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Poverty: a Silent Killer Poverty: a silent killer The merciless chain of poverty is enclosing its arm around America. Children are storming the streets starving for a modest meal and a heated room. It confines them, forcing them to live a life of nightmares. It is evidently noted that poverty is the silent killer all over the world. The danger is, no one truly knows what poverty is, and who is to blame. A snapshot of poverty would seemingly resemble the poorest of the poor. As an experienced person who lived through childhood poverty, I can relate. When Bobby, a preschooler, scratched a mosquito bite on his leg, the area became infected. His parents took him to the doctor, who prescribed an antibiotic. However, because Bobby’s father earned very low wages at his job, the family could not immediately afford to buy the prescription. As a result of the family’s poverty the infection grew dangerously out of control and Bobby was hospitalized for three days in order to receive intravenous antibiotics. Each of those hospital days cost about $800, doctors estimated (Sherman, 6) What is the real truth about poverty? Every conception of the term is misconstrued. There is no absolute one-size-fits-all definition for poverty. All we know is that poverty is currently at war with America and has been for an unquestionable amount of time. Poverty has structured the face of destiny for good. In the eyes of Americans, poverty is the plight of delinquents. Beginning with the Bible and continuing through the Elizabethan poor laws, there has been a belief among some that the poor have no one to blame but themselves (Edelman, XV). However, poverty looks different than it did decades ago. The elderly are considerably more impoverished, and children have become the poorest age group. To understand why there is so much more poverty among children, we need to understand why their parents are worse off. Although some experts affirm children are affected by biological conditions (genetics, health, and nutrition) and environmental conditions (families, communities, and schools), some also believe there are no accurate measurements for poverty (Boyden and Bourdillon, 129). “Poverty is like punishment for a crime you didn’t commit. -Eli Khamarov. Around 21,000 children die around the world everyday due to poverty (Boyden and Bourdillon, 151). At this very moment, a child died from poverty. We need to pinpoint the cause for poverty now! But it is a cycle that cannot be broken. For example, as a child I was raised wealthy. Anything and everything I ever wanted could have been mine thanks to my parents. Although the economy began its sinking process, my family still managed to rise above surface. That is, until my dad’s company went bankrupt and all our money sunk with it. The wealth turned to poor, and we had to do anything and everything we could to carry on. The food was scarce, and the toys were sold. I asked myself everyday why this was our punishment. After nearly a year of enduring the pain of poverty, I now know whom to blame. Ourselves. Are we enough to blame for our own predicament? Have we been lazy, made poor decisions, and been solely responsible for our plight? What about our government? Have they pursued policies that actually harm successful development? We’ve waged war on poverty and poverty won (Edelman, ). With the real cost of minimal living, the cycle will continue unless America platforms a plan. As of right now, President Barack Obama makes little use of the word “poverty. ” The government website detailing the contents of his Recovery Act used the word “vulnerable” to characterize those portions of legislation relating to low-income people (Edelman, xiv) With that being said, both are to blame. America’s disease is greed. Greed has produced rash tax cuts that have given money to the rich and taken it from the poor. We all want more money, bigger homes, and nicer cars; however, no one can appreciate what they have. The only people that can are the poor. In result to the greed of my family, when an unforeseen dilemma arose we didn’t know how to handle the situation at hand. Thus, we sunk further and further into the cycle and it took a fight to pull us to the surface. I believe that unless one truly experiences poverty no one will truly comprehend its meaning. On the other hand, poverty can happen to those born into it. As the government focuses more and more on other nation worries, a child dies from poverty. Order a unique copy of this paper (550 words) Approximate price: $22 Basic features • Free title page and bibliography • Unlimited revisions • Plagiarism-free guarantee • Money-back guarantee • 24/7 support On-demand options • Writer’s samples • Part-by-part delivery • Overnight delivery • Copies of used sources • Expert Proofreading Paper format • 275 words per page • 12 pt Arial/Times New Roman • Double line spacing Our guarantees Money-back guarantee Read more Zero-plagiarism guarantee Read more Free-revision policy Read more Privacy policy Read more Fair-cooperation guarantee Read more Calculate the price of your order 550 words Total price: The price is based on these factors: Academic level Number of pages
Sonic Seduction How to influence a person’s experience using sound ? Sounds dynamically triggered by an interactive system can be used to draw a person’s attention towards specific events and processes, attune the person’s emotions and entrain the person’s body movements. Sounds that accompany our everyday actions play a profound role in the way we perceive and interpret our activity and the world around us. A well-known demonstration of how what we hear serves as an interpretation frame for what we see is to change the soundtrack of a movie scene and thereby to modify the audience’s emotional evaluation of the very same scene (Kuleshov effect). Sonic Interaction Design (SID, Franinović& Serafin 2013) deals with the design of interactive systems that interweave the user’s physical actions with sonic feedback and thereby affect the user’s perception, movements and emotions to incite intended experiences. Thus, SID can be understood as a means to design for experience by drawing on sound as a medium and the user’s listening abilities. Challenging Interrelationships Sound has beneficial characteristics to be used in interaction design for mobile activities. Supportive systems can use sonic representation to provide activity-related information preserving the users’ mobility and without demanding their full attention. However, designing sonic interactions also poses a number of challenges, such as understanding how the sounds that are elicited by the user’s movements affect the way the user perceives and experiences the activity. At the same time that sound acts upon a person’s experience of an activity, so do a person’s activity and its contextual conditions influence the perception of sound. The particular context within which sound is perceived can be decisive for the sonic properties that the listener focuses on and hence color the perception and interpretation of sound. Designing interactive sound differs from designing the soundtrack of a movie. The specific temporal arrangement of events is not predefined and the designer has to account for the dynamic interplay of various sounds. The designer needs to consider the overall soundscape that will evolve when different sounds are heard in succession, when they overlap, or when they are triggered simultaneously. The experience of interactive sound in a mobile setting is affected by a variety of factors and substantially differs from experiencing sound in a static setting. This requires from sonic interaction designers a direct experiential awareness of the varying interplay of sound, body movement and use situations. Sonic seduction builds on interactive sonic figures that evolve as a person’s movements gain stability. Sonic figures are used as means of negative feedback in order to disrupt routines. Hajinejad, N., Grüter, B., Roque, L. (2017) Prototyping Sonic Interaction for Walking. In Proc. of MobileHCI ’17, New York, USA: ACM, pp. 98:1–98:8. Karmen Franinović and Stefania Serafin, eds. 2013. Sonic interaction design. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass. Hits: 88
Hidden Condensation The air temperature inside the bathroom tends to be higher than the air temperature on the other side of the walls, floor, and ceiling. This is especially true, in winter, of exterior walls, and a ceiling with an attic above it. There is a natural tendency for warm air to move to cool air. This is nature’s way of trying to maintain equilibrium. In a bathroom, warm, moist air will tend to move through walls and ceilings, moving from warm to cool. As the air moves through the wall or ceiling, it is cooled. When the dew point temperature is reached, condensation occurs (see Figure 3.12). This hidden condensation inside walls and attics can be a particular nightmare for homeowners. As building materials get wetter, deterioration and mold growth can become extensive before the problem is noticed. Updated: September 28, 2015 — 4:08 am
Quick Answer: How Does A Rota System Work? What is a 3 2 2 work schedule? How does a rolling rota work? The rota is a 3 week rolling rota which means, rotational days off i.e. one weekend off in three and set days off. Shifts on working days can change depending on annual leave, sickness and training. Please see a sample rota below showing a 3 week working pattern. How much notice should you have of your work rota? How do you create a monthly rota in Excel? How to Create a Basic Excel Shift RotaYou will need 22 columns in total.Label the first column ‘Name’.Label the next three columns: Monday IN. Monday OUT. Monday HOURS.Repeat step 3 for each day of the week. How do you arrange staff schedules? The Key to Scheduling Employees — Tips from the ExpertsRecruit and hire the best. “It starts with the hiring process. … Keep an open communication channel. … Start onboarding your employees before day one. … Lead, don’t manage. … Give your employees access to technology and tools. … Acknowledge employee effort. … Publish a schedule at least two weeks out. … Be the example.More items… What is a 5 over 7 shift pattern? You work 5 days a week, then have two days off. This equals 7 days so your days off are always the same days….
What happens during a recession Australia? Australia’s economic growth is usually measured by looking at its gross domestic product (GDP), which is the value created by the goods and services produced within the country. … During a recession, that value decreases for a period of time, as businesses cut workers and output or close down altogether. What happens if we go into a recession? How will a recession affect me Australia? Consumer spending lies at the very heart of the Australian economy, and less money being handed over at the cash registers of businesses impacts on everyone. A recession will make things far worse. With unemployment soaring, people will be worried about losing their jobs and less likely to ask for pay rises. What does being in a recession mean in Australia? In Australia, a recession is often defined as two consecutive quarters (or six months) of contraction – that is, a significant decline in economic activity. IT IS INTERESTING:  What do England and Australia have in common? What is the best thing to do in a recession? Here are seven tips to help make sure your finances are recession-proof, as recommended by experts. • Pay down debt. … • Boost emergency savings. … • Identify ways to cut back. … • Live within your means. … • Focus on the long haul. … • Identify your risk tolerance. … • Continue your education and build up skills. 8 июн. 2020 г. Where should I put money in a recession? A better recession strategy is to invest in well-managed companies that have low debt, good cash flow, and strong balance sheets. Counter-cyclical stocks do well in a recession and experience price appreciation despite the prevailing economic headwinds. Do house prices drop in a recession? Should I buy a house in a recession? Is it a good time to buy property during a recession? Property is often cheaper during a recession This time around, some analysts foreshadowed that property prices could fall by as much as -30% if we experienced a severe recession. … If you’re a first home buyer, lower prices are usually welcome news. How does a recession affect the average person? If we have a recession, it could mean you’ll earn less money. Tough economic times usually create widespread layoffs. … When people are out of work or making less money, they may not be able to pay their bills. This can cause people to go into debt or even lose assets such as their homes or cars. IT IS INTERESTING:  You asked: What are the major features of Australia? What does a recession do to mortgage rates? Mortgage interest rates tend to fall during times of recession, which means refinancing could net you a lower monthly payment that makes it easier to meet your financial obligations. You stand a better chance of your application being approved if you’ve got good credit. Do interest rates go up in a recession Australia? In short, no. Interest rates tend to go down during a recession as governments attempt to stimulate spending in order to slow down any decline in the economy by cutting interest rates. Why is a recession bad? Who benefits from a recession? Also with falling demand, firms respond by cutting prices. This fall in inflation can benefit those on fixed incomes or cash savings. It can also help tackle long-term inflationary pressures. For example, the 1980/81 recession helped reduce inflation from the high rates of the 1970s. What should you buy in a recession? Is my money safe in the bank during a recession? Your savings are guaranteed IT IS INTERESTING:  Which Australian states have a bill of rights? Because Australians’ savings are guaranteed by the Federal Government under the Financial Claims Scheme. … “By having a government guarantee in place there’s no point in anyone going and yanking their money out of their bank and putting them under pressure,” he said. Going to Sydney
Medical treatments Laste ikon Trained medical staff can perform safe, effective hernia surgery Reitgjerdet hospital Less psychiatric coercion in the early 1900s than in the 1970s A man with bionic legs, doing push-ups Mimicking effect of exercise with gene therapy Ambulance personel treat an unconscious person on the street Simple nasal spray ready to save lives Between 250 and 270 people die each year from heroin or opioid overdoses in Norway. In the EU, thousands die. European users now have a better option available for helping each other. App for migraines New mechanism allows the immune system to detect and respond to HIV Nearly 40 million people were living with HIV in 2017, the UN says, with just over half taking antiretroviral therapy. These drugs have cut AIDS-related deaths by more than half since the 2004 peak, but the disease cannot be cured. A new mechanism uncovered by a Norwegian research group could improve the chances of developing one. Proteins in blood test can reveal and predict disease Cholesterol crystals play an active role in stroke, heart attacks Botox blocks out facial pain Well-known drug has less risk for preterm delivery in PCOS Metformin significantly reduces the risk of late miscarriages and preterm births for women with PCOS. But the drug does not work to prevent gestational diabetes, according to a large Nordic study from NTNU and St. Olavs hospital. C-sections by trained health officers a safe alternative How you can reduce your pain Exploring new uses for existing antiviral drugs Broad-spectrum antiviral drugs work against a range of viral diseases, but developing them can be costly and time consuming. Testing existing anti-viral drugs for their ability to combat multiple viral infections can help.
Persistent, intense sexual urges and hard-to-control sexual behavior are two of the most common symptoms of compulsive sexual behavior disorder (CSBD). If this term doesn’t ring a bell, it may be because you might refer to it by another name: sex addiction. This is, however, a term that’s not accepted by all members of the medical community. Although talked about often in some instances, sex addiction is not a formal diagnosis. Some of the signs and behaviors that are often attributed to it are, in fact, symptoms of CSBD. If you identify with the phrase “sex addict,” the information in this article might help you clarify this common misconception. Compulsive sexual behavior is treatable, and talking with a health professional can facilitate a path to recovery and improve your quality of life. The diagnosis of CSBD, also known as hypersexuality, can be challenging. There’s a lack of consistency in fitting some of its symptoms within one mental health condition. The diagnosis has also been excluded from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5), although some experts still think compulsive sexual behavior and what some people may call “sex addiction” are often seen in clinical settings. Despite not being included as a standalone diagnosis, hypersexuality can still be diagnosed using the manual. This is done by using the category of “Other specified sexual dysfunction.” Compulsive sexual behavior can also be diagnosed using other diagnostic manuals, such as the International Classification of Diseases, 11th Edition (ICD-11). The condition appears under impulse-control disorders, not addictions. The ICD-11 is a diagnostic book published by the World Health Organization. Its purpose is to provide a global language for reporting and diagnosing diseases. Not everyone with CSBD will experience the same symptoms or with the same intensity. In fact, a 2015 literature review suggested there are significant variations among individuals when it comes to early signs and symptoms of compulsive sexual behavior. Despite this, there are no reports that indicate symptoms of sex addiction in females are different from those experienced by males. What some research does suggest is that symptoms of what many refer to as “sex addiction” are more prevalent among males. For example, a 2013 study working with 1,837 students found 2% of participants had symptoms of compulsive sexual behavior. Of those, 3% were males and 1.2% females. Some experts believe prevalence estimates for compulsive sexual behavior might not reflect the real numbers, though. This might be because not everyone feels as comfortable talking about their symptoms or admitting to some behaviors. It might be even harder for some women to openly talk about their sexual addiction symptoms in some cultures. This might be a contributing factor when putting together prevalence estimates. When you look at the list of symptoms of compulsive sexual behavior, it’s natural to identify with some behaviors more than others. In fact, even people who don’t have the condition might recognize themselves in a few signs mentioned here. The key difference is in the duration, frequency, and intensity of these symptoms, and how much they interfere in your relationships and daily functioning. Someone living with CSBD may find it extremely difficult or even impossible to postpone and control their sexual urges and impulses. These impulses lead to repetitive sexual activities that are rarely satisfying. This focus on sexual behaviors might lead you to face conflicts at work, in your relationships, and within yourself. You might also experience guilt and shame that you can’t stop some of these sexual behaviors. In other words, CSBD is a persistent and intense urge to engage in sexual behaviors and fantasies, despite any negative consequences that these may cause you or the little satisfaction they offer you. • engaging in repetitive sexual activities and fantasies that often cannot be stopped at will or controlled • experiencing little to no satisfaction from performing some of these sexual activities • experiencing significant distress and conflicts in your life due to your sexual urges and behaviors These symptoms need to be present for six months or longer to be considered for a diagnosis. Here’s a closer look at what CSBD might feel like. Loss of control This is a key sign of compulsive sexual behavior. People who have identified as having sex addiction admit to having a hard time controlling their sexual impulses and behaviors. This is, in fact, a symptom of CSBD. In other words, when you live with compulsive sexual behavior disorder, you might want to stop or avoid certain sexual behaviors but find yourself unable to do so. This is different for someone who, for example, has a high sex drive but no compulsive sexual behavior. They can avoid, postpone, control, and interrupt any sexual urges or behaviors. For example, if you live with CSBD, you might feel the urge to watch pornography. You would give in to this urge even if that means missing a day of work or school, or disturbing someone else. In this same case, someone who doesn’t have compulsive sexual behavior disorder might feel the same urge. They can postpone it for after work or another day, though. Intense preoccupation with sex When you live with compulsive sexual behavior, you might find yourself constantly preoccupied with sexual thoughts and fantasies. Even if you make an effort to focus on something else, these thoughts usually prevail. Sex might become the central part of your life. You might start scheduling everything around your sexual activities. You could also leave important aspects of your life unattended to perform your sexual activities or follow your sexual impulses. This could include your job or school, but also your personal hygiene and health. Impulsive or compulsive sexual behavior If you have CSBD, you might show both impulsive and compulsive behaviors. These terms refer to what motivates your sexual behaviors. You may engage in sexual activities for pleasure, which is considered impulsive behavior. Or you could repetitively perform sexual activities to escape specific emotions, which is considered compulsive. Sometimes, impulsive sexual behavior comes first. For example, you may have sex for fun and pleasure. Later on, you might start engaging in compulsive behaviors. For example, having sex because you’re feeling down or to decrease anxiety symptoms. It’s not uncommon for people with sex addiction to continue to engage in some sexual behaviors even if they don’t take pleasure in it. Impulsive and compulsive sexual behavior may happen at different times or at the same time. Sexual behavior that leads to negative consequences Another symptom of what some people call sex addiction is the presence of persistent behaviors that damage their relationships or put people’s safety in jeopardy. One indication a person is living with CSBD is if they’re neglecting other areas of their life, such as family or employment obligations, so that they can engage in sexual behavior. According to one review article, people often report feeling remorse or guilt after engaging in compulsive sexual behavior. Even then, they find themselves unable to avoid or stop such behaviors. Seeking professional help when you live with compulsive sexual behaviors is highly advisable and particularly important if you’re: • taking higher risks to engage in sexual activities • hurting yourself or others during sexual activities • neglecting important aspects of your life • thinking about harming yourself or others Compulsive sexual behavior disorder is a mental health condition that may affect how you function in the world. Some people refer to the disorder as sex addiction. However, there’s a lack of evidence to suggest these behaviors can be explained as an addiction. Your symptoms are nonetheless real and valid. If you’re living with any of them, and they’re causing you and others distress, reaching out to a mental health professional can help. Consider these resources as the first step to recovery:
Holidays in Sardinia between history and culture You can not make a real holiday in Sardinia, if you do not know at least some 'history of this land, rich in tradition and culture. The origins of the Sardinian culture are very ancient. The appearance of the island seems to trace the range between 450 and 150,000 years ago. In the following centuries the island is crossed by a number of different cultures, to introduction (around 1800 BC) nuragica of civilization, a pastoral and warlike civilization which owes its name to nuraghe, building a special tower built using large stones. The Phoenicians reach Sardinia and settle on the coast around 1000 BC Later, until 238 BC, Sardinia passed under the control of the Carthaginians. Victory Rome on Carthage at the end of the first Punic War, marks the passage of Sardinia under the Roman rule, that after the fall of the leaves the way for the Vandals. In 534 the island was restored by Justinian and go back to be part of the Roman Empire: thus begins' Byzantine age. With the decline of the Byzantine Empire, the Sardinians are a new political order in the mid 1000: The island is divided into 4 Giudicati (Torres-Logudoro, Cagliari, Gallura, Arborea) governed by the "judges", the local representatives of the Byzantine Empire, which exercised power for themselves. It is during this period that extends the political and economic influence of Pisa and Genoa. Their presence often interferes politically to bring about the end of three judged (Cagliari, Torres and Gallura), which after 1250 fall into the hands of the lords of Pisa or Genoa. In 1295 Pope Boniface VIII appointed James II of Aragon "King of Sardinia and Corsica, and Sardinia passed into the hands of the Spaniards. After 400 years of Spanish domination, Sardinia, which is assigned to Austria later in 1718, transfers to the Savoy. The Kingdom of Sardinia survives until 1861, when Sardinia joined the Kingdom of Italy. Finally, at the end of World War II, January 31, 1948 Sardinia region is called a Special Statute.
Lower emission and fuel use Trends in the shaft generator business In the early 2010s, our wind business slowed down and forced us to find new applications for our permanent magnet (PM) technology. We gravitated to marine power generation and propulsion – the mechanical rotating speeds are relatively slow, which enables PM machines to excel. The focus was on direct-drive shaft generator systems, an area which has long been dominated by conventional electrically excited synchronous machines – known for their significant downsides. The key thing with shaft generators, where the generator is integrated into the propeller shaft, is that the electric power is generated with a vessel’s 2-stroke main engine, which burns much less fuel than conventional gensets driven by 4-stroke diesel engines. In early 2015, we delivered the first shaft generators, loosely based on our PMR 1000 wind generator, to WE Tech, a solution provider for Post-Panamax-sized carriers. Soon, WE Tech ordered more. And in the next couple of years, we delivered nearly 35 PM shaft generators. However, in 2017, business slowed down significantly. The primary reason was the drop in oil prices from approximately $120 per barrel in 2014 to less than $40 per barrel in 2016. With the main selling point for using shaft generators instead of conventional gensets being fuel savings, the situation negated even our best payback calculations. The whole world is now moving toward cleaner energy production and zero-emission power sources. Wind and solar power are rapidly replacing conventional fossil-based sources. In Finland, for example, the share of wind power in total electric power production was over 10% in 2020. And that number is growing quickly. In addition to zero-emission energy production, less-polluting fuels, such as liquefied natural gas (LNG), are also replacing the dirtiest ones, such as oil and coal. This has caused a huge boom in building LNG tankers, especially in South Korea, which represents almost a 90% share of the total LNG newbuilds. An LNG tanker is a vessel carrying natural gas from offshore gas fields to land terminals, and the most cost-effective way to do this is to cool the gas down to -162 °C. This is the point where the gas turns to liquid, and its volume drops to 1/600th of what it was, making its transportation cost effective. These vessels then carry this liquid to land-based gas terminals, where it is “regasified” before feeding into gas pipelines. Owners of these gas fields are typically big oil and gas companies who for well over a century have made their profits by exploring and selling oil. Now, these companies are rapidly shifting to cleaner businesses, such as LNG, to reverse their declining revenues. Below are some interesting numbers showing market capitalizations – basically the value of the company – of some “oil majors” vs “green majors.” They clearly show the declining trajectory of the oil business. As the oil assets are becoming worth less, in part due to the electrification of the auto industry, investors would rather park their money in greener businesses, forcing oil companies to seek new revenues from there. They are now rapidly divesting or writing off oil assets worth tens or even hundreds of billions of dollars, while at the same time, heavily investing in wind and hydrogen infrastructure, along with LNG. Oil giants Figure: Market capitalization development of some oil and green energy companies during the last decade (in BUSD) Besides heavily investing in green technologies, these oil companies have put energy efficiency as one of their top driving factors in all processes and decision-making. This has caused shaft generators to replace conventional gensets, and furthermore, more efficient permanent magnet generators to replace conventional electrically excited synchronous machines. Since LNG tankers often require a relatively large amount of electric power on board, for example, due to hull air lubrication, benefits by using PM solution results in significant fuel savings and lower emissions. Increasing demand for highly efficient megawatt-class shaft generators has put our marine business back on track, and currently we have around 40 such machines in our production pipeline. Jussi Puranen Interested in a PM shaft generator?
God Whistles While He Works God Whistles While He Works maybe… probably… more than likely… October 28, 2020 A carpenter in Toronto is building insulated, mobile shelters for homeless people who will be outdoors this winter. Khaleel Seivwright / CBC Khaleel Seivwright, 28, started building mobile shelters for the homeless last month. Each unit costs about $1,000 in materials and takes Seivwright eight hours to construct. But he’s been happily giving them away for free. “It just seemed like something I could do that would be useful because there’s so many people staying in tents,” Seivwright told the CBC. “I’ve never seen so many people staying outside in parks, and this is something I could do to make sure people staying outside in the winter could survive.” Seivwright says the shelters will be able to keep people comfortably warm with their own body heat in temperatures as low as -20 C. To help fund his mission, Seivwright launched an online fundraiser which has raised more than $50,000. May, 2019 Love Is in the Air and It Smells Like Intelligent Design Odor Preference and Immune System Composition Why am I so attracted to my wife’s scents, and hence, the composition of her immune system? Several studies help explain the connection. In a highly cited study, researchers had men sleep in the same T-shirt for several nights in a row. Then, they asked women to rank the T-shirts according to odor preference. As it turns out, women had the greatest preference for the odor of T-shirts worn by men who had MHC genes that were the most dissimilar to theirs. In another oft-cited study, researchers had 121 men and women rank the pleasantness of T-shirt odors and found that the ones they most preferred displayed odors that were most similar to those of their partners. Based on the results of another related study, it appears that this odor preference reflects dissimilarities in immune systems. Researchers discovered that the genetic differences in the MHC genes for 90 married couples were far more extensive than for 152 couples made up by randomly combining partners. Body Odor and the Immune System So, how does odor reflect the composition of the MHC genes? Researchers believe that the breakdown products from the MHC during the normal turnover of cellular components serves as the connection between the immune system and body odors. The MHC is a protein complex that resides on the cell surface. This protein complex binds proteins derived from pathogens after these organisms have infected the host cell and, in turn, displays them on the cell surface for recognition by the cells of the immune system. Association of Pathogen Proteins with MHCs Image credit: By Scray (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0 (https://creativecommons.org.licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons Organisms possess a large number of MHC variants, making the genes that code the MHCs some of the most diverse in the human genome. Because the MHCs bind proteins derived from pathogens, the greater the diversity of MHC genes, the greater the capacity to respond to infectious agents. As part of the normal turnover of cellular components, the MHCs are constantly being broken down and replaced. When this happens, protein fragments from the MHCs become dispersed throughout the body, winding up in the blood, saliva, and urine. Some researchers think that the microbes in the mouth and on the skin surface lining body cavities metabolize the MHC breakdown products leading to the production of odorants. And these odors tell us something about the immune system of our potential partners. Advantages of Having a Partner with Dissimilar MHC Genes When men and women with dissimilar MHC genes pair up, it provides a significant advantage to their children. Why? Because parental MHC gene dissimilarity translates into the maximal genetic diversity for the MHC genes of their children. And, as already noted, the more diverse the MHC genes, the greater the resistance to pathogens and parasites. The attraction between mates with dissimilar immune genes is not limited to human beings. This phenomenon has been observed throughout the animal kingdom. And from studying mate attraction of animals, we can come to appreciate the importance of MHC gene diversity. For example, one study demonstrated that salmon raised in hatcheries displayed a much more limited genetic diversity for their MHC genes than salmon that live in the wild. As it turns out, hatchery-raised salmon are four times more likely to be infected with pathogens than those found in the wild. Is Love Nothing More than Biochemistry? Does the role odor preference plays in mate selection mean that love is merely an outworking of physiological mechanisms? Does it mean that there is not a spiritual dimension to the love we feel toward our partners? Does it mean that human beings are merely physical creatures? If so, does this type of discovery undermine the biblical view of humanity? Hardly. In fact, this discovery makes perfect sense within a Christian worldview. In his book The Biology of Sin, neuroscientist Matthew Stanford presents a model that helps make sense of these types of discoveries. Stanford points out that Scripture teaches that human beings are created as both material and immaterial beings, possessing a physical body and nonphysical mind and spirit. Instead of being a “ghost in the machine,” our material and immaterial natures are intertwined, interacting with each other. It is through our bodies (including our brain), that we interact with the physical world around us. The activities of our brain influence the activities of our mind (where our thoughts, feelings, and emotions are housed), and vice versa. It is through our spirit that we have union with God. Spiritual transformation can influence our brain’s activities and how we think; also, how and what we think can influence our spirit. So, in light of Stanford’s model, we can make sense of how love can be both a physical and spiritual experience while preserving the biblical view of human nature. Smells Like Intelligent Design Clearly, the attraction between two people extends beyond body odor and other physical processes and features. Still, the connection between body odor and the composition of the MHC genes presents itself as an ingenious, elegant way to ensure that animal populations (and human beings) are best positioned to withstand the assaults of pathogens. As an old-earth creationist, this insight is exactly what I would expect, attracting me to the view that life on Earth, including human life, is the product of Divine handiwork. Now, I am off to the chocolatier to get my wife a box of her favorite chocolates for Valentine’s Day. I don’t want her to decide that I stink as a husband. Reprinted with permission by the author Original article at:
Hungarian official Select Citation Style Thank you for your feedback External Websites Alternative Title: bán Ban, former Hungarian title denoting a governor of a military district (banat) and later designating a local representative of the Hungarian king in outlying possessions—e.g., Bosnia and Croatia. The etymology of the word ban has been contested. Some linguists argue that it was originally a Persian word that was introduced into Europe by the Avars. Others emphasize its origins in Serbo-Croatian language, whereas still others assign it Old Germanic roots. The Kingdom of Yugoslavia, divided into banovine, or provinces, revived the title and office of ban in October 1929 and used it until the German-Italian invasion of April 1941. Special Subscription Bundle Offer! Learn More!
What time zone is brazil in What time zone does Brazil use? Brasília time Is Brazil the same timezone as New York? Brazil has 4 time zones . Brazil is 2 hours ahead of New York . What are the 3 time zones in Brazil? Time zones and time differences in Brazil Brazil: West UTC-5 . Acre Time (AT), aligned with Eastern Standard Time (EST), categorizing New York and Washington, D.C. Brazil: Central & North UTC-4 . Amazon Time (AMT), which is one hour ahead of Eastern Standard Time. Brazil: East UTC-3 . Brazil: Far East UTC-2 . How many time zones are there in Brazil? What is the time saying in Brazil? Current Local Time in Locations in Brazil with Links for More Information (97 Locations) Belo Horizonte Mon 11:27 pm Blumenau Mon 11:27 pm Boa Vista Mon 10:27 pm Brasilia Mon 11:27 pm How do I know my timezone? How many hours is Brazil from New York? 7 hours Is Brazil ahead of us in time? The center of Brazil is 4 hours ahead of the center of the United States . What country is 24 hours ahead of USA? You might be interested:  Texas de brazil las vegas coupons What language is spoken in Brazil? Why does Brazil have 4 time zones answer? Coordinated Universal Time is used to calculate time in Brazil and the country has four time zones all lying west to the Greenwich Meridian. The UTC −02:00 timezone is only used in some islands on the northeast coast of Brazil . Brazil’s large geographic size is the main reason for four time zones . What is GMT time now in Brazil? Brasília Time . 7:28:35 PM December 10, 2020 GMT -03:00. GMT . 10:28:35 PM December 10, 2020 GMT +00:00. How many time zones are in USA? six time zones What is a universal time zone? Where is Brazil located? South America Leave a Reply
This article is excerpted from androidcentral, Gizmodo. The CrowPi2 is a very interesting device that is dedicated to STEM learning both through coding and software and hardware and engineering. Powered by a Raspberry Pi, the CrowPi2 features a screen and keyboard as well as a panoply of inputs and outputs that hearkens back to the 100-in-1 electronics kits of yore. The new model is far more laptop-like than the original CrowPi and if the Kickstarter is to be believed you’ll be able to play arcade games and even interact with beginner IDEs using the entire complement of inputs, allowing you to play Flappy Bird with the touch sensor and measure sound levels using the built-in microphones and LED array. Because this doesn’t look like a toy, I suspect parents will have an easier time convincing their younglings not to dump this onto the floor like they do every other STEM product. The CrowPi2 works as a portable laptop, but its primary focus is STEM education. You can learn programming languages like Python, Scratch, and learn about programming AI or even Minecraft all in a super easy way. The software is independently developed specifically for this machine. It also includes 22 kinds of common sensors and modules built in. All you do is remove the keyboard and you get access to all kinds of sensors, including a breadboard for making your own light-up circuits. The laptop specifications include an 11.6-inch IPS screen with 1080p resolution, the Raspberry Pi 4B (Raspberry's latest model), and a removable wireless keyboard. So even if you take the keyboard off to play with the modules underneath, you can still type on the computer. It also has a 2MP camera, a built-in microphone, stereo output speakers, and more. This is a great option for kids, teens, and adults. There's more than 96 course resources and over 20 projects, including games, to choose from. It'll work whether you're a beginner just learning things for the first time or an expert trying to sharpen your skills.
The purpose of the galvanized iron wire by:HONTA     2020-08-14 commonly known as galvanized iron wire, galvanized wire is divided into cold heat zinc wire and galvanized iron wire, by low carbon steel wire rod by drawing, rust removing, annealing, cooling process is complete. Its biggest characteristics is a toughness and elasticity, and is widely used in construction, handicrafts, packaging and daily fields. Galvanized iron wire specification points very much, 8 #, 10 #, 12 #, 14 #, 16 #, etc. , introduces some USES. BWG5 # - After 28 # electric galvanized wire, can be achieved by processing can reach more than 25 #, due to its strong antioxidant capacity, bai used highway fence and wire mesh in the making. Hot dip galvanized wire # 5 - 28 #, due to the high plasticity, corrosion resistance is strong, the amount of zinc can be up to 360 g/m2, and was deeply loved by customers friends, too. Bound with wire is used # 22, this kind of galvanized iron wire with low zinc plating processing, cold flexibility is good, price cheap, is dedicated to building bundles. And line also is a kind of galvanized iron wire, the weight is very big, each volume from 100 to 1000 kilograms, mainly by workers, farmers, and animal husbandry. Also have very high request to the operation of the galvanized iron wire, use protective eye at work, it is forbidden to shove down, it is forbidden to in acid water, in case of spill coil must handle with, if not reach requirement, will not be allowed to produce. Custom message Chat Online 编辑模式下无法使用 Chat Online inputting...
The Most Essential Facts You Need To Know About Corneal Ulcer In Cats The cornea, as we know, is the transparent part of the eye, which forms the cover over the pupil and iris. It is also the part of the eye that admits light right inside of the eyes, thus making vision possible. Further, a corneal ulcer happens when much deeper layers of the cornea get lost.  In addition, these ulcers are classified as either deep or superficial. If the cat is squinting its eyes, there is a possibility that corneal ulcer in cats is what’s affecting it. Corneal Ulcer in Cats: What is this feline corneal disease? Corneal ulcer in cats are actually somewhat a common happenstance in cats. Nonetheless, if it goes without any check-up or medication, it might lead to much discomfort, as well as the total loss of vision. If it was not for the cornea, it might be a dark world for the cats. One of the most significant functions of it is supporting the vision by allowing the light to pass through it in the eye so that the cat may enjoy the beauty of the world as much as people do. The cornea is what protects the inner parts of the eyes against harmful elements like bacteria and some other foreign entities, including the chemicals by the meek asset of being the outer layer of the eye. Moreover, the corneal ulcer happen when the outermost layer of the cornea gets broken. Bear in mind, the cornea is made up of four layers. Though the epithelium us the outermost layer and protects the inner layers from pervasion by harmful entities and water, the second layer is actually the basement membrane that separates the epithelium from the third layer or the stroma. The endothelium is the innermost layer. Classified in different groups, the types of the corneal ulcer in cats is actually determined by the affected layer of the cornea. • Descemetoceles go much deeper in the endothelium that is also known as the descemet’s membrane, which sometimes lead to the perforation of the eyes. • Deep ulcers go past the epithelium into the third layer. • Superficial ulcers affect just the epithelium. Causes of Cat Corneal Ulcer The presence of corneal ulcer in cats might be as a result of whatever countless causes there is. Though the level of risk to the eye might be as damaging as to any other, it might be as a result of such a minor thing as an eyelash ingrown. However, in most instances, the causes are way more serious. These may include the following: • Paralysis of the facial nerve • Dry eyes • Injuries sustained during a play or fight • Dirt underneath the eyelid • Exposure to harmful substances • Infections due to virus and bacteria Bear in mind, if the cat is young, it is an easy target for the FHV or feline herpesvirus. This particular virus might affect the cat for the rest of its life via recurrence. Nonetheless, it doesn’t happen in each case. Symptoms of Cat Corneal Ulcer The corneal ulcer in cats are somewhat painful of a condition. Therefore, it is not that hard to notice when they run down on the cats. If your own cat shows the symptoms below, it is the time to see your vet: • General signs of problems with the vision of the cat • Pawing and rubbing at the affected eye • Clouded cornea • Reddening of the eye because of inflammation • Discharge from the affected eye • Sensitivity and squinting to bright light Prognosis of Cat Corneal Ulcer If you suspect that your cat has corneal ulcers, the best thing to do is to have it examined first. Commonly, the vet may conduct an observation of the eye affected by the condition, with the help of the fluorescein dye. The existence of the condition may be confirmed through a greenish color on the affected part of the eyes. Furthermore, the discoloration is due to the binding of the fluorescein into the ulcerous tissue. Bear in mind that the descemet’s membrane doesn’t absorb the dye. In the case of the descemetoceles, there may be a bulge. If you use a fluorescein dye, the condition may reveal the existence of via a green boundary and a dark circle. In order to determine whether the condition is due to a facial nerve paralysis, the function of the facial nerve will be analysed. A Schrimer’s test is essential in the case of eye dryness. This involves the insertion of paper strips in the eyes, in order to determine whether the amount of tears produced are sufficient in keeping the eyes wet. Treatments for Cat Corneal Ulcer The treatment for corneal ulcer in cats may depend on the underlying cause. In the event that the condition are deep or growing, a surgery may be necessary and activity may be restricted. Further, the vet might also put a collar on the neck of the cat to keep it from clawing its own eyes. In the event that a tumor or erosion are superficial, a surgical procedure might not be recommendable. Moreover, if the ulcer is deep, the vet might take a cotton swab or get rid of the loose layers of the cornea. Any laceration on the cornea needs prompt treatment and repair. Additionally, an incision sometimes, is made into the cornea for the hopes of repairing it. Please enter your comment! Please enter your name here
New species of flying frog found A new species of flying frog has been discovered less than 60 miles from Ho Chi Minh City in Vietnam. Helen's tree frog (Rhacophorus helenae) perched on a branch in Nui Ong Nature Reserve in Vietnam's Binh Thuan Province Credit: Photo: Reuters Jodi Rowley, an Australian biologist, and her Vietnamese team were conducting an amphibian survey between two patches of lowland forest in the middle of agricultural land criss-crossed by farmers and water buffalo each day, some 56 miles from Ho Chi Minh City, when they made their find. The four-inch bright green frog with a white belly managed to evade biologists until recently by gliding between treetops 20 yards up, only coming down to breed in temporary rain pools. Though discovered in 2009, it has taken until now to identify it for certain as a new species. It has been named Helen's tree frog (Rhacophorus helenae) after Ms Rowley's mother. The discovery highlighted the need for conservation in lowland forests, which have come under huge threat, Ms Rowley said. The two patches of trees that are home to Helen's tree frog are surrounded by rice paddies and agricultural land. Source: Reuters
Peter The Great • Date of Birth Date of Birth Peter the Great was born in Moscow, Russia who was originally born with the name of Pyotr Alexeyevich Romanov. the Romanov's were a very extensive family with a lot of history. they ruled a very long time and made some important reforms such as centralizing power for all of Russia. • First description of bacteria First description of bacteria A scientist by the name of Anton Van Leeuwenhoek made many important discoveries in the feild of science.One of the more important ones being in the year 1764. In this year Anton decided to look at bacteria under a microscope and describe it. This doesn't seem like such an important event but bacteria happens to be the first form of life and what everything evolved from. • Louis XIV Louis XIV When Louis XIV was in his 20s and was making some very important moves while he was ruling France Peter was about 4 years old and knew just about nothing and was in the prescence of his almighty and powerful father. Louis had already won some historical battles but Peter was just born and who knows, he might have even looked up to him as a leader. but probably not. • Became czar Became czar On his tenth birthday Peter ended school and became the czar of Russia. At this age he was under a lot of stress but since he was so young, it barely phased him. Even at such an early age, Peter was able to create an army. • Newton discovers first law of motion Newton discovers first law of motion Sir Issac Newton was making some suprising and remarkable theories about the laws of motion while peter the great was in rule of Russia. such as the first law of motion or inertia. which is a theory that states an object at motion will stay at motion unless an opposing force acts upon it. • Gold rush In 1693 people who were mining found gold in Brazil. This casued a breakout pretty much and the world spread fast. This was definetly a gold rush and the first one in the history of America. This was when peter was about 11 years old so this was his second year as czar and who knows what he did but what 11 year old doesnt want gold. • Goes to and studies Europe Goes to and studies Europe Peter wanted Russia to be more like europe with its culture, language and other aspects of life because Russia was getting a little out of hand. Peter then decided to travel to Russia with the sole purpose of finding out how Europe was run and how the people felt about it. All of this was undercover, of course. He did not want to be noticed by the people of europe. • Calendar When Peter became czar, Russia had a calendar where it began on September 1st instead of January 1st. He thought this didnt make sense of course because most people were Christian. So he even made some minor changes that helped people's lives be what they actually wanted. • Reforms to the military Reforms to the military At 27 years old Peter createa a standing army. Each of the soldiers recieved equal training and equipment so no one had an advantage. Before, his other army was a lot less experienced and did not have the weapons or armor needed to be a force with all the other armies. • The Black Plague The Black Plague One of the biggest epidemics was going on in Europe during the reign of Peter the Great. this bubonic plague had started way before he was born in the 1300s but was so bad that it lasted all the way up until the late 1700s. the plague killed nearly 75 percent of all of europe's population causing it to be known world wide even today. • Northern War At the time of this war. Peter was shaing the title of czar with his half brother Ivan V. He was only ten or eleven years old so he was not exactly sure of what to expect. But now he was almost thirty years old now and had gotten pretty used to ruling at this point. This was a very important war that Russia ended up being victorious in. • St. Petersburg After Peter got control and access of the Baltic Sea through his victories in the Great Northern War. Peter had been a great leader and made many memorable reforms for his country and the people of Russia. He built a standing army that helped him win some pretty important battles. He changed education, society, and government for what a lot of people thought was for the better and after about 20 years of being czar he decided to make a new capital called St. Petersburg • "The Great" Peter the Great changed many things for Russia. One of the most important reasons he is called the great is because of what he did to modernize Russia. He took the time to travel to Europe undercover and looked for what worked in their society and brought it over to Russia. Unless you really care about your country you wouldnt go to such lengths like peter did. • Peter defeats Sweden In 1706 Sweden decided to attack two cities in Russia and Peter the Great and his amy were not happy about this after they lost the city of Poland. Peter took his army of over 20,000 men and horses towards Sweden and were defeated the first time by a suprise attack from the Swedes. Hope was almost lost but they came back and defeated the Sweedish forcing them to surrender. • Government Peter made many reforms in many different areas. He changed the type of government Russia had. They originally had a tyranny which no one wants. Peter didnt change that part much but he was fair to everyone and everyone liked what he did in all because why else would he be called "The Great" • Date of Death Peter the Great passed away after only 53 years of life. He accomplished many unthinkable tasks that are very impportant to our history today. Peter the Great was truly gret and will be remebered.
