buy a refillable bottle as opposed to a single-use bottle. When the product runs out, it’s simply refilled at a kiosk at a local retailer. These big-picture solutions are a better way to protect our planet than relying on recycling. Want to see refill technology at a retailer near you? The technology already exists. Sign this petition today to show your interest.
When to use "the" by Mark Israel [This is a fast-access FAQ excerpt.] This is often quite tricky for those learning English. The basic rules can be found in the Purdue University Online Writing Lab's WWW page titled "The Use and Non-Use of Articles" [...] ["The Use and Non-Use of Articles" can now be found at (very brief), and in "An Overview of English Article Usage for Speakers of English as a Second Language" by John R. Kohl of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute [...] [The URL is no longer valid.] (As explained in the document "Accessing the Internet by E-Mail FAQ" posted to alt.internet.services, you can obtain textual WWW pages by e-mail. Send e-mail to "[email protected]" with, in this case, "send [...] as the message body.)" [This should now read '"send <www.rensselaer.edu/dept/llc/writecenter/web/esl.html>" as the message body.'] The book Three Little Words; A, An and The: a Foreign Student's Guide to English by Elizabeth Claire (Delta, 1988, ISBN 0-937354-46-5) has been recommended. The article "the" before a noun generally indicates one specific instance of the object named. For example, "I went to the school" refers to one school. (The context should establish which school is meant.) Such examples have the same meaning in all English- speaking countries. The construct <preposition><noun>, with no intervening article, often refers to a state of being rather than to an instance of the object named by the noun. The set of commonly used preposition-noun combinations varies from one dialect to another. Some examples are: I went to bed = I retired for the night. Even if I had the habit of sleeping on the floor, I would still say "I went to bed" and not "I went to floor". She is at university (U.K.) = She is in college (U.S.) = She is a student, enrolled in a particular type of tertiary institution. This sentence does not imply that she is now physically present on the campus. He was taken to hospital (U.K.) = He was hospitalized. (A U.S. speaker might say "to the hospital" even if there were several hospitals in the area.)
Atlas was tasked with supporting the world on his shoulders. Source: rudall30 / Adobe Stock. Atlas: The God with the World on His Shoulders Atlas is one of the most famous Titans in Greek mythology. He is best-known for bearing the sky on his shoulders, a punishment inflicted on him by Zeus following the Titanomachy. Although Atlas’ punishment is the most famous myth revolving around this Titan, there are several other myths in which he is featured. Atlas is also commonly depicted in art, especially in sculpture, and may be easily recognized. This is due to the fact that he is traditionally portrayed as supporting a globe on his back. Sculptures of Atlas can be seen in different parts of the world. Atlas’ Lineage In Hesiod’s Theogony, Atlas is said to be the son of Iapetus and Clymene. Iapetus was the son of Uranus and Gaia, and therefore was a brother of Cronus. Iapetus was one of the four Titans who seized hold of Uranus, and held him down, while Cronus castrated him with a sickle. Clymene, on the other hand, was an Oceanid, i.e. a daughter of Oceanus and Tethys, and is sometimes called Asia. According to Hesiod, apart from Atlas, Clymene bore Iapetus three other children – Menoitios, Prometheus, and Epimetheus. The sons of Iapetus, with the exception of Epimetheus, were all punished by Zeus. In the Theogony, “The lawless Menoitios was sent down to the darkness by wide-seeing Zeus with a smoking bolt, because of his wickedness and overbearing strength…. And he bound crafty Prometheus in inescapable fetters, grievous bonds, driving them through the middle of a pillar. And he set a great winged eagle upon him, and it fed on his immortal liver, which grew the same amount each way at night as the great bird ate in the course of the day”. While Menoitios was punished for his hubris, and Prometheus for tricking Zeus (for the benefit of humankind), Atlas was punished for the role he played in the Titanomachy. This was the great war that was fought between the Titans and the Olympians. The Titanomachy, which lasted for 10 years, ended with the defeat of the Titans. Atlas was punished for the part he played in Titanomachy. (Eloquence / Public Domain) As a consequence, the Titans, with the exception of Prometheus and Themis, who had sided with the Olympians, were punished. The defeated Titans were imprisoned in Tartarus, the deepest region of the underworld. Atlas’ Punishment Unlike his fellow Titans, Atlas was not imprisoned in Tartarus. According to some sources, Atlas was the leader of the Titans, and therefore had a special punishment waiting for him at the end of the war. It is also said that this punishment was chosen because Atlas was renowned for his great strength. Thus, Atlas was forced by Zeus to hold up the sky, “Atlas, under strong constraint, holds up the broad sky with his head and tireless hands, standing at the ends of the earth, away by the clear-voiced Hesperides, for Zeus the resourceful assigned him this lot.” Atlas and the Hesperides. (Mattes / Public Domain) Atlas and the Hesperides. (Mattes / Public Domain ) It has been speculated that Atlas, as the bearer of the sky, may have initially been the personification of a cosmographic motion, formed by the way the ancient Greeks understood the nature of heaven, and its relation to the earth. It was only at a later time that the character and role of Atlas was developed and incorporated into other myths. Atlas and Persus This idea seems plausible, as writers who came after Hesiod added their own myths to the figure of Atlas. One of these, for instance, is found in Ovid’s Metamorphoses. The Roman poet recounts a story in which Atlas encounters the hero Perseus. In the myth, Perseus, having slain the Gorgon Medusa, was flying across the desert of Libya, where he (inadvertently, perhaps) caused venomous snakes to spawn from the ground, “the other [i.e. Perseus], (as he bore the viperous monster-head) on sounding wings hovered a conqueror in the fluent air, over sands, Libyan, where the Gorgon-head dropped clots of gore, that, quickening on the ground, became unnumbered serpents; fitting cause to curse with vipers that infested land”. As Perseus was being blown around by the constantly changing winds, he decided to rest for the night in the western end of the earth, which was believed to be Atlas’ domain. According to Ovid, “There dwelt huge Atlas, vaster than the race of man: son of Iapetus, his lordly sway extended over those extreme domains, and over oceans that command their waves to take the panting coursers of the Sun and bathe the wearied Chariot of the Day. For him a thousand flocks, a thousand herds over wandered pasture fields; and neighbor tribes might none disturb that land. Aglint with gold bright leaves adorn the trees, – boughs golden-wrought bear apples of pure gold.” Apart from embellishing the myth of Atlas, Ovid seems to have ‘freed’ the Titan from the task of carrying the sky on his back. In fact, this task is only given to Atlas at the end of the story. In any case, Perseus requests shelter from Atlas, and reveals that he was a son of Zeus. Atlas, however, recalled a prophecy by Themis that warned him to be on his guard against a son of Zeus, Having received this prophecy, the Titan built solid walls around his orchard, got a dragon to keep perpetual guard over his golden apples, and expelled any stranger who came to his land. Therefore, Atlas told Perseus to leave his land and tried to expel him by force. Perseus realized that there was no use talking to Atlas and that he would lose if he engaged in a contest of strength with the Titan. Perseus, however, had a secret weapon – Medusa’s decapitated head, which he used to petrify Atlas, “He said no more, but turning his own face, he showed upon his left Medusa's head, abhorrent features. – Atlas, huge and vast, becomes a mountain – His great beard and hair are forests, and his shoulders and his hands mountainous ridges, and his head the top of a high peak; – his bones are changed to rocks. Augmented on all sides, enormous height attains his growth; for so ordained it, ye, O mighty Gods! who now the heavens’ expanse unnumbered stars, on him command to rest.” Perseus had the head of Medusa during his encounter with Atlas. (Jastrow / CC BY-SA 2.5) Atlas and Heracles Perseus was not the only hero to have met Atlas. As a matter of fact, the son of Zeus mentioned in Themis’ prophecy did not refer to Perseus, but to Heracles, a descendant of Perseus. The hero encounters the Titan as part of his Twelve Labours. For his 11th labor , Heracles was required to obtain the golden apples of the Hesperides. Unlike Ovid’s account (where the apples are said to belong to Atlas), the apples in this story are said to have been a wedding gift by Hera to Zeus. The apples were to be found in the Garden of the Hesperides, Hera’s orchard, and guarded by a hundred-headed dragon called Ladon, as well as the Hesperides, the nymphs of the evening. According to some sources, the Hesperides were the children of Atlas. Hercules stealing the golden apples from the garden of the Hesperides. (Zaqarbal / CC BY-SA 3.0) The first task Heracles had to accomplish was to locate the Garden of the Hesperides, as he had no idea where it was situated. As a consequence, he traveled widely, across Libya, Egypt, Arabia, and Asia, having many adventures along the way. For example, at one point, Heracles was stopped by Kyknos, a son of Ares, who demanded a fight with the hero. Although Heracles complied, the fight was broken up by a thunderbolt. After this encounter, Heracles continued his journey to Illyria, where he seized Nereus, a sea god, since he knew the location of the garden. Although Nereus transformed himself into all kinds of creatures in an attempt to escape, Heracles did not loosen his grip. Eventually, Nereus gave up and revealed the location of the garden. According to some versions of the myth, the garden is located at the western edge of the earth, while others place it beyond the earth’s northern end. As Heracles continued his journey to the Garden of the Hesperides, he came to the rock on Mount Caucasus, where Prometheus was chained by Zeus. Heracles killed the eagle that tormented the Titan and set him free. In gratitude, Prometheus told him the secret to getting the apples. Therefore, when Heracles arrived at his destination he did as Prometheus told. Instead of getting the apples himself, Heracles asked Atlas to get them for him. In return, Heracles held the sky up for Atlas while he was away. This benefitted both parties, as Heracles did not need to face the apples’ guardians and the task temporarily relieved Atlas of his burden. Heracles holding the world for Atlas. (FA2010 / Public Domain) When the Titan returned, he told Heracles that he would take the apples himself to Eurystheus, thereby completing the labor for the hero. He also had the cheek to tell Heracles to continue holding up the sky for the rest of eternity. Heracles cunningly played along, agreeing to go on bearing the sky on his shoulders forever. Heracles, however, made a small request, asking the Titan if he could hold the sky for one moment, so that he may turn his cloak into a sort of padding for his shoulders, thereby making the task less uncomfortable. Atlas agreed to do so but once the sky was back on Atlas’ shoulders, Heracles picked up the apples and returned home. In some versions of the tale, Heracles did not request Atlas’ aid but went and pluck the apples himself. In yet another variation of the myth Heracles builds two pillars to hold up the sky thereby freeing Atlas from his punishment. Atlas in Art Atlas is frequently presented in art especially in sculpture. The Titan can be easily recognized due to the fact that he is almost always depicted carrying a globe on his shoulders. This globe may be either a terrestrial or celestial one. As Atlas was punished to support the sky on his back, a celestial globe would be appropriate. It is a common misconception, however, that Atlas was punished to carry the earth on his back. This is evident in the fact that he is sometimes depicted carrying a terrestrial globe. One of the most famous sculptures of Atlas is the Farnese Atlas, which is housed today in the National Archaeological Museum in Naples, Italy. The sculpture is believed to be a 2nd century AD Roman copy of a Greek original and is named after the wealthy Italian Farnese family. The celestial globe on the back of this sculpture is considered to be one of the oldest depictions of the sky as the ancients saw it. Farnese Atlas. (Re probst / CC BY-SA 3.0) The depiction of Atlas is not limited to Classical art, as he is found in modern art as well. An example of the latter is Lee Lawrie’s Atlas, a bronze sculpture in Rockefeller Centre, New York. The sculpture was installed in 1937. Lee Lawrie’s Atlas statue. (Another Believer / CC BY-SA 4.0) It may be mentioned that in addition to the Titan, there is a lesser-known Atlas in Greek mythology. According to Plato, there was an ancient king by the name of Atlas. This king was a son of Poseidon and was the first king of the legendary Atlantis. The name of the island city, and the ocean it was situated in, i.e. the Atlantic Ocean, are said to be derived from the name of this king. Atlas was an important figure in Greek mythology. He was a well-known figure, especially in comparison to his fellow Titans. This is reflected in the myths that he is featured in, as well as his depiction in art. In the latter, he is still relevant even till this day, as evident in the modern sculptures of this Titan. Furthermore, due to Atlas’ globe (both terrestrial and celestial), the Titan has been associated with both cartography and astronomy. An ‘atlas’, for instance, is a book of maps or charts. Atlas is also sometimes thought to be the inventor of astronomy. Lastly, it is from Atlas that both the sunken city of Atlantis and the Atlantic Ocean derive their names. It should be remembered, however, that this Atlas was a son of Poseidon rather than the Titan. Top image: Atlas was tasked with supporting the world on his shoulders. Source: rudall30 / Adobe Stock. By Wu Mingren Atsma, A. 2017. Atlas. [Online] Available at: Atsma, A. 2017. Hesperides. [Online] Available at: Atsma, A. 2017. Klymene. [Online] Available at: Gill, N. 2019. The Story of Atlas . [Online] Available at: 2016. Atlas. [Online] Available at: 2020. Atlas. [Online] Available at: Hesiod and West, M. (trans.). 1988. Hesiod’s Theogony and Works and Day . Oxford University Press. New World Encyclopedia. 2016. Atlas (mythology) . [Online] Available at: Ovid and More, B. (trans.). 1922. Ovid’s Metamorphoses . [Online] Available at: Plato and Partenie, C. (edited). 2009. Plato’s Myths . Oxford University Press. Quartermain, C. 2018. The Titan Atlas in Greek Mythology . [Online] Available at: The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2020. Atlas. [Online] Available at: Wagner, B. 2019. Battle of the Gods, When Titans Took on Zeus . [Online] Available at: Wilson, A. 2016. The Farnese Atlas . [Online] Available at: 2018. Atlas (the heaven-bearer) . [Online] Available at: 2020. The Apples of the Hesperides . [Online] Available at: Hey There Mr. Wu Mingren, There is a revolving door so to speak where The Book's Enoch are emerging I wasn't kidding when I said that I'm a fledgling when discussing this specific set of Bible Book's, I'm beginning to see certain beings a whole lot different. I look forward to sharing more from these Book's. Talk to you again Goodbye for now. Hi Mr. Wu Mingren, I hope that you'll take a moment out to read Enoch when I first read it I felt as though my jaw drop because I read about Asphodel & Tartarus located in a 3rd Heaven by Enoch 2 The Book of The Secrets of Enoch, it is on the opposite side of the Elysian Field's an interesting note God appoints various angels with specific task to perform there's no mention of a Cerberus dog at least not yet, there is however Angels who in turn guard over both Heavenly realms. Enoch 1 describes a great mountain massive in size that Erebus is geographically nearby but, I think this mountain is Mt. Olympus it's referred to in Enoch 1 as The Mountain of God. So essentially Asphodel, the Elysian Field's, Erebus, Tartarus, Hell, and Mt. Olympus all located in what I'll refer to as God's country someday it'll be Home for some. I've got to do more reading so I can find out which fallen angel of the 200, Watchers name means Earthshaker in Hebrew. Hi Mr. Wu Mingren, I forgot when Genesis 6, said that the Earth was filled with violence that is exactly what the Watcher Angels and Their Children doing those Baraquiels children and other like then in addition to the killing were Raping and kidnapping Adam and Eve's children in Seth's bloodline it is recorded that is what they were doing to PEOPLE. Hi Mr. Wu Mingren, Dagon the fish god? According to The Book of Giant's known as Enoch 3 Aphrodite and other women like her were human. The Book of Giant's expands far more on the stories that are considered to be myths. The one thing that stands out the most is that these Son's of God identified as The Ancient of Days on Daniel chapter 7, apparently they didn't just marry Human Women they were marrying She-Animals too which is where Dagon came from. The Titan's the off-spring of those Watchers continued on with this practice, so they too married both Human Women and She-Animals from every known species on Earth that would include the fish. Since the number of The Watchers stands at 200, anyone of them could be there father. I still think however, that the Angel Satal is Atlas. The angel, in Jubilees stated In the beginning of the pre-flood era up until Tower of Babel The Universal language was Hebrew when the languages changed it resulted in the names of those 200 Angels as well their families were changed. For instance we know the name of Dagon but what was Dagon's Hebrew name in The World before The Flood? Which of the 200 angels was his father? The questions are answered in The Book's of Enoch. Enoch 1 deals with The Watchers, their judgement that'll befall them as a result of their Sins and Azazel He was the Chief architect behind leading his 199, brother's in Sin; and the near annihilation of Us on Earth. Plus, the first time Enoch interacts with The Living God face to face. Enoch 2 deals with him being translated in to Heaven so He would not see death. Oh and that God numbers the vast Heaven's that ate out there. Enoch 3 Deals with The Book of Giant's but, this book gives you a little more names to work with such as Baraquiel means Lightening Giver. All the Zeus' that I've seen all have a lightening bolt in their hand. The Baals have lightening Spear like weapons on their hands this was why Baraquiel aka Baal was identified as a weather deity. It is all in Enoch just how bad the World was in those days. The Acts of those Angels are recorded in Enoch, Noah, Jubilees, and Jasher who is mentioned by name in The Book of Joshua. I mean there is even a Gilgamesh made known in the sacred Texts. All the Enoch's are free online. Enoch 1 are in PDF files so you have to download them to read them. Enoch 2 is called The Book of the Secrets of Enoch. Enoch 3 is the Book of Giant's, The Book of Giant's this Biblical Account is Written in the language of Hebrew & Aramaic happily this reading is in English. Please note that as I've read these particular Bible Book's, I am learning as I go but, through The Book of Giant's, now I know that Baraquiels name means Lightening Giver and since you pointed out Dagon was said to be Baal's, father I'm thinking that Baraquiel might be Dagon's father. I think that the Cannanites, The Philistines, and the Phoenicians reversed their roles in the Family. "The Caananites and the Phoenicians referred to Baal as a weather deity somet weird figuring of this thing has been found with some kind of spear oh and a marduk deity had the same kind of spear meanwhile, over, in Greece, zeus either, had a spear or a thunderbolt in his hands always shown with biceps" Now please take no offense in my refutation, as I mean none, but it's very hard to argue that despite the similarities in Zeus, Baal, and Marduk and even the evidence that they inspired each other's designs, epitaphs, and stories the gods were pre existing in their respective cultures and separate. Your mention of Marduk is actually very counter to your argument. Babylon at the time of writing the flood Tiamat-Marduk purposefully gave Marduk the names of other chief gods in order to phase gods like Enlil (stationed in Nippur) out of importance. They would later take this further and in certain writings suggest that Marduk was a supreme god and that the other gods were facets of him. Baal furthermore was not a supreme god and was second to first Dagon, his father in certain writings, and El, the head of the Canaanite pantheon who calls Baal his favorite warrior. Furthermore Baal was dying and rising god something found not as a major part of other chief gods, (which he was not) except for perhaps Osiris. Zeus is particularly sketching as the Greek writers much like many Near Eastern writers would say that two gods were the same despite mythological differences. The Greeks/Romans claimed that Odin=Mercury, Mars=Ares, Bastet/Hathor=Artemis, and finally that the Christian Yahweh=Zeus. These comparisons typically ignored that major traits of certain gods, Mercury was not head of the pantheon, Artemis was a virgin, Ares in his Greek incarnation was typically hated by the Greeks, and the Jews hated the concept of Zeus and lecherous rapist being their Yahweh. This especially must take into account that there are several Zeus's and several Baals depending on where on these areas you lived. There are many conflicting stories of Zeus which later try to codify, was Zeus the father of Aphrodite or was she an earlier goddess, was Zeus's son Dionysus even his son (we have what seem to be old rustic depictions of Dionysus as equivalent to Pan), and a plethora of other such material. Zeus wasn't even originally the head of the pantheon in archeological records, Poseidon was. The Greeks had a concept of a rather feeble unimportant sky god, and considered earth and underworld gods more important (Poseidon as the earth shaker). Next article
The Tiny Organ Behind Hundreds of Aviation Fatalities, Including Atlas Air 3591 Claire Ealding Dec 2, 2020 A remarkable and under appreciated fact is that tiny organs inside our ears, not more than 3mm in size, have contributed to countless aircraft accidents worldwide, including the recent tragic loss of Atlas Air 3591 in Houston, Texas. These organs, more formally known as the Otolith organs, help us maintain balance while we walk the earth. But when subject to the unnatural forces we experience in flight, they can generate powerful illusions, overwhelming even the most seasoned pilots. Of all the illusions generated by our inner-ear organs, somatogravic illusion (SGI) has distinguished itself as a particularly potent one in aviation. Over the last two decades, hundreds of lives have were lost to accidents stemming from somatogravic illusions, particularly during takeoff and go-around maneuvers. If we think SGI can go extinct with the advent of better technology, consider that a surprising number of these accidents occurred on some of the most robust and sophisticated aircraft, such as the Airbus 330 and Boeing 767. The solution to overcoming this complex problem clearly cannot be fixed by technology alone. Fortunately, there are some simple techniques and tools that both pilots and flight departments can employ today to help guard against illusions in flight. But before we discuss those let’s look at the most recent safety event caused by SGI. Atlas Air 3591 NTSB Image of the wreckage from Atlas Flight 3591 (Image Source: NTSB) On February 23rd, 2019, the three crew members aboard Atlas Air flight 3591 lost their lives in a tragic accident. Maneuvering in daytime instrument meteorological conditions (IMC), the Boeing 767 began its final approach into George Bush Houston Intercontinental Airport (KIAH). While manipulating the speed brake lever on the center pedestal, it is suspected the First Officer’s wristwatch bumped up against the Take-off/Go-Around (TO/GA) switch on the thrust lever. This inadvertently triggered the aircraft's go-around sub-mode to activate, causing engine thrust to advance to their maximum setting. Sensing the sudden acceleration and perceiving it as the aircraft pitching up rapidly, the First Officer reacted by disconnecting the autopilot and forcefully pushing the aircraft’s nose down. Within seconds, the airplane departed straight-and-level flight at 6,000 feet as the First Officer pitched downward into a dive toward the ground. The aircraft reached a maximum of 49-degrees nose-down and a peak airspeed of around 430 knots. As they broke out of the cloud layer, now aware of their actual orientation, the crew attempted to make an immediate nose-up correction. But unfortunately, they were unable to recover in time. The aircraft impacted terrain approximately thirty miles from their destination. The NTSB report states that, “The first officer likely experienced a pitch-up somatogravic illusion as the airplane accelerated due to the inadvertent activation of the go-around mode, which prompted him to push forward on the elevator control column” (2). The NTSB made a cockpit recreation of the event. To see what somatogravic illusion a reaction can look like, watch the video below. What also made this event unique is that the First Officer had a history of performance-related problems that he did not disclose to Atlas Airlines during hiring. Individual performance aside, this tragic event bears many similarities to other somatogravic illusion related accidents worldwide. Other Accidents Between 2000 and 2019, there have been 15 business aviation crashes where somatogravic illusion was cited as a contributing factor (almost one accident per year) (3). And the illusion isn't exclusive to planes. Just last year an August Westland helicopter crashed after the crew succumbed to SGI during takeoff from a private island in the Bahamas. While SGI can be particularly deadly, fortunately, not all these occurrences have resulted in fatalities. In 2002, an Icelandair Boeing 757 almost impacted the ground when executing a go-around following an unstable approach. During the go-around maneuver, the Captain pushed the aircraft’s nose to more than 40 degrees below the horizon. Luckily, the crew recovered a mere 321 feet above the ground due to the First Officer’s intervention and the ground proximity warning system’s aural alerts. To effectively defend against events like these, it’s essential to understand some of the science behind it. The Small Cause of Big Illusions Somato (body) gravic (sensing) Somatogravic Illusion Besides hearing, our ears are also responsible for helping us maintain our balance. It’s all thanks to the little organs inside our ears - the “otolith organs.” A rapid acceleration, such as that experienced during takeoffs and go-arounds, stimulates these organs much like rapidly tilting your head backward. This action creates the somatogravic illusion – the illusion of being in a nose-up attitude. During acceleration, a pilot might perceive that they are pitching up aggressively. This can be followed by a strong desire to push the aircraft into a nose-low dive towards the ground. But while SGI can occur to even the most experienced aviators, overcoming it requires us to return to our basic instrument flying mantra: trusting our flight instruments. And this is where better training can play a major role. If you began reading this article with only a vague recollection of what somatogravic illusion (SGI) is, you are certainly not alone. In a recent study, around 40% of pilots claimed to have little or no working knowledge of this illusion (3). But continued education and exposure to the concept of somatogravic illusion can help turn these numbers around. Here are some examples of how it is being done: • An Afriqiyah Airways Airbus A330 crashed due to SGI experienced on a go-around while it was light in weight. At lighter weights, acceleration can be much more pronounced, and the aircraft will react more quickly. Changes to their training curriculum have since been made to practice go-arounds at lighter weights. This helps ensure pilots are ready to respond appropriately, especially when the aircraft is most responsive. • Military pilots are also intimately familiar with the dangers of SGI - especially aircraft carrier pilots, who experience significant acceleration during takeoff. As a mitigation, pilots remove their hands from the stick during the catapult stroke as standard practice, placing them near the controls or on a handle near the top of the canopy. This alleviates any temptation to push the nose down after the rapid acceleration experienced during the catapult launch. • At a State level, the United States now requires airlines to incorporate Upset Recovery and Prevention Training (UPRT) in their training curriculum. However, this mandate does not currently extend into the corporate aviation world of Part 91 and Part 135 operations. But even if upset recovery training is not yet a part of your training, there are steps pilots and flight departments can do today to help guard against illusions such as SGI. 5 Tips for Flight Departments Mitigating the threat of disorientation starts at the company level. Here are 5 tips for educating and preparing your workforce on illusions: 1. Quality simulator training - Ironically, Level D simulators do physically pitch up to simulate the feeling of forward acceleration. But this doesn’t mean that there is no value in practicing maneuvers in the sim. As a flight department, you can discuss how spatial disorientation scenarios can be worked into simulator profiles with your training provider or training manager. 1. Inform your crews - Company memos or safety bulletins don’t have to be reactive (i.e., after something has happened in your flight department). They can be proactive too. These notifications can inform the crew of potential threats and help identify the factors that make illusions more likely. There are many reputable safety resources that can be found online to help educate pilots. 1. Fly multi-pilot - If your flight department operates single-pilot aircraft, consider using two pilots whenever possible. An extra set of eyes on the instruments enhances overall situational awareness and facilitates the early recognition of illusions or unusual attitudes. 1. Use Flight Data Monitoring (FDM) - Implementing an FDM program (or FOQA if you are in the USA) helps flight departments track how aircraft are being flown in the real world. This is particularly useful for recognizing any potential unsafe trends early on and using actual data to provide better education to pilots. 1. Strive for Just Culture - Perhaps the most critical thing a flight department can do is avoid placing blame on individuals, accept that mistakes are inevitable, and take every opportunity to learn from safety events. This encourages crews to be more forthcoming with safety concerns, allowing flight departments to understand better the issues plaguing the frontlines. It also means that if pilots are interested in learning more about upset recovery training, it should be seriously considered. 5 Tips for Pilots Reading about illusions is one thing, but experiencing them is another. Here are 5 tips for bringing this invisible threat to the forefront of your mind: 1. Keep the Blue Side Up - Your instruments will help keep you out of trouble. Leverage crew resource management (CRM) and cross-check with your crew to ensure an effective instrument scan. 1. Brief illusions as potential threats - If you know you might be doing a lighter-weight approach or high powered takeoff at night or in IMC, discuss what you can do to guard against disorientation. 1. Use the autopilot - There is one crew member that doesn't have otolith organs: it’s your autopilot. Having the autopilot coupled, particularly on approaches at night or in poor visual references, can help ensure a safe flight path. Pilot relief modes, such as autopilot, are also great assistance when feeling fatigued or when task saturated. 1. Pay attention to Thrust Setting - If executing a go-around at an altitude significantly higher than your decision altitude, consider using less than maximum thrust - if your operating performance, procedures, and training allow.‍ 1. Always adhere to Terrain Alerting Systems - Adhere to cockpit terrain alerting systems (such as TAWS and EGPWS). These alerts can be the last line of defense in helping mitigate an accident. Unfortunately, we tend to tune out audible cues first when we are stressed (in favor of visual cues), so there is a chance it could go unheeded in the heat of battle. In general, it’s important to remember what makes us vulnerable. Fatigue, stress, workload, and poor instrumentation scans are all factors that can exacerbate the likelihood of a somatogravic illusion-related response. Be Under no Illusions Whether you're a seasoned aviator or a brand new pilot, disorientating illusions like SGI can affect us all. But with a better awareness of SGI, enhanced training, and keeping the discussion of threats alive, we can better guard against it. After all, no matter how many hours we may have in our logbooks, we’re still all bound by the same anatomy. Do your flight crews need a somatogravic illusion refresher? Feel free to share this content with your team! If you would like help or information on any of the topics mentioned in this article or assistance writing bulletins for your flight department, we’re here to help. Contact us today! Additional Resources The ICAO Manual on Upset Recovery and Prevention Training provides some key guidance on training for spatial disorientation and loss of control in flight. You can discover more on the science behind illusions by reading the FAA Spatial Disorientation brochure. 1. The Flight Safety Foundation. Key safety Issues: Loss of Control in Flight. Accessed here. 2. National Transportation Safety Board (2020) Rapid Descent and Crash into Water, Atlas Air Inc. Flight 3591. DCA19MA086. Report. 3. Ludlow, S. (2016) Reducing the Threat of the Somatogravic Illusion. Conference: International Air Safety Summit 2016: Dubai, United Arab Emirates. 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Socrates’ Speech in Apology 975 Words4 Pages Aristophanes’ Clouds, if read hastily, can be interpreted as a mindless satyr play written in 419 BCE. Yet the chorus warns the reader not to expect the play to have farcical ploys like “a hanging phallus stitched on” the actors to evoke a laugh, but has underlying seriousness as “she [the play] comes in trusting only her words” (Clouds 538-44). Even if the play does use some low devices, the play’s message is sophisticated and can be read as a warning to Socrates. Aristophanes is a “friendly critic” of Socrates and warns Socrates to change his ways for Athens and for the good of himself (Whidden). Plato’s Symposium and especially his Apology of Socrates justify the claims made in Clouds about the dangers of philosophy and Socrates to…show more content… They are referred to as a “voice” that Socrates hears, not unlike a conscience, that “turns me [Socrates] away from whatever I am about to do, but never turns me forward” (Apology 31d). Socrates uses that as the reason why he never got into politics, as the majority rule is usually against his own code of morals (31d). Socrates is not exactly godless or immoral for he would not condemn a group of prisoners without trying them separately. His “whole care is to commit no unjust or impious deed” (32d). Socrates may have moral standards, but perhaps his followers would not. This leads into the charge that he corrupts the youth, for if Socrates can question the gods, they can too. Athenians acted out of fear of heavenly retribution, not morals (Whidden). Those youth found it acceptable to do whatever they wanted because of the apparent lack of gods and thunderbolts coming down from the heavens to smite those who deserve justice. Clouds’ Socrates argues, “If in fact he [Zeus] strikes perjurers, then how is it that he did not burn up Simon, or Cleonymus or Theorus? Yet they are vehement perjurers. But he strikes his own temple and Sunium, the cape of Athens, and tall oak trees. Why?” (Clouds 398-402). Those youths have mimicked Socrates’ style of rhetoric and argument. Pheidippides is an extreme satiric version of these sophists, as he uses the weaker speech to justify why he has beaten his father and why he Get Access
people (n.) c. 1300, peple, "humans, persons in general, men and women," from Anglo-French peple, people, Old French pople, peupel "people, population, crowd; mankind, humanity," from Latin populus "a people, nation; body of citizens; a multitude, crowd, throng," a word of unknown origin. Based on Italic cognates and derivatives such as populari "to lay waste, ravage, plunder, pillage," Populonia, a surname of Juno, literally "she who protects against devastation," the Proto-Italic root is said to mean "army" [de Vaan]. An Etruscan origin also has been proposed. The Latin word also is the source of Spanish pueblo, Italian popolo. In English, it displaced native folk. Sense of "Some unspecified persons" is from c. 1300. Meaning "body of persons comprising a community" is by mid-14c. (late 13c. in Anglo-French); the meaning "common people, masses" (as distinguished from the nobility) is from late 13c. The meaning "members of one's family, tribe, or clan" is from late 14c. The word was adopted after c. 1920 by Communist totalitarian states, according to their opponents to give a spurious sense of populism to their governments. It is based on the political sense of the word, "the whole body of enfranchised citizens (considered as the sovereign source of government power," attested from 1640s. This also is the sense in the legal phrase The People vs., in U.S. cases of prosecution under certain laws (1801). The people are the only censors of their governors: and even their errors will tend to keep these to the true principles of their institution. To punish these errors too severely would be to suppress the only safeguard of the public liberty. The way to prevent these irregular interpositions of the people is to give them full information of their affairs thro’ the channel of the public papers, and to contrive that those papers should penetrate the whole mass of the people. [Jefferson to Edward Carrington, Jan. 16, 1787] People of the Book "those whose religion entails adherence to a book of divine revelation" (1834) translates Arabic Ahl al-Kitab people (v.) mid-15c., peplen, "to provide (a land) with inhabitants" (transitive), also "inhabit, populate, fill or occupy as inhabitants" (intransitive, implied in peopled), from people (n.), or else from Old French popler, peupler, from Old French peuple. Related: Peopling. Others are reading Definitions of people from WordNet people (n.) there were at least 200 people in the audience old people people (n.) the body of citizens of a state or country; the Spanish people Synonyms: citizenry people (n.) members of a family line; his people have been farmers for generations are your people still alive? people (n.) the common people generally; power to the people Synonyms: multitude / masses / mass / hoi polloi / the great unwashed people (v.) fill with people; Stalin wanted to people the empty steppes people (v.) furnish with people;
Harold and Leopold Leopold Bloom is one of the most famous characters in literature, a modern day Odysseus, wandering through Dublin and living with a case of impotence in the light of the death of his son, Rudy. Harold Bloom on the other hand is hardly a work of fiction though he might very well have been a character dreamt up by a novelist like George Eliot whose famous intellectual was Casaubon. Bloom bears some resemblance to Dr. Johnson due to his several chins and his extraordinary knowledge. However, Harold Bloom is more of a critic than a lexicographer and as of yet has no Boswell, documenting his life and appetites. Surely it's about time someone address the life of Harold Bloom and his legendary photographic memory. Bloom like another Bloom by the name of Allan who taught at the University of Chicago is a great advocate of the canon, much of which ostensibly lies not only at his fingertips but on the tip of his tongue. A potential Boswell could do for Bloom what Joyce did for his fictional character, charting the great literary critic's wanderings, which, however, might be more around imaginations than cities. Poldy was the nickname Joyce gave to his character. Compulsion was Meyer Levin's' fictionalized treatment of Leopold and Loeb. Harold and Maude was a romantic comedy. But how about a movie about the two Blooms called Harold and Leopold? It would hit moviegoers like the canon. portrait of Samuel Johnson by Joshua Reynolds (1772)
Web development, programmer engineering and coding website on augmented reality interface screens. developer project engineer programming software or application design, Cartoon vector illustration Building a website is not only about an attractive appearance, but you also need to ensure that the exchange of website data that occurs between the browser and server can run smoothly. In other words, you also have to pay attention to the server and the database, so that your website can be accessed by users. So, creating a “inside” website is the responsibility of a back end developer. His role is so important in creating a website, making this position much sought after by companies. What is the Developer Backend? Backend developer is someone who is responsible for managing the website server (server-side). This means that a backend developer needs to make sure the website works well in terms of exchanging data from the browser to the server. In addition, the backend developer also handles databases and creates a structured website flow. This can be done thanks to good coding skills. For this reason, a backend developer needs to master the right programming language. Not only that, the backend developer is also responsible for maintaining the security of the website. You can make sure there is no bad coding that can be used to infiltrate the server, or make sure the flow of the website is not vulnerable to hacking. Backend developers don’t only have a role when building websites. After the website is online, the backend developer also needs to do testing to continue testing its performance and security. Tasks of the Backend Developer For frontend developers, of course, they will be tasked with making a website appearance, which can be seen directly by the user. Unlike the backend which makes the system invisible to the user (behind the scenes). The following are some of the tasks that the backend developer has. 1. Designing the data model structure The first task to do is to design a data model structure. This step is very important so that application development can be done well and makes it easier for the team to work on applications. 2. Creating program code for applications to make it more secure The program code that is made of course must have a good security system so that it is not susceptible to being attacked by outside interference such as hacking, cracking, etc. For example, a programmer determines several types of access rights to make it more secure and can recognize who is accessing the website. 3. Overcoming any problems that arise on the server side If there is a problem with the server, it is the backend developer ‘s job to solve the problem. Usually, bugs are often found on servers so they need to be fixed immediately so that no errors appear. 4. Develop program code and perform testing Applications at any time will definitely experience development both from the client and server side. For this reason, it is necessary to develop a program using a special framework to simplify the process of writing program code. After successfully developing a program, the next step is to test the program code. The developer will start checking if there are programs that are still error or fail to run properly. 5. Creating ideas and concepts to be added to the application product The best websites are those that have products or content that are always updated. Every day, the job of the backend developer is to create ideas and concepts to add to the website. The benefit is to attract more readers or users who want to visit the website. Likewise with mobile-based applications, which are subject to changes at any time to increase the accessibility and security of the application. 6. Improve existing data structures The more data that is entered and managed, of course, as a developer, you must pay attention to this carefully and wisely. Improving the data structure can help to improve the performance of the software. 7. Conduct research and evaluation on the appearance of the website design For this last task, the backend engineer must always communicate with the frontend developer. The discussion is about the appearance of the website design of the application to be made. So, as a backend engineer, he must do research and evaluation first to determine whether the appearance of the website that has been created is compatible with the database structure on the server that has been created or not. With good communication, the application development process will not fail halfway. The task of the project manager is very important here to monitor the work of each team. Programming Language for Back End Developers No matter how smart the front end developer is and how good the web page is, it’s useless if it’s not accompanied by a reliable back end. The reason is, as explained above, the back end is obliged to perform calculations, process forms, store data, and so on. Due to such a complex task, the back end is required to understand several programming languages. Some of them are PHP, Python, Node.js, and SQL. Not only that, according Skillcrush, Ruby is also a programming language for people in back end positions. The use of several programming languages is returned to the respective back end, although there are also those that require it because of the usual nature of use. Of the programming languages mentioned above, PHP is the most popular. According to w3techs.com, PHP is used by 78.4% of the web that uses back end technology. The existence of learning media and training that can be obtained at inexpensive prices has also contributed to the popularity of PHP. PHP is also a back end choice because of their massive usage. If you eventually decide to become a back end developer, learning PHP will be very beneficial. The reason is, besides being easy to learn, this language is also widely used by companies as a fundamental programming language. Because they will work a lot with front end positions, ideally back end developers also have an understanding of programming languages such as HTML and CSS. Skills that Back End Developers Must Have 1. Server Related Programming Language A backend developer must be proficient in server-related programming languages. For example, PHP is a beginner-friendly programming language because of its simple writing rules. Apart from that, PHP also supports various types of web hosting. This is certainly an advantage considering that currently many websites still use PHP. This means that you can work on multiple projects from clients that require PHP expertise. However, mastering PHP is not enough. You will also need to learn other programming languages, such as java script. Currently, JavaScript is quite widely used because of its ability to make websites more interactive. Some complex websites can also be made more attractive with this programming language. So, it is worthy of you to learn. 2. Backend Framework In order to become a reliable back end developer, you need to master the back end framework. Because, with the help of a framework, you can build a website faster. A framework already has various features that are not provided in basic programming languages. In addition, website performance is also better with guaranteed security. A backend developer needs to use a framework according to the programming language that is mastered. The following is a list of frameworks that are often used in making websites: • Spring, Hibernateis a framework for the Java programming language. • CodeIgniter, Laravel, Yii is a framework for the PHP language. • Django, Flaskis a framework for the Python language. • Railsis a framework for the Ruby language. By mastering the backend framework, your task in building a website will be easier. 3. Server Management It is not enough just to master a programming language related to servers, a backend developer must be able to manage the server well. Today, there are different types of servers in use. However, the ones that are quite popular are Nginx, Apache and LiteSpeed. As a backend developer, you can start learning one server to master, then learning another server. By having the knowledge to manage servers, it will be easier for you to configure hosting services. Especially, if you use this type of VPS hosting service. With server management skills, a backend developer will be able to build a website with the best performance. 4. Database Management Backend developers must also have proficient expertise in managing databases, regardless of type. Starting from MyQSL and PostgreQSL to noSQL and others. Apart from being easy to manage, the designed database must be secure. The goal, so that server performance is more awake. With good database management, of course the website will be easily accessible and there are rarely any obstacles such as server downtime. Now, in practice, a backend developer will struggle with manipulating data in the database. For example, adding, changing, and even deleting data. For this reason, a good understanding of database queries is required. 5. API management A backend developer must master API management. Basically, an API is software that functions to connect various applications or programming languages. With the API, a website can communicate with other applications or websites. So, you can develop your website even bigger. In fact, with API management capabilities, a back end developer can also connect a website with mobile applications, be it iOS or Android. That’s why API management is a developer backend skill that needs to be mastered well. 6. Version Control System Another back end developer skill that needs to be mastered is the Version Control System (VCS) which functions to adjust the code version for every website development. With this skill, your work can be more structured because every change is well recorded, especially if you work in a team. For example, you are working on a feature on the website. You and your colleagues can do tasks with different version names. With VCS, you can easily find out which version with good features, then combine them in a new version. That way, website development is done faster. In addition, some of the programming skills needed to become a back end developer are: • Java • Javascript • Golang • Rest API • GIT • Database Kowledge Are you ready to become a backend developer? Back end developer is a web developer who focuses on server management (server side). In practice, the backend developer is also tasked with creating a database and website flow well and is supported by high security. To be able to carry out their duties properly, a back end developer needs to master various skills such as understanding servers, programming languages, frameworks, databases, API management to version control systems. Let’s start learning to be a professional Back End Developer
Star Wars Wiki Guide Stormtrooper is a military unit in the Star Wars universe. Stormtroopers are the enforcers and reminders of the Empire's power and use brutal tatics to keep the planets under control. These troopers are distinguishable stark white armor. After the fall of the Empire, Stormtroopers continue to be the main ground troops of the First Order. The First Order Stormtroopers come equipped with weapons and armor almost exclusively made by Sonn-Blass Corporation, which is a subsidary of BlasTech Industries and Merr-Sonn Munitions. Sonn-Blass was formed in First Order space so weapons could be sold to the Order without the New Republic knowing BlassTech and Merr-Sonn had violated treaty restrictions that ban the sales of weapons to the First Order. First Order squads typically consist of nine standard troopers and one specialist based on the needs of the mission. After the end of the Clone Wars, the clone trooper veterans emerged as stormtroopers, restructured into the Stormtrooper Corps, turned in their old equipment with equipment that made them into stormtroopers and now followed the imperial doctrine, which made them into merciless soldiers. During the early days of the Empire, Kashyyyk was one of the early battles that forged their image as soldiers to be feared. Though during the Galactic Civil War, the stormtrooper ranks were filled with templates from Non-Jango Clone templates and Human enlistees by 9 BBY which had ironically reduced the Jango clones to a minority in contrast to the before the war. For the next 20 years, they have suffered few defeats until the Battle of Endor where at the end of the battle, the entire garrison of stormtroopers supported by AT-STs were defeated with the deaths ofDarth Vader and Darth Sidious and the destruction of the Death Star II by a primitive race and a small band of rebels, the result led to full-scale rebellions on Imperial controlled planets and caused a break in the Empire's grip on Galaxy. When the First Order formed, training a better breed of Stormtrooper was a high priority. The First Order has trained most of their troops from a very young age; often taken from their parents as infants. These soliders are ran through rigorous combat simulations and discipline inspiring mental conditioning. Part of this conditioning involves limiting identity to only the trooper's serial number.
Digitalized data of living organisms : an international legislation ? Since 2016, a debate is going on about the legal status of genome, protein, RNA... sequence information recorded in databases. This debate is taking place among states member of several international fora or conventions : the Convention on Biological Diversity, the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (Tirpaa), at the FAO Commission on Genetic Resources... In 2021, the discussions are based on six different options. In 1992, the adoption of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) was to enable the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity, and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits thereof. This last objective began to be realized 22 years later, in 2014, with the entry into force of the Nagoya Protocol, an instrument to fight biopiracy. However, as early as 2016, discussions began on whether, in addition to the physical resources themselves (plants, animals, microorganisms), the digital sequence information (DSI) derived from these physical resources should also be subject to the Protocol [1]. The survival of the Nagoya Protocol in question Since the adoption of the CBD, biodiversity is no longer considered as a common heritage of humanity freely accessible to all. Each country has in fact become legally sovereign over its biodiversity. In order to access and use it, one must first obtain prior informed consent from the sovereign country and, if it so decides, from the indigenous peoples or local communities that conserve it, and then share with them in a fair and equitable manner the benefits arising from its use. Each transfer of an organism (plant, animal or micro-organism) from one country to another is therefore subject to a Material Transfer Agreement (MTA, [2], which the CBD keeps track of in its Biosafety Clearing House [3]. Today, a lot of information from these same living organisms has been sequenced and recorded in public or private databases. These are the famous DSI. Since 2016, the CBD has therefore been considering whether or not these ISDs should be considered as equivalent to the physical genetic resources from which they originate and therefore subject to the Nagoya Protocol or not. Two blocks of countries oppose each other on the answer to be given [4]. If the answer is a non-equivalence, we could well witness the death of prior informed consent and benefit sharing, and thus of the Nagoya Protocol, since biodiversity would become freely accessible in its digital form. In the framework of the CBD, a series of webinars has started since December 2020, to first clarify the current position of States, and then discuss a possible common international framework [5]. First option : no agreement between countries During the 3rd webinar which was held on February 11, 2021, options to regulate DSI were presented [6]. The first of these is the lack of a common response. In this case, each country could be free to regulate at the national level the access and use of DSI from organisms part of the biodiversity over which it has sovereignty. This could be particularly the case since some countries, such as Brazil, have already established in their national law that DSI are subject to the requirements of the Protocol. Above all, this option has some plausibility because not all countries are on the same starting line. Countries with what could be described as low biodiversity are the most interested in obtaining an international agreement officially deregulating DSI. Conversely, countries with a high level of biodiversity are in a less politically constrained position to reach an agreement. National provisions or even bilateral treaties could theoretically be sufficient to protect their biodiversity. Unless other provisions were to stand in their way, such as possible agreements at the World Trade Organization (WTO), which are in fact binding on all its members. For two years, the WTO has been holding informal discussions on a possible framework for "online" trade (e-commerce). One of the amendments proposed by the European Union, if adopted, could prohibit any regulation of electronic data flows. This is precisely what digital sequence information are… From a strict framework... to a virtual absence of framework But before this lack of agreement becomes a reality, five other options are on the table for negotiators. Of these, only one option contemplates regulating access to DSI at the international level in line with access to physical samples under the Nagoya Protocol. This option, numbered 1 in the current discussions (see table below), provides for access to and use of DSI to be conditional on prior informed consent, a material transfer agreement and benefit sharing. The four remaining options propose variations of a progressively reduced framework. The last of these options is the most complete reduction, since it proposes to consider DSI as not being genetic resources and therefore not to regulate their access and use at all. In a world where information on the organisms that constitute biodiversity will be increasingly accessible in digital form in databases, this option would therefore sign the end of the protection of biodiversity as desired when the Nagoya Protocol was signed. But other less extreme options are being discussed. While all of them propose to no longer require prior consent, differences would then be made between imposing or not a material transfer agreement (option 2) and imposing or not benefit sharing (options 2 and 3.1). Proposals were also made for the implementation of payment. It would no longer be a question of sharing benefits but of remunerating the States that have sovereignty over the biodiversity at the origin of a given DSI. This remuneration could be financial, with access to DSI conditional on the payment directly to the sovereign State (option 3.1) or on a contribution to an international fund, for example (option 3.2). Another option proposes that technical and scientific cooperation be established on the basis of remuneration, but not financially (option 4). Finally, one last option exists, that of an agreement establishing that DSI are not equivalent to the living organisms from which they are derived and therefore not subject to the Nagoya Protocol. PNG - 84 ko Geographical origin to be provided ? Providing the geographic origin of the organism concerned is inherent to the Nagoya Protocol, to ensure prior informed consent and to implement benefit sharing. With DSI, this information could be lost if there is no vigilance or obligation to fill it in when registering DNA, RNA or protein sequences in a database. Of the six options discussed, four of them involve filling in the geographic origin. The absence of an international agreement could also lead to the existence of this information if countries legislating nationally decide to make it mandatory. A likely possibility : this information is one of the ways for countries wishing to regulate the use of DSI to make it effective. This question of providing information on geographical origin is anything but trivial. Indeed, it is part of the patent issue with the discussions ongoing at the international level on a possible unique international patent system [7]. These discussions are stumbling on the obligation to indicate the geographical origin of the material used for the invention, and the two same blocks are opposed to each other... The webinars held between December 2020 and April 2021 were open to all and were outside the formal negotiation process. An online discussion forum opened following the last webinar on April 21 [8]. These discussions are intended to inform the discussions on the post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework, which will be addressed at the next meeting of all CBD signatory countries in China in the fall of 2021. This meeting will be an opportunity to make progress, but the scope of this progress could ultimately be put into perspective by the entry into play of the WTO. The fact remains that the desire, on the one hand, of companies, particularly biotechnology companies, to register patents on digitial sequences and, on the other hand, of States, particularly those rich in biodiversity, to protect their "green gold", foreshadow strong tensions. But, as long as living organisms remain patentable, as long as ecosystems are being destroyed, will allowing a State to exploit its own biodiversity in a sovereign manner be enough to guarantee its protection ? [1See our special file « Digitalization of living beings, for easier privatization », december 2020, You could also read the pdf files and download it : [2A Material Transfer Agreement (MTA) specifies where the material (e.g., plant) comes from, to whom it is being transferred, the intended use of the material, and the intended return on commercialization, see : Inf'OGM, « Obtenir d’un clic une variété tropicale », Frédéric PRAT, 11 avril 2018 (in french). [3See “Who is the ABS Clearing-House for ?” [4See our special file « Digitalization of living beings, for easier privatization », december 2020, [5Notably with submission of a pre-study to the states, see the webinars. [6For this article, Inf’OGM has kept the numbering of the options as commonly used in the current negotiations within the CBD. [8Discussion forum on DSI policy options, open to all but only in english and after having registered.
Food waste affects every American consumer. The United States wastes more than 84 million tons of edible food a year, and meat contributes 22 percent of the total food loss (Dou et al., 2016). Consumers typically prefer a bright cherry-red meat color when purchasing meat products, and discoloration has a negative impact on buying decisions, which in turn can lead to food waste. Myoglobin is the heme protein primarily responsible for meat color. Depending on the iron valence state and the ligand attached, myoglobin occurs in three different forms: deoxymyoglobin, oxymyoglobin and metmyoglobin. Deoxymyoglobin imparts a purplish dark red while oxymyoglobin gives a bright red color. Discoloration occurs by the oxidation of deoxy-/oxymyoglobin, forming metmyoglobin and brown surface color. Oxidation is the loss of electrons from the heme in myoglobin from Fe2+ to Fe3+ and can occur more readily in common retail settings where meat is exposed to light and oxygen (O2). However, meat has an inherent ability to reduce the brown pigment and form reduced myoglobin through metmyoglobin reducing systems such as enzymatic, non-enzymatic, and mitochondria-mediated pathways. The non-enzymatic metmyoglobin-reducing pathway occurs when inherently present electron donors and carriers interact with metmyoglobin to form ferrous myoglobin. For example, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH; an electron donor) and methylene blue (an electron carrier) can interact with metmyoglobin to form reduced deoxy-/oxymyoglobin, as represented in Figure 1. But limited knowledge is available on the impact of light on non-enzymatic reduction. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of light and dark storage conditions on non-enzymatic metmyoglobin reduction in vitro. Solutions of ascorbate and NADH were used as the electron donors, and cytochrome c and methylene blue as the electron carriers. Equine metmyoglobin solution at pH 5.6 was combined with different electron donors and carriers in a 96-well plate. To evaluate lighting effects, the well plate was kept under LED lighting, and readings were taken every five minutes for 25 minutes using a spectrophotometer set to 582 nm. The same combinations were evaluated in dark storage with the previously mentioned method. The experiment was replicated three times, and the data were analyzed using the Mixed Procedure of SAS. There was a significant treatment ´ lighting effect on the metmyoglobin reduction. The combination of NADH and methylene blue had an increase (P < 0.0001) in metmyoglobin reduction in light conditions compared to dark storage. There were electron donor and carrier-specific effects on non-enzymatic metmyoglobin reduction. In the presence of light, NADH + methylene blue + EDTA had an increase (P < 0.0001) in metmyoglobin reduction when compared with dark storage. The metmyoglobin reduction was limited in the presence of NADH + cytochrome c in both lighting conditions compared with NADH and methylene blue. Metmyoglobin reduction was significantly higher in the presence of cytochrome c and ascorbate compared with cytochrome c and NADH for light and dark conditions. In addition, metmyoglobin reduction increased with the presence of light and the combination of ascorbate and methylene blue (P < 0.001). In conclusion, the current in-vitro research demonstrates inherently present electron donors and carriers can contribute to non-enzymatic metmyoglobin reduction in retail light settings and meat pH. When considering the practical implications of this study, electron donors and carriers could be utilized in a post-harvest enhancement technology, which may lead to an extension in color stability. Additionally, active packaging coupled with the cofactors of non-enzymatic metmyoglobin reduction ability has the potential to limit discoloration and increase the shelf life of meat products. Finding a way to limit the amount of metmyoglobin on the meat surface will be advantageous to the consumer, producer and environment. NP Z. Dou, J.D. Ferguson, D.T. Galligan, A.M. Kelly, S.M. Finn, and R. Giegengack. 2016. Assessing U.S. food wastage and opportunities for reduction. Global Food Security. 8:19-26.
Scenic restaurant gardenHave you ever found yourself with a midsummer garden full of burned-out peas, bolted lettuces and zucchini the size of baseball bats and thought, “Gee, is my garden season already over?” If so, let us introduce you to the joys of succession sowing! Many crops can be sown several times throughout the season in order to ensure a longer harvest window. With some attention to your local climate, an understanding of your plants’ life cycles and a calendar, you can create a personalized succession sowing plan and enjoy a much longer growing season. Understanding your location The specifics of your succession sowing plan will depend on your growing region. Some areas enjoy a long, steady, mild spring transitioning to a warm summer; other places seem to jump from the dead of winter directly into the blazing heat of summer. Succession sowing can be practiced in any climate, from the far north to the deep south. The difference is what you choose to grow and when. Your state’s month-by-month planting chart is a great way to figure out what to grow in your location. Your local county extension office or master gardeners organization can usually point you to this information. Alternatively, a quick internet search will turn up similar information from a nearby university. Often, these are even broken down by county or region, and will give you a realistic picture of what will likely work for you. These calendars are designed to let you know which crops can be seeded or planted during each month in your area. Consider making a garden journal with daily or weekly records of weather and plant behavior; this will help in future garden planning. You can also order the Clyde’s Garden Planner from the website. This planner is a cheat sheet for knowing when to plant in your area! Making plant/variety choices All vegetable and fruit plants have a harvest window — the period of time in a plant's life when it can be harvested for use. Some plants, like lettuce or spring radish, have a brief harvest window, while other plants tend to offer a long period of harvestability — think tomatoes and peppers! You can figure this out by checking the days to maturity designation in the seeds’ description. At Baker Creek, we aim to include days to maturity in our descriptions. However, some plants have a wide range depending on climate and conditions. In that case, we will instead let you know in the description whether it is an early- or late-maturing variety or where it hails from. This information is aimed at helping you make a good educated guess on when the plant is likely to mature in your area. As you plan, make a list of all of the crops that you plan to grow for the season, determine their harvest window, then match this to your culinary needs and expectations — how often and how much would you like to harvest for eating or preserving? Tomatoes, eggplants, peppers, melons, watermelon, onion family members like garlic, onion and leek, and greens like Swiss chard only need to be planted once. They will have a long harvest period, or have limitations in succession sowing. Crops like carrots, turnips, beets and basil can often be planted as often as every 3-4 weeks, depending on climate. Greens like lettuce, arugula and Asian greens, as well as green beans and summer radish, can be sown every 2-3 weeks. Squash, corn and peas can be sown twice a season. Make your plan and start sowing There are two ways to approach the planning phase. If you’re the organized type, mark your calendar with projected sowing dates — keeping harvest window and eating habits in mind. More of a leisure gardener? Simply walk the garden, pulling bolted lettuce, turning the soil lightly and planting something more heat-loving in its place. This is why it’s handy to keep a chart around — you’ll know what you can plant in a pinch when a precious piece of garden real estate becomes available! Employing succession techniques means more veggies and less waste, so give it a try! Have you tried succession sowing? Got a story you’d like to share? We’d love to continue the conversation.
