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Digging the lockdown hole deeper The Lockdown Depression is rushing toward us. Many in politics, media, and industry are digging the hole deeper, some through panic and ignorance, others cynically pushing anti-industry agendas or serving vested interests. We will never rebuild our industries and jobs with locks, chains, hobbles, handcuffs, or handouts. We need to recognize the realities of history, geography, geology, and economics. Australia is a huge dry continent with an empty heart — over 70% is desert, indigenous land, or national parks. Outback mines provide some income and employment, but a huge area does little to employ, feed, or clothe Australians. Too much land is a haven for weeds, pests, and bushfires; a no-go zone for water conservation or mineral exploration; and a magnet for overpopulated neighbors. The foundations for today's Australia were built by aboriginals, explorers, miners, farmers, and foresters. The first European explorers marveled at the vast grasslands and open forests, which were created and maintained by frequent aboriginal fires. Then prospectors, miners, drovers, and settlers blazed the first wagon tracks and droving trails. Foresters followed to harvest timber, thus clearing land for small farms in fertile coastal areas. The mighty Cobb and Co had a policy to "Follow the Gold," and their coach tracks became roads, and their supply stations became towns. The overland telegraph crossed the continent, and railways and road trains replaced horse-powered coaches, camel trains, and bullock wagons. Mines built towns and roads everywhere. The taxes paid by mines and their employees supported an ever-growing government/welfare sector, and their profits funded smelters, refineries, and fabricators processing iron and steel, copper, lead, zinc, and aluminum. These backbone industries have always carried Australia through wars, droughts, depressions, and epidemics. When gold bottomed, wool boomed. Then wheat, beef, mutton, cotton, sugar, and rice buffered the cycles in base metal prices; then iron and coal became our backstop industries. But these workhorses are now heavily handicapped by locked gates and no-go zones, green hobbles, inadequate education in engineering and science, expensive electricity, excessive taxes, and export tariffs and barriers and red tape. Government handouts will create nothing but debt and dependency. Our real industries could pull us out of the looming Lockdown Depression, but they must be set free to do it. The first step is to break the Green manacles on Australia's backbone industries — exploration, mining, and agriculture. Mineral deposits are where you find them — their discovery and development cannot be planned by some bureaucratic model. And it is a scandal that a mining project can take ten years or forever to get through the bloated bureaucracy. Agriculture needs water, so build more dams. And stop prosecuting and fining farmers and graziers for managing their own land and vegetation — this neglect and oppression is sowing the seeds of rural revolt. Kyoto must be unwound. Secondly, people hesitate to develop businesses or improve assets on insecure title. Governments should quickly offer all leasehold and indigenous landowners individual freehold title to their lands on attractive terms. Then abolish the capital gains tax so that aging owners are encouraged to sell to new owners who will immediately start thinking of productive capital improvements. Thirdly, convert half of the land frozen in national parks and reserves to freehold forestry, grazing, or nature tourism. Locking up so much land for weeds, pests, and bushfires is criminal waste. Fourthly, industry needs low-cost reliable power. We must ensure that every electricity generator who connects to the grid can supply reliable 24/7 power using its own backup facilities or via firm contracts. Finally, abandon the Zero Emissions farce. Bullock-drawn wagons, camel trains, and horse teams may achieve the zero-emissions dream, but they will not keep our cities fed — there are no electric tractors, dozers, or road trains. This Lockdown Depression is giving us a taste of "Zero Emissions." It is a bitter taste. It leads to unemployment and poverty with no proven benefits for nature or the climate.