Posted by / Wednesday, 7 December 2016 / No comments The weaknesses of the 1951 Macpheson Constitution of Nigeria The Macpherson constitution of Nigeria became effective in 1951 in response to the agitations of the political elements in Nigeria at the time led by Herbert Macaulay and Nnamdi Azikiwe. No clarity on  type of Legislature One of the weaknesses of the Macpherson constitution is that it was not able to clearly determine whether the country was to have a bicameral Legislature or a unicameral Legislature. This is because while the Northern and the Western Regions were given a bicameral Legislature, the Eastern Region on the hand was given a unicameral Legislature. Apart from that, the constitution did not make room for a Second Chamber at the national level. The position of a Prime Minister Another flaw in the Macpherson constitution is the fact that it did not provide for the post of a Prime Minister at the centre. The drawback of this lack of provision was that it affected national cohesion in a country with diverse ethnic groups, languages and cultures. It was divisive The Macpherson has also been criticized on the grounds that it did not allow for team work in the Cabinet that it created. For one thing, the members of the cabinet were chosen from the three regions into which the country had been divided and received instructions from their respective regions and therefore tend to owe allegiance to the regions. It did not decide the federal question Another demerit of the Macpherson constitution is that it was not decisive on whether the country should be a federal state or a unitary state. Consequently, the two systems were employed in the running of the country. Semi-responsible government The Macpherson constitution was also criticized for its inability to grant a full responsible government to the people of Nigeria. This was so because the British were still in charge of External Affairs and Defense, for example. Governor to decide constitutional questions Another flaw in the Macpherson constitution is that it did not create a constitutional court to which conflicts arising out of the provisions of the constitution could be referred. Rather it gave the Governor the powers to determine constitutional questions that may arise. 1. Highlight six disadvantages of the Macpherson constitution of Nigeria. 2. What were the disadvantages of any pre-independent constitution in your country? Related Posts
6. Description of [Holleman's] Own Transmutation Experiments 6.1. Summary of the Methods Used The experiments that are to be described were as far as possible conducted according to the guidelines stated in section 3.1.5. The organism used was Chlorella vulgaris. The cumulative method given in section was followed; nutrient solution was inoculated with a small amount of an algal culture in the same medium. Under the conditions chosen, this culture became fully developed in 10 - 14 days. At the end of this growth period the entire contents of the dish used for the experiment was evaporated, ashed and returned to the original condition of the initial nutrient solution as described in section For a second growth period this new nutrient solution was inoculated by a culture that had during this time been made ready. This culture was again brought to development, etc... By this means it was possible under the given conditions to repeat the periods of growth six times in, most importantly, the one volume of feeding solution in one and the same vessel. Since it is important to be able to determine the size of a possible effect after one, two, etc., to six growth periods, the whole experiment was split up into six parallel part experiments, of which the first was broken off after one growth period, the following after two, etc., through to the sixth growth period. At the same time, six control experiments were set up with entirely the same composition as the experimental group that went with them and for which only the handling after each inoculation differed; they were evaporated and ashed immediately after inoculation. It must be pointed out that this difference in handling does not entirely comply with the demands formulated in section 3.2 for the utmost maintenance of the identity of experiment and control. In later experiments, described below, this difficulty was attempted to be met by the control dishes being at all times during the entire growth period allowed to run together in the apparatus with the actual growth experiments. The algal growth was prevented by means of an artificially brought about acid reaction (experiment III), the exclusion of light (experiment 8508-1), or by heating for one hour at 100 degrees centigrade (experiment V). 6.2. Essentials of the Set Ups [This unnumbered section should perhaps belong elsewhere as it, for example, covers the intended analysis of a number of non volatile chemical elements which, in fact, Holleman did not succeed in doing. It is however, included here because of it's direct relevance to his Chlorella research. See section 6.3, section, section 7.2.3 and section]. 1. Quantitative composition measured before and after. 2. The experiment to extend as far as possible to the whole life process. Assimilation facilitated by means of (a) air carrying CO2, (b) extra light, (c) agitation. 3. Study only the non volatile elements: K, Ca, Mg, P, (C, H, N, [potentially volatile as elements or compounds]), S(?), Fe(?). Especially study magnesium with regards to the important role of this element in assimilation. 4. [Illegible]. 5. Increase of the effect obtained by (a) repetition of culture growth in a solution composed of the same minerals; (b) stimulation of the growth by supply of air - carbon dioxide. 6. Limiting sources of error by; [illegible, incomplete]. 6.3. Composition of the Experimental Series; Experiments I - III Experiments I-III (1975-1982) are given below, as described by Holleman. His later experiments (1982-1989) are described by myself (D.R.C.) based on his laboratory notebooks and other loose notes; these were often very sketchy and difficult to follow and understand. 6.3.1. Experiments I - III (1975 - 1982) There were in total 3 series of experiments set up (I-III). The first two consisted of 6 quartz dishes with inoculated nutrient solution and 6 control dishes with similarly handled and inoculated nutrient solution, which were immediately evaporated as described in section, ashed and redissolved to produce a solution of the ashes. [See figure 1, section 7.1.1 for an overview of the experimental set-up]. I. The first experiment came no further than the first growth period; a fault in the thermostat of the shaking bath towards the end of this period raised the water temperature to close to 100 degrees. The experimental cultures, in parallel with the controls, were quantitatively worked through to ash solutions. The development of the algae, during nine days of the experiment, was negligible. The likely reason was the small quantity (0.1ml) of inoculation material used. In the following experiments (II and III) the inoculation was thus increased to 2ml of the powerfully developed stock culture. This amount was derived from a paper of van Hille (1930). II. The second experiment progressed right through to completion, although the development of the algae in the later six stages (a, b, ..., f) was extremely variable. The ashing caused a considerable alkalisation of the mixture of salts obtained. Therefore, in order to ensure the viability of the algae in the following stages a generous quantity of nitric acid was added to the ash and the excess removed by careful evaporation. For further information see section [Holleman originally referred here to a section which has not been found; it may have shed light on a technical problem encountered during the ashing process that probably affected the results of the experiment enormously - see sections 6.3.2,,, 10.2.3 for further details]. It appeared during the progress of the experiments that the pH of the newly reconstituted solution depended strongly on the amount of nitric acid added and the method of evaporation. From pre-experiments it was initially concluded that an addition of 0.1m.eq. nitric acid was sufficient. It later turned out that 0.5 to 1.0m.eq. was needed to ensure a pH of 4-6 for the solution attained. III. The third experiment was in part combined with the second. A place for a culture dish in the shaking bath became free after each stage of experiment II which could be utilised by a new culture. This was made use of in experiment III such that a number of culture and control dishes could go through a number of stages together. The control dish of this experiment was beforehand endowed with the same quantity of nitric acid that the experimental culture received after completion of growth. The idea was to overcome the imperfect parallel treatment of experimental and control cultures and to place both groups open to entirely the same external conditions. Unfortunately it turned out that this quantity of nitric acid (5ml 0.01N) was not sufficient to completely prevent the development of the algae. A number of intermediary experiments were conducted during this time on the difficulties of analysing for calcium and magnesium. See section 7.2.3 for further details. 6.3.2. Experiments IV - V (1982 - 1987) Following the unexplained results of experiment II (see section 7.2.1), the experimental procedures were improved and refined. Special attention was given to the prevention of contamination; culture maintenance; ashing and hydrolysis procedures; and the number of experimental replicates (i.e. parallel running identical cultures). [See figure 1 and figure 7 in sections 7.1.1 and 8.1.1 for details of the experimental set-ups]. Experiment IV cannot be described in any detail because of a severe lack of information recorded in Holleman's laboratory notebook; blank pages were left to be completed at a later date, but this was never done. Whilst the initial set up and most of the results were recorded on loose notes and in his laboratory notebook, neither the aims, nor procedure, nor conclusions were given. It was presumably intended to replicate, or compliment the results of Experiment II. Chlorophyll content, phosphate and the elements potassium and sodium (the latter two analysed by flame photometry) were measured for the 30 (or 24?) cultures. It is not clear whether the number of cycles was 4 or - more logically, given that 6 sets of 4 culture beakers were used - 6. The indications are that they were probably 6 sets of 2 experimental cultures, 1 control and 1 culture for the taking of samples, thus the experiment was presumably run for 6 cycles. Holleman states elsewhere that the results were not positive; i.e. they followed the conservation laws. The accuracy of the polyphosphate determinations was not thought to be very good. A large number of relatively small experiments and tests were conducted between experiments IV and V (August '82 -December '85): - The size and shape of possible culture vessels were examined with the aim, not only of improving agitation, but also with the intention of decreasing the size of the culture vessels to be able to increase the number of vessels that might fit in the shaking bath. - It was considered that the ashing process, following the Middleton-Stuckey method [presumably the method used so far] may not be sufficient for a complete oxidation of all organic matter. Instead two culture tubes were treated with both nitric and sulphuric acids. In fact [according to Holleman] the sulphate ions would be likely to replace all other anions (except phosphate), which was not acceptable [- would the sulphate affect the algae?]. Therefore further tests on different ashing and hydrolysis procedures (both for the reconstitution of a new culture solution and also for phosphate hydrolysis for analysis) were conducted. - The consequences of trace element impurities present in the suprapure nitric acid were considered to be significant. With each dose of nitric acid, traces of copper would accumulate in the culture solutions. Toxic levels would potentially be reached after only 4 cycles. Whether any practical action was taken was not stated. - Phosphate, chlorophyll and organic matter determination was investigated to varying degrees. - The loss of the Labline shaking bath resulted in a major change in apparatus and, to a lesser extent, procedure. - Agitation of the algae to keep them in suspension was attained by the bubbling of carbon dioxide carrying air directly into the culture fluid. The most suitable culture vessels were test tubes. Temperature was maintained inside a terrarium (an aquarium without water) and was lit by fluorescent tubes designed for use with an aquarium. - Evaporation and partial ashing of completed algal growth by means of an aluminium block heater for the test tubes was the subject of extensive testing. - The deficit of potassium measured in experiment II was attempted by Holleman to be brought down to what he called trivial reasons [see section 10.2.3 for a critical discussion on this]. According to the literature, polyphosphates, which are formed by heating the ash to 500 degrees, under certain conditions, can form insoluble sodium salts. Holleman put forward the hypothesis that this may also be true for potassium. An analysis of the ash solution by flame photometry requires the absence of any such precipitates. Thus the necessary removal of any precipitates by filtration may result in the measurement of an apparent reduction in the potassium content of a Chlorella culture. The acid treatment of the ash is important in the hydrolysis of the polyphosphates, thus converting them into soluble phosphate ions. The experimental procedure was to treat the ashed Chlorella culture with insufficient acid. The unexpected result was that the ash was completely soluble in pure water (at ca.70 degrees). The highly alkaline solution was more so than was expected. The pH was investigated with the titration of hydrochloric acid. - Another potential cause of the potassium loss recorded in experiment II and considered by Holleman was the involvement of the algal organic matter in the ashing process. The oxidation during the heating to 500 degrees of this organic matter could result in the formation of localised hot spots of a significantly higher temperature. This could lead to the melting, evaporation and loss of some potassium compounds. The [circumstantial] evidence for such an hypothesis was that the potassium loss occurred only with the experimental growth cultures and not in the control dishes in which algal growth did not occur. These former cultures would contain significantly greater amounts of organic matter [this would not, however, explain the potassium's subsequent reappearance]. - The alkalinity of the ash solutions cannot, apparently, be exclusively explained by a removal of water from the phosphates [polyphosphate formation]. Most likely is the removal of nitrates from solution. The nitrates are taken up by the algae out of solution, but there is also the possibility of nitrite formation. Therefore preliminary experiments involving the determination of nitrates were conducted. Unfortunately the results were unreliable due to a suspect spectrophotometer. - [By way of light relief??] 10 dandelion (Taraxacum) seeds were germinated and subsequently ashed, along with a further 10 control (ungerminated) seeds. Unfortunately there is no record of the ashes ever having been analysed. - During (and after) the sprouting of the aforementioned dandelion seeds, Chlorella experiments continued as before. Growth experiments were conducted involving the measurement of algal growth and the monitoring/regulation of the gas supply. The overall gas pressure was able to be better controlled by the addition of a more accurate regulator and a pressure gauge. The supply to each culture tube was able to be controlled by means of adjustable pressure clips attached to the silicon rubber tubing connected to every gas inlet glass capillary tube. The algal growth was monitored every couple of days by measuring the optical density of specially diluted, very small samples of well mixed Chlorella culture solution. - A proposal to determine the loss of culture fluid due to the possibility of the gas bubbles, bubbling through the cultures, creating spray (micro droplets) was considered, but no clear details or results were given. - The weight loss of the system was measured so that distilled water could be added to replace that lost by evaporation. This was crucial to the measurements of algal concentration. The necessary uncoupling of the culture tubes from the gas supply was, however, a very delicate operation. Thus it was decided, instead of weighing, to mark the original fluid level on the side of the tube and at the end of the algal growth period, to top up the tube to its original level. Further modifications to the culture apparatus were made and tested: - The position of the lights was improved. - To improve the mixing of the algal suspensions, quartz capillary tubes were compared with very fine PVC and also polythene tubing. The gas pressure, inlet tube internal diameter and also the height of the inlet tube from the bottom of the culture tube all affected the size and rate of bubbles produced. This in turn had an affect on the agitation of the Chlorella which is essential to prevent it's sinking and the formation of clumps. Foaming of the solutions was another problem. Tests involved: - Floating a loosely fitting piece of plastic on top of the culture liquid; - Siliconising the tubes; - Use of the proprietary solution Span 85; - Adding a tiny amount of liquid paraffin to the culture solution; - Smearing a very small amount of Vaseline over the inlet tubes. This latter treatment proved to be the best. - The evaporative loss of water from the growth cultures was attempted to be compensated for by the warming of the gas wash flask. This successfully increased the water content of the gas supply. In fact when the gas wash flask was heated to 55 degrees the algal cultures actually gained in volume. A Tecam thermostatically controlled water bath set to 27 degrees, in which the gas wash flask sat, provided the chosen compromise temperature. The water loss was found to depend on the temperature difference between the laboratory and the cultures. - The tubing, through which the gas was supplied, was shortened to help reduce water loss by condensation inside the tubes. Experiment 8508-1 formed a preliminary part of experiment V. Six duplicate culture tubes (i.e. 12 in total) were inoculated with Chlorella, but with one of these pairs used as a control. The control pair was identical to the others except that light was excluded, thus preventing algal growth. The pairs were stopped after 2, 4, 7, 9, and 11 days. The control pair also underwent the full culture conditions for 11 days. The chlorophyll concentration of each of these tubes was measured by two different techniques. The ash solutions of the two control tubes were later used as part of experiment V. Before starting experiment V, an experiment was started with the aim of determining that potassium in ionic form is completely detected by flame photometry, independent of the presence of other ions and polyphosphate ions in particular. Holleman here states that these polyphosphates are not only produced during ashing, but also during the physiological process (Kuhl, [1960]). The two pairs of culture tubes differed only in the treatment of their ashes. One pair was hydrolysed in the same manner as experiment II with HClO4, the other pair was hydrolysed by the preferred method with HCl. The first pair, treated as in experiment II, possessed a slight precipitate possibly of calcium phosphates. As required for flame photometry the solutions were filtered, thus removing any precipitate from the solutions to be analysed. The ash solutions were [unfortunately] never analysed. Rather than complete his investigations to test for possible trivial reasons for the temporary loss of potassium from the experimental series of experiment II, Holleman set up experiment V, which was designed to be a full repeat of experiment II. All the improvements in apparatus and procedure that had been developed were incorporated (see section 8 for details). The procedure involved maximising the number of replicates and cycles given the constraint that there was room for only 12 tubes in the culture container. The control cultures were killed by a heating to approximately 100 degrees. The growth cultures were then placed alongside the controls in the culture container, both sets of tubes being treated equally. Due to constraints of space the experimental cultures and the controls with which they were paired [i.e. the experimental and control cultures which were to undergo the same number of experimental cycles] were not able to run at the same time together however. (See section for details). The observation of strong algal growth in a control tube (originally heated for 2 hours at 100 degrees) led to the immediate setting up of a small experiment. The idea was to test the effectiveness of heat killing the algal cultures. Four culture tubes (using the same stem culture as before) were heated; one for 15 minutes; one for 30 minutes; one tube for 60 minutes and the fourth tube was evaporated till dry then redissolved with distilled water. The first 3 tubes after 14 days showed a certain degree of development. A second experiment was also set up: Holleman had noticed from the literature (Kuhl [1960], Walker [1953]) that autoclaving, rather than the ultrafiltration used by Holleman, was normally used for the sterilisation of culture media. He considered whether the replacement of this method by ultrafiltration could be the reason for his variable results. Another 4 culture tubes were set up; one pair with autoclaved nutrient solution, the other was not [ultrafiltration was in fact not mentioned here, so I can only assume that it was]. After 4 days hardly any differences were to be observed between them. Experiment 8611-1 was described as a preliminary experiment to a replication of experiment V. Two parallel experiments with 4 identical tubes in each. The 2 parallel experiments were inoculated each with a different stem culture. The optical density of the cultures was measured at regular intervals. Evaporation of the culture fluid was observed to be considerable. To compensate, a calibrated measuring stick was used to measure the volume of the individual tubes and thus the amount of water lost from each. Approximately 2% of the volume was lost per day. The possibility of the raising of the temperature of the wash flask by a few degrees to compensate for evaporative losses had been tried before and was not reliable. The only practical alternative considered was a return to the weighing, before and after each growth period, of each culture tube and its accompanying quartz glass capillary gas inlet tube. Four of these tubes were ashed, in 2 stages, in preparation for the next experiment. The tubes were divided into pairs; one set received 0.5ml of 0.1N HNO3 the other set twice as much (2.5x and 5x that used in experiment V, respectively). Both were neutralised using NaOH and topped up with water to 5ml. Their optical density over a period of 12 days was monitored. The first pair showed very good growth, from start to finish. The second pair showed extremely poor growth to begin with, but by the end of the growth period they were very close to having caught up. Experiment 8712-1 involved the ashing in 2 stages of 5ml each of 5 different stem cultures, of different ages and storage histories, left over from previous cycles of experiment V. These ashes were apparently hydrolysed, as they were recorded amongst the flame photometry potassium and sodium analysis results of experiment V. Nutrient solution, made 3.5 years previously was also analysed and showed lower potassium values than might be expected. This nutrient solution was presumably that used in Experiment V. [Some or all?] of the tubes containing the ashed nutrient solution did however also contain the small rings of silicon rubber tubing used to hold the quartz capillary inlet tubes in place, which had presumably fallen in by accident. Thus the ash was contaminated by silicates. What effect they may have had, if any, was not given. The promised comment on these flame photometry results was never made. The quartz test tubes showed signs of corrosion from the algal ashing. Also, with the leading of hot air through aqueous solutions which were at boiling point, corrosion was clearly to be seen. The suspension, which presumably consists of pure silicon dioxide, may possibly, by adsorption, have an affect on the chemical composition of the culture solution. The cause of this corrosion may well be (overheated?) steam. By heating too quickly, such steam could be produced by the ashing of the algal carbohydrates and also if such oxidation (burning) occurs before the tubes were completely dry. By means of a phased ashing process, involving the heating being conducted in stages, the water can escape before the burning of the carbon residues. An exploratory experiment was conducted with this in mind: Two quartz test tubes were used, one well used and partly corroded, the other pretty well transparent. Equal amounts of the same algal culture were added, then evaporated till dry (at ca.100 degrees) in the usual manner. On being placed in the oven, detailed observations were made on the ashing process as the temperature increased with time. As usual, the temperature was held for a little over an hour at 500 degrees. The next day again normal procedure was followed for the second ashing at 500 degrees. After half an hour the light colour of the carbon deposits were clearly reduced. After an Easter break [!] the ashing was repeated until all signs of carbon deposits had disappeared. The ash was redissolved and inoculated. Chlorella development was not particularly good. The cultures were then stored in the fridge and the experiment was not taken further. The observations made during the initial heating were potentially significant however. Most of the breakdown (charring) of the organic matter occurred during the heating from 200-300 degrees. Thus a first phase of ashing could take place at 250 degrees for about half an hour. The evaporation procedure was also considered. A test of the vitality of two stem cultures, one 5 months and the other one year old gave the surprising result that whilst both were still active, the oldest was most so! Holleman's last laboratory notebook (Chlorella Research Oct. 1984 - [May 1987] Book V) ended with a consideration of further research involving synchronised Chlorella cultures, though he was somewhat sceptical of the literature on the subject. [The following section shows that this scepticism proved to be unfounded]. 6.3.3. Experiment VI (1987 - 1989) [This last phase of Holleman's work was written on loose notes. My lack of a full understanding of many of the methods and procedures in this section was mostly due to an absence of any explanation by him of these proceedings. In fact, no significant results were recorded during this period which helps explain the enigmatic results of experiment II. Nevertheless, I do not wish to imply that Holleman's synchronisation experiments were not of importance. These last experiments break the mould of much of his previous work. I therefore feel able to take the potentially controversial step of interpreting, rather than directly reporting what I can of that which Holleman wished to be the starting point for further research]. This section differs from all previous sections in as much as the emphasis is almost entirely on Chlorella itself. Because very little information was recorded on the procedures used, let us start with the principles given in section 3, etc. which have been the basis for all his previous research. Here he states the importance of promoting the conditions necessary for the maximum unfolding of organic life, or development [See section 10.2.2 for a consideration of the complexities involved in such a simple statement]. This was facilitated by examining Chlorella samples from cultures under a microscope. Thus the development of the individual cells was able to be followed. Quantitative cell counts gave an exact measurement of cell density over time. This, coupled with qualitative observations, enabled the progress of external cell development and reproduction to be observed. As usual, the optical densities were also taken; a few times they were compared with total dry weight production. Carbohydrate and protein production were also considered for measurement. The chemical processes were not entirely neglected; pH as well as nitrate, potassium and sodium were at various times on the programme for analysis. The reason for Holleman embarking on a journey towards a deeper understanding of Chlorella was certainly his wish to find an explanation for the unexplained appearance and subsequent reappearance of potassium in experiment II. In a letter written in 1991 he stated that for a long time after the results of experiment II [and probably even more so after experiment IV failed to replicate them] he was frightened that he had made a terrible experimental error. It was only later that he developed the idea that a transmutation process may be part of a rhythmic, reversible process [see section 5 and also Appendix I]. His earliest recorded ideas on this involved the processes of assimilation and dissimulation [the latter term is not a biological term; at first I considered it to refer the process of respiration which it may well for Holleman have actually become, however in the form in which it was first considered it almost certainly referred to the process of decomposition - see section 10.2.2 for further consideration]. The processes of assimilation and growth occur in the light; respiration and reproduction in the dark. It was the processes of growth and reproduction that Holleman was to focus on by the beginning of this section. The means to this end was the use of synchronous cultures. The method chosen to obtain a homogeneous, synchronised algal culture, with the phases of growth and reproduction in step was fortunately an extremely simple one. It merely involved the implementation of a fixed (regular), light/dark regime of, say, 10 hours light and 14 hours dark. The literature states that parallel to the light/dark cycle the synchronous cultures should be maintained at a constant cell density by means of a dilution procedure that is in phase with the light/dark regime. This is normally done by counting the number algal cells per millilitre on a daily basis. From this count a dilution of the culture can be calculated to give a fixed cell density. The figure chosen from the literature by Holleman was 1.6x106 cells/ml. There is no evidence from his notes that such a regular dilution was ever made. Despite the cell count being made fairly regularly, the dilution itself was only recorded as being done at the start of every new culture. In experiment VI however, a dilution may have been conducted at the end of the first growth cycle, immediately before ashing. There is no evidence that these ashes were used though, either to start a new culture or that they were analysed. Now it is that I wish to speculate on Holleman's intentions. From the guidelines in section 3, and supported in practice as evidenced by his laboratory notebooks and elsewhere, it is clear that the cumulative method was at the centre of Holleman's transmutation research with Chlorella. Therefore it is probable that his intention was to combine the cumulative method with the production of synchronous cultures. A continuous dilution, in these circumstances, though desirable in maximising the growth of the algae, would involve the continual addition, to the original mineral content, of new nutrient solution; thus any accumulation of the results of a potential transmutation would also be diluted. In cycle one of experiment VI there would have had to have been a dilution of 300 times! (In a later experiment a cell multiplication of over 10,000 times was recorded!!) With the determination of the Chlorella concentration at the end of the first growth period, the required volume of algae required for the inoculation of the next culture cycle may be calculated, removed and temporarily stored. The remaining culture solution may be ashed and redissolved in the usual manner, before being re-inoculated by the Chlorella sample taken earlier. If the timing of the ashing always occurs at the same point in the light/dark regime, any transmutation that may occur during a particular physiological (growth/reproduction, assimilation/respiration) stage of the algae would be accumulated. The Kalignost quantitative chemical test for the element potassium was re-examined in preparation for ash analyses, but was stopped, presumably because of the moving of his department and his subsequent loss of laboratory space.
Latest News Posted 11/24/15 (Tue) Biologists, doctors and researchers from the scientific community in 2013 released a consensus statement that concluded the following: • Lead is one of the most well-studied of all anthropogenic toxins and there is overwhelming scientific evidence demonstrating that there is no safe level of lead exposure for children; and • Lead-based ammunition is likely the greatest, largely unregulated source of lead knowingly discharged into the environment in the United States; and • The discharge of lead-based ammunition and accumulation of spent lead-based ammunition in the environment poses significant health risks to humans and wildlife; and • Lead-based ammunition is a significant source of lead exposure in humans that ingest wild game, and people consuming meat shot with lead-based ammunition have been shown to have lead pellets/fragments in the gastrointestinal tract; and • Lead poisoning from ingestion of spent lead-based ammunition fragments poses a serious and significant threat to wildlife, including wild scavenging species such as the bald and golden eagle; and • Given the overwhelming evidence for the toxic effects of lead in humans and wildlife, even at very low exposure levels, convincing data that the discharge of lead-based ammunition into the environment poses significant risks of lead exposure to humans and wildlife, and the availability of non-lead alternative products for hunting, the [science community] supports reducing and eventually eliminating the introduction of lead into the environment from lead-based ammunition. Because of this evidence, the Lower Brule Sioux Tribe Dept. of Wildlife, Fish and Recreation began a lead ammunition ban in 2016: • Lead ammunition phase-out began on February 1, 2016 for only shotgun ammunition. • A lead ban exemption may be requested by any hunter for the use of a vintage firearm that is likely to be damaged by the use of non-lead ammunition.  Exemptions will be valid as long as the hunter retains ownership of the exempted firearm   Exemption applications are available online or at the Wildlife Department and must be approved by the Director.
19,311 Pages Eraicon-Revelations book.png In 1512, Desiderius Erasmus, a Dutch scholar and the leader of the Northern European Assassins, began to notice Martin Luther's new views on Christianity and realized that the church would enter a state of chaos. Erasmus wrote a letter to Claudia Auditore da Firenze, temporary leader of the Italian Assassins, to inform them of the young priest.
Recovery is known as the “5th event” in women’s gymnastics. This encompasses nutrition, physical/mental rehabilitation, and sleep to fully allow the body to repair and recover from high loads of intense training required by the sport. There are so many aspects of recovery that gymnasts can improve upon. Nutrition can be an issue when long practices run into meals and snacks (most do over 4+ hours) and needs special attention. In this article I’ll cover the “big rocks” of recovery nutrition and what you need to ensure your gymnast is getting right today. Recovery starts with adequate nutrition If your gymnast is not eating enough to support her daily energy needs, growth/development, and training…it doesn’t really matter what she’s eating post-workout as the body won’t have the building blocks it needs to fully repair and rebuild. Inadequate energy availability or RED-S is a big reason that many gymnast experience not only delayed puberty but the accompanying issues of overuse injuries and non-healing injuries, along with less-than-expected improvements and adaptions to training. Signs your gymnast isn’t eating enough: No period by 16 years old (called primary amenorrhea and needs to be evaluated by physician, most likely related to inadequate energy availability in a high level gymnast but could be related to other hormone related conditions like PCOS) or infrequent periods (called secondary amenorrhea which is absence of menstruation for 3 or more months).  -Recurrent injuries, overuse injuries, or slow-to-heal injuries that aren’t following the expected recovery timeline -Excessive soreness and poor recovery between workouts: many gymnasts are very over trained by Friday/Saturday. This is often related to poor programming in the gym, but can also be a consequence of inadequate nutrition/hydration which impairs recovery between workouts. Adequate nutrition means enough protein to keep the athlete in a positive protein balance, adequate carbohydrate to fully saturate muscle and liver glycogen stores from which the body draws upon during a gymnastics, and enough fat to provide energy and the building blocks for hormones, etc. Obviously adequate nutrition also encompasses adequate micronutrients (vitamins/minerals) and antioxidants, but we’ll talk more about that in another post. Recovery continues with adequate Performance Nutrition The next aspect of Recovery Nutrition relates to the nutrition and hydration provided before and during a workout. The protein consumed before a workout provides the amino acids that are available to the body immediately post-workout to start the recovery process. This is part of the reason that you don’t have to necessarily slam a protein shake within 30 minutes of a workout (see here), though this is highly dependent on training frequency/duration and if the gymnast has two-a-day workouts. The carbohydrates consumed pre and intra-workout will replace what the body is using during anaerobic exercise like gymnastics and spare the body from breaking down the muscle tissue for energy. As glycogen stores decline, rate of perceived exertion increases and muscle breakdown increases. Carbohydrate is “protein sparing” and thus should not be restricted. Using percentages of the diet as carbohydrate are out of favor as weight-based dosing of macronutrients is more specific to the athlete, which is how I work with my high level 1:1 gymnast nutrition coaching clients.   Neglecting pre and intra-workout nutrition will impair the body’s ability to adequately recover post-workout. Even if the gymnast is consuming post-workout nutrition, it will serve to pay the “debt” from no pre/intra-workout nutrition and won’t go towards actually rebuilding stronger and fully repairing the body. In short, if you don’t not replace the energy (calories) the body is using during a workout, the body will be left in a deficit and is forced to break down muscle tissue for energy which impairs full adaption to training. Recovery continues with post-workout nutrition and hydration There is a myth about post-workout nutrition in terms of having to eat IMMEDIATELY post workout or you’ll “lose the gainz”. This isn’t necessarily true, and for most gymnasts practicing 3-4 hours a day the next meal/snack after practice is usually sufficient if consumed within 1-2 hours. If the gymnast has practice from 4-8PM and skips dinner when she gets home because it’s “too late”, that’s an issue. If the gymnast has practice from 8-1PM and then skips lunch because they had intra-workout fuel and are worried about “eating too much”, that’s also a problem (real life story). If your gymnast has a long commute to and from the gym and it’s going to be longer than 1-2 hours before a meal or post-workout snack can be consumed, then it would be wise to bring a snack to gym to be consumed after practice on the way home. If your gymnast has a morning workout, you should consume breakfast, pre-workout/intra-workout nutrition, recovery snack/lunch, afternoon snack, dinner, and maybe a bedtime snack. If your gymnast has an afternoon workout, they should have breakfast, mid-AM snack, lunch, pre-workout snack, intra-workout snack, post-workout snack/dinner, and maybe a bedtime snack.    The recovery snacks in addition to lunch or dinner are all dependent on energy needs, frequency/duration/timing of training. I also factor in the athlete’s appetite and preferences when deciding on the meal patterns with them. So how much protein should my gymnast be consuming post-workout? Post-workout protein is about attaining the “leucine threshold” so that muscle protein synthesis (MPS) is maximally stimulated. We know from the research that it takes bout 20-40 g of high quality protein (contains 3g leucine, animal proteins) to “turn on” MPS. How much protein is dependent on whether this is a post-workout snack or meal and what has already been consumed. Nutrition is about “context”, and just giving a blanket recommendation of 20-40g protein post-workout and other 20-40g at the meal when the gymnast arrives home could be too much for a young high level gymnast or even inadequate depending on age, weight, goals, gender, etc. The gymnast should be consuming at least 0.7-0.9 g/lb protein (1.5-2 g/kg) per day, divided into 3-5 “feedings” which works out to 3 meals and 1-3 snacks. Does the gymnast need carbohydrate post-workout? Yes, for two reasons. First, carbohydrate is needed to start the refueling process for muscle/liver glycogen stores. Aggressive carbohydrate refeeding needs to take place if the gymnast has two-a-day workouts to ensure they are properly fueled for the second training. Secondly, carbohydrate causes a small spike in insulin which works synergistically with muscle protein synthesis (this is a good thing). This is nothing abnormal about this mechanism. When carbohydrates are consumed, they are broken down into their most basic building block- glucose- and when the body senses the blood glucose levels rise it signals the pancreas to produce insulin which is a storage hormone that allows glucose to enter the cells for energy. There are lots of myths floating around about insulin and people erroneously believing that any amount of insulin production will cause fat storage which is untrue. More on this in another post. The “how much” of the carbohydrate is dependent on frequency/intensity/duration of training, age, overall energy needs, goals, etc. Using the moderate to high activity performance plates are a good place to start. More specifically, anywhere from 3-10g/kg is recommended for gymnasts though needs to be tailored to their energy needs and training. Is it bad for the gymnast to eat late at night? One big issue with post-workout nutrition is gymnasts getting home late (past 8PM) from practice and worrying about eating a big dinner so close to bed. There are lots of myths out there about not eating past a certain time and the notion that somehow foods magically gain more calories at 8:00PM versus 7:59PM. Again, nutrition is all about context. Most people who “eat late at night” and are struggling with their health/weight are snacking on junk foods, going past their energy needs, etc. That is very different than the gymnast getting home and eating dinner at 9:30 PM because practice goes until 9:00PM and they need to recover and make up the nutrition. I prefer gymnasts not to eat dinner before practice unless there is sufficient time for digestion. Dinner meals tend to be high in fat, fiber, and protein that I’d recommend for a pre-workout meal/snack which all has to do with timing of the carbohydrate digestion and their availability to the body when needing during training. This is also the reason I don’t want gymnasts eating dinner during practice as blood flow to the stomach is compromised and the digestive capacity is unlikely to support a full meal that has normal amounts of fat, protein, and fiber. here is nothing wrong with coming home and having dinner when it’s “late”. Sometimes gymnasts will just “snack” because they don’t believe they can enjoy a full sized meal, but it comes down to timing and energy balance if there are body composition concerns. There are more subtleties to recovery nutrition in terms of managing inflammation, specific nutrient like casein, etc. but these are not the “big rocks” of nutrition and thus will be expounded upon in another post. Before you get into those things that makes the 2-3% difference, focus on adequate nutrition, timing of performance nutrition, and adequate post workout nutrition (and hydration—stay tuned for another post on all things hydration!). In Summary If this article was helpful but you still have questions about your gymnast, please send me a message or apply for 1:1 nutrition coaching if you think your gymnast has a problem and needs help. I work with high level gymnasts and help them find food freedom while pursuing elite performance. Those two things can co-exist, and I’d love to show you how!
Neuro Vocab 1. agnosia loss of ability to recognize importance of sensory impressions 2. agraphia loss of ability to express thoughts in writing 3. amnesia loss of memory 4. analgesia loss of pain sensation 5. aphasia loss of power of expression by speech, writing, or signs or of comprehension of spoken or written language 6. apraxia loss of ability to perform purposeful movements in the absence of sensory or motor damage, e.g.: inability to use objects correctly 7. ataxia inability to perform coordinated movements 8. athetosis bizarre, slow,twisting, writhing movements resembling a snake or worm 9. chorea sudden rapid, jerky, purposeless movement involving limbs, trunk, or face 10. clonus rapidly alternating involuntary contraction and relaxation of a muscle in response to sudden stretch 11. coma state of profound unconsciousness from which person cannot be aroused 12. decerebrate rigidity arms stuffly extended, adducted, internally rotated' legs stiffly extended, plantar flexed 13. decorticate rigidity arms adducted and flexed, wrists and fingers flexed' legs extended, internally rotated, plantar flexed 14. dysarthria imperfect articulation of speech due to problems of muscular control resulting from central or peripheral nervous system damage 15. dysphasia impairmebt in speech consisting in lack of coordination and inability to arrange words in their proper order 16. extinction disappearance of conditioned response 17. fasciculation rapid continuous twitching of resting muscle without movement fo limb 18. flaccidity loss of muscle tone, limp 19. graphesthesia ability to "read" a number by having it traced on the skin 20. hemiplegia loss of motot power (paralysis) on one ide of the body, usually caused by a cerebrovascular accident' paralysis occurs on the side opposite of lesion 21. lower motor neuron motor neuron in the peripheral nervous system with its nerve fiber extending out to the muscle and only its cell body in the central nervous system 22. myoclonus rapid sudden jerk of muscle 23. nuchal rigidity sitffnes in cervial neck 24. nystagmus back and forth oscillation of the eyes 25. opisthotonos prolonged arching of back, with head and heals bent backward and meningeal irritation 26. paralysis decreased or loss of motor function due to problem with motor nerve or muscle fibers 27. paraplegia impairment or loss of motor function due to problem with motor/sensory function in the lower hapf of the body 28. paresthesia abnormal sensation; tingling, burning, numbness, prickling, crawling 29. point localization ability of the person to discriminate exactly where onthe body the skin has been touched 30. proprioception sensory information concerning body movements and position of the body in space 31. spasticity continous resistance to strectching by a muscle due to abnormally increased tension, with increased deep tendon reflexes 32. stereognosis ability to recognize objects by feeling their forms, sizes and weights while the eyes are closed 33. tic repetitive twitching of a muscle group at inappropriate times; a wink, grimace 34. tremor involuntary contraction of opposing muscle groups resulting in ryhthmic movemenbt of one or more joints 35. two-point discrimination ability to distinguish the separation of two simultaneous pinpricks on the skin 36. upper motor neuron nerve located entrirely whithin the central nervous system Card Set Neuro Vocab ch 23
Power Factor Home/Reference/Power Factor Welcome to Genesis Now’s on-line guide to Power Factor with emphasis on electricity customers in Victoria and NSW (Australia). Victorian electricity distribution companies are moving from kW to kVA charges. This change will give electricity customers a financial incentive to have a high power factor. This page describes the situation and a strategy to minimise capital costs and ongoing expenses. The Issue Most businesses buy electricity from a remote generator. In Victoria and most of NSW, the electricity has been metered in kilowatts (kW, a measure of power) and kilowatt-hours (kWh, a measure of energy). This is reasonable, as the number of kilowatt-hours used governs how much useful work the electricity can do for the customer. So far, so good. However, getting the electricity from the power station to the customer requires wires and transformers, etc. and these cost money. The size of the wires required depends on the current or flow of electricity which they must be able to carry.   And the size of the wires determines their cost. Here’s the rub: The electrical current (which governs the cost of the wires which the electricity company has to pay for) is not directly proportional to The real power (which governs the amount of money the electricity company is paid) Another factor comes into play, and it’s called the power factor. Basically, the lower the power factor, the bigger the wires needed to supply the electricity customer with a given amount of energy in a given period. Little wonder the electricity distribution companies do not like low power factors. You could say that the power factor is the fraction of the electrical current (or flow) which is doing useful work in your premises. (For a more detailed explanation of power factor, see the definition and formulae on this page). Back To Top What Power does the Electricity Company Have? Under the Victorian “Distribution Code”, electricity consumers in Victoria can be required to maintain a power factor of at least 0.8 (although there is little explanation of what will happen if a customer does not comply with this requirement).  This probably goes a long way toward explaining the other action an electricity distributor can take: charging a “kVA tariff”. Basing electricity charges on “kVA” instead of kW (kilowatts) means that customers with a low power factor will pay more for their useful electrical power. So can an electricity customer improve the power factor of their electricity consuming equipment?  Yes. Back To Top Power Factor Correction There are two ways of improving the power factor of a customer’s electrical system: • Bulk power factor correction equipment, which is installed at customers switchboard. This is a “bolt-on” fix • Fixing the poor power factor at its source. Examples include, ensuring that motors are not oversized, electronic variable speed motor drives, using efficient controls, high-efficiency high-power factor lighting Be aware that the costs, benefits and environmental impacts of these alternatives are quite different, and the advice you receive may not be in the best interest of your business. Back To Top Money Money Money Improving the power factor of customers’ electrical installations is good for the electricity company, because it makes better use of their assets, and may delay or avoid capital expenditure to upgrade their infrastructure assets.  That’s Money in the bank. Electricity companies can also use their customer records to actively promote and sell power factor correction equipment. More Money in the bank (their bank). But there is another financial factor in how you deal with power factor.  By fixing the power factor at the source, you can often: • Reduce real energy consumption, reducing ongoing costs further than power factor correction alone can • Achieve other quality and productivity improvement benefits • Reduce the capital cost required to improve the power factor We strongly recommend that you consider the more elegant and cost-effective solution of fixing power problems at their source, before considering “bolting on” power factor correction equipment. Back To Top Your Business, Your Choice It’s your business, and your right to decide the most appropriate and cost effective method of power factor correction. Back To Top Definition of Power Factor The Power Factor is the real Power (measured in Watts) divided by the Apparent Power, so:                                                                   (Watts) average real power                          So Power Factor (pf) = ——————————-                                                                   rms Volts x rms Amperes The voltage in an Alternating Current circuit will provide the “pressure” to make the current flow. However, it is the load or appliance which will determine how the current flows in response to the voltage. If the current-time pattern coincides perfectly with the voltage-time pattern, the current and voltage are said to be “in phase” and the power factor is 1. When the current lags behind the voltage, the powerfactor will be less than 1.                           Power = Voltage (rms) x Current (rms) x (powerfactor). For a resistive appliance such as a heater or incandescent light, the power factor will be 1. For an appliance where the current lags behind the voltage, such a fluorescent light, the power factor will be less than 1. Back To Top List of formulae: • kW = * pf • kVA = kW / pf • pf = kW / kVa • pf = cos(phase angle) • kVA2 = kW2 + kVAR2 Back To Top Genesis Now will be happy to discuss power factor in your business, free of cost or obligation. To ask a question or arrange a visit, please contact us. Back To Top Relevant Pages If you suspect that you have a problem with the supply voltage, please see our supply voltage page. If you are concerned about power supply reliability, blackouts & emergency power, please see our emergency power page. Back To Top
How many weeks is a school term South Australia? South Australia School holiday dates usually occur at similar times each year and term length always sits between 9-11 weeks. Remember to check with your school regarding additional pupil-free days. How many weeks is a school term in Australia? How many weeks are in a school term? Each school year is made up of 39 weeks, or 195 days. These weeks are split over three main terms, which are then split again into half-terms. These terms, and the holidays that break them up, vary depending on what Easter occurs, but typically pupils go no longer than seven weeks without a break from school. How many weeks are in a school term 2021? NSW School Holidays and Terms 2021 Period Start Date Length Term 1 (west) Wednesday 3 February 9 weeks Autumn holiday Friday 2 April 2 weeks Term 2 Monday 19 April 10 weeks Winter holiday Monday 28 June 2 weeks IT IS INTERESTING:  Frequent question: Has Canada sent firefighters to Australia? How many weeks is a school term Victoria 2020? 2020 Victoria School Holidays and Term Dates Period Start Length Term 1 Tuesday, 28 January 2020 9 weeks School Holidays Saturday, 28 March 2020 Term 2 Tuesday, 14 April 2020 11 weeks School Holidays Saturday, 27 June 2020 How long is Christmas break in Australia? How many terms are there in a year? Most schools operate a three term school year, each term divided into half terms. Autumn term runs from early September to mid December (half term falls in late October). Spring Term runs from early January to [Easter]. (half term falls in mid February). How many weeks a year is term time only? Term-time means staff who work less than fifty-two weeks per year including holidays. How long is a British school year? The school year in the United Kingdom is 39 weeks (195 days) long in duration. The number of school days in the year is comparable to Australia and the United States, but has fewer days than in Japan and Germany. For many regions of the UK the school year is divided into six terms as follows: September to October. How many weeks are there in the year 2020? Weeks in a year table Year Number of weeks Leap year? 2020 52 weeks and 2 days yes 2021 52 weeks and 1 day 2022 52 weeks and 1 day 2023 52 weeks and 1 day IT IS INTERESTING:  How long does Australian partner visa take? Which week is it this week? Week 08. Week 08 is from Monday, February 22, 2021 until (and including) Sunday, February 28, 2021. Is Boxing Day 2020 a public holiday? Bank Holiday is not a declared public holiday. The public holiday standard in the Act provides that when New Year’s Day, Christmas Day or Boxing Day falls on a Saturday or Sunday there is to be an additional public holiday on the following Monday or Tuesday. Is Anzac Day a public holiday in 2021? 2021. Declared public holiday As 25 April (ANZAC Day) falls on a Sunday in 2021, the following Monday is observed as a public holiday. What date does Year 12 finish in Vic? What date do year 12 finish school 2020? 2019 Finishing Day – Friday 15 November • 2020 Finishing Day – Friday 20 November Attendance requirements are determined through policies set by the school or school system. In the new Queensland Certificate of Education (QCE) system, Year 12 will be different. How many weeks is Victorian 2021 school term? 2021 Victoria School Holidays and Term Dates Period Start Length School Holidays Friday, 2 April 2021 Term 2 Monday, 19 April 2021 10 weeks School Holidays Saturday, 26 June 2021 Term 3 Monday, 12 July 2021 10 weeks Going to Sydney
America’s Changing Lifestyles (The King is Dead) Part III – The King is Dead, Long Live the King The sudden death of President Roosevelt hit the country like a strike of lightening, although it was obvious he had been ill for quite some time. It was as if the country’s family patriarch had passed during the night. We were a nation suddenly confronted with two hot wars on two fronts, like a ship in a typhoon without a rudder And a cold war that would continue far beyond his presidency. Harry Truman was a vice-president without the faintest idea of what was going on. When he took over the presidency, he was so much in the dark that he had no idea we had an atom bomb almost ready to drop. But Truman was made of stern mid-western stuff; a man who knew how to make decisions. While the nation prayed for him, he acted. Truman became president on April 12, 1945. Berlin was under siege. Rather than face the consequences of his madness, Hitler committed suicide in his Berlin bunker on April 30, 1945. Conversion from war to peace begins While the hostilities in Europe were all but declared over, the sports world welcomed the first black to a major league baseball team when Jackie Robinson was brought up from Montreal to the Brooklyn Dodgers two days before Truman became president. Victory in Europe, forever known as V-E Day in the U.S. and VE Day in the UK, occurred on May 8, 1945, when citizens from both the U.S. and Great Britain crowded into the streets to celebrate the unconditional surrender of Germany to the Allied Forces.  Hitler’s concentration camps, where 6 million Jews were exterminated by gas and other means, were being shut down as tens of thousands of men, women and children, with skin barely clinging to bones, were freed. Most would require months to years of medical treatments. Many would die shortly after being freed from the Nazi horror camps. General Dwight Eisenhower, to his later regret, allowed the Russian Army to enter Berlin and that action would ultimately create the separation of Germany into East and West. In 1946, Prime Minister Winston Churchill would declare that “An ‘iron curtain’ has descended across the continent [Europe],” in a speech he gave at Westminister College in Fulton, Missouri. Okinawa, the Marianas and Hiroshima As troops began to return from Europe, Americans were trying to return to a peaceful country. The only thing left before we could begin our recovery from the bloodshed was the stubborn Japanese. In June of 1945, with a tremendous loss of life on both sides, American forces took control of Okinawa. Meanwhile, the U.S.S. Indianapolis was en-route from the States to Tinian Island to deliver two precious babies, “Fat Man” and “Little Boy.” Sadly, on its return trip to the U.S., the Indianapolis was sunk by a Japanese submarine on July 29, killing 883 sailors -many of whom were eaten alive by sharks. Your reporter was stationed at North Field Tinian with the 313th Bomb Wing of the 20th Air Corps. Also situated on the two mile by four mile island was the 509th Composite Group where the “babies” would be brought to live. Captain Paul Tebbets, who would soon take charge of “Little Boy” and deliver him to Hiroshima to introduce a new weapon of war, was often seen out on the flight line with his crew playing pinochle. All of that would end on the morning of August 6, 1945, when the first atomic bomb to be dropped on a civilian population would be placed aboard the Enola Gay, a B-29, for its flight to Hiroshima. In one horrendous mushroom cloud the rules of combat would change forever. Within days “Fat Man,” found its way to Nagasaki, ending our conflict with Japan. On August 14, 1945 (V-J Day), Truman announced victory over Japan. The most famous marker of that date was a photograph of a young sailor grabbing a nurse and planting a big kiss on her willing lips while celebrating in Times Square.  Back home again in Indiana, and other places Post war America was drunk on peace. The party began before the formal declaration of surrender by Japan. On September 2, 1945, General Douglas MacArthur conducted Japan’s unconditional surrender aboard the U.S.S. Missouri anchored in Tokyo Bay. American forces had paid a steep price for our victories with the loss of life and major injuries to the young men and women who went off in all directions to protect our way of life. We were a united nation. The dissent was meager compared to what it would be in twenty years. Teenagers who grew into adulthood during the war were subject to limited freedom. They were either being drafted at 18, starting a family or taking the place of those who went into military service. College education did not exist for most of the population. High school was akin to college. The depression had stifled education, just as it did starting a family or aspiring to better styles of living. Fashions had been muted during wartime. Mustn’t be too ostentatious when so many of their peers were dying on the battlefields. However, there were no great revolts among teenagers. They obeyed their parents and generally stayed out of trouble for the duration. However, when the troops started coming back from places they’d never even heard of prior to the war, all hell was about to break loose. Consumers at large With the end of rationing the country went on a spending spree unheard of in prior years. Shoes, nylon stockings, fur coats and automobiles were high on shopping lists. Musical tastes were changing. Although there were perhaps 50 big bands, some much more musically talented that Glenn Miller, his demise was the death knell for many of those name bands. Former swing band singers were cutting out to go solo. The Hit Parade, which began its popularity during the war, would go on into the fifties, but never regained the popularity of the late thirties and early forties. Some attribute it to the fact that so many young people were either in the service or so dedicated to the end of hostilities that they simply didn’t have time for such activities. Movies continued to be the main source of entertainment. Drive-in theaters were popping up across the landscape. Radio began to give way to television towards the end of the war, a medium President Truman used to announce the end of the war with Japan. Casual dress began to replace shirts, ties, suits and hats. Take a look at old news reels of sports events; rarely was a man or woman seen in a ball park without a hat. Same with race tracks and other outdoor sporting events. We were suddenly becoming more “Californish,” some would say. Blackouts were passe. Broadway once again lit up the theater district. The American Airlines stories-high sign at the top of Times Square filled the sky like a million spotlights, just as it had before the war. Sports shirts, slacks and loafers were large with young men. Girls skirts were shorter; the prudish and religious conservatives condemned them as salacious and vulgar. Girls who slashed their tresses during the war due to working with machines in defense plants did not return to their thirties styles. Rekindling friendships and the building boom Under the auspices of General George Marshall the U.S. initiated the Marshall Plan, a program designed to rebuild a destroyed Europe. The economy shot up due to the surge of jobs in the construction industry. The boom increased, thanks to the G.I. Bill of Rights wherein all who served in WW II were guaranteed a college education. Kids who wore a uniform could exchange it for four years of learning, something that millions of young men and women could not afford prior to the war. Veterans of World War II became the most educated generation in the history of the world.. Through the Marshall Plan we not only rebuilt countries, but rekindled friendships in the process. Germany and Japan became two of our strongest allies and that friendship is stronger than ever today. America is a forgiving nation, the envy of other governments. Powerful entities start wars – ordinary citizens fight them. Hit the road, Mac By the end of January 1942, all civilian auto production ceased and would not restart until the fall of 1945. During the war auto mechanics had more work than they could handle and the 1942 vehicles remained the latest models until 1946. When new cars became available, most of them weren’t much more than 1942 models with new grills and designs. It took time to retool from wartime production.. Vacations that had been delayed for more than five years suddenly became number one items on folks’ “What to do” lists. Summer resorts, winter sports and coastal beaches became the places to play-and the highways were crammed with people “getting away” from wartime restrictions. Let’s dance Although some of the big bands, like Duke Ellington, were still doing cross country tours, many were anchoring at hotels in heavily populated, urban communities. Small groups like Louis Jordan and his Tympany Five were popping up in small clubs as costs of operating a big band were becoming prohibitive. But with the decline of large venues, local clubs featuring small dance groups became more popular for a population anxious to kick up their heels and shed the shackles of war. It was the beginning of “America on Wheels.” Never had the country taken so much to wheels. They gave up walking to the grocery two blocks away. It was easier to drive. However, there was a downside. As we stopped walking and sat on wheels, we began to pick up “inner tubes,” that flab around our middles. Today it might be reasonably assumed that there is more lard on the streets in America than all the hog farms in Iowa. Blame it on the automobile and our desire to ride instead of walk. Friend or foe When Eisenhower let the Russians enter Berlin ahead of us, there were consequences later on. At the end of the war Berlin was divided into four zones for rebuilding purposes. American, British, French and Soviet. It was, from the beginning, a contentious division of governing and led to President Truman’s political enemies accusing him of being soft on Communism. Taking advantage of the president’s unpopularity in that area, Senator Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin began what has become known as the “McCarthy witch-hunts,” slinging mud and making false accusations toward whomever he didn’t like, accusing them of being communists. In 1947, Great Britain and the United States merged their two Berlin zones and called them Bizonia. France soon joined them and it became Trizonia. In an effort to drive the Western Allies out of Berlin, the Soviets set up a blockade along their border with Trizonia and thus established what Churchill referred to a year earlier, the Iron Curtain. All auto and rail traffic across the Soviet Zone was halted. The Berlin Airlift was formed by the Trizonians to feed and heat the millions of Berliners until the Soviets lifted the blockade on May 12, 1949. Two million tons of supplies in 270,000 flights kept Berlin alive for almost two years. More war and radical changes in lifestyles Happy Americans were enjoying a good economy, happy homes and social lives with World War II vets graduating from colleges in numbers unheard of in the past. We were on our way to the land of milk and honey. Then, without warning-again, the milk soured and the honey became rancid. On June 25, 1950, while Harry Truman was in the second year of his own elected presidency, it all fell apart. More than 75,000 troops from the North Korean People’s Army poured across the 38th parallel which separated the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea to the north, backed by the Soviets, from the pro-Western Republic of Korea to the south, committing the first military action of the Cold War. The United Nations, from its beginnings in San Francisco at the end of WWII, was designed to settle arguments and disagreements among its members. Both North and South Korea became members of the U.N. in 1991; South Korea has twice held seats on the Security Council; North Korea never has. During the Korean war, the Chinese Government supported the North Koreans and dedicated over three million military personnel to the war. The 1940s brought us many improvements and inventions, giving us modern kitchens, mass television access and faster transportation on the ground and in the air. Thanks to necessity during World War II, the development of new medicines had growth like never before. Music was headed in a direction that only the kids understood and the film industry worried that television would destroy its popularity. Penicillin became the cure-all and a little man from Missouri had ordered the use of a bomb that should have ended all wars. We were involved in two wars – one down, one to go and another not too far down the road. Would it ever end? Just sayin’ Find your latest news here at the Hemet & San Jacinto Chronicle Search: The King is Dead Please enter your comment! Please enter your name here
I first learnt Ga as always attached to Arimasen so still trying to grasp the nuances when changed to a Wa. From my understanding of Wa vs Ga differences, it's just simply a matter of topic vs subject marker but I find it pretty interchangeable. Sometimes they use Wa and sometimes Ga without any particular important distinction to make were they to use the other. Eg. 俺を逆らう力はない。 It feels like one of those things similar to desu node vs desu kara where one is supposedly focused on subject/topic when in reality people just focus on the formal/informal aspects and screw the subject/topic marker part for the most part. • 1 There are more uses than just topic vs. subject japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/22/… – Leebo Jul 4 '19 at 21:30 • I'm asking specifically for this combination where i find it to be interchangeable and would like clarification. I have no need for wa vs ga lists or how to use them in combination. What I ask is Wa and Ga used in isolation specific to this specific combination. – shoryuu Jul 4 '19 at 21:33 • 1 They are not interchangeable in the sense that the meaning wouldn't change. – Leebo Jul 4 '19 at 21:52 • I realized I worded that a little ambiguously. I meant to say that they are not interchangeable, because the meaning would change if you replaced one for the other. So if one intends to retain the meaning, they cannot just switch to the other. – Leebo Jul 5 '19 at 2:38 • 1 You can't grasp the nuance of wa and ga only looking at a single sentence, because the grammar is for handling discourse flow. It's up to what you've said before and what you're going to say next. (What I can say for sure is that you must have one or more wa-marked item for the whole what you want to say.) – broken laptop Jul 5 '19 at 2:51 Since what you asked is when wa and ga followed by nai then the difference is in the nuances, I prefer to go with topic vs identifier particle. The "ga" particle identifies a specific property of something while the "wa" particle is used only to bring up a new topic of conversation. So you can think that "ga" particle always answering a silent question. So its like ●okane ga nai(money is the thing that does not exist.) ●okane wa nai(as for money, does not exist.) And about node and kara it almost interchangeable but like always they are exist thus the difference persist. "kara" explicitly states that the sentence preceding is the reason for something while "node" is merely putting two sentences together, the first with an explanatory tone. This is something called causation where "x" happened, therefore "y" happened. This is slightly different from "kara" where "y" happened explicitly because "x" happened. This difference tends to make "node" sound softer and slightly more polite and it is favored over "kara" when explaining a reason for doing something that is considered discourteous. Your Answer
2011 Student-Faculty Fellows: Bard College Of Simon's Rock Mentor: Christopher Coggins Students:  Joelle Chevrier, Maeve Dwyer, Lindsey Longway, Michael Xu Of fengshui and fengshuilin Our field work on fengshuilin (fengshui forests) included socio–ecological research on 29 forests (in roughly the same number of communities) in Hong Kong, southern Guangdong, northern Guangdong (Chebaling National Nature Reserve), southwest Fujian (Meihuashan National Nature Reserve), and southwest Jiangxi (Jinggangshan National Nature Reserve). We focused on forest ecology, forest management, environmental history, local religious belief and practice (particularly regarding earthgod shrines – tudigong, gongwang, and baigong), and on the connections between fengshui principles and fengshuilin management. We learned a lot about why the forests are located where they are and about local conceptions of their effects on the flow of qi. In Hong Kong, “fengshui woods” are already of significant interest to ecologists and conservationists because they comprise the only stands of old and advanced secondary growth forest. In Mainland China, we discovered the following: 1) fengshuilin are quite common in Hakka villages in hilly and mountainous areas throughout the region. We have yet to ascertain the full range of their geographical extent in southern China, but we hypothesize that they may also be found in non–Hakka areas, especially in rugged topography in up to fourteen provinces; 2) fengshuilin seldom exceed a few hectares in size, but they have a disproportionate level of biological diversity and an unusually high number of old and rare trees in comparison with other remnant patches of secondary forest; 3) fengshuilin are found in sites associated with significant qi flow and protect communites and their sacred sites from the damaging effects of wind (feng) and water (shui), thus they are preserved, and even planted, where wind and water are likely to have significant impacts; 4) the future of the fengshuilin is uncertain because young people respect the tradition but their belief in fengshui and the sacred landscape may be more a matter of compliance with tradition than a deeply held orientation to the world (or commitment to cosmology). Whether fengshui practice is part of a collective habitus, and under what conditions, is a critical question. The role of small communities in protecting these forests is critical, but it behooves the state, NGOs, and researchers to become active in collecting data on the remaining fengshuilin and to develop strategies for collaborative conservation. We are in the process of: 1) collating socio–cultural and ecological data collected in each village and each forest; 2) cataloging video data to create a short documentary; 3) preparing presentations for the Association of American Geographers Annual Meeting; 4) preparing a presentation for the annual ASIANetwork meeting and for Bard College at Simon’s Rock; and 5) writing an article on our research for The Geographical Review, The Journal of Cultural Geography, or another peer–reviewed journal. Joelle Chevrier My research focused on the significance of local earth gods and ancestor worship for the presence and maintenance of fengshui forests in southern China. The religious practices and belief systems that we observed in three provinces exemplified the syncretism of different traditions that was so complete as to make it near impossible to draw distinctions. In many places, alongside recognizable Buddhist figures, such as Guanyin Pusa (Avalokitesvara in Sanskrit) were also figures of importance in regional and local religious traditions. Among these figures is tianhou niangniang, who according to several sources in none other than mazu, a sea goddess important to many in southeast China. Also present oftentimes, were the god of grain and other important figures including some exclusive to specific villages. In addition to recognizable gods and other religious figures, were things referred to as gongwang, tudigong, and baigong. These three names refer to closely related spirits or deities that are important in local context and have significance in relation to fengshui forests. There were notable fengshui features such as small streams alongside them and they were often right on the periphery or entirely within the forests. Local informants consistently described strong relationships between the shrines (and resident spirits) and the fengshuilin, but the details and causal relationships varied significantly. Since fengshui forests are a significant tradition in rural southeast China, we need a holistic picture of religious and folk traditions beyond those relating only specifically to the forests. Shrines and the spirits/deities they represent are viewed as protecting the villages and their livelihoods in similar ways as the forests. The two topics represent an intertwining of phenomena which makes up the worldview of the people, thus any study of one without the other would be incomplete. Maeve Dwyer My research focuses on how villagers of different ages articulate the significance of fengshuilin in the village landscape. Do young villagers who are being raised in modern China with a science–based education and a government that stigmatizes premodern folk practices hold beliefs about fengshuilin that differ from those of their parents and grandparents? Are young people likely to dismiss the practice of fengshui and fengshuilin altogether or do they fit fengshui into the principles of science and attach concrete benefits to village fengshilin? Ultimately, my research was directed toward gaining a clearer view of what the future of fengshuilin may look like, specifically whether they are likely to continue to earn a place of special protection within the village structure as residents age. People of all extant generations had similar responses: fengshuilin block the wind and protect the water. While some people could explain this concept in depth, most could or did not. The concept of blocking the wind and protecting the water was presented as both a fairly abstract fengshui concept and as a very concrete benefit. For many, fengshui was mentally categorized as a principle of science, indispensable in making sense of the world. Though some older villagers claimed that young people still believe in the principles of fengshui , other sources claimed that they were beginning to dismiss them as a superstitious tradition of the past. In all cases, the possibility of intentional damage to fengshuilin (including individual trees) elicited purely negative responses. The protection of fengshuilin has been deeply incorporated into village tradition and everyday life, thus the social taboo accompanying the destruction of fengsuilin is generally strong enough to prevent even those who disbelieve in the efficacy of fengshilin from harvesting trees for financial gain. Lindsey Longway For hundreds of years Chinese villagers have ascribed essential importance to certain forests around their villages due to their unique role in local belief systems in bringing prosperity to a village by modulating the energy flow within a landscape. These forests, called fengshui forests, were the focus of our research as they can serve as an important refuge for rare species not often found in surrounding secondary forests. We conducted research in 29 different forests in 3 provinces and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region where we measured certain ecological and physical variables. With the help of local experts we identified the species of the trees that we measured, took notes on certain ecological factors, and mapped the location of the forests and important cultural elements within the forests. It is our hope that our research will help bring these incredible forests and the way that Chinese villagers relate to their landscape to the attention of conservationists around the world. Michael Xu My research examines the preservation of fengshui and fengshuilin tradition and compares the differences across generations and across the urban–rural divide, as well as the different conceptions in Mainland China and Hong Kong, the latter being an area not affected as much by the Cultural Revolution. In Hong Kong, fengshuilin preservation efforts are spearheaded by the government in efforts to try to protect the environment and cultural traditions from urbanization, while rural people are often willing to sacrifice some forest land in order to continue expanding their villages. There also appears to be some conflict between older and younger generations; the former supporting forest preservation and the latter being less attentive to fengshuilin traditions. This contrasts with the situation in Mainland China, where there is a lack of government recognition of the cultural significance of fengshuilin. In many cases, local people are the only line of defense against this strong drive toward modernization and urbanization. Young villagers, who could play a major role in protecting the forests, are beginning to leave their communities (at least seasonally) in pursuit of the urban life that the government is promoting, leaving the forests still less protected. Members of the older generation asserted that fengshui and fengshuilin traditions were deeply embedded in local practice and belief and that coming generations would maintain them. Some members of the younger generation noted that many of the cultural traditions and beliefs were just that, beliefs, and that they didn’t have much of a choice in whether or not they adopted them – such ritual practices were thus associated with duties that needed to be fulfilled. In an environment of rapid modernization in which knowledge is grounded in scientific explanation, some members of the younger generation question how and why the beliefs came about. Each generation (and each individual) treats and perpetuates the belief system differently; some fully believe that local earth gods are beneficial and require consistent worship, while others do not, or worship within a routine collectively defined by the village. The latter may not fully understand these practices and beliefs as a coherent system, either because they are too young or because it is not a matter of great importance to them.