French Films To Help Learn French French Films To Help Learn French – Welcome to French 101 comes through performance, the fastest simplest and the most enjoyable method to learn French salut, je m ‘appelle Ingrid Ashanti hi, I ‘m Ingrid good to meet you in this series. We are going to learn basic French expressions. French Films To Help Learn French There are only 2 sentences. You need to do it, but first it is essential to clarify that in French there is a difference between the formal and the casual language. Let ‘s very first see how French individuals introduce themselves in a casual circumstance: salut, je m ‘appelle, Ingrid or Chantal o to Hong Kong, say hi, I ‘m Ingrid nice to meet you salut, je m ‘appelle, Ingrid ashanti, due to a house nation, start by stating, salut, je m ‘appelle then say your Name: salut, je m ‘appelle in Vida finally say on Chantal o to house country, salut, je m ‘appelle Ingrid on shantae, doujin nation and now, let ‘s see the same sentence: casual speech, Boudreau, je m ‘appelle in hedge, a justice on shantideva home country excellent early morning, I ‘m in redeploy nice to Meet you boom ja, je m ‘appelle, Ingrid gbg3, wear t do vu house country. What has changed from the previous intro? Let ‘s take a more detailed take a look at this together, salut has been substituted with the formal welcoming, Bonjour French for good day. Je m ‘appelle Ingrid has actually not been altered. Je m ‘appelle stands in both case, for I am, nevertheless, throughout an official self intro. We constantly state our last name, so I stated indeed here you would state your full-name lastly take notice of the ending. We went from 200 nation to country. What is altering. Is the French word for you in an official sentence. We utilize the more polite word who one more time. The informal method to introduce yourself in French is salut. Je m ‘appelle Ingrid Ashanti to Hong Kong state the formal way to introduce ourselves is du jour, je m ‘appelle, indeed, jabrai just isn ‘t a duo country. Now it ‘s time for English insights. When you present yourself, it ‘s an excellent habit to shake hands in France and if you are not sure whether to use on show table to home country or Horizonte the Wuhan nation just simply state or Shanthi. As I stated at the start of this lesson, if you utilize the correct sentence with French individuals, they are absolutely going to be impressed in the last lesson. We learn how to introduce ourselves in French. Today we are going to find out how to use great manners as we thank people exactly. Are you all set hi Zippity? So, let ‘s start there are several ways to thank someone. Let ‘s start with the most convenient, it is just one word untidy messy messy means. Thank you when stating. Thank you very much. You just require to add beaucoup. Merci, beaucoup, merci, beaucoup beaucoup means a lot, so merci beaucoup is like stating. Thank you very much throughout the last lesson we pointed out both the casual and the official method of speaking French maxi is the casual way to thank somebody. If you wish to be more official, there is another expression you must use uvula message sure charm hoo might see. Kumasi implies give Thanks. I offer thanks to you, je vous remercie. How do you answer it ‘s simple? There are essentially 2 different ways to do it. The first is: do ya? Do ya, do ya literally means it ‘s absolutely nothing, however it is the equivalent of you are welcome. The other method to state you are welcome. Is the expression service uncle Zhu, Zhu Zhu actually, this phrase suggests I ask you to do it. So when someone say you untidy to you, we can simply respond with dunya or Dhruva zonkey. You don ‘t need to stress over informal or official scenarios. Messy can be utilized with practically anybody anywhere or anytime. In the last lesson, we discovered how to be grateful to individuals by stating max. If, in this lesson, we ‘ll discover some of the other most typical greetings utilizing friends utilize it. Are you ready, a lousy celebration? Let ‘s start the most use informal greeting is salut. Salut salut means hi, hey there or goodbye. We utilize it when we meet, however also when we leave. We need to just utilize this conference with friends and family, and now, let ‘s continue by going over the official method to welcome people, the one you are probably used to hearing is usual boom guidelines, actually Bonjour indicates good day. We might likewise analyze it as excellent early morning or great afternoon as a rule of thumb. We can use Boudreau just throughout the day time for morning till evening, during the night we say: bonsoir boom. Suave suave is French for evening. Bonsoir implies great evening. Boudreaux and bonsoir are utilized when we satisfy someone, but when we leave, we put on ‘t state them once again in this official scenario: French people utilize au revoir, au revoir, au revoir suggests farewell. Lastly, in French, we have an expression, meaning see you quickly. French Films To Help Learn French That can be thought about both casual and official abdel. Ah, damn now you can welcome people in various methods French: let ‘s review them all again when satisfying someone informally with a cell you, when meeting somebody officially, we state bonjour bonsoir when living in an official scenario of voix when living no matter, whether its official Or casual situation, I come from it ‘s quickly. Isn ‘t it now it ‘s time for Ingrid ‘s insights in formal circumstance, French individuals typically greet each other by shaking hands. On the other hand, if we satisfy someone, we are actually pal with we kiss each other on both cheeks. Don ‘t hesitate to do it with your French good friends if regular in the last lesson, we found out the most common kinds of greetings in French. Do you remember them in this lesson? We are going to learn a very helpful phrase. Do you speak English? If you discover yourself in a circumstance where you require help in English, this phrase can be a lifesaver and because you ‘re asking it in French, you can be sure that everyone will understand what you are saying. Please discover the world in the middle of the sentence. The next word is the verb Palli, which implies to speak since it ‘s referring to it ‘s conjugated to suit an ESCO is an interrogative type to introduce the question. It resembles the English word do here and you probably acknowledge just the is English s ketchup, a long method to learn how to effectively conjugate verbs like parley. Please look at the absolute start series on French pad. Oh Alan Wong calm. You can discover very detailed grammar lessons and resources there. We are now going to make this sentence official. It becomes this, but it ‘s pronounced the same method partially es que vous parlez, Anglais, suku, vous, parlez Anglais, including reason moi. Excuse me the sentence ends up being a lot more courteous. The responses you will receive might be one of these three with yes, we amp a little huh. No, you know buddy Bangla. No, I put on ‘t speak English. We need to say no prior to the verb buddy and pas after it see that the verb pal is a little various from parley. Remember the ferb modification, depending on the pronoun utilized. We are now discussing sure French, for I. Thus I wear ‘t speak is Joon Appa Appa. Now it ‘s time for Ingrid insights, for those of you who are not just English speakers, you can clearly utilize this question with any other language. You require French individuals research study other European languages at school, so perhaps you will get lucky simply substitute just with English Italian for Italian who ‘s, for Russian espanol, for Spanish almo for German and any other languages. It ‘s never ever too late to reveal your great manners with French individuals. In the last lesson we discovered the expression excuse i ‘ma scuffle parle Anglais. Excuse me: do you speak English? We discussed the word excusez-moi, which means excuse me in official French. In this lesson, we are going to discover how to use excuse moi and other words when saying sorry in French. We should use reason moi, casual scenario such as when you are purchasing something in bars or restaurants, for instance, excuse moi and coffee shop s ‘il vous plait. Excuse me a coffee, please excuse moi, I ‘m coffee shop s ‘il vous plait. When asking a concern, we can also utilize it. Excuse moi. Well, a to safeguard. Excuse me, where is the Eiffel Tower, excuse moi, boo a litter? In some cases we likewise hear people saying s ‘il vous plait, which indicates the very same thing when you want to draw someone ‘s attention. We always utilize this phrase in formal speech, s ‘il vous plait. The casual way to state, excuse me is reason me excuse more. French Films To Help Learn French Much like excuse moi. When asking a concern or when apologizing we can likewise use the word pardon, we can utilize reason moi. French people use it in very casual situations. All of these phrases can be used for either excuse me or I ‘m sorry, however if you truly wish to excuse something, it might be better to use a different expression. That phrase is just read easily. It implies I am sorry and can be used in both official and informal circumstances, just 3d zhu-li. We have the familiar sure. Lastly, we have the adjective dizzily, indicating sorry Juicery dizzily. Now it ‘s time for Ingrid ‘s withins. Please remember that in France, if you unintentionally bump it to somebody, we put on ‘t say I ‘m sorry just check out easily. Instead, we say, excuse me, excuse me, oh pardon, forgive me, are you able to count in French in the next lesson? We will learn the numbers in French from one to ten I ‘ll, be awaiting you in the next lesson of material on neighborhood. Sign up for your complimentary life time account at French pod 101. com lose half a on neighborhood, the fastest simplest and the most enjoyable way to discover French. In the last lesson, we discover some words utilized when asking forgiveness in French, consisting of excusez-moi and just read quickly. What is before uh? Do you understand it ‘s the same as in English, however with a different pronunciation? 0Z oho, you put on ‘t have any more excuses. You can provide your friends your telephone number in French. Let ‘s try together we ‘ll utilize an expression Manu Meho, state bathroom, which implies my number is mon brand-new Meho say: loo Manya me wholesaler wha set um du du chat, nerve, sis wit. Can you read it by yourself set? Ah, do the chat Nath, sis width perfect? Now it ‘s time for Ingrid ‘s insights when we go to the post workplace in France with sometimes I have to stand in line with a number when it ‘s your turn to take a look at they scream numero, nimi, oh jeez, and so on. Discover your numbers. This is enough, and finally, we have the vow. Okay, now repeat after me, I ‘ll state the numbers and give you time to duplicate each one: Enza deucey please ‘ get those dolls says this set de suite this knife, though these numbers may appear more difficult to remember, however you really simply have to memorize, owns dues Prez teto ‘s Chance states and vow, however for D set this with this knife, the numbers always begin with this: Oh 10, let ‘s not stop at 20, counting from 10 to 100 is incredibly easy. Now I ‘ll provide you the tense count. So while you have to remember a few of these numbers, there are a number of techniques that will make remembering them extremely simple. Do you remember what this suggests? Obviously it is the number 410, so 70 is merely 6010 sweats on this swath salt. This 80 is Kotova. Can you break this down? The very first part which we learned in the previous lesson, is cap. For the second part, we discovered previously in this lesson: what does it mean? That ‘s right, training so entirely saying 80 is like saying for students chat cat and ninety Katia van Dee ‘s is similar to 70. This is also incredibly simple, take the camping tents and simply include the numbers you learned in the previous lesson. Let ‘s try it out, how would you say 56 in French, let ‘s take it step by step. 50 is seconds and then add: 6. One last challenging part: if you are attempting to add the number um in the compound number, for instance, 21 or 31. French Films To Help Learn French It is van t. 31 is compensation a after only 2 lessons you ‘re, not able to count to one Android in French. Do you have the abilities to go shopping in France, if not I ‘ll, be waiting on you? In the next lesson, search sale on tom systems recognize challenger. I hope you invest a long time practicing the numbers since they will come in convenient today. We are going to find out how to shop in France prior to we go. You require to understand how to say: how much is it come dance? I could cool off, sir great, are you all set to go shopping in France? Let ‘s go you see something you desire and like to ask the shop clerk how much it costs. If you wish to be more particular, when asking, how much is it and describe a particular type of object, we initially need to drop the word SAP. Next, we require to understand if the things is a feminine or masculine item. If it is masculine, include sir, when describing it or set for a womanly item and after that state the noun, for instance, hat is a manly word, chapeau reason moi, comme, un cuchillo chapeau. Excuse me, just how much is this curd reason moi cumbia might set rip at this point. The store clerk, a response by stating circuit, Saffy, Oh say, for instance, circuit topnav, yo, SAFF, a hot knife – Oh Oh, say Tom nephew. What number is hot enough? I ‘m not informing you, okay, alright! It ‘s 39! It costs thirty nine euros. Now it ‘s time for ingots in size a quicker method to ask just how much is 2nd John, which actually implies just how much, even when you request for coffee, you can ask the cashier and coffee shops accumulation will play one espresso, please. How much is it at this moment? Can you count euros in French? We are going to learn how to do this and a lot more in the next lesson I ‘ll be waiting on you in our next lesson. Let ‘s start? Do you know it ‘s the same as in English, but with a different pronunciation? Now it ‘s time for Ingrid ‘s insights when we go to the post office in France with often I have to stand in line with a number when it ‘s your turn to examine out they scream numero, nimi, oh jeez, and so on. I ‘m not informing you, all right, okay! It ‘s 39! French Films To Help Learn French Youtube Basic French For Beginners Learn In Car Large Video Speak Apple Tart In French
Mobilizing Knowledge, Bridging Communities, Accelerating Impact Heat is North Americaâ€™s primary weather related killer of vulnerable citizens. To address this concern, York University supported a research collaboration between a York graduate student and a community centre in a low-income Toronto neighbourhood. Through this Canadaâ€™s first heat registry was created in 2007 and in 2012 the City of Toronto released its Heat Registry Guide benefitting more than 2.5 million citizens by making it easier for neighbourhoods to track and provide services to vulnerable citizens on the hottest days of the year and lessening the burden on Canadaâ€™s health-care system through prevention of heat-related emergencies. That is the impact that university research can have when the university becomes more accessible and responsive to community partners. Partnering academic expertise (faculty and students) with knowledge from community organizations helps research effectively inform the policies, products, programs and services that benefit the lives of citizens leading to a process called knowledge mobilization. Knowledge mobilization helps make research useful to society. It is the mechanism that informed the collaboration which led to the socially innovative City of Toronto Heat Registry Knowledge mobilization moves from engagement to a partnership between equals to help address mutual goals. York University has been supporting an institutional capacity for knowledge mobilization for seven years. In that time we have learned: 1. Knowledge mobilization is a social process.Â Packaging and disseminating even uncontested evidence (knowledge transfer) is necessary but not sufficient to effect change. Knowledge brokers actively use research and facilitate knowledge mobilization in an iterative fashion. 2. Co-production of evidence developed through research collaborations is the most robust form of knowledge mobilization.Â Co-production involves the collaboration between academic and non-academic researchers, where the research is informed by the needs of the partner. The collaboration complements the expertise of both researchers. Knowledge mobilization supports collaborations that enable social innovations and help address mutual goals. 3. Impact is measured at the level of the user. Impact occurs when a research partner uses their expertise to inform a new policy, social service or a product that can make a positive difference in the lives of citizens. Â Therefore, universities need to ask their partners about the impact of the collaboration on the community. 4. Impact takes time.Â Since research evidence needs to be taken up and implemented by non-academic partner organizations, it can take 3-5 years after the research collaboration for impacts to be manifested. 5. Impact is built on a foundation of scholarship. Knowledge mobilization for social innovation complements, but does not replace, traditional scholarship. Evidence to inform decisions must meet high academic standards as well as be relevant to the community. Being accessible and responsive to communities helps universities to excel in measuring the impact of research on the community, as seen through activities like the UKâ€™s Research Excellence Framework 2014. More importantly, being accessible and responsive to community partners enables universities to plan mechanisms, incentives and rewards for faculty and students to help research partners address community opportunities. Another example of how knowledge mobilization has turned research into action is through Yorkâ€™s award-winning Knowledge Mobilization Unitâ€™s collaboration with the Youth Emergency Shelter of Peterborough. Â The common cycle in youth shelters is that youth enter in crisis, become stabilized and return to the community, only to return again in crisis. This cycle has created a strain on already limited resources. A community-campus collaboration between York University and the Youth Emergency Shelter of Peterborough developed a Life Skills Mentoring program to address this challenge. The program enables social work students from a local college to deliver one-on-one life skills mentoring to youth at the shelter. This mentoring program has reduced the length of stays of youth in crisis and thus reduced the strain on resources. The Youth Emergency Shelter of Peterborough became a social enterprise when it began earning revenue by delivering the program to other agencies, including the Childrenâ€™s Aid Society and the John Howard Society. The Life Skills Mentoring program also receives over $60,000 per year from the government in funding. Watch the video below for more: Through forging community-university partnerships, knowledge mobilization can make a greater impact in the lives of citizens and the quality of academic research. Further reading on knowledge mobilization:
Despite being the initial country to register confirmed cases of Mokola and Lagos bat lyssaviruses (two very distant lyssaviruses), knowledge gaps, particularly around the molecular epidemiology of lyssaviruses, still exist in Nigeria Despite being the initial country to register confirmed cases of Mokola and Lagos bat lyssaviruses (two very distant lyssaviruses), knowledge gaps, particularly around the molecular epidemiology of lyssaviruses, still exist in Nigeria. key event, given that one of the RABV sequences (“type”:”entrez-nucleotide”,”attrs”:”text”:”MN196576″,”term_id”:”1807903095″,”term_text”:”MN196576″MN196576) clustered with rabies variants from neighboring Niger Republic. Furthermore, three RABVs from dogs from Anambra State clustered separately forming a novel and distinctive group. Our results exhibited that transboundary transmission of RABLVs is usually a key driver in the spread of rabies in West Africa. In order for the successful control of this zoonotic disease, a multinational stepwise surveillance and removal of rabies in Africa by Anamorelin kinase activity assay 2030 is probably the answer for regional removal. genus [3,4]. Apart from RABV, which is mainly dog-mediated through bites but also scratches, you will find other lyssaviruses that were recognized in the country in the late 1950s, namely Lagos bat lyssavirus (LBLV) and Mokolalyssavirus (MOKL), making this country an important place for lyssavirus origin and development [5,6]. These two, LBLV and MOKL, have not been recognized since the late 1950s, underlining the lack of surveillance activities for these viruses. Nigeria is normally a big nation and a known person in the 16 Western Anamorelin kinase activity assay world African local network, an area that covers a complete land area around 5,112,903 kilometres2 [7], with around population around 381,981,000 by 2017 [8]. The limitations within the Western world African countries are porous (as generally in most parts of photography equipment) and invite a variety of activities such as for example smuggling, human, medication, and illicit hands trafficking, nomadism, and pup trading, which might promote rabies trojan transmitting [9,10]. The porosity from the boundary areas facilitates transboundary transmitting of animal Anamorelin kinase activity assay illnesses such as for example rabies as vectors move conveniently between neighboring countries. The unlawful trade of canines within and across Western world African countries is normally a contributory aspect towards the transboundary motion of the condition, a just exclusive to Africa [11 phenomenonnot,12,13,14,15,16,17]. In the sub-Saharan African area, three genetically distinctive rabies lyssavirus lineages (Africa 1, 2, and 3) had been discovered, each spanning a different area [18]. Initially, African sub lineage 1a and lineage 2 occurred in the Western world African countries [19] mainly. However, additional analyses showed which the rabies lyssavirus owned by African lineage 1b, regarded as solely within eastern originally, central, and southern Africa, today takes place in Western world Africa [13], highlighting the difficulty of rabies epidemiology in the region. Furthermore, a rabies lyssavirus strain in Liberia was found to cluster with additional rabies viruses in the China lineage 2, confirming transcontinental transmission of the disease [20]. The reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), including the sequencing of specific gene products and reconstruction of phylogenetic trees, are right now extremely important tools used in monitoring disease epidemiology and monitoring [21]. The rabies lyssaviruses from northern and western parts of Nigeria have been previously characterized [12,22,23,24], but only four rabies lyssaviruses Rabbit polyclonal to ubiquitin from dogs were characterized from Enugu (Southeastern Nigerian) [25]. The scant molecular data available was ample motivation to characterize additional rabies lyssaviruses from Southeastern Nigeria genetically. Furthermore, rabies is normally a under-reported disease in your community extremely, as much rabies situations aren’t provided to veterinary clinics and treatment centers, and we as a result decided to study the dog marketplaces for feasible rabies-infected canines and measure the open public wellness burden of the condition. The study was therefore designed to detect RABVs in dogs and determine the phylogenetic human relationships of the rabies lyssaviruses from Southeastern Nigeria, neighboring countries (Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and Benin), and additional regions by comparing the nucleoprotein gene nucleotide sequences. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Honest Approval The honest authorization (UNN/eTC/14/68625) for the molecular investigation of rabies lyssaviruses in southeastern Nigeria was granted from the University or college of Nigeria Honest Committee within the 17th of August, 2015. The brain specimens Anamorelin kinase activity assay were collected with the consent of puppy traders, puppy meat sellers, and pet owners. 2.2. Research Places The scholarly research was executed in the Southeastern geopolitical area of Nigeria, formerly referred to as the eastern area (Amount 1). Southeastern Nigeria, also called Igboland (as the common vocabulary is Igbo vocabulary), comprises of five State governments, covering a complete land section of Anamorelin kinase activity assay 17,545 kilometres2 with around people of 40 million [26]. The spot is situated between latitudes 707 N and 390 N, and longitudes 651 E and 830 E. This region is normally seen as a a exotic environment with a definite moist period that can last from Apr to Oct, and a dry time of year that endures from November to March, each year. Three (Anambra, Ebonyi, and Enugu) of the five Claims of the geopolitical zones were selected by random sampling and included in the study. The dog markets and restaurants.
How Do Toxins Affect Our Body? Six Phases Of Intoxication There are many studies that openly link environmental chemical substances to the state of our health and wellbeing. And there is a growing quantity of evidence which proposes that whilst singular exposure to a chemical substance might not be injurious (depending on the type of chemical substance, of course), the amassed effect of continuous exposure to a range of chemical substances, even at low levels, could be taking a substantial toll on our health and wellbeing. • Are you undergoing bouts of diarrhea alternating with constipation, at times diagnosed as Irritable Bowel Syndrome? • Do you get stress headaches or headaches for no reason at all? • Do your joints bother you some days and not others? • Are you more tired than you think you should be? • Are your sinuses very stuffy every morning and/or do you experience a constant post-nasal drip? • Do you experience adult-onset allergies? • Are you afflicted with skin rashes and irritations that come and go? • Do you take pain relievers and over-the-counter medications? All of these and more are, to a greater or lesser degree, connected to toxic accumulation in the body. Even if the toxic buildup is not the cause of the problem, it is at least an impairing factor (i.e. it worsens the condition). You could continue to cover up the symptoms with medication, which, of course, would ensure a continual rise in the toxic accumulation, or you could elect to cleanse your body and have a much better chance of living healthier. Often people do not even grasp how unhealthy they have become over the years until they reclaim a more youthful health. Homeostasis is the capacity of the body to maintain balance. In so doing, there is a flux and flow of chemical reactions within every cell of every living organism. Cells are the construction blocks of each organ and tissue in the body and are the basic operational unit of that organ or tissue. The human body has nearly 250,000 billion cells with around 35,000 chemical reactions taking place per second inside each of these cells. Many of these chemical reactions are involved in the curing and repair. Toxins disrupt the natural current of homeostasis. The body’s immune system must guard against these toxins. The battle waged by the immune system between toxins and homeostasis is expressed as disease. A sturdy immune system rapidly recognizes the enemy and works to destroy it, hence causing fast and possibly more severe symptoms that quickly abate. A worn out, burdened immune system is sluggish to respond to the toxic invasion, or does not respond at all, and in that way does not cause much, if any, symptomatology. How many times have you known or heard of someone who was “so healthy” and who “never got sick”, but ate very poorly and maybe even smoked cigarettes, that suddenly died of cancer “with no warning” at a relatively young age? What happened? Let us examine the body’s normal, physiologically planned methods of preserving homeostasis, the key to health At the start of the twentieth century, the German medical doctor and homeopath, Dr. Hans-Heinrich Reckeweg (1877-1944) established a more integrated approach to homotoxicology and homeopathy. He recognized that the industrial revolution not only brought with it a more multilayered lifestyle, but that diseases and illnesses too started to present a more complex picture. Homotoxicology is the science of toxins and their removal, and presents the idea that the severity and duration of an illness is based on the body’s toxin load and ability to detoxify. Normally, the human body excretes toxins through feces, urine and sweat. However, when the immune system is challenged, so is the body’s ability to detox. The object of homotoxicology is to stimulate and regulate the body’s ability to heal thereby eliminating homotoxins and resolving illness. One of Dr. Reckeweg’s greatest achievements is the formulation of his “Six-Phase Table.” Dr. Reckeweg, for the first time in the history of medicine, clearly formulated and described the pathways along which illnesses proceed or heal. His 6-Phase Table presents a medical classification of the progression and reversal of illnesses a conditions. Depending upon the severity and quantity of the toxin, the body will pass more rapidly or slowly through these phases. These phases in order are Excretion, Reaction/Inflammation, Deposition, Impregnation, Degeneration, and Neoplasm. Six phases of intoxication and disease outlined by Reckeweg in Homotoxicology, Illness, and Healing through Anti-homotoxic Therapy : Phase 1: Excretion In the first stage toxins are removed from the body naturally via all excretory systems. If your body fails to get rid of the offender in this initial phase, the disturbance will move deeper into the system and cause an infection or inflammation in specific areas (any condition ending in -itis). Phase 2: Inflammation In that stage there is increased congestion and increased excretion of toxins (inflammation, abrasions, etc.). Suppose you suppress such an inflammation (as done routinely in mainstream allopathic medicine), the pathogen may become dormant. As a result, more chronic problems tend to follow at a later time. For now such a pathogen is "hidden away" in the interstitial fluid, the fluid surrounding all your cells. Phase 3: Deposition In this stage the accumulation of toxins and their isolation is observed. Excretory systems do not fulfill their functions meaning the body has means to protect from toxins but does not have enough reserves for their removal. We know that this is where your T3 and T4 immune system cells are springing into action. As a result, your lymph, your body's cleaning pathway, goes into overload. Any disease and condition up to this third stage may be reversed quite easily. Dr. Reckeweg was clear to explain, in good homeopathic tradition, that in order to find lasting healing, an illness needs to be guided back step-by-step in the reverse direction through all its stages. In other words: Once a pathogen has reached your cell fluid, the healing process may have to pass through another stage of inflammation (Phase 2) before the body has the opportunity to get rid of the pathogen (Phase 1). Homeopathy refers to such a possible initial deterioration as a "healing crisis." The first three stages relate to extracellular intoxication. Phase 4: Impregnation If a pathogen is not bound and repelled through any one of the first three stages, it can find its way into your cells. It is getting much harder now to find effective ways to get rid of the invader. Phase 4 is where glucose intolerance, malabsorption issues, autoimmune deficiencies, irritable bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, and many other conditions are categorized. All too often, these problems are not properly diagnosed; laboratory tests commonly used by mainstream medicine in this phase are rarely indicative or conclusive. The fourth phase is called "silent" or "dumb" because the most terrible losses start here and go unnoticed. At this stage, takes place the disruption of cell membranes. Body reserves are depleted; the situation becomes critical. Phase 5: Degeneration If the reversal process is unsuccessful at Phase 4, the pathogenic development will proceed to Phase 5, the "Degeneration Phase." It is here where the destruction of intracellular structures begins as well as damage to the enzyme system, degeneration or degenerative processes, which already affected all of the body organs. The presence of the invader inside your cells starts interfering with your normal cell functions and processes. As a result, your health noticeably degenerates. Finally, at this stage, your laboratory tests start picking up that you have a problem. The diagnosis of diabetes too falls into this phase. What happens next? If it has not done so earlier, natural medicine quickly jumps into action and attempts pulling the body back to Phase 4, then Phase 3, and onwards in the process of reversal. Mainstream medicine, on the other hand, by using drugs, suppresses the disease (in most cases) rather than helping your body step-by-step to get back to its original function. With some luck those prescription medications may stabilize the disease at this level, or might not. But, remember, changes in your cells keep taking place. Therefore, it is likely that the disease process is starting to affect other organs and functions too (eyes, kidneys, heart). We call these the complications of diabetes. If the disease factor is allowed to linger in this Phase 5, further deterioration is possible. This much depends on the state of your immune system. Finally there is Phase 6: Dedifferentiation or Neoplasm There are two possible outcomes in what Dr. Reckeweg calls Phase 6, the "Dedifferentiation Phase" or the "Neoplasm Phase." • First, the damage in your cells continues to the point where the cell function impairs or shuts down one or several organs. • Second, the pathogenic cells start taking over, develop a plan of their own, lead to cancer, tumor and (if not detected early enough) metastasize through your body to other structures. The last three stages are referred to as intracellular intoxication. In such cases uses of conventional physical cleansing methods (cleansing enemas, colonic, etc.) are not effective or even not safely. As you can see in the first three phases, the cell remains intact and in control and essentially is winning the battle against the toxin. The body's natural ability to heal is not so impaired. In the last three phases, the toxin has entered the cell causing internal damage and, hence, destruction to the organ or tissue involved. The ability of the body to heal itself is greatly impaired due to terrific interference of the homeostatic chemical reactions within the cell. This is the beginning of organ and tissue deterioration with the result as cancer. In the first three phases, the outcome is more hopeful. In the last three phases, the outcome is more uncertain. Let’s get a better picture about how it all happens. A toxin goes into the body. The immune system's initial form of resistance is to excrete, or eject, the toxin. This is possible through perspiration, saliva, urine, feces, menstruation, earwax, sinuses and nose, and the eyes. In fact, frequently when a person has "a cold", they are actually detoxifying and draining out some toxin. That toxin may be a virus or another live organism, or it may be some chemical the person got a dose of unknowingly. If that toxin gets past this first line of defense due to its strength, either the high quantity of the toxin, or the weakness of that immune system, the body's second line of defense is stirred into action. At this stage, inflammation sets in. This is when the person is diagnosed with some kind of "itis" which basically means "inflammation of." For instance, tonsillitis is inflammation of the tonsils, colitis is inflammation of the colon, and dermatitis is inflammation of the derma or the skin, and so on. If the immune system still cannot handle the toxin, the body will generate storage spaces outside of the cell in which to put the toxin. In this manner, the body does not permit the toxin within the cell where it could do irreversible harm. These spaces also act as holding tanks so the body can deal with the toxic invasion a little at a time. Some common examples are cysts, swellings, engorged fat cells, and benign tumors. Classic diagnoses are colon polyps, ovarian cysts, fibroid tumors, lipomas, and obesity to name a few. Up until this point, the body has kept its organs and tissues safe from attack. Beyond this point is where genuine trouble occurs. If the toxin is allowed to enter the cell, it may do irrevocable damage to the chemical reactions that take place in that cell and that allow the cell to do its job. It may likewise do damage to the DNA of the cell, the replicating factor of the cell, which leads to the conception of sick, malfunctioning organs. Examples are liver cirrhosis, heart attacks, impotence, Crohn's Disease (this is a wearing away of the lining if the intestines), Multiple Sclerosis, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases, etc. If these sick cells carry on replicating with no reversal of the situation, the probability of these cells turning cancerous is great. Therefore, the end stage of a toxic invasion gone unhandled by the immune system could be cancer. The use of medical drugs to get a grip on the indicators of disease up until the toxin overruns the cell only serves to weaken the immune system's ability to handle the toxin, and, in effect, pushes the toxin deeper into the organ/tissue. Keep in mind symptoms are the expression of immune system function. When the symptom goes away with the ‘help’ of a chemical drug, is the illness cured or has it just gone deeper into the body only to rear it is ugly head some time later? Caused by Malnutrition • Issues of general fatigue • Fatigue headaches, general unrecognized body aching and pain. • Disease caused by abnormal secretions - mucus, rash, sputum. • Diseases caused by stagnation and deposition - a cyst, tumor, polyps, stones, obesity. • Diseases associated with deformation of organs also arteriosclerosis, rheumatism, arthritis. • The development of paralysis (leg parts of the face and internal organs). • Diseases of the decomposition of cells and organs. Read more about Signs and Symptoms of toxicity. To start on the road to health, you must regularly detoxify from poisons, toxins, pollutants, etc. If you have not done so already you can check a couple of the best programs I used and am happy to recommend you! If you’re not cleansing your body frequently, you could be ‘recycling’ toxic blood through your system over and over again. Gross! If you have a health problem of any kind, check this out, and do yourself the biggest favor of your life and get yourself on a cleansing and detoxing program today. Recognize that no matter how clean a life we live, our planet is still very toxic. This is why it is very important to control the toxic invasion on our bodies whenever we can. Our bodies are constantly detoxifying and draining. Therefore, when you do a purification program, what you are really doing is handling the backlog of toxins that are clogging the liver, lymphatics, and intestines. Once the backlog is handled, the body repairs and rejuvenates as it continues to detoxify the everyday toxins. After Purification and Detox Once the body is purified, the organs and tissues will begin repairing any damage that had been done. This requires plenty of raw materials in the form of high quality protein, essential fats, and whole carbohydrates. A diet of whole, organic foods (no chemicals, hormones, fillers, colorings, etc.) is of extreme importance as to not get the body in the same condition it was prior to it being detoxified. Give the body what it is asking for. An unhealthy body will crave unhealthy things like chocolate, sugar, white bread, etc... This is a clue as to whether or not your body is healthy. What is it craving? Healthy bodies ask for vegetables, water, protein, etc. Unhealthy bodies crave foods that supply quick, easy energy. This is because a healthy body can derive energy from whole food sources whereas an unhealthy body cannot. Toxicity may be related to many health concerns. Proper assessment is important to optimize your health. You can use this QUESTIONNAIRE You may also like: The Detox Program or Cleanse – What’s the Difference? The Most Common Ways Of Interacting With Toxins 12 Health Benefits Of Detoxing The Body What Are The Signs And Symptoms Of Toxicity? We Invite Your Comments!
Sleeping Disorders and the Progesterone Link Progesterone is a powerful hormone. While most notably associated with pregnancy, progesterone is the hormone that is most often attributed to a fluctuation in a woman’s mood, emotions, and the degree to which physical activity can be performed. More profound than this is the effect progesterone may have on a woman’s wake and sleep cycles, lending claim to the creation of insomnia and other sleeping disorders in women. When in abundance or in quick decline, women often report the greatest complications associated with sleep disorders ranging from excessive sleepiness during the day to periods of insomnia in the evening. Understanding the role of progesterone on the female body will assist women in preparing for the periods of hormonal cycles in which sleep cycles may be disturbed. As a common female hormone, progesterone is important to a healthy woman’s hormonal balance. Associated directly with ovulation, it is progesterone that prepares a woman’s uterus for implantation of a fertilized egg and pregnancy. As a result, following ovulation, when progesterone is at its greatest peak level, women commonly report several days of excessive daytime sleepiness, as if there is a need to deeply hibernate. This is a natural response to a woman’s cyclical hormonal change which encourages rest in anticipation of pregnancy at the ovulation period. Following ovulation, as progesterone levels drop, women begin to experience an increase in energy levels, gradually and slowly. It is during this period, usually the week right before menstruation that women may have more energy but, oftentimes, experience episodes of disturbed sleep patterns which, unfortunately, may further exacerbate complications associated with Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS). For this reason, in the weeks following ovulation, women prepare for the sudden change in the sleep cycle from hibernation styled, excessive sleepiness to a sudden change in energy leading through disturbed sleep patterns in the week before menstruation and then, ultimately, episodes of full-blown insomnia associated with menstruation. It is during menstruation that women most often express concerns with bloating, menstrual cramping, and even headache pain. These, coupled with a decline in progesterone, lead to temporary sleeping disorders such as insomnia. While this level of insomnia generally remedies in the days following menstruation, as hormone levels begin to balance again, women often feel fatigued, even lethargic, during menstrual cycles and, simply, due to lack of sleep. As a woman, therefore, when suffering from a sleep disorder, monitoring patterns of sleep complications is important. With a daily log of sleep patterns, over a 60-day period, many women find the sleep complications are, indeed, a direct result of the progesterone fluctuations associated with hormonal and menstrual cycles. When confirmed through diary logs, a healthcare professional should be consulted regarding possible treatments available. Depending on the degree to which the hormones play a role in the sleep disorder, a woman may require hormone therapy, including the Pill, and sleep aids to use, intermittently during periods of insomnia. As an alternative approach to prescription medications, women experiencing hormonal based sleep disorders may consider utilizing natural remedies including green or chamomile tea, heating pads to relax muscles, and even massage or acupuncture. In the best scenario, following a diary or log can prepare a woman for fluctuations in hormones and, therefore, anticipate changes in sleep cycles and make the necessary adjustments to lifestyle to comply with the female body’s natural requirements to comply with the progesterone fluctuations. When all else fails, and sleep disorders persist, it is suggested that a woman set up a consultation with an endocrinologist, to address hormone levels within the body, and a consultation with a sleep study center, to address sleep disorders, may be indicated.
Bharat Stories Light of Knowledge National Security Day – March – 04 0 690 About National Security Day National Security Day every year is celebrated on 4th March. The primary purpose behind the celebration is to praise and compliment the workers who work at the security forces, because of whom the Indian citizen can sleep peacefully without any tension and thinking about the overall security of the country. This is the day that is dedicated primarily to all the structures which are present in India who is working day and night out for security and peace of the country’s people. This is a day when a lot of encouragement is given to those individuals who work very hard for the nation. All the security forces on this day are reminded of the contribution they have given to the country by having sleepless nights. Interesting Facts about National Security Day: 1. The National security day is also commonly known as the Rashtriya Suraksha Diwas. This is the day which is primarily dedicated to all the security forces such as the guards, army officers, policemen, para-military forces, army offices, etc. who are majorly involved in the security and end up sacrificing their lives many times to protect the people of the country. 2. India’s military force is the world’s third-largest as it has a total strength of over 1.3 million personnel’s which are active. 3. The defense budget of India generally ranges from 2.74 lakh crore to 2.8 crores. 4. NSC (National Security Council) is known to be an apex agency that looks after the country’s economic, energetic, political, strategical and security. The NSC was established by the then prime minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee on 19th November 1998. 5. The various Intelligence agencies of the country such as Intelligence Bureau, Research and Analysis wrong are supposed to report to the National security adviser. Leave A Reply Your email address will not be published.
Vote by mail doesn’t really change much, election wise Mailing it in — A slight uptick in turnout, and no indication of either party gaining. Image of widely spaced voting booths. Enlarge / Socially distanced voting may not be needed if vote by mail is adopted. With an uncontrolled pandemic raging, lots of states have been considering shifting to a vote-by-mail system. That’s turned out to be politically controversial, as President Trump has lodged evidence-free claims that it will lead to massive fraud or provide some other unspecified advantage to Democrats. Meanwhile, the advocates of vote by mail sometimes present it as the solution to the generally low participation of US citizens in elections. Vote by mail, they contend, will boost turnout significantly. Two researchers decided this was something they could answer. Michael Barber of BYU and John Holbein of the University of Virginia took advantage of states where vote by mail was rolled out on a county-by-county basis. Their results suggest that vote by mail doesn’t provide either party with an advantage, but it also hasn’t done much to boost participation. A tale of two states The work relies on voter records and census data from two states that have vote by mail, but didn’t roll it out uniformly across the state. Instead, Utah and Washington both had different counties adopt the system at different times, providing a shifting set of experimental and control conditions. The two states nicely balance each other, as they can be viewed as something akin to mirror images. Eastern Washington is largely rural and conservative, but state politics are dominated by the urbanized coastal region. In Utah, while the Salt Lake City area is somewhat liberal, conservative politics dominate the state. The challenge for the work is that each election has unique dynamics, so you’d expect a certain background of change going on in addition to the roll out of vote by mail. To handle this, Barber and Holbein perform what’s called a difference-in-difference analysis. This form of analysis tracks the changes in each county across elections, and then it compares those differences with the differences in other counties. Ideally, this will largely account for the inter-election differences, leaving the only thing to stand out being the differences caused as individual counties made the switch to mail in voting. There are, however, multiple ways to implement difference-by-difference analysis, and the researchers tried a number of distinct mathematical models on their data. They also broke things down at the county level by using individual voting records and census data. When it comes to turnout, the effects of vote by mail are small, but positive. Depending on the model used, voter turnout increases by anywhere from 1.8 to 2.9 percentage points, an effect that’s statistically significant. A tale of two parties But there was no indication that either party benefits from this increased turnout. Here, you can view the authors’ approach as the opposite of p hacking: they tried a variety of models and failed to come up with a statistically significant effect in any of them, giving them confidence in the negative result. While the average of the models is a boost in Democratic voter share by 0.7 percentage points, the confidence intervals extend to negative numbers—meaning it could just as easily boost Republican share. “To us, it seems possible, perhaps even likely,” Barber and Holbein suggested, “that VBM is pulling in individuals who are on the fence about voting, of which there are plenty of individuals in both political parties.” There are definitely nits to be picked with this study. While Utah and Washington may be great for balancing liberal/conservative issues, they’re definitely not representative of US demographics as a whole. And it’s possible that there are some subtle demographic differences linked to each county’s adoption of vote by mail in these states. But we’re unlikely to do much better than this analysis, and we certainly won’t before critical decisions need to be made about this year’s election. So, as states debate what to do, they should do so with the knowledge that the best available evidence suggests that vote by mail does not provide a partisan advantage. Science Advances, 2020. DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc7685 (About DOIs). Please enter your comment! Please enter your name here
Adult nutrition Nutrition describes the processes by which all of the food a person eats are taken in and the nutrients that the body needs are absorbed. Good nutrition can help prevent disease and promote health. Vitamins and minerals are an important part of nutrition. Vitamins are organic substances present in food. They are required by the body in small amounts to regulate metabolism and to maintain normal growth and functioning. Minerals are vital because they are the building blocks that make up the muscles, tissues, and bones. They also are important to many life-supporting systems, such as hormones, transport of oxygen, and enzyme systems. There are many nutrients the body absorbs from food and each of the food groups supplies at least one nutrient. For example, oat bran, which is a whole grain, can supply fiber and a mineral called magnesium. A good nutrition plan will ensure that a balance of food groups, and the nutrients supplied by each group, is eaten. Adult nutrition Adult nutrition Adult nutrition Adult nutrition Adult nutrition Adult nutrition Adult nutrition Many adults ignore the role that fluids play in nutrition. It is important to moderate drinking of high-sugar beverages and fruit juices, as well as alcoholic beverages. Most people will get adequate hydration from normal thirst and drinking behavior, especially by consuming fluids with meals. Nutrition for strength Adults who are physically active and who strength train or pursue athletic activities will have different nutrition needs than typical adults of the same age. For example, they will require more fluids while exercising. In general, athletes and those who are very active also require more carbohydrates in their diets than typicalAmericans. Carbohydrates provide energy, but they should come from whole grains and fruits, not from refined sugars. Vegetarian diets Vegetarians can achieve recommended nutrient intakes by carefully choosing foods from the basic food groups. They will need to pay special attention to intake of protein, iron, and other vitamins, depending on the type of vegetarian program they follow. Choosing nuts, seeds, and legumes from the meat and beans group, as well as eggs if they desire, can provide enough nutrients at the proper serving level. Processed and prepared foods Americans are eating out more than ever and are buying foods in the grocery store that are prepackaged. It is more difficult to judge the nutrients and calories in many of these foods and in general, fresh foods are healthier than those that are packaged. Highly processed foods do not contain significant amounts of essential minerals. They often contain high amounts of fats and sugar, as well as artificial preservatives and other additives. Many restaurants, including fast food restaurants, are trying to offer healthier selections. The USDA offers tips for eating out to help people stay within their healthy pyramid servings and portions. Calories and weight management The new guidelines and pyramid focus back on the basics of calorie management. It’s all about balancing energy, or the amount of calories eaten vs. the amount of calories used by the body. By managing portions, eating a balanced diet from the food groups and not using discretionary calories on high-sugar or high-fat foods, people can maintain a reasonable intake of calories. Regular physical activity can help use calories to provide better balance. Research has shown that subtracting just 100 calories a day from the diet can help manage weight, and eating 500 fewer calories a day can result in losing one pound per week in weight. But every individual is different and it is recommended to involve a physician or dietician in a weight loss plan. Duyff, Roberta Larson. ADA Complete Food and Nutrition Guide. Chicago, IL:AmericanDieteticAssociation, 2006. Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2005.Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2005. American Dietetic Association. 120 South Riverside Plaza, U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1400 Independence Ave. Teresa G. Odle As children, nutrition is important for normal growth and development. As adults, nutrition still promotes health and reduces risk of disease. Studies have shown that Americans have gained weight largely because they eat too much and because they choose to eat the wrong foods. Good nutrition can help prevent weight gain by focusing on consuming calories that are high in nutrients, not in sugars and fat. Nutrition also plays a role in preventing and controlling diseases. For example, poor nutrition can lead to high cholesterol, which causes coronary heart disease. Lowering salt in the diet can control high blood pressure. People with diabetes must follow special diets to control their blood glucose levels. Examples of people with medical conditions and diseases show the effect that certain nutrients, or a lack of certain nutrients, can have on the human body. Some specific diseases linked to poor diet and physical inactivity are cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, osteoporosis, and certain types of cancer. Being overweight, and especially obese, also is linked to many health problems. Eating a poorly balanced diet that is low in nutrients but high in total calories can lead to weight gain. Special diets or nutritional therapy may be used to complement other treatments subscribed by a physician to treat particular diseases and conditions. Examples include: * High cholesterol. Eating a diet high in fiber and low in saturated fats and cholesterol can help keep cholesterol in check. * High blood pressure. Reducing salt and certain fats, as well as reducing overall weight, helps lower blood pressure. Special diets have been developed to lower risk of high blood pressure and heart disease. * Diabetes. Nutrition is critical to adults with type 2 diabetes. They will have to control portions, eat regularly and eat nutrient-rich foods, along with other dietary guidelines. * Anemia. People with anemia need to get more iron from their diets and will be encouraged to eat more foods such as soybeans, spinach, and others. Sometimes, people who are ill need artificial nutrition to help them receive the proper nutrients. The nutrition may come in the form of special drinks that supplement their diets or even be provided through intravenous (IV) injections in a hospital or other facility. Nutrition is important throughout adults’ lives. As younger adults, good nutrition helps keep people strong as they need energy for active lives that may involve athletic pursuits and busy days filled with work and raising children. Pregnant women will need to pay particular attention to nutrition. In the middle years, proper nutrition helps prevent disease and weight gain that normally is associated with aging and lives that may become more sedentary. And as people reach their mature years, nutrition becomes critical, as many people in their later years fail to eat properly due to medical conditions and medications or social factors. Basic food groups The following are the basic food groups included in the pyramid provided by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA): * Grains. The guidelines recommend eating at least three ounces of whole grain bread, cereal, crackers, rice, or pasta every day. At least one-half of all grains should be whole grains, which can be determined by looking for the word ‘‘whole’’ before the grain name on the list of ingredients. * Fruits. A variety of fresh, frozen, or canned fruit is good, but the USDA recommends taking it easy on fruit juices. * Milk, yogurt, and cheeses. The USDA recommends getting plenty of calcium-rich food from low-fat or fat-free milk. People who can’t drink milk should turn to lactose-free products or other sources of calcium, such as hard cheeses and yogurt. The new guidelines encourage eating enough fruits and vegetables to stay within energy needs. Two cups of fruit and about 2 and one-half cups of vegetables per day are adequate for a person consuming 2,000 calories per day. Those eating more or less than 2,000 calories can adjust their fruits and vegetables up or down. Total fat should be between 20% and 35% of calories and most fat should come from polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats. Most people should consume less than about 1 tsp. of salt per day. They also should choose food and beverages with little added sugars or highcalorie sweeteners. Alcohol should be consumed in moderation, about one drink per day for women and two drinks per day for men. Drinking alcohol with meals helps. Adopting a balanced eating pattern The Dietary Guidelines recommend adopting a balanced eating pattern. Using the USDA’s pyramid can help customize a plan or adults can choose the DASH eating plan. DASH is a plan that was created to help prevent high blood pressure by minimizing salt in the diet, by providing a balance of nutrients, and by keeping weight down. Recommendations for specific adult populations Not every adult has the same nutritional needs. In addition to specific nutritional needs related to diseases or activity, the following recommendations apply to certain groups: * People over age 50. Guidelines recommend consuming vitamin B12 in fortified foods or supplements. * Women of childbearing age. If a woman many become pregnant, she should eat iron-rich plant foods or those that help absorb iron, such as vitamin C rich foods. Women in their first trimester of pregnancy should consume adequate synthetic folic acid daily from fortified foods or supplements in addition to food forms from a varied diet. * Older adults, people with dark skin, and people not exposed to sufficient sunlight. These individuals should consume extra vitamin D from vitamin D fortified foods and/or from supplements. Getting adequate nutrients The actual amount of any nutrient a person needs, as well as the amount each individual gets from his or her diet will vary. Many adults do not receive enough calcium from their diets, which can lead to osteoporosis later in life. Other nutrients of concern are potassium, fiber,magnesium, and vitamin E. Some population groups also need to get more vitamin B 12, iron, folic acid, and vitamin D. These nutrients should come from food when possible, then from supplements if necessary. Contacts: [email protected] Corporation. All rights reserved.
The Government misjudged British society at a fatal cost. Yet society is now on a path to legitimising the resulting disaster. Determining the behaviour of nomadic people are two components of society. The first is the capacity of their society to enact a preferred outcome, whether that be having the required horses for war or enough food to fuel migration. The second is culture. Mainly how they view the world and relations between people. Including their ambitions and what behaviour they accept happening within tribes. As our capacity to act moves from the individual to the nation-state or international organisation, and culture becomes the sum of far greater numbers of people and differences, this analytical concept has been dismissed. Yet the coronavirus pandemic was a battle where old met new. It catapulted the frailties of the past into an age that had supposedly mastered its own survival through knowledge and technology. Determining the decisions taken by scientists and politicians, within this crisis of confidence, were the very same concepts that nomadic tribes employed. From the 2011 Influenza Plan, it is clear that the Government believed the UK neither had the capacity or the required culture to prevent the spread of the disease. This thinking led to little effort being made in February to prevent the spread of Covid-19. The plan states how ‘it will not be possible to stop the virus as it will spread too rapidly and too widely’. Border closures were judged ineffectual. The document urges for the economy and education to remain as open as possible. Controls on public transport were not planned. A cause of this thinking was the belief that the British people would not accept significant disruption to their lives. It was believed society would be unlikely to adhere to regulations, even recommending the continuation of large public gatherings as an ‘important indicator of normality’. Britain lacked the culture and capacity to fight influenza in any way other than maintaining normality for as long as possible. ‘During the pandemic the Government will encourage those to carry on with their normal lives whilst taking basic precautions’. This judgment led to a plan that predicted up to 315,000 additional deaths, possibly over as little as fifteen weeks. This was to happen in the knowledge that a vaccine would be available within four to six months. This staggering death toll was not the result of mismanagement or failure, but rather the outcome of Government strategy. On 4th February SAGE recommended that the Government use current ‘influenza pandemic assumptions’. Before predictions of a collapsed NHS and 500,000 deaths, scientists used the same assumptions in determining their plans to fight Covid-19. We could not stop the virus, and people would not be prepared to sacrifice their livelihoods to do so. This strategy was criticised by the WHO, who warned 259,000 deaths would result. Although there was scientific rationale for avoiding such restrictions as SAGE wished to prevent a second wave, it is staggering how incorrectly the Government judged society’s ability to cope. Last week the Bank of England said it was more optimistic than its rosy economic projections made in February. Such estimated GDP to recover rapidly towards pre-Covid levels over 2021 and that a double-hit recession had been avoided. Despite desperation for in-person interaction, technology has ensured the continuation of work and education. The country did have the capacity to cope with lockdown, as well as having the capacity to stop the disease. Border closures once deemed ineffectual are now being advocated to prevent the spread of new variants. More significant however, is how wrongly the state judged the culture of its people. We have since learned that individuals are prepared to sacrifice their livelihoods to save lives. Although the extent and longevity of this sacrifice is surprising, it is not hard to imagine one’s reaction under the planned outcome of an influenza outbreak. The Government predicted a society where amid 315,000 deaths people would continue to use public transport, meet in large stadiums, and parents send kids to school. Studies have shown in March last year people did change their behaviour before lockdown. Fewer people visited friends or family, and more turned to online shopping. This was before any mass restrictions. It was evidence of a natural human reaction. People were scared and acted accordingly after seeing in Italy overwhelmed health systems and army trucks transporting the dead. In the summer, Boris Johnson was astounded at people not returning to the office or taking advantage of fewer restrictions. At each stage, the Government misjudged the cultural priorities of British society. Indeed, across the world when faced with such a threatening virus, people hunkered down in the security of their own homes. Government pandemic strategies have thus been based on incorrect assumptions about the capacity and culture of the UK. In future pandemics, Governments will act more strongly at the beginning, enforcing border closures and social distancing measures, aware of society being able to cope and prepared to sacrifice their livelihoods. Particularly with the former bolstered by the building of domestic industries to manufacture tests and vaccines at speed. Yet there is a contradiction underlying this lesson. Although society has learned just how wrong the government was in the early stages, even though they judged incorrectly something as fundamental as our behaviour in the face of mass deaths, we are also legitimating what has happened. In focus groups run by James Johnson on Matt Chorley’s Times Radio show, voters are frequently legitimating and trying to explain the huge death toll. One voter even wondered whether our anger with the government was because of the bad weather. This is not unexpected. Throughout history in the face of the exceptional, societies have attempted to make it more ordinary. To help explain what has happened by positioning it within their own religious or social interpretation of the world. Through such explanation, exceptional destruction can be legitimated. Even when the Mongols killed around 800,000 civilians in the siege of Baghdad, local Muslims went to strenuous efforts to explain the death toll. The writer and politician Juvayni said it was punishment from Allah for their recent sins. Many Muslims retrospectively converted the Mongol leader Hulegu to Islam, making the destruction more palatable as it was caused by one of their own. This process is underway now, and will be made much easier by a successful vaccine programme helping to obscure the horrible memories of the past year. British society has left a contradictory lesson to politicians and scientists. Individuals are prepared to lockdown and society can just about cope. We have the culture and capacity to do so. This is not a direct repudiation though of those assumptions made in Whitehall about our culture. Society is currently on a path to legitimating and explaining over 100,000 deaths by vouching for the unprecedented nature of the disease or by linking our anger to the weather. This is despite over 50% of deaths occurring in the winter when the government knew far more about the disease. The only question remaining is whether such retrospective legitimation would have been able to take place after an even larger number of deaths. Thankfully, the lessons individuals have taught politicians and scientists over the last year, means governments in the future will be unlikely to try and see. %d bloggers like this:
Skip to main content Geosciences LibreTexts 1.40: Methods For Determining the Age of Earth Materials and Features • Page ID • Contributed by Miracosta Oceanography 101 • Sourced from Miracosta) Methods For Determining the Age of Earth Materials and Features Geochronology, the branch of earth sciences concerned with determining the age of earth materials and events through geologic time. How do geoscientists determine the age of rocks or fossils? How do they figure out how long ago and in what order did geologic processes or events take place? For instance how do they know how often a volcano erupts or how often earthquakes take place. Geologists now have many ways to determine the age of materials using absolute and relative dating methods. Absolute and Relative Dating Methods Absolute dating is a general term applied to a range of techniques that provide estimates of the age of objects, materials, or sites in real calendar years either directly or through a process of calibration with material of known age. There are many methods of absolute dating rocks or other ancient materials. The methods of absolute dating used depends on whether suitable samples are available for testing.