What is GST? GST stands for “Goods and Services Tax” which was levied by the Indian government in July 2017. It is an indirect tax that a consumer has to pay for various goods and services such as electronic items, petroleum products, electricity, etc. GST on health insurance premium also increased by 3%. It is mainly of two types: • CGST: This is the charge that goes to the central government for every transaction. This is also charged for interstate transportation of goods. • SGST: This is charged by the state government for the intra-state movement of goods under GST. Effects of GST on Health Insurance: Before the implementation of GST, the payable tax on health insurance policy was 15%. But when it was implemented in 2017, the tax rose by 3%, bringing the total payable tax to 18%. Care Health Insurance, formerly known as Religare offers various health insurance policies at affordable prices. Let’s understand it with an example: Suppose a person buys a healthcare policy with a premium of Rs.12,000 per year. The total amount payable: • Before GST: 15% of Rs.12,000= Rs.1800 + premium amount. • After GST: 18% of Rs.12,000= Rs.2,160 + premium amount. Advantages of GST Implementation in the Health Insurance Policy: Although one must think from the above example that the prices of health insurance increased, which is true, but there is also a positive impact of GST. As the competition is increasing, the insurance companies are worried that they might lose customers, if the premium for the policies is too high. In India, not everyone can afford a health insurance policy, and with the increase in the prices, they will be less likely to buy an insurance policy. This led to the insurance companies introducing more affordable plans which are ultimately lower than the previous premium that an individual had to pay before. Disadvantages of GST Implementation in the Health Insurance Policy: • According to the new tax system, all the new and existing policyholders have to pay an increased amount for their policies. • The input tax credit facility will no longer be available for the individual policyholders. All the tax advantages that a group policyholder availed has also gone with the new tax law. • Before the GST, the individual policyholders had to pay a 15% tax. With the increment of 3%, the policyholders have to pay 18% tax on the premium. Health Insurance Policies that are Exempted from GST: All the insurance policies that are provided under the government schemes are exempted from GST. Some of them are: 1. Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojna 2. Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojna 3. Aam Aadmi Bima Yojna (AABY) 4. Janashree Bima Yojna (JBY), etc. Life insurance provided to the Army, Navy, and Airforce which is provided by the central government is also exempted. A person buying an insurance policy must always keep the need and requirement in his mind. Ultimately, your need and financial conditions will be the deciding factor. Please enter your comment! Please enter your name here
NASA Meatball NASA Dryden SR-71 banner SR-71A - in Flight from Below at Takeoff SR-71A - in Flight from Below at Takeoff Photo Number: EC97-43933-1 Photo Date: February 1997 Formats: 558x480 JPEG Image (41 KBytes) 1190x1024 JPEG Image (359 KBytes) 3030x2606 JPEG Image (6,860 KBytes) With landing gear retracting, NASA Dryden Flight Research Center’s SR-71A Blackbird, tail number 844, powers its way off the Edwards AFB runway with two Pratt & Whitney JT11D-20 engines rated at 34,000 pounds of thrust each, on a 1997 flight. Three SR-71 aircraft were used at different times during the 1990s by NASA as test beds for high-speed and high-altitude aeronautical research. The aircraft, two SR-71A and an SR-71B pilot trainer aircraft, have been based here at NASA's Dryden Flight Research Center, Edwards, California. They were transferred to NASA after the U.S. Air Force program was cancelled. The SR-71 was used in a program to study ways of reducing sonic booms or over pressures that are heard on the ground, much like sharp thunderclaps, when an aircraft exceeds the speed of sound. Data from this Sonic Boom Mitigation Study could eventually lead to aircraft designs that would reduce the "peak" overpressures of sonic booms and minimize the startling affect they produce on the ground. One of the first major experiments to be flown in the NASA SR-71 program was a laser air data collection system. It used laser light instead of air pressure to produce airspeed and attitude reference data, such as angle of attack and sideslip, which are normally obtained with small tubes and vanes extending into the airstream. One of Dryden's SR-71s was used for the Linear Aerospike Rocket Engine, or LASRE Experiment. Another earlier project consisted of a series of flights using the SR-71 as a science camera platform for NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. An upward-looking ultraviolet video camera placed in the SR-71’s nosebay studied a variety of celestial objects in wavelengths that are blocked to ground-based astronomers. Earlier in its history, Dryden had a decade of past experience at sustained speeds above Mach 3. Two YF-12A aircraft and an SR-71 designated as a YF-12C were flown at the center between December 1969 and November 1979 in a joint NASA/USAF program to learn more about the capabilities and limitations of high-speed, high-altitude