My father hid from the Nazis in a coffee pot. The tale of how my dad survived by climbing into a pot wearing wooden clogs. Esther Toporek Finder is the founder of Generations of the Shoah International (GSI), President of the Holocaust Survivors Group of Southern Nevada, founder and President of Generations of the Shoah – Nevada and a member of the Nevada Governor’s Council on Education Relating to the Holocaust. Auschwitz prisoner uniform Shirt in Foreground Worn by a Political Prisoner in Auschwitz. Collection of the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, Oświęcim, Poland. ©Musealia (Courtesy) When a parent tells a child stories about their lives, the stories live in the child’s imagination until reality intervenes. One of the most powerful stories in my dad’s Holocaust experience involved an incredible escape from death that I thought I comprehended until I met concrete, physical evidence at the Museum of Jewish Heritage – A Living Memorial to the Holocaust last November in New York. There was a family wedding on the East Coast so it was an opportunity for me to see the award winning exhibit, “Auschwitz. Not long ago. Not far away.” My father, of blessed memory, was in a total of 12 concentration camps, most notoriously Auschwitz-Birkenau. Some of the camps were railroad construction facilities that closed and relocated. He was then sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau and to the coalmine sub-camp, Jaworzno. Others were camps he passed through during evacuation from the Auschwitz network of camps and the Death March. It was during the retreat away from the advancing Soviet troops that this particular brush with death occurred. Prisoners from Jaworzno were marched to Blechhammer where they were deposited. The prisoners previously held in that camp were evacuated and my dad’s group suddenly found themselves without guards. The starving men went in search of food, with my dad going into the camp kitchen. He found “beautiful potatoes” that were cooked but not distributed. In an effort to bring some food back to his brother in the barracks, he took a piece of wire and tightened the bottom of his pant legs and began storing potatoes around his legs. He heard shooting and saw a prisoner shot dead in the doorway of the kitchen. The Nazis had returned and he knew he would be shot on sight, but where could he hide? As he told the story, he climbed into a large pot, the kind used to make “coffee” for thousands of prisoners, and “closed the door.” Closed the door? Did he mean he closed the lid? That always puzzled me and I didn’t know if maybe he didn’t know the right word in English? No, he was right and I was confused and it took the exhibit to set me straight. While walking through the exhibit, listening to the museum-provided headphones, I heard the commentary explaining a prisoner’s uniforma display case. There was the familiar striped uniform and a pair of wooden shoes. It was explained that the shoes were often problematic because prisoners got blisters and infections from wearing them. I paused and said to my companion that those wooden shoes saved my dad’s life. I was going to explain in detail later. As I turned into the next section of the exhibit, I stopped in my tracks. There was a large cauldron. This was a “large pot, the kind used to make ‘coffee’ for thousands of prisoners.” This was the kind of pot my father hid in. Now I understood why he said he closed the “door.” The lid was hinged, not separate from the pot. For years I had looked for photos of “the pot” my dad might have hidden in but never found it. This was a surprise and, sadly, it was after he passed away so I could not share this with him. But wait, I have not finished the story of his brush with death. There were other prisoners in the kitchen when the shooting started. My dad and another man were resourceful enough to make use of the available pots but the other man had regular shoes and the bottom of the cauldron was still hot, so he had to get out. Nazi guards came in and shot everyone they saw in the kitchen but they didn’t see my dad because he was in the pot and had “closed the door.” If he hadn’t had wooden shoes, which provided insulation from the heat, he would not have been able to remain hidden and would not have survived. When the shooting stopped, he was the only prisoner to walk out of that kitchen alive. He reunited with his brother and told him what happened. Shortly thereafter the Nazi guards collected the prisoners in Blechhammer and resumed their Death March. My dad and his brother got separated but both survived. After months of harrowing experiences, my dad escaped the Nazis in May, 1945. And after years of knowing this story in the abstract, I saw concrete proof. Original article Spread the word Related stories
Smugleri i Det sydfynske Øhav: i kulturhistorisk lys Publikation: Bidrag til tidsskriftTidsskriftartikelForskningpeer review Smuggling has been influential and dominant in the south Funen archipelago since the Middle Ages, but has not been thoroughly subjected to closer analysis. The work done on smuggling tends to interpret it in strictly economic terms. This article aims to dissect smuggling as a phenomenon and test whether or not economic theory is sufficient for an understanding of its history. The article argues that although profit remains at the core of smuggling, several other factors have determined its development. The conclusion is that cultural acceptance of smuggling as a profession, access to smuggler markets and goods via maritime industries and changing borders all play a large role in understanding the history of smuggling. Sider (fra-til)131 Antal sider161 StatusUdgivet - 2016 Udgivet eksterntJa
According to a recent poll conducted by Trulia, an online residential real estate site for home buyers, sellers, renters and real estate professionals, “By a wide margin, most Americans consider themselves to be environmentally conscious. But when it comes to walking the walk, some are more environmentally responsible than others.” In a survey conducted in March of this year by Harris Poll on behalf of Trulia, over 2,000 Americans were asked about what they considered the best ways to be green and the results were encouraging with a few surprises mixed in. The great news for the environment is that 79 percent of Americans consider themselves environmentally conscious, and only 6 percent of the people surveyed strongly disagree with that statement. Surprisingly, the Millennials (18 to 34 year olds) that were polled were the most polarized on the issue than any other generation with the highest agreeing and disagreeing that they are environmentally conscious and, more surprising, the Millennials and Gen X’ers were not the most environmentally conscious generations. More Americans aged 65 and older (84 percent) considered themselves to be environmentally conscious compared to the Millennials at 76 percent and the Gen X’ers (aged 35 to 54 year olds) at 78 percent. Aside from age, education also plays a big part in who is living green. According to the poll, “Americans with a college degree are more likely to say that they consider themselves environmentally conscious (84 percent) compared with those with a high school education or less (75 percent). Among this more educated group of Americans, more believe driving a hybrid or electric vehicle (22 percent) is among the best ways for someone to be environmentally responsible than their less educated peers who have a high school education or less (16 percent).” If we break it down based on political parties, an encouraging majority of both Democrats and Republicans consider themselves environmentally conscious (85 percent of Democrats and 74% of Republicans) but Democrats were more likely to live sustainably (94 percent) than their Republican counterparts (88 percent). According to the poll, regardless of the degree to which Americans consider themselves environmentally conscious, many agree that the top three ways for someone to act environmentally responsibly are to buy energy efficient appliances for their home (56 percent), make energy efficient upgrades to their home (55 percent) and bike, walk, or take public transportation to frequented destinations (38 percent). Another surprise is the actions that seem easier, less expensive and higher impact like living in a smaller home (16 percent) and buying renewable electricity from a utility provider (10 percent) are not as high on the list of ways to be environmentally responsible as things like buying energy efficient appliances for the home (51 percent) and making energy efficient home upgrades (51 percent). Based on the survey findings, Trulia found that most people really want to do what is best for the environment, but they have found that there are “clear time, convenience, and cost limitations that are also evident from responses.” For more information, visit
Why Does A Cat Purr? Find Out The Answer Today Why does a cat purr? When you hear that strange, high-pitched “whirring” sound from your cat, it may be because he is “purring” too. While it’s a natural habit for most cats, some purrs are simply meant to show affection. There are even cat owners who use purring as a method of communication – a sort of high-pitched meow to let you know they’re happy, a little “happy dance” if you will. If your cat purrs in response to getting attention, it might mean he’s happy and enjoys your company. If you’re wondering why does a cat purr, it’s probably because he’s feeling secure. When his territory is threatened or he feels trapped, he’ll often Purr. Cats use their vocal cords to communicate a variety of things, including fear, safety, and affection. They can also Purr when they want to play, like when they see another cat playing with its own toys. The sound of a purr is actually very unique – apart from the fact that most people have heard it, no one has ever actually heard a cat purr. Even the sound of a purr is similar to the coos of a cat, only human voices are typically added in. It’s a very distinctive sound, and it’s easy to tell when your cat is happy, sad, scared, lonely, and even sick. What Is a Tom Cat? What Do They Eat? How Do They Behave? What Is a Tom Cat? What Do They Eat?What is a Tom cat? It is an innocent looking domestic cat classed as a feral or wild cat in most states, but is legally considered a cat in most parts of the world. The cat is actually a wild domestic species of small carnivore mammal known as the “feral cat” or “wildcat.” It is also often called the domestic cats by many, even the “pet cat.”What Is a Tom Cat? It was not so long ago that a tomcat was used for hunting small game. However, in due course its natural prey source has been depleted. Nowadays, it is mainly focused on becoming a pest by bringing rodents and pests down to feeders set up in its own territory. The cat may also become dangerous when unsupervised. Some cities and towns have been known to allow the cat free rein because it will not harm people or property. However, this is only with a vigilant watch.Tom cat What is a Tom cat’s diet? A normal tom will eat mice, rats, and other small animals. But it is more likely that the cat will catch something bigger to eat such as a squirrel, rabbit, or other larger animal. What is a Tom cat’s normal behavior? Though rarely aggressive, the Tom will use his claws when threatened to bring down an intruder. So now you know what is a tom cat. What Is The Average Life Of A Cat? How Long Do they live? What Is The Average Life Of A Cat? How Long Do they live?Average Life of a Cat is generally understood to mean the total amount of time a cat has been alive, excluding reproduction. The average lifespan of a cat may be two to five years and can vary depending on many factors including the breed, health, age and genetic makeup of the cat. The average life span of a cat varies widely from six to ten years. The cat is an obligate carnivore, which means it must eat up. It is the only domestic animal in the feline family and is commonly known as the domesticated cat to differentiate it from its other wild relatives such as the jackal, hyena and tiger.What Is The Average Life Of A Cat? A cat’s life span can also depend on the type of breed to which it belongs. Common breeds such as the Japanese Bobtail and the Persianayan Cat are longer lived than the Siamese breed. In recent times there have been some rare cats that have lived up to a hundred years. These are generally thought to be true breeds rather than genetic defects but cannot be proven.How Long Do they live? As the life expectancy of a domestic cat has increased, so has the demand for them in pet stores and through advertisements in newspapers and on television. Pet stores offer a wide variety of cat breeds, so that there should be one available to suit any taste. Because these cats cost more than breeding ones, it is important that the buyer to select a breed that will be long-lived and healthy. An average life of a cat can be obtained by selecting a breed that is known to have long life spans and avoiding those with short lifespans, especially when breeding. The best way to extend a cats life is to ensure it has plenty of exercise, and you feed it a healthy diet.
How to make a short film How to make a short film Your Ideas to the Screen Film making has come a long way from shooting with analogue to digital cameras. There was a time when film making required highly qualified technicians starting from the cinematographers to video editors to special effects. Today, the camera thinks for the person holding it. So even if you are not a qualified DOP, from any reputed institute, you still can think of shooting a film with a hand held camera. It may not yield the result that would have got if you were qualified DOP, but it still works. The process of story telling through a film requires planning with discipline. Its not like the home video you randomly make. It requires the meticulous planning and process. It is not complicated if you understand it. We can say that it is as easy as making tea ( Not exactly though). What I mean to say is even making tea requires proper steps to follow. 5 Simple steps to make a good video • Development of an idea • Scripting • Story Boarding • Editing • Rendering Before you decide to make a film you need to understand the process. Get the concept and story idea clear What is it that you want to convey through the story. For ideas; work with a small compatible team. Have a clear goal on what you want to make. Define and Refine your ideas. Once the Idea is complete make a one or two page synopsis. The synopsis should give a fair idea of What the story is about, who are the people, and what are the circumstances involved ( positive and negative) etc. Write the one line sequence ( don’t worry about dialogues, shots, scenes etc) You should know where the story has to start, and where it has to end. What is the sequence that it will follow.( for eg if it is a mystery, how it should unfold or if it is a family story, romantic story or a comedy how to establish each of the primary characters). Write the scene division The scene is just the expansion of your online order. The one line need not be made into a single scene, it can be further broken into multiple scenes. There are times when in the same scene, a related sequence may be taking place in a different location. You have seen it many films. The heroine inside the airport , the hero trying to break all the traffic rules with cops following him ..phew….Yeah..I know it hurts. But then if you seen films you have seen this all. Write the shot division The scene itself can have multiple shots in it ( Flashback, Flash Forward etc). Shots combine to gather to form a Scene. Shots make the viewing interesting.Sometimes used to fill gaps, sometimes to show time lapse, sometimes to show expressions of different people for the same situation ( yes…it helps extend the serial to the next episode.But that’s business my friend) Write the dialogues Unless you are planning to make a silent film, you should have dialogues for the characters to say. So that comes as the next part. Dialogues play a very important role in your film, so be very careful of dialogues. Now you are ready with a script to start shooting for your film .The next step that follows is Still not sure of how to write a script?. Visit our blog page ” What is Script Writing Selection of cast Even if you are planning to play the lead, you still need support actors. While selecting the cast don’t go by “ You are my friend…So you do the role”. It’s very essential that the actor who plays the part, fits and suits the role. You will never add salt to tea right? Unless your taste is different from the world.Jokes apart, if you love film making don’t compromise on the person who has to play a particular character. A bad cast may spoil your film. Take proper auditions and check from a director’s point of view. All said and done, you do need to train in film making. We have been conducting workshops so if you are interested you can click here to take it further. Happy Filming Share this post Leave a Reply
These brain cells keep us eating when we’re full (Credit: Getty Images) New research explores the mystery of why we keep eating when we’re full, at the most basic level in the brain. The study shows that two tiny clusters of cells battle for control of feeding behavior—and the one that drives eating overpowers the one that says to stop. It also shows that the brain’s own natural opioid system gets involved—and that blocking it with the drug naloxone stops overeating. The researchers studied mice, not overeating humans. But they note the findings could help inform the fight against the global obesity epidemic. Rival neighbors The two groups of brain cells they looked at, called POMC and AgRP, are next-door neighbors in a deep brain region called the arcuate nucleus, or Arc, within a larger region called the hypothalamus, which is a master regulator of motivated behaviors. The discovery involved a strong dose of serendipity, says Huda Akil, a professor in the psychiatry department at the University of Michigan who led the research team. “We used a transgenic approach to specifically address the POMC neurons for optogenetic stimulation, and we expected to see a decrease in appetite. Instead, we saw a really remarkable effect,” she says. “The animals ate like crazy; during the half hour after stimulation, they ate a full day’s supply of food.” A tale of two genes Previous research showed that the Arc region, and specifically POMC and AgRP neurons, play key roles in feeding behavior. The gene called POMC (short for pro-opiomelanocortin) has multiple functions: it encodes a stress hormone called ACTH, a natural opioid called beta-endoprhin, and several other molecules called melanocortins. The first mammalian gene to be cloned, it was also the first gene that scientists visualized in the brain of a mammal using a technique called in situ hybridization. Psychiatry researcher Stan Watson, who is a coauthor of the new paper led that work. A 3D video of mouse brain cells showing how a signal from hunger-controlling cells deep in the bottom of the brain can travel to other areas. (Credit: U. Michigan) POMC’s products get opposition from products of the AgRP gene, whose name is short for Agouti-Gene-Related Peptide. Watson also mapped the location of AgRP cells in the brain, and researchers then determined their role in feeding and obesity. In general, POMC acts like a brake on feeding when it gets certain signals from the body, and AgRP acts like an accelerator pedal, especially when food is scarce or it’s been some time since a meal. The new study, however, shows how their activity relates to one another, thanks to a technique called optogenetics. Focusing on unique molecular features of a particular group of neurons, makes it possible for scientists to target, or address, those cells specifically and activate them selectively. Accidental finding The serendipitous optogenetic finding about the overeating mice set off a search for the reason why they overate. The answer was that while researchers optogenetically stimulated the POMC cells, they were also unintentionally stimulating a subset of AgRP cells nearby. The two types of cells originate from the same parent cells during embryonic development. That common heritage meant that the transgenic approach the researchers used to address POMC captured not only the POMC neurons but also a segment of the AgRP neuronal system. In other words, they had turned on both the brake and the gas pedal for eating. When both types of cell got activated, the “keep eating” signal from AgRP cells overpowered the “stop eating” signal from POMC cells. “When both are stimulated at once, AgRP steals the show,” says Akil. Then the researchers used a different technique, addressing the cells with an injected virus rather than a transgene, to focus the optogenetic stimulation on just POMC neurons and ensure that AgRP neurons didn’t get activated. They found that stimulating just POMC cells caused a significant decrease in eating—and were surprised at how rapidly it happened. Akil notes that past research had shown slow effects of POMC stimulation on eating—but in these previous experiments, mice had recently eaten, while the mice in the study were slightly hungry. The activation of AgRP, which triggered feeding, also turned on the opioid system in the brain. The team also used a new method called CLARITY to visualize in 3D the pathways that start from POMC and AgRP neurons. These pathways of neurons, once activated, can trigger either a sense of feeling full—called satiety—or the drive to eat. They stitched together images of activated neurons in a computer, to create 3D videos that show the neurons’ reach. Then, the researchers used a method called c-fos activation to dig deeper into the downstream effects of POMC and AgRP neuron activation—and showed that its effects spread throughout the brain, including in the cortex, which governs function like attention, perception, and memory. Since POMC encodes a natural opioid (B-Endorphin), the authors asked whether activation of this system triggers the body’s own natural painkiller system, called the endogenous opioid system. They found that activation of POMC blocked pain, but that the opioid antagonist drug naloxone reversed this. Interestingly, the activation of AgRP, which triggered feeding, also turned on the opioid system in the brain. “When we administered naloxone, which blocks opioid receptors, the feeding behavior stopped,” says Akil. “This suggests that the brain’s own endogenous opioid system may play a role in wanting to eat beyond what is needed.” Many factors combined The involvement of the cortex and opioid systems lead Akil and her colleagues to think about how the results might relate to the human experience. Though mice and humans are very different, Akil speculates that the bombardment of our senses with sights and smells related to food, and the social interactions related to food, may be involved in encouraging overeating. Perhaps, she says, these factors combine to trigger us to become interested in eating when we’re not even hungry, causing the “stop” signal to lose out to the “keep going” signal. “Our work shows that the signals of satiety—of having had enough food—are not powerful enough to work against the strong drive to eat, which has strong evolutionary value,” she says. She notes that other researchers are looking at opiate receptor blockers as potential diet aids, and that it’s also important to study the pathways that are activated by the products of both POMC and AgRP cells, as well as individual differences in all these systems. Many studies in humans have looked at the metabolic aspects of the drive to eat, and overeat—for instance, the metabolic signals that travel between the body and brain in the form of peptides such as leptin and ghrelin. But Akil says there appears to be a strong neural system involved in overeating that results from perceptual, emotional and social triggers, and that is not receiving sufficient scientific attention. “There’s a whole industry built on enticing you to eat, whether you need it or not, through visual cues, packaging, smells, emotional associations,” she says. “People get hungry just looking at them, and we need to study the neural signals involved in those attentional, perceptional mechanisms that drive us to eat.” The findings appear in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science. The National Institutes of Health, the Hope for Depression Research Foundation, and the Pritzker Neuropsychiatric Research Consortium funded the research. Additional researchers are from the University of Michigan, Columbia University, and Stanford University. Source: University of Michigan
Dad’s Maybe Book Tim O’Brien 2 posts 14 Rules for Writing from Tim O’Brien In Dad’s Maybe Book, author Tim O’Brien spells out some rules for writing intended for his sons, Tad and Timmy. They are equally intended for the reader, who is serving as a vicarious child of the O’Briens reading along. Below are 14 Rules O’Brien shares, directly quoted from the book, and though he says “story” now and then, I daresay the advice works for poetry, novels, plays, and essays as well. See if you agree: 1.  Review the difference between “lie” and “lay.” A good number of TV personalities, politicians, poets, recording artists, newspaper columnists, pediatricians, and crime writers should do the same. 2.  Do not be terrified of emotion. Be terrified of fraudulence. 3.  Stories are not puzzles. Puzzles are puzzles. 4.  Information is not story. Information is information. 5.  Pay close attention to the issue of simultaneity. In life, as in a good story, numerous things occur at the same time, even when your attention might be riveted on a rattlesnake coiled to strike. In other words, when you’re writing stories, do not juggle only a single ball. (Single ball jugglers rarely get hired twice to entertain at birthday parties.) Fill your stories with “nice contradictions between fact and fact.” Fill your stories with food and drink, the weather, tired feet, dental appointments, phone calls from out of the blue, upset stomachs, flat tires, pens that run out of ink, undelivered letters of apology, traffic jams, swollen bladders, and spilled coffee. These and other intrusions must be endlessly juggled as we make our way along the story lines of our lives. Therefore, don’t insulate your characters from the random clutter that distracts and infuriates and entertains all of us. 6.  Similarly, do not let excessive plotting ruin your story anymore than you would allow it to ruin your life. 7.  Bear in mind that stories appeal not only to the head, but also to the stomach, the back of the throat, the tear glands, the adrenal glands, the funny bone, the nape of the neck, the lungs, the blood, and the heart—the whole human being. 8.  You are writing not only for your contemporaries. You are writing also for a seventeen-year-old student who might encounter your story two hundred years from now, or for an old man in Denmark in the year 2420, or for a lonely widow sitting at a futuristic slot machine in the year 4620. 9.  Also, believe it or not, you are writing for those who have preceded you— for Thomas Jefferson, for the children of Auschwitz, and for a father who may no longer be present to read your story. 10.  Surprise yourself. You might then surprise your reader. 11.  Do not fear (or deny) your own ignorance. It makes for curiosity. 12.  Do not fear (or deny) ambiguity. Though the prose itself may be crystalline, good stories almost always involve people snagged up in confusing moral circumstances. Think of Raskolnikov. Think of Charles and Emma Bovary. Think of your dad. 13.  Pay attention to every word. There are twenty-six letters in the English alphabet, plus a few punctuation marks. Those twenty-six letters, if poorly arranged, will result in mediocrity, infelicity, or plain gibberish. But from those same twenty-six letters, well arranged, come the sonnets of Shakespeare. The letters of the alphabet can be likened to the four chemical bases—adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine—that constitute the building blocks of all plant and animal DNA. The precise sequence, or order, of the bases determines whether an organism becomes a polar bear or a dachshund or William Shakespeare. Therefore, along the same lines, I suggest you do all you can to arrange the letters of the alphabet in exacting sequences. 14.  Read your writing aloud. Does it make sense? Does it make music? Never Explain Novelist and short story writer Tim O’Brien has just released Dad’s Maybe Book, an advice manual of sorts addressed to his two sons, Timmy and Tad. In it, he offers advice to the boys about life. Luckily for writers, he also offers the boys advice on writing. You never know, I figure he’s thinking, if genes will carry. Below is an O’Brien riff on the writer’s trap known as explaining too much. And though O’Brien uses the words “fiction” and “stories,” you can bet the advice works as well for poetry, drama, and nonfiction. Here’s O’Brien: “The essential object of fiction is not to explain. Explanation narrows. Explanation fixes. Explanation dissolves mystery. Explanation imposes artificial, arrogant order on human contradictions between fact and fact. The essential object of fiction is to embrace and widen and deepen all that is unknown and unknowable—who we are, why we are—and to offer us late-night company as we lie awake pondering our universal journey down the birth canal, and out into the light, and then toward the grave. “In a story, explanation is like joining a magician backstage. The mysterious becomes mechanical. The miracle becomes banal. Delight vanishes. Wonder vanishes. What was once surprising, even beautiful, devolves into tired causality. One might as well be washing dishes. “Imagine, for instance, that Flannery O’Connor had devoted a few pages to explaining how the Misfit became the Misfit, how evil became evil: the Misfit was dyslexic as a boy; this led to that—bad grades in school, chips on his shoulder. Pile on the psychology. Even as explanation, and because it is explanation, there would be, for me, something both fishy and aesthetically ugly about this sort of thing, the stink of determinism, the stink of false certainty, the stink of a half- or a quarter-truth, the stink of hypocrisy, the stink of flimflam, the stink of pretending to have sorted out the secrets of the human heart. Moreover, Timmy and Tad, I want you to bear in mind that explanation doesn’t always explain. Few dyslexics end up butchering old ladies. Evil is. In the here-and-now presence of evil, evil always purely is, no matter how we might explain it. Ask the dead at My Lai. Ask the Misfit. ‘Nome,’ he says. ‘I ain’t a good man.’ In the pages of ‘A Good Man Is Hard to Find,’ Flannery O’Connor goes out of her way to satirize and even to ridicule such explanation. And for Hemingway, too, explanation is submerged below the waterline of his famous iceberg. In great stories, as in life, we are confronted with raw presence. Events don’t annotate themselves. Nightmares don’t diagnose themselves. With the first whiff of Zyklon B, with the first syllables of a Dear John letter, with the first ting-a-ling of a dreaded phone call, with the first glimpse of your own nervous oncologist, there is what purely is.”
JSDefender Overview What is In-App Protection & Obfuscation and how does it apply to JavaScript? Unlike languages like .NET and Java that are compiled to intermediate, stack-based assembly instructions before being distributed in binary form, JavaScript apps are typically distributed in source form. This means that your code is directly visible to anyone with access to the execution environment (like a browser). So, potential attackers can very easily step through the running code using a debugger built into their browser, or use other tools to statically analyze the code for vulnerabilities. Does this matter? • Does the JavaScript contain code you don’t want competitors to copy or clone? • Is there a reason a hacker might want to circumvent some of your checks or actively look for vulnerabilities? • Is there risk of harm or reputation damage if the code is modified in a nefarious way? (e.g. to serve malware, or to enable phishing, etc.) If the answer is “yes” to any of these questions, then consider obfuscating and protecting your JavaScript code. Why should I obfuscate and protect my JavaScript Apps? • To make it more difficult for a hacker to reverse engineer your code • To hide business logic and unique algorithms • To make it more difficult for a hacker to debug your application and look for vulnerabilities • To make it more difficult for an attacker to exploit those vulnerabilities, once found • To reduce the code size (minification aspect of obfuscation) • To make it more difficult for an attacker to modify or steal your code
Can My Cat Eat Potatoes ? Are They Good or Bad? can cats eat potatoes Can Cats Eat Potatoes? Does your feline friend need it? Keep in mind that your feline companion is a carnivore by nature. Its ancestors evolved by eating only meat. As hunters in the wild, they certainly did not evolve by eating the refined processed foods we see today. However, in the days of domestication, it is usually okay to feed your cat something that isn’t meat, such as certain fruits and vegetables. But do you know what foods cats are allowed to eat? For example, can cats eat mashed potatoes leftover from your evening meal? Can cats eat fries from your last fast food trip? While many cat owners don’t feed their cats any human foods at all, it’s okay to give your feline companion a small snack of potato every now and then. But there are some important considerations to keep in mind. Can cats eat potatoes? A potato is a type of root vegetable. It is actually a leading world crop and is ranled number 4 worldwide. Potatoes come in many varieties, including white, purple, gold, and sweet. As a food source, potatoes are full of carbohydrates, but they do provide a fair amount of nutrients such as vitamin B6, vitamin C, fiber, magnesium, and potassium. A cup of potatoes contains: • Vitamin C – 17 milligrams • Vitamin B6 – 0.54 milligrams • Potassium – 925 milligrams • Fiber – 3.81 grams However, like most carbohydrate-rich foods, it can be a bit too easy to indulge in potatoes too much. For people (or even cats) trying to gain weight, this can actually be a good thing. But for most of us, we need to eat potatoes in moderation to avoid unwanted health complications. Cats can eat potatoes as long as they are given as a special treat. Some cat owners choose to mix a little potato in their cat’s regular food. This can give an extra boost to fiber and other nutrients. Any potato you give your cat should be clean, fresh, and cooked (eg boiled or baked). The cooking process destroys certain compounds naturally occurring in potatoes that are toxic to cats and kittens. Only give your cat a tiny amount of potato when you first feed it to your cat. Then wait and see how It reacts to it. If It’s not vomiting, has diarrhea, or is showing other symptoms, feel free to give it to your cat from time to time. can cats eat potatoes Can cats eat sweet potatoes? Sweet potatoes contain more nutrients than white potatoes. Even more, they are considered one of the healthier potato varieties… which is true for us humans. Sweet potatoes are generally poorly tolerated in cats. They cannot digest them properly. In fact, one source has even recognized the sweet potato plant as a poisonous plant to cats. Will giving your cat a small bite of sweet potato puree hurt It? Not necessary. But if you decide to give It as a snack, start small and see how It reacts to the sweet potato. Again, watch for symptoms of digestive upset such as vomiting or diarrhea. If you’re worried or if your cat has a history of food sensitivities, skip the sweet potatoes altogether. There is no real benefit to your cat from eating them and It will not miss out on any necessary nutrients by not including them in Its diet. can cats eat potatoes The Dangers of Cats Eating Potatoes Simple starchy potatoes may seem fine for your cat across the board. But there are certain conditions under which you should definitely keep the potatoes out of her food bowl. Raw potatoes As mentioned, the cooking process (such as baking or boiling) destroys certain compounds found in potatoes in their raw form. One of these compounds, called glycoalkaloid solanine, is toxic to your cat. Your cat can get quite sick if It eats a raw potato. Vegetables such as potatoes contain solanine, a poisonous substance, just like the tomatine found in tomatoes, which is not as toxic. This is why tomatoes are a nice treat for your cat too, as their toxic levels are much lower and it can be fed uncooked when fully ripe. Raw potatoes are also chewy and hard. A piece of raw potato can easily get stuck somewhere in your cat’s digestive system and cause a stomach or intestinal blockage. It can also choke on a raw potato, as it is more difficult to chew and swallow than a cooked potato. Bottom line: If you have raw potatoes around the house, keep them out of reach of your cat. What about potato skins? Potato skins, like raw potatoes, are full of glycoalkaloid solanine, which is toxic to cats. Plus, shells are covered with dirt, bacteria and pesticides that you don’t want your cat to ingest. It’s unlikely anyone would knowingly give potato skins to a cat, but you know what they say about cats and curiosity. Your cat may nibble on the shells a bit while you prepare food or find something while rummaging through the trash can. Chances are your cat will not like the taste enough to eat enough of it and make it sick, but it is best to keep it out of reach. Too many potatoes The high carbohydrate content of carbohydrates can easily promote weight gain. This is because a human or cat’s body uses the carbohydrates for quick energy instead of using stored body fat. It’s worth repeating: Every bite of potato for your cat should be a special treat. Feeding it potatoes too often can cause It to gain weight and develop weight-related health problems such as joint problems and even feline diabetes. Pay attention to how your potatoes are prepared Many of the ingredients we like to mix with potatoes can potentially kill your cat. This means that you should never give your cat a bite of your potatoes if they are prepared with chives, onions, or garlic. If your potatoes are full of cheese, gravy, butter, or oil, keep the decadent dish to yourself, as the high amount of fat can cause your cat to upset stomach and intestines, such as diarrhea or vomiting. Processed potato products such as hash browns, chips, or even French fries should also be considered a no-go for your cat. They are usually full of unhealthy ingredients such as artificial preservatives, sugar, and salt. can cats eat potatoes Conclusion: keep the Fries and mashed potatoes for yourself You can occasionally give a small piece of boiled potato to your cat as a special treat if It seems to like it. But don’t think giving your cat potatoes is necessarily good for Its health. Why? The potential risks when cats eat potatoes (solanine poisoning, weight gain) far outweigh the potential benefits (essentially none). In addition, giving too much of “treats” can spoil its appetite and cause unwanted begging. Don’t get into the habit of making a treat every day, especially if the treat is food meant for people. Also, remember that your sweet cat is a carnivore. It gets all the nutrients It needs from Its meat-based cat food. You don’t have to supplement Its diet with human food, and doing too much can do more harm than good. So, the next time you catch your cat looking at your table scraps, try not to give in to Its adorable begging. Leave a Comment
How To Bend A Tulip For Flower Arrangements? How do you keep tulips from drooping? Tried and true ways to keep your tulips from drooping: 1. Grab green tulips. 2. Keep the stems in water. 3. Cut your tulips. 4. Remove leaves below water level. 5. Choose a supportive vase. 6. Be careful who you pair tulips with. 7. Choose cold water. 8. Don’t overfill your vase. How do you bend tulips? Look at how the bubble vase allows the tulip stems to bend! Instructions: 1. Fill the vase 3/4 to the top with cold water. 2. Cut the tulip stems with sharp garden shears. 3. Place the tulips immediately in the vase of water, allowing some of the leaves to lean over the sides of the glass as well as the flowers. Why do pennies make tulips stand up? The copper found in the penny may help the tulips stand up in the vase. Copper is a fungicide, so adding a penny to the water in your vase helps protect your flowers from bacteria. It is also recommended that the penny be accompanied by an aspirin, which is acidic and helps water flow through your flowers. You might be interested:  Question: What Acronym Does Tulip Go Too? Why are my tulips so droopy? What months do tulips bloom? Do tulips need sun? Do tulips multiply? How do you arrange tulips in a bowl? 1. Choose the freshest tulips you can find. 4. Remove any excess leaves. 5. Fill a vase with cool water. 6. Place your tulips in the vase. Can tulips go in Oasis? Look for flowers with sturdy stems. Hollow-stemmed flowers, like tulips, are delicate and floppy. They won’t position well into the Oasis. You’ll also want a mix of sizes. You might be interested:  Quick Answer: Which Tulip Bulbs Will Bloom? Can you mix tulips with other flowers? Although tulips look fabulous when planted in large drifts, they look even better when combined with other flowering bulbs, annuals or perennials. Here are some lovely combination ideas that are easy to replicate in your own garden. Does putting a penny in a vase help flowers? How many years do tulips last? How do you make roses stand up straight? One trick many people don’t know is that if a rose droops – hangs its head – you can often make it stand up straight again by completely submerging it – flower and all – for an hour or more in a sink or tub of very warm water. Leave a Reply
NumPy istitle() function In this tutorial, we will cover istitle() function of the char module in the Numpy library. The istitle() function returns true for each data element of the given ndarray if the elements in the input ndarray is a title cased string and there is at least one cased character. Otherwise, this function will return false. For example, Apple is title cased, but apple is not and APPLE is also not titled case. This function calls str.istitle in an element-wise manner. This function is locale-dependent for an 8-bit string. Syntax of istitle(): The syntax required to use this function is as follows: The above syntax indicates that istitle() is a function of the char module and it takes a single parameter. In the above syntax, the argument a represents the input array of strings on which this function will be applied. Returned Values: This function will return an output array of boolean values. Example 1: import numpy as np inp1 = np.array(['APPLE', 'Mango', 'guava']) print ("The input array: ", inp1) out1 = np.char.istitle(inp1) print ("The output array:", out1 ) The input array : ['APPLE' 'Mango' 'guava'] The output array : [False True False] Example 2: The code snippet is as follows where we will use istitle() function: import numpy as np inp2 = "This Is An Input String" print ("The input array : \n", inp2) out2 = np.char.istitle(inp2) print ("The output array :\n", out2 ) The input array : This Is An Input String The output array : This tutorial was all about istitle() function of the Numpy library. We covered how it is used with its syntax and values returned by this function.
Since the outbreak of the Coronavirus, hopes have relied on the vaccines, seeming to be the exact solution. Vaccines including Moderna, Pfizer-BioNTech, Oxford-AstraZeneca, Sputnik V and Sinovac, were created by the pharmaceutical companies and were purchased by countries. Yet the reality that only a solution of a global and collective response could save the world is overlooked. In order to ensure an equitable share of coronavirus vaccines, a global vaccine plan known as COVAX was initiated by the World Health Organization. Accordingly, no country will receive vaccines for more than 20% of their population before the others in the COVAX group. However, some low-income countries are left behind in accessing vaccines whereas high-income countries including the United States, United Kingdom and Israel have purchased and reserved doses of vaccines with side deals and negotiations, started vaccinating the second doses to their population and pursued stockpiling. According to WHO, many low-income countries, especially located in Africa, South America, Asia, the Middle East and in conflict zones have received limited and inadequate amounts of vaccines. Overall, only 0.1% of doses worldwide have been administered in low-income countries, while in high-income countries more than half of the doses were injected. Therefore, the imbalance of distribution of vaccines has become apparent across the globe. Although more-economically developed countries have confirmed to donate the surplus of their vaccines, we can’t guarantee global immunity with the ongoing steps. With increasing transmission, numerous variants have emerged, deteriorating the efficiency of the vaccines, delaying “recovery” from the impacts of the virus and preventing the turn back to “normal”. For the sake of a more effective management of the COVID-19 pandemic, a solution on a global front is crucial and indispensable. The COVAX plan needs to enhance, widen its reach in a faster manner and focus on serving equality.  In 1962, Francis Crick was awarded the Nobel Prize for the discovery of DNA structure together with James Watson and Maurice Wilkins. British biophysicist Rosalind Franklin, who paved the way for this discovery, was not included in the textbooks, but became an exemplary role model when the subject of women in science was opened. Esther Lederberg’s name was not included in the Nobel Prize, which her husband won in 1958, thanks to the method they found for transferring bacterial colonies from one petri dish to another. A year ago, the Nobel Prize in Physics was given to Tsung-Dao Lee and Chen Ning Yang thanks to their “law of equality” research, which made a big step in quantum mechanics. The third person in the experiment Chien-Shiung Wu’s name, however, did not exist in the prize When we look at the present day in the Covid-19 pandemic, while Uğur Şahin and Özlem Türeci played a pioneering role in developing vaccines against the coronavirus, they were featured in the Turkish press as “Uğur Bey and his wife”. The non-existence of women in science as a male-dominated field is not seen in one, two, three cases but is a phenomenon seen all over the world. The inability of a little girl to find opportunities, different recommended priorities for a young woman, or the deletion of the name of a scientist who has reached there by overcoming all obstacles, are part of this non-existence. Many steps are being taken to support women and girls who cannot find a place in science due to lack of opportunities and differing prioritization as it is the most common way of this phenomenon: Baba Beni Okula Gönder mobilization and similar projects, books written to attract attention to female role models in children’s literature “ are done to break down this metaphorized invisible obstacle called as the “glass ceiling”. However, in the third example of women’s nonexistence, even those who broke the glass ceiling, as seen in the examples of Özlem Türeci, Esther Lederberg, Rosalind Franklin and Chien-Shiung Wu, are somehow wiped out; emphasized not by scientist identities, but as being female, a spouse, or the “forgotten” second gender. In other words, the glass ceiling does not remain as a ceiling, it turns into a wall that surrounds a woman on all four sides. Here’s the irony of the glass ceiling metaphor. Women breakinf down a glass ceiling in science that exists in the patriarchal system indicates finding a place for themselves in patriarchy. Thus the so-called space they find is a mystery, as can be seen. Simone de Beauvoir says “One is not born but rather becomes a woman” in her book Second Sex. In the world of science as well, one is not born but rather becomes one. Trying to exist in the pathway of  patriarchy for women should not be the main purpose to find a place in STEM for women. Only then can a woman exist as  a scientist, rather than a second sex in science. Leave a comment
Ethnic Effects: Perseverance & Resilience This is post #4 of 4 in the series, Ethnic Effects.  This summer, Getty Marrow undergraduate interns from JANM, La Plaza de Cultura y Artes, and the Italian American Museum of Los Angeles collaborated to create a collections-based project tasked with answering the question:  How have immigrants and subsequent generations shaped what it means to be  American?  The initial goal of the project was to highlight the agency of immigrants in shaping American identity. However, the interns’ submissions suggested that the answer to this specific question would not fully encapsulate the American experience of immigrants and their descendants. As a result, each intern approached this question from a different perspective and highlighted an artifact that touched upon different facets of the American experience and identity. In this post, Shelby Ottengheime and Jose Quirarte explore the complexity of “American identity” through ways that Japanese Americans preserved traditional Japanese values and institutions during World War II. More specifically, Shelby and Jose selected items that demonstrate the ways in which Japanese Americans persevered while they were incarcerated during World War II by channeling the spirit of gaman—“persevering with dignity and fortitude.” Shelby highlighted a variety of craft items from JANM’s Eaton Collection and argued that the items reveal that gaman is integral to the Japanese American experience and that it manifested itself through various facets of their American experience. Jose highlighted a butsudan (Buddhist altar) made in the Heart Mountain concentration camp in Wyoming between 1942-1945, and argued that it symbolized that Japanese immigrants and their children preserved their cultural values despite American oppression.  Assortment of Pendants and Rings Contributed by: Shelby Ottengheime, Japanese American National Museum Artist unknown, assortment of rings, 1942-1945. Eaton Collection, 2015.100.140-145, Japanese American National Museum. When reflecting on Japanese American history, a single word encapsulates generations of experiences, and that word is “gaman.” Though a seemingly simple expression, to the Japanese American community, it is a defining aspect. Gaman is translated as “to persevere with dignity and fortitude.” This cultural value is not only what enabled the Japanese American community to persevere through their injustices, but it has come to define what it means to be an American for them as well. In fact, it is so integral to Japanese American life that it even manifests itself in their actions, mottos, and art. The Japanese American way of life has been historically characterized by hardship and adversity. As immigrants and laborers in the early 20th century, the Japanese came to the US in pursuit of the infamous American dream. However, discriminatory laws and social prejudice made it difficult for Issei’s (first generations Japanese Americans) to establish a home. Regardless of such hardships, like the fact that Issei were not legally allowed to own land, they persevered and built what they could with what they had.  The struggles that affected Japanese immigrants and subsequent generations are uniquely different from those experienced by any other immigrant community in US history and have ultimately shaped the Japanese American experience. This is referring to Executive Order 9066, which forcibly incarcerated all individuals living on the West Coast who were as little as 1/16th Japanese. Despite having done nothing wrong—there was “not a single docu­mented act of espionage, sabotage, or treasonable activity by any American of Japanese descent”—over 120,000 innocent Japanese Americans were forced into concentration camps (Stone 1096). Fueled exclusively by prejudiced fear, E.O. 9066 was reasoned to protect Americans, however, those who were interned were US Citizens, and were effectively denied their rights simply because they were of Japanese ancestry.  With only a week’s notice, these Japanese Americans were forced from their homes and sent to desolate, barren concentration camps. Scared to be even more vilified and viewed as Japanese sympathizers, Japanese Americans complied with the US government and went to camp. Though they did not protest, that does not mean they went willingly, instead, they chose to gaman and persevere through the injustices that faced them. Each incarceree was allowed to bring a minimal amount of belongings, but they had no idea where they would be going or for how long they would be gone. As a result, Japanese Americans abandoned most of their possessions or left them in the care of neighbors. When they arrived at the concentration camps they were confronted with barbed wire, armed guards, a barren climate, poorly built living facilities, and an astounding lack of privacy. Even the food resembled nothing of home, offering no comfort to the incarcerees. However, one of the ways in which Japanese Americans were able to cope with their degrading and humiliating situation, was to create art. This artwork embodied their strength and their ability to persevere in an existence where they no longer had autonomy.  These visual representations of gaman reflect the indomitable resilience of Japanese Americans, and a large variety of the artwork was collected by Allen H. Eaton during World War II. Some of the pieces within the collection were mentioned in his book Beauty Behind Barbed Wire, which highlighted the art production by Japanese Americans while also pointing out that their constitutional rights were violated through their forced removal from the West Coast. However, years after Eaton died, in April of 2015, a family friend of Eaton’s tried to sell the collection at auction. This caused serious outrage across the Japanese American community, and through activism efforts, the insensitive sale of the “Eaton Collection” was stopped and alternatively transferred to the Japanese American National Museum. Artist unknown, assortment of pendants, 1942-1945. Eaton Collection, 2015.100.123-128, Japanese American National Museum. The pieces within the Eaton Collection were not created by professional artists. The artwork produced by untrained incarcerees reflected the life and sentiments of the average Japanese American. It also showcased their artistic ingenuity and how “gaman” expressed itself within their art. Though art supplies were limited, Japanese Americans made do. They utilized their surroundings, finding colorful stones to set into rings and jewelry; onion strings to weave into patterns on cigarette cases; and excess wood from the hastily built barracks, which were shaped into complex carvings, depicting beautiful sakura trees with handsome cranes. These works not only helped the Japanese endure through their incarceration experience, but the artwork themselves directly mirror the Japanese American way of life and can be seen as a metaphor for the Japanese themselves. Both the Japanese and the wood plank were dismissed and seen as having no worth. However, with gaman, an object that has been discarded can transform and be seen as something beautiful and of value to society. This very aspect has come to define the Japanese American experience. Not only was gaman apparent in their artwork, but that resilience continued to shape all aspects of Japanese American life and define what it meant for them to be an American. During World War II, many of the young men in camp enlisted in the US Army, choosing to fight overseas while their family members were still incarcerated. Their hope was to prove their “Americanness” and loyalty by fighting for their country: the United States of America. These Nisei (second-generation Japanese Americans) were assigned to the 442nd Infantry Regiment, an almost entirely Japanese American battalion. Their motto “Go for Broke” was an extension of the Japanese gaman-mentality. The unit’s fortitude and success reflected this value of perseverance, and against all odds, the 442nd became the most decorated combat unit in the history of the US military. The cultural value of perseverance and honorable endurance has defined the Japanese American life since their initial immigration to the US. Facing hardship, prejudice, and blatant governmental acts of racism, Japanese Americans have continually used gaman to persevere. Gaman has become so instilled in the Japanese American identity that it expresses itself in multiple aspects of their culture; in their art, their mottos, and it even continues to mold their lives and values today. Ultimately, gaman has come to define the Japanese American experience and shaped what it means for them to be an American. Contributed by: Jose Quirarte, Japanese American National Museum Obutsudan, by Shinzaburo and Gentaro Nishiura, 1942-1945. Gift of the Gilroy Buddhist Community Hall, 2001.392.1A, Japanese American National Museum. The butsudan is a Buddhist altar often found in temples and homes. Shinzaburo & Gentaro Nishiura handrafted this particular butsudan during World War II at the Heart Mountain concentration camp in Wyoming. It is composed of the gokuden (“Palace Hall”), shumiden (“Sumeru Throne”), and the naijin, or inner area. The gokuden is the large wooden cabinet that houses the gohonzon, or “principle object of reverence,” and includes the two wooden doors that fold center outward and back. The shumiden is the large wooden pedestal that the gokuden sits on, and the naijin includes three altars: the center altar which houses the gohonzon, and the altars on the left and right which house scrolls depicting significant Buddhist figures.  Shinzaburo & Gentaro Nishiura were two carpenters from San Jose, California who were imprisoned at the Heart Mountain concentration camp. Before the war, the Nishiura brothers were responsible for constructing many buildings for the Japanese American community in San Jose, and the greater Santa Clara area. The Nishiura brothers continued their contributions to the Japanese American community in camp by working in the Heart Mountain cabinet shop. In 1943, with the blessing of Reverend Chikaro Aso, the Nishiura brothers installed their handcrafted butsudan in the Block-8 Buddhist Church of Heart Mountain. Through the efforts of Reverend Aso, the butsudan found its way to the Gilroy Buddhist Church in Gilroy, CA, and was eventually donated to JANM by the Gilroy Buddhist Community Hall in 2001. The creation and use of this butsudan in one of America’s concentration camps is a prime example symbol of the perseverance of the Japanese American spirit during their years of incarceration. On one hand, The practice of Buddhism provided a sense of normalcy for some Japanese Americans through the chaos surrounding their removal and incarceration. On the other, the creation of this butsudan in camp signified the importance of Japanese values and the way Japanese Americans preserved them. Due to Japanese Americans only being allowed to bring to camp what they could carry, many of them only brought the necessities. In order to continue to practice their faith, the Nishiura brothers showed their ingenuity by creating their own religious items out of the materials they had at their disposal. As a result, the artistry from within the barbed wire fences of camp are a symbol in and of themselves of Japanese American resilience during World War II.  These examples demonstrate that the craft items made in camp are themselves symbolic of the American experience, and the resilience and resistance of immigrants against systematic discrimination and oppression. As Shelby mentioned, most of the crafts made in camp were not made by professional artists. The craft items that Shelby highlighted in the Eaton Collection, were mostly made of material that the prisoners could find and turn either into a useful tool or art. Not only are the crafts representative of the Japanese value of gaman, but the creation of crafts, tools, and religious items in an environment of immense discrimination and oppression reveals a symbolic theme of the American immigrant experience: that immigrants often have to survive the harsh conditions of America by using whatever is at their disposal. The fact that this butsudan was made in one of America’s concentration camps demonstrated that Japanese Americans held onto traditional institutions and values, and were intent on preserving them. The elegant looking materials that were used to craft the butsudan made it clear that the butsudan was a significant religious relic. Furthermore, in contrast to the crafts in the Eaton Collection, the butsudan was crafted by highly trained professionals who had a history of preserving Japanese institutions and contributing to the Japanese community in Santa Clara County. The butsudan itself speaks to the larger American immigrant experience as immigrant populations attempted to integrate their own culture into their lives in America. Rather than assimilating or converting to Christianity, practicing Buddhists, within the walls of a concentration camp that “otherized” them and implied they were dangerous, maintained their religious values and actively crafted a traditional altar.  The fact that Japanese Americans were able to preserve their traditions and institutions despite being imprisoned in America’s concentration camps reveals the complexity of the “American identity.” Shelby’s application of how the Japanese value of gaman was reflected in Japanese American craftsmanship made in camp, and Jose’s example of the butsudan demonstrate that Japanese values and cultural touchstones were essential to the identity of Japanese American prisoners. As a result, Japanese American identity was a blend of both their traditional culture and the values of American society. Japanese Americans did not totally assimilate or abandon their culture in America’s “melting pot.” Instead, they preserved their values and institutions in a new amalgamated and complex “American identity.” If you would like to learn more about craftsmanship in camp and gaman, you should read Delphine Hirasuna’s book, The Art of Gaman: Arts & Crafts from the Japanese American Internment Camps. If you would like to know more about the Eaton Collection, you can view photos of the collection here, and check out JANM’s traveling display titled Contested Histories: Art and Artifacts from the Allen Hendershott Eaton Collection. Recipes From Camp: Homemade Noodles from Topaz Excerpt from Topaz Saturday Times, Vol. II No. 13, January 16, 1943. Food Fancies, by Evelyn Kimura, was a column in the Topaz Saturday Times about all things food. In the wake of forced incarceration, Japanese Americans used what little resources they had to make some of their favorite meals. According to Kimura, the key to at-home cooking was simplicity. (And don’t use up all the coal for everyone in the barracks.) Camp cooking is a legacy that has been passed down to many of us through the generations. Growing up, I knew that shoyu hotdogs and rice meant that Mom was tired. While we spend our current hours social-distancing and rationing food, we can call upon the lessons from those who came before us. Homemade noodles, courtesy of Mrs. J Yanagizawa of 14-1-A 1 1/2 cups of flour 1 egg Fresh vegetables of your choice 1 can bouillon or broth 1. Mix flour and egg (or you can substitute water). Let stand all day until hard. 2. Roll flat and cut into strips. 3. Then begin soup mixture by boiling fresh vegetables of your choice. 4. Add 1 can of bouillon (broth) to vegetables and allow to simmer for 20 minutes. 5. Boil soup and noodles for another 15 minutes. 6. If ready made noodles are being used, boil them before adding to the soup. We plan to share more camp recipes, so check back for more. We hope you try out this recipe. And please let us know if you do! Thanks to Emily Anderson who came across this recipe while searching through the World War II camp newspapers on the Densho Digital Repository as part of her research for an upcoming JANM exhibition. The full issue can be found here (Densho, Courtesy of the family of Itaru and Shizuko Ina). The Impact of John Okada on American Literature Despite passing away in 1971 at just 47 years old, John Okada’s brief life carries a lasting impact on American literature to this day. Acclaimed as a pioneering Japanese American novelist, Okada’s only novel, No-No Boy, gives an unflinching look into the cruel treatment and aftermath that individuals of Japanese descent in America experienced following the bombing of Pearl Harbor and during World War II. The first of its kind, Okada’s book broke the veil of silence that fell over most of those incarcerated during the war; this master work of fiction pushed back the shadow cast over Japanese Americans during and after WWII. Born in 1923, Okada was a student at the University of Washington when Japan bombed Pearl Harbor in 1941. His studies were put on hold when he and his family were incarcerated at the Minidoka concentration camp in 1942, along with thousands of other American citizens. After completing a loyalty questionnaire, Okada was released from camp to join the United States Air Force as a translator for intercepted Japanese communications. In No-No Boy, Ichiro, the protagonist, is also faced with a loyalty questionnaire. For question 27, “Are you willing to serve in the armed forces of the United States on combat duty, wherever ordered?,” and question 28, “Will you swear unqualified allegiance to the United States of America and faithfully defend the United States from any or all attack by foreign or domestic forces, and forswear any form of allegiance or obedience to the Japanese emperor, or any other foreign government, power, or organization?,” Ichiro answers “no,” dooming himself to two years in an American concentration camp and two more years in federal prison. The story follows Ichiro through his attempts to regain a somewhat normal life after his release. The reader meets other Japanese American characters who were impacted in various ways by the incarceration camps and vicious treatment endured during the war. Ichiro’s friend Freddie, coping with his unjust incarceration, turns to a life of partying. In contrast, a man Ichiro befriends named Kenji, who lost most of his leg while fighting in the war after passing the loyalty questionnaire, held no ill feelings towards the military, America, or those who chose not to serve. Others in the book express different feelings about the war and its outcome, including Ichiro’s own mother, who is in deep denial for most of the book. Things take a dramatic turn when she realizes that Japan lost the war and she can never return to her home country or be accepted in America. Despite these troubled characters, the story retains a message of hope with the idea that Ichiro does not have to succumb to his deep-rooted pain and instead can take life into his own hands and transcend the demons that haunt him. John Okada created a window of understanding into a group of people that suffered due to the actions of others. His work lives on as a warning of what can come from blaming our own citizens for the actions of those we are in conflict with. that misplaced blame can harm generations and breed deep divisions in our country, damaging our social fabric from the inside out. The painfully truthful work that is No-No Boy lives on as both a beautifully written and tragic piece that gave a voice to a generation while also opening doors to similiar works. Frank Abe and Greg Robinson On Saturday, February 2, join us for the Los Angeles launch of the book John Okada: The Life and Rediscovered Work of the Author of No-No Boy. Frank Abe, a journalist and producer of the PBS documentary Conscience and the Constitution, and Greg Robinson, professor of history at Université du Québec a Montréal, who edited John Okada (with Floyd Cheung) will be on hand to discuss the first full-length examination of Okada’s development as a writer. Moderating the discussion will be Brian Niiya, Content Director of, an organization whose mission is to preserve the testimonies of Japanese Americans who were unjustly incarcerated during World War II. Book signing to follow. Seeing the Sights of Little Tokyo The entrance to the Hompa Hongwanji Buddhist Temple. In 1884, a Japanese sailor named Hamanosuke Shigeta jumped ship in San Diego and eventually made his way to downtown Los Angeles, where he opened an American-style cafe. The opening of Kame Restaurant—the first known Japanese-owned business in Los Angeles, signaled the beginning of what is now known as Little Tokyo. Before World War II, Little Tokyo was thriving and grew to be the largest Japanese community in the United States. This area is steeped in history and every month JANM docents lead walking tours of the neighborhood to explore both popular and lesser-known gems of this bustling neighborhood. One of the stops on the tour is the original Hompa Hongwanji Buddhist Temple, at 119 North Central Avenue. Built in 1925 by Japanese immigrants, and originally named the Nishi Hongwanji Buddhist Temple, the building was the first structure in Los Angeles designed specifically to house a Buddhist place of worship. In 1942, the building was used as a gathering place for people of Japanese ancestry to board buses as they were forcibly removed to American concentration camps during World War II. Reverend Julius Goldwater, one of the first non-Japanese Buddhist ministers in America, did not face removal and allowed people in the community to store their belongings in the building while they were incarcerated. With no congregation, the temple closed down. However, in 1944 the Providence Missionary Baptist Association converted part of the building into a Christian center and began offering sermons. The Association’s stay was only temporary, though. When the war ended in 1945 Goldwater notified the Baptist Association that their lease could not be renewed as he expected many of his congregation members to return home. The temple then reopened and served as a hostel for many of those returning from the camps who found that their homes had been lost. The building eventually fell into disrepair after the temple moved to a new location in 1969 and it was sold to the City of Los Angeles in 1973. Destined to be torn down for new development, the building was spared when the City of Los Angeles supported its use as a museum site. In 1992, the Japanese American National Museum opened in the renovated historic building. People of Japanese ancestry board buses in front of Nishi Hongwanji Buddhist Temple as they were forcibly removed to American concentration camps. 1942. Photo by Jack Iwata. Japanese American National Museum, gift of Jack and Peggy Iwata. The architecture of the ornate building draws inspiration from a temple in Kyoto, Japan, and combines Japanese and Middle Eastern motifs in its striking façade. The Middle Eastern influence stems from the architectural movement called Egyptian Revival. This style of architecture first came to prominence in the late 18th century. But after the discovery of King Tutankhamun’s tomb in 1922, Egyptian influences saw a renewed wave of popularity around the world. Also, Egyptian themes had become an essential part of the Art Deco movement in the 1920s. This building’s entrance is on the plaza across from the Japanese American National Museum’s Pavilion building. The cement canopy (karahafu) over the entrance replicates the imperial gateway of the associated Mother Temple in Kyoto, Japan. The characteristic shape is the undulating curve at the top of the entrance. This design is common in traditional Japanese architecture, including castles, Buddhist temples, and Shinto shrines. Kara means “noble” or “elegant” and this architectural element is often added to places that are considered important or grand. The original Hompa Hongwanji Buddhist Temple is only one of several stops on the JANM docent-led walking tours of Little Tokyo that engage visitors beyond the walls of the museum and introduce them to a unique and diverse community. Whether you are a first-time visitor or a lifelong Los Angeles resident, you’ll learn surprising details about the people, historic architecture, and community spirit of this colorful neighborhood. Museum admission is included with the fee for the tour, so be sure to see JANM’s current exhibitions afterward. Tours take place on the last Saturday of every month, weather permitting. Comfortable walking shoes are recommended. To sign up for our next walking tour please visit Highlights from the Little Tokyo Sushi Graze Edible Adventures at Sushi Go 55 A chef prepares sushi Last Chance to See the Civil Liberties Act of 1988 Original pages of the Civil Liberties Act of 1988 On display only until September 23, time is running out to see two original pages of the Civil Liberties Act of 1988, signed by President Ronald Reagan! Currently on view as part of our Common Ground: The Heart of Community exhibition, these pages will soon return to the National Archives in Washington DC. This past August marked the 30th anniversary of the Act. JANM commemorated this anniversary by reimagining the final gallery of Common Ground to place an even stronger emphasis on the redress movement, its influences, and its accomplishments. With the Civil Liberties Act of 1988, the US government formally apologized for the incarceration of Japanese Americans during World War II and paid monetary reparations to surviving victims of America’s concentration camps. This law came about after many years of activism by the Japanese American community. Seeing a historic document like this in person moves us in a way that even the best-written article or book cannot. The document is a direct connection to the past and seeing it, one can almost feel the emotions, values, and hard work that culminated in the passing of this legislation. Moreover, the Act reminds us that we must remain vigilant in pushing back against a social and political atmosphere that seeks to marginalize people. Seeing the document and learning about how this legislation was achieved pushes us to recognize that elements of today’s political landscape harken back to the dangerous and racist thinking of the 1940s that allowed for the creation of America’s concentration camps. If allowed to continue unanswered, then over time, the hard-fought battles of 30 years ago erode, and our democracy may be diminished. If you are in Los Angeles, we hope you’ll find time to visit us while the original pages are still here. For information about all of our current exhibitions, please visit Nisei Naysayer: The Memoir of Militant Japanese American Journalist Jimmie Omura Japanese American journalist James “Jimmie” Matasumoto Omura was one of the most outspoken dissidents against the mass incarceration of Japanese Americans during World War II. In brash and biting newspaper articles, Omura often criticized leaders in the Nikkei community for what he thought was their complicity concerning the actions of the United States government. While very strident in his criticism of forced incarceration, Omura also often wrote about his ire towards the US government’s decision to draft imprisoned Nisei into military service without addressing the violation of their human rights. As well, Omura was one of the first Japanese Americans to seek government redress for violations of civil liberties after World War II. In his vividly written memoir scheduled for release on August 28, Nisei Naysayer: The Memoir of Militant Japanese American Journalist Jimmie Omura, he talks about being one of the most vocal Japanese American activists during and after World War II and how his critiques in Japanese American newspapers often meant being shunned by the Nikkei community. The main impetus for writing the memoir, Omura said, was to correct the ”cockeyed history to which Japanese America has been exposed.” He also writes about his early years on Bainbridge Island in Washington, the summers he spent working in the salmon canneries of Alaska, how hard it was to find work during the Great Depression, as well as how his early journalism career took him to San Francisco and Los Angeles. Jimmie Omura on the Liberty Calling program on KLZ radio, Denver, Colorado, October 12, 1947. In the first of two broadcasts on Japanese Americans’ problems in Denver, the Rocky Shimpo editor discussed discrimination faced by Nikkei in employment, education, and housing. In contrast, the second broadcast’s featured speaker, Colorado Times publisher Fred Kaihara, maintained that discrimination in no way hampered Denver’s Japanese American community. Omura Papers, Green Library, Stanford University. Edited and with an introduction by historian Art Hansen, and with contributions from Asian American activists and writers Frank Chin, Yosh Kuromiya, and Frank Abe, Nisei Naysayer provides an essential, firsthand account of Japanese American wartime resistance. Omura passed away in 1994, but Hansen, who is also professor emeritus of History and Asian American Studies at California State University, Fullerton, will be at JANM on August 25 at 2 p.m. to discuss the book and Omura’s life and work. Here we share a brief excerpt from a recently published Discover Nikkei article that goes more into detail about Omura. Read the rest of this article at The discussion with Art Hansen is included with JANM admission but RSVPs are recommended. Reserve your seat now! Looking Back at the Civil Liberties Act of 1988 President Ronald Reagan signs the Civil Liberties Act of 1988. Tell Your Tales of Little Tokyo Artist Dan Kwong Artist Dan Kwong Members of the JANM community share stories of Little Tokyo This Summer, See Masumi Hayashi’s Work in Glendale Gila River Camp, where Hayashi was born.