When did obesity become an epidemic in America? According to the findings, the obesity epidemic spread rapidly during the 1990s across all states, regions, and demographic groups in the United States. Obesity (defined as being over 30 percent above ideal body weight) in the population increased from 12 percent in 1991 to 17.9 percent in 1998. When was the obesity epidemic declared? The global nature of the obesity epidemic was formally recognized by a World Health Organization consultation in 1997 ( 39 ). Is obesity an epidemic in America? Despite growing recognition of the problem, the obesity epidemic continues in the U.S., and obesity rates are increasing around the world. The latest estimates are that approximately 34% of adults and 15–20% of children and adolescents in the U.S. are obese. Obesity affects every segment of the U.S. population. Why is obesity becoming an epidemic? The high caloric density and trans-fat content of fast food are only some of the factors contributing to the obesity epidemic. In the past 30 years, the portion sizes of many foods have increased, leading to increased energy intake. IT IS INTERESTING: How was the BMI chart developed? What was the obesity rate in 1950? For men, the incidence of overweight rose from 21.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 17.6-26.5) in the 1950s to 35.2% (95% CI, 28.6-42.5) in the 1990s; of obesity from 5.8% (95% CI, 4.4-7.6) to 14.8% (95% CI, 12.2-17.9); and of stage 2 obesity from 0.2% (95% CI, 0.1-0.9) to 5.4% (95% CI, 4.0-7.2). What is the obesity pandemic? The epidemic of obesity has become pandemic, defined as an epidemic occurring over a wide geographic area and affecting an exceptionally high proportion of the population. … Household pets ((54)) in America and wild bears that forage outside fast food establishments in the American West have also become obese ((55)). WHO declared obesity an epidemic? The recognition of obesity as a disease was in theory established in 1948 by WHO’s (World Health Organization) taking on the International Classification of Diseases but the early highlighting of the potential public health problem in the United States and the United Kingdom 35 years ago was considered irrelevant … Is America the most obese country? Epidemiological data show that, among high-income countries, obesity prevalence is highest in the United States and Mexico. What is the fattest country? What is the fattest state in America? Here are the states with the highest rates of obesity: • Mississippi. • West Virginia. • Arkansas. • Tennessee. • Kentucky. • South Carolina. • Louisiana. • Oklahoma. How do we fix obesity in America? 1. Integrating physical activity into people’s daily lives. 2. Making healthy food and beverage options available everywhere. 3. Transforming marketing and messages about nutrition and activity. 4. Making schools a gateway to healthy weights. 5. Galvanizing employers and health care professionals to support healthy lifestyles. IT IS INTERESTING: Frequent question: How does age affect basal metabolic rate? 11 мая 2012 г. How bad is obesity in America? Obesity defined as a chronic disease by leading medical associations. Obesity has become a serious health problem in the United States (US): nearly 35% of Americans have obesity. Is obesity the number one health problem in America? What is the obesity rate in America 2020? The U.S. Obesity Rate Now Tops 40% 27, 2020, at 12:01 a.m. It’s been two decades since federal health officials said the U.S. was experiencing a “growing obesity epidemic” that was putting millions of lives at stake – but the situation has gotten significantly worse since 1999. What is the obesity rate in America 2019? With the latest data from the NHANES showing that 39.6 percent of adults and 18.5 percent of children ages 2 to 19 in America have obesity, the State of Obesity report noted that “these are the highest rates ever documented by NHANES.” What is my IBM? Adult BMI CalculatorBMIWeight StatusBelow 18.5Underweight18.5—24.9Normal25.0—29.9Overweight30.0 and AboveObese Health PRO
Where do we find adipose tissue? Where is adipose tissue located in your body and what is it function? Adipose tissue is primarily located beneath the skin, but is also found around internal organs. In the integumentary system, which includes the skin, it accumulates in the deepest level, the subcutaneous layer, providing insulation from heat and cold. Around organs, it provides protective padding. Where is adipose tissue most abundant? IT IS INTERESTING: How can knowing your BMI help you? Where is the adipose tissue found quizlet? Where is white adipose tissue located? Located: subcutaneous fat, mammary glands, greater omentum, visceral pericardium. Is adipose tissue found in the dermis? Subcutaneous tissueLatintela subcutaneaMeSHD040521TA98A16.0.03.001TA27083Ещё 7 строк What is an example of adipose tissue? In humans, adipose tissue is located: beneath the skin (subcutaneous fat), around internal organs (visceral fat), in bone marrow (yellow bone marrow), intermuscular (Muscular system) and in the breast (breast tissue). Adipose tissue is found in specific locations, which are referred to as adipose depots. Can you lose adipose tissue? It is possible to lose both subcutaneous and visceral fat. While subcutaneous fat loss might be the goal for people who want to fit into smaller clothes, losing visceral fat improves health. Is human fat yellow? When you eat, the brains responds to the insulin, prompting it to send signals to adipocyte cells to turn brown. Then, when you’re not eating, the adipocyte cells switch back to white to save energy. White fat cells — also called yellow fat cells — are what you typically think of when it comes to fat. How do you reduce adipose tissue? A recent study has found that certain forms of exercise can reduce adipose tissue mass by up to 32%. A secondary analysis of a randomized trial found that resistance training can reduce pericardial and epicardial adipose tissue mass by 32% and 24%, respectively. IT IS INTERESTING: How do you calculate BMI with body fat? What causes loss of adipose tissue? What is adipose tissue and its function? The adipose tissue is a central metabolic organ in the regulation of whole-body energy homeostasis. The white adipose tissue functions as a key energy reservoir for other organs, whereas the brown adipose tissue accumulates lipids for cold-induced adaptive thermogenesis. What type of fat is stored in adipose tissue quizlet? They contain lipids. storage depots for neutral fats, chiefly triglycerides (long-chain fatty acyl esters of glycerol), adipocytes function as key regulators of the body’s overall energy metabolism, the advantage it has over glucose is that it can produce more ATP per molecule and it’s 2x the caloric density. What type of fat is stored in adipose tissue? How do you identify adipose tissue? Adipose tissue in the adult human appears white or yellowish in colour. In foetal life and in the newborn there is another variety of fat that is brownish in colour. The brown colour is in fact due to blood vessels. Brown fat is also present in adult animals of species which hibernate. What are three functions of adipose tissue? Adipose tissue helps to store energy in the form of fat, cushion internal organs, and insulate the body. There are three types of adipose tissue: white, brown, and beige adipose. White adipose stores energy and helps to insulate the body. Brown and beige adipose tissue burn energy and generate heat. IT IS INTERESTING: Quick Answer: Is BMI and Ascap the same? How deep is the fat layer? Its thickness depends on where it is located on the body. For example, it’s thinnest on the eyelids (half a millimeter). It’s thickest on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet (1.5 millimeters). Health PRO
Artificial Neural Network The purpose of a neural network is to learn to recognize patterns in your data. Once the neural network has been trained on samples of your data, it can make predictions by detecting similar patterns in future data. Software that learns is truly “Artificial Intelligence”. Neural Networks are the epitome of Artificial Intelligence. And then there is Unsupervised Learning which is regarded as the Holy Grail of Deep Learning. An Unsupervised ANN is the cosmos of Artificial Intelligence. Unsupervised learning is done without the supervision of a teacher. This learning process is independent. During the training of ANN under unsupervised learning, the input vectors of similar type are combined to form clusters. Unsupervised Artificial Neural Network capable of learning and adapting to new information over time will be the breakthrough we all are working for. It would be something like Data’s positronic brain. Something completely conscious of its surroundings and capable of making decisions based not only on 0s and 1s but on a quantum level. The most enthralling achievement would be to create such an artificial intelligence system using quantum technology. P.S. This is the most thrilling work I have ever given a try. Categories: Technology 4 replies Leave a Reply to kvetchkvetchkvetch22 Cancel reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
Lameck Chibago in Tanzania carefully looks after the solar panel on the roof of his house. From: Sustainable energy – Footsteps 114 Practical examples of how off-grid sustainable energy can improve people’s day-to-day lives Fireless cookers are a simple and effective way to reduce the amount of firewood, gas or electricity needed to cook a meal. The food is partially cooked using a fire or stove. The covered pot is then placed in the fireless cooker where insulation keeps the pot warm and allows the food to carry on cooking. As well as saving fuel, fireless cookers can reduce the amount of water used in cooking by a quarter. This is because water is prevented from evaporating, preserving nutrients and flavours. Fireless cookers are also known as hay boxes, straw boxes, insulation cookers or retained-heat cookers. How to make a fireless cooker 1. Prepare or make a basket, box or other container, making sure that it is big enough for both the cooking pot and the insulating material. 2. Line the inside of the container with strong fabric, leaving space for insulation to be placed between the container and the lining. 3. Tightly pack insulating material such as hay, sawdust, rice husks or recycled clothing between the container and the lining, ensuring that there are no gaps which would allow heat to escape. 4. Check that the cooking pot will fit snugly inside the insulated container. 5. Stitch the lining to hold the insulation in place, sewing the top of the lining to the outside of the container. 6. Add an insulated cushion to the bottom of the container and make a second cushion to put on top of the cooking pot. How to use the cooker If the food is left too long in the fireless cooker at 50–60 degrees Centigrade it may result in the growth of harmful bacteria. To avoid this problem, make sure the food is cooked for long enough at a high temperature before it is placed in the fireless cooker as this will kill any bacteria. If in doubt, reheat the food to boiling point on your normal stove before eating. For more information, visit and search ‘fireless cooker’ Similarly Tagged Content Share this resource Sign up now to get Footsteps magazine Cover of Footsteps 112: Communicable diseases Sign up now
2. The Main Course of American History and Its Next Stage Название2. The Main Course of American History and Its Next Stage Размер0.87 Mb. means before the end could be attained. Mental concepts of specific use preceded both the design and construction of these special-purpose tools. Each of the subsequent steps in the improvement of tool using and tool making likewise resulted in the economising of labour time, an increased productivity of labour, better living conditions, and the growth of man’s intellectual abilities. The motive force of human history comes from the greater productivity of labour made possible by decisive advances in the techniques and tools of production. This can be seen in the development of hunting. At first, mankind could as a rule capture only small and slow animals. Regular consumption of big game was made possible by the invention of such hunting weapons as the thrusting spear, the throwing spear, the spear-thrower, and the bow and arrow. The latter was the first device capable of storing energy for release when desired. These implements increased the range and striking force of primitive hunters and enabled them to slaughter the largest and fleetest animals. All the basic hand tools in use today — the axe, adze, knife, drill, scraper, chisel, saw — were invented during the Stone Age. The first metal, bronze, did not replace stone as the preferred material for tool making until about 3500 years ago. Metal not only imparted a far more efficient and durable cutting edge to tools but enabled them to be resharpened instead of thrown away after becoming dulled. During the period when bronze tools were the chief implements of production, means and standards of measurements were devised; mathematics and surveying were developed; a calendar was calculated; and great advances were made in sculpturing. Such basic inventions as the potter’s wheel, the balance scale, the keystone arch, sailing vessels, and glass bottles were created. About 2500 years ago, iron, the most durable, plentiful and cheap metal, began to displace bronze in tool making. The introduction of iron tools tremendously advanced productivity and skills in agriculture and craftsmanship. They enabled more food to be grown and better clothing and shelter to be made with less expenditure of time and energy; they gave rise to many comforts and conveniences. Iron tools made possible many of the achievements of Greece and Rome, from the Acropolis of Athens to the tunnels, bridges, sewers, and buildings of Rome. The energy for all these earlier means and modes of production was supplied exclusively by human muscles, which, after the domestication of herds, was supplemented to some extent by animal muscle power. The Industrial Revolution of the 18th century was based upon the utilisation of energy from other sources, from fossil fuels such as coal. The combination of mechanical power generated by steam engines, machine tools, improved implements, and production machinery, plus the increased use of iron and steel, have multiplied society’s powers of production to their present point. Nowadays, machines and tools operated by mechanical and electrical power are the principal material organs of our industry and agriculture alike. The most up-to-date machine tools have been developed out of simple hand tools. While using hand tools, men began to understand and employ the advantages of the lever, the pulley, the inclined plane, the wheel and axle, and the screw to multiply their strength. These physical principles were later combined and applied in the making of machine tools. This entire development of technology is organically associated with and primarily responsible for the development of mankind’s intellectual abilities. This is pointed out in the following explanatory paragraph from the Do-All Corporation exhibit: Machine tools perform in complicated ways the same basic functions and operations as hand tools. These basic functions were established by hand-held stone tools shaped by primitive man. It was through devising and using hand-wrought stone tools that mankind developed powers of mental and bodily coordination … and this in turn accelerated the increase in men’s mental capabilities. Such ideas about the influence of technology upon thought, taken from the publication of a respectable capitalist corporation, resemble those to be found in the writings of Marx and Engels. The thought-controllers may try to drive historical materialism out of the socialist door, but here it sneaks back in through a capitalist window. The Do-All exhibit demonstrates that the evolution of tools can be arranged in a chronological series and ascending order, from wood and stone hand tools through metal hand tools to power-driven machine tools. Is it likewise possible to mark off corresponding successive stages in social organisation? Historical materialism answers this question affirmatively. On the broadest basis — and every big division of history can be broken down for special purposes into lesser ones — three main stages can be distinguished in man’s rise from animality to the atomic age: savagery, barbarism, and civilisation.a Napoleon said that an army marches on its stomach. This has been true of the forward march of the army of humanity. The acquisition of food has been the overriding aim of social production at all times, for men cannot survive, let alone progress, without regularly satisfying their hunger. The principal epochs in the advancement of humanity can therefore be divided according to the decisive improvements effected in securing food supplies. Savagery, the infancy of humanity, constitutes that period when people depend for food upon what nature provides ready-made. Their food may come from plants, such as fruit or roots, from insects, birds or animals, or from seashore or sea life. At this stage, men forage for their food much like beasts of prey or grub for it like other animals — with these all-important differences: they cooperate with one another, and they employ crude tools along with other means and powers of production to assist them in “appropriating” the means of subsistence for their collective use. The chief economic activities at this stage are foraging for food, hunting, and fishing; and they were developed in that sequence. The club and spear enable the savage to capture the raw materials for his meals, clothing, and shelter — all of which are embodied in animals on the hoof. The net catches fish and the fire prepares it for consumption. The Indians of southern California were at this stage when the first white settlers arrived two centuries ago. Barbarism is the second stage of social organisation. It was based upon the domestication of animals and the cultivation of plants. Food is now not merely collected but produced. The domestication of cattle, sheep, pigs, and other animals provided reserves of meat as well as food in the form of milk from goats and cows. The planting and growing of crops made regular and plentiful food supplies available. This food-producing revolution, which started in Asia from six to ten thousand years ago, relieved mankind from subjection to external nature for the first time. Up to that point humanity had to rely upon what the natural environment contained to take care of its needs and had been dependent for survival upon completely external and uncontrollable natural conditions. Entire stocks and cultures of people arose, flourished, and then succumbed, like plant or animal species, in response to the beneficence or hostility of nature around them. For example, about twenty to thirty thousand years ago, there arose a society centred around southern France called the Reindeer Culture. These people thrived by hunting huge reindeer and other herds that browsed upon the lush vegetation there. The drawings they made, which have been discovered in caves over the past 75 years, testify to the keenness of their eyes and minds and the trained sensitivity of their hands and place them among the most superb artists that have ever appeared on earth. However, when changed climatic and botanic conditions caused the reindeer herds to vanish, their entire culture, and very likely the people as well, died out. The early hunters had no assured control over their mobile sources of food. The insecurity of savage life was largely overcome, or at least considerably reduced, with the advent of stock breeding, and especially with the development of agricultural techniques. For the first time, methods were instituted for obtaining extensive and expanding supplies of food products and fibres by systematic and sustained activities of working groups. These branches of economic activity made much larger and more compact populations possible. These activities and their increased output provided the elements for the higher culture of barbarism. Farming and stock raising led to the development of such handicrafts as smelting and pottery, as accumulated food supplies generated the need to store and transport articles for the first time. Men became more stationary; denser populations aggregated; permanent dwellings were built; and village life sprang into existence. In their further and final development, the economic activities under barbarism created the prerequisites for the coming of civilisation. The material foundation for civilisation was the capacity acquired by the most advanced peoples for the regular production of far more food and goods than were required for the physical maintenance of their members. These surpluses had two results. They permitted specific sections of the communities to engage in diversified activities other than the direct acquisition and production of the basic means of life. Such specialists as priests, nobles, kings, officials, smiths, potters, traders, builders, and other craftsmen made their appearance. With the growth of specialisation and the extension of trade, the top layers of these groups moved into strategic positions that enabled the more fortunate and powerful to appropriate large personal shares of the surplus of wealth. The drive to increase personal wealth flowing from the growing social division of labour and exchange of goods, led in time to the development of private property, the family, slavery, class divisions, commodity production on a large scale, trade, money, the city, and the territorial state with its army, police, courts, and other relations and institutions characteristic of civilisation. In its evolution to our own century, civilised society can be divided into three main epochs: slavery, feudalism, and capitalism. Each of these is marked off by the special way in which the ruling propertied class at the head of the social setup manages to extract the surplus wealth upon which it lives from the labouring mass who directly create it. This entire period covers little more than the past five to six thousand years. Civilisation was ushered in and raised upon direct slavery. The very economic factors that broke up barbarism and made civilised life possible likewise provided the material preconditions for the use of slave labour. The division of labour based upon tending herds, raising crops, mining metals, and fashioning goods for sale enabled the most advanced societies to produce more than the actual labourers required for their maintenance. This made slavery both possible and profitable for the first time. It gave the most powerful stimulus to the predatory appetites of individual possessors of the means of production who strove to acquire and increase their surpluses of wealth. Slave production and ownership became the economic foundation of a new type of social organisation, the source of supreme power, prestige, and privileges. And it eventually reshaped the whole structure of civilised life. Chattel slavery was an extremely significant human contrivance — and it is distinctively human. Animals may feed upon carcasses of other animals, but they do not live upon the surpluses they create. Although we rightly recoil against any manifestations of servitude today and burn to abolish its last vestiges, it should be recognised that in its heyday slavery had imperative reasons for existence and persistence. Science demands that every phenomenon be approached, analysed, and appraised with objectivity, setting aside personal reactions of admiration or abhorrence. Historical materialism has to explain why slavery came to be adopted by the most advanced contingents of mankind. The principal reason was that, along with the private ownership of the means of production and the widening exchange of its products, slave labour increased the forces of production, multiplied wealth, comforts and culture — although only for the lucky few — and, on the whole, spurred mankind forward for an entire historical period. Without the extension of slave labour, there would not have been incentives unremitting enough to pile up wealth on a sizable scale that could then be applied to further the productive processes. The historical necessity for slavery can be illustrated along two lines. The peoples who failed to adopt slave labour likewise did not proceed to civilisation, however excellent their other qualities and deeds. They remained below that level because their economy lacked the inner drive of the force of greed and the dynamic propulsion arising from the slaveholder’s need to exploit the slave to augment his wealth. That is a negative demonstration. But there is more positive proof. Those states based on some form of servitude, such as the most brilliant cultures of antiquity from Babylon and Egypt to Greece and Rome, also contributed the most to the civilising processes, from wheeled carts and the plough to writing and philosophy. These societies stood in the main line of social progress. But if slavery had sufficient reasons for becoming the beginning and basis of ancient civilisation, in turn and in time it generated the conditions and forces which would undermine and overthrow it. Once slavery became the predominant form of production either in industry, as in Greece, or in agriculture, as in Rome, it no longer furthered the development of agricultural techniques, craftsmanship, trade, or navigation. The slave empires of antiquity stagnated and disintegrated until after a lapse of centuries they were replaced by two main types of feudal organisation: Asiatic and West European. Both of these new forms of production and social organisation were superior to slavery, but the West European turned out to be far more productive and dynamic. Under feudalism the labourers got more of their produce than did the slaves; they even had access to the land and other means of production. Serfs and peasants had greater freedom of activity and could acquire more culture. As the result of a long list of technological and other social advances, merging with a sequence of exceptional historical circumstances, feudalised Europe became the nursery for the next great stage of class society, capitalism. How and why did capitalism originate? Once money had arisen from the extension of trading several thousand years ago, its use as capital became possible. Merchants could add to their wealth by buying goods cheap and selling them dear; moneylenders and mortgage holders could gain interest on sums advanced on the security of land or other collateral. These practices were common in both slave and feudal societies. But if money could be used in precapitalist times to return more than the original investment, other conditions had to be fulfilled before capitalism could become established as a separate and definite world economic system. The central condition was a special kind of transaction regularly repeated on a growing scale. Large numbers of propertyless workers had to hire themselves to the possessors of money and the other means of production in order to earn a livelihood. Hiring and firing seem to us a normal way of carrying on production. But such peoples as the Indians never knew it. Before the Europeans came, no Indian ever worked for a boss (the word itself was imported by the Dutch), because they possessed their own means of livelihood. The slave may have been purchased, but he belonged to and worked for the master his whole life long. The feudal serf or tenant was likewise bound for life to the lord and his land. The epoch-making innovation upon which capitalism rested was the institution of working for wages as the dominant relation of production. Most of you have gone into the labour market, to an employment agency or personnel office, to get a buyer for your labour power. The employer buys this power at prevailing wage rates by the hour, day, or week and then applies it under his supervision to produce commodities that his company subsequently sells at a profit. That profit is derived from the fact that wage workers produce more value than the capitalist pays for their labour. Up to the 20th century, this mechanism for pumping surplus labour out of the working masses and transferring the surpluses of wealth they create to the personal credit of the capitalist was the mightiest accelerator of the productive forces and the expansion of civilisation. As a distinct economic system, capitalism is only about 450 years old; it has conquered the world and journeyed from dawn to twilight in that time. This is a short life span compared to savagery, which stretched over a million years or more, or to barbarism, which prevailed for four thousand to five thousand years. Obviously, the processes of social transformation have been considerably speeded up in modern times. This speeding up in social progress is due in large measure to the very nature of capitalism, which continually revolutionises its techniques of production and the entire range of social relations issuing from them. Since its birth, world capitalism has passed through three such phases of internal transformation. In its formative period, the merchants were the dominant class of capitalists because trade was the main source of wealth accumulation. Under commercial capitalism, industry and agriculture, the pillars of production, were not usually carried on by wage labour but by means of small handicrafts, peasant farming, slave or serf labour. The industrial age was launched around the beginning of the 19th century with the application of steam power to the first mechanised processes, concentrating large numbers of wage workers into factories. The capitalist captains of this large-scale industry became masters of the field of production and later of entire countries and continents as their riches, their legions of wage labourers, social and political power, swelled to majestic proportions. This vigorous, expanding, progressive, confident, competitive stage of industrial capitalism dominated the 19th century. It passed over into the monopoly-ridden capitalism of the 20th century, which has carried all the basic tendencies of capitalism, and especially its most reactionary features, to extremes in economic, political, cultural, and international relations. While the processes of production have become more centralised, more rationalised, more socialised, the means of production and the wealth of the world have become concentrated in giant financial and industrial combines. So far as the capitalist sectors of society are involved, this process has been brought to the point where the capitalist monopolies of a single country, the US, dictate to all the rest. The most important question to be asked at this point is: What is the destiny of the development of civilisation in its capitalist form? Disregarding in-between views, which at bottom evade the answer, two irreconcilable viewpoints assert themselves, corresponding to the world outlooks of two opposing classes. The spokesmen for capitalism say that nothing more remains to be done except to perfect their system as it stands, and it can roll on and on and on. The Do-All Corporation, for example, which published so instructive a chart on the evolution of tools, declares that more and better machine tools, which they hope will be bought at substantial profit from their company, will guarantee continued progress and prosperity for capitalist America — without the least change in existing class relations. Socialists give a completely different answer based upon an incomparably more penetrating, correct, and comprehensive analysis of the movement of history, the structure of capitalism, and the struggles presently agitating the world around us. The historical function of capitalism is not to perpetuate itself indefinitely but to create the conditions and prepare the forces that will bring about its own replacement by a more efficient form of material production and a higher type of social organisation. Just as capitalism supplanted feudalism and slavery, and civilisation swept aside savagery and barbarism, so the time has come for capitalism itself to be superseded. How and by whom is this revolutionary transformation to be effected? In the last century, Marx made a scientific analysis of the workings of the capitalist system which explained how its inner contradictions would bring about its downfall. The revolutions of our own century since 1917 are demonstrating in real life that capitalism is due to be relegated to the museum of antiquities. It is worthwhile to understand the inexorable underlying causes of these developments, which appear so inexplicable and abhorrent to the upholders of the capitalist system. Capitalism has produced many things, good and bad, in the course of its evolution. But the most vital and valuable of all the social forces it has created is the industrial working class. The capitalist class has brought into existence a vast army of wage labourers, centralised and disciplined, and set it into motion for its own purposes, to make and operate the machines, factories, and all the other production and transportation facilities from which its profits emanate. The exploitation and abuses, inherent and inescapable in the capitalist organisation of economic life, provoke the workers time and again to organise themselves and undertake militant action to defend their elementary interests. The struggle between these conflicting social classes is today the dominant and driving force of world and American history, just as the conflict between the bourgeois-led forces against the precapitalist elements was the motivating force of history in the immediately preceding centuries. The current struggle, which has been gathering momentum and expanding its scope for a hundred years, has entered its decisive phase on a world scale. Except for Cuba, the preliminary battles between the procapitalist and the anticapitalist forces have so far been waged to a conclusion in countries outside the Western Hemisphere. Sooner or later, however, they are bound to break out and be fought to a finish within this country, which is not only the stronghold of capitalist power but also the home of the best-organised and technically most proficient working class on this globe. The main line of development in America, no less than the course of world history, points to such a conclusion. Why is this so? We have reviewed the course by which humanity climbed out of the animal state, and we have marked the successive steps in that climb. Mankind had to crawl through savagery for a million years or more, walk through barbarism, and then, with shoulders hunched and head bowed, enter the iron gates of class society. There, for thousands of years, mankind endured a harsh schooling under the rod and rule of private property, which began with slavery and reached its highest form in capitalist civilisation. Now our own age stands, or rather struggles, at the entrance to socialism. Let us now pass from the historical progress of mankind, viewed as a whole, to inspect one of its parts, the United States of North America. Because US imperialism is the mainstay of the international capitalist system, the role of the American people is crucial in deciding how quickly and how well humanity crosses the great divide between the class society of the past and the reorganisation and reinvigoration of the world along socialist lines. I shall try to give brief answers to the following four questions: What has been the course of American history in its essentials? What are its connections with the march of the rest of humankind? What has been the outcome to date? Finally, where do we fit into the picture? American history breaks sharply into two fundamentally different epochs. One belongs to the aboriginal inhabitants, the Indians; the other starts with the coming of white Europeans to America at the end of the 15th century. The beginnings of human activity in the Western Hemisphere are still obscure. But it is surmised that from 20 to 30 thousand years ago, early Stone Age Asiatics, thanks to favourable climatic conditions which united that part of Alaska with Siberia, crossed over the Bering Strait and slowly made their way throughout North, Central, and South America. Later streams of migration may have brought the practices of gardening with them. It is upon these bequests that the Indians fashioned their type of existence. Whoever regards the Indians as insignificant or incompetent has defective historical judgment. Humanity has been raised to its present estate by four branches of productive activity. The first is food gathering, which includes grubbing for roots and berries as well as hunting and fishing. The second is stock raising. The third is agriculture. The fourth is craftsmanship, graduating into large-scale industry. The Indians were extremely adept at hunting, fishing, and other ways of food gathering. They were ingenious craftsmen whose work in some fields has never been excelled. The Incas, for example, made textiles which were extremely fine in texture, colouring, and design. They invented and used more different techniques of weaving on their hand looms than any other people in history. However, the Indians showed the greatest talent in their development of agriculture. They may even have independently invented soil cultivation. In any case they brought it to diversified perfection. We are indebted to the Indians for most of the vegetables that today come from the fields and through the kitchens onto our tables. Most important are corn, potatoes, and beans, but there is in addition a considerable list including tomatoes, chilli, pineapples, peanuts, avocados, and for after dinner purposes, tobacco. They knew and used the properties of 400 separate species of plants. No plant cultivated by the American Indians was known to Asia, Europe, or Africa prior to the white invasion of America. Much is heard about all that white men brought over to the Indians, but little about what the Indians gave the European whites. The introduction of the food plants taken from the Indians more than doubled the available food supply of the older continent after the 15th century and became an important factor in the expansion of capitalist civilisation. Over half of the agricultural produce raised in the world today comes from plants domesticated by the Indians! From the first to the 15th centuries, the Indians themselves created magnificent, even astounding cultures on the basis of their achievements in agriculture. Agriculture enabled some of the scattered and roving hunting tribes of Indians to aggregate in small but permanent settlements where they supported themselves by growing corn, beans, and other vegetables. They also raised and wove cotton, made pottery, and developed other handicrafts. The Incas of the Andes, the Mayans of Guatemala and Yucatan, and the Aztecs of central Mexico, unaffected by European civilisation and having developed independently, constituted the most advanced of the Indian societies. Their cultures embodied the utmost the Indians were able to accomplish within the 25,000 years or so allotted them by history. In fact, the Mayans had made mathematical and astronomical calculations more complex and advanced than those of the European invaders. They had independently invented the zero for use in their number system — something even the Greeks and Romans had lacked. Indians progressed as far as the middle stage of barbarism and were stopped there. Whether or not, given unlimited time and no interference from more powerful and productive peoples, they would have mounted all the way to civilisation must remain unanswered. This much can be stated: they had formidable obstacles to overcome along such a path. The Indians did not have such important domesticated animals as the horse, cow, pig, sheep, or water buffalo that had pulled the Asians and Europeans along toward civilisation. They had only the dog, turkey, guinea pig, and, in the Andean highlands, llamas, alpacas, and, in some places, bees. Moreover, they did not use the wheel, except for toys, did not know the use of iron or firearms, and did not have other prerequisites for civilising themselves. However, history in the other part of the globe settled this question without further appeal. For, while the most advanced Indians had been moving up from wandering hunters’ lives to those of settlers in barbaric communities, the Europeans, themselves an offspring of Asiatic culture, had not only entered class society but had become highly civilised. Their most progressive segments along the Atlantic seaboard were passing over from feudalism to capitalism. This uneven development of society in the Old World and the New provided the historical setting for the second great turning point in American history. What was the essential meaning of the upheaval initiated by the west European crossing of the Atlantic? It represented the transition from the Stone Age to the Iron Age in America, from barbaric to civilised modes of life, from tribal organisation based upon collectivist practices to a society rooted in private property, production for exchange, the family, the state, and so forth. Few spectacles in history are more dramatic and instructive than the confrontation and conflict between the Indian representatives of communal Stone Age life and the armed agents of class civilisation. Science fiction tells about visitations to this planet by Martians in flying saucers. To the Indians, the first visitations of the white men were no less startling and incomprehensible. To the Indians, these white men had completely alien customs, standards, and ways of life. They were strange in appearance and behaviour. In fact, the differences between the two were so profound as to be irreconcilable. What was the root cause of the enduring and deadly clash between them? They represented two utterly incompatible levels of social organisation that had grown out of and were based upon dissimilar conditions and were heading toward entirely different goals. Even at its height, Indian life was based upon tribal collectivism and its crude technology. Indian psychology was fashioned by such social institutions. The Indians not only did not have the wheel, iron, or the alphabet — they also lacked the institutions, ideas, feelings, and aims of civilised peoples who had been moulded by the technology and culture of an acquisitive society. These conditions had stamped out a very special kind of human being as the peculiar product of civilisation based upon private ownership. The most highly developed Indians subsisted on agriculture. But their agriculture was not of the same economic mode as that of the newcomers. The major means of producing food by soil cultivation belonged to the entire tribe and nothing in its production or distribution could be exclusively claimed by individual owners. This was true of the principal means of production, the land itself. When the Europeans arrived at these shores, all the way from the Atlantic to the Pacific there was not a single foot of ground that a person could stand on and assert: “This belongs to my solitary private self, or to my little family — all others keep off and stay out.” The land belonged to the whole people. It was quite otherwise with the white men, the bearers of the new and higher type of society. To them it appeared natural and necessary, as it still does to most citizens of this country, that almost everything on earth should pass into someone’s private ownership. Clothes, houses, weapons of war, tools, ships, even human beings themselves, could be bought and sold. It was in the shiny embodiment of precious metals that private property became not only the cornerstone of worldly existence but even opened up the gates of heaven, Columbus wrote to Queen Isabella as follows: “Gold constitutes treasure and he who possesses it has all he needs in this world as also the means of rescuing souls from purgatory and restoring them to the enjoyment of paradise.” This was literally true at that time because rich Catholics could buy indulgences for their sins from the Pope. Cortez is said to have told some natives of Mexico: “We Spaniards are troubled with a disease of the heart for which we find gold, and gold only, a specific remedy.” The doctrine of the European whites was that everything must have its price, whether it pertains to present happiness or future salvation. This idea remains the guideline for the plutocratic rulers of our own day, who in their campaigns to dominate the world not only buy up individuals but even whole governments. In their quest for gold and lust for gain, Columbus and the conquistadores enslaved and killed thousands of West Indians in the islands they discovered. And that was only the beginning. Viewed from the heights of world history, this turning point in America was characterised by the conjuncture of two revolutionary processes. The first was the shift of maritime Europe from a feudal to a bourgeois basis. Part of this revolutionising of Western Europe was a push outward as the capitalist traders extended their operations throughout the globe. Their exploring, marketing, pirating expeditions brought the emissaries of the budding bourgeois society in Europe across the ocean and into collision with the Indians. The rape of the ancient cultures of the Aztecs and Incas, the enslavement and extermination of the natives by the Spanish conquerors and others, was a collateral offensive of this European revolution on our own continent. Through the extension of the revolutionary process, the peoples of the Stone Age here were overcome and supplanted by the most advanced representatives of class civilisation. This was not the only continent on which such a process took place. What happened from the 15th to the 19th centuries in the New World had taken place much earlier in western Europe itself; and it was to reach into the most remote sectors of the world, as capitalism has spread over the earth from that time to our own. The contest between the Stone Age peoples and the representatives of the bourgeois epoch was fiercely fought. Their wars stretched over four centuries and ended in the disintegration, dispossession, or destruction of the prehistoric cultures and the unchallenged supremacy of class society. With the advent of the white Europeans (as well as the enslaved coloured Africans who were transported here by them), American history was switched onto an entirely different set of rails, a new course marked out by the needs of a young, expanding world capitalism. We come now to a most crucial question: What has been the main line of American growth since 1492? Various answers are given — the growth of national independence, the spread of democracy, the coming into his own of the common man, or the expansion of industry. Each of these familiar formulas taught in the schools does record some aspect of the process, but none goes to the heart of the matter. The correct answer to the question is that despite detours en route, the main line of American history has consisted in the construction and consolidation of capitalist civilisation, which has been carried to its ultimate in our own day. Any attempt to explain the development of American society since the 16th century will be brought up against this fact. The discovery, exploration, settlement, cultivation, exploitation, democratisation, and industrialisation of this continent must all be seen as successive steps in promoting the building of bourgeois society. This is the only interpretation of the decisive events in the past 450 years in North America that makes sense, gives continuity and coherence to our complex history, distinguishes the mainstream from tributaries, and is validated by the development of American society. Everything in our national history has to be referred to, and linked up with, the process of establishing the capitalist way of life in its most pronounced and, today, its most pernicious form. This is commonly called “The American Way of Life”. A more realistic and honest characterisation would be the capitalist way of life because, as I shall indicate, this is destined to be only a historically limited and passing expression of civilised life in America. The central importance of the formation and transformation of bourgeois society can be demonstrated in another way. What is the most outstanding peculiarity of American history since the coming of the Europeans? There have been many peculiarities in the history of this country; in some ways this is a very peculiar country. But what marks off American life from the development of the other great nations of the world is that the growth and construction of American society falls entirely within the epoch of the expansion of capitalism on a global scale. That is the key to understanding American history, whether you deal with colonial history, 19th-century history, or 20th-century history. It is not true of other leading countries such as England, Germany, Russia, India, Japan, or China. These countries passed through prolonged periods of slave or feudal civilisation that left their stamp upon them to this very day. Look at MacArthur’s preservation of that feudal relic, the emperor of Japan, or that Sunday supplement delight, the monarchy of England. America, on the other hand, leaped from savagery and barbarism to capitalism, tipping its hat along the way to slavery and feudalism, which held no more than subordinate places in building the bourgeois system. In a couple of centuries, the American people hurried through stages of social development that took the rest of mankind many thousands of years. But there was close interconnection between these two processes. If the rest of mankind had not already made these acquisitions, we Americans would not have been able to rush ahead so far and so fast. The tasks of pioneers are invariably harder and take far longer to accomplish. The fusion of the antifeudal revolution in Europe with the wars of extermination against the Indians ushered in the bourgeois epoch of American history. This period has stretched over 450 years. It falls into three distinct phases, each marked off by revolutionary changes in American life. The first period is that of colonial America, which extended from 1500 to the passage of the US Constitution in 1788-89. If we analyse the social forms and economic forces of American life during these three centuries, colonial America, the formative period of our civilisation, stands out as an exceptional blending of precapitalist agencies with the oncoming capitalist forms and forces of production. The tribal collectivism of the Indians was being transformed, pushed back, annihilated; remnants of feudalism were imported from Europe and transplanted here. The ranchos of southern California in the early 19th century had been preceded by colonial baronies; entire colonies such as Maryland and Pennsylvania were owned by landed proprietors who had been given title to them by the English monarchy. Big planters exploited white indentured servants and coloured chattel slaves who in many places provided the main labour forces. Alongside them were hundreds of thousands of small farmers, hunters, trappers, artisans, traders, merchants, and others associated with the new forms of ownership and economic activity and animated by customs, feelings, and ideas stemming from the capitalism which was advancing in Europe and now beginning to flourish on this side of the Atlantic. The fundamental question posed by this development was — which would prevail, the precapitalist or the capitalist forces? This was the axis of the social struggles within the colonies and even of the incessant wars for possession of the New World among the European nations, which characterised the colonial period. The showdown on this front came in the years between 1763 and 1789, the period of the preparation, outbreak, waging, and conclusion of the first American revolution. This was the first stage of the bourgeois-democratic revolution on this continent. It assumed the form of a war between the rulers and supporters of Great Britain and the colonial masses led by representatives of the Northern merchants, bankers, manufacturers, and planters of the Southern slave system, which was an appendage of growing native capitalism. The outcome of the contest determined the next stage in the destiny of American capitalism. If Great Britain’s domination had persisted, that may have stunted and perverted the further development of bourgeois society here as it did in India and Africa. The first American revolution and its war for independence was a genuine people’s movement. Such movements destroy much that has become rotten and is ready for burial. But, above all, they are socially creative, bringing to birth institutions that provide the ways and means for the next surge forward. That was certainly true of our first national revolution, which is permanently embedded in the American and international consciousness. So powerful and persistent are its traditions that they are today a source of embarrassment to the capitalist rulers of this country in their dealings with the colonial movements for emancipation. What were the notable achievements of this first stage of the North American bourgeois-democratic revolution? It overthrew the reactionary rule of the 10,000 merchants, bankers, landowners, and manufacturers of Great Britain, who, after helping to spur the American colonies forward, had become the biggest block to their further advance. It gave independence to the colonies, unified them, and cleared away such feudal vestiges as the crown lands which the monarchy held. It democratised the states and gave them a republican form of government. It cleared the ground for a swift expansion of civilisation in its native capitalist forms from the Atlantic to the Pacific. The revolution had international repercussions. It inspired and protected similar movements during the next century in the Latin American colonies and even radiated back to the Old Continent. Read the diary of Gouverneur Morris, a financial leader of the Patriot Party, who became one of the early US ambassadors to France. He was in Paris selling American properties to aristocrats who were threatened with exile by the French revolution. These clients complained to the sympathetic Morris that if only his countrymen had refrained from revolution, the French people would never have had the notion or courage to follow suit. But even the most thoroughgoing revolution cannot do more than historical possibilities permit. Two serious shortcomings in the work of this first upheaval manifested themselves in the next decades. One was the fact that the revolution did not and could not eliminate the soil in which the institution of slavery was rooted. Many leaders of the time, among them Thomas Jefferson, hoped that slavery would wither away because of unfavourable economic conditions. The second shortcoming was that although the revolt gave Americans political independence, it could not give thoroughgoing independence to the US in a capitalist sense. This was true in two ways: at home the Northern capitalists had to share power with the Southern slaveowners, with whom they had waged the revolutionary war for independence and set up the new government; on the international market they remained in economic subordination to the more advanced industrial and financial structure of England. The leaders of the revolution were aware of these deficiencies. The same Gouverneur Morris wrote to President George Washington from Paris on September 30, 1791: We shall … make great and rapid progress in useful manufactures. This alone is wanting to complete our independence. We shall then be as it were a world by ourselves, and far from the jars and wars of Europe, their various revolutions will serve merely to instruct and amuse. Like the roaring of a tempestuous sea, which at a certain distance becomes a pleasing sound. However, a historical freak came along, which upset this pleasant prospect. This freak was the result of a double revolution in technology, one which took place in Europe, especially in English industry, and the other in American agriculture. The establishment of factories with steam-driven machinery in English industry, notably in textiles, its most important branch, created the demand for large supplies of cotton. The invention of the cotton gin enabled the Southern planters to supply that demand. Consequently, slavery, which had been withering on the vine, acquired a new lease on life. This economic combination invested the nobles of the Southern cotton kingdom with tremendous wealth and power. A study of American history in the first half of the 19th century shows that its national and political life was dominated and directed by the struggle for supremacy waged by the forces centred around the Southern slaveholders on one side and those of the antislavery elements on the other. The crucial social issue before the nation was not always stated bluntly. But when every other conflict was traced to its roots, it was found to be connected with the question: What are we Americans going to do about slavery? (A similar situation exists today in relation to capitalism. No matter what dispute agitates the political-economic life of this country, it sooner or later brings up the great social-economic question: What are we Americans going to do about capitalism?) For the first 50 years of the 19th century, the cotton aristocrats of the South undeniably held centre stage. They became very cocky about their power and privileges, which they thought would last indefinitely. Then, around 1850, conditions began to change quite rapidly. A new combination of social forces appeared that was to prove strong enough not only to challenge the slave power but to meet it in civil war, conquer and eliminate it. It is highly instructive to study the mentality and outlook of the American people in 1848. That was a year of revolutions in the principal countries of western Europe. The people in the United States, including its governing groups, viewed these outbursts in an isolationist spirit. The European revolutions even pleased certain sections of the ruling classes in the United States because they were directed mainly against monarchies. There were no monarchies here to overthrow, although there was a slave aristocracy rooted in the South. Although most of the common people in the United States sympathised with the European revolutions, they looked upon them as no more than a catching up with what had already been achieved in this country. The Americans said to themselves: “We’ve already had our revolution and don’t need any more here. The quota of revolutions assigned to us by history is exhausted.” They did not see even 15 years into their own future. The bourgeois-democratic revolution still had considerable unfinished business. During the 1850s, it became plainer that the Southern slaveholders were not only tightening their autocracy in the Southern states but were trying to make slaves of the entire population of the United States. This small set of rich men arrogated to themselves the right to tell the people what they could and could not do, where the country should expand, and how the affairs of America should and should not be managed. So a second revolution proved necessary to complete those tasks left unsettled in the late 18th century and to dispose of the main problems that had confronted the American people in the meantime. There had to be 13 years of preparatory struggles, four and a half years of civil war, 12 years of Reconstruction — about 30 years in all, in this intense and inescapable revolutionary upheaval. What is most important for us now are the net results of that travail. Every schoolchild knows that the slave power was abolished and the Negro population unshackled from chattel slavery. But the principal achievement of this revolution from the standpoint of American and world development was that the last of the internal impediments to the march of American capitalism were levelled, and the way cleared for the consolidation of capitalist rule. That period saw the conclusion of the contest that had been going on since 1492 between the procapitalist and precapitalist forces on this continent. See what had happened to the peoples representing the diverse precapitalist ways of life. The Indians, who embodied savagery and barbarism, had either been exterminated, dispossessed, or herded into reservations. England, which had upheld feudalism and colonial subjugation, had been swept aside and American industrial capital had attained not only political supremacy but economic independence. The Southern plantation owners, who were the final formidable precapitalist force to be pushed out of the road, had been smashed and expropriated by the Civil War and Reconstruction. The capitalist rulers of the industrial system were then like the Count of Monte Cristo when he burst from prison and exclaimed, with so much wealth and newly gained liberty at his command: “The world is mine!” And they have been acting on that premise ever since. I would like now to make several observations on the economic and political development of American society from 1492 to the triumph of the capitalist class. As has already been pointed out, private property in the means of production was virtually nonexistent on this continent until the 15th century. Thereafter, as the white settlers spread, the dominant trend was for all the means of production to pass into private hands and be exploited along such lines. The land, for example, which had been tribally held, was cut up and appropriated by individuals or corporations from one end of the country to the other. After the victory of the Northern bankers, merchants, and manufacturers in the middle of the 19th century, this process moved on to a still higher plane. The means of production under private ownership became more and more concentrated in corporate hands. Today an individual might be able to build a single auto or airplane, but without many, many millions of dollars he would not be able to compete in the market with General Motors or Ford or Lockheed or Douglas. Even so big a magnate as Henry J. Kaiser found that out in auto. Today there is hardly an acre of land without its title deed. In fact, the Civil War promoted this process through the Homestead Act, which gave 160 acres to private individuals, and through other acts of Congress that handed over millions of acres to railroad corporations. Insofar as the land was distributed to small farmers, this was progressive because it was the only way to hasten the development of agriculture under the given conditions. It is impossible to detail here the settlement and building of the Midwest and the West, but certain consequences of capitalist expansion deserve mention. First, as a result of this capitalist expansion, the minds of average Americans, unlike those of the Indians, have been so moulded by the institutions of private property that its standards can be thrown off only with difficulty. The Europeans penetrated the America of the Indians; and their descendants are venturing into outer space. One extreme, absurd, but for that very reason most instructive, illustration of the effects of capitalist expansion on American consciousness appeared in a press dispatch from Illinois with the headline: “Who Is the Owner of Outer-Space; Chicagoan Insists that He Is.” This news item followed: With plans for launching man-made earth satellites now in motion, the question was inevitable [inevitable, that is, to Americans believing in the sacredness of private ownership]: Who owns outer space? Most experts agreed that the question was over their heads. The rocket scientists said it was a problem for the international law experts. The lawyers said they had no precedents to go by. Only James T. Mangan, a fast-thinking Chicago press agent, has a firm answer to the question of space sovereignty. Mangan declares he owns outer space. To back up his claim, he has a deed filed with the Cook County (Chicago) Recorder. The deed, accepted after the state’s attorney’s office solemnly upheld the claim in a four-page legal opinion, seized “all space in all directions from the earth at midnight”, December 20, 1948. Mangan declared that the statute of limitations for challenging the deed expires December 20, 1955, and added: ‘The government has no legal right to space without my permission.” If this be madness, yet there is method in it. That method is the mainspring of the capitalist way of life. This gentleman, Mangan, is only logically extending to the exploration of outer space the same acquisitive creed which guided our founding fathers in taking over the American continent. This particular fanatic of private property thinks the same law is going to apply no matter how far into space we fly and no matter how far we go into the future. He differs from other exponents of capitalism only in the boldness and consistency of his private-property logic. The second point I want to deal with is the interconnection between evolution and revolution. These two phases of social development are often opposed to each other as unconnected opposites, irreconcilable alternatives. What does American history teach us about them? The American people have already passed through two revolutionary periods in their national history, each the culmination of lengthy periods of social progress on the basis of previous achievements. During the interval between revolutions, relatively small changes gradually occurred in people’s lives. They consequently took the given framework of their lives for granted, viewed it as fixed and final, and found it hard to imagine a different way. The idea of revolutionary change in their own lives and lifetimes seemed fantastic or at least irrelevant. Yet it was during those very periods of evolutionary progress that often unnoticed accumulations of changes prepared more drastic change. The new class interests, which grew powerful but remained unsatisfied, the social and political conflicts, which recurred but remained unresolved, the shifts in the relations of antagonistic social forces kept asserting themselves in a series of disturbances until they reached an acute stage. The people of this country were not reckless. They made every attempt to find reasonable compromises between the contending forces, and often arrived at them. But after a while, these truces turned out to be ineffectual and short-lived. The irrepressible conflict of social forces broke out at higher stages until the breaking point was reached. Look at the American colonists of 1763. They had just emerged — side-by-side with mother England — from a successful war against the French and the Indians. They did not anticipate that within 10 years they would be fighting for their own freedom against England and alongside the very French monarchy they had fought in 1763. That would have been considered fantastic. Yet it happened only a little more than a decade later. Dr. Benjamin Rush, one of Pennsylvania’s signers of the Declaration of Independence, observed in his 2. The Main Course of American History and Its Next Stage iconПрежде всего, мы хотели бы поблагодарить Вас за приобретение органа Nord Stage 2! 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[Sangam-Age] Chola: Architecture, administration, Conquests & 1000th year of Rajendra-1 Chola’s Coronation SubscribeIndian-History41 Comments Unacademy Plus Mrunal Economy for Prelims and Mains UPSC! 1. 3-Southern Kingdoms: Chola, Chera, Pandya 2. Imperial Chola 3. Rajendra-1 (1000th Year of coronation, 2014) 4. Chola Architecture 5. Chola society and administration 6. Chola patronized Buddhism 7. Mock Questions Chola, Chera, Pandya On 3rd Nov 2014, Indian navy celebrated the 1000th Anniversary of Rajendra Chola’s coronation, hence topic becomes important for CSAT-2015. Main Dynasties of Sangam Age Dynasty Territory Features • Capital: Uraiyur and later Tanjor • Southern Andhra Pradesh to Northern Tamilnadu • Emblem: Tiger • Karikala defeated Chera, Pandyas and other chillar kingdoms. • Capital: Vanji • Modern Kerala • Emblem: Bow • Began Pattini Cult for worshipping Kannagi. • Capital: Madurai • Southern Tamilnadu • Emblem: Carp • King Neduncheliyan has executed Kovalan. The Curse of Kovalan’s wife Kannagi- destroyed Madurai in fire. Map Chola Empire Chera Pandya kingdoms Imperial Chola “Sangam Chola” became weak at the end of Sangam Age. But King Vijayala captured Tanjore, and began the new line of “Imperial Chola”. Notable Imperial Chola Kings were Rajaraja-1 and his son Rajendra-1. • He Defeated Chera and Pandya Kings. • He Extended Chola empire all the way to Tungabadhra river. • He built the famous Brihadeshwara Temple at Tanjore (Saivism) and patronized a Buddhist monetary at Nagapattinam. Rajendra-1 (1000th Year of coronation, 2014) • Rajendra-1 took away Madurai from Pandya Kings and Keral territories from Chera Kings, and appointed his son as Viceroy of this region. • He annexed Northern Sri Lanka and Maldives using his mighty navy, and even abducted Sri Lankan King Mahinda V. • He sent a naval expedition to Malay Archipelago – to teach a lesson to Sri Vijaya Empire because they were obstructing Chola trade with Chinese. • He sent a military expedition towards Northern India, defeated many chillar kings above Ganges river Odisha and Bengal, and updated his facebook profile status to “Gangai Kondan”. • To further celebrate these victories and upload its photos on twitter, he built a city “Gangai-Konda-Cholapuram city” and Rajesvaram temple (Saivism) in it. • His successors were weak, ultimately Cholas were reduced from “Kings” To “local Chieftains” Chola Temple Architecture Chola Architecture Cholas followed the architecture style of Pallavas and constructed numerous temples throughout their territory. Nagaesh-wvara, Brihadesh-wvara and Airavatesh-wara temples in Tanjore-Thanjavur region represent the zenith of Chola architectural style. Notable features of Chola Temple Architecture Material Started using stones instead of bricks. Walls & Passages have neatly detailed frescoes, sculptures and paintings- including birds, dancing figures, pictorial stories from Puranas Portraits Some of the Chola temples contain beautiful life-sized portraits of kings and queens. e.g. Rajaraja I and his queen lok-mahadevi, Rajendra I and his queen Chol-mahadevi. Garbhagriha chief deity room Vimana the 5-7 storeys above chief deity room. In Brihadeshwahra temple- 13 successive storeys. Shikhara above the Vimana (Storeys). Rajarajeshwara temple has Shikhara stone weighing almost 90 tonnes. Since they didn’t have cranes to lift it, architects built a 4 km long inclined path to drag the stone over the top. .Vs Pallavas • Although Chola continued the art tradition of Pallavas, but abandoned the lion motifs from temple walls. • Chola temple pillars were constructed with greater refinement than Pallavas. • During Chola period, metal art showed remarkable development and was used for further decoration of temples. • e.g Nataraja or dancing shiva at Chiadambaram temple- described as the ‘cultural epitome’ of the Chola period. Mandap Audience hall, for various ceremonies. Elaborate carvings and pillars. Gopuram Temple gateways, which enclosed the entire temple structure with high walls. • Brihadeshwara temple by Rajaraja –I at Tanjore. It was the tallest of all Indian temple at that period. • Other kingdoms in South India- and even in Sri Lanka, adopted the architectural style of Chola temples. Chola society and administration 1. More centralized than other dynasties. Chola provinces were headed by Naval chiefs. 2. Entire kingdom was divided into Mandal=>Vanlandu=>Nadu (villages). 3. Both towns and villages had autonomous assemblies. 4. Assembly members had tenure limit of 3 years. 5. Emergence of Kanchi-Silk, Bronze Idol of Nataraja, Caste rigidity, Sati and Devdasi system. 6. They worshipped dead king and built temples in their honor. 7. Trade flourished with China, Sumatra, Java and Arabia. 8. Land owned by temples and artisans were exempted from tax. 9. They made “predatory naval raids” to fill treasury every once in a while. They also sent naval expedition for setting up trade-posts in foreign harbors as well. Chola patronized Buddhism • Sailendra kings were Mahayan Buddist and ruled over Sumatra, Bali, Cambodia and Malaya. • Sailendra Kings had constructed a Buddhist Vihara at Nagapattinam, Tamilnadu. (area under Chola control) • Name of this Vihara: Chula-mani-varma-vihara. • Chola King Rajaraja Chola 1 had issued a Charter to provide money to this Vihara • This charter was inscribed on a copper plate and preserved at Leiden University of Netherlands, and proves that Chola patronized Buddhism as well. Mock Questions Q1.Which of the following pairs are matched incorrectly? 1. Chola: Madurai 2. Chera: Kerala 3. Pandya: Andhra Pradesh Answer choices 1. Only 1 and 2 2. Only 2 and 3 3. Only 1 and 3 4. All of them Q2.Which of the following empire vs emblem pairs are matched correctly? 1. Chola: Ship 2. Chera: Tiger 3. Pandya: Bow Answer choices 1. Only 1 and 2 2. Only 2 and 3 3. Only 1 and 3 4. None of them Q3. Chola King Rajendra-1 had annexed: 1. Madurai from Chera kings 2. Andhra from Satvahan kings 3. Gangai-Konda-Puram from Pandya Kings Answer choices 1. Only 1 and 2 2. Only 2 and 3 3. Only 1 and 3 4. None of them Q4. Chola king Rajaraja-1 1. Had ordered the execution Kolavan. 2. had Patronized Saivism and Buddhism. 3. Built Brihadeshwara temple at Tanjore. Answer choices 1. Only 1 and 2 2. Only 2 and 3 3. Only 1 and 3 4. None of them Q5. King ____ of ___ dynasty called himself Gangai-Kondan. 1. Rajaraja-1, Chola 2. Rajendra-1, Chera 3. Rajaraja-1, Chera 4. Rajendra-1,Chola Q6. In Chola empire 1. Sati system was prohibited 2. Dev-Dasi system was prohibited 3. Village Assembly membership was hereditary in nature. Answer choices 1. Only 1 and 2 2. Only 2 and 3 3. Only 1 and 3 4. None of them Q7. Chola temples 1. have lion motifs on walls 2. have Gopuram without walls 3. use bricks instead of stones Answer choices 1. Only 1 and 2 2. Only 2 and 3 3. Only 1 and 3 4. None of them (Mains-2013) Q. Chola architecture represents a high watermark in the evolution of temple architecture. Discuss. (5 Marks, 100 words) Visit Mrunal.org/HISTORY for entire Archive of History-Culture related articles published so far. Indian History Freedom Struggle Pratik Nayak 41 Comments on “[Sangam-Age] Chola: Architecture, administration, Conquests & 1000th year of Rajendra-1 Chola’s Coronation” 1. Mrunal, knowledge, facts and analysis apart, but we really like your sarcastic / funny way of presentation of every topic. “Fracture Pandya” ha ha ha :-). ROFL. 2. sir plz tell me ki main april tk mains notes bna skti hun??maine punjabi language main upsc clear krna?/?plz sir reply me plz.. 3. Hi mrunal..can you plz help me how to prepare ancient and medieval history along with culture part as i always hv difficulty in reading ncerts for dese topics. 4. sir plz suggest for essay 5. U are doing a great job sir Leave a Reply