What is income tax? The income tax is set to a direct tax, natural character and subjective, which is levied on personal income. In other words, it is a tax on income or gain that has occurred from an investment or a return on capital. You can also try the product of a dependent or independent.In simpler terms, the income tax is a tax, as already said, those charged on income or income that are configured as earnings or profits. These revenues come from one thing or activity constituting income, from all earnings, profits and capital gains received or accrued which, whatever its nature, origin and description. This tax has its roots in the Middle Ages to the late eighteenth century, in the form of customs and inheritance. This arises in Europe, specifically in England, when he established the collection of a special tax that was intended to cover the costs of exceptional needs. This practice was later transferred and assumed by other countries such as Germany, France in Europe, and in the new continent, the United States, as well as certain countries in Latin America, where it was assumed to be a temporary tax collection, but was implanted as a permanent collection. As this is an income tax, you need to understand clearly what this is, which is established as the net taxable income or taxable called. Among taxable income are those obtained from a dependent relationship work, or those obtained from single-person businesses or companies or companies that are incorporated. Are also considered, within this group, income from financial returns generated from investments of capital, those from inheritances or lottery awards, exports, copyrights or patents.Whereas this type of income, the tax base is constituted as the difference between taxable income and deductions, so, you get the taxable amount will be subject to the tax to be paid. Another important concept used in many countries, is the tax brackets. This is that the income tax does not grow linearly with the profits, earnings or salary of a person, but the percentage increases to tax “tranches”, so it remains fixed until a certain amount stipulated in applicable law, then increase and remain fixed in their percentage until earnings reach a new value. Therefore, is that in these cases it is convenient to derive part of their salary as pension savings instruments and other volunteers that allow lower taxes and optimize the use of resources for each person. Therefore arises to give information to decide the best use of our money. So empty here ... leave a comment! Leave a Reply
A Teenager’s Nutritional Needs: Points That Every Parent Should Know Teenage years are a crucial time in the lives of everyone because it marks the transition from childhood to adulthood. Marked by rapid physical growth that occurs during puberty, a teenager during this time experiences so many changes—including hormonal changes, metabolic changes, and of course, mental changes–that it often becomes difficult for a parent to keep track of everything going on in their child’s life. But even then, it is very important to look after the nutrition for teens during this time. Due to rapid physical growth and increased demand for energy, nutritional needs for teenagers gain a lot of importance to ensure proper health. Contrary to popular belief, teen nutrition is not the same as adult nutrition. There are many intricate changes in a diet for teenagers that one needs to keep in mind. Today, we have compiled some vital points about a teenager’s nutritional needs that you must know about. So, without further ado, let’s get started. What is Teen Nutrition? Why is it so important? As your kid steps into his adolescence, his body experiences so many changes and his mind goes through so many phases that to ensure proper growth, one must look into the kind of food and the liquid intake of the child. This is known as teen nutrition and it should be borne in mind that teen nutrition is very special and it should not be confused with adult nutrition at all because the nutritional needs for a teenager and those for an adult are completely different.  teenager's nutritional needs During puberty, the body undergoes rapid growth and several changes. As your teen grows, he will need more calories, more minerals and more nutrients such as proteins, fats etc. There is a reason behind this requirement. Calories will provide energy to the teenager for his growth, physical activities as well as studies. Proteins are bodybuilding materials.  The teenager will gain muscle mass by including proteins in his diet. Fats are required for energy supply as well. Mineral, iron, calcium—these are required in a diet for teenagers because of their individual contributions in helping proper growth and development of the body. All this shows that during the teenage years, the need for these food components is increased manifold, as compared to the adult years. Thus, teen nutrition is very important and requires special attention from the parents who want their kids to have all-round development. How to know if your child is eating healthy? It’s not just important to ensure that your child is eating healthy but also see to it that your child is eating enough. Sure, teenagers will want to gorge on pizzas, burgers and French fries but those foods do not supply all the nutrients that are needed for your teenager to grow. As a parent, you must have proper knowledge of a teenager’s nutritional needs before you give food to your child. This does not mean that you have to go crazy by reading the nutritional contents printed on the back of every food packet. But you can simply get an idea by researching on the web—for example, select some carbs and proteins for breakfast.  This can be a meal comprising of some bread, two eggs and some fresh juice. Also, do remember to check your child’s weight from time to time. This will help you keep a tab on his or her growth. What comprises a complete diet for teenagers? A complete diet for teenagers would include all the vital nutrients that his body needs to grow properly. Many teenagers fall prey to either obesity or malnutrition because their diets do not contain a balanced proportion of dietary requirements. Either they have too much of carbs and no protein or they love chicken and other meat but don’t have enough bread or rice.  teenager's nutritional needs So, to ensure your child is enjoying a proper diet, make sure his food contains carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, mineral and roughage. Bread, cereals, rice etc. are good sources of carbs while fats can be obtained from butter, cheese and such stuff. Eggs, meat and pulses contain lots of proteins and fruits and veggies can provide your child with minerals and vitamins needed for his health. Eating healthy while studying Now coming to some more details about a teenager’s nutritional needs, the most important change that can be observed once your child steps into adolescence are the added pressure of studies. Now your teenager is in high school and to cope with the increased amount of studying that he must have to do, it is needed that his nutritional needs are fulfilled accordingly To combat this difficult pressure, you need to give your child some “healthy brain foods” so that he can keep up in class and shine through! Proteins in meat, fish, milk etc. can help your child’s brain send signals to the rest of your body with chemicals while antioxidants can help delay ageing of the brain. Omega-3 which is found in cod liver oil can help the brain work harder. Apart from these, it is important to ensure proper hydration because the brain is 73% water and drinking enough water ensures proper working of the brain. Combating teenage mental stress with proper nutrition This is a very important point that must be brought up while discussing a teenager’s nutritional needs. Teenage is a time of severe mental stress. With all the changes happening to the body, it is very common for your child to feel insecure, tensed and overly conscious about everything. Thus, we find many teenagers succumbing to “stress eating” and becoming obese or maybe bulimic too. To prevent these scary situations, every parent must be very sensitive to their child’s mental health. Talk to your teen, support them, make sure they don’t feel uncomfortable in their own bodies and of course, keep an eye on their nutrition. Scientists have proclaimed that eating well helps teens manage stress Try to provide your teen with small amounts of food more frequently. This will help them prevent sudden cravings for sugar and fat. This way, you can prevent your child from becoming obese and help them fight stressful days. Now you can see why teen nutrition is such a big deal and how you can properly take care of your teenager’s nutritional needs. If this article helped you in any way, do remember to share it with your friends and family. If you have any more points you’d have liked to be discussed in this article, let us know. Thank you for reading this and have a great day! Read More Hey, we like you a lot and  want to offer you some of the best content Share your email for some exclusive insights
Question: Does Size Of Colon Tumor Matter? Does tumor size determine colon cancer stage? The staging system most often used for colorectal cancer is the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM system, which is based on 3 key pieces of information: The extent (size) of the tumor (T): How far has the cancer grown into the wall of the colon or rectum?. What is the difference between a tumor and a mass? How big are colon cancer tumors? Results: Median tumor size was 4.5 cm (range, 0.6-15). Tumor size exceeding 4.5 cm was observed in 159 patients (44%) and was associated with high T and N classification, UICC stage, and tumor grade. What size is considered a large tumor? What stage is a 2 cm tumor? Is Chemo Worth It For Stage 4 colon cancer? Can you live a long life after colon cancer? What are the odds of beating colon cancer? For colon cancer, the overall 5-year survival rate for people is 63%. If the cancer is diagnosed at a localized stage, the survival rate is 90%. If the cancer has spread to surrounding tissues or organs and/or the regional lymph nodes, the 5-year survival rate is 71%. At what stage does colon cancer show symptoms? What are the early warning signs of colon cancer?A persistent change in bowel habits.Narrow or pencil-thin stools.Diarrhea or constipation.Blood in the stool, rectal bleeding (blood may appear as bright red blood or dark stools)Persistent abdominal pain or discomfort, such as cramps or bloating.More items…• Does the size of a tumor determine the stage? What does the size of a tumor mean? Where does colon cancer spread to first? Stage IV colon cancers have spread from the colon to distant organs and tissues. Colon cancer most often spreads to the liver, but it can also spread to other places like the lungs, brain, peritoneum (the lining of the abdominal cavity), or to distant lymph nodes. Can you live 10 years with stage 4 colon cancer? Can you beat colon cancer? One of the deadliest cancers can be prevented or detected at a curable stage if you follow recommended screening guidelines. Colon cancer is the second most common cause of cancer deaths in the United States, according to the American Cancer Society (ACS). Can a large colon tumor be benign? A non-cancerous (benign) tumour of the colon or rectum is a growth that does not spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body. Non-cancerous tumours are not usually life-threatening. Most non-cancerous tumours are polyps that are attached to the lining of the colon or rectum.
The Effects Of Pc Expertise On Our On a regular basis Lives The Effects Of Pc Expertise On Our On a regular basis Lives Individuals at this time live in a world that relies tremendously on electronics and gadgets to make our everyday actions simpler and faster. Expertise refers the information and utilization of tools, strategies and systems in order to serve a bigger function like solving problems or making life simpler and higher. Its significance on people is super as a result of technology helps them adapt to the surroundings. The event of high expertise including laptop know-how’s Web and the telephone has helped conquer communication boundaries and bridge the gap between people all around the world. Whereas there are advantages to constant evolution of technology, their evolution has additionally seen the rise of its harmful power as apparent within the creation of weapons of every kind. You agree that any suggestion, thought, proposal, suggestion, feedback or other enter (Suggestions”) you submit to us associated to our products, companies, web sites, apps, or technology could also be used by us with none discover, obligation, restriction, reimbursement or compensation to you and you waive (or agree to not enforce) any and all rights that will now or in future exist (including ethical and equivalent rights) in any Feedback. Customers can get the newest GD880 Mini mobile phone deals valid at some point of 12 months, 18 months or 24 months. These contracts can be signed with any of the network suppliers of United Kingdom, similar to Orange, O2, Vodafone, Virgin, T-cellular and Three. Nowadays agricultural trade can be making use of the computers. The evaluation that was taken some few years before reveals that 44% of the farmers in Ohio are using computer systems for various purposes. In 1991, only 32% of the farmers were making use of it. This shows that there is considerable improve within the farmers who are utilizing computers. As web turns into the means of communication, most farmers use this technological advancement for transaction processing or for retrieving information. The evaluation reveals that out of the whole farmers who had been surveyed, 80% of them are making use of the web. Technology (“science of craft”, from Greek τέχνη, techne, “art, talent, crafty of hand”; and -λογία, -logia 2 ) is the sum of techniques , expertise , strategies , and processes used within the production of goods or services or within the accomplishment of objectives, akin to scientific investigation Expertise could be the data of techniques, processes, and the like, or it may be embedded in machines to allow for operation without detailed knowledge of their workings. Methods (e.g. machines) making use of technology by taking an input , altering it in response to the system’s use, and then producing an consequence are referred to as expertise methods or technological systems. In the present state of affairs, LG handsets have made an amazing rapport in the market because of the myriad of features in them. The GD880 Mini is without doubt one of the devices which are persevering with the same pattern. The word ‘Mini’ in the title of the handset, doesn’t seek advice from much less options. YOU PERCEIVE AND AGREE THAT YOUR USE AND THE AVAILABILITY OF THE PROVIDERS CONTAIN THE GATHERING, STORAGE, PROCESSING, USE AND DISCLOSURE OF KNOWLEDGE AND USER KNOWLEDGE, TOGETHER WITH THE TRANSFER OF INFORMATION AND INFORMATION TO OTHER CORPORATIONS AND TERRITORIES, AS STATED IN THE PRIVACY POLICY.
What Next for the Northern White Rhino? Since October the population of the Northern White Rhino has been fallen by approximately a quarter. That is that two of the population of seven have unfortunately passed. On Sunday Angalifu died at San Diego Zoo from old age, leaving the survival prospects of the Northern White Rhino looking more dire than ever. Although Angalifu was too old to breed, his death has narrowed the gene pool even further, perhaps beyond return. So how do you save a species with a heavily depleted population? The Northern White Rhinos, Southern counterpart is deemed a conservation success story, having had a close brush with extinction itself. Towards the end of the 19th Century the Southern White Rhino was considered extinct, until a small population numbering between 20 and 50 was discovered. From this small population has arisen an almost unprecedented success story with the current wild population numbering over 20,000, thanks to protective measures, and careful breeding programmes and translocations. Although the Southern White Rhino had a larger existing population than the Northern White Rhino when the population began to be saved, those saving it did not have access to much of the technology and knowledge which we do today. Advances in technology has opened the path for what many hope will be the last resort in saving species from extinction. Scientists are now capable of cloning species back into existence, much like the plot of a Steven Spielberg blockbuster. A sample of skin was collected from the last known Pyrenean Ibex before it died. In 2009, scientists then successfully cloned the extinct ibex from DNA in the preserved tissue by placing the DNA into egg cells from a domestic goat. Although the only surviving clone died shortly after birth from lung defects, this experiment was an important step and raised hopes that should conservation efforts fail a species, it may be possible with perfect DNA samples to resurrect them. Unfortunately it looks like the Northern White Rhino will be long extinct before the technology exists to resurrect a whole population of an extinct species, never mind that the ethics which lie behind cloning are extremely controversial. Across the planet institutes such as the Frozen Zoo, the Frozen Ark and CryoBioBank and popping up which are preparing for a different future of conservation. Although highly secretive, these institutes hold several thousand examples of frozen DNA belonging to species under threat. Most of the species kept still have flesh and blood brothers alive, however some are literally the last chance to see a species alive again. The po’ouli is one such example, extinct as of the early 2000’s all that remains is a culture of its cells frozen in time. Artificial insemination is probably the most commonly used conservation measure for species on the brink. From Pandas to Penguins to the Przewalski’s Horse, the technique has had successes across the taxonomic tree. The only endangered species which routinely undergo artificial insemination currently are pandas and the black-footed ferret, the later of which has gone from being considered extinct in the wild in 1987 to now having several reintroduced populations. Indeed the success of the black-footed ferrets captive breeding programme is evident in the sheer numbers which have been produced; over 8,000 kits. With the only surviving male of the Northern White Rhinos considered too old to breed, artificial insemination may be the species last remaining hope. There are currently plans to harvest eggs from the female at Dvur Kravlove Zoo and creating an embryo using sperm currently on ice in Berlin. Artificial insemination can be dangerous to the animals involved and there are concerns about whether the remaining females will be suitable candidates for surrogacy. It is unclear what path conservationists will choose for the surviving Northern White Rhino. Some argue that those resources spent on them may be better used elsewhere, whilst others believe artificial insemination is the way forward. What is apparent however is that if no action is taken, then the species might join the po’ouli in only existing in a frozen laboratory setting. For More Information: Black Footed Ferret Recovery Program  Po’ouli Conservation Can Artificial Insemination Save Endangered Species?  The Frozen Ark BBC – Experts on Last Ditch to Save Endangered Rhino Telegraph – Extinct Ibex is Resurrected by Cloning  3,687 total views, 3 views today The following two tabs change content below. Emily Stewart Emily Stewart Latest posts by Emily Stewart (see all) You may also like... Leave a Reply Blue Captcha Image
Why you’d be lucky to collect horseshoes Lucky, lucky, lucky: Traditionally, horsehoes must point upwards to retain their good fortune, as in Lucky, lucky, lucky: Traditionally, horsehoes must point upwards to retain their good fortune, as in these examples at Heydon in Norfolk. - Credit: Archant Mike Hicks looks at a common-place object that's become collectable - horseshoes. Isn't it strange how some common objects that we take for granted end up being collectors' items? Take for example, the humble horseshoe. I suppose if you are not connected to horses, and don't have the pleasure of dealing with their livery and day-to-day workings, they may never enter your head, and yet I bet there are a large number of readers who have a horseshoe somewhere within their home or the garden. Frequently, they appear to be dug up, but very rarely discarded. I have often seen them pinned-up on a wall, an outhouse or a shed; usually in the upright or 'u' shape position. I think there is a good reason for this (see below). So how long have horseshoes been around? Well, a very long time, but to find examples going back many hundreds of years, they have had to be preserved in fairly reasonably warm and dry conditions, but believe you me, there are collectors who are looking out for the unusual shoe. You may also want to watch: The use of horseshoes, as we know them, was probably bought into use around about a one hundred BC. They were normally cast from bronze; the early ones were fairly lightweight, and prior to this in Asia, they had used a mix of materials (including plants) to form 'bootees' on the feet of the horses to give them some protection. Once we had the more durable bronze or steel version, things began to improve considerably. During the 13th and 14th centuries, shoes were forged in large quantities and you could buy them ready-made. The invention has lasted all this time with very few modifications, and the basic metal horseshoe still remains. Most Read So, what is the likelihood of finding a very early horseshoe, well, possibly the metal detectorist is the answer. If you have a friend who is one of these, you might well be fortunate to find a nice early one, maybe going back to medieval times, but I doubt you would find a set. I think if you found a reasonably early one in good condition, it is going to cost you a few pounds, maybe less than £50. Coming back to the superstition, well, if you see any horseshoes, I think you will find they are in the upright position with the two ends facing skyward; this is apparently to retain any luck you might receive, rather than turning it up the other way and luck falling out of the bottom. I am not sure whether this works or not, but for a few bob, you might buy a horseshoe and give it a try! Mike Hicks runs Stalham Antique Gallery at 29 High Street, Stalham (NR12 9AH). You can contact Mike on 01692 580636 or [email protected]. Become a Supporter Become a Supporter Comments powered by Disqus
Click here for updates on this story     Tucson, Arizona (Arizona Daily Star) -- If NASA’s latest Mars rover ever finds itself in need of a drink of water or a snow cone, the Tucson-based Planetary Science Institute can help with that. A team from the private nonprofit research organization recently unveiled the most complete map yet of accessible water ice deposits on the red planet. The map probably won’t be of much use to the Perseverance rover, which prefers to keep its wheels dry, but it could be a literal lifeline for the first human visitors to Mars one day. “We’re looking at it from a resource point of view,” said Gareth Morgan, a senior scientist for the institute in Washington, D.C. Nearly every scenario for landing people on Mars involves tapping into the planet’s supply of water ice to sustain the crew and produce fuel for the return trip to Earth. “Fortunately, Mars is a very icy planet,” said Morgan, who is heading up the research with fellow scientist Nathaniel Putzig. The project is called Subsurface Water Ice Mapping, or SWIM for short. It is being funded by NASA and managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. Morgan said SWIM uses new processing techniques to integrate and analyze data collected by several NASA spacecraft — the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, Mars Odyssey and Mars Global Surveyor. The goal is to look at ice on Mars in a holistic way while testing the limits of those existing datasets, he said. The red planet has huge deposits of permanent ice near its poles, of course. But just like on Earth, those parts of the globe are bitterly cold and subject to long periods of darkness, making them unsuitable landing sites. So far, Morgan, Putzig and their team have identified several promising spots in the mid-latitudes of Mars’ northern hemisphere where buried ice deposits are likely to be found within 15-20 feet of the surface. Morgan described that area as the “Goldilocks zone,” where the ice is stable and shallow enough to be dug up but there is still enough sunlight to generate solar power and keep warm. Their findings were published Feb. 8 in the journal Nature Astronomy. The paper summarizes the first phase of the SWIM analysis, which took a team of about 10 researchers roughly six months to complete. It’s painstaking work that involves scouring pictures of the Martian surface in search of landforms that look like they were created by ice or might contain it. For a similar analysis on Earth, Morgan said, scientists could simply double-check their work by traveling to the places on their map to confirm whether the ice is really there. “Ground-truthing” their findings on Mars is a lot more difficult, he said. One way to confirm the presence of ice is by examining the craters left by recent meteor strikes, but such “ice-exposing impacts,” are rare, Morgan said. The map is now being refined using higher-resolution image data to identify specific areas for further study. More data is needed before scientists are able to identify specific landing sites where astronauts can reliably find the water ice they will need to survive on the surface and get back home. To that end, NASA and the space agencies of Canada, Italy and Japan announced plans earlier this year to develop a robotic ice-mapping mission to Mars that could be ready to launch as early as 2026. Luckily for NASA, Perseverance doesn’t require access to water. In fact, such rover missions typically stick to the driest parts of Mars, and not just to avoid getting stuck in the mud. Morgan said NASA adheres to strict planetary protection policies designed to prevent contaminating other worlds with terrestrial organisms and organic materials. Since water is the most likely place where extraterrestrial life might be found, robots from Earth are careful to avoid such areas, he said. That shouldn’t be a problem for Perseverance. According to Morgan, the spot where the new rover touched down on Mars on Feb. 18 is just over 800 miles south of the nearest ice, as mapped by SWIM. That’s a mighty long drive on a planet without a single road, especially for a robot with a top speed of a little less than 0.1 mph. Recommended for you (0) comments Welcome to the discussion. Be Truthful. Don't knowingly lie about anyone or anything.
Wellhead means the piping, casing, tubing and connected valves protruding above the earth's surface for an oil and/or natural gas well. The wellhead ends where the flow line connects to a wellhead valve. The wellhead does not include other equipment at the well site except for any conveyance through which gas is vented to the atmosphere. 40 CFR § 60.5430a Scoping language Is this correct? or
Banding Northern Saw-whet Owls Last week we had the opportunity to band some young northern saw-whet owls! Northern saw-whet owls are perhaps one of the cutest small owls in North America (in our totally unbiased opinion). They can be found across the U.S. and Canada, though they mainly breed in the Western U.S., northern U.S., and across the lower reaches of Canada. Person climbing ladder propped against aspen tree in the woods. Trained volunteer Lindsay climbs up a ladder to reach the cavity. Northern saw-whet owls nest in large cavities, like those made by northern flickers and pileated woodpeckers. This one was in an aspen tree. Females are known to lay anywhere from 5 to 7 eggs. These eggs are laid asynchronously, which means one at a time, typically one per day across a number of days. The eggs also hatch asynchronously. When we first found the nest there had been 3 chicks, but unfortunately only 2 survived. The adult female from this cavity is already banded, but the male is not. He may be nearby when we visit the cavity, but doesn’t make his appearance known. Young northern saw-whet owls look quite different from the adults. Adults are brown and stripy, like many owls. These owls are small, typically only 6.3 to 8.3 inches tall, and only weigh 2.6 to 3.5 ounces (males are lighter than females). Their wingspan is generally anywhere from 18.1 to 20.0 inches across. The adults are a warm reddish-brown color, with generous white streaking and white spots on the nape. Their bellies are white, with reddish streaks. They have small round heads, yellow eyes, black beaks, and feathered feet. In contrast, the young owls are hardly striped at all. They have dark brown heads and backs, with a reddish chest and belly. Strikingly, they have a big white patch smack dab in the middle of their foreheads, stretching from the top of their beak to fill in between and just above both eyes. They also have yellow eyes, like the adults. Two baby owls on the ground. The two chicks on the ground in front of our banding equipment (from left to right): the hanging scale; banding pliers, a string of bands, and a small ruler. Close up of hands holding baby owl and spreading wing. Denver gently spreads one of the chick's wings to record feather growth and how much each flight feather has grown in so far. The second northern saw-whet owl chick is on the ground to the left. One person holds a baby owl while another puts a band on its leg. Denver (left) and Chloe (right) put a band on the leg of a northern saw-whet owl chick. A person weighs an owlet using a hanging scale. Chloe weighs the owlet by gently putting the owl in a sock and using a hanging scale to weigh the owl. She keeps her hand underneath the sock just in case. After banding and taking some measurements, we put these little ones back into their cavity safe and sound. We’ll continue to monitor the cavity until they fledge, or leave the nest. The young owls will stay in the area for a few days while they learn how to fly and hunt for themselves. During this time, their parents will feed them and keep an eye on them. Check out our Northern Saw-Whet Owl ID page for more information. Baby Owl PSA Catching a glimpse of baby owls is always a treat! However, if you are lucky enough to see baby owls in the wild, do remember that it’s usually best to leave them alone! It is completely natural for young owls to be on the ground when they first leave the nest and are learning how to fly. The parents most likely know exactly where they are, and are still in the area keeping an eye on their precocious babies and doing their best to make sure they’re well-fed. If you suspect the owl is injured or needs help, it’s usually best to leave it be and contact a professional wildlife rehabilitation center to get their advice on what to do. Featured Posts
Why Doesn’t Earth Have Rings? Why Doesn't Earth Have Rings? Jupiter’s rings. Image Credit: University of Maryland Hey, we’ve got a moon, that’s a sign. Uranus imaged by Voyager 2 in 1986. Credit: NASA Now what about our own prospects for rings? Credit: Kevin Gill (CC BY-SA 2.0) First Exoplanet Discovered Beyond the “Snow Line” Data from NASA’s crippled Kepler space telescope has unleashed a windfall of hot Jupiters — sizzling gas giants that circle their host star within days — and only a handful of Earth-like planets. A quick analysis might make it seem as though hot Jupiters are far more common than their smaller and more distant counterparts. But in large surveys, astronomers have to be careful of the observational biases introduced into their data. Kepler, for example, mainly finds broiling furnace worlds close to their host stars. These are easier to spot than small exoplanets that take hundreds of days to transit. New data, however, shows a transiting exoplanet, Kepler-421b, with the longest known year, clocking in at 704 days. “Finding Kepler-421b was a stroke of luck,” said lead author David Kipping from the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics in a press release. “The farther a planet is from its star, the less likely it is to transit the star from Earth’s point of view. It has to line up just right.” Kepler-416b's folded light curve. Image Credit: Kepler-421b’s folded light curve. Blue points are data from the first transit observed, and red points are the second transit.  Image Credit: Kipping et al. Kepler-421b is roughly 4 times Earth’s girth and at least 60 times Earth’s mass. It circles its host star at about 1.2 times the distance from the Earth to the Sun. But because its host star is much smaller than our Sun, this places its orbit beyond the snow line — the dividing line between rocky and gas planets. On Earth, snow lines typically form at high elevations where falling temperatures turn atmospheric moisture to snow. Similarly, in planetary systems, snow lines are thought to form in the distant, colder reaches of the stars’ disk. Depending on the distance from the star, however, other more exotic molecules — such as carbon dioxide, methane, and carbon monoxide — can freeze and turn to snow. This forms a frost on dust grains: the building blocks of planets and comets. “The snow line is a crucial distance in planet formation theory. We think all gas giants must have formed beyond this distance,” said Kipping. The fact that this gas giant is still beyond this distance, roughly 4 billion years after formation, suggests that it’s the first non-migrating gas giant in a transiting system found. Astronomers currently think gas giants form by small rocky cores that glom together until the body is massive enough to accrete a gaseous envelope. As they grow, they migrate inward, sometimes moving as close to their host star as Mercury is to the Sun. Kepler-421b may be the first exoplanet discovered to have formed in situ. But further observations, especially those of its atmosphere, will help shed light on its formation history. Unfortunately given its long year, it won’t transit again until February, 2016. The research has been accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal and is available online. Astronomers See Snow … In Space! There’s an excellent chance of frost in this corner of the universe: astronomers have spotted a “snow line” in a baby solar system about 175 light-years away from Earth. The find is cool (literally and figuratively) in itself. More importantly, however, it could give us clues about how our own planet formed billions of years ago. “[This] is extremely exciting because of what it tells us about the very early period in the history of our own solar system,” stated Chunhua Qi, a researcher with the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics who led the research. The real deal enhanced-color picture of TW Hydrae is below, courtesy of a newly completed telescope: the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array in Chile. It is designed to look at grains and other debris around forming solar systems. This snow line is huge, stretching far beyond the equivalent orbit of Neptune in our own solar system. See the circle? That’s Neptune’s orbit. The green stuff is the snow line. Look just how far the green goes past the orbit. The carbon monoxide line as seen by the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) telescope. The circle represents the equivalent orbit of Neptune when comparing it to our own solar system. Credit: Karin Oberg, Harvard University/University of Virginia Young stars are typically surrounded by a cloud of gas and debris that, astronomers believe, can in many cases form into planets given enough time. Snow lines form in young solar systems in areas where the heat of the star isn’t enough to melt the substance. Water is the first substance to freeze around dust grains, followed by carbon dioxide, methane and carbon monoxide. It’s hard to spot them: “Snow lines form exclusively in the relatively narrow central plane of a protoplanetary disk. Above and below this region, stellar radiation keeps the gases warm, preventing them from forming ice,” the astronomers stated. In areas where dust and gas are more dense, the substances are insulated and can freeze — but it’s difficult to see the snow through the gas. In this case, astronomers were able to spot the carbon monoxide snow because they looked for diazenylium, a molecule that is broken up in areas of carbon monoxide gas. Spotting it is a “proxy” for spots where the CO froze out, the astronomers said. Here are some more of the many reasons this is exciting to astronomers: • Snow could help dust grains form faster into rocks and eventually, planets because it coats the grain surface into something more stickable; • Carbon monoxide is a requirement to create methanol, considered a building block of complex molecules and life; • The snow was actually spotted with only a small portion of ALMA’s 66 antennas while it was still under construction. Now that ALMA is complete, scientists are already eager to see what the telescope will turn up the next time it gazes at the system. Source: National Radio Astronomy Observatory
Blitz BASIC is the programming language dialect that was interpreted by the first Blitz compilers, devised by New Zealand-based developer Mark Sibly. Being derived from BASIC, Blitz syntax was designed to be easy to pick up for beginners first learning to program. The languages are game-programming oriented but are often found general-purpose enough to be used for most types of application. The Blitz language evolved as new products were released, with recent incarnations offering support for more advanced programming techniques such as object-orientation and multi-threading. This led to the languages losing their BASIC moniker in later years.[1] Developer(s)Blitz Research. Written inCompiled to C++, but the languages are dialects of BASIC Operating systemMicrosoft Windows PlatformMicrosoft Windows Available inEnglish TypeGame creation system Licensezlib license The first iteration of the Blitz language was created for the Amiga platform and published by the Australian firm Memory and Storage Technology. Returning to New Zealand, Blitz BASIC 2 was published several years later by Acid Software (a local Amiga game publisher). Since then, Blitz compilers have been released on several platforms. Following the demise of the Amiga as a commercially viable platform, the Blitz BASIC 2 source code was released to the Amiga community. Development continues to this day under the name AmiBlitz. Idigicon published BlitzBasic for Microsoft Windows in October 2000. The language included a built-in API for performing basic 2D graphics and audio operations. Following the release of Blitz3D, BlitzBasic is often synonymously referred to as Blitz2D. Recognition of BlitzBasic increased when a limited range of "free" versions were distributed in popular UK computer magazines such as PC Format. This resulted in a legal dispute between the developer and publisher which was eventually resolved amicably. In February 2003, Blitz Research Ltd. released BlitzPlus also for Microsoft Windows. It lacked the 3D engine of Blitz3D, but did bring new features to the 2D side of the language by implementing limited Microsoft Windows control support for creating native GUIs. Backwards compatibility of the 2D engine was also extended, allowing compiled BlitzPlus games and applications to run on systems that might only have DirectX 1. Paradigmimperative, object-oriented, modular, reflective Designed byMark Sibly DeveloperBlitz Research Ltd. First appeared2004 Final release 1.51 / 21 September 2015 (2015-09-21) Typing disciplineStatic, Weak, Strong (Optional) OSMicrosoft Windows, Mac OS X, Linux Official BlitzMax, bmx-ng Influenced by The first BlitzMax compiler was released in December 2004 for Mac OS X. This made it the first Blitz dialect that could be compiled on *nix platforms. Compilers for Microsoft Windows and Linux were subsequently released in May 2005. BlitzMax brought the largest change of language structure to the modern range of Blitz products by extending the type system to include object-oriented concepts and modifying the graphics API to better suit OpenGL. BlitzMax was also the first of the Blitz languages to represent strings internally using UCS2, allowing native-support for string literals composed of non-ASCII characters. BlitzMax's platform-agnostic command-set allows developers to compile and run source code on multiple platforms. However the official compiler and build chain will only generate binaries for the platform that it is executing on. Unofficially, users have been able to get Linux and Mac OS X to cross-compile to the Windows platform. BlitzMax is also the first modular version of the Blitz languages, improving the extensibility of the command-set. In addition, all of the standard modules shipped with the compiler are open-source and so can be tweaked and recompiled by the programmer if necessary. The official BlitzMax cross-platform GUI module (known as MaxGUI) allows developers to write GUI interfaces for their applications on Linux (FLTK), Mac (Cocoa) and Windows. Various user-contributed modules extend the use of the language by wrapping such libraries as wxWidgets, Cairo, and Fontconfig as well as a selection of database modules. There are also a selection of third-party 3D modules available namely MiniB3D[2] - an open-source OpenGL engine which can be compiled and used on all three of BlitzMax's supported platforms. In October 2007, BlitzMax 1.26 was released which included the addition of a reflection module.[3] BlitzMax 1.32 shipped new threading and Lua scripting modules and most of the standard library functions have been updated so that they are unicode friendly.[4] Blitz3D SDK Blitz3D SDK is a 3D graphics engine based on the engine in Blitz3D. It was marketed for use with C++, C#, BlitzMax and PureBasic, however it could also be used with other languages that follow compatible calling conventions. Max3D module In 2008, the source code to Max3D - a C++-based cross-platform 3D engine - was released under a BSD license. This engine focused on OpenGL but had an abstract backend for other graphics drivers (such as DirectX) and made use of several open-source libraries, namely Assimp, Boost and ODE. Despite the excitement in the Blitz community of Max3D being the eagerly awaited successor to Blitz3D, interest and support died off soon after the source code was released and eventually development came to a halt. There is no indication that Blitz Research will pick up the project again. Open-source release BlitzPlus was released as open-source on 28 April 2014 under the zlib license on[5][6] Blitz3D followed soon after and was released as Open Source on 3 August 2014.[7][8] BlitzMax was later released as Open Source on 21 September 2015.[9] Sample code The following code creates a windowed application that shows the current time in binary and decimal format. This code is written in BlitzBasic, but will compile and run in both Blitz3D and BlitzPlus. See below for the same example written in BlitzMax. BlitzBasic version BlitzMax version AppTitle "Binary Clock" Graphics 150,80,16,3 ;create a timer that means the main loop will be ;executed twice a second Repeat ; MAIN LOOP Hour = Left(CurrentTime$(),2) Minute = Mid(CurrentTime$(),4,2) Second = Right(CurrentTime$(),2) If Hour >= 12 Then PM = 1 If Hour > 12 Then Hour = Hour - 12 If Hour = 0 Then Hour = 12 ;should do this otherwise the PM dot will be ;left up once the clock rolls past midnight! Color(0,255,0) ;make the text green for the PM part If PM = 1 Then Text 5,5,"PM" ;set the text colour back to white for the rest For bit=0 To 5 ;do hours If (bit<4) If (hour And binaryMask) Text xpos,5,"1" Text xpos,5,"0" ;do the minutes If (minute And binaryMask) Text xpos,25,"1" Text xpos,25,"0" ;do the seconds If (second And binaryMask) Text xpos,45,"1" Text xpos,45,"0" ;make the text red for the decimal time Text 5,65,"Decimal: " + CurrentTime$() ;set the text back to white for the rest ;will wait half a second AppTitle = "Binary Clock" Graphics 145,85 secondtimer = CreateTimer(2) Hour = CurrentTime()[..2].ToInt() Minute = CurrentTime()[4..6].ToInt() Second = CurrentTime()[6..].ToInt() If Hour >= 12 Then PM = 1 If Hour > 12 Then Hour = Hour - 12 If Hour = 0 Then Hour = 12 'should do this otherwise the PM dot will be 'Left up once the clock rolls past midnight! SetColor(0,255,0) 'make the text green For the PM part If PM = 1 Then DrawText "PM",5,5 'set the text colour back To white For the rest For bit=0 Until 6 'do hours If (bit<4) If (hour & binaryMask) DrawText "1",xpos,5 DrawText "0",xpos,5 'do the minutes If (minute & binaryMask) DrawText "1", xpos,25 DrawText "0", xpos,25 'do the seconds If (second & binaryMask) DrawText "1",xpos,45 DrawText "0",xpos,45 'make the text red For the decimal time DrawText "Decimal: " + CurrentTime(),5,65 'set the text back To white For the rest 'will wait half a second If KeyHit(KEY_ESCAPE) Then Exit Software written using BlitzBasic In 2011, BRL released a new cross-platform programming language called Monkey and its first official module called Mojo. Monkey has a similar syntax to BlitzMax, but instead of compiling direct to assembly code, it translates Monkey source files directly into source code for a chosen language, framework or platform e.g. Windows, Mac OS X, iOS, Android, HTML5, and Adobe Flash. Development of Monkey has been halted in favor of monkey2, an updated version of the language by Mark Sibly. 1. "The Official Blitz Website". Archived from the original on 31 March 2016. 2. "Blitz News". Archived from the original on 26 January 2008. Retrieved 12 December 2007. 3. "BlitzMax update 1.26 now available!". Archived from the original on 26 May 2011. Retrieved 11 January 2011. 4. BlitzMax V132 for Windows and MacIntel now up! Archived 26 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine on 5. BlitzPlus Source Code Released Archived 16 July 2016 at the Wayback Machine by simonh (2014-04-29) 6. Blitz3D open sourced! Archived 6 September 2016 at the Wayback Machine on Blitz3D Forums by (2014) 7. Blitz3D Now Free and Open Source! Archived 16 July 2016 at the Wayback Machine by simonh (2014-08-03) 8. blitz3d on 9. blitzmax on 10. IGN. Worms Blast Preview on
Depot Museum The mission of the Colorado Railroad Museum is to preserve and convey the rich history of railroading in the Rocky Mountain region through acquisition, research, exhibition, and education. The main Museum building, completed in 1959, resembles an 1880-era small town railroad depot. Typical architectural features include wide eaves to protect waiting passengers from weather, and large bay windows so the station agent may observe activity on the boarding platforms. The yellow and brown paint reflects standard building colors for the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad. The Depot Museum houses thousands of rare photographs, artifacts and documents illustrating the colorful histories of the railroads which have served Colorado for over 125 years. Featured ExhibitTelegrapherVolunteerDonate
définition - Desegregation desegregation (n.) Desegregation (n.) 1.(MeSH)Cultural contacts between people of different races.    Publicité ▼ définition (complément) voir la définition de Wikipedia synonymes - Desegregation Desegregation (n.) (MeSH) Race Relations  (MeSH) desegregation (n.) integrating, integration    Publicité ▼ voir aussi desegregation (n.) segregation, sequestration dictionnaire analogique Desegregation is the process of ending the separation of two groups usually referring to races. This is most commonly used in reference to the United States. Desegregation was long a focus of the American Civil Rights Movement, both before and after the United States Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education, particularly desegregation of the school systems and the military (See Military history of African Americans). Racial integration of society was a closely related goal.   Desegregation in the military   Militias and US Army Starting with King Phillip's war in the 17th century, blacks fought and died alongside whites in an integrated environment in the North American colonies. They continued to fight in every American war integrated with whites up until the War of 1812. They would not fight in integrated units again until the Korean War.[1] During the Civil War, Blacks enlisted in large numbers. They were mostly enslaved blacks who escaped in the South, although there were many northern black Unionists as well. More than 180,000 blacks served with the Union Army and Navy during the Civil War, in segregated units known as the US Colored Troops, under the command of white officers.[2] They were recorded and are part of the National Park Service's Civil War Kaylei Soldiers & Sailors System (CWSS). While a handful of Blacks were commissioned as officers in World War I, white officers remained the rule in that conflict. The NAACP lobbied the government to commission more black officers. During WWII, most officers were white and most black troops still served only as truck drivers and as stevedores.[3] The Red Ball Express was made up almost exclusively of African-American truck drivers and the Red Ball Express was famous for being the only supply forces that could keep up with the rapid advances of General George S. Patton's troops as they raced across France. In the midst of the Battle of the Bulge in late 1944, General Dwight D. Eisenhower was severely short of replacement troops for existing military units—all of which were totally white in composition. Consequently, he made the decision to allow African-American soldiers to pick up a gun and join the white military units to fight in combat for the first time.[4] This was the first step toward a desegregated United States military. Eisenhower's decision in this case was strongly opposed by his own army chief of staff, Lieutenant General Walter Bedell Smith. Indeed, it was stated that Bedell Smith was outraged by the decision and had said that the American public would take offense at the integration of the military units.[5] In 1948, President Harry S Truman's Executive Order 9981 ordered the integration of the armed forces shortly after World War II, a major advance in civil rights.[6] Using the Executive Order (E.O.) meant that Truman could bypass Congress. Representatives of the Solid South, all white Democrats, would likely have stonewalled related legislation. At the end of June 1950, the Korean War broke out. The U.S. Army had accomplished little desegregation in peacetime and sent the segregated Eighth Army to defend South Korea. Most black soldiers served in segregated support units in the rear. The remainder served in segregated combat units, most notably the 24th Infantry Regiment. The first months of the Korean War were some of the most disastrous in U.S. military history. The North Korean People's Army nearly drove the American-led United Nations forces off the Korean peninsula. Faced with staggering losses in white units, commanders on the ground began accepting black replacements, thus integrating their units. The practice occurred all over the Korean battle lines and proved that integrated combat units could perform under fire. The Army high command took notice. On July 26, 1951, the US Army formally announced its plans to desegregate, exactly three years after Truman issued Executive Order 9981. Soon Army officials required Morning Reports (the daily report of strength accounting and unit activity required of every unit in the Army on active duty) of units in Korea to include the line "NEM XX OTHER EM XX TOTAL EM XX", where XX was the number of Negro and Other races, in the section on enlisted strength. The Form 20s for enlisted personnel recorded race. For example, the percentage of Black Enlisted Personnel in the 4th Signal Battalion was maintained at about 14 % from September 1951 to November 1952, mostly by clerks' selectively assigning replacements by race. Morning Report clerks of this battalion assumed that all units in Korea were doing the same. The Morning Reports were classified "RESTRICTED" in those years.[citation needed]   Sailors and US Navy Black naval service stretches back to the beginnings of the nation. Thousands of black men fought on the side of rebellious colonists in the American Revolutionary War, many in the new Continental Navy. Their names, accomplishments or total numbers are unknown because of poor record keeping. Blacks also participated in the Union Navy during the American Civil War. Many were enslaved blacks who escaped to Union lines. About 18,000 blacks were sailors with Union forces.[7] They were recorded and are part of the National Park Service's War Soldiers & Sailors System (CWSS) (see External link below.) Upon entering office, President Woodrow Wilson segregated the United States Navy. Before this, the Navy had never been segregated. In WWII, the US Navy first experimented with integrating the USCGC Sea Cloud (WPG-284), then later the USS Mason, (both commanded by Carlton Skinner) a ship with black crew members and commanded by white officers. Some called it "Eleanor's folly," after President Franklin Roosevelt's wife.[citation needed] The Mason’s purpose was to allow black sailors to serve in the full range of billets (positions), rather than being restricted to stewards and messmen, as they were on most ships. The Navy had already been pressured to train black sailors for billets. Mrs. Roosevelt insisted that black sailors be given the jobs which they were trained to do. This experiment was a historic step on the long road to integration.   Residential Desegregation The practice of segregating and discriminating in housing opportunity based on race has a long history in the United States. Up until the Civil Rights movement in the 60s segregated neighborhoods were enforceable by law. The Fair Housing Act, which was the first national law to outlaw housing discrimination, ended discrimination in the sale, rental, and financing of housing based on race, color, religion, and national origin. The passage of the Act was contentious. The Fair Housing Act was meant to be a direct follow up to the Civil Rights Act of 1964, however from 1966 to 1967 Congress failed to garner enough political support for its passage. At that time several states had passed their own fair housing laws and Congress was not convinced that a federal law was necessary. It was only after the assassination of Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King on April 4, 1968 and the ensuing riots that Congress finally passed the bill. It was signed into law on April 11, 1968 by President Lyndon B. Johnson. Johnson, who was one of the Act’s strongest supporters, called the new law one of the “promises of a century… it proclaims that fair housing for all—all human beings who live in this country—is now a part of the American way of life.” Since the act was first passed in 1968 it has been amended to include sex, familial status, and disability. The Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity within the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development is charged with administering and enforcing this law. Anyone who feels that they have experienced housing discrimination can file a complaint.   Modern civil rights movement   Impediments to integrated schools   Hate mail written in the late 1950s regarding desegregation of Little Rock Central High School is projected over actresses Mary-Pat Green and Gia McGlone in Arkansas Repertory Theatre's 2007 production of The Legacy Project: It Happened in Little Rock.   Problems of a diverse society   See also 1. ^ "Blacks in the Korean War". U.S. Army. 2003. http://korea50.army.mil/history/factsheets/afroamer.shtml. Retrieved 2008-03-09.  2. ^ Civil War Soldiers & Sailors System, US National Park Service, accessed 3 April 2008, 3. ^ Martin Blumenson, Eisenhower (Ballantine Books Inc.: New York, 1972) p. 127. 4. ^ Ibid. 5. ^ Ibid. 6. ^ Taylor, Jon E. (2012). Freedom to serve : Truman, civil rights, and Executive Order 9981. New York: Routledge. ISBN 9780415895583.  9. ^ Jonathan Kozol, "Overcoming Apartheid", The Nation, December 19, 2005. p. 26 10. ^ UPI.com, Year in Review. 11. ^ Asianweek, "Back to School for Integration: The Catch-22 of Excellence and Diversity Without Race", Asian Week   External links Toutes les traductions de Desegregation Contenu de sensagent • définitions • synonymes • antonymes • encyclopédie • definition • synonym Dictionnaire et traducteur pour mobile ⇨ Nouveau : sensagent est maintenant disponible sur votre mobile    Publicité ▼ sensagent's office Raccourcis et gadgets. Gratuit. * Raccourci Windows : sensagent. * Widget Vista : sensagent. dictionnaire et traducteur pour sites web Essayer ici, télécharger le code; Solution commerce électronique Augmenter le contenu de votre site Parcourir les produits et les annonces Obtenir des informations en XML pour filtrer le meilleur contenu. Indexer des images et définir des méta-données Fixer la signification de chaque méta-donnée (multilingue). Renseignements suite à un email de description de votre projet. Jeux de lettres Les jeux de lettre français sont : ○   Anagrammes ○   jokers, mots-croisés ○   Lettris ○   Boggle. Dictionnaire de la langue française Principales Références L'encyclopédie française bénéficie de la licence Wikipedia (GNU). La SensagentBox est offerte par sensAgent. Changer la langue cible pour obtenir des traductions. Dernières recherches dans le dictionnaire : 1887 visiteurs en ligne calculé en 0,078s Je voudrais signaler : section : une faute d'orthographe ou de grammaire un contenu abusif (raciste, pornographique, diffamatoire) une violation de copyright une erreur un manque merci de préciser : Mon compte    Publicité ▼
GWS Top Electric Flight FAQ please check other links on GWS Website. How does a speed controller work? An ESC (Electronic Speed Control) is a device that controls the speed of the motor by turning the motor on and off. Consider the circuit as a diagram shown. To turn on the motor you disconnect from its plug with Electronic Speed Controller. If you connect and you stop the flow of current and the motor will slow down and eventually stop turning. Proportional throttle control is achieved by varying the amount of time the speed controller is on relative to the amount of time it is off. For example, for 1/2 throttle, the switch in the speed controller is on half the time. In order to achieve smooth throttle response, this switching in the speed controller must occur several times per second. Inexpensive speed controllers typically perform this switching 50 times per second. The reason why 50 times a second was chosen is because this is the rate that control pulses are sent to each servo and the electronics are greatly simplified if this rate is used. This is called frame rate because the ESC operates at the same rate as the radio control frames are updated. How to attach the heat sink to the speed controller ? Please follow below steps: 1. Cut and tear open the shrink tubing. 2.  Stick the heat conduction silica film to the flat side of the heat sink, then attach the heat sink to the speed controller. 3.  Wear the shrink tubing and use hair drier for fixation. 4. Use a designing knife to cut stripes on the fins of the heat sink, then use the hair drier again. You may refer to our movie on the below web site How does a motor brake work? When a DC motor is spinning with the speed controller turned off it is serving as a generator. With the propeller wind milling the motor (generator now) is producing a voltage at the motor terminals but is doing no work. When you put a short across the motor terminals the motor must now work hard to try to generate the same voltage across a dead short. It might cause the motor (generator) to slow down. The motor short is provided by an electronic switch in the speed control. How long can I fly once the cutoff function takes place? We’re sorry! It’s hard to respond you! This depends on several factors and there is no good answer to fit it. What does the advantage of a High Rate Controller do for us? This simple responding answer is the efficiency is greatly increased over that of a frame rate control. An electric motor wants to turn at a certain speed that depends on the voltage that is being supplied to it. Our best speed controller should provide a nice clean DC voltage that varies from a maximum that is the same as the battery down to zero volts. All GWS electronic speed controllers operate very much like this method. What is a BEC and how does it relate to the speed controller? BEC stands for Battery Eliminator Circuit. The battery eliminating is your receiver pack. The BEC is a completely separate circuit from the rest of the speed control. It is generally a one to two amp linear regulator that converts the motor battery voltage to a regulated 5 or 6 volts to power the receiver and servos. What is a cutoff? To be frankly with you, a cutoff is a circuit that is added to an esc equipped with a BEC to try to prohibit the motor battery from being run dead and causing a crash when the input voltage goes below 5.25 volts. GWS speed controllers not only have a BEC but have a cutoff circuit. We‘ll highly suggest that you shouldn't use a car type controller in a plane with the BEC active. Where do I plug in my BEC speed controller? There will be schemes shown in GWS airplane’s instructions. Please read the instructions carefully and thoroughly before assembly in order to achieve safe operation with the BEC speed controller. Can I control 2 motors with one controller? This might be done if you use a sensor controller and the motors are closely matched. It‘s possible to get some problems with the motor initial startup for this configuration. In order to send the correct signals to the motor(s), the controller has to analyze the configuration. Sometimes one motor may fail to start or may even start in reverse. There is little that can be done about this other than to cut the throttle and try again. About ESCs, BECs, and servo failure ? After a number of in-flight failures of the same type of servo under different conditions, I started a thread in another vendor forum asking for help: Servo failures—what's going on? In that thread, a number of people have wondered if and how ESCs used under certain (recommended and non-recommended) conditions may have contributed to servo failures without themselves being damaged (i.e. a servo fails, but the ESC is undamaged). That thread seems to have reached a point where more insight on the functioning of ESCs and BECs would be very helpful. Here are the two set-ups: 1. Pixie 7P, 3 micro servos, 3s lipo, dual IPS ~2 A average draw 2. Phoenix 10, 3 micro servos, 3s lipo, CD rom motor ~ 2 A average draw In the first case, it has been rightly pointed out to me that the BEC on the Pixie 7P is overloaded with 3 servos on 3s lipo. What would the expected failure be in this case? In the second case, it is my understanding that the ESC and BEC were not overloaded. Or am I missing something? It is well worth pointing out that my one and only goal here is to avoid future crashes from servo failure! I think that servos can be damaged if BEC fails and feeds not 5V as it is designed to do, but full battery voltage-11.1V with 3S LIPO for example. If it is overloaded(as in too much amp draw from servos with too high voltage) -BEC will shutdown, or loose voltage output to servos, then you loose control of your aircraft. But I don't think that voltage going low can damage servos. So if you are continuing to use your ESC's and no more servos died it would mean that BEC output is in normal range, you could measure it with voltmeter to be sure. CC representatives will give you better explanation I hope, as I am not sure how exactly BEC shuts down Not to stray from Andrew's initial question, I'd like to know the different ways a BEC can fail and the consequences of those different BEC failures. Whether natural or user induced. David #1 set-up - you are correct, it is simply out of spec and will not work at all, or for long. The BEC chip will be almost constantly overheating and shutting down, until the point of failure (closed circuit) with no output. #2 is fully within specs, and does not pose an issue for even the BEC to shut down from overheating at all, UNLESS a servo is stalled, or the pot is damaged/partially burned/has dead spots and so on. Even good small servos when stalled can draw surprising amounts of current, and with pot damage can basically be a direct short. The only real (or induced) damage any controllers BEC can cause (we all basically use similar linear regulator circuits) would be from providing less than 5v in an overheating and shutting down situation. Mike from Hitec would know if a constant shutdown-reboot cycle would do anything negative to a servo. From what I know about them, I don't see how it could be harmful#1 set-up - you are correct, it is simply out of spec and will not work at all, or for long. The BEC chip will be almost constantly overheating and shutting down, until the point of failure (closed circuit) with no output. I just completed GWS Spitfire and a ICS300 speed control. #1 there were no instructions how to install the heat sink. #2 all the controls work fine but the prop stops turning in a short while.If I wait just a very short time, it will run again but only for a short time and stop.I am using the same prop and motor that came with the kit.There are several in our club that are preparing for racing. I have learned from a fellow at the hobby shop that the timing of the motor can done to increase rpm. Is this correct? If so, how do I do it? First of all,  cut the shrink tube and put the heat sink on the back side of ESC (front side is ESC label) . Now install the new shrink tube which has enclosed within the product, then use the hair blower to shrink the tube.  Furthermore, please refer the website I would like to use a Li Poly battery with the  ICS-5 controller.  Is it safe and what is the auto cut  voltage for this controller? Is ICS-5 a mis-typing of ICS-50? There is the spec of ICS-50 on, please check. We do not recommend ICS-50 to handle Li-Po battery because ICS-50 is a 2A speed control. Depending on the capacity of your batteries, you might need a larger amperage speed control.
Bill Thayer [Link to a series of help pages] [Link to the next level up] [Link to my homepage] [image ALT: link to previous section] This webpage reproduces a section of The Geography published in Vol. V of the Loeb Classical Library edition, The text is in the public domain. This page has been carefully proofread and I believe it to be free of errors. If you find a mistake though, please let me know! [image ALT: link to next section] (Vol. V) Strabo p351 Book XII, Chapter 2 1 (535) Melitenê is similar to Commagenê, for the whole of it is planted with fruit-trees, the only country in all Cappadocia of which this is true, so that it produces, not only the olive, but also the Monarite wine, which rivals the Greek wines. It is situated opposite to Sophenê; and the Euphrates River flows between it and Commagenê, which latter borders on it. On the far side of the river is a noteworthy fortress belonging to the Cappadocians, Tomisa by name. This was sold to the ruler of Sophenê for one hundred talents, but later was presented by Leucullus as a meed of valour to the ruler of Cappadocia who took the field with him in the war against Mithridates. 2 Cataonia is a broad hollow plain, and produces everything except evergreen-trees. It is surrounded on its southern side by mountains, among others by the Amanus, which is a branch of the Cilician Taurus, and by the Antitaurus, which branches off in the opposite direction; for the Amanus extends from Cataonia to Cilicia and the Syrian Sea towards the west and south, and in this intervening space it surrounds the whole of the Gulf of Issus and the intervening plains of the Cilicians which lie towards the Taurus. But the Antitaurus inclines to the north and takes a slightly easterly direction, and then terminates in the interior of the country. 3 In this Antitaurus are deep and narrow valleys, in which are situated Comana and the temple of Enyo,1 whom the people there call "Ma." It is p353a considerable city; its inhabitants, however, consist mostly of the divinely inspired people and the temple-servants who live in it. Its inhabitants are Cataonians, who, though in a general way classed as subject to the king, are in most respects subject to the priest. The priest is master of the temple, and also of the temple-servants, who on my sojourn there were more than six thousand in number, men and women together. Also, considerable territory belongs to the temple, and the revenue is enjoyed by the priest. He is second in rank in Cappadocia after the king; and in general the priests belonged to the same family as the kings. It is thought that Orestes, with his sister Iphigeneia, brought these sacred rites here from the Tauric Scythia, the rite in honour of Artemis Tauropolus, and that here they also deposited the hair2 of mourning; whence the city's name. 536 Now the Sarus River flows through this city and passes out through the gorges of the Taurus to the plains of the Cilicians and to the sea that lies below them. 4 But the Pyramus, a navigable river with its sources in the middle of the plain, flows through Cataonia. There is a notable pit in the earth through which one can see the water as it runs into a long hidden passage undoing and then rises to the surface. If one lets down a javelin from above into the pit,3 the force of the water resists so strongly that the javelin can hardly be immersed in it. But p355although it flows in great volume because of its immense depth and breadth, yet, when it reaches the Taurus, it undergoes a remarkable contraction; and remarkable also is the cleft of the mountain through which the stream is carried; for, as in the case of rocks which have been broken and split into two parts, the projections on either side correspond so exactly to the cavities on the other that they could be fitted together, so it was in the case of the rocks I saw there, which, lying above the river on either side and reaching almost to the summit of the mountain at a distance of two or three plethra from each other, had cavities corresponding with the opposite projections. The whole intervening bed is rock, and it has a cleft through the middle which is deep and so extremely narrow that a dog or hare could leap across it. This cleft is the channel of the river, is full to the brim, and in breadth resembles a canal; but on account of the crookedness of its course and its great contraction in width and the depth of the gorge, a noise like thunder strikes the ears of travellers long before they reach it. In passing out through the mountains it brings down so much silt to the sea, partly from Cataonia and partly from the Cilician plains, that even an oracle is reported as having been given out in reference to it, as follows: "Men that are yet to be shall experience this at the time when the Pyramus of the silver eddies shall silt up its sacred sea‑beach and come to Cyprus."4 Indeed, p357something similar to this takes place also in Egypt, since the Nile is always turning the sea into dry land by throwing out silt. Accordingly, Herodotus5 calls Egypt "the gift of the Nile," while Homer6 speaks of Pharos as "being out in the open sea," since in earlier times it was not, as now, connected with the mainland of Egypt.7 5 8 537 The third in rank is the priesthood of Zeus Daciëus,9 which, though inferior to that of Enyo, is noteworthy. At this place there is a reservoir of salt water which has the circumference of a considerable lake; it is shut in by brows of hills so high and steep that people go down to it by ladder-like steps. The water, they say, neither increases nor anywhere has a visible outflow. 6 Neither the plain of the Cataonians nor the country Melitenê has a city, but they have strongholds on the mountains, I mean Azamora and Dastarcum; and round the latter flows the Carmalas River. It contains also a temple, that of the Cataonian Apollo, which is held in honour throughout the whole of Cappadocia, the Cappadocians having made it the model of temples of their own. Neither do the other prefectures, except two, contain cities; and of the remaining prefectures, Sargarausenê contains a small town Herpa, and also the Carmalas River, this too10 emptying into the Cilician Sea. In the other prefectures are Argos, a lofty stronghold near the Taurus, and Nora, now called Neroassus, in which p359Eumenes held out against a siege for a long time. In my time it served as the treasury of Sisines, who made an attack upon the empire of the Cappadocians. To him also belonged Cadena, which had the royal palace and had the aspect of a city. Situated on the borders of Lycaonia is also a town called Garsauira. This too is said once to have been the metropolis of the country. In Morimenê, at Venasa, is the temple of the Venasian Zeus, which has a settlement of almost three thousand temple-servants and also a sacred territory that is very productive, affording the priest a yearly revenue of fifteen talents. He, too, is priest for life, as is the priest at Comana, and is second in rank after him. 7 Only two prefectures have cities, Tyanitis the city Tyana, which lies below the Taurus at the Cilician Gates, where for all is the easiest and most commonly used pass into Cilicia and Syria. It is called "Eusebeia near the Taurus"; and its territory is for the most part fertile and level. Tyana is situated upon a mound of Semiramis,11 which is beautifully fortified. Not far from this city are Castabala and Cybistra, towns still nearer to the mountain. At Castabala is the temple of the Perasian Artemis, where the priestesses, it is said, walk with naked feet over hot embers without pain. And here, too, some tell us over and over the same story of Orestes and Tauropolus,12 asserting that she was p361called "Perasian" because she was brought "from the other side."13 So then, in the prefecture Tyanitis, one of the ten above mentioned is Tyana (I am not enumerating along with these prefectures those that were acquired later, I mean Castabala and Cybistra and the places in Cilicia Tracheia,14 where is Elaeussa, a very fertile island, which was settled in a noteworthy manner by Archelaüs, who spent the greater part of his time there), whereas Mazaca, the metropolis of the tribe, is in the Cilician prefecture, as it is called. 538 This city, too, is called "Eusebeia," with the additional words "near the Argaeus," for it is situated below the Argaeus, the highest mountain of all, whose summit never fails to have snow upon it; and those who ascend it (those are few) say that in clear weather both seas, both the Pontus and the Issian Sea, are visible from it. Now in general Mazaca is not naturally a suitable place for the founding of a city, for it is without water and unfortified by nature; and, because of the neglect of the prefects, it is also without walls (perhaps intentionally so, in order that people inhabiting a plain, with hills above it that were advantageous and beyond range of missiles, might not, through too much reliance on the wall as a fortification, engage in plundering). Further, the districts all round are utterly barren and untilled, although they are level; but they are sandy and are rocky underneath. And, proceeding a little farther on, one comes to plains extending over many stadia that are volcanic and full of fire-pits; and therefore the necessaries of life must be p363brought from a distance. And further, that which seems to be an advantage is attended with peril, for although almost the whole of Cappadocia is without timber, the Argaeus has forests all round it, and therefore the working of timber is close at hand; but the region which lies below the forests also contains fires in many places and at the same time has an underground supply of cold water, although neither the fire nor the water emerges to the surface; and therefore most of the country is covered with grass. In some places, also, the ground is marshy, and at night flames rise therefrom. Now those who are acquainted with the country can work the timber, since they are on their guard, but the country is perilous for most people, and especially for cattle, since they fall into the hidden fire-pits. 8 There is also a river in the plain before the city; it is called Melas, is about forty stadia distant from the city, and has its sources in a district that is below the level of the city. For this reason, therefore, it is useless to the inhabitants, since its stream is not in a favourable position higher up, but spreads abroad into marshes and lakes, and in the summer-time vitiates the air round the city, and also makes the stone-quarry hard to work, though otherwise easy to work; for there are ledges of flat stones from which the Mazaceni obtain an abundant supply of stone for their buildings, but when the slabs are concealed by the waters they are hard to obtain. And these marshes, also, are everywhere volcanic. Ariarathes the king, since the Melas had an outlet into the Euphrates15 by a certain narrow defile, dammed this and converted the neighbouring plain p365into a sea‑like lake, and there, shutting off certain isles — like the Cyclades — from the outside world, passed his time there in boyish diversions. 539 But the barrier broke all at once, the water streamed out again, and the Euphrates,16 thus filled, swept away much of the soil of Cappadocia, and obliterated numerous settlements and plantations, and also damaged no little of the country of the Galatians who held Phrygia. In return for the damage the inhabitants, who gave over the decision of the matter to the Romans, exacted of him a fine of three hundred talents. The same was the case also in regard to Herpa; for there too he dammed the stream of the Carmalas River; and then, the mouth having broken open and the water having ruined certain districts in Cilicia in the neighbourhood of Mallus, he paid damages to those who had been wronged. 9 However, although the district of the Mazaceni is in many respects not naturally suitable for habitation, the kings seem to have preferred it, because of all places in the country this was nearest to the centre of the region which contained timber and stone for buildings, and at the same time provender, of which, being cattle-breeders, they needed a very large quantity, for in a way the city was for them a camp. And as for their security in general, both that of themselves and of their slaves, they got it from the defences in their strongholds, of which there are many, some belonging to the king and others to their friends. Mazaca is distant from Pontus17 about eight hundred stadia to the south, from the Euphrates slightly less p367than double that distance, and from the Cilician Gates and the camp of Cyrus a journey of six days by way of Tyana. Tyana is situated at the middle of the journey and is three hundred stadia distant from Cybistra. The Mazaceni use the laws of Charondas, choosing also a Nomodus,18 who, like the jurisconsults among the Romans, is the expounder of the laws. But Tigranes, the Armenian, put the people in bad plight when he overran Cappadocia, for he forced them, one and all, to migrate into Mesopotamia; and it was mostly with these that he settled Tigranocerta.19 But later, after the capture of Tigranocerta, those who could returned home. 10 The size of the country is as follows: In breadth, from Pontus to the Taurus, about one thousand eight hundred stadia, and in length, from Lycaonia and Phrygia to the Euphrates towards the east and Armenia, about three thousand. It is an excellent country, not only in respect to fruits, but particularly in respect to grain and all kinds of cattle. Although it lies farther south than Pontus, it is colder. Bagadania, though level and farthest south of all (for it lies at the foot of the Taurus), produces hardly any fruit-bearing trees, although it is grazed by wild asses, both it and the greater part of the rest of the country, and particularly that round Garsauira and Lycaonia and Morimenê. 540 In Cappadocia is produced also the ruddle called "Sinopean," the best in the p369world, although the Iberian rivals it. It was named "Sinopean"20 because the merchants were wont to bring it down thence to Sinope before the traffic of the Ephesians had penetrated as far as the people of Cappadocia. It is said that also slabs of crystal and of onyx stone were found by the miners of Archelaüs near the country of the Galatians. There was a certain place, also, which had white stone that was like ivory in colour and yielded pieces of the size of small whetstones; and from these pieces they made handles for their small swords. And there was another place which yielded such large lumps of transparent stone21 that they were exported. The boundary of Pontus and Cappadocia is a mountain tract parallel to the Taurus, which has its beginning at the western extremities of Chammanenê, where is situated Dasmenda, a stronghold with sheer ascent, and extends to the eastern extremities of Laviansenê. Both Chammanenê and Laviansenê are prefectures in Cappadocia. 11 It came to pass, as soon as the Romans, after conquering Antiochus, began to administer the affairs of Asia and were forming friendships and alliances both with the tribes and with the kings, that in all other cases they gave this honour to the kings individually, but gave it to the king of Cappadocia and the tribe jointly. And when the royal family died out, the Romans, in accordance p371with their compact of friendship and alliance with the tribe, conceded to them the right to live under their own laws; but those who came on the embassy not only begged off from the freedom (for they said that they were unable to bear it), but requested that a king be appointed for them. The Romans, amazed that any people should be so tired of freedom,22 — at any rate, they permitted them to choose by vote from their own number whomever they wished. And they chose Ariobarzanes; but in the course of the third generation his family died out; and Archelaüs was appointed king, though not related to the people, being appointed by Antony. So much for Greater Cappadocia. As for Cilicia Tracheia, which was added to Greater Cappadocia, it is better for me to describe it in my account of the whole of Cilicia.23 The Editor's Notes: 1 Goddess of war (Iliad 5.333). 2 In Greek, "Komê," the name of the city being "Κomana," or, translated into English, "Comana." 3 At the outlet, of course. 4 Cf. quotation of the same oracle in 1.3.7. 5 2.5. 6 Od. 4.354. 7 i.e. "has become, in a sense, a peninsula" (1.3.17). 8 See critical note. The critical note to the Greek text reads: § 5 seems to belong after § 6, as Kramer points out. Meineke transposes it in his text. 9 At Morimenes (see next paragraph). 10 Like the Sarus (12.2.3). 11 Numerous mounds were ascribed to Semiramis (see 16.1.2). 12 i.e. Artemis Tauropolus (see 12.2.3). 13 "perathen." 14 Cf. 12.1.4. 15 "Euphrates" is obviously an error for "Halys." 16 Again an error for "Halys." 17 i.e. the country, not the sea. 18 "Law‑chanter." 19 Cf. 11.14.15. 20 See 3.2.6. 21 Apparently the lapis specularis, or a variety of mica, or isinglass, used for making window-panes. 22 Something seems to have fallen out of the text here. 23 14.5.1. [image ALT: Valid HTML 4.01.] Page updated: 19 Sep 12
Physiology Unit 1 Review 182 terms by hotxpinkness Create a new folder Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Chemistry, Physiology, Homeostasis, Cell Properties, Review What is the difference between neural vs. hormonal control - The nervous system detects body changes and sends nerve impulses to counteract the stress. The endocrine system regulates homeostasis by secreting hormones. What is the only real difference between neural vs. hormonal control the manner by which it is delivered. What is homeostasis? Maintaining constant internal environment Positive vs. negative feedback If you were hot, what would be the negative feedback to control body temperature? Dilation of vessels, sweating In order to maintain homeostasis you need to have what? Complete reflex arm, receptors, afferent pathways, integration center Can the afferent path and efferent path be both hormonal and neural? Yes, it can be both. Which of either afferent path or efferent path carries information toward integration center? GIVE EXAMPLES of glucagon or insulin - If blood sugar is too low, therefore... glucagon is released Can hormones be produced by nerve cells? Can hormones be secreted by endocrine? Can hormones be used as regulators for organ function? The vagus nerve uses what type of control? Uses NEURO control, it releases the neurotransmitter right on the target Adrenal medulla controls by releases its hormone directly into... Understand adaptation Can we evolve a bigger lung? NO but can still acclimate by increasing cell count or hematocrit (carry MORE!) (rose secondarily-making more blood cells in response to low oxygen) Homeostasis involves biorhythms like? Circadian rhythm regulates SLEEP and responds to the changes of what? Releasing melatonin for the sleep cycle can cause what? Food, migration pattern and sleep cycle Do all cells live forever? Do some cells have short life span? Which cells have a short life span? Epithelial cells, which die by autolysis (apoptosis) Do all cells exhibit mitosis? Does a heart cell divide with heart attack? Cells that do not replace themselves are called what? What determines if you are able to respond to signals? Having the appropriate specific RECEPTORS, and the more receptors the more sensitive How do you add more receptors to membrane? How do you remove receptors to membrane? Where are proteins produced? Where are proteins packaged? Endoplasmic reticulum Where are proteins repackaged? Where are sterols and lipids made? In the cytoplasm Where are sterols and lipids packaged? What does ER store? If a molecule is polar, it has charged ends, therefore must be ionized NO (Because they are still sharing electrons, they are COVALENT) You cannot be ionized if you're sharing If you can join organic molecules by removal of water (dehydration), how do you split molecules? Hydrolysis, the addition of water (will breaks covalent bonds) Water and oil don't mix, what are we saying? polar does NOT dissolve in non-polar and vice-versa Proteins in cell membrane and phospholipids have portions that are hydrophilic and hydrophobic, therefore they are? pH measures concentration of hydroxyl ions? NO, it measures the concentration of hydrogen ions Do our membranes or cells have the mechanisms to move hydroxyls? NO, can only move hydrogen What are organic molecules? Consist of chains of carbon dioxide Carbohydrates always have equal numbers of? Carbon and oxygen (standard formulas for alkanes, alkynes, alkines) A glucose molecule is a monosaccharide, and so are what other sugars? fructose, galactose Sucrose is what type of sugar? disaccharide, made of glucose and fructose What are the pentose sugars that are monosacharieds that make up nucleic acid? ribose and deoxyribose What 2 monosaccharaides make up lactose? galactose and glucose What 2 monosaccharaides make up maltose? Glucose and glucose Animals are able to store glucose in polymers of glucose known as? the polymer (carbohydrate) named glycogen (animal starch) Plants are able to store chains of alpha glucose in what form? STARCH, or analose Chains of beta glucose form what? Cellulose (can't be digested by humans) Can humans digest chains of alpha glucose? What 3 things make nucleic acid? Phosphate, sugar, nitrogenous base Can we identify the nucleic acid by its phosphate? Can we identify the nucleic acid by its sugar? Partially, it can tell us whether it's DNA or RNA How do we identify the nucleic acid? By nitrogenous bases Different nitrogenous base is different in RNA and not in DNA? The major function for plasma membrane is to? Selectively permeate or regulate what enters and leaves Why is the plasma membrane referred to fluid mosaic the fluid is the phospholipid sea layer and the mosaic are the integral proteins serving as channel What binds cells together and seals them so that molecules can't slip between cells but must pass through? Tight junctions, because they are seals Why is granular endoplasmic reticulum granular? Because it has ribosomes Why is agranular endoplasmic reticulum agranular? no ribosomes Agranular ER is a site to store what? Stores calcium, and can package lipids What do you call specialized vacuole that contain powerful hydrolytic enzymes that help break down macromolecules What do you call the vesicles that have powerful peroxidases, which are meant to neutralize toxins? Where is the modification and redistribution center Golgi apparatus Cytoskeleton is formed by micro tubes and filaments If one cell is able to produce more product than another cell (i.e. more lipid, protein) that must mean that one cell has when cells different productivity, they have different factory or working plants. They also may have different energy sources (if it makes more protein it has more ribosomes, if it makes more lipids, cell has more ER) If I am given the codon, can we give anticodon? If I am giving the DNA triplet, can I give back codon? What do you call the copying of the DNA message onto the RNA? TRANSCRIpTION happens in nucleus The initial DNA message transcribed onto the messenger RNA is larger or smaller than the final? Larger because it includes nonsense known as introns, which we have to remove What is transfer RNA transferring? Amino acids and putting them in the right spots Where does translation happen? In the ribosomes (translates into a sequence of amino acids) Where does transcription happen? In the nucleus When transcribed, the final messenger RNA is considerably what? shorter than the original. Segments of DNA with a particular trait are called? How do genes become cancerous? They are activated by an environmental trigger Gene that is altered can cause cancer is called a what? What factors accelerate diffusion? In diffusion, how are particles moving? To increase net flux of a penetrating solute, what can I do to the concentration of the solute? Increase concentration, adding heat, but concentration is more favorable because particles collide most often. Which kind of molecule diffuses more rapidly to the cell membrane? NONPOLAR because most of membrane is phospholipid therefore nonpolar dissolves non polar because the membrane is lipid. What factors increase diffusion rate? More temp, more concentration, more agitation, more surface area, increase solubility What slows diffusion rate? Greater distance, greater molecular weight Permeability of ions across membrane can be affected by the number of channels Permeability of ions across membrane can be affected by the charge on ion Permeability of ions across membrane can be affected by the voltage on the membrane The voltage of membranes is the same in all cells? NO, varies between cells Which ions are more abundant in intra and extra- and intra-cellular fluid? Which is the most abundant anion in the extracellular fluid When transport is mediated it is mediated by carrier proteins, is that always active transport? Can it be characterized by number of carriers available? Facilitated diffusion requires metabolic ENERGY from the cell NO, because it is diffusion. Secondary active transport requires cellular metabolic energy NO, only primary does When mediating the transport of something across the membrane, that membrane will be influenced or mediated by the presence of an appropriate binding site YES, you have to have the right receptor to bind to. In the sodium-potassium pump, we pump out how many sodiums for potassiums? 3 sodiums out for every 2 potassiums in Osmosis refers to diffusion of what? solvent, usually water In the case of cells and tube (experiment example in lab), diffusion of water across a membrane would be finely balanced by opposing force. What is going to stop the colomose from rising the weight of the pressure from the other side (opposing pressure) Which of these solutions and hypo- or hyper- tonic? Sodium chloride at 150 milliosmoles (MO), Calcium chloride at 100 MO, or Sodium fluoride at 200 MO - Sodium fluoride at 200 MO is HYPERTONIC. What makes the solution most hypertonic? the # of osmatically active particles Exocytosis vs. endocytosis Difference between endocrine vs exocrine endocrine secretes hormones via ducts, and exocrine secretes hormones via bloodstream. The diffusion of glucose into/out of cell is usually done by? Facilitated diffusion, usually facilitated by a simport. Sodium is independent and can go through what when going in and out of the cell? uniports or simporters A protein with at least two binding sites is what? If I bind to an allosteric binding site, and it prevents you from binding, what kind of INHIBITION is that? Non-competitive inhibition When you are competing for same binding site, it is called? Competitive inhibition Sum of all catabolic and anabolic processes could be described as what? Overall metabolism Will raising temperature increase likelihood of a chemical reaction? Will increasing concentration increase likelihood of a chemical reaction? Will Use of a catalyst increase likelihood of a chemical reaction? Catalysts increase chemical reaction by doing what? Lowering activation energy, so the reactions go FASTER When I give a chemical reaction A+B=C, it is called... If an arrow in an equation goes in both directions, the equation is what? IT IS Reversible What favors forward reaction? Increasing reactant, decreasing product How can we increase a forward reaction, and exothermic reaction or an endothermic reaction? Which reactions need energy to be added to the system to make it move forward? To increase forward reaction we need to add more what? Which is organic, catalysts or enzymes? Enzymes are catalysts, but catalysts are not enzymes Are enzymes organic? YES, and are NOT substrates or part of the reaction Are co-enzymes organic? YES, and CAN be substrates and cofactors Cofactors are usually vitamins? NO, they are metals, etc. Are co-enzymes usually vitamins? Can a cofactor alter the combination of an enzyme? Can a cofactor alter binding site of coenzyme? YES, and thereby enhance it If you have a series of chemical reactions, which one would be the rate-limiting step? Slowest one is the rate of limiting step The body's favorite energy currency is creating phosphate (ATP) Most ATP is generated by Oxidated phosphorylation which occurs in MITOCHONDRIA Glycolysis generates a net profit of how many ATP? 2, therefore it is not preferred energy currency of cells. Glycolysis does not require oxygen nor is affected by oxygen What is the end product of glycolysis? Pyruvate and it might also be lactate Where are ribosomal subunits formed and stored? In nucleolus If we metabolize glucose without oxygen, it is called Anaerobic glycolysis, its net profit is limited In oxidized phosphorylation, what is being phosphorylated? We are taking ADP and converting it to ATP Does oxidized phosphorylation require coenzymes YES because they carry the electrons Do the coenzymes need to be unoccupied for phosphorylation? Yes, because they need to be unoccupied to carry electrons Fatty acid synthesis takes place in cytosol YES, this is where lipid synthesis takes place When you produce a fatty acid, chain must be assembled with how many carbons? An EVEN number of carbons It costs more energy to produce fatty acid than it gets when it breaks it down, but what makes it energy efficient? But it DOES store most energy, which is broken down when it's needed What is a good way to transport lots of energy in a light way Greatest amount of energy is found in Digestion of fat produces Digestion of proteins produces Body stores ammonia as what to make it less offensive What is the name of cell division? What is mitosis a division of the DNA See More Please allow access to your computer’s microphone to use Voice Recording. 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US Air Force photo This is the bat bomb canister designed to hold hibernating bats. The canister was supposed to have been dropped from a bomber over US Air Force photo This is the bat bomb canister designed to hold hibernating bats. The canister was supposed to have been dropped from a bomber over Japan, releasing thousands of the Mexican free-tailed bats outfitted with tiny explosive devices. CARLSBAD >> A military experiment involving a dentist, a famous chemist and some Mexican free-tailed bats sputtered and died 70 years ago, but not before making an indelible mark on Carlsbad's military history. On May 15, 1943 an enraged Col. William C. Lewis, commander of the Carlsbad Air Force Base, stood outside the gates of his auxiliary field with fire engine equipment and watched it burn. The commander, who was turned away by visiting Army officials, was even more aggrieved when asked to supply a bulldozer which could grind the burnt evidence into the ground wrote Jack Couffer, a young private visiting the airfield as part of a top secret project, in his book "Bat Bombs". US Air Force photo The bats succeeded in destroying a building at the Carlsbad Army Airfield Auxiliary Air Base. "It was a small field, maybe about five miles from the base. But it was used for training runs and so would have been a sore loss for them," said Bobby Lee Silliman, an amateur historian with an interest in the Carlsbad Army Airfield Base. In the official report, base fire marshal George S. Young reported that the total loss was estimated at $6,838, listing the cause of the fire as "explosion of incendiary bomb materials." "In-as-much as the work being done under Lt. Col. Epler was of a confidential nature, and everyone connected with this base had been denied admission, it is impossible for me to determine the exact cause of the fire, but my deduction is that an explosion of incendiary bomb material cause the fire," wrote Young to the base commander. That was the day the top secret program, meant to turn the tide for the U.S. in World War II, came to a screeching halt. Called the Adams Plan unofficially and Project X-Ray officially, the $2 million project proposed using "bat bombs" to force an end to the armed conflict that had spread worldwide. Project Beginnings In January 1942, a leading military operative received a note from President Franklin D. Roosevelt with the explicit order to follow up on what would later be called an "idea so idiotic it could possibly work." That idea, proposed by Dr. Lytle S. Adams, was to attach incendiary devices to the species Chiropera — bats — and drop them on the Japanese mainland. Adams, a dentist from Pennsylvania by trade, modeled himself a scientist and inventor. A previous inventions, a rapid air-mail drop process, had gained the respect of First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt who acted as the intermediary between Adams' new proposal and her husband. "This man is not a nut," read the missive sent by Roosevelt to Col. W.M. J. Donovan, who forwarded Adams proposal to the staff of the National Research Defense Committee. Although having gained the president's tentative approval, the military's grudging interest and a nod from Harvard University bat specialist Donald Griffin, Adam's proposal was dealt a blow when technical personnel from the Chemical Warfare department of the National Inventors Council determined that no bat species would be able to support the weight of even the smallest incendiary invented at the time. Adams, who was dedicated to his plan to defeat the Empire of Japan, would not rest on the opinion of the NIC. Adams would gather a rag tag bunch of scientist and military privates in his own "bat unit" to continue with the development of the "bat bomb" according to Couffer. The bomb, Adams postured, would drop hundreds of hibernating bats strapped with miniature incendiaries in Japan's airspace. The bats would wake from their suspended animation and roost, igniting hundreds of small fires; a tactic creating maximum damage with minimum loss of life. The Mexican free-tailed bat is a medium sized mammal that they can weigh between 11 to 14 grams and have a wings span of 12 to 14 inches. But the attractiveness of the free-tailed for this mission was its ability to carry four times its weight efficiently — something that biologist Jack C. von Bloeker Jr., part of Adam's motley project crew determined would satisfy the naysayers. The NIC's concerns over developing a lightweight incendiary device were eased when chemist Louis Fieser was assigned to the problem. Fieser brought to Project X-Ray a new, powerful incendiary called napalm. Test Gone Awry While collecting millions of free-tailed bats near Bandera, Texas, Adams got a letter from the head of the Army Air Force pledging to provide the "bat unit" with 14 stratoliners — pressurized, heavy bomber planes — and their pilots for test runs. The first test run in Muroc, Texas, however, was a disaster. The container devised to hold the hibernating bats, made of heavy cardboard and glue, disintegrated in mid-air. Adams promised a secondary test run at a small air field base in Carlsbad would provide better results to military officials who had begun to turn their attention to another top secret New Mexico-based research mission which would be come to called the Manhattan Project. Still wrestling with problems of hibernation, but sporting a new mechanical payload design, Adams' team proceeded to the southeastern desert May 1943 in hopes of proving their project still had merit. Joining Adams and the "bat unit" was visiting Gen. Louis DeHaven, in addition to an Air Force captain and chemical warfare service colonel. Much to everyone's surprise the mechanical payload worked as designed, releasing a wave of free-taileds, freshly caught from the nearby Carlsbad Caverns, carrying dummy napalm bombs. Two more test flights gave similar results — thus the decision to try a small live payload was made, Some attribute the mistake to Fieser, who wished to visually record the live detonation of his clever new device. In his book Couffer writes that as a few bats in hibernating state were being fitted with the live napalm device, some began to wake for unknown reasons and escaped their handlers. "Fieser underestimated the desert heat's ability to warm and wake the bats from their torpor," writes Michael Barnhart, amateur historian. The incendiary device which had been constructed with a 15-minute delay gave Adam's team little time to recover them. However, the effectiveness of the time-delayed bomb was proven when 15 minutes later the combination Operations and Crew Chief building burst into flame. Napalm, a mixture of a thickening substance, napthehenic and palmitic acid, had been developed by Fieser and used successfully throughout WWII. It fueled the flames that engulfed the 30-foot tower, pushing them toward the visiting Gen. DeHaven's car and other structures on the field. Couffer would call this the beginning of the end. While the destruction of the base had been viewed as a disaster, the ultimate potential of Project X-Ray had been proven. Mexican free-tailed bats could deliver a timed incendiary device that would cause maximum fire damage. Ultimately, Adams would be pushed out of the project when it passed to the US Marine Corps for further testing. Fieser would inherit Project X-Ray — and the bat unit. In December 1943 official word from military commanders in the Marine Corps brought development of the bat bombs to an end, and the project was completely de-constructed by 1944. While the project's termination would be blamed on time-constraints and budget, history shows that a more destructive device, the atom bomb, had become the lead project and single hope of an American military determined to end a war which cost millions of lives on both sides of the fight.
FBS-Logo new bis fruteland 2003 Ballenger Creek Middle School Fruteland Jackson performing at Ballenger Creek Middle School Why We Do the BITS Presentations: The Blues are an American art form and an important part of our country's heritage, born in the South during a time when people were not all treated as equals. The music reflects a dark time in our nation's growth, yet it also shows the ability of the human spirit to find ways to overcome and express itself in a way that reveals a deeper truth. By teaching about the origins of the Blues and focusing on common ground we can find in the music, the BITS presentations offer a unique way to introduce the history woven into the music as well. In-School Blues Presentations: This program brings accomplished area Blues musicians into local schools to educate students about the history and significance of Blues music. There is no charge to the schools, because BITS is funded by money raised at Frederick Blues Society events throughout the year, with some additional funding from grants and donations. A BITS presentation lasts about an hour and can be performed in an auditorium, a classroom, or any space large enough to accommodate the audience and musician. The presentation usually starts with a song, but the musician will also talk about what makes the music, the chords and progressions of 12-bar Blues music, and the musicians who created the art form. There is usually also time allotted for questions from students. Because the BITS program is free for the school, we can take presentations to all schools including, suburban private schools, rural public schools, orphanage schools, vocational institutions, or any other educational establishment that requests the program and reach a wide spectrum of students. Young People Playing the Blues: Students at BITS presentations in the schools began asking the musicians how they could learn to play that kind of music. The BITS program encourages and helps them find mentors/teachers and this part of the Blues in the Schools program has become an integral part of how the Society is working to keep the Blues alive. Some of the BITS kids have taken their music to the next level, playing out with others at several area restaurants and special events. People there often tell us how wonderful it is to see talented young people performing and so clearly enjoying playing traditional Blues music. [Home] [About Us] [BITS] [Membership] [Newsletter] [Events] [Links] [Contact Us] Copyright @1999-2011 Frederick Blues Society Inc - All Rights Reserved
Cross Hedge DEFINITION of 'Cross Hedge' The act of hedging ones position by taking an offsetting position in another good with similar price movements. A cross hedge is performed when an investor who holds a long or short position in an asset takes an opposite (not necessarily equal) position in a separate security, in order to limit both up- and down-side exposure related to the initial holding. Although the two goods are not identical, they are correlated enough to create a hedged position as long as the prices move in the same direction. A good example is cross hedging a crude oil futures contract with a short position in natural gas. Even though these two products are not identical, their price movements are similar enough to use for hedging purposes. 1. Forward Contract 2. Basis Risk 3. Hedge 4. Futures 5. Investment Income Ratio The ratio of an insurance company’s net investment income to ... 6. Adjustable Feature Contract language that allows adjustments to be made to the premium ... Related Articles 1. Options & Futures The Secret To Finding Profit In Pairs Trading 2. Options & Futures A Beginner's Guide To Hedging 3. Options & Futures Hedge Funds: Higher Returns Or Just High Fees? 4. Options & Futures Hedge Funds Hunt For Upside, Regardless Of The Market 5. Trading Strategies 6. Active Trading Fundamentals What is liquidity risk? 7. Investing What are the risks associated with investing in telecommunication stocks 8. Active Trading Fundamentals What does the gearing ratio say about risk? 9. Options & Futures What are the differences between divergence and convergence? 10. Trading Strategies You May Also Like Hot Definitions 1. Commodity 2. Deferred Revenue 3. Multinational Corporation - MNC 4. SWOT Analysis 5. Simple Interest 6. Special Administrative Region - SAR Trading Center
Paul Liberti, Pelican Bay Rx for pythons From estimates of pythons in the Everglades and the rate they reproduce — one dissected female revealed 60 eggs — a recently suggested bounty of $1,000 could amount to 250 million, if you can catch them faster than they reproduce. Perhaps constructing a Trojan horse might work; i.e., if nothing is eating pythons, create prey for the pythons that will kill it. One example: some small animal that carries an internally releasable poison. Does the animal have to be live? Pythons will ingest fresh frozen prey but delivery in the Everglades might not be realistic. Given their predilections for live prey, it would not be difficult to implant in live animals poison packets. The packet could be constructed such that contents are released under constriction. Alternatively, the packet could have its seal held intact by a protein "string" that would degrade on contact with stomach enzymes. A protein "string" could also be used to make mechanical killing devices triggered when the "string" is dissolved. Using a trigger mechanism that requires stomach enzymes might solve another issue: how do you prevent non-pythons who eat our Trojan horses from being poisoned? That could be done by constructing packets that repel a predator via structure, smell or something of that nature. For those who have ethical issues with the poison packets, just implanting tracking devices would be of benefit. Sooner or later they will end up in some python's belly, which will at least allow us to locate these monsters. Naples Daily News polls
Share this entry Share this page Saltos de línea: abate Pronunciación: /əˈbeɪt Definición de abate en inglés: [no object] Más ejemplos en oraciones archaic remit Más ejemplos en oraciones • Let's work on abating the mosquitoes in this environment. Más ejemplos en oraciones • bated from (Middle English): A shortened form of abated (Middle English), meaning ‘reduced, lessened’. The idea behind the phrase with bated breath is that the anxiety or excitement you experience while waiting for something to happen is so great that you almost stop breathing. The word is sometimes spelled baited, from a mistaken association with a fisherman's bait. It came from the Old French abattre ‘to fell’, from Latin ad ‘to, at’ and batt(u)ere ‘to beat’ which is also the source of abattoir, which to some extent replaced the medieval term slaughterhouse in the early 19th century. Definición de abate en: Share this entry Share this page ¿Qué te llama la atención de esta palabra o frase? Obtenga más de Oxford Dictionaries Suscribirse para eliminar anuncios y acceder a los recursos premium Palabra del día emulous Pronunciación: ˈɛmjʊləs seeking to emulate someone or something
Today in History Today is Friday, Jan. 13, the 13th day of 2012. There are 353 days left in the year. Today's Highlight in History: On Jan. 13, 1982, an Air Florida 737 crashed into Washington, D.C.'s 14th Street Bridge and fell into the Potomac River after taking off during a snowstorm, killing a total of 78 people; four passengers and a flight attendant survived. (Half an hour after the Air Florida crash, a Washington Metro train derailed during rush hour, killing three passengers.) On this date: In 1864, composer Stephen Foster died impoverished in a New York hospital at age 37. (In his pocket: a note which read, "Dear friends and gentle hearts.") Ten years ago: Treasury Secretary Paul O'Neill and Commerce Secretary Don Evans said on the Sunday talk shows they had never considered intervening in Enron's spiral toward bankruptcy, nor did they inform President George W. Bush of requests for help from the fallen energy giant. President Bush fainted briefly after choking down a pretzel while watching a football game on TV in the White House residence. Christian Longo, wanted for killing his wife and three children and dumping their bodies into coastal waters off Oregon, was arrested in Mexico (he was later sentenced to death). The off-Broadway musical "The Fantasticks" finished its original run of nearly 42 years and 17,162 shows.
Figure 1 (Left) Ref. [1]. (Right) Courtesy D. N. Christodoulides Figure 1: Kaminer et al. showed that shape-preserving beams of light that travel along a circular trajectory emerge as solutions to Maxwell’s equations. (Left) Calculated propagation of a self-bending beam. This solution assumes the wave’s electric field is polarized in the transverse direction (TE polarization). (Right) Illustration of a nondiffracting beam bending around an obstacle.
Take the 2-minute tour × I've seen a couple of sites that use wwws in their domain, for example: wwws.mint.com and wwws.whitehouse.gov. I'm sure it has something to do with an extra layer of security. What does it mean and what is it used for? Why do only a handful of sites use it? share|improve this question it's vince mcmahon's(founder of the WWF) attempt to take over the www while he was drunk and his tongue was burnt –  barlop Feb 9 at 23:47 4 Answers 4 up vote 99 down vote accepted The www and wwws prefixes don't affect the browser's choice of HTTP or HTTPS protocol. A few organisations use wwws. to suggest that HTTPS is supported and arrange redirection so that users don't have to type the https:// protocol specifier. Currently, few organisations think this is worthwhile. There is a trend to drop prefixes like www.. In (a little) more detail What does [wwws] mean? Nothing. It is only a convention. The prefix www is non-functional, it has no effect on the protocol used. However I believe Tim Berners-Lee, the father of the World-Wide-Web, used it as a naming convention to indicate an HTTP server (i.e. a World Wide Web server). This helped to distinguish the server name from servers for other information-sharing protocols. E.g. some corporations had servers named ftp.example.com, www.example.com, mail.example.com (or maybe even gopher.example.com and wais.example.com). These prefixes were convenient for network administrators who wished to be able to locate these different services on separate servers. Nowadays other means of doing this have arisen. It is arguable the hostname prefixes were not convenient to end users. Most web browsers have tried to remove this burden from users by automatically adding http://www. and .com when the user enters single word attempts at a URL. What is it used for? To suggest that the server may support privacy of data in transit and certification of server identity. A few people have taken to using wwws as a naming convention for HTTPS servers, i.e. servers that support HTTP over Secure-Sockets-Layer (SSL). Since the name has no effect on protocols, you can run a HTTPS service on a server named example.com or foo.example.com or anything else. The proponents of the wwws convention say that wwws is shorter and easier to type than https:// and they can therefore configure their servers to redirect a HTTP request for a wwws hostname to an HTTPS URL as a convenience for users who explicitly want to use HTTPS instead of HTTP but who find typing https:// too much of a chore. There are other ways to provide links to a secure version of a site. Most business that need security (shops, banks) will automatically redirect users to HTTPS pages without requiring users to type a special prefix to the hostname. Why do only a handful of sites use it? Since it has no functional purpose, almost nobody finds it a useful convention. The trend is to drop these prefixes (e.g. look above: superuser.com instead of www.superuser.com). Try visiting these URLs: Then check which URL shows up in the address bar of your browser. share|improve this answer See also: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#WWW_prefix –  slhck Nov 2 '11 at 17:02 To add on, it is no different from sites that has URLs like secure.example.net, and it also explains the occasional appearances of www1.example.net/www2.example.net :) –  Jin Nov 2 '11 at 17:06 @iglvzx Please undelete it. You're new to the site, and you shouldn't be punished for being a few seconds late. That's not the point of Stack Exchange. –  slhck Nov 2 '11 at 17:17 @slhck Ok. Undeleted. –  iglvzx Nov 2 '11 at 17:20 The www1,www2,etc. was actually useful at one point. Netscape originally used that naming schema to implement crude load balancing for their web site in the early browsers. cse.iitk.ac.in/users/braman/courses/cs625-fall2003/lec-notes/… however, that was quickly overcome by other methods. –  Chris Nava Nov 2 '11 at 17:32 wwws and www are subdomains. They have no special meaning to a browser, other than the fact that they are part of a larger domain. http://, ftp://, and https:// are examples of protocols, which do have special meaning and function. share|improve this answer +1 for conciseness. –  ShreevatsaR Nov 3 '11 at 9:08 First of all, we need to distinguish between a protocol and a domain name. http:// and https:// denote protocols. The latter indicates that traffic should be encrypted using SSL, but otherwise is still just http://. This is important for certain parts of a web site. Any time you sign in to a web site, for example, you really ought to see https:// as the protocol(really: schema) portion of the url. Even any request that might send back cookies should probably use this (hint: that's almost all web browsing you do). On the other hand, www and wwws are just parts of a domain name. They have no bearing on security at all. That out of the way, there is a relatively recent convention to provision the wwws name such that the base page redirects requests for http://wwws.example.com to https://www.example.com. The reason for this is convenience. Users will often type a name like www.example.com into their browser address bar. If they explicitly wanted the secure page, they would have to type https://www.example.com into the address bar. Many site administrators want to encourage (but not force) this choice to use the secure page, and so configuring wwws to work this way simply provides a shortcut to make finding the secure page that much easier. However, this is still not that common, and even when it is there's nothing that forces a site with the wwws to be encrypted (https:// just plain won't work if the encryption isn't there. wwws still would.), and so you should still check that a wwws page has the expected protocol. share|improve this answer +1 for mentioning that you can use wwws for deliberately opening a secure connection without having to type https:// –  sme Nov 3 '11 at 6:31 @sme - My point was that most of the time right now you can't do that... at least not very often right now. –  Joel Coehoorn Nov 3 '11 at 13:58 www is part of a hostname. It would be very rare for that to be a separate domain. (Some confusion arises because FQDN, fully-qualified domain name, is often used in conjunction with hostnames) –  Ben Voigt May 6 '12 at 4:54 http://no-www.org/index.php has some information about what the www prefix is and why its a little silly in this day and age. share|improve this answer He's not asking "what's www" but "what's wwws" –  genesis Nov 5 '11 at 12:42 Your Answer
Factors Contributing to Congenital Heart Disease What causes congenital heart disease? A congenital heart defect (CHD) is a heart problem which is present at birth, caused by improper development of the heart during fetal development. In the majority of the instances when a baby is born with congenital heart disease, there is no known reason for the heart to have formed improperly. Scientists know that some types of congenital heart defects can be related to an abnormality of an infant's chromosomes, single gene defects, or environmental factors. In the majority of cases, there is no identifiable cause for the heart defect, and they are generally considered to be caused by multifactorial inheritance. Maternal factors and CHD Rubella, a virus that most people in the United States either had as a child, or were immunized against when they received the MMR vaccine, is known to cause birth defects. A woman who has never had rubella nor been vaccinated against the disease should consult her health care provider before becoming pregnant. A mother who contracts rubella during her pregnancy has a very significant chance of having a baby with birth defects, including congenital heart disease. Family history and CHD In the general population, about 1 percent of all children are born with congenital heart disease. However, the risk increases when either parent has CHD, or when another sibling was born with CHD. Some heart defects are considered to have autosomal-dominant inheritance; meaning that a parent with the defect has a 50 percent chance, with each pregnancy, to have a child with the same heart defect, and males and females are equally affected. Similarly, there is also a 50 percent chance that an offspring will not be affected. Consultation with a genetic counselor or genetic specialist is encouraged for women with congenital heart disease before becoming pregnant. In families with CHD either in the parents or offspring, fetal echocardiography can be performed in the second trimester, at about 18 to 22 weeks of pregnancy, to determine the presence of major heart defects in the fetus. Chromosome abnormalities and CHD Problems with chromosomes that result in genetic syndromes, such as Down syndrome, often result in a higher incidence of infant heart malformations. Of those infants born with chromosome abnormalities, around 30 percent will have a heart defect. Chromosomes are the structures in your cells that contain your genes; genes code for your traits such as eye color and blood type. Usually there are 46 chromosomes in each cell of the body. Having too many or too few chromosomes results in health problems and birth defects. Structural defects of the chromosomes, where a piece of the chromosome is missing or present in duplicate, also causes health problems.
Bureau of Engraving and PrintingMark Wilson/Getty Images CAMBRIDGE – Why has quantitative easing coexisted with price stability in the United States? Or, as I often hear, “Why has the Federal Reserve’s printing of so much money not caused higher inflation?” Inflation has certainly been very low. During the past five years, the consumer price index has increased at an annual rate of just 1.5%. The Fed’s preferred measure of inflation – the price index for personal consumption expenditures, excluding food and energy – also rose at a rate of just 1.5%. By contrast, the Fed’s purchases of long-term bonds during this period has been unprecedentedly large. The Fed bought more than $2 trillion of Treasury bonds and mortgage-backed securities, nearly ten times the annual rate of bond purchases during the previous decade. In the last year alone, the stock of bonds on the Fed’s balance sheet has risen more than 20%. The historical record shows that rapid monetary growth does fuel high inflation. That was very clear during Germany’s hyperinflation in the 1920’s and Latin America’s in the 1980’s. But even more moderate shifts in America’s monetary growth rate have translated into corresponding shifts in the rate of inflation. In the 1970’s, US money supply grew at an average annual rate of 9.6%, the highest rate in the previous half-century; inflation averaged 7.4%, also a half-century high. In the 1990’s, annual monetary growth averaged only 3.9%, and the average inflation rate was just 2.9%. That is why the absence of any inflationary response to the Fed’s massive bond purchases in the past five years seems so puzzling. But the puzzle disappears when we recognize that quantitative easing is not the same thing as “printing money” or, more accurately, increasing the stock of money. The stock of money that relates most closely to inflation consists primarily of the deposits that businesses and households have at commercial banks. Traditionally, greater amounts of Fed bond buying have led to faster growth of this money stock. But a fundamental change in the Fed’s rules in 2008 broke the link between its bond buying and the subsequent size of the money stock. As a result, the Fed has bought a massive amount of bonds without causing the stock of money – and thus the rate of inflation – to rise. As a result, the volume of excess reserves held at the Fed increased from less than $2 billion in 2008 to $1.8 trillion now, effectively severing the link between Fed bond purchases and the resulting stock of money. The size of the broad money stock (known as M2) grew at an average rate of just 1.5% a year from the end of 2008 to the end of 2012. So it is not surprising that inflation has remained so moderate – indeed, lower than in any decade since the end of World War II. And it is also not surprising that quantitative easing has done so little to increase nominal spending and real economic activity. The absence of significant inflation in the past few years does not mean that it won’t rise in the future. When businesses and households eventually increase their demand for loans, commercial banks that have adequate capital can meet that demand with new lending without running into the limits that might otherwise result from inadequate reserves. The resulting growth of spending by businesses and households might be welcome at first, but it could soon become a source of unwanted inflation. The Fed could, in principle, limit inflationary lending by raising the interest rate on excess reserves or by using open-market operations to increase the short-term federal funds interest rate. But the Fed may hesitate to act, or may act with insufficient force, owing to its dual mandate to focus on employment as well as price stability. That outcome is more likely if high rates of long-term unemployment and underemployment persist even as the inflation rate rises. And that is why investors are right to worry that inflation could return, even if the Fed’s massive bond purchases in recent years have not brought it about. This article originally appeared at Project Syndicate. Copyright 2014.