Foods and Vitamin Supplements That Dramatically Lower Blood Pressure The most familiar diet advice for people with high blood pressure is to cut down on salt. That “common knowledge,” however, is currently a hot scientific controversy. Though reducing salt intake does make a difference for some people, for many others it has no practical effect. Ask any two doctors what to do about salt, and you’re likely to get two different answers. Given this confusion among even the experts, a “correct” decision is almost impossible to make. A wise one, however, remains a possibility—once you know the issues. Here’s what we can currently say with certainty, and what remains to be resolved. There’s no question that a heart-healthy diet—low in saturated fat and other fats—can cut your overall risk of cardiovascular disease by reducing artery-clogging levels of blood cholesterol and helping you maintain an appropriate weight. It’s also possible that an increased intake of certain nutrients—and, possibly, a decrease in salt—may help keep blood pressure down. Fortunately, there are two points about high blood pressure that the experts do agree on: Bringing high blood pressure under control saves lives. Effective control of high blood pressure does not mean you have to eat a bland, highly restricted diet or start a perpetual round of visits to the doctor. High Blood Pressure: Take It Seriously About 50 million Americans, or about one in four adults, have high blood pressure, also called hypertension. It has been called “the silent killer,” because it usually causes no symptoms until you are struck by one of its dangerous complications, including heart attack, stroke, heart failure, and kidney problems. Almost one-third of Americans don’t know they have high blood pressure until the damage to their cardiovascular system has already been done. That’s why it’s so important to have your blood pressure checked regularly, and to work with your doctor to lower it if it becomes too high. Even mildly elevated blood pressure, left untreated, raises the risk of complications—especially if, like many people with mild hypertension, you have other cardiovascular risk factors such as high blood cholesterol, diabetes, or excess weight. Treatment to lower high blood pressure, usually with medication, has saved thousands of people from disability and death. Diet and other so-called “lifestyle measures” can play an important role, helping to control blood pressure with less medication or, in some instances, with no medication at all. How Pressure Builds As the arteries conduct oxygen-rich blood deeper and deeper into the tissues, their circumference steadily shrinks, ultimately ending at the arterioles. These tiny vessels, which feed blood into the network of capillaries supplying the individual cells, play a crucial role in maintaining your blood pressure. When their muscular walls tighten, there’s less room inside and blood pressure rises. If the muscles relax, the available space increases and blood pressure falls. Some high blood pressure medications (the so-called ACE inhibitors) work by relaxing the walls of the arterioles. Others (diuretics) take the opposite approach, reducing the volume of blood the constricted arterioles must contend with. Diuretics do this by prompting the kidneys to wring salt and water from the bloodstream. If you are taking this type of medication, extra salt in your diet will counteract its effect. Blood Pressure Basics Most cases of high blood pressure have no known cause. But it’s well known how blood pressure works, and why too high a pressure is risky. Blood pressure is the force that the bloodstream exerts against the walls of the arteries as they carry blood from the heart to the rest of the body. (Blood returns to the heart through the veins.) At the end of each artery, tiny blood vessels called arterioles circulate blood to all the body’s tissues. The pressure inside these vessels varies as they open up (dilate) or clamp down (constrict)—in much the same way that water pressure inside a garden hose will go up or down depending on whether the nozzle is shut or open wide. Your blood pressure fluctuates in time with a number of factors, including emotional stress, bodily position, and time of day. The body regulates blood pressure through a complicated system that involves the heart, kidneys, and many different substances in the bloodstream, including hormones and minerals such as sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium. For adults, normal blood pressure ranges from about 110/80 to as high as 140/90, measured in millimeters of mercury (mm/Hg), the standard unit on a blood pressure measuring device. The higher number is the systolic pressure, measured as the heart contracts; the second and lower number is the diastolic pressure, measured as the heart rests between beats. Here is what hypertension experts recommend to physicians: Unless a patient’s blood pressure is very high, don’t make a diagnosis of hypertension until the reading has been elevated on three separate occasions. That’s because blood pressure can vary significantly from day to day. Treatment is usually recommended if blood pressure persists at 140/90 or above after several checkups. Diet, Drugs, Or Both? If you are diagnosed as having mild high blood pressure (140/90 to about 160/100), your doctor may suggest that you make certain lifestyle changes before starting medication, including eating less salt, getting more exercise, losing weight if you are overweight, and quitting cigarettes if you smoke. Such measures alone lower blood pressure to a safe level in about one out of four cases. Eventually, most people with high blood pressure will still need medication to control their condition, but in the meantime these non-drug methods will cut the risk of heart disease just as effectively. In theory, doctors should recommend 6 to 12 months of lifestyle modification before prescribing medication to a patient with mild to moderately high blood pressure. After all, medication costs money, can cause side effects, and may need to be taken for life. Yet in practice, many physicians prescribe blood pressure-lowering drugs right away. Why? Because they believe that patients are more likely to stick with a regimen of pills than with “harder” changes such as diet, weight loss, and exercise. That is true for some people, but it may not be true for you. If your doctor recommends high blood pressure medication before you have tried these measures—and you feel willing and able to carry them out—let your doctor know. The Great Salt Debate “You’ve got high blood pressure? Uh-oh, no pretzels or potato chips for you!” Most Americans feel at least a twinge of guilt when they reach for the salt shaker. After all, everyone has heard that too much sodium (as in sodium chloride, or table salt) is a culprit in high blood pressure, and that cutting down on salt can keep pressure down. There’s just one problem: Nutrition scientists aren’t so sure any more. Some researchers argue passionately that salt really is the villain. According to this camp, slashing the sodium from our current high-salt diets would practically wipe out high blood pressure, America’s most common chronic disease, in a single generation. Other scientists contend, just as ardently, that while research has shown some intriguing connections between sodium and blood pressure, there is nowhere near enough cause-and- effect evidence to justify a widespread salt shakeout, even for people with high blood pressure. So what’s a pretzel lover to do? At this point, moderation is still the best course. A moderate cutback on salt can be accomplished quite easily, and still leave your diet full of flavor. This kind of modest sodium restriction can’t hurt and may help if you have high blood pressure or are at risk of developing it. Whether or not a stricter reduction in sodium intake is necessary, or even wise, is another matter. What We Know About Salt Researchers know that sodium and blood pressure are interrelated; they just can’t agree on the implications. Small amounts of sodium are essential to maintaining the body’s fluid balance. But no one on a typical American diet needs to worry about that. The body requires only about 500 milligrams a day to function; and a prudent daily maximum has been estimated at 2,400 (1,500 milligrams for people with conditions that put them at risk of developing high blood pressure). Americans, however, consume an average of 3,000 to 6,000 milligrams a day, and sometimes more! Normally functioning kidneys handle the excess by flushing out sodium and water, thus keeping a lid on blood volume (the space blood takes up in the vessels) and the resulting blood pressure. Clearly, too much salt can raise blood pressure too high, at least in some people, based on the following evidence: Before the introduction of blood pressure-lowering drugs in the 1950s, dangerously high blood pressure was routinely treated with an extremely strict low-salt diet or a demanding weight-loss diet such as the so-called “Rice Diet.” Studies of laboratory animals have shown that those fed sodium-rich diets tend to have higher blood pressure and more strokes and related problems than animals on lower-salt diets. Populations with a high sodium intake (usually, in more developed countries where foods are highly processed and preserved) have more cases of high blood pressure per capita than the populations of countries with low-salt diets, where people live mainly on fresh, unprocessed foods. So, the less salt, the better, right? Not necessarily. In a frustrating twist, scientists have failed to make a clear-cut connection between salt intake and blood pressure in specific individuals. Almost all Americans consume excess salt, but not all of us develop high blood pressure; and among those who do get hypertension, not all have a particularly salty diet. Some people with high blood pressure who switch to a low-salt diet see no effect on blood pressure, and a few even experience a rise in pressure. Thus, your uncle, the junk food lover, may live to a ripe old age with low blood pressure—while your aunt, the health food maven who wouldn’t touch a grain of salt, just might wind up with high blood pressure anyway. It’s clear that some people are more sensitive to the effects of sodium on blood pressure than others are. These “salt-sensitive” individuals may retain more sodium in their bodies, leading to fluid buildup and, finally, to high blood pressure. Part of the puzzle may lie in genetics. African-Americans and people with a family history of hypertension are both more likely to be salt-sensitive, and are also at higher-than-average risk of hypertension. People over age 40 may also be more susceptible to the pressure-raising power of salt, possibly because the kidneys become less efficient at excreting salt as we get older. One obvious solution would be to test everyone for sensitivity to sodium, and then recommend low-sodium diets only to those who would benefit. However, scientists have been unable to develop a simple and practical test for sodium sensitivity, in part because high blood pressure is affected by so many factors besides diet. Lacking this convenient shortcut, the only way to test yourself for sodium sensitivity is to cut back on sodium for several months, and see whether your blood pressure responds. What’s Right For You? Can you lower high blood pressure—or keep it from ever rising too high—just by restricting sodium? That depends on several variables: personal salt sensitivity, how much your blood pressure is elevated, and how successfully you can really restrict sodium, which is present even in many of the salty-tasting commercially prepared foods. Many people find they can cut their salt intake approximately in half without too much difficulty, just by making simple and gradual substitutions in everyday food choices. On average, this step reduces blood pressure by 3 to 4 points. However, results vary widely from one individual to the next. If you turn out to be salt-sensitive and your pressure is only a little too high, moderately restricting your sodium intake may do the job. But for many people, lowering blood pressure enough to make a difference may require dietary changes big enough to be burdensome, especially if you often dine out or depend heavily on packaged and convenience foods. Special Salt Warning For some people, there’s no question that salt restriction is worthwhile. For instance, a cut-back is definitely in order for people taking blood pressure-lowering medications called diuretics (“water pills”), such as hydrochlorothiazide (HydroDiuril), furosemide (Lasix) or amiloride (Moduretic). These drugs work mainly by helping the kidneys to flush out salt and water, which in turn helps reduce the amount of blood pushing against arterial walls; and a high-salt diet can counteract their effects. Other medical problems may also call for serious sodium restriction: They include heart failure, kidney (renal) disease, and other conditions that can cause fluid retention and swelling of the hands and feet. Eat These High-Sodium Foods Sparingly When Cutting Back Anchovies Mustard Bacon Nuts, salted* Barbecue sauce Olives, green Bologna Pastrami Buttermilk Pepperoni Cereal, dry* Pickles Cheese* Pizza Chips, potato and corn* Salami Crackers* Sausage Cured meats Seeds, salted* Frankfurters Soup, canned* Ketchup Soy sauce* Meat, canned or frozen in sauce Worcestershire sauce * Low- or no-salt versions available Adapted from: Starke RD and Winston M. American Heart Association Low-Salt Cookbook. New York: Times Books, 1990. Cutting Back On Salt Without Losing Flavor If you decide to try a moderate cutback in sodium, you’ll find that it’s one of the easiest health-boosting changes to make—if you do it with small, gradual adjustments. Scientists who research the human senses believe that a taste for salt, unlike a sweet tooth or a craving for fat, may not be inborn. So after “weaning” yourself from salty food, your tastes may actually change, making foods you once enjoyed seem unpleasantly salty. A typical sodium-restricted diet calls for no more than 2,000 to 3,000 milligrams per day. There’s no need to be rigid or obsessive about numbers, however; if you pack away pizza and salted peanuts at a party, you can compensate by choosing low-salt foods the next day. The first steps to a lower-sodium diet are to eat smaller portions of high-salt foods, choose alternatives to them when possible, and go easy on adding salt in cooking and at the table. Experiment with lemon juice, vinegar, wine, pepper, herbs, spices, onions, and garlic to add zest to your cooking. (For suggestions, see “Herbs and Spices: Your Allies for Healthier Meals.”) Shop more carefully, choosing fresh foods instead of processed ones whenever possible. The lion’s share of sodium in the U.S. food supply is not added at the table or stove; more than one-third is added by food manufacturers, often to foods such as breakfast cereal and bread that may not seem salty. Thanks to public concern over salt, many traditionally high-sodium products such as crackers, canned soups, and tomato sauce are now available in lower-sodium versions. Some may taste unacceptably bland compared to the original, but others may surprise you. Easy Trade-Offs It’s wise to keep sodium intake to no more than about 2,000 to 3,000 milligrams a day. Simple substitutions can make a big difference. For instance: Choose: Sodium Instead of: Sodium Lemon juice (1 tbsp.) 0 Soy sauce 1,320 Fresh cucumber (1 medium) 14 Dill pickle 1,900 Salt-free bouillon (1 cube) 31 Regular bouillon 960 Fresh peach 0 Canned fruit (1/2 cup) 10 Fresh green beans (1 cup) 5 Canned green beans 925 Orange juice (1/2 cup) 1 Tomato juice 320 Fresh ground beef (3 oz.) 57 Beef frankfurter 425 Frosted Mini-Wheats (1 oz.) 0 Rice Krispies (1 oz.) 290 Popcorn, plain, air-popped (3 cups) 0 Potato chips (1 oz.) 133 Orange drink (16 oz.) 20 McDonald’s Chocolate Milkshake 240 McDonald’s hamburger 500 McDonald’s Big Mac 950 Adapted from: Moser M and Becker B. Week by Week to a Strong Heart. Emmaus, Pa.: Rodale, 1992. One Step At A Time Remember, the key to success is not to make big changes all at once. Try making one adjustment or substitution a week. Here are some suggestions: When choosing packaged foods, read labels and keep an eye on sodium content. (See box, “How Low is ‘Low’?”) Ease up on the salt shaker—taste food before you salt it. Later, leave the salt shaker off the table. Add little or no salt in cooking water for pasta, rice, and cereals. If there are some foods, such as hard-boiled eggs or French fries, that you simply must eat with added salt, choose them less often and enjoy them, salted, when you do. Instead of canned vegetables, choose fresh or plain frozen ones (without added sauce). Choose fresh meat, poultry, and fish over canned and processed versions: for example, lean roast beef instead of a meat sandwich-spread or bologna. Use smaller amounts of high-sodium condiments like ketchup, mustard, and soy sauce. Use regular convenience foods in moderation and choose low-sodium versions whenever available. Items to be careful with include frozen entrées, canned soups, bottled salad dressings, and most dry instant mixes. Reform your snacking: Choose low-salt crackers, plain pretzels, unsalted peanuts, fresh fruits and vegetable sticks, and plain air-popped popcorn more often than potato or tortilla chips, salted pretzels, or salted nuts. If you eat out frequently, ask for sauce on the side or request that dishes be prepared without added salt. At salad bars, go easy on salty additions such as dressing and bacon bits. Table salt is about 40 percent sodium by weight. Other common sodium-containing compounds include monosodium glutamate, the flavor enhancer; sodium bicarbonate, or baking soda, used in antacids; and various preservatives such as sodium citrate. It may be that salt, and not other sodium compounds, is the culprit in high blood pressure, but scientists aren’t sure. If you’re serious about sodium restriction, it wouldn’t hurt to watch intake of these other sources of sodium as well. How Low is “Low”? Here is how the Food and Drug Administration defines various terms and nutrition claims used on food labels: Sodium-free: less than 5 milligrams per serving Very low sodium: 35 milligrams or less per serving Low-sodium: 140 milligrams or less per serving Light in sodium: at least 50 percent less sodium per serving than the average amount for the same food with no sodium reduction Lightly salted: at least 50 percent less sodium per serving than the regular item Reduced or less sodium: at least 25 percent less per serving than the regular item Salt (Sodium chloride) Salt-free: sodium-free (see above definition) Unsalted, without added salt, no salt added: a.) no salt added during processing, and b.) the food it resembles and for which it substitutes is normally processed with salt High-potassium: 700 milligrams or more per serving Good source of potassium: 350 milligrams to 665 milligrams per serving More or added potassium: at least 350 milligrams more per serving than the regular item High-calcium: 200 milligrams or more per serving Good source of calcium: 100 milligrams to 190 milligrams per serving More or added calcium: at least 100 milligrams more per serving than the regular item How Low Should You Go? If moderate sodium restriction doesn’t seem to lower blood pressure, would a stricter cutback work? You can’t count on it, say hypertension experts. It is certainly advisable to keep sodium intake reasonably low whether or not it actually brings down your blood pressure: Don’t chuck it all and go back to pickling everything. But many physicians who specialize in hypertension are reluctant to urge further salt restrictions on their patients, including those with high blood pressure. Here’s why: Blood pressure can usually be controlled without the inconvenience of a highly restricted diet if you follow your doctor’s recommendations regarding medication and lifestyle changes, such as weight loss. Many people find an extremely low-salt diet too difficult to follow for the long term, since it requires avoiding most convenience and fast foods. Cutting out salt often means avoiding many highly nutritious foods such as meat, dairy products, canned beans, and grain foods including bread and muffins. The less variety in your diet, the greater your chance of nutritional shortfall. The net result may be a poorer diet if you don’t plan food choices with extreme care. Very low salt intake may be unwise for some people, including pregnant women, athletes, laborers, or others involved in heavy physical exertion, especially in warm climates where fluid losses due to perspiration are high. The bottom line: Ask your doctor before putting yourself on a super-low-sodium diet. Stuck on Salt? Other Ways to Help Lower Blood Pressure Sodium reduction won’t bring down high blood pressure for everyone, and it’s not the top priority anyway. The following measures are just as important, or more so, in reducing elevated blood pressure: Quit smoking. Cigarette smoking and high blood pressure both increase the chance of heart disease and stroke. Together, they’re a double threat. A long-term smoking habit doesn’t cause high blood pressure, but it increases the risk of heart and blood vessel disease so much that quitting is a must for those with hypertension. Lose those extra pounds. According to some high blood pressure experts, weight loss is the single most effective method of reducing blood pressure without drugs. Staying trim may also prevent blood pressure from rising too high in the first place. Get regular, moderate exercise. A gentle workout of 20 minutes or so at least 3 times a week makes the heart work more efficiently, lifts the spirits, and helps banish stress. It may also help achieve a modest reduction in blood pressure. Athletics aren’t needed; a brisk walk is safer and just as effective. Get a handle on stress. Being tense doesn’t cause hypertension; some laid-back people get it, too. But chronic stress may worsen the condition by raising levels of the body’s “fight or flight” hormones. Stress-beaters like exercise, meditation, massage, hobbies, volunteer work, and recreation turn down the pressure cooker of a stressful life, and may help lower blood pressure, too. Take medications as directed. For most people with high blood pressure, the cornerstone of therapy is medication. If you are prescribed drugs to lower blood pressure, take them faithfully as directed, even if you’re feeling fine. If you experience side effects, don’t just quit taking medication; discuss the problem with your doctor, who can probably clear up the problem by adjusting dosage or changing drugs. Replacing The Salt Shaker So far, neither nature nor the food industry has come up with a perfect salt substitute for people who like to pour it on. Before you use a commercial salt substitute, read the label carefully. Some seasoning blends contain sodium as well as other ingredients. “Light” salt products may contain sodium diluted with fillers such as maltodextrin, a corn byproduct. Others contain only herbs, spices, or derivatives from vegetables, including seaweed. Some substitutes contain modest amounts of minerals that may be beneficial, such as calcium and magnesium (see below). One ingredient to handle with care is potassium chloride, the chief component in some salt substitutes. It may leave a bitter or metallic taste, and should not be added to food during cooking. More importantly, potassium-containing substitutes can actually be dangerous if used along with: Potassium-retaining diuretics, including triamterene (Dyrenium, Dyazide) and amiloride (Midamor, Moduretic), which help the body conserve this mineral Potassium supplements such as Micro-K, sometimes recommended for people taking diuretics that deplete potassium ACE inhibitors such as benazepril (Lotensin) and captopril (Capoten), which can also cause blood potassium levels to rise The combination of any of these drugs with a potassium-based salt substitute could cause a harmful excess in your body. Potassium is vital to body functioning, and many people may not get enough of it. Too much of the mineral, however, can cause problems such as heart rhythm irregularities. If you are taking any sort of medication, check with your doctor before you start using any salt substitute that contains more than just herbal seasonings. Other Changes To Consider Who says there’s never any good news from the nutrition police? A major study sponsored by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute has shown that adopting a diet low in fat and high in fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy foods can lower blood pressure as effectively as salt restriction—or even some blood pressure medications. (Cutting back on salt and making other lifestyle changes yields further dividends.) The DASH Diet The source of these findings is a clinical study dubbed “Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension” (DASH). The research was designed to determine the effects of a person’s total diet pattern, not the effects of individual nutrients within the diet. For eight weeks the 459 adult participants ate one of three diets: a control diet similar to a “normal” American diet; a diet high in fruits and vegetables; and a “combination” diet low in saturated and total fat, and high in fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy foods. At the end of the study, the combination diet produced the largest reductions in blood pressure, an average of 5.5 for systolic and 3 for diastolic. For participants who had hypertension, the diet reduced systolic blood pressure by 11.4 points and diastolic by 5.5. The reductions occurred in both men and women—and whites and minorities—within two weeks of starting the diet. For a majority of people with mild cases of hypertension, the DASH diet alone has proved sufficient to bring blood pressure back to normal. While the research didn’t evaluate the impact of specific nutrients, it’s probably no coincidence that the DASH diet is rich in potassium, calcium, magnesium, and fiber. A number of studies have suggested that these nutrients have a beneficial effect on blood pressure, although the evidence is still too weak to justify taking them in supplement form. Here’s a closer look at the facts in their favor. Some scientists now believe that a shortage of this mineral, and not just an excess of sodium, may be an overlooked culprit in the high rates of hypertension that plague Western cultures. Higher potassium intake may also protect against stroke, independent of its effect on blood pressure. Other researchers suggest that it may be the ratio of sodium to potassium, rather than just levels of sodium or potassium alone, that regulates blood pressure, making lower sodium and higher potassium intake a good two-pronged strategy. The recommended daily intake of potassium for an average adult is about 3,500 milligrams per day. Rich food sources of potassium include vegetables, fruits, meats, fish, and poultry. For most people, the safest and most enjoyable route is to include potassium-rich foods such as bananas, orange juice, beans, and potatoes in their daily diet. The official recommendation of at least five servings of fruits and vegetables daily will go a long way toward meeting this goal, and the DASH diet will take you even further. (See the nearby box for good sources of potassium.) Good Sources of Potassium Ample potassium in the diet may help keep blood pressure from rising too high. For adults, the recommended daily intake of potassium is about 3,500 milligrams per day. People with certain medical conditions or those who take certain medications may need more, but ask your doctor before taking supplements. Among the best sources of potassium are the following foods: 400 milligrams or more 200-399 milligrams Banana, 1 medium Cantaloupe, 1 cup, cubed Honeydew melon, 1 cup, cubed Milk, skim, 1 cup Nectarine, 1 large Orange juice, 1 cup Potato, 1 medium Prunes, 10 medium Prune juice, 3/4 cup Red beans, cooked, 1/2 cup Tomato juice, salt-free, 1 cup Apple juice, 1 cup Beef, lean, cooked, 3 ounce Beets, cooked, 1/2 cup Blackberries, 1 cup Brussels sprouts, fresh, 1/2 cup Carrot, raw, 1 large Celery, 3 (five-inch) stalks Cherries, raw, 15 Chicken, cooked, 3 ounce Flounder, cooked, 3 ounce Grapefruit, 1/2* Grapefruit juice, 1 cup* Lentils, cooked, 1/2 cup Lima beans, green, 1/2 cup Orange, 1 medium Pork, fresh, lean, cooked, 3 ounce Salmon, unsalted, canned, 3 ounce Spinach, cooked, 1/2 cup Strawberries, sliced, 1 cup Tomatoes, unsalted, canned, 1/2 cup Tuna, water-packed, unsalted, 1/2 cup Turkey, unprocessed, 3 ounce Watermelon, 2 cups, cubed * Note that eating grapefruit or drinking grapefruit juice can interfere with certain blood pressure and heart medications, causing them to accumulate in the body and possibly reach toxic levels. Do not eat grapefruit if you are taking any of the following: felodipine (Plendil), nifedipine (Adalat, Procardia), nimodipine (Nimotop), nisoldipine (Sular). Don’t, however, try to boost potassium intake by using supplements or potassium- containing salt substitutes unless your doctor specifically recommends it. Extra potassium is not a proven “treatment” for high blood pressure, although it may be prescribed for some people taking medications, such as diuretics, that cause excess potassium loss. Certainly, if your doctor prescribes a diuretic, you should ask whether you will need extra potassium. Calcium And Magnesium These two minerals play a closely linked role in blood vessel constriction, and may also help govern blood pressure. The first hint of this came from studies showing lower rates of cardiovascular disease in communities with hard water, which is exceptionally high in minerals. Studies in laboratory rats also suggest that adequate levels of dietary calcium and magnesium protect against high blood pressure. This Diet Plan Puts the Lid on Pressure The plan outlined below was the winner in a clinical test of “Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension” (the DASH study). It produced a significant reduction in blood pressure among those who tried it. Rich in fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy foods, this diet keeps saturated fat, total fat, and cholesterol to a minimum. It’s moderately high in protein, and provides generous amounts of dietary fiber, potassium, calcium, and magnesium. The amounts shown below assume an intake of 2,000 calories a day. Depending on your caloric needs, your daily servings in each food group may vary. Serving Sizes Examples Significance of each Food Group to the DASH DIET Pattern Grains & grain products 7-8 •1 slice bread •1/2 cup dry cereal •1/2 cup cooked rice, pasta, or cereal Whole wheat bread, English muffin, pita bread, bagel, cereals, grits, oatmeal Major sources of energy and fiber Vegetables 4-5 •1 cup raw leafy vegetable •1/2 cup cooked vegetable •6 oz vegetable juice Tomatoes, potatoes, carrots, peas, squash, broccoli, turnip greens, collards, kale, spinach, artichokes, sweet potatoes, beans Rich sources of potassium, magnesium, and fiber Fruits 4-5 •6 oz fruit juice •1 medium fruit •1/4 cup dried fruit •1/2 cup fresh, frozen, or canned fruit Apricots, bananas, dates, oranges, orange juice, grapefruit,grapefruit juice, mangoes,melons, peaches, pineapples,prunes, raisins, strawberries,tangerines Important sources of potassium,magnesium, andfiber Low fat or nonfat dairyfoods 2-3 •8 oz milk •1 cup yogurt •1.5 oz cheese Skim or 1% milk, skim or low fat buttermilk, nonfat or low-fatyogurt, part skim mozzarellacheese, nonfat cheese Major sources of calcium and protein Meats, poultry, and fish 2 or less •3 oz cooked meats, poultry, or fish Select only lean; trim away visible fats; broil, roast, or boil, instead of frying; remove skin from poultry Rich sources of protein and magnesium Nuts, seeds, and legumes 4-5 per week •1.5 oz or 1/3 cup nuts •1/2 oz or 2 tbsp. seeds •1/2 cup cooked legumes Adapted from materials from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. For more information, call 1-800-575-WELL. The results in human testing have been less conclusive, and no major health organization yet recommends magnesium or calcium supplementation as a preventive or treatment for high blood pressure. But many Americans get less than the recommended daily level of both minerals, so at the very least you should make sure you’re getting enough. The official recommended daily intake of calcium is 1,000 milligrams for adults over 19 years old and 1,300 milligrams for adolescents; and many experts advise several hundred milligrams more than that, especially for pregnant, nursing, and post-menopausal women. To reach that goal, eat plenty of low-fat dairy products and other calcium-rich foods such as broccoli and salmon. Women, who may reap the added benefit of preventing osteoporosis (thinning of the bones), should also ask their doctors whether calcium supplements are advisable. Up to three-quarters of the U.S. population gets less than the recommended amount of magnesium (about 400 milligrams a day). Those most likely to be deficient in magnesium include the elderly, diabetics, moderate or heavy drinkers, and people taking diuretics. Doctors use magnesium to treat heart rhythm abnormalities and it may even help prevent clogging of the arteries. High-magnesium foods include oats, bran, nuts, and legumes (beans and peas). Other good sources are fruits, vegetables, and fish. As for supplements, again—ask your doctor before taking them. They often cause diarrhea; and in any case, a varied diet offers benefits you can’t get from a pill. Although many scientists still doubt its validity, some research has suggested a link between increased fiber intake and reduced blood pressure. Given the well-known preventive benefits of fiber-rich foods for many other conditions, from heart disease to colon cancer, this is just one more reason to include fruits, vegetables, and whole grains in your daily diet. Can Eating More Fat Help? Wait a minute. Eat more fat to lower your blood pressure? Yes, this paradoxical strategy can work if you choose the right type of fat—namely olive oil and fish oil. The Archives of Internal Medicine reports that replacing some of the saturated fat in your diet with extra-virgin olive oil often lowers blood pressure by 5 points or more. In a separate study reported in the journal Hypertension, eating a daily serving of fish high in omega-3 fatty acids—including salmon, sardines, and tuna—lowered pressure by about 7 points; and combining a daily serving of fish with weight loss lowered it even further, by about 13 points. Researchers note that even salt restriction does not produce changes of this magnitude. Can Cutting Down On Coffee Help? Coffee has long been suspected of a host of harmful effects on the heart and other organs, and has been the object of extensive study. However, any evidence of potential harm is conflicting and not very strong. Some researchers have noted that blood pressure may rise in heavy coffee drinkers (more than about 5 cups a day), but more modest intake seems to make no difference. If you have hard-to-control high blood pressure and drink a great deal of coffee or other caffeinated beverages (including tea and some soft drinks), it may be worth cutting down or making at least a partial switch to decaffeinated brews. Some caffeine is also present in chocolate and cocoa products, and in many non-prescription medicines. Can Cutting Down On Alcohol Help? Heavy drinking and high blood pressure go hand in hand. It’s well proven that more than 2 ounces of hard liquor daily is associated with higher pressure, and more than 3 ounces with actual hypertension. Heavy drinking also boosts your risk of stroke and liver problems and, of course, carries with it the risk of addiction. If you drink regularly, just cutting alcohol intake down or out can have a noticeable impact on too-high blood pressure. The usual recommendation is to limit daily alcohol intake to no more than 1 drink for women, 2 for men. (A drink equals an ounce and a half of liquor, 1 average glass of wine, or a standard can of beer.) Is it better still to be a teetotaler? There’s no scientific evidence that the alcohol intake described above causes harm to most people. In fact, some studies suggest that modest alcohol intake may actually protect the heart, possibly by raising levels of HDL, or “good” cholesterol. But when it comes to drinking, the risks are much better proven than the benefits. Alcohol is a source of nutritionally empty calories—a concern for people with high blood pressure who are watching their weight. Certain blood pressure and heart medications should not be mixed with alcohol. And some people should never drink: pregnant women and anyone with a personal or family history of alcoholism or any signs of liver disease. We will be happy to hear your thoughts Leave a reply Pre Diet Plan
< See all resources Motivate Kids with the Power of Progress Celebrate small wins to encourage your kids to achieve big goals. We want our kids to dream big, and set big goals. To get there, they need to start by planning small. Afterall, as the Chinese proverb says, the man who removes a mountain begins by carrying away small stones. Decorative icon Why is this important? Experiencing small wins helps kids feel like they are making progress, which motivates them to keep going. Plan small? Yep. That’s what we said. Because when we fixate only on the big goals, we often make the mistake of focusing solely on achievement and ignoring progress. When kids look only toward the big goal and don’t reach it right away, that perceived failure can cause them to doubt their abilities, question those big goals, and ultimately give up altogether. However, small steps forward are small wins, and small wins add up to big ones. This is the Progress Principle, a theory that suggests that making progress is the key to satisfaction, motivation, and success. Decorative icon The science behind it. The Progress Principle, a theory proposed by Professors Teresa Amabile and Steven J. Kramer at the Harvard Business School, suggests that making progress in meaningful work is key to boosting a person’s positive emotions, motivating them to move forward, and giving them the perception of accomplishment. Though tested in the workplace, the same principle can apply to kids. The Progress Principle is embedded in science of how kids connect with what they are learning. When kids experience small wins, the feeling of making progress keeps them motivated; it’s personally rewarding and they like doing it.The key is figuring out how to leverage the Progress Principle to keep the momentum going. It may seem like your kid is giving up or not trying. That’s not because they’re unwilling or lazy. Research reminds us that kids may be giving up learning something not because they are lazy, but because they are not making progress. When kids struggle to pick up a new skill, they misinterpret “this is hard” for “I must not be learning much” and give up. Decorative icon Use Tiny Goals to Experience Small Wins Encourage kids to set “Tiny Goals” on a regular basis. When kids set goals and accomplish them, they experience the feeling of achievement. In turn, this feeling of making progress is personally rewarding, which gives kids the motivation to keep going. The activity below gives kids practice setting small, reasonable goals for meaningful tasks. Print the page, or simply have kids write their answers in a planner or on a sticky note. The process is the important part. It can take less than a minute to think through a task and predict the time needed to complete it—but the rewards can be big: this type of exercise contributes to Executive Function, Academic Tenacity, and Self-Efficacy. Decorative icon Download the Tiny Goal Setting Activity.
It seems that every day there is another shooting or murder of a Black person by the police state here in the Midwest, especially in Wisconsin and Minnesota. Ironically, during slavery, these two states led the country in helping Blacks, who were under threat of persecution and mistreatment in the Southern states. Here they could seek and obtain refuge. In the 1940s, the owners of industry imported Blacks by the busload to this section of America to supplement their workforce while the white men went off to war. During those years, the Blacks worked in Southeastern Wisconsin, which included Racine and Milwaukee. They were said to have made more money per capita than those living elsewhere in the country. Soon after the white males returned fromWW2, the Black workforce was relegated to the lower paying employment positions such as foundry or, grounds and floor maintenance. Positions such as drill press and machine operator were denied to Blacks because they were considered too complicated for the uneducated coloreds. The simple truth was that those positions made top dollar in the shops and were reserved for whites. However, as time went on, there were exceptions. Some found work in assembly plants. However, that employment was only obtained when the white labor force could not complete the needs of production. But all good things must come to an end, and the mid 90’s seen the creation of the North American Free Trade Agreement, NAFTA. On Nov 20, 1993, then Senator Joe Biden was one of the 61 voters who stood in favor of the bill, voting against the 38 no’s. Over the years this agreement caused a myriad of industry to be farmed out to foreign countries. This move was devastating to the economy, especially in the Midwest. The jobs that had sustained both whites and Blacks disappeared over time and eventually, they were left to fend for the service-oriented employment positions. Although, without a doubt some whites felt the pain of a strained economy, Black communities were left in a much worse fiscal situation. It should go without explanation of who received the better paying jobs at that time. It was not long after the signing of the trade agreement that a proliferation of gang membership, drug dealing, and other illegal occupations took hold in the disenfranchised neighborhoods, thus leading to a much higher and stringent rate of incarceration of Blacks, especially in the Midwest prisons. Looking in retrospect, It does appear to have been a purposely designed effort aimed at minorities of color. Consider the fact, that in 1993 President Clinton, signed NAFTA into law, and a year later with the continued help of Senator Joe Biden, Clinton was also able to push through The Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act, which over many years led to the unjust long-term incarceration of thousand of Black and Brown people, particularly males. There are those who will deny that all the above was formatted and introduced by design; however, a look at the proliferated rate of incarceration for Blacks in Wisconsin and across the nation starting with the decline of industry and the launch of the Federal Crime Bill, will more than likely show a steep increase of imprisonments as proof to this hypothesis. Furthermore, the crime bill also included money for the construction of new prisons, and guess who were the intended occupants? These are but a few of the social ills leading to the atrocities that correlate in the making of a racist America. It is no secret that racism has always existed in one form or another across America, including the purported liberal states, such as Wisconsin and Minnesota. So it should stand to reason, as base as it may be, why the police and members of white supremist groups feel free to hassle, assault, and murder Blacks and other minorities of color at will, for they have been considered dispensable for years. At this juncture in time, the racism is so extreme in America, that these murders are often, if not always, deemed justifiable by the judicial system. This includes the courts, juries, and a high percentage of the population in the white community. C.T. 04/19/21 Chester Todd’s One Black man’s Opinion OBM Rating: 5 out of 5. Your contribution is appreciated.
Ship design simulation breakthrough gives owners unprecedented carbon footprint details Shipowners will soon have a far better idea of their newbuild’s carbon footprint at the design stage thanks to a pioneering project from class society ABS and Korean shipbuilding major, Hyundai Heavy Industries (HHI). The pair have completed a joint development project (JDP) to build multi-physics simulations capable of analysing the carbon-footprint of vessels in the design stage. The simulations allow in-depth evaluation of the impact of a range of energy saving options, offering a detailed preview of a vessel’s performance before key investment decisions are made. Modelling gives unprecedented insight into multiple decarbonisation strategies on a vessel’s performance at an early stage “The modelling and simulation techniques that ABS and HHI are pioneering allow owners, designers and shipyards unprecedented insight into the impact of multiple decarbonisation strategies on a vessel’s performance at the earliest possible stage. This approach unlocks benefits in operational efficiency, safety and investment decision making,” said Patrick Ryan, a senior vice president at ABS. Jaeeul Kim, HHI’s chief technology officer, commented: “This joint project will give us more options to review alternative technologies at an early design stage.” The simulations connect to a broad range of inputs from many model types such as computational fluid dynamics models, wave resistance models, and data-validated engine performance models. A multi-physics model unlocks the ability to evaluate the performance impact from the design options and the operational measures. Examples of technologies that can be evaluated in the modelling process include air lubrication systems, energy-saving devices, voyage speed profiles, and engine fuel options. The simulations can also reflect the impact of inputs from a range of data sources and optimisation tools allowing comprehensive analysis of the trade-off between different vessel configurations. “Developing a detailed understanding of the impact of your chosen decarbonisation pathway on a vessel during the concept design phase is a major step forward in helping owners navigate the complexity of building a fleet capable of meeting IMO sustainability objectives,” said Georgios Plevrakis, ABS’s director of global sustainability. Sam Chambers 1. The above has been done since shipdesign was borne, evaluating different alternatives and combinations to drive the best compromise solution. Where the compromise is needed due to the fact that there are conflicting requirements and constraints. And the beauty of it is that 99% of it can be done without a a model “of everything” but with small, simple, independent partial models. Back to top button
The Twentieth Century Coracle making in 1916 Coracle making in 1916 The In the early part of the century Wales still largely supported the Liberal Party, particularly when David Lloyd George became Prime Minister during the First World War. However the Labour party was steadily gaining ground, and in the years after the war replaced the Liberals as the dominant party in Wales, particularly in the industrial valleys of South Wales. Plaid Cymru was formed in 1925 but initially its growth was slow and it gained few votes at parliamentary elections. In 1936 an RAF training camp and aerodrome at Penyberth near Pwllheli was burnt by three members of Plaid CymruSaunders Lewis, Lewis Valentine, and D. J. Williams. This was a protest not only against the construction of the training camp, known as “the bombing school” but also against the destruction of the historic house of Penyberth to make room for it. This action and the subsequent imprisonment of the three perpetrators considerably raised the profile of Plaid Cymru, at least in the Welsh-speaking areas. The period following the Second World War saw a decline in several of the traditional industries, in particular the coal industry. The numbers employed in the south Wales coalfield, which at its peak around 1913 employed over 250,000 men, fell to around 75,000 in the mid 1960s and 30,000 in 1979. This period also saw the Aberfan disaster in 1966, when a tip of coal slurry slid down to engulf a school with 144 dead, most of them children. By the early 1990s there was only one deep pit still working in Wales. There was a similar decline in the steel industry, and the Welsh economy, like that of other developed societies, became increasingly based on the expanding service sector. Wales was officially de-annexed from England within the United Kingdom in 1955, with the term “England” being replaced with “England and Wales” and Cardiff was proclaimed as the capital of Wales. Nationalism only became a major issue during the second half of the twentieth century. In 1962 Saunders Lewis gave a radio talk entitled Tynged yr iaith (The fate of the language) in which he predicted the extinction of the Welsh language unless action was taken. This led to the formation of Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg (the Welsh Language Society) the same year. Nationalism grew particularly following the flooding of the Tryweryn valley in 1965, drowning the village of Capel Celyn to create a reservoir supplying water to Liverpool. In 1966 Gwynfor Evans won the Carmarthen seat for Plaid Cymru at a by-election, their first Parliamentary seat. Another response to the flooding of Capel Celyn was the formation of groups such as the Free Wales Army and Mudiad Amddiffyn Cymru (MAC – Welsh Defence Movement). In the years leading up to the investiture of Prince Charles as Prince of Wales in 1969, these groups were responsible for a number of bomb blasts destroying water pipes and tax and other offices. Two members of MAC, George Taylor and Alwyn Jones, the “Abergele Martyrs”, were killed by a home made bomb at Abergele the day before the investiture ceremony. Plaid Cymru made gains in the two General Elections held in 1974, winning three seats. There was increased support for devolution within the Labour party and a Devolution Bill was introduced in late 1976. However a referendum on the creation of an assembly for Wales in 1979 led to a large majority for the “no” vote. The new Conservative government elected in the 1979 General Election had pledged to establish a Welsh-language television channel, but announced in September 1979 that it would not honour this pledge. This led to a campaign of non-payment of television licences by members of Plaid Cymru and an announcement by Gwynfor Evans in 1980 that he would fast unto death if a Welsh channel was not established. In September 1980 the government announced that the channel would after all be set up, and S4C was launched in November 1982. The Welsh Language Act 1993 gave the Welsh language equal status with English in Wales with regard to the public sector. In May 1997, a Labour government was elected with a promise of creating devolved institutions in Scotland and Wales. In late 1997 a referendum was held on the issue which resulted a “yes” vote, albeit by a narrow majority. The Welsh Assembly was set up in 1999 (as a consequence of the Government of Wales Act 1998) and possesses the power to determine how the government budget for Wales is spent and administered. Over the course of the 20th century, the population of Wales increased from just over 2,012,000 in 1901 to 2.9 million in 2001, but the process was not linear – 430,000 people left Wales between 1921 and 1940 largely owing to the economic depression of the 1930s. English in-migration became a major factor from the first decade of the 20th century, when there was net gain of 100,000 people from England. In this era, most incomers settled in the expanding industrial areas, contributing to a partial Anglicisation of some parts of south and east Wales. The proportion of the Welsh population able to speak the Welsh language fell from just under 50% in 1901 to 43.5% in 1911, and continued to fall to a low of 18.9% in 1981. Over the century there has also been a marked increase in the proportion of the population born outside Wales; at the time of the 2001 Census 20% of Welsh residents were born in England, 2% were born in Scotland or Ireland, and 3% were born outside the UK. Whereas most incomers settled in industrial districts in the early 1900s, by the 1990s the highest proportions of people born outside Wales were found in Ceredigion, Powys, Conwy, Denbighshire and Flintshire. Leave a Reply
Answer to Question #7056 in C++ for Hanif Halmi Question #7056 Write a program that will read daily temperature reading for the month of January 2012. Your program should contain the following functions: (a) main() function contains instructions of reading input needed and print all the related information. (b) NORMAL() function calculates the number of normal days (temperature between 60F and 84F) (c) AVERAGE() function calculates the average temperature in January 2012. (d) DAYS() function calculates Expert's answer Dear customer, please state definitely what does DAYS() function calculate. #include <iostream> using namespace std; int i; int temperature[32]; int NORMAL(){ int res=0; for (i=1;i<=31;i++){ & if ((temperature[i]>=60) && (temperature[i]<=84)) res++; return res; float AVERAGE(){ float res=0; & res = res+temperature[i]; return (res/31); void main(){ & cout<<"Enter a day temperature on January "<<i<<": "; & cin>>temperature[i]; cout<<"The number of normal days is "<<NORMAL()<<"\n"; cout<<"The average temperature is "<<AVERAGE()<<"\n"; Need a fast expert's response? Submit order and get a quick answer at the best price for any assignment or question with DETAILED EXPLANATIONS! No comments. Be the first! Leave a comment Ask Your question New on Blog
25 Inspirational Quotes On Adaptability Adaptability, defined as being able to adjust oneself readily to different conditions. Being adaptable is an excellent skill that one can acquire. May these quotes inspire you to be adaptable to whatever may come your way so that you may live your dreams. 1. “Adaptability is about the powerful difference between adapting to cope and adapting to win.” Max McKeown 2. “Be willing to change because life won’t stay the same.” Anonymous 3. “Adaptability is being able to adjust to any situation at any given time.” John Wooden 4. “All fixed set patterns are incapable of adaptability or pliability. The ” 6. “Adaptability to change is itself a hallmark of successful education.” Peter Hilton 7. “Adaptability is not imitation. It means power of resistance and assimilation.” Mahatma Gandhi 10. “Things change. The only thing constant is change. It’s up to you to be adaptable.” Anonymous 11. “And the most successful people are those who accept, and adapt to constant change. This adaptability requires a degree of flexibility and humility most people can’t manage.” Paul Lutus 12. “We learn flexibility and adaptability.” John Roper 13. “Adaptability is key.” Marc Andreessen 15. “Action and adaptability create opportunity.” Garrison Wynn 16. “Tactics, fitness, stroke ability, adaptability, experience, and sportsmanship are all necessary for winning.” Fred Perry 17. “Adaptability enforces creativity, and creativity is adaptability.” Pearl Zhu 18. “When we allow ourselves to adapt to different situations, life is easier.” Catherine Pulsifer 19. “To adapt is to move ahead.” Byron Pulsifer 20. “All failure is failure to adapt, all success is successful adaptation.” Max McKeown 21. “A wise man adapts himself to circumstances as water shapes itself to the vessel that contains it.” Anonymous 22. “Adaptability is the simple secret of survival.” Jessica Hagedorn 23. “If they lacked flexibility they wouldn’t be able to adapt to different situations and come out winning. When you’re flexible, you’re willing to consider the best approach for each particular situation.” Share With Others To Help Them Awaken! Please enter your comment! Please enter your name here
Dentures 2017-07-10T11:50:30+10:00 Dentures are removable appliances, or prostheses, designed to replace missing teeth. They come in many shapes, sizes and materials, and these are generally chosen/dictated by individual clinical circumstances. There is no one plan fits all treatment, it’s as individual as you are. Dentures can replace all the teeth in an arch (upper or lower) known as full dentures, or partial dentures replacing as few as one tooth, up to as many are necessary. Dentures can be fitted to implants making them a fixed unit, options will be presented when putting together your oral care plan. Some people find dentures hard to get used to as they can feel bulky in your mouth, and interfere with taste sensation When designing a denture several factors will come into play, which include stability retention and aesthetics. Over time the body resorbs the bone and remodels it. Sometimes patients who have been wearing dentures for a long time find that they come loose, dentures can be relined and this generally occurs around five years. Dentures require maintenance and replacement from time to time, and even those with no teeth should have an oral cancer screening check on a routine basis. We also check your mouth for signs of other systemic diseases. Dentures should be removed overnight to allow the underlying tissue rest. They are cleaned like your other teeth with a toothbrush and toothpaste. Whilst not in your mouth they can be wrapped in damp cloth or stored in a case.
Red Fox: Characteristics, Environment and Habits 23 Mar 2015 09 Jan 2018 The red fox is portrayed as a sly, cunning creature and has been symbolised in folklore across the world for centuries. They remain an important factor in English culture primarily due to humans hunting foxes with gun dogs. In other countries such as North America they majorly contributed to the fur trade (Sillero-Zubiri, Hoffmann and Macdonald, 2004). The reason foxes are represented as devious and crafty animals down to their appearance and their ability to continue to exist in most environments. Urban and rural environments differ in a number of ways. Urban environments present a number of challenges to animals such as household predators (ref), human interaction (ref) and complicated landscapes (ref). There are also some advantages to living in an urban area, for example the abundance of easily accessible food (ref) and man-made shelters (ref). In recent years notably in England the rate of urban environments encroaching into rural is increasing leading to a significant impact on wildlife. In order to survive in an urban environment animals must make adaptations to their behaviour and in some cases their morphology (ref). Some animals are better at adapting than others; rodents are perhaps one of the better known examples. If animals cannot make these adaptations in areas where their environment is depleting, their species will become under threat from extinction. The red fox is clearly successful in coping with these ever-changing environments and this is attributable to their ability to make adaptations. One such adaptation and arguably the most important is behaviour (Natural England, 2007). In order for any predator to be successful and exploit a range of diverse environments it must be able to locate prey on a regular basis. The red fox's diet is enormously varied due to its coverage across so many different habitats. Unsurprisingly while they are classified as carnivores, they appear to be taking on a more omnivores' style diet. (Natural England 2007). The red fox has also presented food preferences but is generally inclined to take the most readily available foods. (Scott 1955). Environment is a key aspect in the variation of the red fox's diet. Today the red fox exists in Rural, urban and suburban environments in this country and there is a large variety of food available to them. Red foxes will prey on a range of birds, small mammals, insects and other invertebrates. They will also eat fruit and vegetables which account for about one fourth of the foxes diet, although it cannot sustain the red fox as well as meat would. (Natural England 2007 and Zimen 1980). One of the most suitable habitats for a fox is one that has a high density of small mammals such as rabbits, hares and voles. These animals are easy for the fox to catch and provide enough energy and substance to sustain a red fox (Zimen 1980). An environment that lacks this kind of prey would in theory be an unsuitable place for a fox to survive. However there are countless examples in this country and across the world of foxes that are living in habitats where small mammals are a fairly minute part of their diet and yet they are still thriving. (Zimen 1980). Foxes living in urban environments have a comparatively different diet to those living in rural habitats. These foxes have a few different food sources which are arguably easier to obtain than hunting small mammals. The prime example of this is anthropogenic food which is in abundance in many urban environments due to the population of humans. (Harris and Baker 2001). The red fox can scavenge an array of discarded meat and other food whilst using minimal energy in the process. Other food sources such as carrion, fruits and even pets mean that the red fox can successfully live in this tough concrete jungle without its natural diet. (MacDonald and Sillero-Zubiri 2004). The food that the foxes scavenge also attracts some of their natural prey in rural areas giving them ample opportunity to hunt live prey. However it cannot be assumed that urban foxes will eat the same food in all urban environments, their diet is highly variable (Luniak 2004). A scientific study comparing the diet of the red fox in Bristol City Centre and Central London has revealed how a location change can cause dietary variation. Professor Steven Harris of Bristol University discovered that although these two places are alike and provide very similar food, the foxes consume different quantities of these foods. This proves that red foxes are opportunistic and will literally eat whatever they can find in order to stay alive. According to wildlife biologist Marsha Sovada with the U.S. Geological Survey's Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center in North Dakota, “Red foxes will eat anything-insects, birds, mammals, sunflower seeds. With such a catholic diet, the animals are virtually guaranteed ample food, opportunistically feeding on whatever's out there.” (Taylor 2001). In conclusion foxes will eat almost any food type and are true opportunistic eaters. This vastly varied diet will have a great impact on their success as a species and enables the red fox to live in almost any environment as a result (Matheson 1997 and Taylor 2001). Other canids such as the Asian Dhole (Asiatic Wild Dog) that failed to make this adaptation in diet amongst other factors are now an endangered species (MacDonald and Sillero-Zubiri 2004). The red fox has a behavioural characteristic called caching that assists in the success of the species. The caching of food that the red fox cannot eat straight away is also observed in other predators such as the mountain lion that frequently stores carcases. Mountain Lion The red fox has a much smaller stomach size for its body weight therefore they cannot stock up on enough to wait a long time for the next meal. This is why the red fox caches food in small holes which are usually spaced apart in different places. This particular behavioural adaptation serves a useful purpose in order to survive and it insures for times of prey shortage (Natural England 2007). The red fox also has a greatly developed memory for hoard locations which is useful when these caches can span across many territories (Sillero-Zubiri, Hoffmann and Macdonald 2004). There is however a downside to this instinct they carry. When faced with a large quantity of favoured prey the red fox will often kill more than it could possibly eat before spoiling. A common example of this is the killing of captive birds such as hens. This is commonly referred to as surplus killing and will only happen if there is a great amount of vulnerable prey available (Natural England 2007). This does not increase the relationship with humans resulting in efforts to trap and kill many foxes. “The fox probably pounces on any available source of a smell or a sound and examines what he has captured later.” (Murie 1936) An example that illustrates the red fox's ability to swap food type is an outbreak of myxomatosis a disease which wiped out a large proportion of the rabbit population in this country in 1953. The rabbit was certainly the red foxes preferred food type at this time as they provided a fair amount of meat for an easier catch. Developing techniques in order to catch prey is imperative to any predator's survival since their prey is commonly mobile. Each predator will have various techniques in capturing and killing its prey (Scott 1955). Red foxes have developed a range of hunting techniques in order to catch a diverse variety of prey (Grambo 1997). The red fox is primarily a crepuscular hunter but on occasion it will also hunt throughout the night (Especially in urban areas due to artificial lighting causing them to extend their hunting time (Fabricius 2010). They hunt around this time due to their prey being mostly active around dawn and dust. However the red fox can hunt during the day especially when food supply is in short supply in winter. They normally hunt in solidarity but it is not unknown for them to pair up in order to take down larger prey, such as calves (Sillero-Zubiri, Hoffmann and Macdonald 2004). The red fox has made many clever hunting adaptations in order to catch its diverse range of prey. For insects, the fox will put little effort into the method of capturing. They will commonly just walk up to insects without any stealthily moves and eat it. This method works well for foxes and as an insect requires little substance, this easy way of killing is suitable (Grambo 1997). For small mammals such as rodents the red fox will take on a far stealthier role. They will usually carefully walk around areas where the desired prey would be present, listening for any signs of movement. The moment the fox hears any scurrying, the red fox will launch itself straight up into the air and then pins down the victim with astonishing precision. The fox will then deliver a series of lethal bites (Harris and Baker 2001). Red Fox Hunting Rodent Other canids have this technique such as the coyote but generally most canids will shake their prey violently in order to kill (Sillero-Zubiri, Hoffmann and Macdonald 2004). The most challenging prey type the red fox encounters is Rabbits, hares and other swift small mammals. Hares can achieve speeds of up to 45mph when escaping predators and rabbits will run in a zigzag motion whilst reaching speeds of 30 mph (Elert 2001). These small mammals sustain the fox much longer than insects or any other small scavenged items so they are important to the fox's diet (Zimen 1980). The red fox's hunting technique for this prey is similar to most other predators. They will stalk their prey slinking along the ground for as long as they can stay undetected readying themselves for a pursuit. As soon as the fox has been noticed a rapid chase will ensue which either will result in the prey escaping, or the fox delivering a lethal bite to the animal's legs. In addition, the red fox can reach speeds of up to 30mph giving it a realistic chance of catching this hasty prey. Furthermore they are able to jump 6ft high which is particularly useful when chasing rabbits and hares. (Matheson 1997 and Zimen 1980). Fox Stalking meal There is one last notable method in capturing prey that is fairly unconventional commonly referred to as ‘Charming'. After spotting the desired prey, the red fox will begin playing and display odd behaviour in full view of its prey. This can result in the prey moving closer in order to see what the fox is doing. The fox will then ambush the prey when it's in close enough range. They have also been known to play dead which will attract carrion birds. This technique truly illustrates the fox's intelligence and is contrast to their otherwise sly and silent moves (Zimen 1980 and Matheson 1997). Red Fox leaping whilst charming Through having this varied range of hunting techniques, the red fox is able to have a wide-ranging diet. They have a tailored technique in capturing animals for each specific prey and situation. This ultimately helps the red fox become widespread as it can transfer this collection of hunting skills to different prey living in most environments. Conclusion for diet and hunting The process of finding food and hunting prey is imperative to any living creature's survival. The red fox has proved to be a very successful forager as they can seek out food in an array of different environments. The way in which it exploits a wide range of foods enables the fox to do well even in areas which at a glance do not seem to provide it with the means to thrive. Reproduction is fundamental for any species to be successful. Red foxes are monoestrous, they ovulate only once a year. Species that are commonly thought of as particularly abundant, such as the rabbit, have many litters per year. From this a person might assume that the red fox would have lower population numbers in comparison to the rabbit as they will only have one litter a year (Natural England 2007). A vixen on average will only have 5-6 kits a year and the infant mortality rate is reality high with only 2-3 kits surviving. However despite this they are still flourishing and this is down to several reasons. “Because they're small predators with a fast reproductive rate, red foxes can dominate other species once they become abundant,” says Ron Jurek, a wildlife biologist with the California Department of Fish and Game. The dedication of the mother to the wellbeing of her offspring is the one of the reasons for the red fox's success (Matheson 1997). Prior to the birth of her kits, the mother will prepare a natal den that is situated close to food and water supplies. This ensures the mother has access to food resources to sustain her, without straying too far from the den site. Female foxes will spend a large amount of time searching for a den that is concealed from humans and potential predators of the offspring, such as the badger. When the vixen has given birth to her kits, she will remain with them for the first two weeks in order to keep them warm relying on her mate to bring her any food she needs. This caring behaviour will help all of her kits to reach adulthood increasing the success of the species. An additional benefit is that the mother's milk is very rich providing a good amount of sustenance (Matheson 1997). Nursing kits Another key explanation for their high population is the capability of breeding at a young age. The red fox will on average reach sexual maturity at around 10 months old. In comparison to other canids such as the gray wolf that reaches sexual maturity around 2 or 3 years, this is relatively young. Perhaps if the fox population was more stable like the gray wolf then they would not need to reproduce at such a young age (VanGinkel 2002 and Sillero-Zubiri, Hoffmann and Macdonald 2004). The red fox has another useful behavioural characteristic which is predominantly present in urban environments which can help lower the red fox's infant mortality rate. Normally when vixen's kits have maturated they will separate and search for their own territories. However young females can stay with their parents for another year. They purposely stay behind to help raise their younger siblings and provide their mother with food. Although this altruism may not have an enormous impact on the success of the litter, the experience the vixen will gain by helping raise kits can be transferred to her own (Matheson 1997). A prime example where this behaviour is more successful is in wolves. The alpha female is the only allowed having pups and all the other females in the pack will help raise them. Ecological adaptations- 1500 Distribution and abundance The distribution of any predator is vital its success as a species. The vaster the distribution of a species, the more likely it is to succeed. If one environment was completely destroyed resulting in a species dying, as long as that species has colonised elsewhere it will not die out (MacDonald and Sillero-Zubiri 2004). The red fox is the most prevalent of all the predators on earth spanning across nearly the entire Holarctic region. They live in 83 countries in five continents covering 70 million sq-km and are the only canid to do so (Luniak 2004). In fact the only place the red fox does not exist is tropical Islands, Australasian Islands, Madagascar and Malta. They are only present in Australia because man introduced them there. The reason they are absent from these places is although they are fairly strong swimmers, there is a vast amount of water to cross in order to settle there and they have not made it. This is a tremendous achievement for any predator and the only other predator that comes close to this is the grey wolf. They of course no longer exist in this country due to hunting to extinction and major loss of habitat. This furthers the point of the fox is successful as they were faced with remarkably similar circumstances, and continue to exist. The red fox has encountered many extermination efforts and ever increasing natural habitat loss and yet still covers most of its original range. The map below illustrates the areas in which the red fox inhabits (Zimen 1980 and Luniak 2004). The current population of the red fox in England today is very difficult to determine. Dr Johnathan Reynolds of the Game and Conservancy Trust states: “Foxes have been on the increase in urban areas since the 1940s when they first started colonising towns and cities but we have also had a number of setbacks in the population because of the mange and other diseases. At the moment it is difficult to say what the overall picture is.” (Gray 2009) The last official estimate of the red fox in 1995 found there to be 240.000 living across the U.K. This figure is likely to have increased as their behavior is changing allowing them to live closer and closer to humans (Gray 2009 and Luniak 2004). One of the reasons why the red fox is so successful is ability to live all almost any habitat. They thrive in habitats from extreme examples such as tundra and desert to the more commonly associated woodland, scrub, farmland and urban environments (Luniak 2004). Below illustrates just how different these habitats can be: This capability of living in different habitats is a security against any landscape destruction. If for example the whole of England became a purely urban environment, the likely hood of the red fox surviving is high given their current urbanisation ability (Harris and Baker 2001). Other predators that struggle to cope with loss of habitat and fail to make adaptations are under threat of extinction. An example of this is the case of the critically endangered Darwin fox. The Darwin fox lives just off the west coast of Chile on Chiloé Island and mainland Chile. It covers the least geographical range of all the canids and is one of the most endangered. The main reason why they are on the brink of extinction is their lack of adaptations made to survive. They live in a unique island temperate forest which does not exist anywhere else. Loss of habitat means loss of prey resulting in them simply dying out as opposed to adapting and finding new sources of food and habitat (Sillero-Zubiri, Hoffmann and Macdonald 2004). Territory and range They have adapated their territoriy range to suit the need of the area. Like most predators, red foxes are territorial and in order for an individual fox to survive it needs to establish its own territory. Each territory provides shelter and adequate food for a species to live on. A predator's territory size can differ in every habitat. It tends to be directly correlated to the amount of food available and good quality denning sites (Natural England, 2007). The red fox population extents across various different environments. For this reason there is enormous variation in territory size. In a typical rural environment in England, the fox's territory size is around two to six square kilometres. In contrast an urban fox's territory size is approximately half a square kilometres. The red fox has reduced its territory size significantly in urban environments. There are several reasons for this change such as their territory becoming bound by the road and other large urban obstacles. There are also space limitations due to a lack of green areas compared to their rural cousin. A bonus for a red fox living in an urban environment means they do not have to travel too far to find their next meal. This leads to many urban foxes living a sedentary life thus having a smaller territory (Luniak, 2004). Red foxes have also developed a reasonably relaxed approach to living in close range to another territory in urban environments. The red fox will have two small territories, one that provides shelter which is defended against any intruders. The other is where hunting and foraging will take place and tends to overlap with other foxes territories. This tolerance has a positive impact on the fox population as it allows foxes to live successfully in built up urban landscapes (Natural England, 2007 and Luniak, 2004). A researcher at Bristol University, Ellie Whittaker said ‘The animals move around a lot geographically and in a lot of cities the population of foxes is absolutely exploding' (Gray 2009). The red fox has clearly managed to establish a life alongside humans in these difficult urban environments. The red fox will like most predators, mark their territory to preserve borders. Although this seems very defensive behaviour it serves a useful purpose. Red fox scent marking ‘Red foxes communicate with facial expressions, vocalisations and scent marking' (Luniak, 2004). This is one of the main ways the red fox communicates and in actual fact helps reduce aggressive clashes between foxes. It is uncommon for foxes to fight resulting in injury when another fox strays into its territory. This means there is a very low mortality rate from foxes killing each other increasing the success of the species (Matheson 1997). Avoidance behaviour and risk taking A red fox mistakenly sneaking into a lion enclosure Every animal has a flight distance and it is a fundamental behavioural trait, especially for animals that are preyed on. Flight distances vary greatly depending on the species and the environment they are living in. However the purpose it serves never changes. The key function of a flight distance is to keep an individual animal alive by running from a potential threat. (Luniak, 2004) A prime example of an animal that lacked any form of flight distance was the Dodo. The Dodo lived contented on the island of Mauritius until humans discovered the island in 1505. Whilst the explorers were there, they discovered this effortless source of food that would literally walk up to them without hesitation. The main reason the Dodo became extinct was their trusting towards every living creature. Up to the point humans invaded their island, they had no predators, therefore had not developed the flight mechanism that would have arguably saved their species (Maas, 2008). 3d model of a Dodo Consequently an animal with a short or nonexistent flight distance has an increased risk of being caught by a predator, resulting in a decline in the species or in the Dodos case, extinction. On the other hand an animal with too long a flight distant is in danger of a failing population due to the disturbance that fleeing frequently can cause. This constant running effects breeding, foraging and other behaviour vital to a species survival (Moller, 2008). The red fox has no real natural predator in this country other than badgers that occasionally kill young kits. The only predatorial threat they face on a daily basis is humans. In order for any species to co- exist amongst humans, they must develop a degree of tameness toward people or they will not survive in an urban environment (Luniak, 2004). The red fox is under threat from humans in both rural and urban environments and has adapted its flight distance to suit environment. From organised hunts to the odd disgruntled farmer the red fox has faced danger from man for centuries in rural landscapes. The red fox has adapted well to the threat if humans in rural environments. Wildlife journalist Keith Broomfield has studied the red fox for years and comments on the rural fox: “Here is a shy and careful animal, skirting around farmhouses and villages, making only the occasional foray to raid a hen house or sniff around for rats and mice in a farmyard during the dead of night. Disturb a country fox during the course of a walk, and in a blur of russet he will be gone (Broomfield, 2010).” They have still maintained the correct flight distances for living in rural areas as the threat they face are still prevalent. In urban environments By reducing their flight distance in urban environments they have managed to settle and live amongst humans successfully. They may even be becoming too complacent in some areas (Luniak, 2004). Red fox photographed on the London underground. They are not quick enough when it comes to traffic. Wildlife journalist Keith Broomfield wrote “When I first started to watch Edinburgh foxes in the mid-1970s. They were still quite shy then but now it is not uncommon to watch them nonchalantly trotting along the pavements of Glasgow or Edinburgh, unfazed by meeting a human (Broomfield, 2010).” The red fox is indisputably the easiest of all fox species to identify due to its unique markings and colour (Luniak, 2004). Its iconic rusty red coat, black legs and ears and white belly and tail tip are suitable for camouflage in a forest at night. They can keep well hidden as they sneak through the trees and vegetation. There are many colour variants which can vary from red to copper enabling them to live in other biomes such as sandy desert and open country. (Matheson, 1997). The red foxes kits will come out of the burrow a sandy brown colour. This camouflage helps protect the young from any predators especially in countries where they are hunted by lynx, wolves and other predators. Red fox cubs blending into their surroundings. The ability to blend in to their surroundings is especially beneficial when capturing prey and enables them to get closer to their victim undetected (Zimen, 1980). Red Fox example in camouflage However a significant proportion of the fox population live in urban environments (Grambo, 1997). This camouflage is not suited for urban landscapes and unlike other species they have not adapted in anyway physically in order to live in urban environments. Fortunately the red fox does not rely on camouflage alone in order to survive (Luniak, 2004). Red Fox in Urban environment The red fox has a surprisingly misleading appearance. Its red fur consists of long hairs which bulk out the form of the red fox. The red fox is approximately half the weight of other canids this size. This is owing to very light bones in comparison to dogs and a stomach only half the size of most canids. Request Removal Request the removal of this essay Get in Touch With us
Huaco in the form of the head of a llama This is a zoomorphic polychrome piece of pottery representing the head of a llama. The modeling is realistic with almond-shaped eyes, round ears and a prominent nose. The bichrome colouring used to indicate the details of the animal should be noted. The head has a red one and there are cream brush strokes to suggest the texture of the animal’s coat. A circular hole has been made in the parietal region of the cranium to allow for the circulation of oxygen during the firing of the piece so as to avoid cracking. This orifice also used for ritual libations. The llama was an animal of great importance in the Moche culture as it was not only valued as a beast of burden but also as a foodstuff and for its wool used in the making of garments and cloth. The best-known cultural legacy of the Moche people is their ceramic work which generally was to form part of offerings to the deceased. Men, divinities, animals, plants and complex scenes were represented by artists in the form of sculptural images of vessels decorated with brushwork. Most of the Moche ceramic is in the form of a huaco, decorated in two colours (red on cream in most cases). A huaco is a closed vessel with a globe-shaped or sculptural form, a flat base, and a tubular spout in the form of a stirrup. These have been one of the fundamental ways we have been able to learn about the characteristics of this pre-Hispanic culture, about its society, the natural environment in which it developed and the different periods of its cultural evolution. Related works of art Perro Clima terracota j bagot arqueologia pasarriendas roma bronce j bagot arqueologia Jinete a caballo terracota Beocia, Grecia j bagot arqueologia perro colima rascandose la cabeza j bagot arqueologia fragmento de cornisa j bagot arqueologia Consell de Cent, 278 08007 Barcelona SPAIN (+34) 93 140 53 26 Monday - Saturday 10h to 14h 16:30h to 20:00h Uso de cookies Aviso de cookies
Part 2: Hyaluronic Acid vs. Vaseline. One hydrated the skin, the other dried it out. Can you guess which one? In this study I looked at the effects of hyaluronic acid serums on skin dryness. The inspiration for this study were the following observations: 1. Hyaluronic acid forms a gel when in contact with water because it pulls water from its environment 2. Hyaluronic acid is not able to penetrate the epidermis once this gel is formed, and therefore sits on the skin 3. A common complaint of users using HA serums is skin dryness The goal of this study was to examine the effects of hyaluronic acid-containing skin care on skin hydration levels. Experimental Serums For this experiment a serum containing natural water-based extracts and 0.25% (HA0.25), 0.5% (HA0.5) and 0.75% (HA0.75) hyaluronic acid were applied to the skin (in an area not exposed to the sun) for one month. Experimental Controls The skin hydration levels were compared to the controls: Control A: water Control B: Water-based extract without HA Comparison to Vaseline: Skin hydration levels were compared to the hydration levels from applying the liquid extract serum (Control B) followed up with topical Vaseline (SV) applied to the skin. Hydration levels of the stratum corneum were measured by applying a probe to the skin after application of serums or controls and measuring the conductance of the skin. Measurements were taken once every week for 4 weeks total. Why conductance measurements matter: When there is a change in the water property of skin, its electrical activity also changes. Conductance is measuring how easily an electrical current can pass through your skin. Water is a conductor of electricity. When there is more water in your skin, there is a greater ability for a current to move through. All measurements were taken at 10AM, 2 hours after application of serum or control. Serums and controls were all maintained at room temperature and stored away from sunlight. All serums and controls were wiped off of the applied area with a wet cloth and patted dry to prevent interference with the readings. 5 total measurements were taken for each experimental or control serum and the average measurement was recorded. It was found that there was a gradual loss in skin hydration levels when using a serum containing HA. It was noted that the more HA in the serum, the greater the loss of hydration. There was no significant changes in hydration levels for the control serums There was a notable increase in hydration levels when the serum extract was sealed on the skin with Vaseline. This preliminary study shows that serums containing hyaluronic acid elicit skin-drying properties. Hyaluronic acid has the natural tendency to pull water from its environment, and when it is applied to skin it is pulling water from the skin. These results shows that for skin hydration, it is best to apply a hydrating serum without ingredients that pull water, and to seal in the serum with a topical that prevents evaporation. Future studies will involve long-term measurements of skin dryness using the above methods in addition to using different equipment to measure skin hydration.
Lion's Mane Jellyfish: Big and Dangerous 16 April 2021 Lion's Mane jellyfish Lion's Mane Jellyfish, Cyanea capillata How to treat a Lion's Mane Sting? 1. Rinse with vinegar 2. Place hot pack on affected area for 40 minutes, or place into hot water (45 oC). Don't rinse with seawater Lion's Mane jellyfish, with stinging tentacles How long does it take them to get that big? The Lion's Mane occasionally occurs in large swarms, largely thought to be due to storms and tides that concentrate individuals together. They don't just float with the currents though but swim by contracting their muscles and propelling themselves forward. Lion's Mane jellyfish, Cyanea capillata, one of the biggest jellyfish What do Lion's Mane Jellyfish eat? The jellyfish are predators, eating zooplankton, small fish and moon jellyfish. Where are Lion's Mane Jellyfish Found? You'll find the Lion's Mane in the Arctic and Pacific Oceans, the North and Irish Seas and around the coast of Australia. They are mostly no deeper than around 20 metres. Lion's Mane jellyfish in the Irish Sea by Jill Studholme References and Further Reading Great British Marine Animals, by Paul Naylor The Marine Life Information Network Doyle, T.K.; Headlam, J.L.; Wilcox, C.L.; MacLoughlin, E.; Yanagihara, A.A. Evaluation of Cyanea capillata Sting Management Protocols Using Ex Vivo and In Vitro Envenomation Models. Toxins 2017, 9, 215.
- Advertisement - Home Money How Do Startup Incubators Make Money? How Do Startup Incubators Make Money? - Advertisement - A major objective of an incubator is to assist a startup growth. Incubators solve issues of the startups and provide workspace, training, or other resources. Do you know how do startup incubators make money? Yes, incubators make money as startups become successful. They earn money in different ways. How do startup incubators make money? Here are 4 ways of offering a fundamental understanding of how do startup incubators make money. 1. The first most common way of making money is by delivering the incubation program that offers broader benefits. Anyone providing incubation services is taking a high risk. It involves more commitment that they spend time generously with the startup entrepreneurs in their ventures. Thus, making money and earning profit is essential for incubator services, growth, and sustainability. 1. Understanding that a running incubator offers incredible marginal, though it is challenging. Making money is not easy. It needs one to take a harder route of providing expert advice. There is a learning design of world-class quality for unknown startup individuals. It includes untested ideas, variable commitment, no revenue, and most fail to see success. There is a need for the incubator to teach startups with ideas to get a margin to earn. 1. Most organizations have multiple revenue streams offering incubation services. Universities, government agencies, co-working spaces, consultancies, and chambers of commerce, do many things other than incubating startups. Some directly sell to the startups the incubation services and make money. It is sold to sponsors, as well. Indirect sales earn money such that their incubation service leads to acquiring other services. Linking other revenue streams to incubation services allows taking a loss on delivery. It is because it is an investment. Also Read: Daily Income Business Ideas without Investment 1. Government grants are not sustainable or recurring revenue. Some incubators invite government grants. However, grants in an area is a co-investment in limited aspects of projects. It is within the set timeframes revealing how do startup incubators make money. The incubators can attain outcomes such as lifting the mentoring quality or also by introducing international experts. Grant funding may be available for a year or two. It is replaced to sustain service quality and reach. Now, how do startup incubators make money specifically? There are direct ways to earn revenue, and it includes: 1. a) Government, Corporate, or investor sponsorship. A government, company, or other investors pay the incubator to run. It is because they wish to see first, invest, or access the startups. It is the reason they hire an incubator (a third party) so that they can focus on the benefits. 1. b) Profit by ventures from liquidity events that have their equity. The incubator is an accelerator. He may run a VC firm seeing on their investment ten times return. It is the pipeline(accelerator) and a way to filter investments and to de-risk. 1. c) Participants pay for participation. An incubator charges the participants who are the startups. They pay as they can get quality advisers, connections, and content. But for an incubator, it may be inaccessible or expensive. Also Read: Why Employee Feedback is Important in the Workplace Indirect ways that the incubators can earn money include: ways that the incubators can earn money 1. a) Selling more services to the startups. Chances are that you develop affiliations and relationships through a program. It becomes attractive to rent office space, a desk, lab access, or to pay a membership fee as a part of the network. 1. b) Selling the processes, talent, and lessons, to others. People running incubators see hundreds or dozens of startups. Thus, you can become an expert in advising or seeking help. Whether it is a template, tools, methods, consulting hours, books, grant writing, professional services, or others, it is worthwhile. Again, how do startup incubators make money; includes many variations on direct and indirect models. - Advertisement - - Advertisement - Stay Connected Must Read - Advertisement - Recent Published Startup Stories - Advertisement - Please enter your comment! Please enter your name here Select Language »
Category Archives: Arduino While experimenting the the Arduino beginners book, one of their tasks involves using a Piezo (a small toned instrument). The task uses a photo resistor to control the pitch of the piezo so the lighter the light the quieter it is the darker the louder. two servos Remember the way we connected a servo to the Arduino, there is a super quick way to turn that into two servo’s and have them run together. The way to do this is to set up the servo’s as you would and upload this code: #include <Servo.h> Servo servoLeft; // Define left servo Servo servoRight; // Define right servo int angle = 0; // servo position in degrees void setup() { servoLeft.attach(10); // Set left servo to digital pin 10 servoRight.attach(9); // Set right servo to digital pin 9 void loop() { // Loop through motion tests delay (1500); // Example: move forward delay (1500); // Example: move forward // Motion routines for forward, reverse, turns, and stop void forward() { void reverse() { Whats good with this setup is you can insert a push button into the circuit and control the servo’s whenever you push the button. When setting this up you have to have the power go through the push button into one servo and then into the other. Soldering is a technique which creates permanent fixings for connections and components. To solder you use whats called a soldering iron, which heats up enough to melt solder onto the ends of wires to connect them together or connect components to circuits. Looking into strip boards to make my circuit more permanent, i have done a bit of research into how they work and what there limits are. 1) With copper strips travelling across the board these are what carries the current along the board to the components. 2) With the copper strips being only 35µm means it can realistically take 1amp safely. 3) By taking a drill piece and drilling out the copper will break the circuit allowing you to have multiple components on the same lines. So this morning we had deliveries for all the pieces we now need to complete the project. The other 2 pumps and bike bottle holders came which meant i could connect them up to the machine and just wait for the engineer to come a wire up the 3 components inside the washing machine and we should be complete. 3 versions of the code Because of the diverse nature of the project I have come up with two versions of the code. 1) the main version and the one which gives the user the most control over the machine is the code that has an on/off button for each separate task in the pipeline. 2) the other type of code i have written gives less control over the board but means you only have to press one button per task 3) Using twitter hashtags you will tweet the necessary hashtag and it will begin the process. So just to remember what goes with what: 5novcode.ino goes with test slider.html twitter.ino goes with twitttter.html atimesversion.ino goes with alltimes.html. wireless pump So we bought a pump and a 12v power supply with 1 amp output and connected the pump up to my relay circuit and pin 8 of the Arduino. Note* solder header pins onto the wires of the pump for easier connections. Using my wireless board and code from pervious tests I created a wireless pump that turns on when you press the button on the website and turns off when you press the off button on the site.
What can be better workers’ interests than a phrase of Karl Marx in the Communist Manifesto? “The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains either. They have, however, a world to win. Proletarians of all countries, unite!” wrote Karl Marx . The origin of May Day It all started in the second half of the nineteenth century in America, when a group of anarchist unionists sought to get the workday of eight hours. The Congress of the Socialist Workers Second International , held in Paris in 1889, declared International Workers Day. Thereafter, the labor movement sees it as quintessential holiday. In 1954, the Catholic Church called Day of St. Joseph the Worker, supporting the struggle of the workers. The history of Labor Day Working conditions at that time were just deplorable, with working hours of 16 hours, low wages and discouraging prospects against unemployment . More than 300,000 workers marched in streets and squares across the United States. It was on May 1, 1886 . Demanded an eight-hour workday. In Chicago the situation got out of control so that, days later, culminating in a bloody denouement: the slaughter in Hay market Square. In homage to the martyrs of Chicago, was determined this festive day-even today-serves as a vindication of the rights of workers. This has been established in most Western countries. Labor Day In the UK and the Principality of Andorra, is not celebrated the Labor Day . Also in the U.S., interestingly, at least on the same day. President Grover Cleveland changed the date Labor Day to the first Monday in September, for fear of strengthening the socialist movement. In Spain In our country it is considered a holiday by Law 21,329 of national holidays and holidays. As expected, the unions have in your program many concentrations in the main Spanish cities. Mark is a major historical events for the workplace, but also must be claimed progress in improving working conditions. Today, Spain is experiencing a critical time when the employment situation of so many people is being seriously affected. Undoubtedly, the significance of this date is particularly relevant. Some of the events include talks for the previous day, which displays different views. Here the debate is not just a guest, but a must. On day 1, the demonstration still being the highlight of the day, parades are organized, popular foods and even cooking contests. In the palms of Gran Can aria, are encouraged to participate in a walk on the Corner Tercentennial, called Path traditions . It also celebrates the same Sunday in May, Mother’s Day , the feast that deserves special mention. Touch esoteric Without wishing to play down the seriousness it belongs, here are a number of famous people born in this peculiar and historic day: the Italian thinker, Salvatore Morel, the French painter Jules Breton, the Argentine composer, Felipe Boer, the Blessed Mary Restitution Kafka , the Canadian actor, Glenn Ford, and British singer, Paul Owen, among many others. The workers’ struggle The German journalist August Spies, one of the martyrs of Chicago, summarizes conclusively cries of protest were heard on that fateful day: “If you think you can kill by hanging the labor movement, then hanged! here trample a spark, but there and there, behind you, in front of you, and everywhere, flames will emerge.’s a subterranean fire. shut you can not. ”
M.D School Logo Intelligence has been defined in many ways: the capacity for logic, understanding, self-awareness, learning, emotional knowledge, reasoning, planning, creativity, critical thinking and problem-solving. More generally, it can be described as the ability to perceive or infer information, and to retain it as knowledge to be applied towards adaptive behaviors within an environment or context. Intelligence is most often studied in humans but has also been observed in both non-human animals and in plants despite controversy as to whether some of these forms of life exhibit intelligence. Intelligence in computers or other machines is called artificial intelligence. (en.wikipedia.org) From “Mainstream Science in Intelligence” (1994), Some psychologists revealed that human as the most intelligent creature on earth have, four types of Intelligence quotients: IQ, EQ, SQ, AQ 1) Intelligence Quotient (IQ) 2) Emotional Quotient (EQ) 3) Social Quotient (SQ) 4) Adversity Quotient (AQ) 1. Intelligence Quotient (IQ): This is the measure of your comprehension ability, solve maths, memorize things and recall subject matters. 2. Emotional Quotient (EQ): This is the measure of your ability to maintain peace with others, keep to time, be responsible, be honest, respect boundaries, be humble, genuine and considerate. People that have higher EQ and SQ tend to go further in life than those with high IQ but low EQ and SQ. Most people concentrate on improving IQ level while EQ and SQ are played down. Your EQ represents your character, your SQ represents your charisma. Give in to habits that will improve these three Qs but more especially your EQ and SQ. EQ and SQ make one manage better than the other. Now there is a 4th one: A new paradigm 4. The Adversity Quotient (AQ): To parents: Expose children to other areas of life than academic. They should adore manual work (never use work as a form of punishment), sport and art. Leave a Reply Recent Blog Posts Recent School News
Clear Signs You’re Not Eating Enough Vegetables While occasional forgetfulness can affect all ages, if you find your brain’s processing speed and efficiency fading as you get older, a lack of nutrients could be the culprit. “Lutein, a nutrient which has been shown in early research to enhance learning and memory, can be found in a variety of vegetables such as leafy greens, carrots, broccoli, corn, and tomatoes,” says Sauer. “Adding a few or all of these vegetables to your weekly meals can provide a helpful and natural brain boost.”
As we have discussed in detail about why barcode is important and why need to adopt it in previous article so I believe that we have the basic knowledge about the barcode and we are ready to go ahead and find out how barcode label software and barcode reader software works in order to understand the system of barcode. So, barcodes are normally labelling and combination of labels on a product through which it can be identified very easily and quickly with the complete production information. Now you must be thinking about the standard of barcodes numbering and combination of barcodes numbers so yes there is a global standard of barcodes which is also known as gs1 barcode labels. GS1 barcodes labels is an international standard of barcoding with specific combinations so it become very easy to understand and more importantly to make a barcode printing software and barcode scanner software through which dealing with barcode can be possible easily and also through barcode printing software we can generate a hard copy of barcodes to be placed and stick on to the product and product packaging. Also, it helps human to understanding the barcode arrangement who has learned and a professional of barcoding. In an addition, Barcode printing software prints the barcodes according to the GS1 (Global Standard 1) through barcode printing software. Now how to utilize the GS1 barcode labels so there are specified things in gs1 barcode labels which we will be discussing latter on in any other article but before that let us standard what is barcode is actually. So, barcodes are the combination of small vertical lines next to each other with the specific thickness and thinness and upon every point of thickness there is different information and every point of thinness there is different information. In order to understand it clearly let us take an example. Moreover, let suppose you have given that for letter ‘A’ there is a thinnest vertical line and similarly for all letters the thinnest line should be increasing it thinness by one point and in the last become the thickest vertical line. So, now if you to write a word “Apple” how do you convert it in barcode? I believe you can now easily covert it by specifying vertical line as defined to each alphabet and what if you make this as standard and make a software which is based on reading vertical lines and show you by converting into alphabets and similarly, a software can take your alphabets and number and covert them into defined barcoding standard and print it out so you can place it on your product to identify by the other barcode reader software. So, I believe you have understood the working of GS1 barcodes labels and barcode printing software and I expect that you found this information of GS1 barcode labels, barcodes and barcode printing software very interesting, isn’t? Well there are still a lot in barcoding and regarding gs1 barcodes labels and barcode printing software. For more information and FREE consultation regarding gs1 barcode labels and barcode printing software and all other information of barcode, please visit this link for more details.
John Miranowski Iowa State University Alicia Rosburg University of Northern Iowa Jittinan Aukayanagul Iowa State University During the past half century, per-acre maize yields have increased due to improved cultivars, better management, and favorable weather. Recent US biofuel legislation, e.g., revised Renewable Fuel Standard, has increased the demand for biofuel and added competition for available cropland. Growth in maize yield may alleviate the potential impacts, including greenhouse gas effects, of rising food, feed, and fuel demand. Using 1960-2009 maize yields for the United States and top maizeproducing states, we test for structural breaks and develop yield trend and growth forecasts for 2030. Depending on the forecasting model, US maize yield ranges from 205 to 242 bushels per acre in 2030. Holding maize production constant at the 2009 level, 16-25 million acres could be shifted to other crop production. Maize yield forecasts are sensitive to model choice (linear trend vs. growth rate) and time period (short- vs. long-run trends). Ultimately, maize yield growth and trends have important impacts on greenhouse gas emissions. Key words: Biofuel, cropland use, greenhouse gas emissions, maize yield growth rates, maize yield trends, nitrogen use, structural breaks.
How Do You Avoid Distractions While Listening? Why is listening so difficult? Listeners are often unable to accurately attend to messages because of four types of noise. Physical noise is caused by the physical setting a listener is in. Psychological noise exists within a listener’s own mind and prevents him or her from attending to a speaker’s message.. What are five effective listening strategies? There are five key active listening techniques you can use to help you become a more effective listener:Pay Attention. Give the speaker your undivided attention, and acknowledge the message. … Show That You’re Listening. … Provide Feedback. … Defer Judgment. … Respond Appropriately. What do you call someone who is good at listening? One adjective that is especially appropriate to describe a good listener is “attentive.” Similarly, but with more emphasis on caring about the needs of the speaker, the listener is viewed as “thoughtful.” What are the 5 stages of listening? Author Joseph DeVito has divided the listening process into five stages: receiving, understanding, remembering, evaluating, and responding (DeVito, 2000). What are the four listening barriers? The 4 Barriers to Effective ListeningA natural tendency to want to speak first and focus on our own agenda. This gets in the way of our ability to really hear and understand the other person.Negative perceptions regarding the speaker and/or topic. … Our ability to think much faster than someone can speak. … Emotional, external, internal and cultural noise. What is listening for appreciation? Appreciative listening is a type of listening behavior where the listener seeks certain information which they will appreciate, and meet his/her needs and goals. One uses appreciative listening when listening to music, poetry or the stirring words of a speech. What are the four main causes of poor listening? The four main causes of poor listening is not concentrating “spare brain time”, listening too hard and missing the main details and points, jumping to conclusions, and focusing on delivery and personal appearance. What are the five barriers to listening? We’ll discuss five different barriers to effective listening: Information overload, personal concerns or issues, outside distractions, prejudice, and rate of speech and thought. How can I focus while listening? BlogStop what you are doing. If you’re going to engage in a conversation with someone, let them know you’re listening intently by stopping what you’re working on to give them your attention. … Shift your attention. … Clear your mind. … Focus on the other person. … Listen. … Write it down. … Confirm what you heard. … Process. What are the stages of listening? The listening process involves four stages: receiving, understanding, evaluating, and responding. How do you teach active listening skills? Active Listening in the ClassroomLook at the person, and suspend other things you are doing.Listen not merely to the words, but the feeling content.Be sincerely interested in what the other person is talking about.Restate what the person said.Ask clarification questions.Be aware of your own feelings and existing opinions.More items…• What are the signs of poor listening? Here are 7 common signs of poor listening.Judging others too quickly and harshly.Jumping to premature conclusions.Responding thoughtlessly.Basing opinions of others on first impressions.Failing to set aside one’s biases and prejudices.Seeing reality solely from one’s own, limited perspective.More items…• What are the six stages of listening? The listening process involve six stages: hearing, selecting, attending, understanding, evaluating and remembering. Connected to these six stages is the final aspect of responding (see figure 1.1). What types of distractions interfere with listening? Distractions can be internal or external. External distractions include auditory, visual, or physical noise. Internal distractions may be psychological or emotional. In order to best focus in on a speaker’s message, try to eliminate as many distractions as possible. What prevents good listening? These are:External Distractions. Physical distractions or things in your work environment that divert your attention away from the person with whom you’re communicating.Speaker Distractions. … Message Intent/Semantics. … Emotional Language. … Personal Perspective. What are the 3 A’s of active listening? The three “As,” which are attitude, attention, and adjustment, play a key role in listening skills. Once you understand how these impact your listening, they most likely will stay in your mind and keep you on your toes when it comes to the times you need them the most. What causes poor listening? Low concentration, or not paying close attention to speakers, is detrimental to effective listening. It can result from various psychological or physical situations such as visual or auditory distractions, physical discomfort, inadequate volume, lack of interest in the subject material, stress, or personal bias. What are the 4 types of listening? There are four different types of listening that are essential to know when deciding what your goal as the listener is. The four types of listening are appreciative, empathic, comprehensive, and critical.
Glowing algae turn Australian lakes electric blue shiny! .jpg This time-lapse photo was taken in eastern Victoria, Australia, and features Noctiluca Scintillans, a type of algae that naturally produces a light-emitting chemical reaction. You can't see it during the day, but, at night, the algae glow electric blue, illuminating portions of the shoreline where wind pushed the blooms during the day. Call it Mother Nature's little light-switch rave. The backstory of this algae outbreak is every bit as interesting as the photos themselves. As told by photographer Phil Hart, this infestation of shiny is the direct result of (in this exact order) raging forest fires, massive floods and a potentially deadly outbreak of Cyanobacteria. Epic! Check out Phil Hart's full gallery of Noctiluca Scintillans photos.
Why Shannon's noisy channel coding theorem can't be used for quantum communication applications? Schumacher proved the first Noiseless theorem and there are quantum error correction mechanisms out there. I guess I am not sure what is the gap in knowledge to prove the noisy channel coding theorem? • 3 $\begingroup$ Do you know about the Holevo-Schumacher-Westmoreland theorem? $\endgroup$ – Peter Shor Feb 1 '18 at 21:32 • 1 $\begingroup$ Why do you think the quantum noisy channel coding theorem hasn't been proved already? $\endgroup$ – Peter Shor Jan 2 at 14:48 You have two questions here. 1. Why can't Shannon's Noisy Coding Theorem be used for a quantum channel? 2. What gaps are there to proving a quantum noisy channel coding theorem? I will concentrate on the first question. Shannon's noisy coding theorem says that for a memoryless channel, $$ {\displaystyle \ C=\sup _{p_{X}}I(X;Y)},$$ where $p_X$ is maximized over all probability distributions over the input variable $X$. If you try to apply this naïvely to quantum channels, you run into a bunch of problems: • The input and the output of a quantum communication channel are never around simultaneously, so the classical definition of $I(X;Y)$ doesn't work at all. • The proof depends on the fact that the channel is a probabilistic map taking the input to the output. This isn't true for quantum channels; a quantum channel is a completely positive trace-preserving linear operator. • Classical channels essentially only have one capacity. There are many different capacities for quantum channels. Are you trying to send classical or quantum information? Do the sender and receiver have access to quantum entanglement? Can the receiver communicate on a classical channel that sends information back to the sender? Neither of these last two abilities change the capacity of classical channels, but they do change the capacity of quantum channels. • There are two equivalent expressions for mutual information: $$I(X;Y) =H(X) +H(Y) - H(X,Y) = H(Y) - H(Y\|X). $$ The quantum equivalents of these two expressions are not equal. In fact, each of these corresponds to a different quantum channel capacity; the first corresponds to the entanglement-assisted classical capacity and the second to the Holevo-Schumacher-Westmoreland capacity. So to summarize, you can't apply Shannon's Noisy Channel Coding theorem directly to quantum channels because not only does the proof not work, but the standard formulation of Shannon's capacity formula isn't even defined for quantum channels, and mutual information has two plausible extensions to the quantum case. For your second question, there are several different quantum noisy channel coding theorems. The main problem with most of them is that they have a regularization step in them. Instead of getting an answer that you can compute by maximizing over inputs to a single channel use, you get an answer that is difficult to compute: you need to maximize a quantity that depends on $n$ channel uses and divide by $n$, and then take $n$ to infinity. There may not be a single-channel-use formula; even a lot of quantities in classical information theory don't have a single-symbol formula. Your Answer
How Vapor Cigarettes Work How Vapor Cigarettes Work An electric vapor cigarette is a new electronic device that replicates traditional tobacco cigarettes. It usually consists of an internal battery, a power power source such as a rechargeable battery, and a tube or shell such as a cigar case or cartridge. Rather than nicotine, an individual usually inhales vapor instead. In this manner, using an electronic vapor cigarette is frequently described as “e-smoking”. Vapor is really a simpler, less harmful version of nicotine, also it doesn’t produce the same addictive substance. There are many different kinds of electronic cigarettes. The most well known may be the electronic cigar. These are designed to look like a regular cigar with a band for added grip. They work much like a real cigar, in that the user is supposed to place the cigar between the index finger and thumb and “piston” it forward in to the mouth. This action produces the vapor which a lot of people inhale. As with any kind of cigarette, regular smoking will produce some tar and toxic chemicals in the blood, however the vapor only contains a bit. Another electronic product may be the electronic cigar. They are sometimes called a “smoke stick”, because they look similar to a cigarette. They work similar to the cigar, in that the user is supposed to put the cigar in between the thumb and index finger and “piston” it forward in to the mouth. Just like the vapor cigarette, regular smoking will produce some tar and toxic chemicals in the blood, but the vapor only contains a really small amount. Electric cigarettes are increasingly more popular than they are in the past. The upsurge in smoking prevalence has caused an increase in products which duplicate the result of smoking. Many people find it hard to stop smoking completely, and these products can offer them with that option. Vapor cigarettes take a few minutes to prepare the smoker because of their first experience of “smoking” without the harmful chemicals within regular cigarettes. It’s an easy way for people to stop cigarettes forever. Although there are lots of different types of vaporizers, the most common is the humidifier-based vaporizer. A humidifier can be used because it adds water to the vapor, rendering it less sticky and rendering it easier to inhale. There are many different brands of vaporizers, but one that is most effective to certain circumstances may be the miniaturized version of the humidifier. Once the humidifier is not needed or desired, the e-pen or electronic cigarettes’ use could be switched to something else. E-pen users also do not need to worry about the tar and toxic chemicals found in traditional cigarettes because these materials cannot be absorbed by your body. However, many experts do advise e-pens to smokers who also desire to quit. Lots of people find that electronic cigarettes have helped them to avoid smoking, although it may take several attempts before one is smoking-free. Electronic cigarettes supply the smoker less dependency on the chemicals found in tobacco and deliver a much cleaner hit. Smoking becomes easier to do and will not negatively affect the health of the smoker. Many Novo 2 vaporizers can be purchased online. Prices vary widely and some vaporizers are more expensive than others. Some vaporizers include rechargeable batteries in order to be used when you have no access to electrical outlets. The cost of a vaporizer will depend upon its features, quality, brand, and size. The benefits of electric cigarettes are that it eliminates all the harmful toxins within traditional cigarettes. It also reduces the nicotine cravings that cause the majority of the smokers to light up. These electronic cigarettes deliver a certain amount of vapor that resembles the actual act of smoking. In this manner, the smoker feels as though they’re actually smoking cigarettes and is less likely to grab the cigarettes. Vaping allows the smoker to take pleasure from the taste of vaporized cigarette without actually needing to smoke the original cigarettes. Most vaporizers are very small and can easily fit in the pocket, purse or back pocket. The newer electronic cigarettes even have a built-in battery which can be recharged by simply plugging the vaporizer into an outlet. The portability of the electronic cigarettes allows smokers to take them wherever each goes. There are several vaporizers available to buy at varying prices. The costs tend to be higher than the standard cigarette due to additional cost of the vaporizer and the excess time required to prepare the vapor. However, it is important to remember that vaporizers do not contain any of the chemicals or toxins found in cigarettes. For this reason, it is very unlikely that a vaporizer will ever result in a return to cigarette smoking. Posted in Uncategorized
Dusty Quotations Who is Robert Kennedy? Robert Francis Kennedy (November 20, 1925 – June 6, 1968), also referred to by his initials RFK and occasionally by the nickname Bobby, was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 64th United States Attorney General from January 1961 to September 1964, and as a U.S. Senator from New York from January 1965 until his assassination in June 1968. He was, like his brothers John and Edward, a prominent member of the Democratic Party and has come to be viewed by some historians as an icon of modern American liberalism. Kennedy was born into a wealthy, political family in Brookline, Massachusetts. After serving in the U.S. Naval Reserve from 1944 to 1946, Kennedy returned to his studies at Harvard University, graduating in 1948. He received his law degree from the University of Virginia, and was admitted to the Massachusetts bar in 1951. He began his career as a correspondent for The Boston Post and as a lawyer at the Justice Department, but later resigned to manage his brother John’s successful campaign for the U.S. Senate in 1952. The following year, he worked as an assistant counsel to the Senate committee chaired by Senator Joseph McCarthy. He gained national attention as the chief counsel of the Senate Labor Rackets Committee from 1957 to 1959, where he publicly challenged Teamsters President Jimmy Hoffa over the union’s corrupt practices. Kennedy resigned from the committee to conduct his brother’s campaign in the 1960 presidential election. He was appointed United States Attorney General after the election and served as his brother’s closest advisor until his 1963 assassination. His tenure is best known for its advocacy for the civil rights movement, the fight against organized crime and the Mafia, and involvement in U.S. foreign policy related to Cuba. He authored his account of the Cuban Missile Crisis in a book titled Thirteen Days. After his brother’s assassination, he remained in office in the Johnson Administration for several months. He left to run for the United States Senate from New York in 1964 and defeated Republican incumbent Kenneth Keating. In office, Kennedy opposed racial discrimination and U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War. He was an advocate for issues related to human rights and social justice and formed working relationships with Martin Luther King Jr.Cesar Chavez, and Walter Reuther. In 1968, Kennedy became a leading candidate for the Democratic nomination for the presidency by appealing to poorAfrican AmericanHispanicCatholic, and young voters. His main challenger in the race was Senator Eugene McCarthy. Shortly after winning the California primary around midnight on June 5, 1968, Kennedy was mortally wounded when shot with a pistol by Sirhan Sirhan, a 24-year-old Palestinian, allegedly in retaliation for his support of Israel following the 1967 Six-Day War. Kennedy died the following morning. Sirhan was arrested, tried, and convicted, though Kennedy’s assassination, like his brother’s, continues to be the subject of widespread analysis and numerous conspiracy theories. Leave a Reply WordPress.com Logo Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
Alcohol and your brain While a couple of glasses of wine can aid in easing the mind after a long day, new research shows that it may actually help clean the mind as well. New studies shows that low levels of alcohol consumption reduce inflammation and helps the brain flush out toxins, including those associated with Alzheimer’s disease. It is almost common sense that high doses of alcohol can damage the brain, as well us other organs in the body, but in recent studies we have shown for the first time that low doses of alcohol are potentially beneficial to brain health. The research focuses on the glymphatic system which is the brain’s unique cleaning process that was first described by Dr. Nedergaard. They showed how cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) is pumped into brain tissue and flushes away waste, including the proteins beta amyloid and tau that are associated with Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of dementia. Subsequent research has shown that the glymphatic system is more active while we sleep, can be damaged by stroke and trauma, and improves with exercise. The new study, which was conducted with mice. The mice that were exposed to low levels of alcohol consumption, given approximately 2 ½ drinks per day (relative to their size), actually showed less inflammation in the brain and their glymphatic system was more efficient in moving CSF through the brain and removing waste, compared to control mice who were not exposed to alcohol. The low dose animals’ performance in the cognitive and motor tests was identical to the controls. Leave a Reply
Sustainable Living: Baby Steps To Going Green Going green. Such a simple concept, yet so difficult to master. And why so? The answer is that humanity has grown complacent in a fixed mindset that small changes on their behalf won’t repair a big problem caused by billions of other people. It’s a feeling of defeat. But, believing that one person can’t spark a big movement toward positive change is the reason that our fragile environment has become a breeding ground for global-scale crises such as pollution, collapse in ecosystems, species endangerment and global warming. And for our environment to heal and undergo rehabilitation, fundamental change needs to take place—and that starts with a shift in consciousness. It can begin with one person. It can begin with you. This post contains affiliate links. To learn more about my disclosure policy, click here. To go green requires a reorientation of the mindset and modification of lifestyle—being eco-conscious takes effort and daily practice. We must keep reminding ourselves that we are part of something greater. We must constantly remember that we share this planet with other living creatures and that our children will one day inherit our problems if we do not cease today’s environmental vandalism. A mindset is a filtered view of the world that’s delicately influenced through a set of experiences. Everyone you’ve encountered, everything you’ve been taught, and everything you’ve seen, has had a part in shaping your mindset. And although you’ve been “locked” into your current mindset for quite some time, it is possible to modify it. Many people are resistant to change because they fear it, so instead of making of a change, simply look at it as making a modification in thinking. Simply realizing that you are a part of something greater is the first step in shifting your mindset. Acknowledging that you are a steward of the earth will help you embrace the concept of sustainability and motivate you to make wiser decisions—paving the way to a more sustainable future for you, your family and the environment. Lifestyle is defined as a way of living—and it is greatly influenced by the culture that’s shaped us since birth. And often times, our culture fuels the complacency that makes it so difficult to alter a routine. However, once you master a shift in mindset, it becomes easier to incorporate small, but significant changes in lifestyle choices. Begin by assessing your current lifestyle. Think about what you do each day that might negatively impact the environment. And also think about the good choices that you’ve made and how you can make them more often. Begin inside the home. The kitchen and bathroom in particular are two living spaces that acquire the most waste. Assess all of the tangible items and determine which ones will forever exist in landfills. What plastic items do you purchase that can easily be swapped out with eco-friendly alternatives? Do you strive to save water and energy on a daily basis? Do you recycle? Likewise, think about your experience outside of your home. What choices do you make in regards to travel? When you shop, do you take your own reusable bags and make purchase decisions based on need rather than want? Are you brand conscious and boycott environmentally abusive brands? Do you bring a reusable water bottle with you on hikes rather than single use plastic? These are all great questions to ask yourself. Once you acknowledge and identity areas of weakness, you can take small baby steps and implement gradual changes—both inside and outside of the home. And luckily, we live in an era where we have accessibility to a large selection of eco-friendly, sustainable, and zero-waste products. Take a toothbrush, for example. For years, society has become accustomed to buying plastic toothbrushes—which have to be replaced at least every three months. About a billion people use toothbrushes—let that sink in. Fortunatly, we have the option of swapping plastic for bamboo and other eco-friendly material. In fact, there are a handful of green companies that produce toothbrushes and other everyday products out of material like bamboo, and that’s a good thing—bamboo is durable, sustainable and biodegradable. And the best part is that items such as these are not that expensive—they’re actually very affordable. In fact, money is one of the top factors that many people use as a reason to avoid going green, but it’s actually quite affordable (especially because many items are reusable, which save you money in the long-run!). If you’d like to know more about the green lifestyle and affordability, check out this article titled “Can I Afford An Eco-Friendly Lifestyle?” by When you make swaps all throughout your home, you’ll make a significant impact on the environment in a positive way. We have only one earth, and it’s populated with a plethora of living entities that rely on it. If we neglect it, ecosystems will continue to disintegrate, more species will become endangered, and our quality of life will dwindle. Become a good steward and help preserve our home—our children deserve it. “When all the trees have been cut down, when all the animals have been hunted, when all the waters are polluted, when all the air is unsafe to breathe, only then will you discover you cannot eat money.” —Cree Prophecy 16 replies » 1. Great, thoughtful read. It’s so important to acknowledge we each have to make the conscious decision to do our part for the planet. While we stay in our homes during this crisis, the planet seems to be healing and thriving. I hope we can find a way to be a part of that new healing. • I agree with you. It’ll be great to spend time in outdoor social settings again, but it’ll be even better if people start making a conscious effort to be more environmentally friendly. I recently read an article that the Himalayas are once again visible because of decreased air pollution. I hope this trend inspires the rest of the world. 2. Swapping plastic toothbrushes for bamboo toothbrushes is a great practical example of small changes we can make. Do you know if they have to be composted to break down? • Yes, you can compost them, but it will take a long time for them to break down because Bamboo is rot resistant! It has natural anti-microbial properties which is great for items like toothbrushes. They will break down eventually, just not immediately like other items that you compost. Thank you for reading! Stay safe! 3. Thanks for bringing awareness and for the great tips. It is important to continue to strive to live a greener way. 4. I definitely agree that it takes a mental shift first! I think any major life change requires it, actually. We’ve been taking small steps to being more green, and still have a ways to go. But progress is happening! 5. I am an obsessive recycler and before coronavirus our family had started making it a habit to always use reusable bags, reusable cups, and reusable straws. But you are right. It is all about changing a mindset and starting small to develop better habits. Next habit change? Composting. I just have to figure out what to do with it. Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
Genetically Modified Organisms Category: Term Paper Today’s technological advancement, especially in genetic engineering, agriculture, and science has changed the way of growing and making food. The scientists have not fully studied the consequences of the use of genetically modified organisms yet. Thus, they try to assess and mitigate the risks of consuming this type of food. There is a controversy over the benefits and drawbacks of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Their genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering, optimizing agriculture or promoting the production of fertilizing substances (Phillips, 2008). The most widespread organisms subjected to such alterations are agricultural plants, farm animals and soil bacteria. The advantages of genetic engineering in agriculture are the increased crops yields, cheaper food production, less need for the usage of pesticides, enhanced quality of the products and higher food security (Phillips, 2008). Scientific studies prove that these alterations are carried out to produce nonprotein and nonindustrial products. They also state that animals are genetically modified to increase their disease resistance (Phillips, 2008). Moreover, scientists’ researches show that GMOs may be used as clean fuel and even vaccine producers. Order now However, it is important to understand that not all GMOs are the same and not all of them are safe. The products that people consume contain ingredients that manufacturers “generally recognize as safe” (Waltz, 2015). However, they do not even consult the Food and Drug Administration. The federal law allows the producers to self-regulate the ingredients of the products. Some of the manufacturers take advantage of such regulations and eventually their food may present a public health hazard (Waltz, 2015). Alteration of the natural state of products may not only put people at risk, but also cause imbalance of ecology. Today, the European Union does not support American decisions on producing genetically modified products. Thus, it is evident that GMOs will never be globally acceptable (Seeds of change, 2015). The manufacturers of GMOs often misinform their customers and this requires additional measures to prevent risks and gain control. Producers deceive consumers by putting fake labels on the products, making people believe they are safe, promising people that the food is organic, natural, and even gluten-free. In order to change this state of affairs, scientists claim that expert appraisal gives people the real knowledge about the value of the products (Devos, et. al., 2014). The approval of products by the Food and Drug Administration, the American Medical Association, and the World Health Organization can change public perception of GMOs and assure people of their safety. Nevertheless, there are still a lot of people who do not trust GMOs, even with the safety testing, because of the religious or ethical beliefs (Phillips, 2008). There are constant debates over the right to intrude into nature with foreign matter. People suggest that inserting plant genes into animals even for their own good is immoral. These people want all products to be labeled in order to know what to purchase. They are afraid to confuse the goods and pick a GMO product instead of a non-GMO one (Phillips, 2008). Undoubtedly, there should be governmental regulations of genetic engineering in place. The Food and Drug Administration works closely with Congress, the United States Department of Agriculture, the Environmental Protection Agency, and other governing bodies to set food-labeling standards. The FDA together with the government can make huge changes in food consumption. There are two types of GMO regulations: process-based and product-based (Araki & Ishii, 2015). Even though the former is stricter than the latter one, they are both significant. The government should regulate the detailed procedure based on scientific assessment of GMO risks to human health. It should also evaluate the risks of GMO based on the final product (Araki & Ishii, 2015). If the government of the United States interferes with the process of GMO regulation, it will create only positive effects. Business companies will label their products in an appropriate way, and the scientists will create GMOs according to specific standards. If people knew that the government regulates the production of genetically modified organisms, they would be more confident about what they consume.
5 paragraph paper Complete Guide on 5 Paragraph Essay Writing \| Topics ... The 5 paragraph essay, sometimes known as the hamburger essay, is an informative paper that entails a description of a particular subject matter. The task is normally assigned by instructors to evaluate how students interact with readers, defend thesis sentences, conduct research, develop arguments, and conclude the findings in a single paragraph. Five-Paragraph Expository Essay Model 9 Oct 2017 ... There are benefits to assigning a five-paragraph essay. Its sturdy structure provides students with a safe and organized way to express their ... The Five Paragraph Essay - 5 Paragraph Essay Outline - Common ... Review the five paragraph essay with Flocabulary's educational rap song and lesson plan. How to Write the 5 Paragraph Essay \| Tips at Best Essays How do you write the perfect 5 paragraph essay? This is the only guide you need . Here is what our professional academic writers recommend. Learn to Write Outlines for 5-Paragraph Essays How to Come up with the 5 Paragraph Essay Outline \| EssayPro Five-paragraph themes often lack an argument. Because college courses focus on analyzing and interpreting rather than on memorizing, college instructors How To Write an A+ 5 Paragraph Essay: Tips, Exaple, Rubric, Outline 5-Paragraph Essay Subject Examples. Here are a few of the most recurrent subjects on which Revision Free: 5 paragraph research paper recommended service! Discover five paragraph essay outline example and great guide that will help produce great work for your college assignments. Get started 5 paragraph essay right now! Prepare for standardized tests by mastering essay writing. The five paragraph essay is the most common structure for writing essays. The Five-Paragraph Essay - Guide to Grammar and Writing A classic format for compositions is the five-paragraph essay. It is not the only format for writing an essay, of course, but it is a useful model for you to keep in ... Writing Service: 5 paragraph essay rules professionally written papers! To write a stellar 5-paragraph essay you need to follow it’s specific structure to the dot — first goes an introductory part, later, three paragraphs which can be strictly called “explanatory” and later one paragraph with conclusions. First Class 5 Paragraph Essay Writings \| Order Research Paper If you do not know what is an essay or how to write a 5 paragraph essay, our custom writing service provides the BEST assistance for every customer! Our truly Talented writers will help you in writing essay of the Superb quality! 5 paragraph paper. How to write a 5 Paragraph Essay: Outline… Paragraph Two: Body The second paragraph, as we have discussed, is the one and only body paragraph. It comprises the main supportive evidences and statements that will define, illustrate, or examine your main idea. Research Paper Writing: Making A 5 Paragraph Structure Writing a 5 paragraph essay can be easy if you follow our writing guidelines. Learn more about essay writing from our experts. Get acquainted with us. Structuring the Five-Paragraph Essay: Examples of Five ... A handy guide created by the Bronx Campus Writing Resource Center Reading other five-paragraph essays will help you write yours! PDF Five-Paragraph Essay Writing Rubric Five-Paragraph Essay Writing Rubric Criteria 4 3 2 1 Points Introductory Paragraph Thesis statement/topic idea sentence is clear, correctly placed, and restated in ... 5 paragraph essay graphic organizer - Order an A+ Essay or… 5 paragraph essay graphic organizer Graphic organizer printable is cool 7 biodiversity facts 5 paragraph essay graphic organizer that enables students, paragraph rubric. 5 Paragraph Essay: What Is It and How to Write It – NerdyMates… Are there any poor students overwhelmed with their homework assignments? Just keep calm and read this guide on writing a good 5 paragraph essay! Best 5 Paragraph Essay Help: Get Quality Essays from…
Paper Play In high school history, many of us learned that paper is one of the four great inventions of Ancient China. With today’s technologies and green movement, paper is getting a bad wrap … rap. But with all of its patterns and textures, paper inspires creative play. Happy Origami While at dinner with my parents when I was a kid, the waiter handed me a dollar bill shaped like a frog. I had that frog jumping over chowder and hiding under leafy garnishes throughout the meal. I later learned that origami is the Japanese art of folding paper into patterns and intricate sequences. Many historians believe that origami originated in the 17th century AD. At first, people reserved origami for ceremonial purposes because handmade paper was a luxury. By the late 1800s, mass-production led to affordable paper and origami became a popular art. Soon, published origami guides helped people to sculpt flat sheets into 3-dimensional art. In Vanessa Gould’s film Between the Folds, she credits artist Akira Yoshizaawa as the origami master who in the 1950s introduced to the global community a system of folding patterns. My go-to guide for techniques is Tatsuo Miyawaki’s 1964 Happy Origami: The Japanese Art of Paper Folding. Miyawaki’s design incorporates actual origami bound to the book’s whimsical cover and the subsequent pages. Miyawaki wrote several other origami guides—including tips to fold whales, butterflies, and tortoises. Party Like Crazy Another paper favorite of mine, the piñata, originated in Ancient China. For the New Year, people crafted piñatas shaped like cows or oxen and decorated them with the symbols and colors of a prosperous harvest. People filled their creations with five types of seeds and then hit them with sticks until the piñatas broke. They proceeded to burn the remains for good luck. Piñata Sundays had become common events in Europe by the 14th century, and the Spaniards had created the Dance of the Piñata. Today’s piñatas fall under the Mexican art called cartoneria—the making of items from paper and cardboard. My grandma mastered this art by crafting piñatas as indestructible as the Terminator. Every winter when I was a kid, she spent hours constructing piñatas in the basement where she kept the supplies—newspapers, scissors, balloons, glue, carpe paper, etc. In the spring, she hung the piñata from a clothes line pole in the backyard. My cousins and I took swings at it with a wooden baseball bat. When one of us was lucky enough to break through the layers, bits of colorful tissue-paper, pieces of candy, and small trinkets flew through the air like confetti. Betsy McCall set In the mid-19th century, a daintier paper toy, paper dolls, emerged showcasing stylish fashions. Magazines and newspapers offered pages of paper dolls for young readers, and manufacturers promoted their products with paper dolls that served as trade cards. A paper doll became an especially admired fashionista in the 20th century when chromolithography produced colorful wardrobes for the paper-thin model. In 1951, McCalls magazine, a popular periodical aimed at housewives, introduced Betsy McCall, a paper doll of a sweet young girl with many outfits and accessories. McCalls also distributed Betsy sets for mail-order sales. In 1955, the company offered a set that included Betsy, her parents, brother, and pet dog named Nosy. Although McCall's ran the last of the Betsy series in 1995, this gal remains a popular collector’s item. Many other paper dolls do too, including Shirley Temple, Velva Doll, The First Family, and That Girl. I’ve just started my own collection, which includes a Margot Tenebaums doll modeled after the film The Royal Tenebaums. All these paper toys involve some amount of structure, but paper play is spontaneous too. Just grab a scrap and crumple, tear, or mark it and see what unfolds. Leave a Reply
Question: Why Is My Gum Swollen Around One Tooth? How do you get rid of gum infection without antibiotics? What is the best antibiotic for gum infection? Metronidazole (Flagyl): This antibiotic may be prescribed to those patients suffering from severe periodontitis. Metronidazole works best when used in a combination with amoxicillin or tetracycline. How do you fix swollen gums from one tooth? Home remedies for dealing with swollen gums around a toothSaltwater rinse. A 2016 study indicated that a saltwater rinse can be effective in dealing with gum inflammation caused by gingivitis. … Tea tree oil rinse. A 2014 study indicated that tea tree oil can reduce bleeding caused by gingivitis. … Turmeric gel. What does the beginning of Gingivitis Look Like? Signs and symptoms of gingivitis include: Swollen or puffy gums. Dusky red or dark red gums. Gums that bleed easily when you brush or floss. How can I get my gums healthy again? Can gingivitis affect one tooth? Gum disease, also known as periodontal disease, is a bacterial infection involving the gums and sometimes the bone that surrounds a tooth. Gum diseases can affect one tooth or many teeth, and they range from gum irritation (gingivitis) to severe infection (periodontitis). Can salt water rinse heal gum infection? Why do my gums hurt in one spot? Gums may hurt in one spot if you have a sore anywhere along the gums. This can occur from consumption of hard or sharp foods, a gum abscess, or from an infection trapped within the gums. Food trapped between teeth can also exert pressure upon the gums, and if not removed by flossing, it can cause pain in the gums. Is Listerine good for swollen gums? LISTERINE® Antiseptic Mouthwash has the power to kill germs that can lead to inflamed gums and gum disease. Plus, it helps reduce 52% more plaque than brushing and flossing alone. Check out the family of LISTERINE® products and information to help protect your gum health. Will a tooth infection go away on its own? A tooth infection will not go away on its own. Your toothache may stop if an infection causes the pulp inside your tooth to die. Is it OK to rinse with salt water every day? Be careful if doing multiple mouth rinses per day and swallowing too much salt water, as it can dehydrate you. Drinking too much salt water can also have health risks, such as calcium deficiency and high blood pressure. Gargling at least twice a day is recommended. You can safely gargle many more times than that, too. How long does it take for gum swelling to go down? Swollen gums are a common issue, and in most cases, they are not a cause for concern. However, swollen gums that last for longer than 1–2 days may be a sign of an underlying issue such as gingivitis,periodontitis, or a tooth abscess. Can a swollen gum go away on its own? Sometimes the gums react to other problems within the body causing discomfort. In these cases, the soreness may go away on its own. However, if further symptoms occur and the person continues to experience discomfort, then it may be best to visit the dentist. Will swollen gums go away? How to get rid of inflamed gums? Inflamed gums can quite easily be treated to reverse early gum disease. You can start treating the inflammation by taking the following steps to get your gums and mouth back in good health. Brush up on your brushing technique. Is ibuprofen good for swollen gums? Rinse your mouth with saltwater. Salt helps reduce swollen gums and eases the pain that comes with them too. Try anti-inflammatory medication. Over-the-counter medication such as ibuprofen can help reduce the swelling and provide pain relief. Why is my gum swollen around one tooth No pain? What is the fastest way to heal swollen gums?