One of the correct answer is: Image text transcribed for accessibility: (IAB = 6.88 14.55 degree A) In a balanced three-phase system, the source is a balanced wye with an abc-phase sequence and Vab = 208 50 degree V rms. The load is a balanced wye in parallel with a balanced delta. The phase impedance of the wye is 5 + j3 Ohm and the phase impedance of the delta is 18 + j12 Ohm. If the line impedance is 1 + j0.8 Ohm , find the line currents and the phase currents in the loads.
Online tracking Browser cookies can reveal your online habits, so how do you protect yourself? Learn more Browser cookies Cookies have a useful purpose in remembering your settings and preferences in websites, but can also be used to record how and where you go on the internet. This report looks at: Tracking your online activity When you use the internet, you leave something behind: small pieces of information about the sites you’ve visited, search terms, your computer’s internet address and whereabouts. This trail, made up of tiny breadcrumbs of information about you, is aggregated into data banks that can be mined for information about your internet habits which is sold to marketers and advertisers. There’s been an explosion in personal information created and stored online in recent years. Just think of the daily, even hourly, transactions that internet users can do via the net – banking, messaging, shopping, viewing, listening to music, researching, publishing and so on. These repositories of personal information are gleaned from our online activities through our internet browser and cookies. A cookie is a small piece of data that is stored on a user’s computer, which allows it to be identified so that only data intended for an authorised user is sent to that user. What is a cookie? Technically, a cookie is a piece of code passed between your browser and a website’s server when your browser connects to a website using the http process. The cookie is stored on your computer the first time you visit the site and then passed from your computer to the website’s server, which then determines the identity of your computer. Applications run through the internet use cookies to function and recognise if a user is new to the site or is registered and has recorded preferences for certain content or settings. It could be said that they are “privacy neutral” and they have become the standard way for browser-based applications to authenticate connections. Most websites use cookies for a variety of purposes. In their most benign function, the analysis helps improve website design and understand how visitors use a website. There are more intrusive uses, however, because cookies allow internet advertising companies to build a picture of you and target advertising to you that can be closely aligned with your country, gender, interests and other attributes that can be gleaned from your online habits. A website, such as a banking site, has a legitimate need to have cookies on its site to assist with verifying a user for log-on and financial transactions. But the website may also have cookies that belong to third-party organisations, such as marketers and advertisers, that will also be installed on the user’s computer. These cookies can collect data on the websites that a user is visiting and then direct relevant advertising to that user. If the user visits shopping sites, it may serve up ads for other online shopping or auction sites, for example. If the user visits technology news sites and product review sites, the user may be then shown sites from technology retailers. Types of cookie Not all cookies are created equal. In itself, a cookie is just an application, it’s just that how they’re set to work can determine if they have a positive purpose or can be used as a way to undermine the safety of the user. • Short-term cookies or session cookies last for as long as someone is using a site while logged in. These are the type used for banking transactions and can store details for making payments, storing shopping baskets and viewing balances. When a user logs out of the site, the session is finished and the information is no longer held by the website. • Long-term or persistent cookies last longer than a single browsing session. They have many uses and can make returning to websites a better experience because they retain a user’s settings. A persistent cookie, for example, can retain a language preference for a website or recognise that someone has already registered for a site and automatically prompt them to log in when they get to the website. • Tracking cookies are persistent cookies that have a long timeline for expiry that can be used to keep track of where else a user goes on the internet. Privacy advocates have raised concerns about the information that can be gathered about internet-browsing habits because they belong to third-party companies, such as advertisers, and collect data on what websites you visit beyond the original website. Sign up to our free Your say - Choice voice Make a Comment Members – Sign in on the top right to contribute to comments
Healthy Immunity Diet Guidelines By EatingWell Editors These nutrition tips and guidelines can help keep your immune system strong. Think zinc Zinc is another mineral important to a healthy immune system, and people who are deficient tend have a poorer immune response. Zinc is needed to produce and activate some types of white blood cells that help fight infections, and studies show that when zinc-deficient people are given zinc supplements, their immune functioning improves. Zinc has long been promoted as a nutrient that can lower the severity and incidence of the common cold, but clinical trials with the mineral have yielded inconsistent results. What’s more, too much supplemental zinc (more than 75 milligrams per day) can actually inhibit immune function, and larger doses can be toxic. It's safest to stick to getting zinc from your diet. Aim for 15 to 25 milligrams a day. Zinc-rich foods include oysters, vitamin and mineral-fortified cereals (such as Total), crab, beef, dark-meat turkey and beans. Find more information on zinc and zinc-rich foods in our nutrient library. Fill up on whole grains Whole grains are rich in fiber, vitamins, minerals and hundreds of phytochemicals. They contain several substances that have each been linked to lower cancer risk, including fiber (both soluble and insoluble), antioxidants, phenols and phytoestrogens. Because of the wide range of anticancer ingredients they contain, diets high in whole grains may decrease cancer risk in general. When data from 40 studies on whole grains and cancer risk were combined and analyzed recently, researchers found the risk for cancer was reduced by 34 percent on average in people who ate large amounts of whole grains compared to those who ate small amounts. Looking for a good whole-grain cereal to start your day? Click here for advice. Consider flax Flaxseeds, which look like darker, larger cousins of sesame seeds, are one of the few plant sources of omega-3 fatty acids—the heart-protective compounds more commonly associated with fatty fish. The form of omega-3s found in flax, called alpha linolenic acid, or ALA, may offer some protection against heart disease and some cancers (though studies show its heart-protective effects are not as powerful as fish-based omega-3s). Flaxseeds are also nature’s best source of lignans, plant compounds that have estrogenlike activity in the body. (Flaxseed oil, extracted from the seeds, doesn’t naturally contain these so-called phytoestrogens, but some manufacturers may add them.) Currently, scientists are researching the possibilities of flaxseed as a cancer preventer. In a few small studies, flax seemed to offer some protection against estrogen-receptor-negative breast cancers, and preliminary laboratory work suggests a possible role in inhibiting colon, breast, skin and lung tumors. When it comes to prostate cancer, however, the picture is more complicated— with some studies showing that taking flaxseed can increase risk, while others show a reduced risk. Look for flaxseed in supermarkets and natural-foods stores. It’s available as flaxseed flour, meal, oil and whole flaxseeds. The whole seeds can’t be digested and need to be ground before you use them. Once ground, they go rancid quickly, so buy ground flax (or grind it yourself in a clean coffee grinder) in small batches only and store in the refrigerator. Flaxseed oil, even more perishable, also belongs in the refrigerator and shouldn’t be used if it smells like paint—a signal it has gone rancid. Get enough sleep Getting enough sleep is important to your health because it boosts your immune system, which makes your body better able to fight disease. So how many hours of sleep are enough for you? Experts say that if you feel drowsy during the day—even during boring activities—you are not getting enough sleep. Also, quality of sleep is just as important as quantity. If you wake up often during the night you are not getting good-quality sleep. If you experience frequent daytime sleepiness, even after increasing the amount of quality sleep you get, talk to your doctor. He or she may be able to identify the cause of sleep problems and offer advice on how to get a better night's sleep. Can what you eat or drink help you sleep better? Click here to find out. Eat healthy fats Your body needs an adequate amount of healthy fats to help you absorb fat-soluble nutrients and to maintain good overall health and a healthy immune system. Look for healthy fats in monounsaturated and polyunsaturated oils and foods like fatty fish, olives, nuts and avocados. When it comes to your immune system, vitamin E is especially important for proper functioning. Wheat germ oil, sunflower seeds and sunflower oil, almonds, safflower oil and hazelnuts are all excellent sources of vitamin E, so there’s no need for most people to pop a supplement. Not long ago, vitamin E supplementation was touted as beneficial to heart health, immunity and cancer prevention. But subsequent clinical studies failed to show a benefit—and we now know that people should get this beneficial nutrient from food rather than a supplement. Too much vitamin E could have unintended health consequences, including an increased risk of bleeding and impaired blood clotting. People taking anticoagulant drugs, or those who are deficient in vitamin K, should avoid taking supplemental vitamin E. The role of omega-3 fats (those found in fatty fish, nuts and flaxseeds) in immunity is also being actively studied. And while it appears that omega-3 fats are beneficial to a healthy immune system, the mechanism is still poorly understood. But including good sources of omega-3 fats in your diet has many benefits for your heart and overall health. More on omega-3s. Get a full year of EatingWell magazine.
Iowa Insect Information Notes Camel Cricket Camel Cricket The camel crickets are a moderately common group of insects. They are also known as cave crickets, a name descriptive of their natural habitat. Like all crickets, the camel crickets have very large hind legs and long antennae. They are brownish in color and humpbacked in appearance. They are wingless and up to one inch long. As the name implies, cave crickets are found in caves. However, they live in other cool, damp situations such as in wells, rotten logs, stumps and hollow trees, and under damp leaves, stones, boards and logs. Camel crickets are of little economic importance except as a nuisance in buildings and homes, especially basements. They are usually "accidental invaders" that wander in by mistake from adjacent areas. They generally do not reproduce indoors, except in situations that provide continuous dark, moist conditions. Control efforts for camel crickets should include (as much as is practical) eliminating breeding and hiding sites outdoors around the house or building. Piles of bricks, stones, boards, leaves, etc., should be removed. Also, cracks and gaps in foundation or siding or around windows and doors should be sealed. Spraying a residual barrier of insecticide around the outside of the house may be of benefit if you apply sufficient spray to reach breeding sites. For information on insecticides please see "Insecticides in the Home Landscape and Garden." Treating indoor floor areas where camel crickets hide during the day is a last resort of limited benefit. Occasional, individual crickets can be picked or swept up and discarded. Updated 07/14/2005 - 1:39pm
1920's Central Vermont engine pulling passenger cars on an excursion through Northfield in 1972 Photograph from Picture Northfield, courtesy of Alan H. Weiss At the time of the American Revolution, Vermont was not easily accessible. A few military roads and major waterways, such as the Connecticut River, Winooski River, and Lake Champlain, provided the best routes through the territory. In the early 18th century, small earthen roadways carried travelers by foot or horseback. Ox teams were used for hauling heavy or large loads overland, such as the Vermont granite used in the construction of the State Capitol. By the end of the 18th century, private individuals constructed several turnpikes, which greatly improved land transportation in the State, and enabled the establishment of stagecoach lines. Many sites on our tour were constructed during this period of slow growth when small communities were established close to waterways, with access to both water and land transportation routes. This settlement pattern was seen throughout the county during the 18th and early 19th centuries. Commercial shipping ports developed along Lake Champlain, connecting with the Champlain Canal and the Hudson River on the western side of the State. The Connecticut River, Vermont's eastern boundary, was also a major water route. Though never built, there was serious discussion of a canal route, connecting Lake Champlain with the St. Lawrence River to the north, which leads out to sea. Washington County was able to connect to these major shipping routes by the Winooski, Mad and Dog Rivers. While shipping remains an important element of Vermont's transportation infrastructure even today, it has almost always been supplemented by other means. During the first half of the 19th century, the stagecoach was the primary overland method for exchange of information, smaller goods, and frequently personal travel. Sites such as Kent's Corner and the Warren House Hotel, former stagecoach stops, reflect this era of Vermont's transportation history. In the mid-19th century change was on the horizon. The coming of the railroad and telegraph lines to Vermont vastly improved the exchange of information and the transportation system. The railroad quickly became the preferred method for transport of passengers, raw materials, and manufactured goods. Like communities all around the country, rail transit resulted in the vast expansion of trade. Ground was broken in 1846 for the Vermont Central, the State's first railroad, at its headquarters in Northfield. Northfield was a small village which had previously relied on the nearby Dog River for transportation. The State's first line was actually a portion of the main route from Boston to the Great Lakes, and extended through the center of Vermont, and Washington County. Passenger train service started in 1848, and Northfield prospered until 1860, when the company moved its headquarter to St. Albans. However, the Central Vermont Rail Depot remained and became the lifeline of the town once again at the end of the 19th century, when Northfield's booming granite industry relied on the rails to ship their products. In Vermont, like many other States, the arrival of the railroad directly influenced the transition of small villages to thriving towns and cities with expanded industries, populations, commercial cores, and cultural institutions. The town of Barre is a typical example. Rail lines were connected there in 1875 and 1888, resulting in a major expansion of the local granite industry. Barre's quarries were finally able to transport large amounts of stone to distant markets, fostering the greatest population and economic boom in the city's history. Thousands of skilled and unskilled European immigrants arrived in Barre by rail, where their craftsmanship and labor were in demand. Barre's downtown commercial core expanded, as did the variety of cultural activities, typified in the Barre Opera House, and in the Socialist Labor Party Hall which served the working class Italian community. Warren Covered Bridge Photograph courtesy of the Mad River Valley Planning District The general condition of Vermont's public highway system also began to improve throughout the nineteenth century. By mid-century, individual towns purchased most of the early private turnpikes, primarily in response to rising protests against their tolls. In 1820, a statewide program of covered bridge construction began on the State's public highways, one of the highlights in Vermont's transportation history. Covered bridges were roofed and enclosed to protect the wooden structural elements from the weather, which in Vermont can be quite harsh. This period of public bridge construction continued until 1904, and the bridges dating from this period are some of the State's most cherished resources. With over 100 remaining, Vermont has the greatest concentration of covered bridges in the country. In the 20th century, Vermont's greatest natural disaster, the Flood of 1927 destroyed many bridges and miles of roadways throughout the State. In response to the damage, a major building program ensued, which vastly improved the general condition of the State's highways. Great improvements were made in American standardized bridge design as a result of the numerous bridges constructed in Vermont after the flood. The Middlesex-Winooski River Bridge is a typical example of a post-flood metal truss bridge that affected this type of bridge construction throughout the county. 1913 Ford Model T touring automobile Photograph courtesy of the Library of Congress, Hult.407 2028.407 Improved road conditions were especially important in the late 1920s, as the automobile had already firmly established itself as the newest and most improved method of travel in the State. The covered bridges and winding highways that had once carried horses and carriages, began carrying cars and trucks as Vermont, like the rest of the country, embraced the automobile and the ease of travel it provided. Furthermore, the development of the automobile and modern roadways facilitated the growth of tourism in Vermont, which has become a major factor in the state's economy over the last century. 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Protocol Online logo Uni question - (Apr/30/2012 ) Please kindly help me and possible explain to me for the following questions. 1) In the first project PCR you add 20pmol of a forward primer and 20pmol of a reverse primer. Assume that both primers are 20bp long and have the following composition: 5G, 5C, 5A, 5T. Further assume that none of the other PCR components will become limiting, the enzyme is forever active and you can run as many cycles as you need until the primers are exhausted. Further, you only obtain one PCR product of 200bp. How many DNA molecules have you produced? How many gram of DNA have you produced if the PCR product has an equal number of A,T G and C? 2) Why does 1 absorbance unit at 260nm of a) dsDNA equal to 50 ug per ml B) RNA equal to 40 ug per ml c) Oligonucleotides equal 20 ug per ml. IF you give us your attempts at answering these, then we can help further - these questions are for your benefit, not ours! The first one is simple mathematics and some equations you should have learn't in high school science. The second is also chemistry... for a cryptic answer think Homer: mmmmm B...
United Nations |image_flag = Flag of the United Nations.svg |linking_name = the United Nations |image_map = United Nations Members.svg |map_width = 280px |map_caption = Map of UN member states and their UN-recognized dependencies |membership = 192 member states |admin_center_type = Headquarters |admin_center = International territory in Manhattan, New York City |languages_type = Official languages |languages = Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish |leader_title1 = Secretary-General |leader_name1 = Ban Ki-moon |established_event1 = |established_date1 = 26 June 1945 |official_website =}} There are currently 192 member states, including nearly every recognized independent state in the world. From its headquarters on international territory in New York City, the UN and its specialized agencies decide on substantive and administrative issues in regular meetings held throughout the year. The organization is divided into administrative bodies, primarily: Additional bodies deal with the governance of all other UN System agencies, such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). The UN's most visible public figure is the Secretary-General, currently Ban Ki-moon of South Korea, who attained the post in 2007. The organization is financed from assessed and voluntary contributions from its member states, and has six official languages: Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish. The UN was founded as a successor to the League of Nations, which was widely considered to have been ineffective in its role as an international governing body, as it had been unable to prevent World War II. The term "United Nations" was first used by Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt, in the 1942 Declaration by United Nations, which united the Allied countries of WWII under the Atlantic Charter, and soon became a term widely used to refer to them. Declarations signed at wartime Allied conferences in 1943 espoused the idea of the UN, and in 1944, representatives of the major Allied powers met to elaborate on the plans at the Dumbarton Oaks Conference. Those and later talks outlined the organization's proposed purposes, membership, organs, and ideals in regards to peace, security, and cooperation. On 25 April 1945, the UN Conference on International Organization began in San Francisco, attended by 50 governments and a number of non-governmental organizations involved in drafting the Charter of the United Nations. The UN officially came into existence on 24 October 1945 upon ratification of the Charter by the five permanent members of the Security CouncilFrance, the Republic of China, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States — and by a majority of the other 46 signatories. The first meetings of the General Assembly, with 51 nations represented, and the Security Council, took place in London in January 1946. The United Nations system is based on five principal organs (formerly six - the Trusteeship Council suspended operations in 1994); the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), the Secretariat, and the International Court of Justice. Four of the five principal organs are located at the main United Nations headquarters located on international territory in New York City. The International Court of Justice is located in The Hague, while other major agencies are based in the UN offices at Geneva, Vienna and Nairobi. Other UN instutitions are located throughout the world. The six official languages of the United Nations, used in intergovernmental meetings and documents, are Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish, while the Secretariat uses two working languages, English and French. Five of the official languages were chosen when the UN was founded; Arabic was added later in 1973. The United Nations Editorial Manual states that the standard for English language documents is British usage and Oxford spelling (en-gb-oed), and the Chinese writing standard is Simplified Chinese. This replaced Traditional Chinese in 1971 when the UN representation of China was changed from the Republic of China to People's Republic of China. The Republic of China is now commonly known as "Taiwan". General Assembly The General Assembly is the main deliberative assembly of the United Nations. Composed of all United Nations member states, the assembly meets in regular yearly sessions under a president elected from among the member states. Over a two-week period at the start of each session, all members have the opportunity to address the assembly. Traditionally, the Secretary-General makes the first statement, followed by the president of the assembly. The first session was convened on 10 January 1946 in the Westminster Central Hall in London and included representatives of 51 nations. When the General Assembly votes on important questions, a two-thirds majority of those present and voting is required. Examples of important questions include: recommendations on peace and security; election of members to organs; admission, suspension, and expulsion of members; and, budgetary matters. All other questions are decided by majority vote. Each member country has one vote. Apart from approval of budgetary matters, resolutions are not binding on the members. The Assembly may make recommendations on any matters within the scope of the UN, except matters of peace and security that are under Security Council consideration. Conceivably, the one state, one vote power structure could enable states comprising just eight percent of the world population to pass a resolution by a two-thirds vote. However, as no more than recommendations, it is difficult to imagine a situation in which a recommendation by member states constituting just eight percent of the world's population, would be adhered to by the remaining ninety-two percent of the population, should they object. Security Council The Security Council is charged with maintaining peace and security among countries. While other organs of the United Nations can only make 'recommendations' to member governments, the Security Council has the power to make binding decisions that member governments have agreed to carry out, under the terms of Charter Article 25. The decisions of the Council are known as United Nations Security Council resolutions. The Security Council is made up of 15 member states, consisting of five permanent seats and ten temporary seats. The permanent five are China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States. These members hold veto power over substantive but not procedural resolutions allowing a permanent member to block adoption but not to block the debate of a resolution unacceptable to it. The ten temporary seats are held for two-year terms with member states voted in by the General Assembly on a regional basis. The presidency of the Security Council is rotated alphabetically each month. The Security Council has been criticised for being unable to act in a clear and decisive way when confronted with a crisis. The United Nations Secretariat is headed by the Secretary-General, assisted by a staff of international civil servants worldwide. It provides studies, information, and facilities needed by United Nations bodies for their meetings. It also carries out tasks as directed by the UN Security Council, the UN General Assembly, the UN Economic and Social Council, and other UN bodies. The United Nations Charter provides that the staff be chosen by application of the "highest standards of efficiency, competence, and integrity," with due regard for the importance of recruiting on a wide geographical basis. The Charter provides that the staff shall not seek or receive instructions from any authority other than the UN. Each UN member country is enjoined to respect the international character of the Secretariat and not seek to influence its staff. The Secretary-General alone is responsible for staff selection. The Secretary-General's duties include helping resolve international disputes, administering peacekeeping operations, organizing international conferences, gathering information on the implementation of Security Council decisions, and consulting with member governments regarding various initiatives. Key Secretariat offices in this area include the Office of the Coordinator of Humanitarian Affairs and the Department of Peacekeeping Operations. The Secretary-General may bring to the attention of the Security Council any matter that, in his or her opinion, may threaten international peace and security. The Secretariat is headed by the Secretary-General, who acts as the de facto spokesman and leader of the UN. The current Secretary-General is Ban Ki-moon, who took over from Kofi Annan in 2007 and will be eligible for reappointment when his first term expires in 2011. Envisioned by Franklin D. Roosevelt as a "world moderator", the position is defined in the UN Charter as the organization's "chief administrative officer", but the Charter also states that the Secretary-General can bring to the Security Council's attention "any matter which in his opinion may threaten the maintenance of international peace and security", giving the position greater scope for action on the world stage. The position has evolved into a dual role of an administrator of the UN organization, and a diplomat and mediator addressing disputes between member states and finding consensus to global issues. The Secretary-General is appointed by the General Assembly, after being recommended by the Security Council. The selection can be vetoed by any member of the Security Council, and the General Assembly can theoretically override the Security Council's recommendation if a majority vote is not achieved, although this has not happened so far. There are no specific criteria for the post, but over the years it has become accepted that the post shall be held for one or two terms of five years, that the post shall be appointed based on geographical rotation, and that the Secretary-General shall not originate from one of the five permanent Security Council member states. Secretaries-General of the United Nations No. Name Country of origin Took office Left office Note 1 Trygve Lie 2 February 1946 10 November 1952 Resigned 2 Dag Hammarskjöld 10 April 1953 18 September 1961 Died while in office 3 U Thant 30 November 1961 1 January 1972 First Secretary-General from Asia 4 Kurt Waldheim 1 January 1972 1 January 1982 5 Javier Pérez de Cuéllar 1 January 1982 1 January 1992 First Secretary-General from South America 6 Boutros Boutros-Ghali 1 January 1992 1 January 1997 First Secretary-General from Africa 7 Kofi Annan 1 January 1997 1 January 2007 8 Ban Ki-moon 1 January 2007 Incumbent International Court of Justice The International Court of Justice (ICJ), located in The Hague, Netherlands, is the primary judicial organ of the United Nations. Established in 1945 by the United Nations Charter, the Court began work in 1946 as the successor to the Permanent Court of International Justice. The Statute of the International Court of Justice, similar to that of its predecessor, is the main constitutional document constituting and regulating the Court. It is based in the Peace Palace in The Hague, Netherlands, sharing the building with the Hague Academy of International Law, a private centre for the study of international law. Several of the Court's current judges are either alumni or former faculty members of the Academy. Its purpose is to adjudicate disputes among states. The court has heard cases related to war crimes, illegal state interference and ethnic cleansing, among others, and continues to hear cases. A related court, the International Criminal Court (ICC), began operating in 2002 through international discussions initiated by the General Assembly. It is the first permanent international court charged with trying those who commit the most serious crimes under international law, including war crimes and genocide. The ICC is functionally independent of the UN in terms of personnel and financing, but some meetings of the ICC governing body, the Assembly of States Parties to the Rome Statute, are held at the UN. There is a "relationship agreement" between the ICC and the UN that governs how the two institutions regard each other legally. Economic and Social Council The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) assists the General Assembly in promoting international economic and social cooperation and development. ECOSOC has 54 members, all of whom are elected by the General Assembly for a three-year term. The president is elected for a one-year term and chosen amongst the small or middle powers represented on ECOSOC. ECOSOC meets once a year in July for a four-week session. Since 1998, it has held another meeting each April with finance ministers heading key committees of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Viewed separate from the specialized bodies it coordinates, ECOSOC's functions include information gathering, advising member nations, and making recommendations. In addition, ECOSOC is well-positioned to provide policy coherence and coordinate the overlapping functions of the UN’s subsidiary bodies and it is in these roles that it is most active. Specialized institutions There are many UN organizations and agencies that function to work on particular issues. Some of the most well-known agencies are the International Atomic Energy Agency, the Food and Agriculture Organization, UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization), the World Bank and the World Health Organization. The United Nations Charter stipulates that each primary organ of the UN can establish various specialized agencies to fulfill its duties. With the addition of Montenegro on 28 June 2006, there are currently 192 United Nations member states, including all fully recognized independent states apart from Vatican City, which has observer status. The United Nations Charter outlines the rules for membership: The Group of 77 at the UN is a loose coalition of developing nations, designed to promote its members' collective economic interests and create an enhanced joint negotiating capacity in the United Nations. There were 77 founding members of the organization, but the organization has since expanded to 130 member countries. The group was founded on 15 June 1964 by the "Joint Declaration of the Seventy-Seven Countries" issued at the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). The first major meeting was in Algiers in 1967, where the Charter of Algiers was adopted and the basis for permanent institutional structures was begun. Peacekeeping and security The founders of the UN had envisaged that the organization would act to prevent conflicts between nations and make future wars impossible, however the outbreak of the Cold War made peacekeeping agreements extremely difficult due to the division of the world into hostile camps. Following the end of the Cold War, there were renewed calls for the UN to become the agency for achieving world peace, as there are several dozen ongoing conflicts that continue to rage around the globe. A 2005 RAND Corp study found the UN to be successful in two out of three peacekeeping efforts. It compared UN nation-building efforts to those of the United States, and found that seven out of eight UN cases are at peace, as opposed to four out of eight US cases at peace. Also in 2005, the Human Security Report documented a decline in the number of wars, genocides and human rights abuses since the end of the Cold War, and presented evidence, albeit circumstantial, that international activism — mostly spearheaded by the UN — has been the main cause of the decline in armed conflict since the end of the Cold War. Situations where the UN has not only acted to keep the peace but also occasionally intervened include the Korean War (1950-1953), and the authorization of intervention in Iraq after the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in 1990. The UN has also drawn criticism for perceived failures. In many cases member states have shown reluctance to achieve or enforce Security Council resolutions, an issue that stems from the UN's intergovernmental nature — seen by some as simply an association of 192 member states who must reach consensus, not an independent organization. Disagreements in the Security Council about military action and intervention are seen as having failed to prevent the 1994 Rwandan Genocide, failed to provide humanitarian aid and intervene in the Second Congo War, failed to intervene in the 1995 Srebrenica massacre and protect a refugee haven by the authorising the peacekeepers to use force, failure to deliver food to starving people in Somalia, failure to implement provisions of Security Council resolutions related to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, and continuing failure to prevent genocide or provide assistance in Darfur. In addition to peacekeeping, the UN is also active in encouraging disarmament. Regulation of armaments was included in the writing of the UN Charter in 1945 and was envisioned as a way of limiting the use of human and economic resources for the creation of them. However, the advent of nuclear weapons came only weeks after the signing of the charter and immediately halted concepts of arms limitation and disarmament, resulting in the first resolution of the first ever General Assembly meeting calling for specific proposals for "the elimination from national armaments of atomic weapons and of all other major weapons adaptable to mass destruction". The principal forums for disarmament issues are the General Assembly First Committee, the UN Disarmament Commission, and the Conference on Disarmament, and considerations have been made of the merits of a ban on testing nuclear weapons, outer space arms control, the banning of chemical weapons and land mines, nuclear and conventional disarmament, nuclear-weapon-free zones, the reduction of military budgets, and measures to strengthen international security. The UN is one of the official supporters of the World Security Forum, a major international conference on the effects of global catastrophes and disasters, taking place in the United Arab Emirates, in October 2008. Human rights and humanitarian assistance The pursuit of human rights was a central reason for creating the UN. World War II atrocities and genocide led to a ready consensus that the new organization must work to prevent any similar tragedies in the future. An early objective was creating a legal framework for considering and acting on complaints about human rights violations. The UN Charter obliges all member nations to promote "universal respect for, and observance of, human rights" and to take "joint and separate action" to that end. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, though not legally binding, was adopted by the General Assembly in 1948 as a common standard of achievement for all. The Assembly regularly takes up human rights issues. The UN and its agencies are central in upholding and implementing the principles enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. A case in point is support by the UN for countries in transition to democracy. Technical assistance in providing free and fair elections, improving judicial structures, drafting constitutions, training human rights officials, and transforming armed movements into political parties have contributed significantly to democratization worldwide. The UN has helped run elections in countries with little democratic history, including recently in Afghanistan and East Timor. The UN is also a forum to support the right of women to participate fully in the political, economic, and social life of their countries. The UN contributes to raising consciousness of the concept of human rights through its covenants and its attention to specific abuses through its General Assembly, Security Council resolutions, or International Court of Justice rulings. The purpose of the United Nations Human Rights Council, established in 2006, is to address human rights violations. The Council is the successor to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights, which was often criticised for the high-profile positions it gave to member states that did not guarantee the human rights of their own citizens The council has 47 members distributed by region, which each serve three year terms, and may not serve three consecutive terms. A candidate to the body must be approved by a majority of the General Assembly. In addition, the council has strict rules for membership, including a universal human rights review. While some members with questionable human rights records have been elected, it is fewer than before with the increased focus on each member state's human rights record. The rights of some 370 million indigenous peoples around the world is also a focus for the UN, with a Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples being approved by the General Assembly in 2007. The declaration outlines the individual and collective rights to culture, language, education, identity, employment and health, thereby addressing post-colonial issues which had confronted indigenous peoples for centuries. The declaration aims to maintain, strengthen and encourage the growth of indigenous institutions, cultures and traditions. It also prohibits discrimination against indigenous peoples and promotes their active participation in matters which concern their past, present and future. In conjunction with other organizations such as the Red Cross, the UN provides food, drinking water, shelter and other humanitarian services to populaces suffering from famine, displaced by war, or afflicted by other disasters. Major humanitarian branches of the UN are the World Food Programme (which helps feed more than 100 million people a year in 80 countries), the office of the High Commissioner for Refugees with projects in over 116 countries, as well as peacekeeping projects in over 24 countries. Social and economic development Millennium Development Goals 1. eradicate extreme poverty and hunger; 2. achieve universal primary education; 3. promote gender equality and empower women; 4. reduce child mortality; 5. improve maternal health; 6. combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases; 7. ensure environmental sustainability; and 8. develop a global partnership for development. The UN is involved in supporting development, e.g. by the formulation of the Millennium Development Goals. The UN Development Programme (UNDP) is the largest multilateral source of grant technical assistance in the world. Organizations like the World Health Organization (WHO), UNAIDS, and The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria are leading institutions in the battle against diseases around the world, especially in poor countries. The UN Population Fund is a major provider of reproductive services. It has helped reduce infant and maternal mortality in 100 countries. The UN also promotes human development through various related agencies. The World Bank Group and International Monetary Fund (IMF), for example, are independent, specialized agencies and observers within the UN framework, according to a 1947 agreement. They were initially formed as separate from the UN through the Bretton Woods Agreement in 1944. The UN annually publishes the Human Development Index (HDI), a comparative measure ranking countries by poverty, literacy, education, life expectancy, and other factors. The Millennium Development Goals are eight goals that all 192 United Nations member states have agreed to try to achieve by the year 2015. This was declared in the United Nations Millennium Declaration, signed in September 2000. Over the lifetime of the UN, over 80 colonies have attained independence. The General Assembly adopted the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples in 1960 with no votes against but abstentions from all major colonial powers. Through the UN Committee on Decolonization, created in 1962, the UN has focused considerable attention on decolonization. It has also supported the new states that have arisen as a result self-determination initiatives. The committee has overseen the decolonization of every country larger than 20,000 km² and removed them from the United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories, besides Western Sahara, a country larger than the UK only relinquished by Spain in 1975. The UN declares and coordinates international observances, periods of time to observe some issue of international interest or concern. Using the symbolism of the UN, a specially designed logo for the year, and the infrastructure of the United Nations System, various days and years have become catalysts to advancing key issues of concern on a global scale. For example, World Tuberculosis Day, Earth Day and International Year of Deserts and Desertification. The UN is financed from assessed and voluntary contributions from member states. The regular two-year budgets of the UN and its specialized agencies are funded by assessments. The General Assembly approves the regular budget and determines the assessment for each member. This is broadly based on the relative capacity of each country to pay, as measured by their Gross National Income (GNI), with adjustments for external debt and low per capita income. The Assembly has established the principle that the UN should not be overly dependent on any one member to finance its operations. Thus, there is a 'ceiling' rate, setting the maximum amount any member is assessed for the regular budget. In December 2000, the Assembly revised the scale of assessments to reflect current global circumstances. As part of that revision, the regular budget ceiling was reduced from 25% to 22%. The U.S. is the only member that has met the ceiling. In addition to a ceiling rate, the minimum amount assessed to any member nation (or 'floor' rate) is set at 0.001% of the UN budget. Also, for the least developed countries (LDC), a ceiling rate of 0.01% is applied. The current operating budget is estimated at $4.19 billion (refer to table for major contributors). A large share of UN expenditures addresses the core UN mission of peace and security. The peacekeeping budget for the 2005-2006 fiscal year is approximately $5 billion (compared to approximately $1.5 billion for the UN core budget over the same period), with some 70,000 troops deployed in 17 missions around the world. UN peace operations are funded by assessments, using a formula derived from the regular funding scale, but including a weighted surcharge for the five permanent Security Council members, who must approve all peacekeeping operations. This surcharge serves to offset discounted peacekeeping assessment rates for less developed countries. As of 1 January 2008, the top 10 providers of assessed financial contributions to United Nations peacekeeping operations were: the United States, Japan, Germany, the United Kingdom, France, Italy, China, Canada, Spain and the Republic of Korea. Special UN programmes not included in the regular budget (such as UNICEF and UNDP) are financed by voluntary contributions from member governments. Most of this is financial contributions, but some is in the form of agricultural commodities donated for afflicted populations. Personnel policy The UN and its agencies are immune to the laws of the countries where they operate, safeguarding UN's impartiality with regard to the host and member countries. This independence allows agencies to implement human resources policies that may even be contrary to the laws of a host - or a member country. Despite their independence in matters of human resources policy, the UN and its agencies voluntarily apply the laws of member states regarding same-sex marriages, allowing decisions about the status of employees in a same-sex partnership to be based on nationality. The UN and its agencies recognize same-sex marriages only if the employees are citizens of countries that recognize the marriage. This practice is not specific to the recognition of same-sex marriage but reflects a common practice of the UN for a number of human resources matters. It has to be noted though that some agencies provide limited benefits to domestic partners of their staff and that some agencies do not recognise same-sex marriage or domestic partnership of their staff. The UN has also been accused of bureaucratic inefficiency and waste. During the 1990s the United States withheld dues citing inefficiency, and only started repayment on the condition that a major reforms initiative was introduced. In 1994, the Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS) was established by the General Assembly to serve as an efficiency watchdog. An official reform programme was begun by Kofi Annan in 1997. Reforms mentioned include changing the permanent membership of the Security Council (which currently reflects the power relations of 1945), making the bureaucracy more transparent, accountable and efficient, making the UN more democratic, and imposing an international tariff on arms manufacturers worldwide. In September 2005, the UN convened a World Summit that brought together the heads of most member states, calling the summit "a once-in-a-generation opportunity to take bold decisions in the areas of development, security, human rights and reform of the United Nations. Kofi Annan had proposed that the summit agree on a global "grand bargain" to reform the UN, renewing the organisation's focus on peace, security, human rights and development, and to make it better equipped at facing 21st century issues. The result of the summit was a compromise text agreed on by world leaders, which included the creation of a Peacebuilding Commission to help countries emerging from conflict, a Human Rights Council, and a democracy fund, a clear and unambiguous condemnation of terrorism "in all its forms and manifestations", and agreements to devote more resources to the Office of Internal Oversight Services, to spend billions more on achieving the Millennium Development Goals, to wind up the Trusteeship Council due to the completion of its mission, and that the international community has a "responsibility to protect" - the duty to intervene in when national governments fail to fulfil their responsibility to protect their citizens from atrocious crimes, The Office of Internal Oversight Services is being restructured to more clearly define its scope and mandate, and will receive more resources. In addition, to improve the oversight and auditing capabilities of the General Assembly, an Independent Audit Advisory Committee (IAAC) is being created. In June 2007, the Fifth Committee created a draft resolution for the terms of reference of this committee. An ethics office was established in 2006, responsible for administering new financial disclosure and whistleblower protection policies. Working with the OIOS, the ethics office also plans to implement a policy to avoid fraud and corruption. The Secretariat is in the process of reviewing all UN mandates that are more than five years old. The review is intended to determine which duplicative or unnecessary programmes should be eliminated. Not all member states are in agreement as to which of the over 7000 mandates should be reviewed. The dispute centres on whether mandates that have been renewed should be examined. As of September 2007, the process is ongoing. Controversy and criticism There has been controversy and criticism of the UN organization and its activities since at least the 1950s, with some people and groups opposing the organization. The UN has sometimes been seen as both redundant and inefficient, and in the United States, has been seen by some conservatives as a threat to US sovereignty. Accusations of bias in the Arab-Israeli conflict Issues relating to the state of Israel, the Palestinian people and other aspects of the Arab-Israeli conflict occupy a large amount of debate time, resolutions and resources at the . The adoption of UNSCOP's recommendation to partition Palestine by the United Nations General Assembly in 1947 was one of the earliest decisions of the UN. Since then, it maintained a central role in this region, especially by providing support for Palestinian refugees via the UNRWA and by providing a platform for Palestinian political claims via the CEIRPP, the UNDPR, the SCIIP, the UNISPAL and the International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People. The UN has sponsored several peace negotiations between the parties, the latest being the 2002 Road map for peace. In recent years, the Middle East was the subject of 76% of country-specific UNGA resolutions, 100% of the Human Rights Council resolutions, 100% of the Commission on the Status of Women resolutions, 50% of reports from the World Food Program, 6% of Security Council resolutions and 6 of the 10 Emergency sessions. Of note is Resolution 3379 (1975) stating that "zionism is racism"; it was rescinded in 1991. These decisions, passed with the support of the OIC countries, invariably criticize Israel for its treatment of Palestinians. Many have qualified this degree of criticism as excessive. In particular, the UNHRC was widely criticized in 2007 for failing to condemn other human rights abusers besides Israel. The United States has been criticized as well as supported for vetoing most UNSC decisions critical of Israel on the basis of their biased language, the so-called Negroponte doctrine. Since 1961, Israel has been barred from the Asia regional group. In 2000, it was accepted within the WEOG group. The UNRWA has been accused of perpetuating the plight of Palestinian refugees. Although the UN condemns antisemitism, it has be accused of tolerating antisemitic remarks within its walls. Some argue that disproportional criticism of Israel constitutes a new form of antisemitism. UN personnel have been accused of participating directly in the armed conflict on several occasions. Oil-for-Food Programme The Oil-for-Food Programme was established by the UN in 1996 to allow Iraq to sell oil on the world market in exchange for food, medicine, and other humanitarian needs of ordinary Iraqi citizens who were affected by international economic sanctions, without allowing the Iraqi government to rebuild its military in the wake of the first Gulf War. Over $65 billion worth of Iraqi oil was sold on the world market. Officially, about $46 billion was used for humanitarian needs. Additional revenue paid for Gulf War reparations through a Compensation Fund, UN administrative and operational costs for the Programme (2.2%), and the weapons inspection programme (0.8%). The programme was discontinued in late 2003 amidst allegations of widespread abuse and corruption. Benon Sevan, the former director, was suspended and then resigned from the UN, as an interim progress report of a UN-sponsored investigation concluded that Sevan had accepted bribes from the Iraqi regime, and recommended that his UN immunity be lifted to allow for a criminal investigation. Beyond Sevan, Kojo Annan was alleged to have illegally procured Oil-for-Food contracts on behalf of the Swiss company Cotecna. India's foreign minister, K. Natwar Singh, was removed from office because of his role in the scandal. And the Cole Inquiry investigated whether the Australian Wheat Board breached any laws with its contracts with Iraq. Albin Kurti, an activist from Kosovo, has accused United Nations, who govern Kosovo since 1999, of persecuting and arresting him for political reasons. His statements are supported by international human rights organizations such as Amnesty International and International Helsinki Federation. The UN-appointed judge according to an Amnesty report "approached the prosecutor after the hearing—in the absence of either Albin Kurti or his court-appointed lawyer—to clarify what the prosecution would like to recommend in relation to his detention. UN peacekeepers have been accused of child rape, sexual abuse or soliciting prostitutes during various peacekeeping missions, starting in 2003, in Congo, Haiti, Liberia, Sudan, Burundi and Ivory Coast See also Further reading • "Think Again: The United Nations", Madeleine K. Albright, Foreign Policy, September/October, 2004 • Hans Köchler, Quo Vadis, United Nations?, in: Law Review, Polytechnic University of the Philippines, College of Law, May 2005 Online version • An Insider's Guide to the UN, Linda Fasulo, Yale University Press (1 November 2003), hardcover, 272 pages, ISBN 0-300-10155-4 • United Nations: The First Fifty Years, Stanley Mesler, Atlantic Monthly Press (1 March 1997), hardcover, 416 pages, ISBN 0-87113-656-2 • United Nations, Divided World: The UN's Roles in International Relations edited by Adam Roberts and Benedict Kingsbury, Oxford University Press; 2nd edition (1 January 1994), hardcover, 589 pages, ISBN 0-19-827926-4 • A Guide to Delegate Preparation: A Model United Nations Handbook, edited by Scott A. Leslie, The United Nations Association of the United States of America, 2004 edition (October 2004), softcover, 296 pages, ISBN 1-880632-71-3 • "U.S. At War - International." Time Magazine XLV.19 7 May 1945: 25-28. • The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations, edited by Thomas G. Weiss and Sam Daws, Oxford University Press, July 2007, hardcover, 896 pages, ISBN 9780199279517, ISBN 0199279519 External links Official websites Search another word or see screson Dictionary | Thesaurus |Spanish Copyright © 2014, LLC. All rights reserved. • Please Login or Sign Up to use the Recent Searches feature
Test Android StudyStack App Please help StudyStack get a grant! Vote here. Reset Password Free Sign Up incorrect cards (0) correct cards (0) remaining cards (0) Pass complete! Correct box contains: Time elapsed: restart all cards   Normal Size     Small Size show me how Ch 5 Env Sci Voc Ch 5- How Ecosystems work- pg. 142 Brittney compton Photosynthesis Energy from the sun to the ecosystem transfered to the plant for food. producer An organisim that makes its own food. Consumers Organisims that get their energy by eating other organisims. Decomposers organisims that break down dead rotting organisims. cellular respiratoin The process of breaking down food to yeld energy which occurs in inside the cells of most organisims. Food chain Is a sequence in which energy is transferd from one organisim to the next. Food web Shows many feeding relationships that are posible in an ecosystem. Trophic level Each step through which energy is transfered in a food chain. Carbon cycle Is a process by which carbon is cycled between the atmosphere, land, water, and organisims. Nitrogin-fixing Bacteria the only bacteria that can fix atmoshpheric nitrognen compond. Nitrogin Cycle a process in which nitrogen is cycled between the atmosphere,bacteria, and other organisims. Phosphorus Cycle is the movement of phrosphorus from the enviroment to the organisims and then back to enviroment. Ecological succession is a gradual process of change and repacement of some or all of the species in a community. primary succession is the type of succession that occurs on a surface where no ecosystem existed before. Seccondary succession the more common type of succession,occurs on a surface where a ecosystem has previously exsisted. Pioneer species the first organisims to colonize any newly avaliable area and begin the process of ecological succession. Climax communitity is a final and stable community Created by: samo6144 on 2011-10-10
Germany, the “nation of perpetrators,” has run the gamut between being universally liked and “seeming ugly again” in just six years, according to an essay by German journalist and author Dirk Kurbjuweit published in Der Spiegel. Now, though, it again seems to be a prisoner of its Nazi past. “How splendid we were in 2006. The world liked us, even loved us, because we were so good at exuberantly letting our hair down,” wrote Kurbjuweit in the plaintive article this weekend, referring to Germany’s successes on the soccer field. “Sixty years after World War II and the Holocaust, the nation of perpetrators seemed to have come out from under its depression, and the world seemed prepared to take these Germans into its heart.” But things have changed in the past six years, lamented the author, whose grandfather served in the Nazi SA. “We’re back where we didn’t want to be, caught in the spell of a Nazi past, one that also dominates the present.” Kurbjuweit cited a poem by celebrated German author Günter Grass that heavily criticized Israel — with which most Germans were in agreement, according to a survey — as one example of the rise of anti-Semitism, neo-Nazism and xenophobia in Germany. “Of course Germans can criticize Israel, and I too cannot endorse the Netanyahu government’s settlement policy,” he wrote. “But I think that we have to find a special tone, and that we can’t argue without taking history into account. Grass, a man of words, wasn’t able to find this tone.” Günter Grass (photo credit: AP Photo/Jens Meyer) Günter Grass (photo credit: AP Photo/Jens Meyer) Grass’s poem and other recent incidents, such as the debate over whether or not to allow a Russian opera singer with a swastika tattoo to perform in Germany and the rise of neo-Nazi organizations, were said by Kurbjuweit to hint at the country’s Nazi past – or at German society’s seeming naïveté about it. “At the end of 2012, it seems as if we were the gloomy Germans once again, the Germans who either cannot or don’t want to shed their horrific past,” continued Kurbjuweit. “Angry Greeks don’t need Grass … to be reminded of the Nazis. The horrors of the Nazi occupation are still burned into the collective memory. There are times when this is irrelevant, but the economic crisis isn’t one of those times. No one in Greece wants to be told what to do by Germans anymore.” The Nazi era, he said, has come to symbolize Germany and represent it around the world – from protesting EU nations to Hollywood producers, who would much rather make a film about World War II than about “boring” modern Germany. “When Germans are needed on a Hollywood set, it’s as Nazis or their opponents.” But for Germany, bad publicity isn’t limited to the big screen. For example, in a recent book by American Jewish author Tuvia Tenenbom, “I Sleep in Hitler’s Room: An American Jew Visits Germany,” the author describes the six months he spent traveling through Germany and the anti-Semitism he encountered on the way. “Anti-Semitic Germans … make for a promising narrative for author Tenenbom,” said Kurbjuweit, but not just for him: “The reality is that there is hardly anything that interests the Germans as much about themselves as their relationship to the Hitler era.” German Jews leaving Germany in the 1930s, German Federal Archives. (photo: courtesy Ethan Bensinger) Why do the Germans rehash the Hitler era “ad nauseam,” asked the author? Why do young Germans in the 21st century feel the need to be neo-Nazis? How can it be that neo-Nazi groups can dominate entire neighborhoods in modern Germany? While the author admitted that similar incidents have taken place elsewhere in Europe, such as Hungary and France, Germany remains a “special case”: “Even after almost 70 years,” he wrote, “it does make a difference whether an act of xenophobia happens in Germany or in Spain … because Hitler is one of us.”