Rock Climbing A Guide to the Forearm Muscles You know the forearm, between the wrist and the elbow. And you know the forearm muscles, like the flexor digitorum superficialis. Everyone’s favorite, right? Most bodybuilders have an above-average understanding of anatomy, talking about muscles like the pecs, delts, abs, lats, glutes, quads, biceps and triceps. However, few are able to banter about their favorite exercise for the extensor carpi radialis brevis. You’re about to join that number with this article all about forearm muscles. Human Body Anatomy Bones and Muscles A Quick Walk through Nomenclature For most of history between the dark age and the modern age, Latin was a nearly universal language. As a result, scientists – and anyone else who was educated – was educated in Latin and anything worth reading was published in Latin. Even though the world has become multilingual, the names that we use for muscles are still the latin names that they were given. We’re not here to learn latin, but knowing a couple of prefixes and suffixes will help you navigate unfamiliar muscle names when you hear them. That’s handy because we’re probably not going to get around to all of the forearm muscles here. First, it helps to know the names of bones. Muscles span bones, originating on one and inserting on another. Sometimes, almost the whole name for a muscle is composed of the bones that it connects to, as in the case of the flexor carpi ulnaris – with the carpals and the ulna being the bones in question. Next, muscle names often relate to what they do. Looking back at the flexor carpi ulnaris, it flexes. That means that when this muscle activates, it brings the bones that it’s connected to closer together. We’ll also see “extensors” – when they activate, it moves the bones that they’re connected to farther apart as does the extensor carpi radialis longus. “Longus,” by the way, just means “long” and “brevis” means short. “Medial” means that it’s in the middle, “super – ” means that it’s closest to the skin. “Abductors” move things away from the body and “adductors” move them towards the body. Finally “cep” means head and refers to the big part of a muscle. It’s almost always used with a latin prefix denoting how many heads the muscle has “bicep” meaning “two heads.” Got all that? An Even Quicker Walk Through Muscle Action We’ve already touched on a few other quick notes to have in mind but they should be firmly in mind before we continue. Muscles “originate” on one bone and “insert” on another. When they “flex” – that’s “contract” – they bring the insertion closer to the origin. Most of the time this is how we work out a muscle but, with something called “reverse muscle action” you can work out most muscles by using that muscle to move the origin away from the insertion against resistance. Finally, each muscle tends to have one job with respect to a movement. That means that completing a motion requires at least two muscles that work in opposite capacities. That means that, while most exercises target a specific muscle, being smart about it can allow you to work out two at a time by doing an exercise as you would, and then gradually and deliberately doing it backwards to complete the rep. That was a very around-the-bush way to get started but now when you hear just about any muscle name you can quickly determine where it is and what it does – more than enough to figure out how to work it out. Further inspiration, pick up an anatomy book. We’re using Tortora and Derickson’s “Principles of Anatomy and Physiology.” Anterior Forearm Muscles Muscles of the Forearm, and How to Work Them Out The forearm is made up of an aggravatingly high number of aggravatingly small muscles that do aggravatingly specific things. The end result is that the forearm muscles are notoriously difficult to bulk up. In fact, most workout guides will admit that forearm muscles exist in an image, and then kindly never mention them again. Thankfully, anatomists have divided the forearm into “compartments” of muscles that do similar things. With a little thought, we can use this information to design a forearm muscle-targeted workout routine. The Superficial Anterior Compartment This part of the forearm consists of four forearm muscles – the Flexor Carpi Radialis, the palmaris Longus, our old friends the flexor carpi ulnaris and the flexor digitorum superficialis. These muscles bring the hand toward the forearm. To workout these forearm muscles, hold weights in each hand, with your arms at your sides but not tightly held against the body. Then, move the weight away from your body by moving your wrist and keeping the forearm still. They also flex the fingers closer where they meet the palm, but there are special exercises for this area that we’ll talk about in the next section. The Deep Anterior Compartment of the Forearm This part of the forearm consists of only two muscles, the flexor pollicis Longus (“pollicis” refers to the thumb) and the flexor digitorum profundus (“profundus” means “deep” as in closer to the bone). These forearm muscles flex the thumb and the fingers toward their tips. Exercising these forearm muscles involves flexing the fingers against resistance. There’s a specific tool for this called a “grip exerciser.” Plug that into your favorite search engine or mention it to the staff at your favorite sporting goods shop, and they’ll get you the connection. Hold the gripper close to your palm and squeeze to exercise the superficial compartment, or move it out farther and squeeze it with your fingertips to exercise the anterior compartment. Or, just get a stress ball and squeeze that. Forearm Muscle Anatomy The Superficial Posterior Compartment This part of the forearm consists of the extensor carpi radialis longus and the extensor carpi radialis brevis, the extensor digitorum, the extensor digitorum minimi, and the extensor carpi ulnaris. These forearm muscles extend the wrist and the fingers closer to the palm. As for the exercises, we’ll stick with the pattern from the first two compartments: We’ll focus here on exercising with wrist movement and keep the fingers all together by describing their exercises in the next subsection. Now, remember the exercise we started with, holding weights? This exercise is the reverse of that one. Instead of moving those weights away from the body, we’re going to bring the weights in towards the body, again, by moving your hands at the wrist, not by moving your forearms. The Deep Posterior Compartment This compartment includes the abductor pollicis longus and brevis, the extensor pollicis longus and the extensor indicis. These forearm muscles extend the thumb and the fingers toward the tips. If you follow that search engine thread from earlier or follow the shop attendant at your sporting goods store, you’ll see that there are some zany exercise tools for working these muscles too that involve putting your fingers through elastic bands to provide resistance. The coolest ones include a stress ball in the middle so that you can do all of the finger and thumb exercises that we’ve covered in this article. Tight on cash? Don’t want to go out? Already have a stress ball and don’t want to get some crazy mechanism? That’s fine – just get a rubber band. Stretch the rubber band around your thumb and index finger and move them apart, stretching the rubber band. Then, keeping one end of the rubber band around the thumb, move the other end to the next finger and on down. The only problem? After a while it becomes really hard to find high-gauge rubber bands that provide enough resistance to be worth the trouble. The most industrial rubber bands that most people have casual access to come around the bottoms of heads of broccoli. Who Says Exercises Have to Be Exercises? Weights, rubber bands, and stress balls are all great ways to deliberately work out your forearm muscles. However, there are a couple of neat hobbies that do the trick too. Anything that uses grip will do. Easy examples include rock climbing and playing guitar. But that doesn’t mean that those are the only two things that do. Think about your hobbies and wonder of any of them work out the muscles we’ve been learning about. Further reading Tortora, Jerry and Derrickson, Bryan. “Principles of Anatomy and Physiology.” Ed. 14. Wiley Publishing. 2017.
Freedom in the eyes of kant essay This curious and reprehensible turn is considered in detail elsewhere. Their power was but the nation's own power, concentrated, and in a form convenient for exercise. Free will is a combination of microscopic randomness and macroscopic adequate determinismin a temporal sequence - first chance, then choice. Or perhaps the idea that there is no real change. Our minds tell us, and history confirms, that the great threat to freedom is the concentration of power. An uncaused cause the " causa sui " or self-causeor a free action generated randomly with no regard for earlier conditions "sui generis" or self-generatedwas considered absurd and unintelligible. In this example, considering both facticity and transcendence, an authentic mode of being would be considering future projects that might improve one's current finances e. Bolzano, a Catholic priest, was stripped of his teaching post because his ideas were anathema to the Catholic Austrian government that paid his salary. Thus music is as immediate an objectification and copy of the whole will as the world itself is, indeed as the Ideas are Nature will always maintain her rights, and prevail in the end over any abstract reasoning whatsoever. Don't ever count on having both at once. This meaninglessness also encompasses the amorality or "unfairness" of the world. It may be an internally-generated idea thought of first long ago, only now coming to mind as an option. Nor does it make one a Kantian merely to vaguely appeal to human "rationality" e. Either determinism is true or indeterminism is true. This was an early form of today's compatibilismthe idea that causal determinism and logical necessity are compatible with free will. The struggle between Liberty and Authority is the most conspicuous feature in the portions of history with which we are earliest familiar, particularly in that of Greece, Rome, and England. Later, Karl Popper proposed a special solution for the Problem in that science, by using falsification, does not need to worry about a positive justification of First Principles at all. Greek philosophy had no precise term for "free will" as did Latin liberum arbitrium or libera voluntas. Yet Hume himself is often poorly understood. This is called the problem of evil. The only comparable thing that Kant can do for morality, however, would be to employ a principle of the "conditions of the possibility of morality. A few embraced it, and found that it gave support to their ideas of human freedom, based on the liberating notion of chance. Individualist societies like ours allow people to pursue their dreams probut when big aspirations crumble because of bad luck or intense competition, they may lack a safety net, either in terms of government services or family support con. But it is worse than that. Hegel: Social and Political Thought Thus, a big fight over the existence of analytic propositions doesn't in the end make that much difference. Leucippus stated the first dogma, an absolute necessity which left no room in the cosmos for chance. About the author: Catherine Caldwell-Harris But music, giving us the Will itself, is ontologically prior to phenomenal reality. In particular, man is responsible for self-caused decisions, and can choose to do or not to do something. Kant had died [] before the first performance of the Third Symphony [] [ note ]. One generation after Aristotle, Epicurus argued that as atoms move through the void, there are occasions when they "swerve" from their otherwise determined paths, thus initiating new causal chains. Analytic and Synthetic: Kant and the Problem of First Principles In collectivist societies, the familial ties and deep friendships that arise from never leaving your hometown and investing daily in relationship management provide a buffer against loneliness and depression. Keeping in mind that First Principles cannot be proven, and that synthetic propositions can be denied without contradiction, the conspicuous historical alternatives seem to be to deny one or the other. Online Library of Liberty It is necessary, then, that technique prevail over the human being. He equated necessity to the decree of God. The Coddling of the American Mind. In the name of emotional well-being, college students are increasingly demanding protection from words and ideas they don’t like. News. Lexis Advance has been named the “Best Legal Solution” by the SIIA CODiE Awards. These premier awards for the software and information industries called out Lexis Advance® vast content, data analytics and visualization tools as cutting-edge and best in the legal industry. Kant and Morality Essay - Kant had a different ethical system which was based on reason. According to Kant reason was the fundamental authority in determining morality. All humans possess the ability to reason, and out of this ability comes two basic commands: the hypothetical imperative and the categorical imperative. Freedom And Reason In Kant Freedom and Morality in Kant's Ethics This Research Paper Freedom and Morality in Kant's Ethics and other 64,+ term papers, college essay examples and free essays are available now on lookbeyondthelook.com4/4(1). Published: Mon, 5 Dec In this report, the theory of empiricism and rationalism will be discussed and compared. Empiricism is a set of theories philosophical (With applications logical, psychological or Language) that make theexperience sensitive origin of any knowledge valid and all pleasure aesthetic. Freedom in the eyes of kant essay Rated 4/5 based on 32 review Freedom - Wikiquote
Jane Name Meaning & Origin Pronunciation: JAYN (key) Origin of the name Jane: English cognate of the French Jehanne and Jeanne, which are feminine forms of Jean, a cognate of John (God is gracious). Jane, a perennially popular name, was the name of the central character in Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre (1847). From A World of Baby Names by Teresa Norman. Related Names: Janey, Janie, Jayne, Jenny, Juana US Popularity of Jane Over Time Sister & Brother Names Know a Jane? What are her siblings named? Contribute your knowledge to the name Jane Comments and insights on the name Jane Personal experiences with the name Jane Nicknames for Jane Janie, Jae, Janey, J, Jay, Jana, Jan, Jane Doe Meanings and history of the name Jane Jane means "God's grace" or "God is gracious" in Hebrew. Famous real-life people named Jane Jane Addams, American social activist and Nobel Peace Prize winner Jane Austen, British novelist Jane Asher, actress Jane Alexander, actress Jane Birkin, singer/actress Jane Carson, singer Jane Fonda, American actress and anti-war activist Jane Goodall, British primatologist Lady Jane Grey, Queen for nine days during the Tudor period in England. Jane Krakowski, actress of 30 ROCK fame Jane Turner, Australian comedian Jane Powell, actress Jane Russell, actress Jane Seymour, third wife of Henry VIII and Queen of England (1536-7) Jane Seymour, actress (born Joyce Frankenberg) Jane Wyman, actress Jane Wiedlin, singer Jane Yolen, children's author and poet St. Jane Frances de Chantal aka Jeanne-Francoise Baronne de Chantal(1572–1641), founded The Order of the Visitation of Holy Mary Jane Sung, South Korean main dancer and vocalist of South Korean pop girl group Momoland Jane in song, story & screen Jane Volturi, member of the Volturi in the book series The Twilight Saga Hazy Jane - Nick Drake Jane Bennet, the eldest in 's and Prejudice Jane Burnham, daughter in American Beauty, protrayed by Thora Birch Jane Eyre, in Brontë's book by the same name Miss Jane Marple, an elderly spinster detective in a series of novels by Agatha Christie Jane Porter, the eventual wife of Tarzan in Edgar Rice Burrough's Tarzan novels and the many film adaptations Lady Jane and Mary Jane are slang terms for marijuana. Jane Doe and Jane Q. Public both refer to typical representatives of the general public, or a specific anonymous person. Jane Stuart, main character in Lucy Maud Montgomery's 1936 novel, "Jane of Lantern Hill." "Baby Jane" is a song by Rod Stewart. "Jane Says" is a song released in 1987 by the band Jane's Addiction. What Ever Happened to Baby Jane?, early 1960s thriller starring Bette Davis and Joan Crawford Breaking Benjamin's song "Diary of Jane" "Sweet Jane" is a song by Velvet Underground "Song that Jane Likes" by Dave Matthews about his sister, Jane Matthews "Jane" song by the Barenaked Ladies Jane, daughter of the Fairy Godmother, from Disney's Descendants Jane Crocker, character in Homestuck Jane Villanueva, from the tv show Jane the virgin Eleven, born with the name Jane Ives, is a character in Stranger Things Jane Hayes is a character in the 2013 movie Austenland. Anne Hathaway portrays Jane Austen in the 2007 movie Becoming Jane. Jane is a main character in the 2008 movie 27 Dresses. Jane is the protagonist of Kristin Cashore's novel "Jane, Unlimited." No Way No Way No Way No Way No Way No Way No Way No Way No Way No Way No Way No Way No Way No Way
• By Vivien Williams Mayo Clinic Minute: ABCs of hepatitis May 24, 2017 hepatitis C virus written on blue background with pills, syringe and stethoscopeHepatitis is a disease characterized by inflammation of the liver. It comes in many forms, including hepatitis A, B and C. But what do those letter designations mean, and how do they differ from one another? In this Mayo Clinic Minute, infectious disease specialist Dr. Stacey Rizza explains the ABCs of hepatitis. Vivien Williams reports. Watch: The Mayo Clinic Minute
Music In Childhood: Why Is It Necessary? The newborn baby usually recognizes his parents by voice and not by sight or touch. The parents talked to him, sang to him, put classical or light melodies during the nine months of gestation. The first contact of the human being with the outside world is the noise that is made with music and rhythm. Music at all stages of childhood is vital because it produces physiological changes. In addition, music develops an emotional bond between father and son and creates brain responses permanently. But why is it necessary? Gestural And Verbal Expression Children are able to appreciate music, not necessarily childish, but with simple lyrics. Music for them not only represents singing but also gestures, instinctive movements and subsequently learned as dance. Music will also facilitate the development and verbal learning through singing. All this without forgetting the development of memory to remember a certain piece of music, which is a subject of study at universities and academic centers. As the child feels that music is a universal language, he will have better opportunities to socialize and in early childhood, and he will be attracted to execute some instrument that in the future will allow him to develop his attention span and concentration. Music education since childhood is necessary. Popular Music: Does It Deserve To Be Part Of The Education System? Popular music is part of the daily news of all societies. It may be that it pleases or is indifferent to a sector, but all people will agree that it is a rhythm that surrounds any community. This type of music is also known as pop. However, before the musical studies start to clasify music, popular music was also seen as traditional or folkloric. Today, popular music is neither like that because it’s not usually identified with nations or ethnicities. That has made pop and rock two main musical genres on a global scale. Therefore, there’re popular music programs in centers such as Rider University. No Tradition, But Popular From the historical point of view, it would be important to taught “popular music” in the educational system. That would allow to understand even the role that the media has played in its expansion, and its relationship with national identity. This type of music is already so integrated into the academic society, since in several university study centers subjects of traditional and traditional music are taught, to offer both theoretical and practical aspects. Popular music is studied seriously in all of its fields. Choosing the Right Bed and Breakfast One concern for travellers is always finding a good place to stay for the night or the duration of a trip. Thankfully, B&Bs are a cheap and convenient way to find accommodation when visiting a new area. Bed and breakfast accommodation is usually an establishment which allows people to stay with, or close to, the owners of the facility. It does not offer the luxuries of big hotels, which is in itself by design to keep its cost low. Besides cost, however, travellers need to consider several other factors when choosing a B&B to stay in. These include the following. Proximity to the Area You are Visiting Major destinations have B&Bs in pretty much every corner of the towns. It, thus, does not make sense to stay far away from the places one is visiting. If one is going to a particular site, it is only logical that they spend the night in a place where they can walk from, or drive for just a few minutes. In the event one wants to go around sightseeing, the best option is to find a B&B which is close to the transport network they will be using to get around. First Aid Availability When visiting a new place, it is always important to know whether the accommodation facility offers skilled first aid in case of a medical emergency. This is because such occurrences are never far off, given the change of climate and diet. Internet Connection When travelling, tourists will need to get in touch with the rest of the world at some point in the day. Some may need to check their emails and update their work. Others will want to share details of their trip with their loved ones or friends on social media. An excellent B&B should offer a steady network connection, to allow visitors to do their online stuff with ease. Food Variety A traveller should not just settle on the fact that an accommodation facility offers breakfast. It is essential to inquire about the types of foods served in the morning. The kind of breakfast one has, often has a lasting effect on how the rest of their day goes. If a B&B does not serve food which goes well with a guest, it is crucial to know in good time, so that they can make an alternative arrangement. This saves everyone an early morning upset. Music Is Not Just Entertainment: It Is Also Serious When listening to music or just mentioning the word, the first thing that comes to mind is fun, party, applause and even fame. Actually, understanding and living from music requires passion, study, dedication and discipline. It is one thing to be a music fan and another to study music in a formal way. Studying music not only requires vocation but also technique and talent. Not everyone has the gift of playing an instrument, of transforming a sound into music, into musical art. The composer Robert Schumann used to say that one should not be afraid of musical concepts such as theory, encryption or counterpoint, because they are part of the constant musical encounter. Academic Fingerboard Who when he has gone to a concert has not heard the orchestra “tune” the instruments? Surely in more than one you do not usually think about the whole academic path that group of musicians walked to be there, in the theater. That makes all the music presentatiosn a very serious thing. So serious is the study of music that an endless number of modern universities offer a career in music whose duration is at least four years. Other university campuses offers Art studies that includes music as a mention. Also, in other institutes, there are programs of education with specialization in musical pedagogy. But, generally, the first word that comes to mind when studying music is conservatory. The conservatory is the place of the versed, the temple, where there are professionals for each instrument and it is initially used to experience the passion for music and discover if it will be a time or a way of life and obtain a university degree The conservatories are ideal for children and young people who enter the musical career and where they will transform their passion into sounds. What Types Of Music Can Be Studied? Music is as diverse as people. The attraction for one musical genre or another, too. Rhythms that were unthinkable until a few years ago are heard normally today. However, classical music, that of the great composers, is still the north of both music lovers and music students. The musical notes are the first thing a music student learns. Wit that staring point, the musical universe opens up to creation either for classical and modern melodies. The academy will offer the student the initial notes and he will choose, after a long apprenticeship, the sound that captivates him most. From The Theory To The Practice In universities, conservatories and academies, many professors teach to students subjects on the history of music, rhythmic and metric, composition, acoustics, sound sources, musicology, vocal techniques, singing, direction of choir/orchestra, among others, as part of the theoretical training. It seems like a lot of content, but it’s not like that. At the same time, many degrees for music are contemplated. These can be specifically musical, such as rhythm or instrumentation, but they can also be based on non-musical characteristics, such as the geographical region of origin, the historical period, the socio-cultural context or other cultural broader aspects. Music has many spaces, but its language is universal.
Testing Stages Of Human Development (Note: This was a graduate paper I wrote in 2006. The purpose of the study was to use a set of age appropriate questions, the answers of which would help me discover which stage of development my interviewees were in as theorized by Piaget and his predecessors. I got an “A,” and I liked how it turned out. Here it is in its original form. The concept of stages within the human life cycle has been the subject of theorists since mankind’s first attempt at philosophical thought. Over the past hundred years several theorists have attempted to explain the evolution of human cognition. Many of these theories, such as Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, Kohlberg’s six stages of moral reasoning, and James Fowler’s developmental theory of spiritual faith were created using an extensive amount of research gathered through the observation and questioning of people at various stages in their life combined with advances in biological science. Since their conception, these theories have become the foundation for everything from educational programs to mass marketing strategies. In my attempt to test a few of the cognitive development theories presented in Kathleen Berger’s The Developing Person Through The Life Span, I created a series of questions I hoped would test my subject’s stage of cognitive functioning, morality, gender awareness, and faith. At first I planed to create a separate set of age appropriate questions for each interviewee. Then I decided I might get better results if I created one set of questions that would allow me to examine if the interviewee gave age appropriate answers according to the theories I used to create the questions. To get a wide range in my answers, each of my subjects were representatives of different ages group and included a three-year-old boy named Aden, a twelve-year-old girl named Lina, an eighteen-year-old boy named Jon, and a twenty-eight year old woman named Misty. Each of them was asked to look at a piece of paper with two pictures printed on it as I asked them a series of questions. The first five questions were given to all four of my subjects to test their ability to create concrete operational thought. These questions were designed for them to use their classification skills to come up with the correct answer. 1. How many smiles are in these two pictures? 2. How many pictures do you see? 3. Are there more smiles or are there more pictures? 4. How many sunglasses do you see? 5. Are there more pictures or more sunglasses? Aden, the three-year-old boy, answered each question with great confidence, but he was unable to understand that one set of objects can include another, or see beyond what his mind was focusing on. He could only see one smile, the one on the picture of a balloon held by the boy. He was unable to acknowledge that there were three pictures as he could only see the picture held by the boy. He didn’t understand the third question and pointed at the picture of the balloon again. He saw one pair of sunglasses on the balloon and didn’t understand the fifth question, but confidently said sunglasses. Then I assisted Aden in locating the other pair of glasses while repeating the fourth question. He was then able to acknowledge that there were two pairs. This is a good example of Vygotsky’s “zone of proximal development” where the child “can perform with assistance but cannot quite perform independently” (Berger, 2005, p. 221). Lina, Jon, and Misty were able to answer each question correctly. Everyone’s answers in this portion of the survey seemed to coincide with the age range Piaget placed on a person’s ability to form cognitive thought, which is seven years and up. I then asked a series of gender identity questions to determine if my interviewees would base their answer on predefined gender roles. 6. Who would wear pink and who would wear blue? 7. Which one would take care of a baby when they grow up? 8. Which one will make a lot of money? 9. Which one will grow up to be a fireman? 10. Which one will grow up to be a nurse? 11. Which one will shop for groceries? 12. Which one has a toy truck? 13. Which one has a toy doll? 14. Which one is a bully? 15. Which one is strong? 16. Which one would you play with? Aden answered most of these questions without using gender roles saying that the boy wears pink, takes care of babies and shops for groceries while the girl wears blue, is a bully, and will grow up to make a lot of money. Aden answered some of the questions using gender roles like the girl would grow up to be a nurse and has a toy doll while the boy grows up to be a fireman and owns a toy truck. Lena answered some of the questions using traditional gender roles with the boy wearing blue, growing up to be a fireman, and owning a toy truck while the girl wears pink, grows up to be a nurse, takes care of babies, and owns a doll. Lena also said that neither of them would be a bully and that both kids were strong, would shop for groceries, and would make a lot of money. Apparently children begin to become aware of objects and roles that are considered gender specific by age four (Berger, 2005). This may explain why several of Aden’s answers seemed to go against gender norms. During the play years children develop the cognitive ability to categorize males and females as opposites based on gender role (Berger, 2005), which could explain why Lena was more confident in her answers than Aden. Both Lena and Aden chose to play with the child of their gender, which is an appropriate choice for their age. Apparently sometime after children enter into the formal operational stage, they may begin to dismantle the categorizations they created based on the roles and differences imposed by their culture because Jon and Misty both answered the questions with, “how would I know”. Lena showed an example of abstract thinking when her answers went beyond gender classification creating the possibility of equality. Misty and Jon could not answer the gender specific questions because Lena’s alternative did not occur to them, which shows that children do have the ability to see things in a way adults sometimes miss. This may also be due to Jon and Misty being in the fifth stage of cognition called the “postformal stage”, which gives adults more problem solving techniques, but may limit their ability to use those techniques because they are now “less playful and more practical” (Berger, 2005, p. 436). The next two questions were designed to test for abstract thinking. My hope was that I would be able to test if the interviewee had progressed into what Piaget defined as the “formal operations stage”. This stage is marked to begin at around age eleven, though some say some people fixate on the perceptions created during the concrete operation stage preventing them from moving into the more abstract and open minded stage of formal operations (Wikipedia, 2006). I asked Lena, Jon, and Misty the following questions, as I did not think they were age appropriate for a three-year-old. 17. What do you like most about yourself? 18. What do you dislike about yourself? Lina liked the fact that she is smart, but dislikes the fact that she is short. Jon likes his personality, but dislikes his voice. Misty likes that her positive energy acts as a magnet, drawing others toward her, and dislikes her inability to stick with something. All were able to answer most of the questions abstractly, since they were able to evaluate concepts of themselves like personality, intelligence, and magnetism. I found it interesting that the concrete answers were based on negative concepts like Jon’s voice and Lina’s height. Though, given the ages they are in, their dislikes could coincide with “egocentrism” and the concept of “imaginary audience” where their features are judged as they believe other would evaluate them (Berger, 2005). I created two additional questions to test for these characteristics of adolescent cognitive development, and to see if these characteristics could follow someone into adulthood. 19. What do you believe others think about you? 20. How do you think people react to the way you look? Lina believes that others think she is kind and do not care how she looks. Jon believes that others think he is funny and extremely social while always remarking that he is cute. Misty has been told that she is a very positive person and people react to the way she looks as if she must know something special, something that causes her to radiate a positive energy that affects those around her. None of these answers seem to show any resemblance to adolescent egocentrism, which either means they have yet to go through that stage, have already gone through that stage, or I am asking the wrong types of questions. Though some may point out that Misty’s second answer appears to be a “personal fable” where people “imagine their own lives as unique, heroic, or even legendary” (Berger, 2005, p. 368). But, having been in the presence of Misty, I would have to say it is not a fable, there is just something special about her that seems to radiate positive energy. The next two questions were used to see if I could determine where my interviewees were in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development since they were created using Paiget’s stages of cognition. 21. Would you do something against the law if it would save someone’s life?22. Is it moral to disobey a law if it is unjust? Lina, Jon, and Misty said they would do something against the law if it would save someone’s life, though Lina and Jon said it is not moral to disobey a law if it is unjust. This would place both Lina and Jon in stage four of Kohlberg’s conventional moral reasoning where “proper behavior means being a dutiful citizen and obeying the laws set down by society ” (Berger, 2005, p. 368). Yes they would break the law, but they would see it as improper behavior. This proved interesting in that even though Lina and Jon appeared to be in Piaget’s post operational stage, they are still in Kohlberg’s equivalent of Piaget’s concrete operations stage. This shows that people of any age can confine themselves to concrete operational thinking. Misty thought about this question a great deal. She does not seem to believe in the legal system of our community, but in a more universal concept of right and wrong. By her definition of what is moral and what is just, she agreed that that it is moral to disobey a law if it is unjust. Though people seem to rarely reach stage six of post conventional moral reasoning (Wikipedia, 2006), Misty seems to have met the criteria for that stage. My final question was created to determine their stage in James Fowler’s developmental theory of spiritual faith of which he created using the stages of Piaget and Kohlberg. 23. Where does god live? (If heaven, where is heaven?) Lina said that her god lives in heaven. When I asked her where heaven was, she believed it was up in the clouds. Jon believes that his god lives everywhere and is all around us. Misty believes that her god is also everywhere, it is part of her, which makes her, and everyone else, god. I asked both of them where they thought god lived when they were a child and they both believed their god lived in heaven and that heaven was in the clouds. According to Fowler’s theory, Lina is in stage two where children “take the myths and stories of religion literally” (Berger, 2005, p. 448). This stage is appropriate for her age, and is more concrete than post operational. Jon and Misty, once in stage two, have moved onto a more abstract stage, but I will need to ask more questions to discover exactly which stage they are in. Judging by their previous answers, I would guess that Jon is in stage three because of his position in Kohlberg’s stage of morality. This stage is also appropriate for Jon’s age and is based more on what feels right, though there is still an attachment to the rules of society (Berger, 2005). I would guess that Misty would be in stage five, which combines unconscious ideas with rational conscious values (Berger, 2005). Judging by Misty’s position on Kohlberg’s stage of morality, it would appear that she has achieved this. This is not the appropriate stage for Misty’s age since “this cosmic perspective is seldom achieved before middle age (Berger, 2005, p. 448), but, given the rest of her answers, she does appear to be well beyond her age in thought. As I set out to create these age appropriate questions, I believed the answers I received would help me classify my interviewees into the various stages of development theorized by Piaget and his predecessors. In trying to do this I have learned to appreciate all the hard work and effort that went into creating and testing the theories I was trying to place them into. I have shown through my limited amount of testing that we can migrate from one stage to another depending on the question being asked. We can describe ourselves with abstract thinking while confining ourselves to concrete perceptions of religion or law. So it appears that the concepts we use to define our reality can evolve separately while advancing or constraining each other depending on their connectedness. For example, an inability to evolve through James Fowler’s developmental theory of spiritual faith may also affect someone’s position in Kohlberg’s six stages of moral reasoning. It is my hope that further study into these theories will give me a greater perspective into the interrelatedness of conceptual ideas and their affect on the evolution of cognitive thought. Berger, Kathleen (2005). The developing person through the life span. New York, NY: Worth Publishers Theory of cognitive development. (2006, November 1). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 18:41, November 9, 2006, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theory_of_cognitive_development&oldid=85103021 Bookmark the permalink. Leave a Reply
Quick Answer: What 3 Foods Cardiologists Say To Avoid? What are the 3 foods to never eat? AVOID: Refined GrainsWhite flour.Bread.Pasta.Rice.Baked goods.Snack goods.Breakfast cereals.Jan 24, 2020. Why should you never eat bananas? “When potassium is deficient, low levels can cause heart arrhythmias and potentially impair blood flow to the brain, muscles, and organs,” she says. Is banana bad for heart patient? What is the number 1 toxic vegetable? Is Chicken bad for your heart? Indeed, the American Heart Association recommends a combination of poultry, fish, vegetable proteins and lean red meat for a heart-healthy diet. What’s the worst thing you can eat? What is the number 1 healthiest food in the world? Are bananas good for the heart? Is Apple good for heart? How can I strengthen my heart naturally? What diet do most cardiologists recommend? Go with Heart Healthy Foods “Think about the Mediterranean style of eating—minimal red meat, lots of fresh fruits and vegetables, and olive oil and nuts [which contain the good fats], plus a glass of wine, if you enjoy that.” What foods should heart patients avoid? Are potatoes bad for your heart? “Potatoes contain nutrients that contribute to a dietary pattern that can lower blood pressure and improve cardiovascular health, including potassium, magnesium, vitamin C, niacin, and vitamin B6,” said Dr. McGill, adding that we may not be getting enough of some of those nutrients in our current diets. What fruit should I eat everyday? Citrus Fruits The Vitamin C champions, including oranges, grapefruit, limes and lemons, also contain B vitamins, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and copper, as well as anti-oxidants. Make sure you eat the whole fruit instead of juice to get the benefits of fiber. What are the 3 worst foods for your heart? Foods That Are Bad for Your Heart1 / 17. Sugar, Salt, Fat. Over time, high amounts of salt, sugar, saturated fat, and refined carbs raise your risk for a heart attack or stroke. … 2 / 17. Bacon. … 3 / 17. Red Meat. … 4 / 17. Soda. … 5 / 17. Baked Goods. … 6 / 17. Processed Meats. … 7 / 17. White Rice, Bread, and Pasta. … 8 / 17. Pizza.More items…•Feb 10, 2021 Which fruit is best for heart? Strawberries, blueberries, blackberries and raspberries are jam-packed with important nutrients that play a central role in heart health. Berries are also rich in antioxidants like anthocyanins, which protect against the oxidative stress and inflammation that contribute to the development of heart disease ( 12 ). Are eggs bad for the heart? What meats can you eat on a cardiac diet?
Talabi Diabetes Center \| A not-for-profit grassroots oriented facility Myths & facts Myths & facts There are many myths about diabetes which can make separating fact from fiction difficult. To cut through the confusion, we’ve broken down some of the common misconceptions: Myth- Diabetes is not serious Fact - There is no such thing as “mild” diabetes. All types of diabetes are serious and can lead to complications if not well managed. Diabetes can affect quality of life and can reduce life expectancy. Myth- All types of diabetes are the same Fact - There are a number of types of diabetes. The most common are type 1, type 2 and gestational diabetes Other forms of diabetes are less common. Each type of diabetes has different causes and may be managed in different ways but once someone has any type of diabetes except gestational diabetes, it needs to be managed every day. Gestational diabetes goes away after pregnancy, however it does significantly increase someone's risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life. All types of diabetes are complex and serious. Myth - Diabetes can be prevented Fact - Not all types of diabetes can be prevented. Type 1 is an autoimmune condition, it cannot be prevented and there is no cure. The cause of type 1 diabetes is still unknown. Strong international evidence shows diabetes prevention programs can help prevent type 2 diabetes in up to 58 per cent of cases. There is no single cause of type 2 diabetes, but there are well-established risk factors. Your risk of developing diabetes is also affected by things you cannot change such as family history and ethnicity. Myth - You have to be overweight or obese to develop diabetes Fact - Being overweight or obese is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes but it is not a direct cause. Some people who are overweight may not develop type 2 diabetes while some people who are of a healthy weight will develop type 2 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is not preventable and not associated with weight, physical inactivity or any other lifestyle factors. Myth - You only get type 1 diabetes when you’re young Fact - The onset of type 1 diabetes occurs most frequently in people under 30 years, however new research suggests almost half of all people who develop the condition are diagnosed over the age of 30. Myth - You only get type 2 diabetes when you’re old Fact - Type 2 diabetes usually develops in adults over the age of 45 years but is increasingly occurring in younger age groups including children, adolescents and young adults. Myth - People with diabetes can’t eat dessert Fact - Because diabetes effects blood glucose levels, many people think they need to avoid sugars and foods containing sugar. However, if eaten as part of a healthy meal plan, or combined with exercise, sweets and desserts can be eaten by people with diabetes. The key is to eat everything in moderation
kidzsearch.com > wiki Explore:web images videos games KidzSearch Safe Wikipedia for Kids. Jump to: navigation, search Popularity is the state of being well-liked or well-known. People, things, and ideas can be popular. Popularity figures are an important part of many people's personal value systems, and forms a critical part of success in fields such as management, politics, and the entertainment industry, among others.
The great gatsby essay Stuck on your essay? Browse essays about The Great Gatsby and find inspiration . Learn by example and become a better writer with Kibin's suite of essay help ... An analysis of the divide between Old and New money. by Zach ... An analysis of the divide between old money and new money and how it is represented in The Great Gatsby. The Serious Superficiality of The Great Gatsby \| The New Yorker In "The Great Gatsby," there are a few large ideas, a few common dreams, to which everybody is attracted. Gatsby's romantic fantasy, his love story, exerts the most force in the novel. The theme of The American Dream in The Great Gatsby from ... LitCharts assigns a color and icon to each theme in The Great Gatsby, which you can use to track the themes throughout the work. The American Dream—that hard work can lead one from rags to riches—has been a core facet of American identity since its inception. The Great Gatsby Essay \| Great Gatsby Essay Topics - Ms. Choi's English Classes Consider discussing whether or not Gatsby can really love, given his characteristics. 15. Who is the real person: Jay Gatsby or Jimmy Gatz? Does he become "the Platonic conception of himself"? What does that mean? Is it a peculiarly American phenomenon? 16. Discuss how The Great Gatsby is the quintessential American novel. What does it have ... Gatsby and Daisy Relationship in "The Great Gatsby" Gatsby and Daisy Relationship in "The Great Gatsby" As we start reading "The Great Gatsby", we are at first are as oblivious to Gatsby and Daisy relationship as is the narrator named Nick. Together with him we gradually start to reveal the story, in a way that can look like a real investigation of a detective. Essay Help For The Great Gatsby - Essay Help For The Great Gatsby. essay help for the great gatsby F. Scott Fitzgerald was born in St. Paul, Minnesota, in 1896. He attended Princeton University, joined the United States Army during World War I, and published his first novel, This Side of Paradise, in 1920.That same year he married Zelda Sayre and for the next decade the …But the main event was—fictitiously, at least ... THE GREAT GATSBY \| Convenient Essays The Great Gatsby is one of the "Great American Novels" that deals with the powerful theme of the American Dream. In the simplest terms, The Great Gatsby is a novel about a man doing everything he can to win back the affection of his lover, as he hopes to re-live his past with her. Need to write about a theme for a Great Gatsby assignment or just curious about what exactly a theme is? Not sure where to start? Learn here what a theme is, what the main themes in The Great Gatsby are, and what the best tips for writing about themes for your English/Language Arts class essays are. Symbolism in "The Great Gatsby" Essay Example \| Graduateway Sample Student Essays on The Great Gatsby (protected by ... - Great Gatsby Essay How are other characters like gatsby In Nick’s quote “Gatsby had an Extraordinary gift for hope, a romantic readiness.” He isnt really talking about Jay Gatsby, Nick is talking about the walls Gatsby puts up. The reason he puts up these walls are for him to see daisy again. SparkNotes: The Great Gatsby: A+ Student Essay A+ Student Essay. What role do automobiles play in The Great Gatsby? For many of Fitzgerald’s characters, the automobile represents American progress. Fitzgerald, however, remains unconvinced. Despite its superficial role as an emblem of man’s ingenuity, Fitzgerald suggests that the automobile is actually a tool of destruction. Great Gatsby Essay: The Pursuit of the American Dream ... The Great Gatsby is a novel that shows what happened to the American Dream in the 1920’s, which is a time period when the dreams became corrupted for many reasons. The American dream not only causes corruption but has caused destruction. Myrtle, Gatsby and Daisy have all been corrupted and destroyed by the dream. The Best Essay Topics for The Great Gatsby by F.S. Fitzgerald Here are just some of the The Great Gatsby essay topics you might have to write as a part of your English exam: Come up with an alternative ending for the novel and justify your choice. Image Nick’s future life. Will he become more cynical? Less cynical? Why? The Great Gatsby - Free English Language Essay - Essay UK The Great Gatsby Essay - UK Essays \| UKEssays He uses those themes to show how The Great Gatsby is a satire of American Ideals. The American dream is life should be better and richer and fuller for one. This dream is corrupted between the relationship of Gatsby and daisy. Daisy is the symbol of all that Gatsby strives for; her voice is full of money, as Gatsby describes it. Gatsby's Death: A Question of Morals. by Feross Aboukhadijeh, 11th grade. In F. Scott Fitzgerald's 1920s era novel The Great Gatsby, the character George ... The Great Gatsby Essay (Completed in 2019) - 22 Aug 2018 ... This essay examines one of the most memorable and important works of 20th century fiction: The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald. Though ... The great gatsby essay - A-Level English - Marked by The Great Gatsby By Bhavisha Devchand The 1920s was not simply a corrupt era, but ... F. Scott Fitzgerald uses a range of techniques in The Great Gatsby to ... The Great Gatsby Essay - Shmoop Starting an essay on F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby? Organize your thoughts and more at our handy-dandy Shmoop Writing Lab.
Lecture 7: Anatomy Of The Integuement Part 2 Flashcards Preview Comparative Anatomy > Lecture 7: Anatomy Of The Integuement Part 2 > Flashcards Flashcards in Lecture 7: Anatomy Of The Integuement Part 2 Deck (28) Loading flashcards... What developments did the amphibian make to become terrestrial? - Started to develop the true stratum corneum - A more vascular dermis for increased gas exchange - Development of integuementary glands. (Probably first Salamanders developed unicellular mucous glands, Multicellular Mucous Glands, Multicellular granular (poisonous) glands) Describe the stratum corneum and dermis of amphibians Stratum Corneum: Amphibians were among the first to get keratinized skin. As a reminder, the keratin comes from the stratum basale and are derived from a protein called eleidin. Dermis: Well vascularized to provide the amphibian with gas exchange. Some amphibians use this and lungs, some just strictly use dermal gas exchange. What types of glands are found in the amphibian integuement? - Unicellular glands of Leydig are mucous glands found in certain larval salamanders. - Multicellular mucous glands are common in the amphibian integument and serve to secrete a water-retaining layer of mucous on the surface of the epidermis. - Multicellular granular (poison) glands are found in most amphibians and are especially well developed in toads (parotid glands) and in the poison dart frogs, some of which are brightly patterned members of the family Dendrobatidae. How does the reptilian integuement compare with the amphibian integuement (considering adaption and terrestrialism) - Stratum Corneum is way more developed in reptiles (necessary for water loss and increased epidermal glands) - The advanced stratum corneum allowed for the growth and development of scales (folds in the corneum) in reptiles. - The epidermis must be "shed" or "molted" in order for the reptile to continue to grow. Also a staple of the features of the stratum corneum. Describe the epidermal scales on reptiles - Epidermal scales are derived from the epidermis. (No shit.) So they're less bone-like than their dermal counterparts. They are interconnected by thin bridges of epidermal skin, which can be removed through shedding. - These scales can harden and thicken into cornified scales called scutes. Describe reptilian dermal scales - In turtles, developed dermal scales contribute to the formation of plastron and carapace. These can be overlapped and strengthened with epidermal scales. - Some lizards have dermal scales called osteoderms. - Crocodiles have gastralia, which is a fancy name for ventral dermal plates on their surface. (Crocodiles can also have dermal plates on their back) Describe the integument structure of birds. - Birds have thin skin, but a well developed stratum corneum. - Glands are overall smaller, one of them, the uropygial gland secretes oil that birds spread all over their feathers to keep them soft and water-proof (this is called preening) - There are 3 types of bird feathers. The contour feather, the down feather, and the filoplume. Describe the structure of the contour feather. -Starts off with that stem/shaft looking thing called the Calamus. - The rest of the stem where it's all branched is the rachis. - Barbs extend out of the rachis, and are equipped with hooks and barbules, which connect with adjacent barbs. - The vane (this part's weird) consists of the wide flat surface of the barbs connected to the rachus. (Sounds almost like it's just a perspective thing) Describe features of the contour feather. - They're developed in tracts along the skin called pterylae. - The featherless portions that separate the tracts are called apterylae. - The feathers in the bird's forearms and hands (what?) are called remiges. The feathers in the bird's tail are called retrices. - The feathers responsible for flight are built into the bones of the wing. The rest of them are just attached to the skin. 1. Describe Down Feathers 2. Describe Filoplumes 1. Sometimes called plumules, down feathers are evenly distributed, and are probably ancestral to contour feathers. They have a short calamus, and their barbs are hook-less and are more efficient for trapping air. About as soft and fluffy as Mags. 2. Filoplumes have a threadlike shaft. Filoplumes with a stiffer shaft are called bristles. Bristles can also be used to screen objects from nostrils and increase the effective gape of the mouth, and form eyelashes. Define homeotherms - Homeotherms are able to maintain a relative constant body temperature in spite of variations in the ambient temperature. - Homeothermy requires a means of producing heat and a means of either retaining body heat or losing body heat, depending on the ambient temperature. This mostly includes birds and mammals. Describe poikilotherms - Poikilotherms include fish, amphibians, and reptiles which take on the surrounding ambient temperature. - Poikilotherms are not “cold blooded,” because they, may have a body temperature that is much higher than that of a homeotherm. - Poikilotherms typically become sluggish if ambient temperatures drop below optimum operating levels. - Poikilotherms can employ basking in the sun, body pressing against a warm surface, or shade-seeking in order to alter their body temperature. What are the ways in which homeotherms regulate their body temperature? - Feathers, Hair, and Fur can trap heat. - Air is technically an insulator (it is?) and hair and feathers can be raised or lowered autonomously by smooth muscle. - Natural metabolism is quite high compared to polikilotherms. - Releasing heat may be accomplished by sweating or panting. - Blood can rush to the integument (which is where the flushing comes from). Describe the general characteristics of mammalian integument. - Well developed epidermis and dermis. Hairs are seen for the first time, and is one of mammal's distinctive characteristic. - Mammals also have titties. The others don't really have that. Our dermis is also quite thick, which is why cowhide makes for good leather. It also goes without saying that we don't really have scales anymore. Describe the human integumentary system - We have thick skin. And thin skin. But this refers to the epidermal complexity. So the thickest skin is actually thin skin, and the thinnest skin (eyelids) is also thin skin. Thick skin is only found on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet. List the layers of skin from deepest to...um...surfacest. - Stratum basale (germinativum) (Deepest) - Stratum spinosum - Stratum granulosum: (Represented by only a few cells in thin skin) - Stratum lucidum: (Absent in thin skin) - Stratum corneum: (Most superficial) List the characteristics of the stratum basale and the stratum corneum - Stratum basale: Deepest layer, single cell layer, and held together by desmosomes. Hemidesmosomes hold layer to basal lamina. Has a high mitotic activity which produces stem cells differentiating keratinocytes. - Stratum cornea: Multilayered. 5-50 layers thick. Obviously thicker in thick skin. Enucleated, flattened, dead keratinocytes. Cytoplasm is replaced by keratin. Describe the differences between the dermis and the hypodermis. Dermis: Dense fibrous irregular connective tissue layer beneath epidermis. Derived from embryonic mesoderm. Induces development of epidermis and epidermal derivatives. Supports epidermis. Hypodermis: Loose connective tissue that underlies dermis. Corresponds to superficial fascia of gross anatomy. Technically not part of skin. May contain fat cells that can form a thick layer called the panniculus adiposus. What are the two main layers of the dermis? - Papillary layer (closest to epidermis): Loose CT that is separated from epidermis by basal lamina. Network of fine elastic fibers and abundant capillaries. - Reticular layer: Dense irregular CT that includes fibrocytes, macrophages, and adipocytes What are the 4 classes of integument derivatives that mammals have? What are some types of glands mammals possess? - 1. Glands, 2. Hairs, 3. Claws/Antlers/Hooves/Nails, 4. Chromatophores - Sudoriferous glands, Sebaceous glands, Mammary glands, Meibomian glands, Glands of Zeiss (eyelids), Ceruminous glands (ears), Scent glands Describe Sudoriferous Glands Long, hollow, tubular glands, that are generally small in humans, and produce a thin watery secretion (sweat). They can be bigger in other animals. And hairier. The animal versions can be thick and milky. There's two types of sweat glands in humans, merocrine sweat glands, which are used to moderate temperature. And apocrine sweat glands. Associated with hair follicles in axillary and pubic region. Bacteria acts upon these sweat glands...for some reason. Describe sebaceous glands, and mammary glands. - Sebeceous Glands: Holocrine glands, in humans these glands are associated with hair follicles and help to keep the hairs pliable. They may provide a role in waterproofing the integument. - Mammary Glands: Histologically similar to sudoriferous glands. Both apocrine (fat) and merocrine (proteins) secretion in humans. Monotremes lack teats; glands open directly onto body surface. Human nipples intermediate between the eversion nipple of placentals and the proliferation nipple of ungulates. Describe Hairs in Mammals Parts of a hair include: - Shaft of dead, cornified epidermal cells - Matrix of living, mitotically active tissue that gives rise to the shaft, this matrix is equivalent to the stratum germinativum (basale). - Multi-layered follicle: Consists of layers derived from both the epidermis and the dermis. - Vascularized dermal papilla: Provides matrix with oxygen and nutrients. Arrector pilum muscle How are claws, nails, hooves, and horns different from the stratum corneum. Aside from the obvious that it's a lot harder, the keratin that makes up these structures (and hairs) has a higher sulfur content than the keratin of the epidermis; it is referred to as hard keratin. Describe the generic structure of hooves, horns, nails, and claws. The hard, dorsal plate is the ungis. The softer, innervated and vascularized ventral plate is the subungis. A modified layer of the stratum germinativum, the matrix, is found at the proximal end of the ungis. In primates, the nail plate is flattened; in hoofs, the nail plate is curved into the shape of a horseshoe, and in claws, the nail plate is strongly curved or folded. Describe the different stances of animals based on their nail/hoof structure. - Horses, cattle, and related animals walk on the distal edge of the ungis and, for this reason, are collectively called ungulates and are said to have an Unguligrade stance. - Members of the cat and dog family and related mammals walk on their toes and are said to have a Digitigrade stance. - Mammals such as humans and bears walk on the soles of their feet and are referred to as having a plantigrade stance. Describe the horn structure found in the cattle family. - Hollow structures found in members of the cattle family (bovidae), horns are found in both male and female members of a species and are permanent structures. - Horns consists of a solid core of bone attached to the frontal bone and covered by a thick layer of stratum corneum. - The outer epidermis is solidly attached to the bony core. - In the prong-horned antelope, the outer epidermal core is shed seasonally, but the bony core persists. - After death, the bony core remains attached to the skull, but the outer stratum corneum becomes detached. Describe the antlers found in the deer (cervidae) family - Antlers are usually found only in male members of a species (the exception are reindeer, in which both male and female have antlers). - Antlers are bony outgrowths of the frontal bone. - The growing bone is covered by a layer of highly vascularized skin called velvet. - After the antlers are formed, usually just prior to breeding season, the velvet loses its blood supply and becomes dry and is rubbed off. - After the breeding season, the bony antlers fall off and are re-grown the following year.
7 foods containing iodine that could be useful for combatting underactive thyroid Around one or two out of every hundred people develop an underactive thyroid [1]. This means that your thyroid gland, which sits on the front of the neck, does not produce enough of the hormones that regulate your metabolism. What does this mean? For people with diabetes, the link relates to metabolism. Underactive thyroid, also known as hypothyroidism, can lead to hunger, low body temperature, muscle weakness and fatigue. Therefore, an underactive thyroid in those with diabetes could also affect blood sugar control. Identifying early signs of underactive thyroid could be particularly important for those with type 1 diabetes. According to Diabetes UK, people with type 1 diabetes are more at risk “because the body’s cells can attack the thyroid and destroy the cells as they do the insulin producing cells in the pancreas”. [2]. This autoimmune form of hypothyroidism is known as Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in the UK [1]. Underactive thyroid is also associated with type 2 diabetes development. Iodine deficiency Iodine deficiency is another cause of hypothyroidism. Iodine is a mineral needed to make thyroid hormones, so when you run low on iodine, your thyroid has to work harder. This can mean your thyroid increases, resulting in a swelling known as ‘goitre’. [3] The NHS recommends that adults consume 0.14mg of iodine per day, which is often attainable from eating a varied and balanced diet. However, the actual amount of iodine in food can vary according to factors such as soil quality, farming practices and seasons. [4] If you are deficient in iodine then eating more iodine-containing foods can be useful. However, you should consult with your doctor regarding your personalised iodine intake to ensure you don’t consume too much. These are seven examples of high iodine-containing food which can be added to your diet: 1. Haddock Per 120g portion of haddock, the average iodine portion is 390 mcg (micrograms). 2. Cod Per 120g portion of cod, the average iodine portion is 230 mcg. 3. Scampi Per 170g portion of scampi, the average iodine portion is 160 mcg. However, be careful not to consume too much breaded scampi as this can be higher in carbohydrate and therefore raise blood sugar levels. 4. Cow’s milk Per 200ml portion of cow’s milk, the average iodine content is 50-100 mcg. The quantity will depend on the season; a higher value can be expected in the winter. Opt for full fat if you follow a lower carb diet. 5. Yoghurt Per 150g, yoghurt also contains 50-100 mcg of iodine. This again depends on the season, and full fat is again too the healthier option compared with low fat. 6. Eggs One 50g egg contains an average iodine portion of 25 mcg. 7. Cheese Per 40g portion of cheese, the average iodine portion is 15 mcg. All information taken from the British Dietary Association. Fish and full fat dairy are not only delectably low carb options from a blood glucose standpoint, but they also provide the most iodine content amongst foods. Iodine supplements, including those made from sea kelp, are also available, but these may not be necessary if you can attain enough iodine from your diet. Any supplements should be discussed with your GP. [1] Underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism) \| Health Information \| Bupa UK. 2019. Underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism) \| Health Information \| Bupa UK. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.bupa.co.uk/health-information/heart-blood-circulation/underactive-thyroid. [Accessed 25 June 2019]. [2] Diabetes UK. 2019. Related conditions \| Diabetes UK. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.diabetes.org.uk/diabetes-the-basics/related-conditions#thyroid. [Accessed 25 June 2019]. [3] Iodine. (2016). [ebook] British Dietary Association. Available at: https://whttps://www.bda.uk.com/foodfacts/Iodine.pdfww.bda.uk.com/foodfacts/Iodine.pdf [Accessed 25 Jun. 2019]. [4] nhs.uk. 2017. Vitamins and minerals – Iodine – NHS. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vitamins-and-minerals/iodine/. [Accessed 25 June 2019]. To Top
British Ears Sign up for our email newsletter for the latest science news Do old folks have big ears? That’s the not exactly burning question the British Royal College of General Practitioners decided to answer, as a way of encouraging regular physicians to do more research. James Heathcote, a doctor from Kent, England, and several other doctors measured the length of the ear in 206 patients, male and female, between the ages of 30 and 93, from lobe to ear top. After accounting for natural variations in ear size and things like earring wearing (earrings tend to lengthen the lobe but don’t change the ear’s overall growth rate), the doctors found that ears grow about .0087 inch a year, or about half an inch over 50 years. Women, Heathcote says, start out with smaller ears, but theirs grow at about the same rate as men’s. As to why ears keep growing, Heathcote speculates that it’s because of the difference between cartilage, which ears are made of, and bone. Your bones are largely governed by your sex hormones, so they grow at puberty and are then stopped from growing, he says. But cartilage seems to grow steadily. Noses are also mostly cartilage, and Heathcote suspects they also grow with age. 1 free article left Already a subscriber? Log In or Register 1 free articleSubscribe Want unlimited access? Subscribe today and save 70% Already a subscriber? Log In or Register More From Discover Recommendations From Our Store Shop Now Stay Curious Our List Sign up for our weekly science updates. To The Magazine Copyright © 2021 Kalmbach Media Co.
Major update to mobile devices. Over the last few years, there has been a lot of attention given to 5G and how it will change so much in our society. (Learn more about 5G, by reading 5G – The Hype and the Reality) But there is a major update to our mobile devices that is getting little to no attention. Without this update, 5G’s impact on our society will be greatly diminished. That update is the roll out of the next generation of GPS. In this article I will explain how GPS works, debunk some of the myths, then explain the GPS update and why it is needed. How GPS Works. Let me explain how GPS works, you maybe surprised. A Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation system made up of at least 24 satellites. Each one of these satellites travels around the earth two times a day each transmiting a unique radio signal. This is a one-way signal; GPS satellites do not receive a signal from your mobile device. This signal is saying, “At this time, the satellite is at this location”. Your mobile device then uses this information to figure out the distance between itself and the GPS satellite. How is distance is calculated? Remember the last time you watched a firework display. You saw the firework explode then a few seconds later you heard the explosion. That’s because the sound had to travel over a distance to reach your ears. Now imagine your friend is standing the same distance away with a loud speaker shouting out the current time. They yell into the loud speaker, “its 10:01 am”. By the time you hear, “its 10:01“, its now 10:02 am. That means it took 1 second for their voice to reach your ears. Knowing that sounds travels at a speed of 343 meters per second (1125 feet per second), we can quickly calculate your friend is 343 meters (1125 feet) away from you. That’s exactly how the GPS Satellite signal works. When a signal from a GPS Satellite is received by our mobile device, our device can calculate the distance between itself and the GPS Satellite. Except the signal is traveling at the speed of light which is 299,979 km per second (186,282 miles per second) Now that we know the distance from a single GPS satellite then how do we know our location. We use a process called trilateration. Using a simple two-dimensional example, let’s imagine we have three GPS satellites each with a known position in space. 3 GPS Satellites in space The first satellite broadcasts a signal and our mobile device calculates the distance between itself and satellite 1. We then can draw a circle, equal to the calculated distance, around satellite 1. We calculate the distance GPS Satellite 1 and our device Now we receive a signal from a second satellite, we calculate the distance and draw another circle. We calculate the distance between GPS Satellite 2 and plot 2 possible locations of our device With two satellite’s, we can see that our mobile device could be at either of the two places where the circles intersect (red dots). If we add our third satellite, we can pinpoint our location (red dot). We calculate the distance between Satellite 3 and we now can pinpoint our location If we are to believe Hollywood, we would believe that GPS can consistently locate our precise location within centimeters (half an inch). All we have to do to confirm our belief is turn on Google Maps and ask for directions. Google Maps and other GPS mapping apps are using a bit of smoke and mirrors. The true reality is, that at best, these apps can locate our phones within a 5 meters (16 feet) radius. And that’s under an open sky away from buildings, bridges and trees. Most of the time its around 12 to 15 meters (40 to 50 feet) If you have ever used a “find my phone” app to locate your phone somewhere in your house, you will know, that the app cant pinpoint your phone under your chair’s cushion. The app might even incorrectly show the phone is in your neighbour’s house. The trick that most GPS navigation systems use is to look at your calculated GPS location and direction and then guess which road or path you maybe on. Then the question arises, “who cares, if the smoke and mirrors are working, why change it.” Imagine two self driving vehicles are approaching an intersection using our current GPS technology. They both “think” they know where they are, but they could both be off by 5 meters (16 feet) or more. Or imagine that Boston Dynamics has finally produced a commercially viable automatous robot and it is trying to navigate along a very fine pathway. I think we can see what could happen. 5G’s promises autonomous vehicles. But what’s truly the point, if all of these devices only know where they are within a 5 meters (16 feet) radius. For us in the delivery industry, this margin of error is why we are still use location barcodes. Proving a shipment was delivered to a certain location simply cant work in an urban setting when the location is off by 5 meters (16 feet) or worse. The Big GPS Update In our explanation above, our mobile device is only receiving a single signal from our GPS satellites using one bandwidth. But, here is the thing, those satellites are transmitting multiple signals on different frequencies. Multiple signal GPS devices are called Dual-Band GNSS (aka Multi-Band) Up until recently, dual-band receivers would cost $5000 or more. But now low-cost Dual-GNSS chips are making their way into our consumer grade mobile devices. By receiving two signals with varying bandwidths from our satellites, we can over come signal loss from weather, buildings and bridges. Which also means, we have a greater chance locking into more GPS satellites at one time, which means better accuracy. On top of the cost reduction of Dual-Band GNSS chips, a set of new more robust satellite have also come on-line. All of this simple means, if your mobile device has a new Dual-Band GNSS receiver, then two things will happen: 1. Two times reduction in positioning error. 2. Can provide accuracy within 30 cm (1 foot) If you want to read more, please check out this article: If you combine this new GPS update with the faster data speeds promised by 5G and include Starlinks roll out, providing faster data speeds to rural location, within a few short years, we will really start to see and experience another large leap forward in technology. In this blog I will answer a question I receive on a weekly basis: “How does scanning a barcode deliver a package?” Barcodes are just Morse Code If you want to know even more about barcodes, then take a moment to read my previous blog, “How do Barcodes Work” where I explain how barcodes were invented. The Basics. If you don’t have time to read the linked blog, I will break it down this way; when you scan a barcode the device translates the image into numbers and letters. For example, if you scan this barcode: barcode number 1 you will see the number, “1”. If you scan this barcode: barcode letter a you will see the letter, “a”. If you put them together into a single barcode: barcode 1a you see “1a”. Great, so how does this help with scanning a package? Imagine you had an Excel sheet with a list of packages. Each row listed a package’s pick-up address, delivery address, weight and piece count. Then you assign a unique name to each package, for example “package1” and “package2”. Your Excel sheet looks like this: shipment spreadsheet This would allow you to quickly find a package by using the “Find” button in Excel and typing in a package name, for example “package1”. find a shipment Putting that all together, we can: 1. Make a barcode that translates to “package1” 2. Stick our barcode onto our shipment. 3. Click the “Find” button in Excel. 4. Scan the barcode 5. Which translates to “Package1” 6. Click “Find” 7. And we find our package. Now that we have selected our package, we can update it by changing its “status” field from “dispatched” to “picked up” or “delivered.” update shipment to picked up after barcode scan Essentially, when you break down all the fancy computer code, that’s what’s happening when you scan a shipment. They key take away is: if you don’t have “Package1” listed as a name in your Excel sheet, you will not find anything when you scan “Package1”. That means all the barcodes on all your shipments must also be in your database and they must be unique for each shipment. Locations and Chain of Custody For those who need proof that a shipment has been delivered to the right address, then location barcodes can also be used and they are just as simple. In our example Excel Sheet we see “Bobs Work” as a delivery address. shipment by location address barcode All we have to do is make a barcode that translates to “Bobs Work” and stick this by Bob’s loading dock. example of a address barcode When we scan the location barcode and click “Find” we can then see that “Package3” is for delivery at that Bob’s Work. We can then add another scan for the Package Name. If anything other than a barcode that translates to “Package3” is scanned, we will simply say: “Not for this location”. Advanced Scanning Now that we have the basics all sorted, its time for some fun stuff. This is usually where my conversation starts with clients. How do you scan a barcode such that it magically creates a shipment record in the software? It’s actually very simple: you just do everything backwards. First, you scan the location barcode and that tells you the delivery address. Then you scan the package name barcode which tells you the unique package name. With those 2 pieces of information, your system creates a new shipment using the matched delivery address and unique package name. While this works most of time, I’m sure you can see some failings. What about the shipment’s pick-up address, weight, piece count, customer account, etc. We have two options. One is some coding magic, but that’s a secret. The other is to use a different type of barcode. Here is a “traditional” Picket Fence barcode that contains the pick-up address, delivery address, weight and piece count. example of a long barcode That’s just way too long for a scanner to read. If we add a street address and customer account details the barcode would not fit on our package. One solution is QR barcodes. Picket Fence barcodes are read horizontally from left to right, just like reading a book. Thats why when we add more information the barcode gets bigger QR barcodes are read horizontally and vertically. For example, here is a QR Barcode qr shipment barcode This barcode contains: 1. Full pick-up address details, including street, state, country and postal/zip 2. Full delivery address details, including street, state, country and postal/zip 3. Weight 4. Piece count 5. Customer account details. That means you could scan a QR barcode and create a shipment that doesn’t even exist in your database, which would then allow you to properly track and trace your shipment. Its magic. Watch IDS scan a Barcode to Deliver a Shipment If you want to see how IDS scans a barcode to deliver a shipment click here to see and read more. If you found this blog helpful, feel free to subscribe by completing the form in the menu on the right hand side and you will receive future blogs as they become available. The Circular Economy Circular Economy is an economic system aimed at eliminating waste and the continual use of resources. Circular systems employ reuse, sharing, repair, refurbishment, remanufacturing and recycling to create a closed-loop system. Minimizing the use of resource inputs and the creation of waste, pollution and carbon emissions. “The Circular Economy – A new sustainability paradigm?” After 2 years of researching, I finally took the leap and purchased an Electric Vehicle (EV). In doing my research I noticed car reviews were consistently asked about the EV’s battery at the end of its life. Photographer: Krisztian Bocsi/Bloomberg This is an excellent question that I, too, had concerns about. Conversely, when purchasing an Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) vehicle, no reviews were asking what happens to the engine. The conversation about EV batteries reflects an increase consciousness of the Circular Economy. In short, a recent survey conducted by Accenture found: • 83% of respondents said its important or extremely important for companies to design a product that is meant to be reused or recycled. • 72% of respondents said they’re currently buying more environmentally friendly products than they were five years ago. What does this mean for Reverse logistics? Reverse Logistics. A complete supply chain dedicated to the reverse flow of products and materials for the purpose of returns, repair, remanufacture, and/or recycling. Reverse Logistics Association The reuse and recycling of returned products, combined with the era of free returns, places a high demand on reverse logistics . As such, experts estimate the world wide reverse logistics market value at US $967.89 billion. Experts further estimate a growth of 5.9% CAGR What Does this mean for the Final Mile ? Final Mile (also known a Last Mile) is a phrase widely used to refer to the final leg of a delivery. The increased volume of products flowing back from the consumer is increasing pressure on Final Mile and Logistics companies. Interestingly, with the mass adoption of smart mobile devices starting in 2007, the final mile industry has progressed from 2 way radios, pigeonholes, paper slips and excel sheets to real time tracking, online entry and automated routing. Sadly, most are using this technology only for “forward” logistics. • Only 6% of the companies who use our technology for forward logistics are using technology for reverse logistics. • 34% are using excel sheets, paper-based or nothing at all. Some are simply providing no tracking. • 60% don’t participate in the Final Mile of reverse logistics. Though they could easily take part. Why is this? Simply put, companies aren’t sure whether “the struggle is worth the outcome”. Given most Final Mile forward logistics technology doesn’t fit the needs of reverse logistics, a technology investment needs to be made. Here are some good reasons why you need to invest in the Final Mile reverse logistics chain: 1. Illicit Trade. Theft during the Final Mile helps to fuel illicit trade. 2. Brand Protection. The resale of damaged goods through illicit markets damages the perception of a product’s brand. 3. Data Gap. This can be broken down into 2 categories which are: • Big Picture. Decision makers need the data from each silo to see the big picture and make decisions. Neither paper-based tracking nor Excel provide the Final Mile reverse logistics data to decision makers. Reverse logistics Final Mile technology will provide this needed data. • Predict and Prepare the Returns Center. Operation Managers need this data to visualize the Final Mile picture. This will allow them to prepare for the change of flow back at the returns centers. How do we address this? Previously, I wrote a post discussing Innovative Ways to Pick Up a Return which laid out two ways to address reverse logistics in the Final Mile space. These two was are: 1. Use your drivers as a resource. Have your drivers scan the product and quantity being returned at the point of pick up, instead of at the returns center, saving you time and money. This also starts the tracking and tracing of those returned goods right away, not later at a hub or warehouse. 2. Pick Up and Go. With the product already securely packaged you can capture a proof of pick up and a time of pick up to start the tracking and tracing of those goods Looking Forward with Technology Organizations and manufacturers are creating unique hash keys for each product that then connects to its unique block chain record. With this in mind connecting reverse logistics Final Mile technology to access a product’s block chain record adds extra layers to security, tracking and auditing. For instance, Blockchain can confirm the right product at the point of pick-up and can assist with sorting by ensuring the right product goes into the right shipping container en route to the right location. Similarly, blockchain helps to correctly place products into a destruction shipping container, which means you can confidently create death certificates en masse for all products inside a destruction trailer. You maybe surprised to know there is a new technological upgrade being quietly deployed with little notice: Dual GNSS GPS. Dual GNSS GPS consistently brings mobile GPS accuracy down from 5 meters (16 feet) to 30 cm (12 inches). There are two reasons why this hidden upgrade will have a positive effect on reverse logistics: 1. Creating Shipments in the Field. Unfortunately with reverse logistics, drivers can arrive at pick up locations without an electronic shipment. For that reason a driver needs to use their mobile device to create a shipment, in the field, at the point of pick up. Thankfully GPS coordinates can accurately be geolocated to an address using the consistent refined accuracy of Dual GNSS GPS. Using the geolocated pick-up address, a shipment is created. As a result tracking and tracing can take place right from the point of pick up. 2. Chain of Custody. Proving a pick-up location when returning controlled substances like pharmaceuticals, cannabis, and tobacco has relied heavily on location barcodes. As a result, the cost of implementing and managing location barcodes has been a burden since the 1970s. With the real and consistent accurate GPS coordinates captured by Dual GNSS GPS, location barcodes will become a thing of the past. In summary, consumer engagement into the Circular Economy is putting more and more pressure on the Final Mile industry. By using the right technology, reverse logistics can become a source of gain and no longer a source of pain. CLDA Conference 2020 Even though IDS has been part of the Courier, Delivery and Logistics Industry for 13+ years, we never joined the CLDA nor attended it’s annual conference. This year, I decided to fix that and attended the 2020 Conference in Miami. My goals were simple: 1. Learn more about the US market. 2. Explore the Vendor Marketplace 3. Decide if IDS should set up a Vendor Display at the 2021 Conference. From Wednesday evening right up to Friday afternoon, I was constantly fascinated by what I was learning, hearing and seeing. The word I heard most often was …Amazon. In my market space, which is mainly Australia and Canada, the “Amazon effect” is not at the same level as it is in the US. Here is a great article explaining why. The highlight of the Amazon discussion was attending the “E-commerce and Final Mile” panel and hearing Deanna Kaufman from FedEx Customer Solutions speak. That lead into a few interesting side conversations about how Amazon will either become the next FedEx or Amazon’s rule bending will catch up to it. Then there was all the Technology discussions IDS is technology, that is what we do. So, I really enjoyed attending the “Operational Efficiencies Using Innovative Technologies” panel which was hosted by the articulate Robin Hammond from the Bullitt Group. What I heard was companies were looking to technology, not to create new opportunities, but to solve pain points. I thought this was fascinating. As one person explained to me, the US market has grown so fast, that most companies are just trying to keep up. My personal new “bleeding edge” technology is GPS 3 and Dual GNSS. These “new technologies” will increase the accuracy of GPS down to less than 1 metre and provide a new level of consistence. Could this mean the end of location barcodes? ( While my notebook is filled with pages and pages from the conference, I will end this blog with a quick note about the future of or our membership with CLDA. I found the association, its members and the conference open, intelligent and a thoughtful group. We will return in 2021. July 22, 2009 to January 14, 2020 Did you know that on January 14, 2020, Microsoft will drop all support for Windows 7. Yet, according to Global Stats, as of June 2019, 31% of all Windows computers are still operating on Windows 7. credit: GlobalStats What will happen to all those Windows 7 computers on January 15, 2020? According to Microsoft’s Official Website, “You can continue to use Windows 7, but once support ends, your PC will become more vulnerable to security risks. Windows will operate but you will stop receiving security and feature updates.” You might think so what’s the big deal then? According to AVTest The independent IT-Security Institute out of Germany over 350,000 new malicious programs are registered everyday! That means by February 15, 2020, Windows 7 users will have little to no protection for over 9 million new malware and potentially unwanted applications (PUA). After a year, that number rises to 127,750,000. Hackers will be looking to exploit the lack of updates and will specifically attack Windows 7 computers. It will also mean software and hardware developers will take Microsoft’s signal and stop providing updates and upgrades for Windows 7 users. This will mean, not only will some of your software stop functioning properly, it also means your peripherals, like your GPU, Network Cards and your mouse may stop working. If you are one of the holdouts, maybe its time consider upgrading. You think you know, but really, do you? This is the first in series of articles about Barcodes, how they work, innovative ways they are being used and what is next. The Barcode In 1948, Bernard Silver and Norman Joseph Woodland started research into creating a cash register that could read a product’s label and automatically enter in the correct price. The goal being to speed up and reduce errors during the check out process. Their first challenge was how to make a product’s label “readable” for a machine. To solve this, they used technology that was readily available to them in the 1940’s. That being the telegraph. Before we could transmit our voice through radio waves, we transmitted tapping sounds over wires. The tapping was Morse Code and the machine that made the tapping sound was the Telegraph. How that tapping or Morse Code worked was simple. If you made 3 quick taps, then 3 long taps and then 3 quick taps, you were saying S.O.S. Where 3 quick taps meant the letter S and 3 long taps meant the letter O. These taps would be visually represented as dots and dashes. So our S.O.S would look like this: Woodland’s brilliant idea was to turn Morse Code’s dots and dashing into lines which could then be “read” by a machine. Using sand on the beach in front of his father’s Florida home, “I just extended the dots and dashes downwards and made narrow lines and wide lines out of them”, said Woodland (Seideman, Tony, “Barcodes Sweep the World”, Wonders of Modern Technology) Meaning our Morse Code S.O.S. would now look like this: But there was a problem. Woodland and Silver realized that their new code would always have to be scanned straight on to ensure the scanner would read their code from left to right. Meaning, if the code said “coke” and you scanned it upside down, then it would be read as “ekoc”. Their solution was to create the Circular Barcode, which could be scanned from any angle. Woodland & Silver’s Original Circular Barcode. Credit: Barcode Imaging Materials Their Circular Barcodes was the Great Grandparent of the QA Barcode. The Scanner Now that Woodland and Silver had their barcode, they needed a way for a cash register to read it. So again, they turned to popular technology that was widely in used in the 40’s. That technology being movies. When movies first came into being, they were silent. The challenge was how to add sound. The solution was to add the sound directly onto the edge of the film strip as an image of a sound wave. an old film strip showing the sounds waves along the edge When the projector shone light through the film onto the movie screen, it also illuminated the images of the sound waves. On the opposite side of the film strip edge was a Photomultiplier. A Photomultiplier takes light particles, which are known as photons, and turns them into electrons. As the photons projected through the images of the sound waves changed, then so did the electron flow produced by the Photomultiplier. This changing electron flow created an electric signal. The electric signal was then converted to sounds via an amplifier and a speaker system. So when Woodland and Silver needed a way for a machine to read their barcodes, they simply adapted the movie sound technology. They did this by shinning a 500-watt light bulb through the barcode and onto a Photomultiplier. But instead of turning the created electronic signal into sound, they converted the signal back into the original letters and numbers of the barcode. Putting it together Now that we have a barcode and scanner, we need to put it together so that our cash register would charge the right price. Imagine if we had a bottle of Coke. We then created a barcode using our converted Morse Code to spelled out the word, “Coke”. We then fastened our barcode onto our bottle. We then connected our scanner to a computer and scanned our barcode. The scanner reads the barcode and tells the computer, “Coke”. The computer then looks up in its’ database the word “Coke”, finds a record that says a Coke costs $1.25 and then display’s on its monitor “Coke $1.25”. And that’s the magic of barcoding. But wait! we are not done yet. We don’t use Morse Code for barcodes and the linear barcode became the standard. But why? In 1949 Woodland and Silver filed a patent for their barcode and scanner, which was granted in 1952. They then quickly sold their patent which ended up in the hands of RCA. While they were waiting for their patent’s approval, and this is important, Woodland started working at IBM. In 1966, RCA attended a meeting held by the National Association of Food Chains (NAFC) on how to create an automated check out system. The meeting resulted in an agreement to initiate an internal project to test Woodland and Silver’s barcode patent. In July 1972, RCA and the Kroger Store in Cincinnati started an 18-month test of the Woodland and Silver’s circular barcode. Sadly, their test kept failing because when the printers created the circular barcode, the ink would smear which then made the barcodes unscannable. Back at IBM, Woodland was still working on his original linear barcode. He discovered that linear barcodes wouldn’t smear because they were printed in the same direction as the stripes. But there was still the issue that linear barcodes could only be scanned from one direction. Thankfully, Woodland’s colleague at IBM, George Laure, overcame this last hurdle by creating the following barcode format standard: • The first digit was always a 0. • The next 5 digits was the manufacturer code. • Which was followed by 6 more digits for the product code • With the final digit being a check digit to ensure the barcode was read correctly. With the barcode always starting with a 0 and ending with a check digit, the scanner and computer always knew, regardless at what angle it was being scanned, which way to read the barcode. an example of IBM’s UPC Woodlands Linear Barcode combined with Laure’s format became IBM’s UPC (Universal Product Code) which on the April 3, 1973 was selected to be the NAFC standard. IBM’s UPC is still widely used today as the standard for the retail industry. However, there are now countless number of other barcode formats in use today, such as EAN, Industrial, Interleaved, Standard, PostNet, Code 11, Codabar and QR Barcodes. So now you know how barcodes work. Watch IDS scan a shipping barcode If you wish to learn more, please click here to watch IDS scan shipment.
Wonders of Italy: Siena's Piazza del Campo Piazza del Campo is the heart of Siena, its historical soul. It is famous all over the world for its beauty, architectural integrity and unique shell shape. It is a Unesco World Heritage site since 1995, along with all of Siena’s historic center. In the past, Piazza del Campo was a green area, used to host open-air markets; today, it is the meeting point for the Sienesi, and also the place where the famous Palio takes place twice a year. Some of the city’s most important monuments overlook the piazza; let’s look at some of them. Palazzo Comunale: it’s the palace built by the government of the Republic of Siena between 1298 and 1310 as the seat of the ‘Council of Nine,’ the elected officials that governed the city. Brick was used for its construction and its white elements are in marble. Today, it still serves as the Town Hall. Torre del Mangia: it was the bell tower of the Palazzo Comunale, so called from the nickname ‘mangiaguadagni’ given to its first caretaker, Giovanni di Balduccio, known for being a glutton and therefore squandering his earnings on food (mangia-guadagni = eat earnings away). Built between 1325 and 1348, the Torre del Mangia is among Italy’s tallest ancient towers: at 102 meters high, it symbolically guards and protects the city. The four corners are perfectly oriented in the North-South and East-West direction. Cappella di Piazza: it’s a marble tabernacle at the foot of the Torre del Mangia, protruding from the Palazzo Comunale. It was built in 1352 to thank the Virgin Mary for saving the city from the plague that struck in 1348. Courtesy: Do tours Fonte Gaia: inaugurated in 1386 amid the citizens’ general rejoicing because it was Siena’s first public fountain (hence the name ‘Gaia' - cheerful), it was decorated between 1409 and 1419 with statues and reliefs by sculptor Jacopo della Quercia, blending Gothic tradition and Renaissance innovations. The ones on display today are copies. Credit: michelebusillo Courtesy: italymagazine 11 views0 comments
Shrinking Middle Class Myth Analysis 434 Words2 Pages What is the middle class myth? This “event” or “classification” has a lot to do with geography,the past and how it was formed it has many components to make it a organization that is well known. “A land of opportunity”, “ a middle class society”,quotes from American Ideology assertion from Alan Nasser,the Author of The Middle Class Myth: Have Most Americans Always Been Poor?(August 28,2015). In 8 Surprising Facts About The Shrinking Middle Class From “Third World America” (PHOTOS)by Hallie Seegal 08/09/2010 01:19 PM ET states that in 2005, the bottom 20 percent of household earners had an average income of $10,655 while households in the top 20 percent made nearly 160,000 – a disparity of 1,500 percent, the highest gap ever recorded. Even some might refer to the U.S. as “ a land of opportunity ”,the reality is…show more content… The stalk market crash along with the Great Depression both affected the beginning of the middle class myth. People argue about non educated people or people who work at fast food restaurants make more than educated people. The middle class does not just mess with our money because all of our money has to do with our nation's economy so if the nation's economy isn't doing good then we all know the money that is being made in our household won't do any good. In our economy the commodity that builds our economy is our resouces,discussing a wider range of perspectives some argue about not living in the right condition. Some who might live in the city might have to pay more rather than someone who lives in the country or vice versa. Looking at a larger geographical area it's true because examining a larger population count it's more difficult to keep everything steady and at a good rate.considering a broader time span,within the years the middle class is shrinking many argue whether it is or if it's More about Shrinking Middle Class Myth Analysis Open Document
Skip to Content 7 minutes read What Is IoMT? (Internet of Medical Things) by Jose Gomez 7 minutes read What is IoMT and how is it related to IoT? The Internet of Things (IoT) is basically a network of interconnected smart devices. The network enables users to control devices remotely through software applications, while at the same time data is collected through strategic touchpoints. The data collected, once processed with computing power, can be used for various purposes, including healthcare. In this article we explain what IoMT is and discuss how apps play an important role in its implementation and future developments throughout health care systems. What is IoMT The Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) is a practical application of IoT devices, combined with MedTech tools, that are used in health care. Thanks to the possibility of connected medical devices through network technologies, healthcare professionals can monitor patients’ key biometrics in real-time. This brings a series of benefits, some of which are not obvious at plain sight. Internet of Things in Healthcare Industry This technology enables doctors to access health data in remote locations, and keep track of any potential issues that might occur, thus helping prevent any future complications. Suppose a patient is told not to exceed a given weight, otherwise, health problems might occur. With an IoMT scale and other devices, a patient can keep track of this key metric easily with the help of an app. The app can additionally share information on healthy diets, be used as a glucose monitor and activity tracker, given the patient’s data and condition, clinical grade, and help trigger motivation by using push notifications. It can also share relevant information with medical staff so that they know, before hospital visits, how the patient has evolved. In short, IoMT software applications can make processes more efficient. They can be used for remote patient monitoring, as it allows real-time data exchange between a point of care and all the connected medical devices. The Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) can also help trigger emergency responses and keep chronic diseases under control. Imagine smart devices that help monitor glucose levels and heart rate. Being in faraway locations, you can use wearable devices to share activity tracker information with a remote medical service provider and get a clinical-grade diagnosis. Let’s consider patient A for this example. Patient A, a middle-aged woman with a family history of diabetes, wakes up one day feeling ill. Fortunately, her doctor had given her a smart glucometer. Unlike a regular glucometer, this one is able to connect to the internet. With it, patient A can keep track of her glucose levels with a twist. Because the device is an IoMT enabled glucometer, the doctor can remotely check her glucose monitor stats in detail. After looking at the data, care providers can conclude that patient A is experiencing a dangerous glucose level, and since they know her medical history, a personalized solution can be recommended. Remote Patient Monitoring Scenarios like the ones above are only a fraction of what is possible thanks to IoMT technologies. Beyond improving processes, generating efficiencies, and reducing costs, the Internet of Medical Things also offers many opportunities to deliver a better overall patient experience through great design practices Considering a patient’s journey through a specific medical procedure is very relevant. Throughout the years, health care systems have become saturated, and this has affected service quality. This is more harmful to some populations, particularly to elders and those with mobility issues. The combination of IoT medical devices, MedTech, mobility services, and apps help solve many of these problems and allows effective remote monitoring and more accurate patient outcomes. At Koombea, for example, our obsessive focus on User Experience helps guarantee positive outcomes beyond apps. Considering small details like how easy it is for a patient to access a service, to other bigger details like how the treatment will evolve, ensures that nothing is left loose. Expertise in user-centered design becomes extremely helpful in the healthcare sector. Bridging the gap between software and the physical world is a must in MedTech. IoMT Challenges For IoMT technologies to work properly, it is necessary to collect relevant data. As a matter of fact, as for IoT technologies in general, IoMT does not work properly without the correct data. This is not surprising if one considers that one of the main benefits of this technology is to help improve decision-making. It is necessary that IoMT medical devices allow data to be collected, processed, and used. This requires not only setting up a beacon to collect data. It is also necessary to transform it into useful information that medical personnel can use to make decisions. Thanks to MedTech apps and IT systems, this can easily be done. Apps are playing a major role in how IoMT technologies are being deployed. It is not good to have powerful devices if the software that moves them is deficient. MedTech apps designed to work with IoT devices should guarantee users adequate levels of reliability. In this sense, quality assurance is a necessity that these types of apps cannot leave aside. Quality is a must-have when it comes to guaranteeing patient safety and health. A critical success factor for any IoMT technology is security. This refers not only to patient security, which is extremely important. Guaranteeing it should be a top priority. Nonetheless, it should also be a top priority to look out for cybersecurity, especially in what relates to data privacy. Medical information is very sensible, so users must be guaranteed that their data is in safe hands. Doing so creates trust, an important element that IoMT devices need to help guarantee. Healthcare IT Opportunities From our experience, we’ve observed two important ways in which IoMT devices can impact patients in a positive way. Personalized Patient Care Medicine often feels to lack empathy with patients. This is because, in order to reduce costs and maintain efficiency, health systems need to standardize procedures. This ends up affecting a wide range of aspects from treatments to results. However, this need not be. IoMT data allows a more friendly, gentler form of personalized medicine that considers patients’ actual requirements. Rather than using a one size fits all approach, with IoMT, healthcare professionals can now take into account individual needs. Digital Therapeutics: A Digital Transformation Digital Therapeutics (DTx) is one of the most attractive opportunities for IoMT devices. It is a form of medicine that has been gaining strength in recent years, relying on evidence-based therapeutic interventions to achieve changes in patient behavior. To do so, DTx uses software to prevent, manage or treat a particular illness. Thanks to the power of IoMT devices, DTx techniques can develop better remote connections with patients. As this form of therapy and IoMT devices become more popular, we expect their respective apps to do the same. MedTech Applications Apps are at the core of IoMT technologies in the healthcare industry. I’ve already mentioned how even the most powerful medical devices end up being useless if they don’t have a powerful app backing them. The best way to guarantee that this does not become a problem is to look out for an experienced medical app development partner IoMT app development is not something to leave in the hands of anyone. People’s lives are at stake, and the future of healthcare systems needs developers and designers who can understand its intricacies. Girl With Glasses Want to Build an App? Contact Us
What Navjot Singh Sidhu learnt from presidential debates A young Sidhu often heard his father talk about Richard Nixon losing to John F Kennedy partly due to his careless approach to appearance. It taught Sidhu the importance of dressing well. September 30, 2020 / 09:26 PM IST Navjot Singh Sidhu learnt the importance of proper dressing from a quadrennial spectacle in world politics, the latest chapter of which took place on September 29 in Cleveland - the US Presidential debate. Some years ago, Sidhu told this correspondent that when he was in his formative years, his father often spoke to him about the 1960 debates between Richard Nixon and John F Kennedy. It was the first time the jousts were televised. Already up against a charismatic adversary, Nixon further ceded ground to Kennedy when, for the first debate, he wrongly thought his appearance wouldn’t matter. Nixon showed up with a less than perfect shave and in a light-coloured suit that did not stand out on the black-and-white televisions of the era. It was reported he refused make-up as well. Kennedy captured the imagination of the public with the first debate. Nixon recovered in the subsequent rounds, but it was not enough to stop JFK from taking the White House. “Impact is achieved by writing,” Sidhu said in the interaction. “Ten times the impact of writing is achieved by oration. Fifty times the impact of oration is achieved by looks. There is no sin in wearing good clothes. It’s an art which not many people have.” When asked how his turbans and ties or pocket squares matched so well, the former India cricketer credited his local artisan. When Sidhu bought a new tie, he would send it to this craftsman, who would then make a turban that looked like the tie’s twin. After about a year out of the limelight, Sidhu was back in the news a few days ago when he spoke against the Modi government’s new farm laws. Halfway around the world, in the US, the Presidential debates have started. Looking at its contestants, however, it’s unlikely Sidhu or anyone is going to see any style or substance in them. Akshay Sawai first published: Sep 30, 2020 09:26 pm stay updated Get Daily News on your Browser
What does the work ‘pyknic’ mean? Reading time: Less than 1 minute Whenever I read an unusual-looking word, I often assume it is of Greek origin. The word pyknic from Olga Tokarczuk‘s marvellous — and very funny — novel, Drive Your Plow Over the Bones of the Dead is one such term. Here is how Tokarczuk used it: I saw the blood briefly flood his face — he was undoubtedly the pyknic type, who will eventually die of a stroke. When I looked it up in a dictionary, I instantly realized, ah, I know people like that. It refers to someone characterized by shortness of stature, broadness of girth, and powerful muscularity (as in the photo of the dog shown at the top of this post.) Today, we are far more likely to use the word endomorph, a term developed by medical doctor William Sheldon in the 1940s. He was the researcher who said the all human being essentially fall into one of three categories that he called “somatotypes”: • Endomorphs: people with lots of body fat, lots of muscle who tend to gain weight easily • Ectomorphs: people who are long and lean with little body fat and little muscle. They have a hard time gaining weight. • Mesomorphs: people who are athletic, solid and strong. They’re neither overweight nor underweight. Of course, some people are a combination of these three types. For example, I’m what’s described as an endo-ectomorph, with high fat storage in the mid section (like an apple) and a thin lower body. The word pyknic is indeed Greek and comes from pykn(ós), meaning thick. Scroll to Top
How Microneedle Technology Will Reduce Vaccine Cold Chain Logistics In seritech Posted Vaccines remain one of the greatest developments of modern medicine. But to maintain efficacy, vaccines must be shipped, stored, and distributed within a recommended temperature range. This poses a challenge in delivering these essential medicines worldwide. A recent SeriTech analysis by Head of Business Development Luisa Sugisawa and Analyst Bola Okanlawon examines how cold chain logistics impact the lifecycle of vaccines and temperature sensitive drugs. It provides an overview of the cold chain, explains transdermal microneedles, and highlights how they could revolutionize drug delivery. The report underlines a range of additional benefits this technology presents, from democratizing access to reducing waste. The first objective is reducing vaccine wastage. What is the level of vaccine wastage? The level of vaccine wastage is substantial. A report by the WHO estimated that over 50% of vaccines are wasted globally every year. “Wastage in unopened vials is usually attributable to cold chain and stock management problems and can be minimized,” adding “wastage in unopened vials is avoidable and should be treated as unacceptable.” Cold chain shipping and storage are critical to the biopharmaceutical industry. Logmore reports that global cold chain logistics spending for this sector in 2017 was over $13 billion USD. An estimated 20% to 40% of biopharmaceutical products damaged before reaching the end user. The WHO report identifies another major cause of vaccine wastage: freezing. This most often results from ineffective monitoring systems and infrastructure weakness. It is no surprise, then, there are calls for improved systems to manage cold chain logistics. The SeriTech paper notes that while globalization has brought cultures and communities together, barriers remain, particularly as related to cold chain logistics in developing nations. “The complexity of shipping highly perishable products takes time and coordination, and every delay can have negative consequences,” the report observes. To read SeriTech’s analysis of cold chain logistics and how microneedle technology will improve delivery mechanisms, request a free copy HERE. Solutions to combat unused and spoiled vaccines add more layers to an already complicated process. Inventory management strategies like the WHO recommended EEFO – Earliest Expiry First Out – offer a practical solution. Smaller vials may resolve the issue of unused doses compared to larger vials but come at higher costs and create more waste. The vaccine vial monitor (VVM) system of labels that change colour to indicate vaccine efficacy help with visual cues but add additional costs. The longtail effects of cold chain logistics have greater impact in developing nations. Unreliable power grids and physical infrastructure challenges are compounded by difficulties delivering vaccines to rural regions require new solutions. The microneedle has the potential to change the landscape. Can new technology dramatically reduce or eliminate cold chain logistics? Microneedle technology offers a proven alternative to traditional vaccine delivery methods. Of the four main types of microneedles, it is widely agreed that the dissolving microneedle (dMN) is the most effective. To learn more about dissolving microneedles, read here or request a copy of the SeriTech report here. The exciting news is that dissolving microneedles could reduce or eliminate the challenges facing cold chain for both transportation and storage. Microneedles will reduce shipping and storage costs creating a knock-on benefit in delivering medicines to the public. Dissolving microneedle patches for transdermal drug delivery are small and light when compared to the physical vaccine setup of vial and hypodermic needle. They are easier to ship and store, and easier to administer. Most dMNs can be produced with the vaccine in a dry state. Combined with suitable long-term stabilizers, they are not as sensitive to temperature variations. In an earlier article, we discuss how a “dissolving microneedle can safely and economically deliver vaccines and other medicines, resolving a host of logistics issues while democratizing global access.” What are other benefits of dissolving microneedles? While reducing or eliminating cold chain logistics is important, there are other important benefits dissolving microneedles bring to the equation: simplicity, safety, painless delivery, and reduction of bio-hazardous waste. Embracing microneedle technology could also help reduce emissions associated with cold chain logistics. Research indicates that dMNs have greater thermostability and a long-term evaluation of a dMN loaded with influenza vaccine “shows that influenza vaccine formulated into microneedle patches remained stable after storage for 24 months at 25°C, storage for four months at 60°C, exposure to five freeze-thaw cycles and irradiation during electron-beam sterilization.” Vaccine wastage from unused doses is another issue that microneedles resolve. A Dutch study concluded “dMN vaccination can offer important advantages such as dose sparing, pain-free immunization and avoidance of needle-stick injuries. Furthermore, it can extend the vaccination coverage in developing countries by potentially offering improved vaccine stability, reduction of vaccine wastage and of burden on trained personnel.” Dissolving microneedles patches for transdermal drug delivery eliminate bio-hazardous waste disposal issues of hypodermic needles and associated needlestick injuries. As SeriTech has observed, “safe disposal of needles presents a significant and costly challenge.” Dissolving Microneedles for Vaccines In their paper, Sugisawa and Okanlawon highlight 20 vaccines currently available to protect against disease. These prevent millions of deaths every year. Amidst a global pandemic, a growing number of Covid-19 vaccines will be added to this list. The storage temperatures required for some of those vaccines are the most demanding. Maintaining temperatures as low as -75C from manufacture to injection is problematic. The carbon footprint is significant. Microneedles could set the elements of a fundamental change in motion. Since the first smallpox vaccine campaigns of the 1960s, shipping and storage has been a crucial piece of the puzzle. Dissolving microneedles could radically change how these vaccines are shipped and administered, resulting in positive impacts for developing nations. Familiar images of vaccine delivery in developing nations show trained staff loading a cooler full of ice and vaccines on a motorcycle and heading out into the country to injection sites. Those doses must be used before degrading, creating a race against time and temperature. Dissolving Microneedles for Vaccines in the Race Against Covid-19 The SeriTech authors observe “the global cold-chain logistics is capable of distributing around 6.4 billion flu vaccines per year.” That is based on what we once considered normal – now an outdated concept. In the context of Covid-19, the urgency for new technology that makes vaccine delivery easier and faster is paramount. And as we learn that booster shots will be required to maintain protection against the virus, this urgency is amplified. Recent examples of freezer failures in developed nations highlight the instability of systems and infrastructure. Developing a new delivery mechanism to overcome the 150-year-old syringe in the race against Covid is now more important than ever before. How Will Microneedles Change Vaccine Delivery? Microneedles will change vaccine delivery in the 21st century by providing a safer, simpler solution. They will reduce dependency on cold storage and result in more effective delivery campaigns globally. This will be of particular importance in developing nations. Consider this extensive WHO checklist and training requirements regarding the Global Training Network on Vaccine Management (GTN/VM): 1. Inventory and Forecasting 2. Stock control 3. Distribution 4. Storing and handling of vaccines 5. Long term replacement 6. Standard procedures for use of vaccines in immunization programs 7. Monitoring systems for vaccine storage 8. Transport management 9. Operational Management As Luisa Sugisawa observed: “It’s time to re-think vaccine delivery. Embedded at every level is temperature control and trained personnel. We believe that dissolving microneedles for vaccine delivery have the potential to diminish dependency on the former and reduce requirements for the latter. Our next phase is to deliver this vision globally.” Without strict temperature controls, management programmes become easier to implement and administer. There will be less loss and more widespread, efficient delivery. SeriTech: A 21st Century Vaccine Vision Vaccine delivery using dissolving microneedle is poised to become the poster child of future vaccination. SeriTech is developing a safe, effective, and affordable alternative to democratize vaccination globally. The company is developing commercial products leveraging a unique technology of fast detaching dissolving microneedle (fddMN) and is conducting extensive R&D into pharmaceutical applications, including vaccines. The soon-to-be commercial products of SeriTech, with the fast detaching dissolving microneedle are easy and painless. A two-minute application time sets a new benchmark. No painful needles. No biohazardous waste to dispose of. Safely and effectively delivering vaccines everywhere to every person. When was the last time you saw a kid smile during inoculation? The next generation image of vaccine delivery could simply be an authorized person applying a 2-minute, painless patch on the arms of smiling children. SeriTech aspires to making this image reality. Leave a Comment
Ivanhoe Cover Image About the Author: Walter Scott Sir Walter Scott was born on August 15, 1771 in Edinburgh, Scotland. Scott created and popularized historical novels in a series called the Waverley Novels. In his novels Scott arranged the plots and characters so the reader enters into the lives of both great and ordinary people caught up in violent, dramatic changes in history. Scott's work shows the influence of the 18th century enlightenment. He believed every human was basically decent regardless of class, religion, politics, or ancestry. Tolerance is a major theme in his historical works. The Waverley Novels express his belief in the need for social progress that does not reject the traditions of the past. He was the first novelist to portray peasant characters sympathetically and realistically, and was equally just to merchants, soldiers, and even kings. Central themes of many of Scott's novels are about conflicts between opposing cultures. Ivanhoe (1819) is about war between Normans and Saxons. The Talisman (1825) is about conflict between Christians and Muslims. His novels about Scottish history deal with clashes between the new English culture and the old Scottish. Scott's other great novels include ,i>Old Mortality (1816), The Heart of Midlothian (1819), and St Ronan's Well (1824). His Waverley series includes Rob Roy (1817), A Legend of Montrose (1819), and Quentin Durward (1823). Scott's amiability, generosity, and modesty made him popular with his contemporaries. He was also famous for entertaining on a grand scale at his Scottish estate, Abbotsford. Other books by Walter Scott Ivanhoe Cover Image Find the best price forIvanhoe Goodreads rating: 3.74 Paperback, by Wordsworth ISBN10: 1853262021 \| ISBN13: 9781853262029 Page count: 464 The heroic adventures of Sir Wilfred make Ivanhoe perhaps Scott's most unforgettable work: the fiery rescue of Sir Wilfred of Ivanhoe and his fellow captives from Knight Templar's castle by Robin Hood; the wounded Ivanhoe's trial by combat with the powerful Knight to save the lovely Jewess Rebecca from the stake; and King Richard the Lion-Hearted's aid in Ivanhoe's triumph at evil King John's tournament. To follow Sir Wilfred's spirited exploits is to enter the colorful era of medieval England, a world of romance and chivalry, crusades and tradition. The stirring drama of Ivanhoe, set against a shimmering backdrop of chivalry, Norman-Saxon conflict, and medieval pageantry establish Sir Walter Scott as the originator of the historical novel. A master storyteller, Scott weaves a tale of courtly love and derring-do that has thrilled readers since its first appearance in 1820. Compare New Book Prices for Ivanhoe Categories for this title
Reinhold Leitner How books became called books Language is often something taken for granted by those who use it every day, but it can be interesting to trace down the origin of some words. Books are all around, and plenty of modern people find their contents quite interesting. For those who are willing to take a few minutes to stroll through history, the reason books are called books can help redefine and enlighten those looking for just a bit more information on these wonderful tomes. Defining a Book Even in its newer electronic form, a book is still a book. The definition is still applicable because even electronic books are tomes that contain written text, pictures or illustrations, and they are portable. Far into the past of the English language this was how a book was defined, and there is no reason whatsoever to believe even modern electronics have changed it. Earliest Known References The English language has long been one where words from many different cultures and their languages have been added, and there are plenty of references to the origin of book. The Oxford English Dictionary is just one where the word boc was translated from its original form into book, and its definition fits the word still in use today. There are also references from around the same time to the similar references used in Sweden, Denmark, Iceland and even Germany with just slightly different spellings. The Eighth Century King Alfred was a scholarly man who chose to translate a book written in Latin, and his use of English was another part of the historical record concerning the word book. While Pope Gregory I, whose book he was translating was an important writer in his day, King Alfred referenced the same boc as part of his translation. Versions of the Bible being spread at that time also used boc as a familiar way to identify them as books of the Bible. Language Evolution While King Alfred was apparently well-spoken and written during his time, languages in everyday use tend to change over time. Just a few centuries after his work, language evolution had begun to change boc into boke or bokes for the plural. It is just one of the common ways languages turn into what people speak in the modern world, but the meaning of the word still referred to a tome that contained illustrations and text in a form that could travel. The Sixteenth Century The language spoken as English today had many transformations over the centuries, but it was still recognizable to many from the past and future in the sixteenth century. For those looking at a history of the word book and its evolution, it was often referred to as boke at the beginning of this particular time. Over the next hundred years, it would eventually turn into booke as the language expanded and morphed toward the one in use today. The modern usage of English is familiar, but there are enough similarities throughout history to help make it understandable how a word can change while its definition remains the same. While people today might never consider using a boc or boke, they still tend to look forward to sitting down with a good book.
Coronavirus pandemic Dazed and confused? It could be due to coronavirus WASHINGTON • A pattern is emerging among Covid-19 patients arriving at hospitals in New York: Beyond a fever, cough and shortness of breath, some are deeply disoriented to the point of not knowing where they are or what year it is. At times, this is linked to low oxygen levels in their blood, but in certain patients, the confusion appears disproportionate to how their lungs are faring. Dr Jennifer Frontera, a neurologist at NYU Langone Hospital - Brooklyn who has been seeing these patients, told Agence France-Presse the findings were raising concerns about the impact of the coronavirus on the brain and nervous system. By now, most people are familiar with the respiratory hallmarks of the Covid-19 disease that has infected more than 2.3 million people around the world. But more unusual signs are surfacing in new reports from the front lines. A study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association recently found 36.4 per cent of 214 Chinese patients had neurological symptoms ranging from loss of smell and nerve pain, to seizures and strokes. A paper in the New England Journal of Medicine last week examining 58 patients in Strasbourg, France, found that more than half were confused or agitated, with brain imaging suggesting inflammation. "You've been hearing that this is a breathing problem, but it also affects what we most care about, the brain," Dr Andrew Josephson, chair of the neurology department at the University of California, San Francisco, said. "If you become confused, if you're having problems thinking, those are reasons to seek medical attention," he added. "The old mantra of 'Don't come in unless you're short of breath' probably doesn't apply any more." It is not completely surprising to scientists that Sars-CoV-2 might impact the brain and nervous system, since this has been documented in other viruses, including HIV, which can cause cognitive decline if untreated. Viruses affect the brain in one of two main ways, explained Dr Michel Toledano, a neurologist at Mayo Clinic in Minnesota. One is by triggering an abnormal immune response known as a cytokine storm that causes inflammation of the brain - called autoimmune encephalitis. The second is direct infection of the brain, called viral encephalitis. The brain is protected by something called the blood-brain barrier, which blocks foreign substances but could be breached if compromised. However, since loss of smell is a common symptom of the coronavirus, some have hypothesised the nose might be the pathway to the brain. This remains unproven - and the theory is somewhat undermined by the fact that many patients experiencing anosmia (loss of smell) do not go on to have severe neurological symptoms. In the case of the novel coronavirus, doctors believe - based on the current evidence - the neurological impacts are more likely the result of overactive immune response rather than brain invasion. To prove the latter even happens, the virus must be detected in cerebrospinal fluid. This has been documented once, in a 24-year-old Japanese man whose case was published in the International Journal of Infectious Disease. The man developed confusion and seizures, and imaging showed his brain was inflamed. But since this is the only known case so far, and the virus test has not yet been validated for spinal fluid, scientists remain cautious. All of this emphasises the need for more research. Dr Frontera, who is also a professor at NYU School of Medicine, is part of an international collaborative research project to standardise data collection. Her team is documenting striking cases including seizures in Covid-19 patients with no prior history of the episodes, and "unique" new patterns of tiny brain haemorrhages. "We're seeing a lot of... (patients) in confused states," Dr Rohan Arora, a neurologist at the Long Island Jewish Forest Hills hospital said, adding that the condition applies to more than 40 per cent of recovered virus patients. It is not yet known if the impairment is long term, and being in the intensive care unit itself can be a disorienting experience as a result of factors including strong medications. But returning to normal seems to be taking longer than for people who suffer heart failure or stroke, said Dr Arora. A version of this article appeared in the print edition of The Straits Times on April 20, 2020, with the headline 'Dazed and confused? It could be due to coronavirus'. Subscribe
MIT FingerReader Photo credit: VN We have seen the future of devices for the visually impaired, and it includes the FingerReader. This innovative new tool, developed by researchers at MIT Media Lab’s Fluid Interfaces group, reads aloud any braille text a user points to, and aims to replace audio-visual software which can often prove to be inaccurate and limited. Currently, the prototype device enables users to scan a text line with their finger and receive an audio feedback of the words. Continue reading for a video and more information. Plus, FingerReader also provides motion feedback in the form of small vibrations to make sure that the user doesn’t veer away from the text. Eventually, the device might be able to replace braille which is already being taught less given the rise of audio-visual software. It could also be used as a translation device that allowing students to better learn and communicate in a new language.
Universiteit Leiden nl en Lecture \| Studium Generale How did disability become a global concern? Wednesday 12 December 2018 Anna van Buerenplein Anna van Buerenplein 301 2595 DG The Hague Approximately 10%-15% of the world’s population is estimated to be disabled and this number is expected to rise in the next decades. How did disability become a global concern and how can the concept be understood in a multicultural world? The lecture will show how that contrary to what many people may believe, disability does not equal inaction and passivity. In fact, the incorporation of disability into human rights in the recent decades has been the result of the agency and emancipation movement of disabled people - be it their protest on the streets or their skillful lobbying. The lecture will thus show that disability does not (necessarily) equal suffering, it can be a positive identity, a source of a social and cultural identity. The experience of people with disabilities in the Southern Hemisphere will also get attention, and the lecture will reveal the relevance of disability in international relations, in particular that it may become an issue of ideological rivalry between great powers. Read more This website uses cookies. More information.
Nuclear waste From Wikispooks Jump to navigation Jump to search Concept.png Nuclear waste Rdf-entity.pngRdf-icon.png Interest ofDale E. Klein A byproduct which advocates of the nuclear power industry generally avoid dealing with. Some waste will remain toxic for hundreds of thousands of years. The citizens of Finland voted to dispose of all their country's nuclear waste within the nation's borders, not to export it elsewhere. As of 2010, Finland was the only nation in the world to have begun construction of a permanent storage facility for disposal of nuclear waste; other countries had only temporary storage.[1] As early as 1964, Halliburton were researching a combined hydraulic fracturing/nuclear waste disposal technique.[2] 80 pounds thermometer.png
Kapota, Kāpota: 26 definitions In Hinduism Natyashastra (theatrics and dramaturgy) Source: Wisdom Library: Nāṭya-śāstra Kapota (कपोत, “pigeon”) refers to a gesture (āṅgika) made with ‘combined hands’ (saṃyuta), according to the Nāṭyaśāstra chapter 8. The hands (hasta) form a part of the human body which represents one of the six major limbs (aṅga) used in dramatic performance. With these limbs are made the various gestures (āṅgika), which form a part of the histrionic representation (abhinaya). One of the saṃyutta-hastāni (Twenty-four combined Hands).—Kapota (dove): the hands are joined at the side, base and top. Usage: taking oath, conversation with elders etc., humble acquiescence. According to another book: the Añjali hands are separated. The patron deity is Citrasena. Usage: acquiescence, trees suchas the coconut, areca-nut, etc., plantain flower, cold, nectar, receiving things, casket, citron. Source: archive.org: Natya Shastra Kapota (कपोत, “pigeon”).—A type of gesture (āṅgika) made with combined hands (saṃyuta-hasta);—(Instructions): Two (Añjali) hands meeting on one of their sides will make the Kapota hand. Listen about its uses. (Uses): It is to be used to indicate an approach with inimical intention, bowing and talking to a venerable person. To indicate cold and fear, women are to hold this hand on their breasts. The hands [showing the Kapota gesture] released after the meeting of fingers will indicate anxious words, or ‘This much can be done’ or ‘Nothing more can be done.’ Natyashastra book cover context information Discover the meaning of kapota in the context of Natyashastra from relevant books on Exotic India Ayurveda (science of life) Source: Wisdom Library: Āyurveda and botany Kapota (कपोत) is a Sanskrit word referring to the “pigeon/dove”. The meat of this animal is part of the māṃsavarga (‘group of flesh’), which is used throughout Ayurvedic literature. The animal Kapota is part of the sub-group named Pratuda, refering to animals “who eat while striking”. It was classified by Caraka in his Carakasaṃhitā sūtrasthāna (chapter 27), a classical Ayurvedic work. Caraka defined such groups (vargas) based on the dietic properties of the substance. The meat of the domestic pigeon is astringent, non-slimy and cold. It is madhura in Vipāka. It alleviates internal haemorrhage. The wild pigeons are slightly lighter, cold, constipating and diminishing the quantity of urine. Source: archive.org: Sushruta samhita, Volume I Kapota (कपोत)—Sanskrit word for a bird corresponding to “wild dove” or “pigeon”. This animal is from the group called Pratuda (which peck). Pratuda itself is a sub-group of the group of animals known as Jāṅghala (living in high ground and in a jungle). The flesh of the Kāṇa-kapota (wild dove) is heavy and has a palatable, saline and astringent taste. It proves beneficial in hæmoptysis and is sweet of digestion. Source: Shodhganga: Dietetics and culinary art in ancient and medieval India Kapota (कपोत) refers to the “pigeon”, whose meat (māṃsa) is classified as “celestial” (khecara) according to the 17th century Bhojanakutūhala (dravyaguṇāguṇa-kathana), and is commonly found in literature dealing with the topics of dietetics and culinary art, also known as Pākaśāstra or Pākakalā.—The text [māṃsa-prakaraṇa] says the three fold division of meat [such as celestial (khecara)...]. Here different types of meat and their properties are discussed in detail. The celestial animals are [viz., kapota (pigeon)]. Regarding “forbidden combinations” (saṃyogaviruddha), the text says that “meat of pigeon” (kapota) harmful when fried in mustard oil. Kapota (the meat of the small pigeon) is mentioned in a list of potential causes for indigestion.—A complete section in Bhojanakutūhala is devoted for the description of agents that cause indigestion [viz., meat of kapota (small pigeon)]. These agents consumed on a large scale can cause indigestion for certain people. The remedies [viz., kāṃsamūlapiṣṭa] for these types of indigestions are also explained therewith. Ayurveda book cover context information Discover the meaning of kapota in the context of Ayurveda from relevant books on Exotic India Purana and Itihasa (epic history) Source: archive.org: Puranic Encyclopedia 1) Kapota (कपोत).—A son of Garuḍa. (Chapter 101, Udyoga Parva). 2) Kāpota (कापोत).—A sage. Citrāṅgadā, the daughter of Kakutstha and Urvaśī, was his wife. She had two sons named Tumburu and Suvarcas. Kāpota received much wealth from Kubera and gave it to his sons. Once Kāpota cursed Tārāvatī, the queen of Candraśekhara, that she would bring forth two sons with monkey-faces. (Kālikā Purāṇa, Chapter 56). Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: The Purana Index Kapota (कपोत).—A dove, that attained permanent fame:1 entering houses forebodes evil.2 • 1) Bhāgavata-purāṇa X. 72. 21. • 2) Matsya-purāṇa 6. 32. Purana book cover context information Discover the meaning of kapota in the context of Purana from relevant books on Exotic India Shilpashastra (iconography) Source: Wisdom Library: Śilpa-śāstra Kapota (कपोत, “dripstone”) refers to a type of moulding commonly used in the construction of an adhiṣṭāna or upapīṭha. Shilpashastra book cover context information Discover the meaning of kapota in the context of Shilpashastra from relevant books on Exotic India Vastushastra (architecture) Source: Google Books: Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation Kapota (कपोत).—A type of moulding common to both the prastara (parapet) and adhiṣṭhana (plinth);—This moulding is found both at the top of the walls of each tala, as a ‘cornice’, and in the plinth (adhiṣṭhāna). It represents a canopy roof, with overhanging thatched eaves, and contains nāsīs representing horsehoe arch dormer gables. Like roof (śikhara) mouldings, kapotas are decorated with vallimaṇḍalas. The terms ‘kapota cornice’ and ‘cornice kapota’ will sometimes be used to distinguish the moulding at the top of a wall zone from the plinth kapota. ‘Cornice’ is not a particularly illuminating term, but ‘parapet kapota’ would be less satisfactory, because the kapota is not part of the hāra of pavilions which it supports. Source: Shodhganga: Development of temple architecture in Southern Karnataka Kapota (कपोत) is an important moulding of the adhiṣṭhāna. Kapota literally means a pigeon. Because the shape of this moulding resembles the shape of the slope of the pigeon’s head, it is called kapota. Kapota is a roll-cornice, the section of which looks like a quadrant. Sometimes, the underpart of the kapota is made hollow. Kapota is decorated with nāsis, the kapota may also have floral decorations, elongated stylized lotus petals, beaded string tassels, etc.,. Kapota is found on the plinth and on the upapīṭha as well. These kapotas, are not dissimilar to the kapotas found on the entablature. Kapota serves the function of a dripstone on the wall. It prevents the raintwater falling directly above its lower members. Occasionally kapota is drawn forward from the vertical norm of the mouldings of the plinth. Source: Shodhganga: Temples of Salem region Up to 1336 AD Kapota (कपोत).—A part (compound moulding) of the prastara, or ‘entablature’;—Kapota is the dripstone placed above the valabhi. It is a very prominent member of the elevation. Its synonyms are vaktrahasta, lupa, gopānaka and candra. Kapota is called by this name because it resembles the shape of a pigeon’s head. It projects forward from the vertical norm of the parapet. With projection and the shape of a semi circle, it resembles a pigeon’s head. Kapota is constructed projecting prominently forward from the vertical norm of all the other members of the elevation, to serve as a dripstone for the temple wall. Kapota is generally cut out of long thick beams of stone. The section of the kapota is similar to a quadrant. The upper portion is always rounded or sloped and its soffit or under-portion in most cases, is flat. Source: OpenEdition books: Architectural terms contained in Ajitāgama and Rauravāgama Kapota (कपोत) refers to “drip edge ( molding) §§ 3.10, 15, 23.”.—(For paragraphs cf. Les enseignements architecturaux de l'Ajitāgama et du Rauravāgama by Bruno Dagens) Vastushastra book cover context information Discover the meaning of kapota in the context of Vastushastra from relevant books on Exotic India In Buddhism Mahayana (major branch of Buddhism) Source: Wisdom Library: Maha Prajnaparamita Sastra 1) Kapota (कपोत, “pigeon”).—According to a note on the 2nd century Mahāprajñāpāramitāśāstra (chapter XIX), “the Buddha was once a pigeon (kapota) living in the Snow Mountains (himālaya). On stormy day, a man lost his way; miserable (daridra) and exhausted (ārta), hunger (bubhukṣā) and cold (śīta) had brought him to his last moments (muhūrta). Seeing this man, the pigeon flew to look for fire (agni), collected some kindling (indhana) and lit it. Then the pigeon threw itself into the fire and gave its body to the famished man”. 2) Kapota (कपोत, “pigeon”) represents an incarnation destination of the tiryaggati (animal realm) according to the “world of transmigration” section in the 2nd century Mahāprajñāpāramitāśāstra (chapter XXVII).—The Bodhisattva sees the animals (tiryak) undergoing all the torments: they are made to gallop by blows of the whip or stick; they are made to make long journeys carrying burdens; their harness is damaged; they are branded with hot iron. If sensual desires (kāmarāga), passion and ignorance (avidyā) were predominant in them [people], they are reborn as [for example] pigeon (kapota); thus they become one of the hundred thousand kinds of birds. If they are guilty of lust, their body becomes covered with hairs and feathers; their plumage is fine and smooth; their beak, big and wide; thus they cannot distinguish touch (sparśa) and taste (rasa). Mahayana book cover context information Discover the meaning of kapota in the context of Mahayana from relevant books on Exotic India Languages of India and abroad Pali-English dictionary Source: BuddhaSasana: Concise Pali-English Dictionary kapota : (m.) a dove; pigeon. Source: Sutta: The Pali Text Society's Pali-English Dictionary Kapota, (Sk. kapota, greyish blue, cp. kapi) — 1. (m.) a pigeon, a dove J. I, 243; Miln. 403;— 2. (f.) °i a female pigeon PvA. 47; °ka (f. °ikā Miln. 365) a small pigeon J. I, 244. —pāda (of the colour) of a pigeon’s foot J. I, 9. (Page 187) Pali book cover context information Discover the meaning of kapota in the context of Pali from relevant books on Exotic India Marathi-English dictionary Source: DDSA: The Molesworth Marathi and English Dictionary kapōta (कपोत).—m (S) kapōtā m (Poetry.) A dove or pigeon, esp. the spot-necked pigeon. kapōtī the female. kapōtā vaḷaṇēṃ g. of s. To emaciate or waste away. Source: DDSA: The Aryabhusan school dictionary, Marathi-English kapōta (कपोत).—m A dove or pigeon. context information Discover the meaning of kapota in the context of Marathi from relevant books on Exotic India Sanskrit dictionary Source: DDSA: The practical Sanskrit-English dictionary Kapota (कपोत).—[ko vāyuḥ pota iva yasya Tv.] 1) A dove, pigeon. 2) A bird in general. 3) A particular position of the hands. 4) The grey colour of a pigeon. Derivable forms: kapotaḥ (कपोतः). --- OR --- Kāpota (कापोत).—a. ( f.) [कपोत-अण् (kapota-aṇ)] 1) grey, of a dirty white colour. 2) Not hoarding much, very frugal; स्तुवन्वृत्तिं च कापोतीं दुहित्रा स ययौ पुरात् (stuvanvṛttiṃ ca kāpotīṃ duhitrā sa yayau purāt) Bhāg.9.18.25. -tam 1 A flock of pigeons. 2) Antimony. 3) Natron. 4) Fossil. -taḥ The grey colour. Kapota (कपोत).—m. (-taḥ) 1. A dove or pigeon, especially the spotted necked pigeon. 2. A bird in general. E. kaba to tinge, to be of various hues, ātac Unadi affix, ba changed to pa. --- OR --- Kāpota (कापोत).—mfn. (-taḥ-tī-taṃ) Of a dirty white colour. m. (-taḥ) 1. Natron, fossile alkali. 2. Antimony. considered as a collyrium or application to the eyes. 3. A pale or dirty white colour. n. (-taṃ) A flock of pigeons, E. kapota a pigeon, &c. aṇ aff. Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Benfey Sanskrit-English Dictionary Kapota (कपोत).—[ka-pota] (see kim), I. m. A dove or pigeon, [Pañcatantra] iii. [distich] 139. Ii. f. , A she-pigeon, [Pañcatantra] iii. [distich] 179. --- OR --- Kāpota (कापोत).—i. e. kapota + a, I. adj., f. , peculiar to pigeons, Mahābhārata 3, 15408. Ii. f. , The name of a plant, [Suśruta] 2, 173, 12. Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Cappeller Sanskrit-English Dictionary Kapota (कपोत).—[masculine] dove, pigeon; [feminine] kapotī [adjective] pigeon-hen. --- OR --- Kāpota (कापोत).—[feminine] ī peculiar to or coming from a pigeon; pigeon-coloured, grey. 1) Kapota (कपोत):—m. (√kav, [Uṇādi-sūtra i, 63]; [from] 2. ka + pota?), a dove, pigeon, ([especially]) the spotty-necked pigeon (in the Vedas often a bird of evil omen), [Ṛg-veda; Atharva-veda; Vājasaneyi-saṃhitā; Mahābhārata] etc. 2) a bird in general, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.] 3) a frieze, cornice 4) a particular position of the hands [commentator or commentary] on [Śakuntalā; Purāṇa-sarvasva] etc. 5) the grey colour of a pigeon, [Suśruta ii, 280, 1] 6) the grey ore of antimony, [Suśruta ii, 84, 10] 7) Kāpota (कापोत):—mf(ī)n. ([from] kapota, [Pāṇini 4-3, 135 [Scholiast or Commentator]; , 154 [Scholiast or Commentator]]), belonging to or coming from a pigeon, [Mahābhārata; Bhāgavata-purāṇa; Patañjali] 8) of the colour of a pigeon, of a dull white colour, grey, [Varāha-mihira’s Bṛhat-saṃhitā] 9) m. natron, fossil alkali, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.] 10) (also) a Vānaprastha who has collected food (like a pigeon) for a year, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.] 11) antimony, a collyrium or application for the eyes, [Horace H. Wilson] 12) n. a flock of pigeons [commentator or commentary] on [Pāṇini 4-2, 44] 13) antimony, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.] 14) Name of two Sāmans, [Ārṣeya-brāhmaṇa] Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Yates Sanskrit-English Dictionary 1) Kapota (कपोत):—(taḥ) 1. m. A dove or pigeon. 2) Kāpota (कापोत):—(taṃ) 1. n. A flock of pigeons. m. Natron; antimony. a. Dirty white, of a pale colour. [Sanskrit to German] (Deutsch Wörterbuch) Kapota (कपोत):—m. [Die Uṇādi-Affixe 1, 62] (kapota). 1) Taube [Amarakoṣa 2, 5, 14.] [Hemacandra’s Abhidhānacintāmaṇi 1339.] [Medinīkoṣa t. 102] (= citrakaṇṭha und pārāvata, welche unterschieden werden). Viell. gilt diese Bestimmung der Bed. nicht für alle ved. Stellen, da der Vogel in Verbindung mit ulūka dem Käuzlein genannt und von übler Vorbedeutung ist (z. [B.] [Ṛgveda 10, 165, 1. fgg.] [Atharvavedasaṃhitā 6, 29, 2.] [Weber’s Verzeichniss 268, 33.] [Weber’s Indische Studien 1, 40]). a.amu te.samatasi ka.ota iva garbha.him [Ṛgveda 1, 30, 4.] [Atharvavedasaṃhitā 20, 135, 2.] [Vājasaneyisaṃhitā 24, 23. 38.] [Mahābhārata 3, 10559. fgg. 13275. fgg.] [Suśruta 1, 73, 7. 118, 5. 132, 8. 201, 18.] [Hitopadeśa 9, 15.] śrūyate hi kapotena śatruḥ śaraṇamāgataḥ . arcitaśca yathānyāyaṃ svaiśca māṃsairnimantritaḥ .. [Rāmāyaṇa 5, 91, 4.] [?= Mahābhārata 12, 5462 und Pañcatantra III, 139], wo dann die Geschichte ausführlich erzählt wird. Als Bild der Grossmuth erscheint die Taube auch an folgender Stelle: devatātithipūjāyāṃ yuktā ye gṛhamedhinaḥ . kapotavṛttayo nityaṃ tānnamasyāmi yādava .. [Mahābhārata 13, 2027.] f. kapotī [Pañcatantra III, 179. 180.] Nach [Trikāṇḍaśeṣa 3, 3, 154] bedeutet kapota auch Vogel überh. — 2) eine besondere Stellung der Hand: sarvapārśvasamāśleṣātkapota[ḥ] sarpaśīrṣakaḥ . bhītau vijñāpane caiva vinaye ca niyujyate .. [] zu [Śākuntala 78, 9.] Vgl. kapotaka und kapotahasta . — 3) die graue Farbe der Taube [Suśruta 2, 280, 1.] — 4) Antimonglanz (von stahloder bleigrauer Farbe) [Suśruta 2, 84, 10.] Vgl. kapotaka, kapotasāra, kapotāñjana, kāpotāñjana . — Das Wort hat man auf ka + pota zurückgeführt. --- OR --- Kāpota (कापोत):—(von kapota) [Pāṇini’s acht Bücher 4, 3, 135,] [Scholiast 154,] [Scholiast] 1) adj. f. ī a) der Taube eigenthümlich: kāpotīṃ vṛttimāsthitaḥ [Mahābhārata 3, 15408.] [Bhāgavatapurāṇa 9, 18, 25.] — b) von der Farbe der Taube, grau (als m. die graue Farbe) [Hemacandra’s Abhidhānacintāmaṇi 1394.] — 2) m. Natrum [Amarakoṣa 2, 9, 109.] [Hemacandra’s Abhidhānacintāmaṇi 945.] [Medinīkoṣa t. 104] (lies: kāpoto rucake). — 3) f. ī Name einer Pflanze [Suśruta 2, 173, 12.] Vgl. kṛṣṇakāpotī, śveta . — 4) n. a) Taubenschwarm [Pāṇini’s acht Bücher 4, 2, 44,] [Scholiast] [Amarakoṣa 2, 5, 43.] [Medinīkoṣa] — b) Spiessglas [Hemacandra’s Abhidhānacintāmaṇi 1051.] [Medinīkoṣa] [Rājanirghaṇṭa im Śabdakalpadruma] — Vgl. kapota . --- OR --- Kapota (कपोत):— 1) [Oxforder Handschriften 51,a,33] (von übler Vorbedeutung). [86,b,38.] kapotākhyāna [5,b,17.] siddhi [92,b,43.] — 2) [Oxforder Handschriften 86,a,32. 202,a,16.b,18. fg.] — Vgl. mahā . --- OR --- Kāpota (कापोत):— 1) b) [Varāhamihira’s Bṛhajjātaka S. 5, 56. 34, 2. 54, 22.] — 4) c) vasurociṣaḥ kāpotam Name eines Sāman [Weber’s Indische Studien.3,233,b.] --- OR --- Kāpota (कापोत):— 1) a) von der Taube kommend: rasa Taubenbrühe ebend. [4,87,b.] Kapota (कपोत):—— 1) m. — a) Taube , Täuberich. — b) Vogel. — c) = kapotapāli [Viśvakarma’s Vāstuvidyā 667.] — d) eine best. Stellung der Hand. — e) die graue Farbe der Taube. — f) Antimonglanz. 2) f. kapotī eine weibliche Taube. --- OR --- Kāpota (कापोत):—— 1) Adj. (f. ī) — a) der Taube eigenthümlich , von der Taube kommend. — b) von der Farbe der Taube , grau. 2) m. Natrum. 3) f. ī eine best. Pflanze. 4) n. — a) Taubenschwarm. — b) Spiessglanz. — c) Name zweier Sāman [Ārṣeyabrāhmaṇa] context information Discover the meaning of kapota in the context of Sanskrit from relevant books on Exotic India See also (Relevant definitions) Relevant text Like what you read? Consider supporting this website:
Precipitation is "average annual", and is expressed in terms of millimeters (mm.) per year; Average Days of Precipitation ("Wet Days") is number of days per year; and Average Windspeed is expressed in terms of meters per second (note that this is not maximum windspeed, nor is there any directional content included in this data set). It is GRID's assumption that the definition of a "wet day" is one in which enough precipitation occurred on a given day so as to be recordable by a gauging station at a particular location.