Slashdot is powered by your submissions, so send in your scoop Forgot your password? + - Avoiding Facial Recognition of the Future-> Submitted by hypnosec hypnosec (2231454) writes "A New York-based designer has created a camouflage technique that makes it much harder for computer based facial recognition. Along with the growth of closed circuit television (CCTV) , this has become quite a concern for many around the world, especially in the UK where being on camera is simply a part of city life. Being recognized automatically by computer is something that hearkens back to 1984 or A Scanner Darkly. As we move further into the 21st century, this futuristic techno-horror fiction is seeming more and more accurate. Never fear though people, CV Dazzle has some styling and makeup ideas that will make you invisible to facial recognition cameras. Why the 'fabulous' name? It comes from World War I warship paint that used stark geometric patterning to help break up the obvious outline of the vessel. Apparently it all began as a thesis at the Interactive Telecommunications Program at New York University. It addressed the problems with traditional techniques of hiding the face, like masks and sunglasses and looked into more socially and legally acceptable ways of styling that could prevent a computer from recognizing your face. Fans of Assassin's Creed might feel a bit at home with this, as it's all about hiding in plain sight." Link to Original Source Avoiding Facial Recognition of the Future Comments Filter:
Minggu, 18 Maret 2012 Diposkan oleh Blog Gue di 12.30 Maulana Malik Ibrahim, also known as the Maghreb are descendants of Sheikh Husein ibn Ali. He also called Sunan Gresik in East Java, Sheikh Maghreb, or sometimes Makhdum Ibrahim As-Samarqandy. He is thought was born on 8 April 1419 at Samarkand in Central Asia, in the early half of the 14th century. Java version of the Babad Tanah Meinsma Asmarakandi call, follow the spoken tongue of the As-Samarqandy Java. [1] In folklore, there is a call Grandpa Pillow. Malik Ibrahim is generally regarded as the guardian no one who mnendakwahkan Islam in Java. He teaches new ways of farming and many mengpengarui common people, the marginalized segments of society Javanese Majapahit end power. Malik Ibrahim tried to impress the public, which was hit by the economic crisis and civil war. religion in Leran, Gresik. In 1419, Malik Ibrahim died. His tomb is located in the village gate Wetan, Gresik, East Java, According to popular legend, it is said that Sheikh MAHGRIBI IBRAHIM MALIK became famous in the Indian scholars Pasai, and father of Raden Paku or Sunan Giri.Sheikh Jumadil Qubro and two children together came to the island of Java. After that they parted; Sheikh Jumadil Qubro remain on the island of Java, Sheikh Maulana Malik Ibrahim to Champa, South Vietnam, and his brother Sheikh Maulana Ishak Islamize Pasai Ocean. Sheikh Maulana Malik Ibrahim mentioned settled in Champa (in the legend known as the country Chermain or mirrors) for thirteen years. He married the daughter of the king who gave him two sons; the Raden Rahmat, or Sunan Ampel and Sayid Ali Morteza or Santri Raden. After quite a mission in the country preaching, he moved to the island of Java and left his family. As adults, two children followed him to spread Islam in Java. Sheikh Maulana Malik Ibrahim in folklore is sometimes also referred to as the Grandfather Pillow. He teaches new ways of farming. He embraced the community, and succeeded in his mission to find a place in the hearts of people around that when it was hit by the economic crisis and civil war. In addition, he also often treat the surrounding community at no cost. As physicians, we are told that he had been invited to treat the king's wife who came from Champa. It is probable that the empress was still a relative of his wife. Concerning divine philosophy, stated that Maulana Malik Ibrahim once stated about the so-called God. He said: "The so-called God is really needed him there." In the background gravestone express the holy Al-Quran verse: Ali Imran letter 185, Ar-Rahman 26-27, 21-22 At-Tawbah, and Section Chair. There is also a series of Arabic words of praise for Malik Ibrahim:'' He was a proud teacher officials, where the sultan and the ministers for advice. People who are polite and generous to the poor. People are happy because the martyr, honored in the areas of government and religion.''Thus the inscription on the headstone free translation berbangun curved marble tomb that resembles a dome. In some traditional historical sources, Sheikh Maulana Malik Ibrahim referred to as a member of the Wali Songo, the central figure propagator of Islam in Java. Historian G.W.J. Drewes insists, Maulana Malik Ibrahim is the first figure is seen as the guardians of the guardians.'' He was one of the earliest preachers,'' Drewes wrote in his book, New Light on the Coming of Islam in Indonesia. Sheikh and Maulana title, which is attached in front of the name of Malik Ibrahim, according to historian Hoessein Djajadiningrat, proving that he is great scholar. The title character is only for Muslims who have a high degree.Even though Malik Ibrahim was not among the Wali Songo, according Hoessein, obviously he was a trustee. The Wali Songo term comes from the word'' trustee'' and'''' songo. The word comes from the Arabic wali, Wali Allah, Allah loved ones - aka the beloved of God. Songo word comes from the Java language, which means nine.There are guardians who include members of the Wali Songo - which consists of nine people - and there are guardians who are not members of the council'''' Wali Songo.The concept of'' guardian'' of nine board is thought to be adopted from the Hindu-Javanese understand that flourished before the advent of Islam. Wali Songo as if the analogy with the nine gods who reigned in nine directions of the compass.Kuwera god enthroned in the north, Isana in the northeast. Indra in the east, Agni in the southeast, and the Kama in the south. God Surya is located in the southwest, Yama in the west, Bayu, neither the Nayu, in the northwest, and Shiva in the center. The mayor is recognized as a human being that close to God. They were great scholars of Islam to sow seeds in Jawadwipa.Figures of saints - as told in the Chronicle and'' literature'' said - always linked to a powerful supernatural force. However, until now, have not reached an agreement'' neighbor'' who the hell Nine Wali's nan. There is a diverse range of opinion, each with its own reasons.The dominant view, which belonged to the Wali Songo were: Sheikh Maulana Malik Ibrahim alias Sunan Gresik, Raden aka Rakhmad Sunan Ampel, Raden Paku Sunan Giri alias, alias Sharif Hidayatullah Sunan Gunung Jati, Raden Maulana Ibrahim Makdum Sunan Bonang alias, alias Syarifuddin Sunan Drajat, Jafar Sodiq Festival alias, alias Shahid Sunan Kalijaga Raden, and Raden Sayid Umar alias Sunan Muria.However, the composition of the nine Wali nan also has many versions. Prof. Soekmono in his book, Introduction to the History of Culture Indonesia, Volume III, did not include Sheikh Maulana Malik Ibrahim in the ranks of the Wali Songo. Professor of cultural history of the University of Indonesia was actually put Sheikh Siti Jenar, alias Sheikh weak brother, as a member of the Wali Songo.Unfortunately, no thrusting Soekmono arguments why Maulana Malik Ibrahim excluding Wali Songo. He just called Sheikh Siti Jenar a very popular figure. Siti Jenar sentenced to death by the Wali Songo, as judged spreading heresies about jubuhing kawulo Gusti (slave union with God), which can shake the faith of people and destabilize the Islamic Shari'a.In addition, the Wali Songo also be interpreted as an agency, or council propaganda.The term referred to the nine nine coordinative functions in the institution's mission. This theory is described in Acts Wali Songo; The Spreader of Islam in Java and works Asnan Wahyudi Abu Khalid.The authors refer to the book Kanz al-'ulum of Ibn Battuta. They explain, as the agency board of propaganda, Wali Songo experienced at least five times a change of members. In the early period, comprised of Maulana Malik Ibrahim, Ishaq, Ahmad Al-Kubra Jumad, Muhammad Al-Maghreb, Israel Malik, Muhammad Al-Akbar, Maulana Hasanuddin, Aliyuddin, and Sheikh Subakir.In the second period, Raden Rakhmad (Sunan Ampel), Festival, Sharif Hidayatullah (Sunan Gunung Jati), and Sunan Bonang coming on for Maulana Malik Ibrahim, Malik Israel, Ali Akbar, and Maulana Hasanuddin - who died. In the third period, enter Sunan Giri, who moved to replace Isaac Pasai, Aceh, and Sunan Kalijaga replace Sheikh Subakir who returned to Persia.In the fourth period, Raden Patah and Fatullah Khan entered the ranks of Wali Songo.Both of these figures Jumad replace Ahmad Al-Kubra and Muhammad Al-Maghreb who died. Sunan Muria Wali Songo institutions occupy in the last period. He replaces Broken Raden, who ascended the throne as King Demak Bintoro first.The chronological analysis contains many flaws. Sunan Ampel example, the estimated death in 1445. In this version is mentioned, as if the Sunan Ampel surviving contemporaries Festival, Sunan Bonang, Sunan Drajat, Sunan Kalijaga, and Sunan Muria. In fact, the Festival's life in 1540.The Sunan Bonang and Sunan Drajat was the son of Sunan Ampel. Sunan Bonang is Sunan Kalijaga teacher, who berputra Sunan Muria. How could Sunan Ampel Sunan Muria's contemporaries? After all, a character called the Wali Songo in this book - Aliyuddin, Ali Akbar Khan and Fatullah - not the famous mayor in Java.Their names are rarely found in traditional historiography, either fiber or chronicle. In fact, in Java there are dozens of ancient manuscripts of the chronicle, tale, and fiber, which tells the trustees. Most of the chronicle also describes, Wali Songo live in the same period.The trustee, according to the version of the Chronicle, told often hold meetings in mosques and mosque Demak'''' FEEL THE COPYRIGHT (Cirebon). There they discussed various issues keagamanan and state. The story of this kind, among others, can be read in the Chronicle Demak, Cirebon Chronicle, and Chronicle of Java LandBabad Cirebon, for example, proclaims that in 1426, the trustees gathered at Mount Ciremai. They held meetings led Sunan Ampel, forming a'' Council'' Wali Songo. Sunan Gunung Jati Katib appointed as guardian, or patron saint. Its members consist of Sunan Ampel, Sheikh Maulana Maghreb, Sunan Bonang, Sunan Ngudung alias Festival, Sunan Kalijaga, Sunan Muria, Sheikh weak brother, Sheikh Betong, and Sunan Majagung.Coupled with Sunan Gunung Jati, the trustee was in fact to 10 people. Wali Songo names are written in the Chronicle Cirebon different from those expressed in the Babad Tanah Jawi. Babad Tanah Jawi in, who came from Central Java, can not find the name of Sheikh and Sheikh Majagung Betong. Instead, it will be found the name Sunan Giri and Sunan Drajat.However, the role of Wali Songo obviously not limited in the religious field. They also act as an advisory board member for the king. In fact, Sunan Giri form a religious dynasty, and the politically powerful in the region of Gresik, Tuban, and surrounding areas. He endorsed the coronation as King Pajang Joko Tingkir Hadiwijaya title Sultan, after the reign of King Demak subsided.Outside the Wali Songo, there are dozens that Muslim leaders in Java which is also regarded as a guardian. Only, they are usually not how power in the region at large.Sunan Tembayat, for example, is known as pedakwah in Tembayat, a subdistrict in Klaten, Central Java. He was a disciple of Sunan Kalijaga dilegendakan.Sunan Tembayat Duke of Semarang is famous by the name of Ki Ageng Pandanarang.Based on the Chronicle story quoted H.J. De Graaf and T.H. Pigeuad, Pandanaran infatuated would leave his throne because of Islamic teachings conveyed Sunan Kalijaga. At 1512, Pandanarang handed the reins of government to his younger brother.'' He and his wife resigned from the busy world,'' wrote De Graaf and Pigeaud in the book First the Kingdom of Islam in Java. '' Javanese aristocratic couple is looking for peace of mind wandering, while preaching,'' the historical expert from the University of Leiden, the Netherlands, it added.After the adventure, Pandanarang and his wife worked in a woman rice trader in Wedi, Klaten. Eventually he settled in Tembayat as tutor. There for 25 years, lived as a saint Pandanarang as Sunan Tembayat. He died in 1537 and is buried there. Sunan Tembayat tomb complex of buildings made of carved stone, like the shape of Bentar temple in East Java and Bali temple.At the tomb of Sunan Tembayat written inscription, the tomb was first restored in 1566 by King Pajang, Sultan Hadiwijaya. '' Then, in 1633, Sultan Agung of Mataram expand and beautify the cemetery building Tembayat,'' wrote De Graaf. The story says about the miracle of the saint who is buried in Tembayat Semarang, according to De Graaf, has been widely circulated among the people of Java since the mid-17th century.This story is a classic work in the script ternukil Panembahan Kajoran of Yogyakarta, which was written in 1677. The manuscript was first studied by D.A. Rinkes in 1909.And now, the evidence of history is stored in the Museum of Leiden, the Netherlands. '' That way, the legend has a core of truth,'' wrote De Graaf, who dubbed the'' father'' History of Java.In addition to Sunan Tembayat - Land Chronicle's version of Java - Sunan Kalijaga also had other students, Sunan Geseng name. The original name of the farmer tappers are Cokrojoyo Ki. Once, in his wanderings, Sunan Kalijaga melodious voice captivated the singing Ki Crokro after tapping sap.Clark asked Ki Kalijaga replace the song with the lyric of remembrance of Allah. When Ki Clark remembrance, suddenly he makes sugar from the sap is turned into gold.These farmers wonder absurdly. He wanted to sit under the Sunan Kalijaga. To examine the prospective student persistence, Sunan Kalijaga Clark told ki remembrance without stopping, before he comes again.A year later, Sunan Kalijaga Ki Clark recalled. The aulia commanded his disciples to find Ki Clark, a remembrance in the middle of the forest. They are very difficult to find, because the remembrance ki Clark has turned into a meadow weeds and shrubs.Syahdan, after the disciples Sunan Kalijaga burn desert weeds, appeared Ki Clark fell to the qibla.His body was charred, alias geseng, destroyed by fire. But, it still fit tappers, mumble mouth remembrance. Sunan Kalijaga wake him and give him the name Sunan Geseng.He spread Islam in Jatinom village, about 10 kilometers from the town of Klaten direction to the north. Jatinom residents know as the Sunan Geseng Ki Ageng Gribik.The nickname took off from Sunan Geseng choice to stay home roofs gribik - woven palm leaves. According to local legend, when Ki Ageng Gribik returning from the pilgrimage, he saw people starving Jatinom. He took a piece of cake apem, distributed to hundreds of people are starving. Everything gets.Kia Ageng Gribik ask the starving people eat a piece of cake apem remembrance as he said: Yes, Qowiyyu (God almighty). They were fed and healthy. Until now, the legend of Ki Ageng Jatinom Gribik animate it by organizing the ceremony'' Yes,'' Qowiyyu Syafar on a monthly basis.Residents make apem cake, and then deposited into the mosque. Apem collected amounted to hundreds of thousands. If the total, weighing about 40 tons. Peak of the ceremony took place after Friday prayers. From the minarets, apem cake spread with a remembrance of the students, Ya-Qowiyyu .... Thousands of people attended the ceremony apem fight it'' mutual aid''.Ki Ageng Gribik story is just one of many myths about the trustees. Written chronicle of religious legend, according to De Graaf, a little truth value. Only that of the leading saints, he says, there is a strong history of certainty. Their tomb still remains a highly respected place. In the span of the 16th century until the 17th century, descendants of the trustees also plays an important role in the political history of Java.FOR 40 days, Raden Paku engage in meditation in a cave. He knelt, asking for guidance of Allah, to establish a boarding school. In the midst of silent night, the message of his father, Sheikh Maulana Ishak, came back to him:'' Later, when his time came, establish regular boarding school in Gresik.'' The message that was not too difficult, actually.But, he asked to search for the exact same land with a parcel of land in this. Completed long vigil, Raden Paku went wandering. On a hill in the village of Sidomukti, Kebomas, he later founded the Islamic School giri. Since it is also known as Raden Paku Sunan Giri. In Sanskrit,'''' giri means mountain. However, no relics showing the greatness of Islamic School giri - which developed into the kingdom of Giri Kedaton. There is also no trace of the palace. Now, in the hills it just looks Kedaton sites, about one kilometer from the tomb of Sunan Giri. On the site stood a broken measuring 6 x 5 meters.It was there, it was said, had stood a mosque, where Sunan Giri teach Islam. There is also the former site of ablution pond measuring 1 x 1 meter. This place was deserted of visitors. '' A lot of people who do not know the site,'' said Muhammad Hasan, the Secretary of the Foundation Tomb of Sunan Giri, told IOL.Syahdan, Giri Pesantren famous all over Java, even to Madura, Lombok, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Maluku. According to Babad Tanah Jawi, Sunan Giri disciples also scattered through keCHINA, EGYPT, ARAB, and EUROPE. Giri boarding school is the center of the teaching of monotheism and jurisprudence, as Sunan Giri put the teachings of Islam in the Al-Quran and the Sunnah Prophet.He did not want to compromise with the customs, which he considers damaging the purity of Islam. Therefore, Sunan Giri regarded as the'' leader'' putihan, Sunan Ampel supported flow and Sunan Drajat. But, Sunan Kalijaga consider Sunan Giri preaching rigid way. According to Sunan Kalijaga, let propaganda also use a cultural approach.For example, a puppet. Understand this receive endorsement from Sunan Bonang, Sunan Muria, Festival, and Sunan Gunung Jati. The trustees of this debate had culminated in the inauguration of the mosque Demak. '' Flow'' Tuban - Sunan Kalijaga cs - to enliven it with the inauguration of the puppet. But, according to Sunan Giri, watch the puppets remain forbidden, because the puppet's image in human form.Finally, Sunan Kalijaga find a middle ground. He proposed a modified form of wayang: a thin and do not resemble humans. Since then turned into a puppet beber shadow puppets. When Sunan Ampel,'''' the trustees chairman, died in 1478, Sunan Giri was appointed as his successor. The suggestion of Sunan Kalijaga, he was given the title of King Satmata.It is reported, giving the title falls on March 9, 1487, which is then defined as the anniversary of Gresik regency. Among the nine Wali nan, Sunan Giri also known as the political and constitutional expert. He never developed regulations and guidelines for public administration in the court procedures. His political views were used as reference.According to Dr. H.J. De Graaf, the birth of various Islamic kingdoms, such as Demak, Display, and Mataram, can not be separated from the role of Sunan Giri. Influence, says the historian's Java, crossed to the outer island of Java, such as Makassar, Hitu, and Ternate. That said, a king of his kingdom takes effect only when it's sanctioned Sunan Giri.Effect of Sunan Giri was recorded in a manuscript account of Ambon Through history, as well as news of the Portuguese and Dutch in the Moluccas Islands. In the manuscript, Sunan Giri position comparable to the Pope for Roman Catholics, or caliph for Muslims.In any Demak Chronicle, the role of Sunan Giri recorded.When the Majapahit Empire conquered the King Girindrawardhana collapsed because of kaling Kediri, in 1478, Sunan Giri transition crowned king. For 40 days, Sunan Giri to perform this action. After that, he handed it over to Raden Patah, the son of the King of Majapahit, Brawijaya Kertabhumi.Since then, the Kingdom of Demak Bintoro standing and is considered a mining Islamic kingdom in Java. And, in fact, Sunan Giri Giri had become king in Kedaton since 1470.But, better known as Giri government clerical rule and the center spread of Islam. For the kingdom, is also unclear borders.Apparently, Sunan Giri prefer the footsteps of his father, Sheikh Maulana Ishak, a scholar from Gujarat who settled in Pasai, Aceh now. His mother Goddess Sekardadu, daughter of King named King Menak Hindu Blambangan Sembuyu. Sunan Giri story began when Maulana Ishak interested to visit East Java, because they want to spread the religion of Islam.After meeting with Sunan Ampel, who was his cousin, he was preaching in the area suggested Blambangan. At that time, society is beset by the plague Blambangan. Even the daughter of King Blambangan, Dewi Sekardadu, go catch it. All the famous doctors failed to treat it.Finally, the king announced a contest: who successfully treat the goddess, when men will join in matrimony with her, if she made the foster brother of the goddess. But no one who could win the competition. In the midst of despair, he sent Patih prabu pickpocket magic Sengara seeking a hermit. In that quest, the duke had met with a powerful ascetic, Rishi Kandayana name. Resi is what gives'' reference'' of Maulana Sheikh Ishak. Apparently, Maulana Ishak want to treat the Goddess Sekardadu, when King Menak Sembuyu and his family are willing to convert to Islam. After David Sekardadu cured, Maulana Ishak requirement was met.The entire royal family embraced Islam. After that, the God of Isaac Sekardadu married to Maulana. Unfortunately, King Menak Sembuyu not wholeheartedly become a Muslim.He even saw Maulana Ishak envy most people managed to Islamize. He attempted to block the symbols of Islam, and even sent his confidant to kill Maulana Ishak.Feeling threatened his life, Maulana Ishak Blambangan finally left, and returned to Pasai.Before leaving, he just commanded the Goddess Sekardadu - who was seven months pregnant - her child to be named Raden Paku. After the baby boy was born, King Menak Sembuyu vent his hatred of children with Maulana Isaac threw into the sea in a chest. Once, a coffin was discovered by the crew of merchant ships from Gresik, which was heading for the island of Bali. The baby was then turned over to Nyai Ageng Pinatih, the owner of the ship. Since then, a baby boy, later named Joko Samudro was nurtured and dibesarkannya. The age of seven years, Joko Samudro Sunan Ampel deposited in the hermitage, to learn the religion of Islam. Because of his intelligence, the child was given the title Maulana `'''' Ainul Yaqin. After years of study, Samudro Joko and his son, Raden Makhdum Maulana Ibrahim, Sunan Ampel was sent to study in Mecca. But, they have to stop first at Pasai, to meet with Sheikh Maulana Ishak.Apparently, Sunan Ampel Raden Paku want to reconcile with his biological father. After studying for seven years in Pasai, they go back to Java. That's when Maulana Ishak equip Raden Paku with a handful of soil, and then asked him at a boarding school set up a color and smell similar to a given soil. Today, the building footprint Giri Pesantren almost nothing. However, traces of Sunan Giri still imprint propaganda. Determination to purify the religion of Islam is also followed by his successors. Sunan Giri died in 1506 AD, at the age of 63 years. He is buried in the village of Giri, Kebomas District, District Gresik, East Java In the tomb with engravings written using ARABIC This is the tomb of the deceased man who can be expected to receive God's forgiveness and the hope to grace Lord Most ESA, a teacher of the princes and the stick all the Sultan and the Wazir, being washed for the homeless and destitute. And ruler of the blessed martyr and religious affairs: Malik Ibrahim who is famous for his kindness. May God bestow His grace and pleasure, and hopefully put him in heaven. He died on 12 Rabi al-Awwal Monday 822 Hijri. 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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia   (Redirected from Agri-business) Jump to: navigation, search Agribusiness is the business of agricultural production. It includes agrichemicals, breeding, crop production (farming and contract farming), distribution, farm machinery, processing, and seed supply, as well as marketing and retail sales. Ray A. Goldberg coins the term agribusiness together with coauthor John H. Davis. They provided a rigorous economic framework for the field in their book A Concept of Agribusiness (Boston: Division of Research, Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University, 1957). That seminal work traces a complex value-added chain that begins with the farmer's purchase of seed and livestock and ends with a product fit for the consumer's table. The discipline of agribusiness is changing to market centric. All agents of the food and fiber value chain and those institutions that influence it are part of agribusiness system. Agribusiness boundary expansion is driven by a variety of transaction costs. Nobel Prize recipients Ronald Coase and Oliver Williamson showed how transaction costs push firms to innovate due to the increased costs of resources used for the creation of goods. The term transaction cost is frequently thought to have been coined by Ronald Coase, who used it to develop a theoretical framework for predicting when certain economic tasks would be performed by firms, and when they would be performed on the market. According to Williamson, the determinants of transaction costs are frequency, specificity, uncertainty, limited rationality, and opportunistic behavior. Argentine economist Manuel Alvarado Ledesma (CEMA University) explains the implications of institutions on agribusiness and writes that institutions are sets of rules, regulations, guidelines, codes and implied and express traditions which prevail in a society, which govern the relations among citizens, and also the relationship between the citizens with the government. He emphasizes that weak institutional environment allows for capricious tax, trade, pricing and investment policies by all governments to the point of creating business uncertainty. He also provides a thorough review of the empirical literature on contract farming, paying attention to broad implications for economic development. Alvarado Ledesma states that the discipline of agribusiness should contribute to the conservation of natural resources and biodiversity. Within the agriculture industry, "agribusiness" is used simply as a portmanteau of agriculture and business, referring to the range of activities and disciplines encompassed by modern food production. There are academic degrees in and departments of agribusiness, agribusiness trade associations, agribusiness publications, and so forth, worldwide. The UN's Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) operates a section devoted to Agribusiness Development[1] which seeks to promote food industry growth in developing nations. In the context of agribusiness management in academia, each individual element of agriculture production and distribution may be described as agribusinesses. However, the term "agribusiness" most often emphasizes the "interdependence" of these various sectors within the production chain.[2] Among critics of large-scale, industrialized, vertically integrated food production, the term agribusiness is used negatively, synonymous with corporate farming. As such, it is often contrasted with smaller family-owned farms. Examples of agribusinesses include seed and agrichemical producers like Dow AgroSciences, DuPont, Monsanto, and Syngenta; AB Agri (part of Associated British Foods) animal feeds, biofuels, and micro-ingredients, ADM, grain transport and processing; John Deere, farm machinery producer; Ocean Spray, farmer's cooperative; and Purina Farms, agritourism farm. Studies and reports[edit] See also[edit] Notes and references[edit] 1. ^ "AGS: Agribusiness development". Retrieved 2013-05-02.  2. ^ a b Ng, Desmond; Siebert, John W. (2009). "Toward Better Defining the Field of Agribusiness Management". International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 12 (4).  3. ^ "Backpedaling on Biofuels". 2008-08-01. Retrieved 2013-05-02.  4. ^ "". Retrieved 2013-05-02.  Further reading[edit]
11 Really Weird Snakes Image credit:  Wikimedia Commons Gliding through treetops, dining on crawdads, and hunting with false “tentacles” aren’t activities we normally associate with snakes. But serpents are a far more diverse lot than they’re generally given credit for. Here are 11 of the oddest. 1. Malagasy Leaf-nosed snake (Langaha madagascariensis) These strange-looking Madagascarian reptiles get their name from the distinctive scaly structures on their snouts. In females, these are jagged and leaf-shaped while those of males are long and tapered. The exact function of these appendages remains a mystery.  2. Queen Snake (Regina septemvittata) As the incomparable Sir David Attenborough explains in this clip, the North American queen snake dines exclusively on recently-moulted crayfish: a highly-specialized diet which renders them particularly vulnerable to water pollution. 3. Eastern Hognose Snake (Heterodon platirhinos) Should you ever happen to frighten a wild hognose, you’re in for a show! These toad-eating thespians will dramatically writhe on their backs before going completely limp and playing dead … often going so far as to let their tongues dangle pathetically from their gaping maws. 4. Tentacled Snake (Erpeton tentaculatum) The knobby appendages which give the aquatic predator its name are actually motion detectors which aid in the capture of its fishy prey, as Scientific American explains in the clip above. 5. Flying Snake (Chrysopelea paradisi) Transforming themselves into living parachutes, these Asian gliders flatten their bodies before leaping from tree limbs when startled, showing off some majestic mid-air slithering in the process. 6. Copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix) These infamous snakes (along with a few other species) are of academic significance because of a curious reproductive strategy used by some females: their reproductive system enables them to reproduce without mating by way of an amazing phenomenon called “parthenogenesis." Remarkably, some will choose to do so even when males are present. 7. Worm Snake (Carphophis amoenus) Wikimedia Commons A tiny pinkish North American burrower, the primitive worm snake is almost never seen on the surface, preferring to hunt subterranean earthworms to which it bears an uncanny first-glance resemblance. 8. Elephant Trunk Snake (Acrochordus javanicus) Monster Fish Keepers Wrinkled and baggy, the loose skin of this aptly-named river-dweller actually helps it capture slippery fish: the sharp scales it contains dig into the victim, preventing escape. 9. Hairy Bush Viper (Atheris hispida) Wikimedia Commons No reptile actually grows hair, but this African viper’s frayed scales certainly give it a manic appearance. 10. Spider-Tailed Viper (Pseudocerastes urarachnoides) Wikimedia Commons As its common name suggests, the spider-tailed viper has evolved a series of thin, wispy scales on its tail which, when wiggled, look enticingly spider-like to its arachnid-guzzling prey: 11. Black-Banded Sea Krait (Laticauda semifasciata) Although one of the world’s most venomous snakes, these semiaquatic creatures have a generally passive demeanor (even when handled), preferring to reserve their poison for the various fish they dine upon. More from mental_floss... September 11, 2013 - 8:11pm submit to reddit
Who's Who ‘The Cause’ of the US Civil War John Spicer judges that slavery was the key factor in producing the conflict. Daguerreotype of a New Orleans woman with her slave in the mid 19th centuryMore than 60 per cent of the electorate did not vote for Abraham Lincoln as President in November 1860, and he won the electoral college vote despite not carrying one Southern state. Lincoln's triumph prompted South Carolina to secede from the Union on 20th December 1860, and his reassurances that the institution of slavery would not be affected where it already existed failed to satisfy the doubts of other Southern states. By the time of his inauguration, six more states from the Lower South - Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas - had left the Union, and the Confederate States of America (CSA) had been set up. Lincoln arrived in Washington having travelled through the slave state of Maryland in disguise in order to avoid possible attack or assassination. A war was about to begin which would leave about as many dead as all of the other wars the USA has fought added together. That war would result in freedom for 4 million black slaves, and secure the future of the Union. Want the full article and website archive access? Subscribe now Already a member? Log in now Recent stories
price taker An individual or company which is not influential enough to affect the price of an item. For example, most investors are price takers, because their individual actions in buying and selling stocks are not enough to change the price of the security. A company is considered to be a price taker if the price it sets and quantity of goods it produces do not have any effect on the market price, and therefore the company is usually forced to go with the market price if they want to sell its goods. An individual consumer is also considered to be a price taker, because the purchases of one consumer do not affect the price a company sets for its products. Companies or individuals can exert varying degrees of influence, so it is not always easy to classify someone as a price taker. opposite of price maker. Use price taker in a sentence Normally when a new company enters the market it is considered a price taker because customers may not know about the product. The company must take the market price to become competitive. Show more usage examples... Related Terms price tag credit cycle
Marijuana Statistics Marijuana statistics show that the drug was the most used illegal drug in the United States, as of 2009. The marijuana statistics show that use of the drug has been increasing among teenagers and that the strength of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC, the active ingredient in marijuana, has been increasing as well. The drug comes from the buds and leaves of the Cannabis sativa, or hemp plant. While other types of hemp plants, those used to produce clothing and fibers, do not contain THC, people cannot grow them in the United States, since the plants with THC are difficult to distinguish from plants without THC. Here are some marijuana use and abuse statistics: 1. In 2009, nearly seventeen million people used marijuana. According to surveys, that many people over age twelve had used the drug within the past month. The number is more than twice as high as the number of people who used psychotheraupetic drugs illegally and more than ten times as high as the number of people who used cocaine. 2. Use of marijuana rose among teenagers and young adults between the years 2008 and 2009 in the United States. In 2008, about nineteen percent of people surveyed who were between eighteen and 25 years old had used the drug. In 2009, 21 percent of eighteen to 25 year-olds had used marijuana. 3. The amount of THC in marijuana has risen steeply since the 1980s. In 1984, the average batch of marijuana seized by the United States contained just under four percent THC. By 1998, the potency had risen to about five percent. By 2009, that number had doubled to ten percent. 4. As more people use marijuana, perception of it has a harmful drug has fallen. In 1991, nearly 90 percent of teenagers in grades eight to twelve surveyed said they believed that using marijuana presented a "great risk." By 2009, the number of eigth graders who believed that using marijuana was very risky had fallen to 70 percent while only about 55 percent of twelfth graders believed it was risky. 5. Growing marijuana outdoors presents a risk to the environment. Growth of the weed destroys natural habitats as pesticide use destroys native species. What Others Are Reading Right Now. • Speakeasy • 10 Things Women Expect Men to Know How To Do
August 2011 Some people seem to have a remarkable ability to bounce back from adversity—a strength that many assume is just something you’re born with. But a recent article in the journal Academic Medicine demonstrates otherwise. Resilience, it turns out, is actually a composite of many different factors. It’s a quality that can even be measured! Even more significant, in my eyes, is the degree to which resilience can be learned. Its component parts fall into two main categories—mental habits and attitudes.   The mental skills include focus (the ability to prioritize and keep an eye on long-term goals), organization (the ability to distinguish quickly between the forest and the trees), and flexibility (the ability to keep an open mind and avoid black-and-white thinking). The attitude piece is essentially a matter of seeing the glass as half-full rather than half-empty—looking for solutions rather than excuses, and being proactive rather than passive in the face of change.  Most thought-provoking of all, perhaps, is the observation that resilience—which we tend to think of as a very personal trait—is in fact also largely shaped by how much one values other people. Listening to the opinions of others, being a team player, recognizing that we are dependent on each other…all contribute to one’s inner strength. It seems to me a powerful insight that being appreciative of what others have to give is one of the surest ways to reinforce your own ability to cope.
Food, Health & Judaism Does the Torah require us to avoid unhealthy foods? Print this page Print this page In a more contemporary vein, the Polish 19th-20th century Lomzha Rav in his Halakhic work of responsas entitled Divrie Malchiel 2:53 states, "That certainly it is forbidden to eat anything that leads to any disease because of 'Watch yourselves very carefully.'" With these precedents in mind, we now need to inquire regarding issues that pertain to our own generation, such as pesticides, hormones, and genetically-engineered foods. It certainly seems to this author, given all the above, to be within the spirit of Torah to be utterly wary of such foods. However, the possibility within halakha to forbid them outright is far from simple or realistic for the time being. The reasons this is the case are: 1. The damage done is neither severe nor immediate. 2. There are other factors in the disease process. 3. There are many establishment medical authorities who deny or de-emphasize the damaging capacity of these foods. Given that what is under consideration of prohibition does not fit the classical rabbinical precedent of poison, it would be difficult to forbid these foods. In essence, we cannot forbid a person something of such relatively minute or unproven negative impact. This would be the halakhic reasoning against any general halakhic rulings in support of an eco-kosher diet mandatory on the Torah observant Jewish people. However, I believe it could be said that if one reasonably believes based on scientific evidence and medical opinion, as I do, that many of these foods are dangerous or potentially so (certainly they may be dangerous if these foods become part of one's lifestyle and regular eating patterns), then it seems quite clear from all the precedents cited above that one would be under the divine calling (if not obligation) to stay away from them. In the words of a prominent Rishon [early medieval commentator] the Ravad, "It is not necessary to say that a man should guard himself from foods that he recognizes damage him. For the man who eats things that damage him and he is able to be without them, behold he rebelliously sins with his body and with his soul. For he goes after his desire and he does not concern himself with the loss of his body and this is the pathway of the Evil Inclination and the advice of fools, to turn him away from the path of life to the path of death." In halakha, there is a term that is employed when a sage does not find it appropriate to forbid something to the public although he senses that there is cause for concern. That term is ba'al nefesh yahmir--in translation: "A master of the spirit will be stringent." In a more contemporary translation this term would read, "A sensitive and disciplined soul will be mindful." I believe that for now this is the most fitting halakhic response to the dangerous times we live in. For those that choose to be stringent, may blessing come upon them and may they be blessed to educate and enlighten our people regarding the dangers around them. Please consider making a donation today. Rabbi Zecharyah Tzvi Goldman is rabbi of the Vermont Street Shul, an orthodox synagogue in Portland, Oregon. He is the founder and rabbinic administrator of EarthKosher, a kosher certification agency that exclusively certifies health food and alternative medicine companies.
Playing rugby union Game laws and methods Rugby union differs from association football (soccer) in that the hands can be employed to move the ball. However, a player can only pass the ball backwards or laterally (i.e. not forward) to another player, or kick it. This means that the majority of progress made by an attacking team occurs through a leap frog cycle of passing the ball, running to make ground, being tackled and repeating this process. Each of these cycles (greatly simplified) is called a phase of play. An aspect of rugby union which sets it apart from most other sports is the concept of "advantage". If one team commits an infraction of the Laws, the referee will not stop play if the opposing team is in a position to gain a territorial or tactical advantage from the mistake. Instead, he calls "advantage" and allows play to continue until he judges that adequate advantage has accrued, when he calls "advantage over", and play continues as if the original infraction had not occurred. If he deems that no advantage can accrue, the referee will stop play and award a scrum, free kick or penalty, as appropriate, at the site of the original infraction. The question of what is "advantage" and how long play should be allowed to continue to see if any advantage is gained, is a moot point: the referee is the sole judge of what constitutes "advantage" and different referees can and do take different approaches to this question. But in general, if in subsequent "advantage" play a team has the chance to do what they could have done if the referee had stopped play for the infraction, then advantage has been gained and the referee will call "advantage over". So, for instance, suppose a team commits an infraction that would result in their opponents being awarded a scrum. If their opponents are able to take clean possession of the ball and advance it following the infraction, then they have done what they would have been able to do from a scrum - advantage is thus over. If on the other hand their possession is "messy" or closely contested then there is no advantage, and the referee will (or should) award the original scrum. Advantage play automatically ends if the team seeking advantage commits an infringement itself: normally, they would then be awarded the consequences of the original infringement, but if they commit an act of foul play, then they will (or should) be penalised directly themselves. Playing field Rugby union is played on a field, known as a pitch, that should have a grassy surface, though the Laws permit the use of artificial grass, clay, sand or snow, but not permanently hard surfaces such as asphalt or concrete. The Laws do not say that the pitch needs to be flat or level, merely that the surface must be safe to play on. If either team feels that the pitch is unsafe, the referee must try to resolve the issues and must not start the match if any part of the ground is considered to be dangerous. The playing area consists of a field-of-play, not exceeding 70 metres in width and 100 metres in length, and in-goal areas at each end of the field-of-play that must extend at least 10 metres, but no more than 22 metres, beyond the field-of-play. Solid lines are painted on to the field to mark the sides of the pitch (touch-lines), the rear of the in-goal areas (dead-ball lines), the sides of the in-goal areas (touch-in-goal lines), the goal-lines (usually called the try line), lines 22-metres from each goal-line , and the half-way line. Broken lines are painted parallel to the half-way line and 10 metres from it, in each half of the field, and parallel to the touch-lines and 5 metres and 15 metres infield from touch on each side of the field-of-play. Dash lines are also marked 5 metres from (and parallel to) the goal-lines. In rugby union the touch-lines are regarded as out of play. Thus, a player standing on, but not over, the touch-line is regarded as being "in touch" and a ball that touches the dead-ball line is "dead". There is a goal at each end of the field-of-play, positioned centrally on the goal-line, and consisting of a pair of vertical posts, each a minimum of high, placed apart and connected by a horizontal bar above the ground—giving each goal the shape of the letter 'H'. For the safety of the players, the lower portion of each goal post is usually encased in protective padding. Flag posts, at least high, are positioned at the four corners of the field-of-play and at the corners of each in-goal area. The four posts on the goal-line are considered part of touch-in-goal, and the four posts on the dead-ball lines are considered part of the dead-ball line. There are a further six flag posts positioned outside the field-of-play and in line with the 22-metre and half-way lines on each side of the pitch. These flag posts play no part in the game and are there solely for indicative purposes. The game is controlled by a referee, who is assisted by two touch judges. The match organisers may authorise additional match officials. These can include a reserve referee, reserve touch judge, a Television Match Official (TMO), a time keeper and a match doctor. Despite the presence of other officials, the referee is "the sole judge of fact and of Law" during the match, and is not bound to take their advice. If a referee is unable to finish the game, a replacement takes over; this is usually the more senior of the two touch judges, in which case another official will take over the duties of touch judge. Their main responsibility is to apply fairly the Laws of the Game in the match. Although some of these responsibilities may be delegated, the referee must also; keep the time, keep the score, give permission for players to leave the playing area, authorise any substitutes, and authorise any medical personnel to enter the playing area. Player's must respect the referee's decisions, and are penalised if they dispute it. If the other team had already been awarded a penalty then it will be taken a further 10 metres closer to the opposition goal-line. The referee may punish a player's misconduct by using penalty cards. A yellow card indicates caution, a red card indicates a player has been sent off. Players may be cautioned for foul or dangerous conduct, for persistent breaches of the same rule, or for deliberate infringement to prevent their opponents from gaining a decisive advantage. A player receiving a caution is temporarily suspended from play for ten minutes. This has become known as the sin-bin. If the same player subsequently commits a further cautionable offence, he is sent off for the rest of the game. A player can also be sent off permanently, without first being cautioned, for serious foul play. The touch judges adjudicate when the ball or ball carrier is in touch and whether a kick at goal is successful. If given the authority by the match organiser or referee they may also signal for foul play. There is a touch judge on either side of the ground, and they remain in touch except when judging a kick at goal, and when reporting foul play to the referee during a stoppage. Touch judges carry a flag to signal decisions. When a match is televised, a Television Match Official (TMO) may be appointed. The primary role of a TMO is to use television replays to advise the referee whether a try has been scored. The circumstances in which the referee may consult with the TMO is determined by the match organiser. The TMO may only be consulted in certain circumstances; a decision in-goal regarding the scoring of a try, whether a player was in touch when attempting to score a try, and the success of a kick at goal. Match structure Before a game commences, traditionally, a coin will be tossed to determine which side will kick off and what direction the teams will be running. This is usually performed by a referee although the laws suggest that it should be done by one of the captains. In most cases, the home side will elect what side of the coin they will choose, either heads or tails. The winner may choose to kick off or which direction they will run. A number of elements may become part of the decision-making process of a coin winner. A personal preference may be that a team wishes to start the match defending, thus will elect to receive the ball, or vice versa. Weather can be a decisive factor, such as the possibility of having a potentially large advantage over an opponent if there is a high amount of wind, as it would aid their kicking game. Depending on the time of the game, the sun might be a factor in the decision, being a potential problem to the vision of players, depending on which way they run. The 2006 Super 14 Final was affected by poor weather, with low fog preventing players from seeing little more than 40 metres. Depending on when the toss was performed, both sides will make their way out onto the field. Kick-off will be performed from the center of the field. Each half lasts 40 minutes, but play comes to an end only when the ball goes dead. Variations in time and extra-time apply in any number of interpretations of the game, or tournaments. 'Half-time' lasts around 10 minutes, allowing for players to recover from fatigue and for coach interaction as well as other factors, such as time for crowds to access amenities and facilities. In the second half, the teams swap the direction of running, and the team kicking off, so any possible advantage such as wind may now be in favour of the other side, although the conditions may no longer be present. Change in points Period Try Conversion Penalty Drop goal Goal from mark —1891 1 2 2 3 3 1891—1893 2 3 3 4 4 1893—1905 3 2 3 4 4 1905—1948 3 2 3 4 3 1948—1971 3 2 3 3 3 1971—1977 4 2 3 3 3 1977—1992 4 2 3 3 1992— 5 2 3 3 The aim of rugby union is to score more points than the opposition. Teams score in several ways:Try A try is scored by grounding the ball in the opposition's in-goal area. The ball can be grounded in two ways: if a player has control of the ball, they can place it on the ground on or over the opponents' goal line using their hand(s) or arm(s); alternatively, if the ball is already on the ground on or over the opponents' goal line, the player can press down on it with any part of their body from the waist to the neck— including the hands and arms. The opponents' goal line includes the base of the posts and the padding around them, so an attacking player grounding the ball on the goal-line, or against the base of the goal posts, scores a try. A try is worth five points, and gives the attacking team the opportunity to score a conversion.Penalty try A penalty try can be awarded if the defending team commits foul play, and in doing so prevents what, in the referee's judgement, would have been a probable try. A penalty try is awarded between the goal posts. It is also common for the infringing player to be cautioned or sent off.Conversion After scoring a try, or being awarded a penalty try, the scoring team attempts a conversion. A player takes a kick at goal in line with where the ball was grounded, or from in front of the posts for a penalty try. Scoring the goal earns two points.Penalty goal A penalty goal can be attempted when the referee awards a penalty for an opposition indiscretion. To score, the ball is place kicked from the ground and must go above the crossbar and between the goal posts. A penalty is worth three points. If the penalty is awarded too far away from the goal posts to attempt a goal, then the attacking team can: kick for touch and get to throw in at the resulting line-out, take a tap penalty and run the ball, and opt for a scrum with the attacking team getting to feed the ball.Drop goal A drop goal (also known as a dropped goal) occurs when a player kicks the ball between the opposition goal posts and above their cross bar. The ball must strike the ground before being kicked, and scores three points.. The running game Running rugby occurs when a team attempts to move forward by running with, and passing, the ball. The ball can be passed laterally or backwards, but cannot be thrown forward. The opposing team is awarded a scrum if the ball is unintentionally thrown forward or if a knock-on occurs: the ball is said to have been "knocked-on" if a player loses possession of the ball and it goes forward, or if the ball travels forward after hitting the player's hand or arm, and the ball touches the ground or another player before the original player regains control of it. An exception to this is that if a player knocks the ball forwards in attempting to block a kick by an opponent, it is not a knock-on and play continues. A deliberate forward pass or a deliberate pass directly into touch is punishable by a penalty kick to the opposing team. There are three basic methods of running rugby: A more open style of running rugby occurs when a player (usually, but not always, the scrum half) takes possession of the ball at a ruck, maul, scrum or line-out and throws a long pass along the back-line. As each back receives the ball they will either pass the ball immediately, often in an attempt to create an "overlap", where the number of available attackers exceeds the number of potential defenders, or they may attempt to run through a perceived gap in the defensive line. If the ball-carrier cannot avoid being tackled, they will try to wait as long as possible, to oblige defenders to commit to the tackle, before passing the ball to a teammate (an "offload"); if there is no-one to receive the offload, the tackle will usually set up a ruck, from which the team in possession will hope to recycle the ball through another "phase" of play. A skillful back has the ability to vary the angle and point of attack of their runs, so as to be able to receive the ball in a position that will enable them to run through gaps in the opposing defense. Finally, there is the counterattack: if the team in possession kicks the ball down-field, it may be caught by an opponent who, rather than returning a kick, may elect to counter-attack by running forward. Advantages of this tactic are that it can often catch the opposition unawares, if they were expecting a return kick, and that the ball-carrier may initially have more open space than usual in which to operate, especially as any opponents who were ahead of the kicker are initially off-side. A disadvantage is that many of the ball-carrier's team-mates may be some distance up-field and unable to provide support if they are tackled by an opponent. Off-side in open play In open play, any player is offside if they are in front of a team-mate who is carrying the ball or who last played the ball. A player who is offside is not allowed to take part in the game but is not liable to be penalized unless they interfere with play or move forward toward the ball from an offside position. If a player knocks on and a team-mate plays the ball from an off-side position, they are liable to be penalized if, in so doing, they prevent the opposing team from gaining an advantage. Any player who is ahead of a team-mate who kicks the ball is required to retreat 10 metres from the place where the ball lands and is considered to be taking part in the game (and is thus liable to be penalised) until they have done so, though they can be put on-side by a team-mate before they have moved the full 10 metres. A player who is off-side can put themself on-side by running behind the team-mate who last played the ball and can be played on-side by any on-side team-mate who runs in front of them. Except where the 10 Metre Law applies, an off-side player becomes on-side as soon as an opponent has carried the ball 5 metres, or passed, kicked or intentionally touched the ball. If an off-side player cannot avoid being touched by the ball or a team-mate carrying it, and if their team gains an advantage as a result, they are said to be "accidentally off-side" and the opposing team is awarded a scrum. A tactic commonly employed during open play is the use of "decoys" — players who attempt to confuse the opposition by creating the impression that they are about to receive a pass. A decoy runner who is ahead of the ball-carrier is, strictly, off-side, but will not usually penalised unless they impede an opponent or prevent them from having a fair opportunity to tackle the ball-carrier (a practice often referred to as "crossing"). The breakdown The aim of the defending side is to stop the player with the ball, either by bringing them to ground (a tackle, which is frequently followed by a ruck), or by contesting for possession with the ball-carrier on their feet (a maul). Such circumstances are known by the collective name of "the breakdown", and each is governed by a specific law. A player may tackle an opposing player who has the ball by holding them while bringing them to ground. The tackle is complete when the ball-carrier is held on the ground: if the ball-carrier is forced, or falls, to ground without being held the tackle is not complete and the ball-carrier may get to their feet and continue. Once tackled, a player must immediately release the ball, either by passing to a team mate or placing it on the ground, and the tackler must release them and move away. After the ball has been released by a tackled player — commonly referred to as the tackle-ball — players from either side may play the ball, provided they are on their feet and have approached the breakdown area from the side of their goal-line. However, the tackler and the tackled player play the ball as soon as on their feet—regardless of what side they are standing. Note that a tackler is defined as a player who goes to ground in the act of making the tackle, not simply any player involved in making the tackle (you can therefore have a tackle with no tackler if the person who makes the tackle does not go to ground). A ruck is formed when at least one player from each side bind onto each other with the ball on the ground between them. A ruck often ensues following the tackle-ball phase. As soon as at least two players, one from each side, are in physical contact together with the ball on the ground, a ruck has formed. This physical contact, or binding, is generally by locking shoulders while facing each other. Additional players may join the ruck, but must do so from behind the rearmost foot of the hindmost team mate in the ruck; this is often referred to as "coming through the gate". Players must also be on their feet to join the ruck, and must bind onto the ruck with their whole arm around the body of a team mate. In a ruck, no player may use their hands to win the ball; instead each side attempts to push the other side back, and players use their feet to hook the ball back towards their own side — an action known as rucking the ball. The team with possession attempts to ruck the ball back towards their own goal-line, where is it picked up by one of their own players. Once the ball is out of the ruck, the ruck is over. Players in a ruck may not deliberately go to ground themselves, and must try to stay on their feet. Players must also not attempt to ruck the ball near players on the ground as this is dangerous. If a player is on the ground, they must try to move away from the ball and not interfere with the ball in any way. If the ball becomes trapped in a ruck, the referee awards a scrum to the side moving forward. The ruck and the maul are the two phases of the game where the offside law is particularly important. Any player not taking part in the ruck and maul must retreat behind the offside line, a notional line that runs through rearmost foot of their hindmost team mate in the ruck or maul— the line runs parallel to the goal-lines. Many infringements occur in rucks. Players may seek to slow down the speed that opposition can recycle possession. This is done by using their hands illegally, or lying over the ball, or going to ground deliberately. Such infringements result in penalties. As a result of the quickened pace in the modern game, there is increasing confusion among players regarding when a tackle-ball has become a ruck. Players are often penalised for using their hands in a ruck when they think the breakdown is still at the tackle-ball phase. It was once illegal on safety grounds to pull down a maul, causing that players fall to the ground. However with the introduction of the Experimental Law Variations it is now permitted to pull down a maul. Off-side at the breakdown When a maul or ruck occurs, anyone who is not behind the back foot of all team-mates who are involved is off-side, and may not take part in the game. An offside player who takes part in the breakdown is punished with penalty kick; if they show no intention to play from their position, however, no penalty is awarded. The kicking game In specific situations it is common to kick the ball rather than attempt to make progress with ball in hand. This will usually be done to obtain a territorial advantage, relieve pressure in defence, or turn the opposition and create disarray in their defensive ranks. When the team has the ball behind its own 22-metre line it is important to relieve pressure and gain a better field position. The most common course of action is to kick the ball directly in touch as long as possible. This kick is usually performed by the fly-half if the ball was secured at a set piece or breakdown, or by the fullback or a wing if the ball was received from an opponent's kick. Due to the fact that a line-out occurs when the ball is in touch, making a surprise counterattack from the opposing team unlikely, it is generally better to get a "short and sure" line-out than a long but more dangerous kick. When there seems little prospect of progressing with running rugby in the midfield a player, frequently the scrum-half, the fly-half, or a centre, kicks the ball to move it into an undefended spot of the field, forcing the opponents to leave their positions to recover and play it. This kick usually travels fast and low, and fly-halves who perform it usually try to hit the ground just before the side line and then bounce the ball in touch, thus producing a line-out far away. An "up and under" (aka a Garryowen) kick is performed as an attacking option. The kicker, usually the fullback, kicks the ball high and short, and then charges to contest possession. Another attacking variant that is becoming increasingly common is the "cross-field kick", in which the ball is kicked diagonally forward, usually toward the far touch-line, for a team-mate to chase. This tactic led to Australia's opening score in the 2003 Rugby World Cup Final, when a kick by fly-half Stephen Larkham was caught by wing Lote Tuqiri, who scored a try in the corner. Though the kicker is usually the fly-half, New Zealand lock Ali Williams created a try with a successful cross-field kick in the last match of the 2005 Tri Nations, against Australia. A "grubber" kick is a short, low kick in which the ball rolls on the ground. It's a common play for a wing close to the touch-line and can be very effective if the opponent's goal line is close and the defenders are still in front of the kicker (thus being easier to overrun). In addition, the shape of the rugby ball means that an unfortunate bounce can leave the defenders looking foolish. The kicking game is generally considered the sole preserve of the backs. Exceptions do occur, however, and many forwards like to demonstrate their kicking prowess during practice sessions. Flanker John Taylor kicked a famous penalty for Wales in the 1971 Five Nations, lock John Eales occasionally kicked goals for Australia and All Blacks Number 8 Zinzan Brooke even scored a drop goal from the midfield. Set-pieces are used to restart play after a stoppage. They are, principally: Restart kicks Penalty kicks and free kicks A scrum is a way of restarting the game safely and fairly after a minor infringement. It is awarded when the ball has been knocked or passed forward, when a player is accidentally offside, or when the ball is trapped in a ruck or maul with no realistic chance of being retrieved. A team may also opt for a scrum if awarded a penalty. It is also awarded to the passing or kicking team if the ball hits the referee. Once a scrum is formed the scrum-half from the team awarded the feed throws the ball into the gap between the two front-rows known as the tunnel. The two hookers then compete for possession by hooking the ball backwards with their feet, while each pack tries to push the opposing pack backwards to help gain possession. The side that wins possession transfers the ball to the back of the scrum, where it is picked up either by the number 8 or by the scrum-half. Either the scrum half or the number 8 can then pass, run, or kick the ball and normal play then resumes. A scrum has to be awarded between the lines along the goal-lines and touch-lines. A team may also score a pushover try from a scrum; once the ball has crossed the goal-line during a scrum an attacking player may legally ground it. Offside at the set-piece All players not taking part in a scrum or line-out must remain onside, or run the risk of conceding a penalty kick. At a scrum the scrum-half must remain behind the ball at all times, and the remaining backs must remain behind the back foot last player in the scrum. At the line-out, all players not taking part must move 10 m from the line, and remain there until the line-out is over. At a restart kick, free kick or penalty, the kicker's teammates must remain behind the kicker, and the opposition must usually retreat 10 m. The exception is a drop-out, where the receiving team need only be on their own side of the 22 m line. Possible alterations to the laws Alterations to the laws of rugby union have been trialled by students of Stellenbosch University in South Africa, have undergone additional trials in Scotland and Australia, and are now undergoing further trials in England. However, no changes are expected to be made before 2008. The Australian Rugby Union decided that all eight Experimental Law Variations (ELVs) would be adopted in the inaugural Australian Rugby Championship, which ran from August to October 2007. Among the most important proposed changes are: • At the scrum, all backs except for the two scrum-halves must stay at least 5 metres behind the back foot of the scrum (or, if the defending team in a 5-metre scrum, behind the try line). • Each team may use as many players in the line-out as it wishes, as long as all fit within the 15-metre line. • The opposing hooker need not stay within 5 metres of the touchline, but must otherwise conform to the laws where they stand. • Defending teams may collapse a maul. • If the ball is run or passed behind a team's own 22-metre line, and is then kicked into touch on the full without an intervening tackle, ruck or maul, the ensuing line-out will be conducted at the spot of the kick. (If the same kick goes into touch on the bounce, the line-out will be conducted where the ball went into touch, as in the current laws.) • Long-arm penalties (i.e., free kicks, with the possibility of a kick for goal) will now only be assessed for offside and foul play. All other infractions will be short-arm penalties, which cannot be kicked for goal; they will be tap-kicks, with the option of a scrum as allowed in the current laws. • Players will be allowed to use their hands in the ruck, as long as they enter in an onside position and are on their feet. (During previous trials of the ELVs, some competitions have allowed use of hands in the ruck, while others have treated it as a short-arm penalty.) See also External links Search another word or see Playing_rugby_unionon Dictionary | Thesaurus |Spanish Copyright © 2014, LLC. All rights reserved. • Please Login or Sign Up to use the Recent Searches feature
Industrialization is probably the most significant technological change since the development of the first stone tool. Industrialization has brought about social change on an unprecedented scale in an unbelievably short period of time. Industrialization has had such a profound effect on our lives that virtually everything we do has been influenced by it. Industrial archaeology is the recording, study, interpretation and preservation of the physical remains of industrially related artifacts, sites and systems within their social and historical contexts. This research emphasis began after World War II as the retooling of industry began to destroy elements of an earlier industrial heritage. Industrial Archaeology has in recent years included "dirt" archaeology in addition to historical research and the above ground study of exposed structures and machinery. Its subject matter covers the industrial spectrum from bridges to factories to waterpower canals to railroads to flour mills to blast furnaces to mines to dams to workers' housing to name a few. Over the last 13 years, the MHS Archaeology Department has conducted a number of seasons of research on industrial sites in Minneapolis, Minnesota as part of a project sponsored by the Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board. The department undertook historical research, test excavations, evaluation studies, and mitigation work at over twenty industrial sites associated with flour milling, brewing, electrical power production, lumber milling, water power control, and ancillary industries such as barrel factories and ironworks and transportation related facilities such as bridges, railroads, and streets. The St. Anthony Falls industrial area comprises a roughly rectangular section of Mississippi River corridor at the Falls of St. Anthony near downtown Minneapolis. By virtue of its engineering and industrialization, this area became the epitome of nineteenth-century, American direct-drive waterpower development. The modest beginnings of waterpower use for a grist and saw mill by the military (Fort Snelling) in 1820 foreshadowed later development. In 1858, developers of the falls adapted an extensive waterpower distribution system developed at Lowell, Massachusetts. By the end of the century, founded on the country's leading flour milling center, they had created America's largest waterpower industrial district. The degree of hydraulic engineering necessary to generate a consistent source of power was staggering. Canals, tunnels, wasteways (tailraces), diversion dams, bridges, and for hundreds of miles up the Mississippi river a series of dammed lakes which were to hold water for release when flowage rates were reduced in dry years. The study of Industrial Archaeology adds to our understanding of this significant change in the human condition by adding a tangible dimension to technical studies, by providing technical information on obsolete processes not obtainable from other sources, and by supplying useful reference points of economic growth and social change. A research focus on change reflected in production systems, transportation systems, and communities will enhance our knowledge of the complex relationships that link cultural elements and on an understanding of the mechanisms that produce change in those relationships. © 1995 Robert A. Clouse Return to Archaeology Home Page
Take the 2-minute tour × I'm trying to run my C++ code using the console. I used the header file conio.h like I did when I used Turbo C++ IDE in Windows, and I ran the code in console using g++ filename.cpp I have installed build-essentials Install build-essentials previously, but still I get the message: conio.h file : No such file or directory I have poked around a bit and learned that the header files for Windows and Linux differs, but am still to find a way to get all the header files required for basic and intermediate coding practice. Help on this is appreciated. Please keep in mind that I'm very new to Ubuntu. share|improve this question 3 Answers 3 up vote 6 down vote accepted conio.h is a library that is windows specific. To my knowledge it comes with mingw32, a compiler that is a windows port of gcc. Try to set up your code so that it doesn't use it. Also, note that linux uses (99% of the time) the gnu standard library (gnulibc). You can find its content here For input/output you'd need the iostream (not iostream.h) header file. You can look at a more elaborate and complete list here. share|improve this answer So could you please make clear what are the basic header files that are required to run a cpp program (basic I/O and so forth) ? And is ncurses package really required as I read elsewhere? –  routeaccess Feb 6 '13 at 12:15 updated the answer. –  green7 Feb 6 '13 at 12:19 Afaik conio.h is not included in minGW, It is difficult to implement conio.h functions using iostream, so you should use ncurses or similar libraries for this purpose –  Tachyons Feb 6 '13 at 12:59 thank you @green7 , the link is quite comprehensive and was one of the things I was looking for. Could you please tell me which package I need to install for the standard library header files to be available? Or is it already in the build-essentials package that I have installed? –  routeaccess Feb 6 '13 at 13:31 You don't need to install anything. Just write the program and compile it using g++ –  green7 Feb 6 '13 at 14:28 conio.h is turbo c++ specific header file, it is not a standard c++ header file usage #include<headerfile.h> is no longer supported in c++, It is replaced by #include<headerfile> Eg: use #include<iostream> instead of #include<iostream.h> You can run turbo c++ in linux using dosbox, But it is highly discouraged, Always use standard syntax while learning a programming language share|improve this answer #include instead of #include? please review your comment. Thanks. –  routeaccess Feb 6 '13 at 13:51 It was an formatting issue, thanks –  Tachyons Feb 6 '13 at 14:05 The <iostream.h> header is old and deprecated. Instead you should use <iostream> which is the new header. If you still get an error about your header file then check your include directories. Go to "Option" > "Directories..." and check your "Include Directories" for example: /home/user/cpp/custom-includes/ share|improve this answer Your Answer
Encyclopedia > Coptic calendar   Article Content Coptic calendar The Coptic calendar is used by the Coptic Orthodox Church. It divides the year into 13 months: 12 months of 30 days each plus an intercalary month of either five or six days, depending on whether the year is a leap year. The Coptic year begins on the Feast of Neyrouz, the first day of the month called Tout, which is equivalent to September 11 in the Gregorian calendar, except before a Gregorian leap year when it's September 12. Every fourth year is a leap year without exception, like in the Julian Calendar, so the above mentioned new year dates apply only between 1900 and 2099 A.D inclusive in the Gregorian Calendar. In the Julian Calendar, the new year is always August 29, except before a Julian leap year when it's August 30. Easter is reckoned by the Julian Calendar in the Old Calendarist way. External link   Search Encyclopedia Search over one million articles, find something about almost anything!   Featured Article History of zoology ... by which organic evolution can occur, and provided observational evidence that it had done so. This changed the attitudes of most exponents of the scientific method. ...