xcalev(1) load xcal calendar files with regular dates xcalev [ -r ][ -x ][ -f file ][ -d dir ][ year ] Xcalev is used to preload the calendar files for the xcal program with regular events in your life. It reads lines from a file (usually called regular stored in your Calendar directory. Each line in the file contains three fields separated by spaces or tabs, these are: a month name, a day in the month and some text. For example: December 25 Christmas Dec 31 New Year's Eve The order of the month and the day are optional, the program deduces the day by looking whether the string contains an initial numeric character or not. The year defaults to the current year unless the program is given a year number as an argument. This year cannot be abbreviated to two digits because xcal deals with years from year zero. There's a rough validity check on this. The string from the data line is inserted in the appropriate file and will appear in your xcal date strip. Nothing will happen if the string already exists in the file for that day. This means that it's safe to run xcalev at any time, only the strings that have altered in the regular file will be updated. To help with entering the same event for a number of days in one month, you can give a day range with a hyphen Jan 16-21 Usenix SF If you supply the -r option, xcalev will delete all the matching strings that it finds in the appropriate daily file. So, if you want to make radical changes to the regular file, you should run xcalev with the -r option to remove all the current entries from one year, edit the regular file and run xcalev to reload things. The -r option makes xcalev delete rather than append entries. The -x option makes xcalev operate with Calendar files that are compatible with the xcalendar program. The -f switch is followed by a filename gives an alternative name for the regular file. If the filename does not start with a slash or a dot, then the name of your Calendar directory will be prepended to it. The -d switch is followed by a directory name and specifies an alterative location for your Calendar directory. Your home directory is prepended if the name doesn't start with a slash or a dot. A data file is day, Month in three letter format and the year. A year directory. A data file for the weekly code, one per day. Copyright 1993 by Peter Collinson, Hillside Systems All rights reserved.
Official Webpage of A.Tanzadeh, 8th Dan, Kyoshi 糸東会 Naihanchi Shodan (ナイハンチ初段) Kata Naihanchi (ナイハンチ) performed in Naihanchi-Dachi It translates to ‘Internal Divided Conflict‘ or “Inner Tension Stance”. The form makes use of in-fighting techniques. In Naihanchi Shodan is the first San Kyu (Brown Belt Kata). There are three modern kata derived from this (Shodan, Nidan and Sandan). Some researchers believe Nidan and Sandan were created by Master Anko Itosu, but others believe that it was originally one kata broken into three separate parts (probably due to constraints of space). The side to side movements in a low stance build up the necessary balance and strength for fast footwork and body shifting. The kata are intricate strategies of attacking and defensive movement, done in the Naihanchi Dachi, for the purpose of conditioning the legs to develop explosive power.
Saturday, August 17, 2013 UAVs Aquiline and Axillary in Declassified U2 Documents The National Security Archive has an extensive page up on a previously released CIA report on the U2 program that has now been released with significantly less redaction. One of the interesting un-redacted sections has to do with two CIA UAV programs, Aquiline and Axillary. According to an interview conducted by Thomas P. Ehrhard, Aquiline was a stealthy propeller-driven, low altitude, anhedral-tailed UAV called Aquiline and designed for low-level electronic surveillance of the Chinese nuclear program. Aquiline was designed by McDonnell Douglas in the late 1960s and advanced to flight testing, but never saw operational use due to reliability problems. The aircraft was to be controlled by data link from a high-flying U-2. Air Force UAVs: The Secret History Axillary was a radar-homing drone by Melpar. The UAV section is in Appendix E. Here's the motivation for Aquiline's development, In the early 1960s. there were many problems in obtaining coverage of hostile territory. The U-2 was too vulnerable ro Soviet sur- face-to-air missiles, as had been demonstrated by losses over the Soviet Union, Cuba. and the People's Republic of China. The OXCART was still under development and even when completed might prove vulnerable to Soviet radars and missiles. Although safe from interception, the newly developed photosatellites could not pro- vide coverage of a desired target on short notice. Because several of the intelligence community's primary targets such as Cuba and the new Soviet radar installation ar Tallinn (Estonia) were not located deep in hostile territory, CIA scientists and engineers began to con- sider the possibility of using small, unmanned aircraft for aerial reconnaissance. They believed that recent advances in the minia- turization of electronic technology would make possible the development of a reconnaissance vehicle with a very-low-radar cross section and small visual and acoustical signatures. Such a vehicle could reconnoiter an area of interest without the hostile country real- izing that it had been overflown. [Aquiline] was essentially a powered glider with an 8.5-foot wingspan. The aircraft weighed only 105 pounds. Aquiline's tail-mounted engine drove a two-bladed propeller. Powered by a small 3.5-horse-power two-cycle engine originally developed by the McCullough Corporation for chainsaws. Here's a bit from the appendix on Axillary, While Project AQUILINE was still under development, its chief aero- dynamicist, Charles N. Adkins, left the program because he believed that its escalating costs would prevent it from ever producing a de- ployable aircraft. He wanted to build a small. inexpensive remote-controlled aircraft to test a low-cost lightweight autopilot currently being developed by ORO. Under a $5,000 time-and-materials contract with Melpar Incorporated. Adkins hired a local model aircraft builder to assemble and modify a standard Hawk-750 glider kit and power it with a rear-mounted engine and pusher propeller. Following a series of successful test flights, Adkins installed a small camera and took a number of aerial phorographs . By this time the effort to build a "Miniature Multi-Purpose Airborne Vehicle" had become known as Project AXILLARY. Melpar, Inc. received a second contract for $50,000 to install ORO's autopilot in the aircraft, and the project managers now began searching for a use for their vehicle . The two main possibilites were (1) as a short-range reconnaissance vehicle for use in a peace-monitoring or intelligence-gathering system and (2) as a short-range warhead delivery system. In 1971 the Office of Special Activities evaluated AXILLARY flight-testing and determined that the small model air-craft was not suitable for use as a covert reconnaissance vehicle because of its large radar cross section and significant accoustical signature. The aircraft's radar signature made it potentially useful as a weapons system, however. ORD suggested that AXILLARY be equipped with a radar-homing unit [REDACTED] which would make it an inexpensive means for [REDACTED] surface-to-air missile systems in North Vietnam. 1 comment: 1. Someone at facebook has done their drone history homework. They are naming their internet in the sky drone "Aquila." Which was also the name of a target designation drone developed by DARPA and the Army.
China efficiently lands spacecraft on moon to retrieve lunar rocks BEIJING: China efficiently landed a spacecraft on the moon’s floor on Tuesday in a historic mission to retrieve lunar floor samples, Chinese language state media reported. China launched its Chang’e-5 probe on Nov. 24. The uncrewed mission goals to gather lunar materials to assist scientists study extra in regards to the moon’s origins. The mission will try to gather 2 kg (4-1/2 lbs) of samples in a beforehand unvisited space in an enormous lava plain referred to as Oceanus Procellarum, or “Ocean of Storms”. If the mission is accomplished as deliberate, it will make China the third nation to have retrieved lunar samples after the US and the Soviet Union. The lander automobile that touched down on the moon’s floor was considered one of a number of spacecraft deployed by the Chang’e-5 probe. Upon touchdown, the lander automobile is meant to drill into the bottom with a robotic arm, then switch its soil and rock samples to an ascender automobile that will raise off and dock with an orbiting module. State broadcaster CCTV mentioned it will begin accumulating samples on the lunar floor within the subsequent two days. The samples could be transferred to a return capsule for the journey again to Earth, touchdown in China’s Internal Mongolia area. China made its first lunar touchdown in 2013. In January final 12 months, the Chang’e-Four probe touched down on the far facet of the moon, the primary house probe from any nation to take action.
Highly sensitive VOC detectors using insect olfactory receptors reconstituted into lipid bilayers See allHide authors and affiliations Science Advances 13 Jan 2021: Vol. 7, no. 3, eabd2013 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd2013 This paper reports a volatile organic compound (VOC) sensor based on olfactory receptors that were reconstituted into a lipid bilayer and used in a specifically designed gas flow system for rapid parts per billion (ppb)–level detection. This VOC sensor achieves both rapid detection and high detection probability because of its gas flow system and array design. Specifically, the gas flow system includes microchannels and hydrophobic microslits, which facilitate both the introduction of gas into the droplet and droplet mixing. We installed this system into a parallel lipid bilayer device and subsequently demonstrated parts per billion–level (0.5 ppb) detection of 1-octen-3-ol in human breath. Therefore, this system extends the various applications of biological odorant sensing, including breath diagnosis systems and environmental monitoring. Olfactory receptors (ORs) in living organisms can recognize various volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with a level of detection corresponding to a single molecule (1, 2). Compared with the current VOC sensors using artificial materials, the receptors in living systems are far superior in selectivity and sensitivity. Recently, a biohybrid sensor that directly uses ORs as sensing elements has drawn attention for providing highly selective and sensitive molecular-level sensing of VOCs (3). Biohybrid sensors using ORs are generally categorized into two types: cell-based (46) and cell-free (7, 8). In cell-based sensors, odorant signals are detected as electrical signals or as changes in the fluorescence intensity caused by intracellular reactions. On the other hand, in cell-free sensors, ORs can be reconstituted into a lipid bilayer, and the response of the receptors is analyzed at the molecular level by electrophysiological recordings; typically, the lipid bilayer can be easily formed by contacting two droplets covered with a lipid monolayer (9). These cell-free sensors use a purified OR that reduces the complex interactions and unnecessary biochemical reactions in the sensing process (10); therefore, the cell-free sensors are expected to have improved reproducibility, quantification, and storage stability, compared with their cell-based counterparts. Although VOC sensors using ORs have been reported with high specificity, the sensitivity often remained limited because of the low solubility of VOCs (8, 11). Therefore, the efficient introduction of VOCs into aqueous droplets and the transport of VOCs to ORs are prominent challenges in developing highly sensitive VOCs sensors. In this study, we develop a cell-free VOC sensor combined with a gas flow system that achieves high detection probabilities at low VOC concentrations (Fig. 1, A to C). A lipid bilayer–forming droplet is placed on hydrophobic microslits (Fig. 1D), which create a gas flow channel underneath the droplet. Continuous gas flow through the channel enables VOCs to be quickly introduced into the droplet. Furthermore, the shear stress at the liquid-gas interface induces convection in the droplet, which further facilitates the transport of VOCs to the OR. In addition, an array of lipid bilayers is designed to enhance the detection probability. As a sensing receptor, we used an OR with an OR co-receptor (OR-Orco), which is an insect receptor forming a ligand-gated ion channel. As a practical example, we demonstrate the detection of 1-octen-3-ol (octenol) at the parts per billion (ppb) level, which is a biomarker in human breath, by using a VOC sensor consisting of OR-Orco reconstituted in a lipid bilayer. Fig. 1 Overview of the proposed VOC sensor. (A) Schematic of the lipid bilayer array with the gas flow system. (B) Schematic of the double-well cross section. (C) Schematic of sensing mechanism using OR-Orco in a lipid bilayer. (D) Side view of aqueous droplets on microslits with and without the hydrophobic coating. VOC gas was introduced through the microslits underneath the droplets. (E) Photograph of the array device with the gas flow system. (F) Photograph of the double well after droplet addition. Photo credit: Tetsuya Yamada, Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology. Characterization of droplets stirred by continuous gas flow through microslits To confirm the formation of gas flow channels underneath the droplets, a droplet containing blue ink (for visualization) was placed on the microslits. Figure 1D shows a side-view image of this droplet on the hydrophobic microslits. The droplet did not intrude into the microslits, suggesting that the gas flow channel was successfully formed in the microslits. Ammonia gas was introduced to the microslits to confirm that gas was effectively introduced into droplets; a pH-sensitive dye, phenolphthalein, was dissolved in the droplets (12). The droplets became pink after ammonia gas was introduced (Fig. 2A), indicating that the gas was successfully introduced into the droplet through the microslits/microchannels. Movie S1 shows the time course of the color change, demonstrating that the color change simultaneously occurs over all droplets; this result is due to the microchannel pattern, which has a symmetrical design to generate a uniform flow rate throughout the channels. This uniform flow rate is important for parallel recording using multichannel sensor units. Fig. 2 Characterization of gas flow system using microslits underneath droplets. (A) Photographs demonstrating the simultaneous introduction of ammonia gas into the 16 double wells through the microchannel. Top: Before the gas introduction. Bottom: After the gas introduction. Phenolphthalein was added to the droplets as a pH indicator for the introduction of ammonia gas. (B to E) Particle image velocimetry analysis of particle images with N2 gas flow rates of 0 liters/min (B), 0.1 liters/min (C), 0.2 liters/min (D), and 0.3 liters/min (E) (particle size, 10 μm). (F and G) Current-time traces of the α-hemolysin nanopore with blockers applied, without (F) and with (G) N2 gas flow (flow rate, 0.2 liters/min). (H) Relationship between blocking frequency and N2 gas flow rate. Error bars represent standard error (N = 4). Photo credit: Tetsuya Yamada, Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology. To investigate the influence of the gas flow on the droplet, we added microbeads (diameter: 45 μm) to the droplet and observed their movement under a microscope (movie S2). The microbead movement was initially slow without gas flow. When N2 gas flow was initiated, the microbeads began to circulate (movie S2), clearly indicating that the droplet was mixed by the gas flow; shear stress was likely applied to the gas-liquid interface. This phenomenon is similar to that in a previous study that demonstrated droplet mixing caused by shear stress between oil and an aqueous droplet (13). We used particle image velocimetry (PIV) to analyze the microfluidic flow (Fig. 2, B to E) and investigate the relationship between fluidic convection and gas flow rate. The results indicated that the velocity distribution pertains to gas flow rate; the color of the images in Fig. 2 (B to E) represents particle velocity. We found that particle velocity increased against the gas flow rate. In the case of no gas flow, particles with a velocity of higher than 0.02 mm/s constituted 4% of all the particles in the droplet. On the other hand, at the gas flow rates of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 liters/min, particles with a velocity of higher than 0.02 mm/s accounted for 8, 44, and 51%, respectively, of all the particles. This shift in the velocity distribution to a higher particle velocity with the increasing gas flow rate shows that the higher gas flow rate provides more vigorous mixing in the droplet. To confirm the mixing effect on the response of the cell-free sensor, we analyzed the frequency of binding between the membrane proteins and ligands under mixing caused by the gas flow. In the experiment, α-hemolysin (αHL) and heptakis(6-O-sulfo)-β-cyclodextrin were used as a nanopore and a blocker, respectively (14). Figure 2 (F and G) shows the transmembrane current with and without mixing, respectively. The blocker was added in the droplet, and the nanopore was reconstituted in a lipid bilayer. The spike-like current signals directed downward are attributed to binding events between the blocker and the αHL nanopore (15), whereas the current recovered to the initial level is attributed to dissociation events. Clearly, the frequency of the signals increased with N2 gas flow compared with the frequency without gas flow (Fig. 2, F and G). The signal frequency shown in Fig. 2H increased from 1.6 to 3.9 min−1 when the N2 gas flow rate increased from 0 to 0.3 liters/min. This trend clearly suggests that N2 gas flow, which manifests as mixing in the droplet, enhances the signal frequency, providing a useful approach for developing cell-free sensors for rapid detection. However, 0.3 liters/min or higher flow rates could blow the droplet away, causing lipid bilayer rupture; hereinafter, we thus use flow rates under 0.3 liters/min. These results suggest that the gas flow enhances the signal frequency, which is important for sensor response. In addition to the signal frequency, the dwell time and blockade current levels were analyzed (fig. S1). The dwell time represents the time for which a blocker remains over an αHL nanopore (time between the binding and the dissociation event), and the blockade current levels indicate the value of the current drop caused by a binding event. Overall, the dwell time exhibits a negative correlation with N2 gas flow rate, whereas no significant impact is observed on the blockade current levels. Figure 2H and fig. S1 together confirm that the binding events at the molecular level are directly influenced by mixing in droplets. These results imply that the mixing promotes dissociation between the nanopore and the blocker. Detection of octenol using ORs reconstituted into arrayed lipid bilayers Octenol is a volatile metabolite present in human sweat (8, 16), blood (17), and breath (18) and has low solubility. Initially, to detect octenol using OR-Orco, octenol introduction into the droplet was confirmed by gas chromatography measurements of the octenol concentration in the droplet (Fig. 3A). When the droplet was exposed to a gas flow of 5 ppm octenol with N2 carrier gas, the octenol concentration in the droplet increased with time until 10 min, at which point it plateaued at around 45 μM, suggesting that the octenol was successfully introduced and its concentration achieved a steady state. In addition, this system was able to remove octenol by introducing clean N2 gas flow (fig. S2). This N2 gas flow allows continuous detection via sample exchange. The octenol concentration was also investigated without the gas flow system by exposing the droplet to 5 ppm octenol. In this case, the octenol concentration slowly increased and did not reach a plateau even after 30 min, showing the superiority of our proposed gas flow system in terms of the response speed (Fig. 3A). Fig. 3 Detection of octenol gas using the developed device. (A) Relationship between the exposure time and the octenol concentrations in droplets either with (red) or without (black) the gas flow system. Schematics of the gas flow system and conventional gas exposure are included at the right of the plots. The error bars are the standard error (N = 6). (B) Schematic of the 16-channel gas flow device for parallel recordings. (C and D) Representative current traces of the OR-Orco in response to (C) N2 gas and (D) 5 ppm octenol gas. Carrier gas was N2. (E) Histograms of current traces for the OR-Orco in response to N2 gas and 5 ppm octenol shown in (C) and (D); a.u., arbitrary units. (F) Detection probability plotted against detection time for the 16-channel gas flow device and the single-channel device. Photo credit: Tetsuya Yamada, Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology. To confirm whether our developed sensor can detect octenol, we measured the electrical signals from yellow fever mosquito (Aedes aegypti) OR-Orcos, which are specifically sensitive to octenol (19). The OR-Orcos were obtained by a cell-free protein synthesis, and SDS–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) analysis confirmed the formation of ORs and OR-Orcos (fig. S3). The OR-Orco yields were estimated to be 3.8 and 0.4 μg/ml for OR7 and OR8 using bovine serum albumin (BSA) standards, respectively. After the lipid bilayers were formed, parallel recordings of ionic current were initiated to measure the response of the receptors, as illustrated in Fig. 3B. Figure 3 (C and D) shows the representative current data under N2 gas and 5 ppm octenol, respectively, where open-closed signals were clearly observed with octenol gas flow. Low concentrations of octenol (0.5 or 5 ppb) were also introduced and open-closed signals were observed (fig. S4), showing that our sensor could detect octenol at parts per billion levels. In addition, acetone gas, which is a metabolite present in breath, was introduced as a negative control; no clear open-closed current steps were observed (fig. S5). To confirm that the open-closed current steps can be attributed to the OR-Orco, IR3535 inhibitor, which is well known to prohibit open-closed current signals, was added. As shown in fig. S6, the addition of IR3535 eliminated all open-closed current steps, suggesting that the open-closed signal observed in Fig. 3D can definitely be attributed to the OR-Orco. Furthermore, the current histogram shown in Fig. 3E (top) exhibits one peak under N2 gas flow, which represents the closed state of the OR-Orco. In Fig. 3E (bottom), two peaks representing the closed and open states were observed under octenol flow (5 ppm). These results suggest that the presence of octenol increases the probability of the open state of the OR-Orco. Although our developed sensor using an OR-Orco was able to detect octenol, the sensing mechanism depends on stochastic events because only single-molecule dynamics were observed. To increase the detection probability, a device was designed with 16 channels. The multisensor unit achieved a detection probability of 92% in 10 min (Fig. 3F), detecting octenol in 11 of 12 samples (1 ppm octenol). In contrast, the single-channel device, without a gas flow system, exhibits a detection probability of only 14% in 10 min, detecting octenol in 6 of 42 samples at the same concentration of 1 ppm octenol. These results indicate that the 16-channel device with a gas flow system significantly improves the detection probability and detection time compared with a previously reported single-channel system (8). Detection of parts per billion–level octenol mixed in human breath Octenol is also a human metabolite and a possible biomarker for cancer (17, 20) and Coulomb disease. Octenol may cause neurodegeneration and cytotoxicity (21, 22). It is therefore important to detect and distinguish between different metabolite biomarkers to detect diseases in the early stages. Testing human breath for specific biomarkers provides a convenient mechanism for disease diagnosis because it can be easily sampled, enabling cost-effective clinical diagnostic procedures (20). To demonstrate octenol detection in human breath, a gas flow setup was constructed as shown in Fig. 4A. First, human breath was collected by a Tedlar bag and transferred to the developed device (16-channel device) via the inhalation tube. A regulator maintains a constant flow rate of 0.2 liters/min. At this point, human breath was introduced to the developed device, and the 16 current signals were then monitored (movie S3). Figure 4 (B to D) shows the representative data of these current traces. Although the human breath contains about 3000 different metabolites (20), breath samples without octenol injected produced almost flat curves with a 13% open probability (Fig. 4B). In contrast, a breath sample with parts per billion–level octenol gas injected exhibited clear open signals even at 0.5 ppb (Fig. 4C), which cannot be detected when using normal gas chromatography without extraction (fig. S7), indicating that our proposed sensor is highly selective and sensitive. Fig. 4 Specific detection of parts per billion–level octenol mixed in human breath. (A) Schematic of the detection process of octenol mixed in human breath using the proposed device. (B) Current traces for a human breath sample without octenol. (C) Current traces for the human breath sample with 0.5 ppb octenol and (D) 5 ppb octenol. (E) Open probability of the current signals plotted against octenol concentration mixed in the breath. The error bars show the standard error (N ≧ 6). Photo credit: Tetsuya Yamada, Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology. In addition, the system can exchange samples for subsequent measurements, as shown in fig. S2. Octenol can be removed by airflow and then another gas can be introduced to initiate the next measurement. Figure S8 presents such continuous detection results. The frequency of closed states seen in red in the base current disappeared with the introduction of octenol but recovered under airflow, suggesting that the samples were successfully exchanged in preparation for the next measurement. We next introduced (S)-1-octen-3-ol to investigate the relationship between open probability and octenol concentration and to quantify the open probability. Octenol exists in the form of two enantiomers, (S)-1-octen-3-ol and (R)-1-octen-3-ol, and the OR-Orco shows different responses to the enantiomers (23). We thus used (S)-1-octen-3-ol to quantify the open probability. Figure 4E shows that the open probability increased with the increasing octenol concentration and reached a plateau at around 500 ppb. This result again showed that our cell-free sensor was able to detect octenol in parts per billion levels. This work demonstrated a VOC sensor using an OR-Orco reconstituted into a lipid bilayer formed between two droplets (Fig. 1, B and C). This lipid bilayer is integrated on a chip with a gas flow system that introduces VOCs into the droplets and transports the VOCs to the OR-Orco to achieve high detection sensitivity. Because the gas flow system uses gas channels underneath droplets, the VOC was introduced into the droplets via mixing caused by gas flow, enabling parts per billion–level sensitivity for detecting octenol in human breath. The results indicate that the proposed cell-free sensor can exceed conventional limits of detection typically resulting from low VOC solubility. For cell-based sensors, the complexity of living cells (24) creates unresolvable challenges, such as variability, dependence on cell conditions including the cell cycle and OR expression level, and instability caused by environmental changes. On the other hand, cell-free sensors are expected to present advantages such as low variability, good stability, longevity, and storage stability because the cell-free systems can activate biological machinery without living cells and eliminate unnecessary biological reactions. In addition, the membrane proteins can be synthesized using commercial cell-free protein synthesis methods using specific DNA, as shown herein, allowing us to easily form various types of ORs in an array. Although highly sensitive VOC sensors based on ORs have been previously proposed for detecting VOCs dissolved in solutions (7, 25), only a few studies have shown successful VOC detection directly from the gas phase (4, 8, 10). Therefore, the low solubility of VOCs limits the development of OR-based sensors. Our system facilitates the introduction of VOCs into droplets through continuous gas flow and droplet mixing. The mixing transports ligands to the membrane proteins (Fig. 2H), resulting in a high signal frequency. Moreover, we attribute the success of the highly sensitive VOC detector to the OR-Orco used in this work. Not only is OR-Orco a sensor that has a ligand-binding receptor (OR), but it also forms a unique complex with Orco, which can efficiently amplify the signal owing to its ion channel. In general, after one ligand molecule is bound to the ion channel, the ion channel can generate pA-level ionic flow through the cell membrane, meaning that the ion channel of the OR-Orco can amplify a single molecular signal to 10 million molecules per second. In addition to designing the system for introducing VOCs into droplets, we arranged the lipid bilayers into an array to improve the detection probability. A single lipid bilayer exhibits low detection probability (Fig. 3F), which is attributed to the low OR reconstitution efficiency (26) and the stochastic characteristics of the binding between the OR and ligands (27). The lipid bilayer array design is a promising approach for improving detection probability. The developed gas flow system is also compatible with the array design by allowing the gas to reach the lipid bilayer arrays through microchannels. Moreover, the array design would be suitable to reconstitute different OR-Orcos into each arrayed lipid bilayer. There are several different types of insect ORs whose genes have been already identified (28). When using multiple ORs reconstituted in the sensor through cell-free protein synthesis, it would be possible to recognize more complex mixtures of VOCs including several biomarkers in human breath/urine. Therefore, the developed system using OR-Orco can be a powerful platform for disease diagnosis based on the detection of specific metabolites. Materials and reagents n-Decane, 1-octen-3-ol, and wild-type αHL were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). 1,2-Diphytanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPhPC), 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC), 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-l-serine (DOPS), and 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE) were purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids Inc., (Alabaster, AL, USA). Heptakis(6-O-sulfo)-β-cyclodextrin heptasodium salt was purchased from Toronto Research Chemicals Inc. (Toronto, Canada). Chloroform, KCl, K2HPO4, CaCl2, MgCl2, sucrose, KH2PO4, activated charcoal, and LabAssay Phospholipid were purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). Hepes was purchased from Dojindo Molecular Technologies Inc. (Kumamoto, Japan). All aqueous solutions were prepared with ultrapure water from a Milli-Q system. Hydrophobic solvent (SFCOAT, SFE-B002H) and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) solvent were provided by AGC SEIMI Chemical Co. Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). A separator with 11 pores (diameter: 100 μm) was provided by a company. Ethyl 3-(N-butylacetamido)propanoate (IR3535) was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc. (Dallas, TX, USA). Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) substrates of 1- and 3-mm thickness were purchased from Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation (Tokyo, Japan). The Super X adhesive was purchased from CEMEDINE Co. Ltd. (Japan). Polystyrene microbeads, 45 μm in diameter, were purchased from Polysciences Inc. (Warrington, PA, USA), and polystyrene microbeads, 10 μm in diameter, were purchased from Kato Koken (Kanagawa, Japan). The cell-free translation system, PUREfrex 2.0, was obtained from GeneFrontier Corp. (Chiba, Japan). Oriole fluorescent gel stain was purchased from Bio-Rad Laboratories Inc. (California, USA). Device design and fabrication A 16-channel device was assembled as shown in Fig. 1. The acrylic base of the device is composed of a micromachined 3-mm-thick PMMA substrate. The base has 16 pairs of double wells with a diameter of 4 mm and a depth of 3 mm, which were micromachined by a minimiller MM-100 (Modia Systems, Saitama, Japan). Microslits and microchannels were also micromachined on a 1-mm-thick PMMA substrate. The depth and width of the inflow microchannels were 0.7 and 0.5 mm, respectively. The distance from the inlet to microslits was 44.8 mm. The outflow microchannel depth and width were 0.7 and 0.5 mm, respectively. The distance from the microslits to the outlet was 36.8 mm. The 16 microchannels had a symmetrical design to equalize gas flow rates. The depth and spacing of the microslits were 0.5 and 0.3 mm, respectively. The microslits were micromachined using a mill (diameter: 0.2 mm). A pair of holes (diameter: 0.6 mm) was also drilled on the bottom substrate for placing the Ag/AgCl electrodes. These two PMMA substrates were bonded by thermocompression for 5 min at 100°C with an applied force of 25 N/cm2 and then cooled to room temperature gradually. Subsequently, the bottom surface of the wells was partially coated with Ag/AgCl paste for electrical measurements. Separators with 100-μm-diameter pores were inserted between the double wells and bound with an adhesive. The separator with micropores allows reproducible formation of stable lipid bilayers; the small diameter of the micropores stabilizes the lipid bilayer and reduces noise, as reported in our previous paper (29). The microslits were coated with a hydrophobic fluid (SFCOAT). The hydrophobicity of the surface allows good accessibility of gas. A 2.0-mm polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) tube (JR-T-082-M10, Shimazu) for gas flow was connected to the device with an adhesive. Adsorbents made of activated charcoal were placed at the microchannel outlets for capturing the VOCs emitted from the device, which could interfere with the measurements. Gas flow experiment using phenolphthalein for visualization of gas introduction To demonstrate the introduction of gas into the 16 wells simultaneously, 0.1 w/v% of phenolphthalein was used as a pH-sensitive dye. To form a lipid bilayer, 5 μl of n-decane containing DOPC:DOPE (20 mg/ml) at a 3:1 (w/w) ratio was loaded to the wells with no microslits. Subsequently, 28 μl of buffer solution containing phenolphthalein was added to the wells with microslits, and 23 μl of buffer was added to the other wells. Subsequently, ammonia gas was collected from the gas-tight vial containing 1 ml of ammonia solution (25 to 28%) and was introduced into the device by a syringe (flow rate: 30 liters/min). Time-lapse images were obtained (interval: 5 s) and combined into a movie using ImageJ (NIH, USA). PIV for analyzing mixing under gas flow The mixing by gas flow was imaged using microbeads (diameter: 45 μm). To form a lipid bilayer, 4.2 μl of DPhPC (20 mg/ml in n-decane) was added to the wells with no microslits. Then, 25 μl of buffer solution was added to the wells with microslits, and 21 μl of buffer was added to the other wells. The 1.0 M KCl buffer solution was adjusted to pH 7.0 with 10 mM phosphate buffer. The movement of the microbeads caused by gas flow was recorded by a microscope (VH-S5, KEYENCE, Japan). The gas flow rate was monitored by a flow meter. We used PIV to evaluate the mixing in the droplet. Tracers (diameter: 10 μm; Kato Koken, Japan) were dispersed at 0.1% solid concentration. The experimental system is composed of a 16-channel gas flow device, a visualization laser (PIV Laser G2000, Kato Koken, Japan), and a high-speed camera (k8-USB, Kato Koken, Japan). The laser irradiated a laser sheet (thickness: 2 mm) in a direction parallel to the gas flow device. The high-speed camera was placed above the gas flow device to obtain top-view images. We used four N2 gas flow conditions: 0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 liters/min. The direct cross-correlation method was used for vector calculation using PIV analysis software (Flow Expert 2D2C, Kato Koken, Japan) (30). The differences in particle velocities were evaluated quantitatively depending on the particle position and the gas flow rate. Ion current measurement under gas flow for analyzing the effect of mixing on the signal from a membrane protein We verified the effects of mixing in the droplet by monitoring the blocking events of s7βCD on αHL nanopores. To form a lipid bilayer, 4.2 μl of DPhPC (20 mg/ml in n-decane) was added to the wells with no microslits. Then, 25 μl of buffer solution containing 10 μM s7βCD was added to the wells with microslits, and 21 μl of buffer containing 1 nM αHL was added to the other wells. The 1.0 M KCl buffer solution was adjusted to pH 7.0 with 10 mM phosphate buffer. The ionic current passing through the lipid bilayer was recorded. The current was monitored with a sampling frequency of 5 kHz with a 1-kHz Bessel low-pass filter at a holding voltage of +60 mV. N2 gas was introduced from the inlet, and the gas flow rate was monitored by a flow meter. Under this condition, the αHL nanopores were spontaneously formed and generated stepwise ion current signals. The frequency of the blockade rate depending on the N2 gas flow rate was recorded. The blocking events were analyzed by software (pCLAMP Software, Molecular Devices, LLC, CA, USA) to determine dwell times and blockade current levels. Intake of octenol gas into the droplet forming lipid bilayer by gas flow To form a lipid bilayer, 4 μl of n-decane containing DOPC:DOPE (20 mg/ml) at a ratio of 3:1 (w/w) was loaded to the wells with no microslits. Then, 28 μl of buffer solution [5 mM Hepes/KOH (pH 7.6) containing 0.8 mM CaCl2, 96 mM NaCl, 2 mM KCl, and 5 mM MgCl2] was added to the wells with microslits, and 24 μl of buffer was added to the other wells. After the formation of a lipid bilayer, octenol flow was started (5 ppm, at 0.25 liters/min) using a standard gas generator (PD-1B-2, Gastec, Japan), and the octenol concentration in the droplets was measured using a gas chromatography equipment (GC-2010 Plus, Shimadzu Corp., Japan). We evaluated the amount of octenol in the droplet based on a standard curve that was obtained using liquid samples with known concentrations of octenol. For comparison, we measured the octenol concentration without the gas flow system. In this case, the droplets forming the lipid bilayer are exposed (i.e., octenol gas fills up above the droplet); in addition, octenol concentration in the droplets was measured by gas chromatography. To estimate the concentration of octenol in human breath, an extraction tube (NeedlEx for fatty acid, Shinwa Chemical Industries Ltd.) was used. Preparation of OR-Orco The lipids dissolved in chloroform were mixed with DOPC:DOPE:DOPS having a weight ratio of 5:3:2 (total lipid volume: 15 mg) and flushed with argon gas to form a lipid film in a glass tube. The tube was dried in a vacuum desiccator. Next, 300 μl of liposome inner solution [5 mM Hepes/KOH (pH 7.6) containing 0.8 mM CaCl2, 96 mM NaCl, 2 mM KCl, 0.2 M sucrose, and 5 mM MgCl2] was added to the lipid film to construct liposomes by hydration. The sample is vortexed and sonicated. To reduce the size of the liposomes, the solution was passed through a film extruder with pores of 100-nm diameter. To obtain ORs (OR8) and OR co-receptor (OR7) proteins of the yellow fever mosquito (A. aegypti), we used a reconstituted cell-free translation system. OR and OR co-receptor DNA (OR:OR co-receptor = 1:3; total DNA: 2 μg) were added to the translation system (PUREfrex 2.0). We added 50 μl of liposomes into the cell-free translation system to form proteoliposomes. The incubation proceeded at a temperature of 25°C for 2 hours. Subsequently, the protein samples were centrifuged at 15,000 rpm at 20°C for 10 min. The supernatant was centrifuged using Amicon Ultra 100K for a buffer exchange. The sample was resuspended in 7% (w/w) sucrose buffer [5 mM Hepes/KOH (pH 7.6) containing 0.8 mM CaCl2, 96 mM NaCl, 2 mM KCl and 5 mM MgCl2]. The sample was then layered onto a 15% sucrose buffer and was ultracentrifuged at 163,000g for 2 hours at 10°C. The band containing the membrane fractions located at the top of the tube was collected and passed through a Superdex 200 column using an ÄKTA purifier system. The total amount of lipids in the fraction containing proteoliposomes was estimated using a LabAssay Phospholipid kit that quantified the amount of DOPC. For ion channel electrochemical recording, the lipid concentration was diluted to 3 μg/ml. Last, to confirm the OR-Orco in the liposomes, the sample was separated by SDS-PAGE using 12.5% SDS-PAGE gel and stained by oriole fluorescent gel stain. The protein concentrations after purification were estimated using a BSA standard curve (Image Lab, Bio-Rad). Current recording for octenol detection The device was wired to a mounting system connected to a patch clamp amplifier (31). To form a lipid bilayer, 4 μl of n-decane containing DOPC:DOPE (20 mg/ml) at a 3:1 (w/w) ratio was loaded into the wells with no microslits. Then, 28 μl of buffer solution [5 mM Hepes/KOH (pH 7.6) containing 0.8 mM CaCl2, 96 mM NaCl, 2 mM KCl, and 5 mM MgCl2] was added to the wells with microslits. Subsequently, 24 μl of buffer containing proteoliposomes (lipid concentration: 3 μg/ml) was added to the wells with no microslits. The current was monitored at a sampling frequency of 5 kHz with a 1-kHz Bessel low-pass filter at a holding voltage of +60 mV. Octenol gas was generated by a standard gas generator (PD-1B-2, Gastec, Japan). Octenol gas was introduced to the device through a tube with the N2 carrier gas. The flow rate was monitored by a flow meter. To detect octenol in human breath, 1 liter of human breath was collected in Tedlar bags (AS ONE, Japan); then, octenol gas was injected into the bags to set the octenol concentration at 0.5 and 5 ppb. The gas samples were introduced to the device through a tube using a pump. A regulator maintained a constant flow rate of 0.2 liters/min. Supplementary material for this article is available at Acknowledgments: We acknowledge A. Kikuchi (KISTEC) and K. Sakamoto (KISTEC) for assistance in conducting the experiments. We also acknowledge Sumitomo Chemical Co. Ltd. for the discussions. Funding: This study is partly supported by the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO), Japan, by JSPS KAKENHI grant number JP16H06329, and by the Program for Building Regional Innovation Ecosystem of MEXT, Japan. Author contributions: T.Y., H.S., T.O., and S.T. planned the experiment. T.Y. and H.S. conceived and designed the device. T.Y., H.S., H.M., T.O., K.K., and S.T. contributed to the analysis of the data and discussion. K.K. and H.M. supervised the protein synthesis. T.Y. performed the experiment. T.Y. wrote the paper. T.Y., H.S., H.M., T.O., K.K., and S.T. reviewed and edited the paper. T.O. and S.T. supervised the project. Competing interests: T.Y., H.S., H.M., T.O., and S.T. are inventors on two patent applications related to this work: The first one is filed by Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology and The University of Tokyo (application number 2019-183996, filed 4 October 2019) and the second one is filed by Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology (application number PCT/JP2020/37647, filed 2 October 2020). The authors declare that they have no other competing interests. Data and materials availability: All data needed to evaluate the conclusions in the paper are present in the paper and/or the Supplementary Materials. Additional data related to this paper may be requested from the authors. Stay Connected to Science Advances Navigate This Article
Lembaga Biologi Molekuler Eijkman Lembaga Biologi Molekuler Eijkman Do Air Purifiers In Fact Work? How do air cleansers work? As air relocations through the filter, contaminants and particles are recorded and the tidy air is pushed back out into the living space. Normally, filters are made from paper, fiber (typically fiberglass), or mesh, and require regular replacement to preserve performance. The majority of filters on the marketplace are designed to capture particles like dust and pollen, however do not catch gases like VOCs (unpredictable organic compounds) or radon. That would require an adsorbent, like activated carbon. In fact, the Epa (EPA) alerts that the performance of air cleansers is limited in terms of filtering out gases, and that you should frequently replace filters for optimum functionality, typically about every 3 approximately months. In addition, the effectiveness of air purifiers in real-world circumstances likely will not mimic those of controlled conditions in a lab (what those “99% efficiency” claims are referring to!). The location, installation, circulation rate, and how long it is running for will all vary, as will the conditions in the space. In addition, there are other things happening in your house that might effect the efficacy like ventilation (open or closed windows), and new particles are continuously emerging, so the air might not as filtered as the claims might have you think. If you are concerned about mold, we ‘d advise purchasing a dehumidifier or humidifier to assist keep the proper wetness levels in your house and stave off mold development concerns. Air cleansers do not avoid mold development, so it is needed to eliminate the source of wetness that is allowing it to grow. Can air purifiers filter the outside air that enters your house? Often, non-organic air contaminants like the VOCs we mentioned previously can originate from outside your house. “There are all sorts of circumstances in structure fires where large dosages of smoke inhalation might lead to cyanide toxicity. That would mostly require to be someone who was standing straight in or near the fire: Those individuals are brought to emergency situation spaces instantly,” Dr. Roten explains. “Typically, outside contamination or smoke or temporary bad air isn’t a continuous issue for onlookers.” However the right kind of purifier can attend to any ecological air qualities in your area. Using neighboring wildfires as an example, Dr. Roten adds that a HEPA filter-equipped cleanser is your best option: “Anything that has a real HEPA filter in it is probably appropriate enough to filter out most all the large particles that would be concerning,” he says. “The majority of the smoky smell will also be addressed too.” What should I look for in an air purifier? CADR (clean-air delivery rate) rating. This measures the cleansing speed of the purifier for eliminating smoke, dust, and and pollen. Try to find a CADR of a minimum of 300, above 350 is really great. For correct effectiveness, you require a design developed to operate in the room size. Select a model that is designed for an area larger than the one you are outfitting it for if you want to operate it at a lower, quieter setting. AHAM (Association of Home Home Appliance Manufacturers) Verified mark AHAM’s requirements are style to guarantee the security, performance and performance of many house care home appliances, including air cleansers. The standards are created to supply a common understanding in between manufacturers and consumers to help make the getting process easier. While voluntary, the majority of trusted air purifiers have actually undergone this certification program, which frequently provides a CADR ranking and size standards. • Air Optix Aqua Vs Acuvue Oasys Reddit • Dyson Air Purifiers Dropshipper • Dyson Air Purifier Change Filter • Airdog Phone Number • Contoh Kajian Biologi Tingkat Molekul • Dyson Vacuum Air Filter • Austin Air Healthmate Junior (Hm200 • Dyson Air Multipliers • Airdog X6 Sales • Dyson Air Wrap Price
due sunday 122213 must be simple mid level terms formed un your own words Juvenile Delinquency Task Name: Phase 5 Individual Project Deliverable Length: 500–750 Jim, from the Phase 4 Key Assignment, has decided to stay in the 21st century. He has not been able to stay out of trouble and has broken into 2 homes and stolen the following items: • The keys to a new car • Five hundred dollars in cash • An expensive watch Again, he has come to the attention of the juvenile justice system. In this court, there are 2 opposing factors. The first factor depends upon a purely psychological view. The second factor depends upon a purely sociological view. These 2 factors will argue in court why he fits their reasoning of why he committed the crime. Assignment Guidelines • Address the following questions in 500–750 words: • How would the psychological theory explain Jim’s behavior? Explain. • How would the sociological theory explain Jim’s behavior? Explain. • How would Jim be treated under the psychological theory? Explain. • How would he be treated under the sociological theory? Explain. • Be sure to reference all sources using APA style.
C Programming Beginners Book C Programming Beginners – What is C++? C++ is an object-oriented programming language. Originally it was a part of the LPC or Large scale code enforcement language committee. Nowadays C++ has achieved worldwide recognition and is the most widely used programming languages in use today. It is used in web development, operating systems, databases, networking, image manipulation, computer science and much more. C++ can be regarded as a general purpose programming (GP) language. C Programming Beginners – What is C++? C++ stands for a family of object-oriented programming languages developed by the C developer and accepted by the WGPL (wide level of parallelism) group. C++ has proved to be very useful in the designing of various dynamic software tools for the web, desktop, gaming, desktop architecture and multimedia. In fact it is the programming language of choice for most software vendors. Why C Programming Beginners Is Important? With the rapid growth of web technologies and the increasing demands for efficient internet applications the need for reliable and robust C++ programmers has grown rapidly. The rapid expansion of the internet has resulted in the prevalence of various open source programming languages. While C++ has become very popular among developers due to its simplicity and performance, it is an open standard that is not well supported by the hardware vendors. This means that while a C++ programmer can get a good result from his work he will still be required to rely on the support and maintenance facilities provided by the manufacturer. So, why C Programming Beginners Are Important? This is important because otherwise you would have to spend a lot of time on sourcing a pre-compiled C++ library from the internet which might not be as efficient and reliable as the one that you would get from a reputable C++ developer. A beginner who has learnt how to code using a free C++ compiler can be used to write simple programs which will help him or her to understand the functionality of the pre-compiled C++ libraries. C Programming Beginners You are probably wondering how can a beginner to learn a programming language in such a short time span. Well, I will provide you with three tips that I believe are very important for you to understand. The first one is to use an online C++ course to learn the basics. Although C++ is a complex language to begin with, it can be made more simple and understandable with the right training. There are several online C++ courses that are very good, which are extremely easy to follow. The second tip is to use free online courses to learn the C programming languages. There are several free C++ programming courses that are available on the internet today that are very easy to follow. You should not look for complex features when you are looking for a very simple course. Beginners will find these kinds of courses very helpful because they do not need to spend a lot of money on getting all kinds of advanced stuff. The last thing I am going to talk about for the C programmers today is the need to read books written by experienced C programmers. If you do not have access to any C programming courses, or books on C++ programming, you should buy or download books that are written by experienced C programmers. In fact, reading books by experienced C programmers will be one of the best ways for you to understand the C programming languages better. If you follow the above mentioned tips, you should have no problems at all in learning the C++ programming language. In conclusion, these are some of the tips that you can consider doing when you are trying to get yourself started with the C programming languages. It does not mean that if you do not do this you will have a hard time learning the C++ programming language. All you need to do is follow the tips that I provided in this article and you should find it much easier than what you expect. So if you do not want to get stuck with the C Programming Beginners eBook, please take a look at the links below. Good luck and have fun!
Its hard to remember all the recycling rules! We want to make it easier to go green by helping you figure out what kind of waste an item really is. What it does Its a webapp that a user can use to take pictures of the waste item, that uses machine learning to figure out if the item is recyclable, compost or needs to go in the trash. How we built it We used react to build the web application and stored the image files in S3. We called google's autoML vision api to classify the item in the image. Challenges we ran into We tried to build our own classifier using tensor flow and spent a long time figuring out how to call it from the browser. Integrating all the pieces was hard. We ran into S3 permission issues, IBM downtime issues etc. Accomplishments that we're proud of Working prototype! Ability to combine various services including across AWS and google. What we learned Putting together a project for a hackathon that's full stack. What's next for Waste Classifier Create android and iOS apps. Built With Share this project:
The Dangers of Firefighting Foam, Everything You Ought To Know User Review 0 (0 votes) Fire outbreaks are, in many cases, devastating. When they occur, the authorities often move at speed to contain the fires using the available fire suppressants such as Firefighting foam. But did you know that increased use of the foam can have adverse health effects? Well, in this article, we will explore more on what you ought to know about firefighting foam and the hazardous effects associated with its prolonged use. What is firefighting foam? For starters, firefighting foam is used in the suppression of fire. The primary role is to cool the fire and to coat the fuel, preventing its contact with oxygen. This leads to decreased combustion, therefore, putting out the fire. Firefighting aqueous film-forming foam solution often has perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS). These two substances are found in a large family of manmade chemical compounds and have been known to be harmful to human health. Dangers of using firefighting foam Studies have shown that the compounds present in the firefighting foam are persistent, bio-accumulative, and toxic. They can accumulate in the human body for long periods. When you are exposed to the perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctanesulfonic compounds for long, and in high concentrations, they will build-up in the body. Consequently, the build-up leads to adverse health effects. Yes, evidence shows that compounds in firefighting foam have health effects, which include the potential to cause cancer, low birth weight, and cardiovascular disease, etc. Moreover, the compounds in the foam have been found to contaminate water sources. The unpleasant result has been a high concentration of the harmful compounds in surface water and groundwater. This has, consequently, posed a significant health risk to aquatic life. As a ripple effect, it also poses risks to humans consuming the contaminated water and the aquatic animals. Now, what happens if this has led to a disease or death? In case you or your family are experiencing the negative impact of firefighting foam, then you can file a firefighting foam lawsuit with the help of an experienced attorney. This is a lawsuit against liable authorities to compensate for damages caused to you or your family member by the adverse effects of firefighting foam. You certainly deserve compensation for the damages, pain, and suffering caused by a chemical that has long been known to be harmful to human health, yet still in use! How to protect yourself against exposure As a fighter or an individual involved in firefighting using the foam, it is imperative to understand the measures that you should take to protect yourself from its adverse effects. For example, it’s worth noting that the compounds present in the foam can be ingested, absorbed through the skin, or inhaled through exposure in the atmosphere. Therefore, firefighting personnel should practice the following control measures to stay safe from exposure: • You should replace the older firefighting aqueous film-forming foam stocks with fluorine-free foam solutions. • Make sure to contain and manage the aqueous film-forming foam and water runoff. • While extinguishing the fire, wear personal protective equipment (PPE) and a self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) every time you are handling aqueous film-forming foam (AFF). • Ensure to remove and bag contaminated PPE before transporting it properly. • Make sure to use cleaning wipes on your face, neck, and hands immediately after exposure. • Once you return home from firefighting, make sure to shower within one hour. Final word While it is difficult to completely do away with the firefighting foam for its purpose in extinguishing fires, it is crucial to be familiar with the possible health effects of its prolonged usage. As you have seen, firefighting foam not only affects the environment but it can also directly affect your health. That is precisely why you need to take appropriate measures while using the foam to prevent any possible harm. You should also speak to a firefighting foam lawyer in case you have cancer or any disease caused by its chemicals. Leave a Reply
English Phrases to speak fluently . Below are basic phrases that people use every day. They are useful phrases that’ll also help your knowledge of English to grow. 1. I really appreciate You can use this phrase to thank someone. For example, you might say: I really appreciate your help. – Or you can combine the two phrases :Thanks so much with I really appreciate. For example : Thanks so much for cooking dinner. I really appreciate it. 2. Excuse me. When you need to get through but there’s someone blocking your way, say “Excuse me.” You can also say this phrase to politely get someone’s attention. For example: Excuse me sir, you dropped your wallet. Excuse me, do you know what time is it? 3. I’m sorry. Use this phrase to apologize, whether for something big or small. Use “for” to give more detail. For example: I’m sorry for being so late. I’m sorry for the mess. I wasn’t expecting anyone today. You can use “really” to show you’re very sorry for something: I’m really sorry I didn’t invite you to the party. 4. What do you think? When you want to hear someone’s opinion on a topic, use this question. For example : I’m not sure if we should paint the room yellow or blue. What do you think? 5.(Oh) never mind. Let’s say someone doesn’t understand an idea you’re trying to explain. If you’ve explained it over and over and want to stop, just say “oh, never mind.” You can now talk about something else. For eexample : A: Are you going to the grocery store today? B: No, I’m not. But why—do you need something? A: Oh, never mind. It’s okay, I’ll go tomorrow. 6. That sounds great. If you like an idea, you can respond to #6 with this phrase. “Great” can be replaced with any synonym, such as “awesome,” “perfect,” “excellent” or “fantastic.” For eexample : A: My mom is baking cookies this afternoon. We could go to my house and eat some. How does that sound? B: That sounds fantastic! Published by rashaadwan English language teacher who will help you to improve your English skills and to learn more about the language Leave a Reply WordPress.com Logo Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s %d bloggers like this:

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