What is a Red Bellied Black Snake?Sometimes called a Red Belly Black Snake Scientific Name: Dacelo novaeguineae The Red Bellied Black Snake (Pseudechis porphyriacus) gets its name from the fact that it has a black upper body with the sides and the lower part of its body (belly) being bright red or crimson fading into a dull dark pink colour under its body. Its snout is usually a paler brown colour. The body scales are smooth and glossy. The Red Bellied Black Snake's head is barely distinguishable from its body. That is to say, there isn't a clearly visible constricted neck area. Its eyes are medium size and sit below an obvious brow-ridge. It has very dark eyes with round pupils. The average adult is about 1.5 - 2m long, with males growing slightly larger than females. Some have been known to grow up to 2.5 metres in length, making it one of the largest venomous snakes in Australia. The Red Bellied Black Snake belongs to the Elapid family of snakes which means it is front fanged. Like most snakes it is deaf, has a forked tongue, and no eyelids. They are very shy creatures, who prefer to avoid humans. Where does the Red Bellied Black Snake Live? Geographic Distribution of the Red Bellied Black Snake Red Bellied Black Snakes can be found in small areas of north-eastern Queensland and then from south-eastern Queensland through eastern New South Wales and Victoria. They can also be found in in parts of the Mount Lofty Ranges of South Australia. (See map). Red Bellied Back Snake Habitat The Red Bellied Black Snakes live in moist habitats within forests, woodlands and grasslands close to bodies of water such as rivers, streams, swamps and wetlands. They have also adapted to the modern rural environments and can be found close to irrigation canals and dams. The snakes shelter under large rocks, in logs, in animal burrows and in clumps of grass. They seem to be territorial and have a number of preferred shelters within their domain. What Does a Red Bellied Black Snake Eat? Red Bellied Black Snakes primarily eat of frogs, they also eat lizards, fish, eggs, small mammals and other snakes, including member of their own species. The snake is known to forage in water where it may completely submerge itself in search of prey. Captured prey may be brought to the surface or swallowed while still under water. These snakes have been observed intentionally stirring up underwater sediment to flush out hidden prey. There was some concern about the rapid decline in population of these snakes after the introduction of the Cane Toad in the 1920s. It appears, however, that the snake has learned to identify these poisonous frogs and avoid eating them. Do Red Bellied Black Snakes Attack Humans? The Red Bellied Black Snake is a very shy creature. It will evade humans rather than attack. When threatened it will try to bluff its way out of the situation by flattening its bodies, lift its body up in a striking stance and hiss loudly rather than attack. If provoked further it will attack in self-defence. The snake's venom is classified as dangerously venomous, but its toxicity is not considered fatal. Their venom is Hemotoxic (destroys red blood cells) and Cytotoxic (damages tissue). There is no record of any human dying from the bite of a Red Bellied Black Snake. You are more likely to die from falling off a horse than from a snake bite. Red Bellied Black Snakes Fighting Red Bellied Black Snakes reach sexual maturity in 2-3 years. During the spring breeding season (October to November) males travel widely in search of females. They will fight other males they may encounter to gain access to a female. Jousting involves the two rivals spreading their necks and rearing up their fore-bodies and twisting their necks around each other and getting entwined during the struggle. The snakes may also hiss loudly and bite each other (they are immune to their own species' toxin). This jostling usually lasts for less than half an hour with one of the contenders conceding defeat by leaving the area. Red Bellied Black Snake Reproduction Red Bellied Black Snakes are Born Alive The female gives birth about four to five months after mating. Red Bellied black snakes are ovoviviparous. They do not lay eggs like most other snakes. Instead they give birth to between 8 to 40 live young each in their own individual membranous sac. The young break through this membranous sac soon after birth. They are about 122mm at birth. The babies are born with well-developed venom glands. Their bite is just as toxic as that of their parents. Most young do not survive to adulthood. They fall prey to birds such has the kookaburra, other snakes and frogs, etc. Our Other Fascinating Pages Australia has many unique and unusual native animals... View More Great Barrier Located in Australia it is the world's largest coral reef.. View More Aborigines - The First Australians The Aborigines were the first people to come to Australia... View More It is vast and breathtakingly unique... View More Waltzing Matilda is Australia's favorite song... View More Stay Connected Our Blog Our Book
Sacred Texts  Bible  Index  Horseman Heb. ba'al parash , "master of a horse." The "horsemen" mentioned Exo 14:9 were "mounted men", i.e., men who rode in chariots. The army of Pharaoh consisted of a chariot and infantry force. We find that at a later period, however, the Egyptians had cavalry (Ch2 12:3). (See HORSE.) Hosanna Save now! or Save, we beseech, (Mat 21:9). This was a customary form of acclamation at the feast of Tabernacles. (Compare Psa 118:25.) Hose (Dan 3:21), a tunic or undergarment. Hosea Salvation, the son of Beeri, and author of the book of prophecies bearing his name. He belonged to the kingdom of Israel. "His Israelitish origin is attested by the peculiar, rough, Aramaizing diction, pointing to the northern part of Palestine; by the intimate acquaintance he evinces with the localities of Ephraim (Hos 5:1; Hos 6:8, Hos 6:9; Hos 12:12; Hos 14:6, etc.); by passages like Hos 1:2, where the kingdom is styled the land, and Hos 7:5, where the Israelitish king is designated as our king." The period of his ministry (extending to some sixty years) is indicated in the superscription (Hos 1:1, Hos 1:2). He is the only prophet of Israel who has left any written prophecy. Hosea, Prophecies of This book stands first in order among the "Minor Prophets." "The probable cause of the location of Hosea may be the thoroughly national character of his oracles, their length, their earnest tone, and vivid representations." This was the longest of the prophetic books written before the Captivity. Hosea prophesied in a dark and melancholy period of Israel's history, the period of Israel's decline and fall. Their sins had brought upon them great national disasters. "Their homicides and fornication, their perjury and theft, their idolatry and impiety, are censured and satirized with a faithful severity." He was a contemporary of Isaiah. The book may be divided into two parts, the first containing Hos. 1 - 3, and symbolically representing the idolatry of Israel under imagery borrowed from the matrimonial relation. The figures of marriage and adultery are common in the Old Testament writings to represent the spiritual relations between Jehovah and the people of Israel. Here we see the apostasy of Israel and their punishment, with their future repentance, forgiveness, and restoration. The second part, containing Hos. 4 - 14, is a summary of Hosea's discourses, filled with denunciations, threatenings, exhortations, promises, and revelations of mercy. Quotations from Hosea are found in Mat 2:15; Mat 9:15; Mat 12:7; Rom 9:25, Rom 9:26. There are, in addition, various allusions to it in other places (Luk 23:30; Rev 6:16, compare Hos 10:8; Rom 9:25, Rom 9:26; Pe1 2:10, compare Hos 1:10, etc.). As regards the style of this writer, it has been said that "each verse forms a whole for itself, like one heavy toll in a funeral knell." "Inversions (Hos 7:8; Hos 9:11, Hos 9:13; Hos 12:8), anacolutha (Hos 9:6; Hos 12:8, etc.), ellipses (Hos 9:4; Hos 13:9, etc.), paranomasias, and plays upon words, are very characteristic of Hosea (Hos 8:7; Hos 9:15; Hos 10:5; Hos 11:5; Hos 12:11)." Hosah Refuge. (1.) A place on the border of the tribe of Asher (Jos 19:29), a little to the south of Zidon. (2.) A Levite of the family of Merari (Ch1 16:38). Hoshea Salvation. (1.) The original name of the son of Nun, afterwards called Joshua (Num 13:8, Num 13:16; Deu 32:44). (2.) Ch1 27:20. The ruler of Ephraim in David's time. (3.) The last king of Israel. He conspired against and slew his predecessor, Pekah (Isa 7:16), but did not ascend the throne till after an interregnum of warfare of eight years (Kg2 17:1, Kg2 17:2). Soon after this he submitted to Shalmaneser, the Assyrian king, who a second time invaded the land to punish Hoshea, because of his withholding tribute which he had promised to pay. A second revolt brought back the Assyrian king Sargon, who besieged Samaria, and carried the ten tribes away beyond the Euphrates, 720 B.C. (Kg2 17:5, Kg2 17:6; Kg2 18:9). No more is heard of Hoshea. He disappeared like "foam upon the water" (Hos 10:7; Hos 13:11). Host An entertainer (Rom 16:23); a tavern-keeper, the keeper of a caravansary (Luk 10:35). In warfare, a troop or military force. This consisted at first only of infantry. Solomon afterwards added cavalry (Kg1 4:26; Kg1 10:26). Every male Israelite from twenty to fifty years of age was bound by the law to bear arms when necessary (Num 1:3; Num 26:2; Ch2 25:5). Saul was the first to form a standing army (Sa1 13:2; Sa1 24:2). This example was followed by David (Ch1 27:1), and Solomon (Kg1 4:26), and by the kings of Israel and Judah (Ch2 17:14; Ch2 26:11; Kg2 11:4, etc.). Host of Heaven The sun, moon, and stars are so designated (Gen 2:1). When the Jews fell into idolatry they worshipped these (Deu 4:19; Kg2 17:16; Kg2 21:3, Hostage A person delivered into the hands of another as a security for the performance of some promise, etc. (Kg2 14:14; Ch2 25:24).
Please create an account to participate in the Slashdot moderation system Forgot your password? Evidence of a Correction To the Speed of Light 347 Posted by Soulskill from the fault-is-not-in-our-stars-but-in-ourselves dept. As a photon travels through space, there is a finite chance that it will form an electron-positron pair. This pair exists for only a brief period of time and then goes on to recombine creating another photon which continues along the same path. This is a well-known process called vacuum polarization. The new idea is that the gravitational potential of the Milky Way must influence the electron-positron pair because they have mass. This changes the energy of the virtual electron-positron pair, which in turn produces a small change in the energy and speed of the photon. And since the analogous effect on neutrinos is negligible, light will travel more slowly than them through a gravitational potential. According to the new calculations which combine quantum electrodynamics with general relativity, the change in speed accounts more or less exactly for the mysterious time difference. Evidence of a Correction To the Speed of Light Comments Filter: • by jae471 (1102461) on Tuesday June 24, 2014 @04:25PM (#47309997) Journal Neither. Because neither is wrong. And the article is trying to sensationalize a claim the scientists didn't make. It is the average speed of the light over very large distances that needs a correction, to account for the portions of travel where the light, well, is not light. The photons still move at 2.99x10^8m/s. It's the electrons and positrons that move slower. • None of this is the issue; speed of light stays constant, as does distance measurements. What changes is the understanding of the stability of a photon of light in a vacuum and the effect of this instability on travel time while passing near a gravitational well. So while it's a photon of light, it travels light speed. When the energy converts to kinetic energy for a breather, it is affected by the gravitational pull, in a manner significantly stronger than a neutrino is affected. When it then flops back to being a photon, it is once again traveling at the speed of light. What intrigues me about this is that this will also have implications regarding relativity, as every time the light flips state, it is essentially anchoring itself to a location in space from which the next photon flop can take its bearing. My mind can't quite grasp the further implications of this right now, but it could really mess with observation of light from a moving point (which all points are). The recalibration is mostly on how we project distances based on light measurements; it's now become significantly trickier, as we need to account for gravity at specific moments. • by suutar (1860506) on Tuesday June 24, 2014 @05:22PM (#47310401) photons and neutrinos both travel at approximately the same speed in vacuum - "the speed of light" However, when it comes to going through a non-vacuum, like a star, neutrinos have a straight shot because they don't interact with anything and the photons have to run through a pinball game (or a pachinko game, if you've seen those) until they actually get out. Best estimates of the time difference to date are about 3 hours. Because of that, they would expect to see the light about 3 hours after seeing the neutrino burst, but in this case it looks like it was 7+ hours instead. This guy (if I'm understanding it right) is saying that even "in a vacuum" light does enough zig-zagging to add a few hours to the transit time of a 163000 lightyear trip. • Re:Which means (Score:3, Informative) by Khashishi (775369) on Tuesday June 24, 2014 @07:24PM (#47311215) Journal I think you are confusing neutrinos, which have been known for a while, with tachyons, which are speculative and haven't been detected. Neutrinos don't move faster than light. • by Anonymous Coward on Tuesday June 24, 2014 @09:49PM (#47312051) photons don't take 4000 years to exit the core of our sun. photons get absorbed and emitted by mass in the sun, and there's some time between those two events. It's not "the same photon" that takes 4000 years. It's the energy in that photon. It's one of the stupidest things we say in college classes. The point is that the sun is very dense, but we fail miserably at getting that point across with the "photon" example. It's not even a stimulated emission, it's just energy.
Written by Cyrille Felteau Last Updated Article Free Pass Alternate title: Montréal Written by Cyrille Felteau Last Updated Evolution of the modern city In 1809 John Molson—entrepreneur, brewer, banker, and carrier—linked Montreal and Quebec by water with the first Canadian steamship. Canada’s first bank, the Bank of Montreal, was founded in 1817, and the Lachine Canal, forerunner of the St. Lawrence Seaway, was started in 1821. In 1825 Molson, the “Montrealer par excellence,” provided his city with a splendid theatre, and gas lighting appeared by 1838. A Committee of Trade, forerunner of the Board of Trade (1842), was founded in 1822, and from 1844 to 1849 Montreal was the capital of Canada. On April 25, 1849, a mob put fire to the Parliament building, possibly on the ground that it had lost its vocation. In 1847 telegraph links were made with the cities of Quebec and New York; in 1853 a shipping service between Montreal, Liverpool, and the Continent was begun; in 1856 a railroad to Toronto opened; in 1858 a transatlantic cable to Europe was laid; and in 1861 the city’s first horse-drawn tramways began operation. Fires destroyed hundreds of buildings in the early 1850s, and an economic slump provoked numerous bankruptcies in 1857. The Confederation of Canada was proclaimed in 1867, and 10 years later the city had its first labour strike and first telephone conversation with Quebec. It had its first electric lighting in 1882, electric tramways in 1892, and the first automobile along its streets and movie houses along its sidewalks in 1903. By 1900 Montreal’s population reached 270,000, and it began to annex several cities, towns, and villages on its outskirts. It purchased Île Sainte-Hélène (St. Helen’s Island) in 1908, the site, with two neighbouring man-made islands, of Expo 67. Montreal’s famous ice-hockey team, the Canadiens, was founded in 1909 (and has since won more National Hockey League championships than any other team). In 1922 several mergers gave birth to the Canadian National Railways Company (CNR), which, like the Canadian Pacific in 1881, established its head office in Montreal. The world wars gave impetus to the economic life of Montreal, as they did to most industrial centres of North America, and in January 1947 the U.S. Congress began to consider a joint venture with Canada for building the St. Lawrence Seaway. In 1959 the need for a Montreal Metropolitan Corporation was recognized by the Quebec provincial government (which, like others in Canada, has exclusive jurisdiction over municipalities). In 1960 the Metropolitan Boulevard, a throughway encircling Montreal, was opened. In 1962 construction was started on the Métro, supervised by engineers from the Paris Métro; the system was inaugurated six months before the opening of Expo 67. With the growing recognition of Montreal as a major world centre following this universally acclaimed exposition, it became the first non-U.S. city to be awarded a major-league baseball franchise. The team, the Montreal Expos, played in the city from 1969 to 2004, when it was moved to Washington, D.C., and became the Nationals. The 1976 Summer Olympics were a financial disaster for the city. The high cost of building and maintaining facilities, including the stadium (now home of the Expos) and the tower, placed a heavy burden of debt on the province. Adding to Montreal’s economic difficulties was the Quebec separatist movement, which began in the 1960s and included occasional acts of violence in the city by some groups. During the 1970s and ’80s many corporations that had their headquarters in Montreal moved them to Toronto, partly in response to the enforcement of French-language usage guidelines in Quebec. Economic conditions remained generally stagnant at the beginning of the 1990s but then gradually began to improve. Notable was the increase in high-technology fields, such as aerospace engineering and electronics. In 1995 the province narrowly voted against secession from Canada. Although that measure failed, a plan was put into action to merge all the separate municipalities on Montreal Island under Montreal city. This took effect on Jan. 1, 2002, with the former municipalities becoming districts of the city. However, a number of these districts objected to the new arrangement, and in 2005 all the former municipalities were permitted to vote for continued affiliation with Montreal. Ultimately 15 chose to de-amalgamate, and they became municipalities again in 2006. What made you want to look up Montreal? Please select the sections you want to print Select All MLA style: "Montreal". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. APA style: Montreal. (2014). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/391071/Montreal/12473/Evolution-of-the-modern-city Harvard style: Chicago Manual of Style: Encyclopædia Britannica Online, s. v. "Montreal", accessed December 20, 2014, http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/391071/Montreal/12473/Evolution-of-the-modern-city. We welcome suggested improvements to any of our articles. (Please limit to 900 characters) Or click Continue to submit anonymously:
Robert II Robert II biographical name (born c. 1054—died February 1134, Cardiff, Wales) Duke of Normandy (1087–1106). The eldest son of William I, he was named heir to Normandy but rebelled twice (c. 1077, c. 1082). Robert was exiled to Italy but returned as duke on his father's death. He pawned Normandy to his brother William II and joined the First Crusade, in which he fought bravely and helped capture Jerusalem (1099). He led an unsuccessful invasion of England after Henry I became king (1100); Henry then invaded Normandy (1105–06) and captured Robert, who spent the rest of his life as a prisoner. Variants of ROBERT II Robert II known as Robert Curthose This entry comes from Encyclopædia Britannica Concise. For the full entry on Robert II, visit Seen & Heard What made you look up Robert II? Please tell us what you were reading, watching or discussing that led you here.
Home |Tech |Physics & Math |Space | News Supercomputers zoom in on the universe Pictures of spreads from New Scientist magazine THE American Museum of Natural History in New York is known for its impressive collection of dinosaur bones and a high-tech planetarium. For astrophysicists, though, its claim to fame is as a computing powerhouse. The fastest of the museum's two computer clusters can carry out more than 5 trillion mathematical operations per second. This allows it to simulate aspects of the universe in unprecedented detail. Standing nearby, listening to the low hum of fans cooling the racks of processors, I can practically feel it recreating the astrophysical processes that shaped our solar system. Harnessing supercomputers to simulate astrophysical events is not new. Two years ago, the largest, most detailed simulation of the evolution of the universe was performed at the Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics in Garching, Germany. In what was dubbed the Millennium Run, a supercomputer simulated the complex interplay of events that led to the formation of galaxies ... App + web $21.99 - Save 71% 12 issues for $1.83 per issue by quarterly direct debit Print + web $24.99 - Save 67% 12 issues for $2.08 per issue by quarterly direct debit Print + app + web $38.99 - Save 74% 12 issues for $3.25 per issue by quarterly direct debit 30 day web pass Prices may vary according to delivery country and associated local taxes. © Copyright Reed Business Information Ltd.
Research Article Neanderthal Extinction by Competitive Exclusion • William E. Banks mail, Affiliation: Institut de Préhistoire et de Géologie du Quaternaire, UMR 5199-PACEA, Université Bordeaux 1, CNRS, Talence, France • Francesco d'Errico, Affiliations: Institut de Préhistoire et de Géologie du Quaternaire, UMR 5199-PACEA, Université Bordeaux 1, CNRS, Talence, France, Institute for Human Evolution, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa • A. Townsend Peterson, • Masa Kageyama, Affiliation: Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement/IPSL, UMR 1572, CEA/CNRS/UVSQ, CE Saclay, L'Orme des Merisiers, Gif-sur-Yvette, France • Adriana Sima, • Maria-Fernanda Sánchez-Goñi Affiliation: EPHE, UMR5805-EPOC, Université Bordeaux 1, CNRS, Talence, France • Published: December 24, 2008 • DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003972 Methodology/Principal Findings Climate changes unquestionably influenced Paleolithic hunter-gatherer adaptations, and particular attention has been paid to possible climatic influences on Neanderthal extinction and colonization of Europe by anatomically modern humans (AMH) [1][4]. Reasons behind Neanderthal extinction, however, are still debated intensively. Two competing hypotheses contend either that Neanderthals were unable to adapt to climatic changes towards the end of Marine Isotope Stage 3 (MIS3) or that competition with AMH was the driving factor in their extinction. MIS3 (60–30 kyr cal BP), marked by many of the largest and quickest temperature excursions of the last glacial period [5], was characterized by an ice sheet of intermediate size and intermediate atmospheric CO2 concentrations. MIS3 was punctuated by periods, called Heinrich events [6], during which massive discharges of icebergs into the Northern Atlantic Ocean resulted in near shut-down of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation [7]. Associated decreases in mid-latitude North Atlantic sea surface temperatures had marked rapid impacts on continental climate and vegetation. Greenland Interstadials (GI; mild phases) were characterized in Western Europe by open forest landscapes, while herbaceous-dominated landscapes existed during Greenland Stadials (cold phases) [8]. The environmental conditions associated with such phases, and the rapid and marked transitions between them, likely affected the distributions and adaptations of human populations. Considerable discussion has surrounded the disappearance of Neanderthals and the spread of AMH, with debate focused on a number of specific issues: (a) relationships between particular stone tool technologies, or archaeologically-defined cultures (termed technocomplexes), and the human populations who made them (i.e., Neanderthals or AMH); (b) possible cultural interactions between these two human populations; (c) mechanisms behind Neanderthal extinction; and (d) timing of this population event. With respect to the authorship of archaeological assemblages dated to ~43–35k calibrated (calendar) years ago (kyr cal BP), consensus exists that, in Europe, Mousterian technocomplexes were solely manufactured by Neanderthals [cf. 9], [10]. Most agree that the Châtelperronian, the only ‘transitional technocomplex’ associated with diagnostic human remains was also made by Neanderthals [11][13] ―we assume this to be the case for the Bohunician [14] ―, and that the typical Aurignacian technocomplex should be attributed to AMH [cf. 2], [15]. Intense debate has focused on possible cultural interactions between Neanderthal and AMH populations. Reappraisals of key sites have challenged the existence of a diagnostic Aurignacian older than ~41 kyr cal BP in Western Europe [16], [17] and have shown that the Châtelperronian, previously interpreted as representing acculturation of Neanderthals by AMH immigrants, is almost certainly older than the first Aurignacian [18], [19]. This assertion is consistent with the fact that the most recent reliably dated Mousterian sites in France are not younger than ~40.5 kyr cal BP [20] and that the Châtelperronian does not post-date ~40.5–39 kyr cal BP [19]. Although this timeline is now supported widely [21], [22], some still consider the evidence ambiguous [23], [24], and others support the idea of an early colonization of Europe by AMH at ~43 kyr cal BP, with subsequent acculturation of late Neanderthal populations prior to their extinction [4], [9], [25][28]. Some have also suggested the possibility of Neanderthal biological input, albeit undetected by genetic studies [29][32], to the first wave of AMH colonizers [2], [33], [34]. Considerable research links Neanderthal decline and extinction with MIS3 environmental variability, in particular regarding population dynamics during specific Dansgaard-Oeschger (D-O) climatic phases. Consensus exists that Neanderthal populations persisted in southern Europe, particularly in southern Iberia, well after they had disappeared from northern latitudes, and that environmental conditions briefly created a geographic barrier between them and AMH called the Ebro Frontier [35]. Diverse methodological approaches have been used to integrate paleoclimatic, chronological, and archaeological datasets [36], [37] in efforts to understand human population dynamics during this period, and discussions have also focused on limitations of radiocarbon dating [24], [38][41]. By correlating palynological data from deep sea cores with archaeological data, it has been proposed that AMH were present in Western Europe and northern Iberia just prior to Heinrich event 4, that conditions during Heinrich event 4 delayed their colonization of southern Iberia, and that subsequent competition with AMH drove Neanderthal extinction after this climatic episode [20]. A very late (~32 kyr cal BP) survival of Neanderthals in southern refugia, based on dates from Gorham's Cave, Gibraltar, has been proposed [42], and an even later disappearance (22.5–25.5 kyr cal BP) has been suggested recently [43]. This last proposal contends that D-O variability did not have a significant impact on this region, but rather that the long-term trend towards less favorable environmental conditions stressed Neanderthals to extinction, with little or no impact of competition with AMH. Such an idea, however, is contradicted by high-resolution climatic and vegetation simulations for Heinrich event 4 [44], which suggest development of semi-desert conditions in central and southern Iberia that impacted Neanderthal populations and delayed AMH settlement and consequent competition. Creating a consensual chronological framework for the Middle-to-Upper Paleolithic transition is complicated by limitations of radiocarbon dating, uncertainties in radiocarbon comparison curves, and fluctuations in 14C levels [38], [39]. Recent dating methods have shown that ages from many previously dated samples underestimate true ages [40], [41], and disagreements exist on cultural attributions assigned to archaeological levels at key sites. These discussions are complicated by the fact that correlating cultural and climatic events during MIS3 is difficult because the former are in radiocarbon years while some of the latter are in calendar years and often span relatively short periods of time (~1500 yr). Only recently have systematic efforts been made to overcome these limitations, either by correlating archaeological data directly with long, radiocarbon-dated climatic sequences [20], [36] or by using comparison curves to ‘calibrate’ radiocarbon ages before correlating them with paleoclimatic sequences [26], [45]. Here, we apply a new method that incorporates a variety of diverse data sets to reflect on this important population event to evaluate the climate versus competition hypotheses for Neanderthal extinction. Recent advances in biodiversity studies [46] have developed tools for estimating ecological niches of species and predicting responses to environmental changes. These tools were originally developed to estimate ecological niches of species and predict responses to environmental changes. It has been recently shown that they have considerable potential for reconstructing eco-cultural niches of past human populations [47], defined as the potential range of environmental conditions within which a human adaptive system can exist without having to undergo significant change. Our assumption is that human adaptive systems, defined here as the range of technological and settlement systems shared and transmitted by a culturally cohesive population within a specific paleoenvironmental framework, can be considered to operate as a ‘species’ with respect to their interaction with the environment. This does not imply, however, that human adaptive systems necessarily remained stable over time, as might be the case with animal species occupying narrow and stable niches. Humans can change their adaptive systems rapidly through technical and social innovations in response to environmental change. We know, however, that this was not the case during the late Middle and Upper Paleolithic, periods during which specific human adaptive systems spanned a number of climatic events. Thus, the method described in this study is particularly relevant for addressing issues of human adaptive system stability and eco-cultural niche stability. Another advantage of this methodology is that it can help identify mechanisms (i.e. niche conservatism, niche contraction, etc.) behind changes occurring across time and space in the relationship between adaptive systems and environments by projecting a reconstructed human eco-cultural niche into a different paleoenvironmental framework. We focus on the three climatic phases during which the bulk of AMH colonization of Europe and Neanderthal contraction (if not extinction) occurred: Greenland Interstadials 9–11 (pre-H4; 43.3–40.2 kyr cal BP, see [48]), Heinrich event 4 (H4; 40.2–38.6 kyr cal BP), and Greenland Interstadial 8 (GI8; 38.6–36.5 kyr cal BP). GI9–11 were three short-term mild events separated by two brief periods of cooling. They were marked by relatively wet conditions in Atlantic regions of Europe and comparatively drier conditions in western Mediterranean regions. H4 was marked in the western Mediterranean by extremely cold and dry conditions resulting in semi-desert vegetation, but was not so arid farther north with a consequent expansion of grasslands. GI8 was a relatively long phase with mild, moist conditions along Atlantic margins, which led to a weak development of deciduous forests. In western Mediterranean regions, warm, dry summers and moist winters created an open Mediterranean forest [8]. Here, we apply the approach termed eco-cultural niche modeling (ECNM; see Materials and Methods below) [49], to late Neanderthal and early AMH adaptive systems to define and characterize eco-cultural niches associated with these populations for each relevant climatic event, evaluate whether these niches changed during the Middle-to-Upper Paleolithic transition, and evaluate whether climate change or competition with AMH caused Neanderthal extinction. The ECNM for the pre-H4 Neanderthal adaptive system (Figure 1A) shows a potential distribution across ~40°–~50°N latitude, excepting the Alps and the Po and terminal Danube River plains. Suitability in Mediterranean regions is generally estimated as lower. Climatically, the predicted niche occupies a mean annual temperature range of −1°–+12°C and precipitation of <1095 mm/yr. The pre-H4 niche for AMH (Figure 1B) does not extend as far north as that of Neanderthals (Figure 1A), includes a tongue of potential distributional area extending into southeastern Iberia, and lacks suitable areas in southwestern Iberia. The pre-H4 AMH niche occupies a slightly narrower temperature range, but with precipitation values virtually identical to those of Neanderthals. The H4 Neanderthal potential distribution (Figure 1C) is reconstructed as occupying the entire Iberian, Italian, and Balkan peninsulas, with sharply defined northern limits, covering mean annual temperatures of 0–10°C and precipitation <730 mm/yr. The H4 AMH distribution (Figure 1D) again did not include southwestern Iberia, but has northern range limits and environmental ranges similar to those of the H4 Neanderthal adaptive system. The Neanderthal GI8 model, however, indicates a dramatically reduced potential distributional area, restricted to Mediterranean regions (Figure 1E). This niche occupies a mean annual temperature of 6–14°C with precipitation of <730 mm/yr. In contrast, the AMH GI8 model (Figure 1F) covers most of central and southern Europe, including a broader temperature (0–15°C) and precipitation (<1095 mm/yr) range than the contemporaneous Neanderthal niche. Principal component analyses performed on all the environmental variables associated with each of the six ECNMs all indicated that temperature variables were the most important in defining ranges of both adaptive systems. Almost all models showed significant predictive ability based on jackknife manipulations within time periods (all P<0.05, except for H4 and GI8 Neanderthals, the periods with smallest sample size and most restricted distributions). Figure 1. Maps of geographic projections of conditions identified as suitable by eco-cultural niche models for Neanderthals (A – pre-H4, C – H4, E – GI8) and AMH (B – pre-H4, D – H4, F – GI8). Grid squares with 1–5 of 10 models predicting presence of suitable conditions are indicated in grey, grid squares with 6–9 models in agreement are depicted in pink, and squares with all 10 models in agreement are indicated in red. Archaeological site locations are indicated with circles. Neanderthal ECNM niche projections were able to predict the distribution of this adaptive system from pre-H4 to H4 and H4 to GI8 (Table 1) better than random expectations (P<0.05). This result suggests that Neanderthals exploited the same eco-cultural niche across the three climatic phases, or at least that the niche had not shifted dramatically. For AMH as well, inter-period projections were statistically significantly interpredictive (Table 1). Niche breadth is similar between the two adaptive systems for pre-H4 and H4; however, during GI8, AMH niche breadth increases markedly but Neanderthal niche breadth decreases considerably (Figure 2). Figure 2. Summary of niche breadth measures for Neanderthal and AMH adaptive systems during each of the three climatic phases examined. Table 1. Results of tests of predictivity among three climatic phases for Neanderthal and AMH eco-cultural niche model projections. Our results highlight a reduction of potential Neanderthal range from pre-H4 through GI8, in terms of both ecology and geography. Two contrasting explanations were discussed above: (1) a contracting geographic footprint of the same niche in response to changing climate, versus (2) competition with expanding AMH populations. The first hypothesis implies that Neanderthals exploited the same ecological niche throughout the three climatic phases but had reduced geographic potential as the spatial manifestation of that niche contracted due to climate change. This scenario, however, can be rejected because the H4 to GI8 projection shows that the climatic shift to warmer and wetter conditions during GI8 anticipated a broader distributional area (Figure 3). This result indicates that only a small part of Neanderthal potential range was exploited during GI8, and that this reduced range was not a result of a contracting suitable climatic footprint, contradicting recent proposals that Early Upper Paleolithic populations reduced their niche due to environmental stress [50]. Figure 3. Projection of the H4 Neanderthal model onto GI8 climatic conditions. Grid squares with 1–5 of 10 models predicting presence of suitable conditions are indicated in grey, grid squares with 6–9 models in agreement are depicted in pink, and squares with all 10 models in agreement are indicated in red. Neanderthal sites dated to GI8 are indicated with circles. Our results indicate instead that competition with AMH represents a more cogent explanation for the situation. Predicted niches and potential geographic distributions for Neanderthal and AMH adaptive systems overlap broadly during pre-H4 and H4, except that southern Iberia was not within the distributional potential of AMH, lending support to the notion that the Ebro Frontier resulted from ecological causes. During GI8, however, AMH niche breadth and potential distribution broadened, permitting AMH exploitation of the last Neanderthal refugium. The AMH expansion and Neanderthal contraction of niche characteristics were concurrent, and we suspect causally related. It follows that there was certainly contact between the two populations, which may have permitted both cultural and genetic exchanges. Our findings clearly contradict the idea that Neanderthal demise was mostly or uniquely due to climate change [51] and looks towards AMH expansion as the principal factor. Hence, we contend that AMH expansion resulted in competition with which the Neanderthal adaptive system was unable to cope. Materials and Methods To reconstruct eco-cultural niches, we used the Genetic Algorithm for Rule-Set Prediction (GARP) [52], which has been applied to topics as diverse as habitat conservation, the effects of climate change on species' distributions, the geographic potential of species' invasions, and the geography of emerging disease transmission risk [53][57]. It is available for free download at For data inputs, GARP requires the geographic coordinates where the target species has been observed and raster GIS data layers summarizing landscape and climatic dimensions potentially relevant to shaping the distribution of the species. In this case, the ‘species’ is a technological adaptive system. Here, the occurrence data are the geographic coordinates of radiometrically dated and culturally attributed archaeological sites. These archaeological data were obtained from a database [58] containing the geographic coordinates, recorded stratigraphic levels, and cultural affiliations associated with ~6000 radiometric ages from ~1300 archaeological sites across Europe. The late Middle Paleolithic and early Upper Paleolithic technocomplexes date to the temporal limits of radiocarbon methods, making their 14C determinations particularly sensitive to contamination by more recent carbon sources, resulting in frequent underestimation of true ages of samples [16], [20], [40], [59], [60]. For this reason, we restricted the site samples used to create our pre-H4, H4, and GI8 ECNMs to sites dated by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) and containing diagnostic archaeological assemblages from stratified contexts, with a single exception (Table S1). Some AMS ages have relatively large associated errors such that it is difficult, if not impossible, to be sure that they date an occupation during a specific climatic event. Such ages were eliminated from consideration for this study. Also, it has been shown that a number of ages come from archaeological levels that have likely been disturbed by post-depositional site formation processes and it is unclear if the dated material was originally associated with the archaeological level from which it was recovered [see 45]. In these instances as well, the AMS ages in question were not used in this analysis. These quality-control steps minimize the possibility of incorporating sites for which radiometric determinations are minimum ages, and increase the likelihood that dates reflect a human presence during a specific climatic event. We employed CalPal [61] (using the recent Greenland-Hulu comparison curve [62]) to calibrate the age determinations and assign them to specific climatic phases. It has been proposed [24] that any use of radiocarbon ages for this time period should be considered provisional see also [63]. We do not think, however, that a careful and consistent selection of dates will necessarily result in erroneous or misleading conclusions. Additionally, our method of testing model predictivity (see below) allows us to identify sites inconsistent with the remainder of the sample attributed to a particular climatic phase. In short, we need to test the pertinence of new methodological approaches on the available archaeological and chronological datasets so that heuristic tools will be in place as new data emerge. The environmental data sets consisted of topographic/landscape attributes (assumed to have remained constant) and high-resolution climatic simulations for the three climatic phases considered here. Landscape variables included slope, aspect, and compound topographic index (a measure of tendency to pool water) from the Hydro-1K dataset (U.S. Geological Survey's Center for Earth Resources Observation and Science -​topo30/hydro/index.html). The climatic simulations were created using the LMDZ3.3 Atmospheric General Circulation Model [64], in a high-resolution version (144 cells in longitude×108 in latitude), with further refinement over Europe (final resolution ~50 km) obtained by use of a stretched grid. Three simulations were performed with boundary conditions representing the three typical climatic situations of interest here: pre-H4 (baseline), interstadial, and Heinrich event, with mid-size ice-sheets compared to the full Last Glacial Maximum. Common to all simulations are the ice-sheets imposed as boundary conditions for which we used the Peltier [65] ICE-4G reconstructions for 14 kyr cal BP, a time at which sea-level was similar to that of Marine Isotope Stage 3 for which no global reconstructions exist. Orbital parameters and greenhouse gas concentrations were set to their 40 kyr cal BP values [44]. The only difference between the three simulations concerned sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and sea-ice extent in the North Atlantic. For the baseline configuration, we used the GLAMAP reconstruction [66]. For the Heinrich event configuration, we subtracted from the reference SSTs an anomaly of 2°C in the mid-latitude North Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea. The interstadial configuration added an anomaly of 2°C to the reference SSTs in the mid-latitude North Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea. For both states, sea-ice cover is imposed if SSTs are lower than −1.8°C. The model was then run with these boundary conditions for 21 years, the last 20 of which were used to compute atmospheric circulation and surface climate in balance with our defined boundary conditions. European climate proves quite sensitive to these changes in boundary conditions: continental temperatures and precipitation decrease from the interstadial to the stadial and finally the Heinrich event simulations, in a fashion similar to results described elsewhere [44]. From these climate simulations, temperature (the coldest and the warmest months as well as mean annual temperature) and precipitation values were extracted for use in GARP. The baseline simulation was used as a proxy for conditions during the period covering Greenland Interstadials 9–11 (pre-H4). The Heinrich event simulation is used to represent conditions during Heinrich event 4 (H4), and the interstadial simulation represents Greenland Interstadial 8 (GI8). This experiment set-up is designed to be as realistic as possible for MIS3, given the available global data sets needed to perform atmosphere-only experiments. We used more recent SST/sea-ice reconstructions for our baseline experiment compared to previous simulations for the same climatic events [44]. In particular, these reconstructions are warmer over the North Atlantic than the CLIMAP [67] reconstruction and thus more relevant for the MIS3 baseline simulation. Therefore, the climate simulations used in the present study are unique for several reasons: they use updated SST reconstructions, mid-size ice-sheets, greenhouse gas levels, and orbital parameters appropriate for the periods that bracket Heinrich event 4. The resulting climate is obviously dependent on the hypotheses built up in the boundary conditions we used, and on the climate model itself, but we do not know of any equivalent experiments, with an equivalent model, that have high resolution over Europe. In GARP, occurrence data are resampled randomly by the algorithm to create training and test data sets. An iterative process of rule generation and improvement then follows, in which an inferential tool is chosen from a suite of possibilities (e.g., logistic regression, bioclimatic rules) and applied to the training data to develop specific rules [52]. These rules are then “evolved” to maximize predictivity by using a number of methods (e.g. crossing over among rules), mimicking chromosomal evolution. Predictive accuracy is evaluated based on the presence data and a set of points sampled randomly from regions where the species has not been detected. The resulting rule-set defines the distribution of the subject in ecological space (i.e., an ecological niche) [68] and can be projected onto the landscape to predict a potential geographic distribution [69]. We used the following specifications in GARP. Given the random-walk nature of the method, we ran 1000 replicate runs, with a convergence limit of 0.01. Given the small sample sizes (N), we used N − 2 occurrence points to develop models in each analysis, reserving one point for model selection and one for evaluating model predictive ability. We followed a modification of a protocol for selecting among resulting models [70], with omission error (i.e., failure to predict a known presence) measured based on the single reserved model-selection point, and models retained only when they were able to predict that single point (i.e., hard omission threshold of 0%). Commission error, conversely, is a measure of areas of absence that are incorrectly predicted present; we followed recommendations of removing from consideration those 50% of models that show extreme values of proportional area predicted present. The resulting 10 final ‘best subset’ models were then summed pixel by pixel to produce a best estimate of an adaptive system's potential geographic distribution. This conservative approach is ideal when working with small sample sizes, and helps to maximize the robustness of the prediction. Predictive models such as ECNMs are just that—predictions that must be tested for predictive accuracy before they can be interpreted. Given low occurrence data samples, we tested model predictions using the jackknife manipulation proposed by Pearson et al. [71], the only robust test for evaluating models based on small samples: N−1 points are used to develop N jackknifed models. The success of each replicate model in predicting the single omitted point, relative to the proportional area predicted present, is then calculated using an extension to the cumulative binomial probability distribution. To determine if the Neanderthal and AMH adaptive systems exploited different environmental regimes, their predicted eco-cultural niches, plotted in ecological space against available climatic data, were reviewed for each climatic phase. To determine which environmental variables most influenced the reconstructed niches, principal component analyses (PCA) were performed on these same data (climatic and geographic variables) for each period using SPSS 16.0. We employed the GARP capability to project the ecological niche predicted for a climatic phase onto the environmental conditions of a subsequent period to evaluate if an adaptive system exploited the same ecological niche across different climatic phases (i.e., niche conservation). The resulting projection is compared to the locations of known occurrences for the latter period to see whether or not the model successfully predicts their spatial distribution. The degree of predictivity (i.e., niche stability) was evaluated statistically by determining the proportional area predicted present by the projected model at each predictive threshold (i.e., 10 out 10 best subset models in agreement, 9 out of 10 in agreement, etc.) along with the number of occurrence points correctly predicted at each threshold. A cumulative binomial statistic is applied to these values to determine whether the coincidence between projected predictions and independent test points is significantly better than random expectations (Table 1). In other words, this approach evaluates whether the two distributions are more similar to one another than one would expect by chance. To further examine variability within and between eco-cultural niches, we calculated a measure of niche breadth as the sum of the variances along independent factor axes [72], [73]. First, predictions for each adaptive system and each climatic phase were projected with GARP onto the climatic variables associated with GI8. We performed a PCA on the GI8 climatic variables, and retained sufficient factors to explain 99% of the overall variance (N = 3). Then, the variance of the factor loadings associated with areas predicted present by all 10 best subset models was calculated along each principal component and then summed across them. This sum is a robust measure of niche breadth, defined as the diversity of abiotic conditions under which a species can maintain a population [72], [74]. Supporting Information Table S1. Archaeological sites with radiometrically dated components attributed to Neanderthals (Mousterian, Châtelperronian, Bohunician) or AMH (Aurignacian) for the pre-H4, H4, and GI8 climatic phases. (0.18 MB DOC) Author Contributions Conceived and designed the experiments: WEB. Performed the experiments: WEB. Analyzed the data: WEB Fd ATP. 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Accounting Midterm Review Random Miscellaneous Quiz Can you name the Accounting Midterm Review? Quiz not verified by Sporcle How to Play Score 0/60 Timer 20:00 A journal is a ________. Cash in Bank, Computer Equipment, and Accounts Receivable are all _______s? Accounts payable has a normal______balance? A credit increases on the______? What is Revenue? A transposition error occurs when? A single rule means? A check stub _________. A slide error occurs when_______. the third step in the accounting cycle is ________? the second step in the accounting cycle is______? Capital has a normal_______ balance? a fiscal year is how long? $32000(asset) = ________ + $15600(owners equity) the act of putting the transactions in the journal is called_________. Leger account forms record ___________ accounts. Accounts Payable is considered a ________? a source document is________. Financial claim is the creditors legal right to the item (True/False?) withdrawals has a normal______balance? Net loss occurs when ________ is higher than ________. Should the business owner mix private and business accounts? A receipt ________. A trial balance is______. Adding the credit and debits and comparing them is called? What is a liability? A memorandum is _________. What are Expenses? Capital and withdrawals are both considered______ _____? Cash in Bank has a normal______balance? The normal balance is recorded______? What number do asset accounts begin at? What is a chart of accounts? Revenue recognition is when business owners_______? the fifth step in the accounting cycle is ______. Buying on credit is the same as buying on account. (True/False?) What is a withdrawal? a calendar year spans between what two dates? Revenue, expense, and withdrawals are________ accounts? A T account helps organize accounts by_____? Assets and liabilities __________ accounts? Assets increase on the __________ side? Net income is the ____________. A general journal is an _______ purpose journal? A debit increases on the______? The balance sheet section of the includes ______ , _______, and _______ accounts. Mistakes are corrected using a _____. Expenses increase on the ________ side? the revenue and expense accounts are listed in the _________section of the work sheet An invoice________. Property is anything a business owns (True/False?) Liabilities increase ont the __________ side? Double entry accounting recognizes the two sides of the business transactions as_____? The Accounting Cycle the first step in the accounting cycle is_______? the fourth step in the accounting cycle is ________? Grooming Revenue has a normal_______balance? the work sheet is________. Posting is the process of transferring in formation from _______ to ________. The 6th step in the accounting cycle is_____. Friend Scores   Player Best Score Plays Last Played You You haven't played this game yet. You Might Also Like... Created Jan 25, 2011ReportNominate Tags:accounting, midterm, review
Abraham, Isaac, Jacob The Quran does not refer to the deaths of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, but Muslim exegesis reports that all three of these prophets were buried in a cave in the city of Khalil (Hebron) in Palestine. Ibn Kathir reports that the tomb of Abraham, the tomb of his son Isaac, and the tomb of his grandson Jacob are in the part of the ancient city of Khalil which Solomon b. David built. Isaac is said to have lived for a hundred years after the birth of his sons Esau and Jacob, and died when he was 170 years old. Some Muslim exegetes claim that his sons buried him in the tomb of his father Abraham, in a great field. Muslim tradition states that Jacob settled in Egypt and lived there for seventeen years after his reunion with Joseph. Jacob bequeathed to Joseph that he should be buried with his father and grandfather, Isaac and Abraham. Joseph is reported to have taken Jacob's body and buried it in a cave in Hebron which Abraham had purchased from Ephron b. Sakhr. It is also said that when Jacob died the people of Egypt cried for 70 days, and that Joseph had the physicians of Egypt prepare his body for forty days. Muslim exegetes report that Joseph was also embalmed, placed in a special coffin, and transported with Moses and the Israelites back to Palestine where he was buried with Jacob, Isaac, and Abraham. Jewish tradition also holds that Adam and Eve are buried in the Cave of Machpela in Hebron, and that the cave was originally a passageway to the garden of Eden. Pitt Rivers
: ZKM :: Artikel :: cITy Peter Weibel The City in the Post-industrial Information Society Transforming from a place of production to a place of consumption Peter Weibel *__Around 1900 the term urbanism was invented to describe a scientific method to control and shape, to analyze and study the growth of cities. This method became necessary because the growth of cities has reached a point where they could not be planned anymore. Cities got out of control. The industrial revolution has generated cities of a size above all prognoses and expectations. Poverty, misery, hygienic deficits, dust and dirt exploded. Urbanists should find a way to give cities a human face again by planning. The classical conception of a city from where these urbanists started was the city as a place of production. In the wake of the industrial revolution the city was conceived as a sequence of phases conditioned by industrial labor. You start with an assembly line. Around the assembly line you build a factory. Around the factory you build the homes of the workers. Around the homes you build shops, restaurants and other services. Precisely in that sense we can perceive the publication of a large volume entitled »Une Cité Industrielle« by Tony Garnier in 1907. This project is a significant milestone in modern town planning, as Le Corbusier said: »The first example of urban land defined as public space and organized to accommodate amenities for the common benefit of the inhabitants [...] integrating housing, work and contact between citizens.« Another title for the project was indeed »City of Labor«. So it is very clear, that modern city planning had as source the idea of labor and production, on the basis of the industrial revolution. Only three main functions have therefore been conceived by Garnier: production, housing and health facilities. The dictatorship of production turned housing and health in the service of production. Workers had to be healthy and therefore housed well to stay stable and reliable in the production process. Therefore we can say, the center of the conception of the modern city is production. A post-modern critique realized that the city in that sense is not only deteriorating the urban environment but in fact is completely dependant on the environment outside the city. The energy, the food, the water, nearly everything comes from the non urban environment. The industrial city is not self dependent, does not sustain itself. Sustainability becomes therefore the central critical argument against the concept of the modern city as a place of production. Because this production could only be maintained by the energy and the means of production that came from outside the city. The urban »footstep theory« made us clear that the city leaves many footprints in the environment outside the city. An area from ten to twenty times bigger than the area of the cit. The urban »footstep theory« made us clear that the city leaves many footprints in the environment outside the city. An area from ten to twenty times bigger than the area of the city itself is needed to support the city, to make the city survive, to make the production in the city going, to keep the operating of the city sustained. So it became evident, that a town focused on industry and production cannot survive. It does not only destroy its non urban environment outside the city, but in consequence also the city itself. Therefore the post-modern city moved the shopping area at the periphery of the city and the production and industrial zone even outside in front and far of the city. The centers of the city became vacant. The typical American city was the »bagel city«. But naturally the problem of sustainability was only partially solved by the post-modern non-industrial city. Responsibility for the supply of water, gas, electricity, canalization, information cabeling, food, medicine, traffic, sanitary facilities, schools, public services has still to be taken. Strict reduction of factories and other production sites was a first attempt to reduce the footprints in the environments and make the cities sustainable. At the historic moment when material products of labor lost their pivotal role in the accumulation of capital in the post-industrial society, where immaterial labor, the acts of communication and services, investing in stocks and shares etc., could generate more profit than material labor, also the city changed from a center of labor to a center of immaterial labor like services and communication. Consumption is part of this new kind of urban communication, like shopping is part of consumption. The complete solution of the problems caused by the insustainability of the modern city came by transforming the city from a place of production into a place of consumption. Post-modern contemporary cities are no longer the places of the primary and secondary spheres of economy that is the spheres of production, but have become the places of the tertiary spheres of economy that is the spheres of communication, services, transactions. The post industrial city in the information age has become the knot in a web of universal transmissions and transactions, f. e. of goods, currencies, messages, information [all kinds of material and immaterial commodities, even cultural commodities]. Consumption in the form of shopping has become a main part of the attraction cities have today for visitors. Therefore tourists have become more important for cities than inhabitants. It is only consequent, that the post-modern city learned from Las Vegas, as we know since Las Vegas with 40 million tourists a year is the post-modern city par excellence. Tourists are more cherished than the inhabitants by city planning which is symptomatical for post-modern city planning, which as I said is build on consumption instead of production. The post-modern city in the arising net society transacts in such a complex vertical structure everyday millions of information, which control the supply of food and news, of the contents of cultural, administrative, productive and consumptive institutions that it can only be sustained with the help of computers. Computer sustainability has become the core of the post-modern city. This sustainability is centred on the consumption of cultural or economic goods. The exchange of information, of services has become the new value, not anymore the exchange of products. The exchange of products still exists, but it does not have anymore the classical function to maximize profit. Profit maximization can be done today much better in the tertiary sphere of economy. On this thesis is build the triumph of the New Economy over the old economy. Cities of consumption have a new way to regulate the contact between citizens. The way is not built anymore on labor but on services. If people cannot do services to each other they see no reason for communication. Cities of consumption are the final triumph of urbanism and communication build on principles of economy, money and profit. Cultural goods are also subjugated to these laws of economy. Cultural institutions are not measured by the quality of their labor, but by the quantity of their visitors and their profiles for tourist attractions. Cultural institutions turn under the power of economy into institutions of consumption. Event culture, branding, target marketing are not only parts of urban planning but also of cultural institutions. The new cities of the new economy are not only temples of consumption, not only paradises of ecstatic shopping of cultural or material goods, of cultural or commercial enjoyment, f. e. like multiplex cinemas which provide you with food, films and clothing, they are above all new masks of the market, which make invisible the mechanism of the capital. To tear off the urban masks of the capital we cannot rely anymore on culture, because culture has become part of the mask as a privileged way of consumption. We have to go back to the fatal attractors: sin, dirt, hope, chaos. We have to give the cities again the profile of hope. The masses are attracted to cities in the third world even if they know they will find dirt there and poverty. They are attracted by the chaos of the city, because if nothing can be planned everything is possible. Each individual could be the one out of a million to make a career in the city. Unplanned cities, uncontrolled cities like in the third world and not cities as fortresses like in the west are the future. The cities of consumption in the post-industrial information age are the new masks of the old fortress. ][ [erschienen in: »Energy and Urban Strategies«, Marc Hewitt, Susannah Hagan [Hg.]; Vortrag anläßl. des gleichnamigen Symposiums des Austrian Cultural Institute, London, 1999.]
Take the 2-minute tour × If I have a line of copper wire (lets say 1 meter long, 1mm thick) and one end is a flattened disk of copper about the size of a quarter, and I apply a lot of heat to it (I'm talking 800 Celsius) will the entire line be heated to the same degree? I mean what temperature will the unheated end be after, say, a minute? Can it too reach 800 degrees over time? how much time? And lets assume it's in a vacuum so no air removes any of the heat the copper holds. share|improve this question I have TIG wielded with #12AWG copper wire. One end is liquid, several inches away I hold it in my gloved hand. The glove is for UV protection. I have done the same with aluminum. –  Optionparty Dec 31 '13 at 2:45 1 Answer 1 up vote 0 down vote accepted Heat transport here obeys the heat diffusion equation $\partial_t T = \chi \partial^2_{xx} T$ where T(x,t) is the temperature and $\chi$ is the heat diffusivity. For copper $\chi \sim 10^{-4}$ m$^2$/s, according to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_diffusivity. Neglecting heat losses (thermal radiation in vacuum) we can estimate that in time $\tau \sim L^2/\chi$ where $L\sim$1 m is the wire length, the temperature will be pretty well equilibrated along the wire. Putting the numbers in, $\tau \sim 1/10^{-4} = 10^{4}$ s $ \sim $ 1 hour. An exact solution (in the form of a series) can be easily obtained if radiation is neglected. In particular it will show that the temperature at the unheated end will reach 800 C asymptotically in time (but will get close to it in $\tau \sim L^2/\chi$). But with radiation the problem becomes nonlinear, so a numerical solution will be needed. But I would expect for this relatively low temperature and small surface area (thin wire) the effect of radiation losses will be pretty small, probably it will produce a correction below 1% . share|improve this answer Your Answer