flight. The YF-12As were prototypes of a planned interceptor aircraft based on a design that later evolved into the SR-71 reconnaissance aircraft. Dave Lux was the NASA SR-71 project manger for much of the decade of the 1990s, followed by Steve Schmidt. Developed for the USAF as reconnaissance aircraft more than 30 years ago, SR-71s are still the world's fastest and highest-flying production aircraft. The aircraft can fly at speeds of more than 2,200 miles per hour (Mach 3+, or more than three times the speed of sound) and at altitudes of over 85,000 feet. The Lockheed Skunk Works (now Lockheed Martin) built the original SR-71 aircraft. Each aircraft is 107.4 feet long, has a wingspan of 55.6 feet, and is 18.5 feet high (from the ground to the top of the rudders, when parked). Gross takeoff weight is about 140,000 pounds, including a possible fuel weight of 80,280 pounds. The airframes are built almost entirely of titanium and titanium alloys to withstand heat generated by sustained Mach 3 flight. Aerodynamic control surfaces consist of all-moving vertical tail surfaces, ailerons on the outer wings, and elevators on the trailing edges between the engine exhaust nozzles. The two SR-71s at Dryden have been assigned the following NASA tail numbers: NASA 844 (A model), military serial 61-7980 and NASA 831 (B model), military serial 61-7956. From 1990 through 1994, Dryden also had another "A" model, NASA 832, military serial 61-7971. This aircraft was returned to the USAF inventory and was the first aircraft reactivated for USAF reconnaissance purposes in 1995. It has since returned to Dryden along with SR-71A 61-7967. NASA Photo by: Jim Ross Keywords: SR-71; Dryden Flight Research Center; U.S. Air Force; sonic booms; Jet Propulsion Laboratory; LASRE; YF-12; Dave Lux; Steve Schmidt; Lockheed Skunk Works; Lockheed Martin; Pratt & Whitney; Blackbird; high speed research; supersonic research; Mach 3 Last Modified: February 6, 2002 Responsible NASA Official: Marty Curry Curator: PAO Webmasters NASA Website Privacy Statement
Adult ADD Is a Very Real Thing ADD, or attention defecit disorder, is a neurological disorder that causes difficulty focusing, impulsive activity, and sometimes anxiety. Adults with ADD might say some of the following to themselves: Much more adults suffer through ADD than one might think, but it is hard to identify due to the wide range of symptoms. ADD is especially hard to deal with as an adult because of how it affects their work and home lives. Living with ADD makes it hard to concentrate on specific tasks, which can in turn lead to several job changes, dismal performance at work, and even unemployment at its worst. The biggest and defining symptom of ADD is that those effected suffer from the inability to plan ahead for tasks and take them to completion. Another defining symptom is general restlessness and distractedness. ADD was once believed to not affect adults; in the 1980s, doctors and clinicians theorized that ADD could remain from childhood to adulthood. The amount of people that suffer from ADD increased by triple the previous amount from 2002 to 2007. In the USA alone, 10 million people experience ADD signs and symptoms. However, almost ¾ of the 10 million affected do not even know that it is ADD. Many adults that experience ADD symptoms are not able to recognize the signs because they were never diagnosed, especially when younger. When these same people start going through the trials and tribulations of adulthood, the stress of it all makes their ADD symptoms much more recognizable. Are any of these symptoms sounding familiar to you? Is it hard for you to maintain focus and concentration? Is your work or social life suffering due to constant distraction? You are not alone. Reach out to us at the Institute for Advanced Medical Research at 770-817-9200 to learn about what treatment options are out there for you. You Might Also Enjoy... Is it anxiety or depression? Anxiety and depression can look a lot alike, but there are some distinct differences. Our recommendation: get a professional opinion from a physician!
Earth to Mars Physics is the natural science that studies matter, its motion and behavior through space and time, and the related entities of energy and force. Physics is one of the most fundamental scientific disciplines, and its main goal is to understand how the universe behaves. The majority of Physics graduates end up working in research roles. Signifies a course that can usually be completed at both community college or a four year college. Signifies a course that can likely be completed at only a four year college.
Keep your animals safe and avoid decorating with yew Did you know that ornamental yew trees and shrubs are highly toxic to horses and pets? The festive evergreen boughs and bright red berry-like arils of these popular landscape plants make their trimmings a popular choice for holiday wreaths and decorations. Horses find them very tasty but the bark, needle-like leaves, and seeds are all extremely toxic—as little as 90 grams of yew leaves is sufficient to kill a 1000-pound horse. Should I be concerned if my horse’s urine appears red in snow? The red appearance of horse urine in snow can be normal. Horse urine can change color after being voided due to the presence of plant metabolites (pyrocatechines) in the urine that turn a red or orange color when mixed with oxygen. This happens year round, but is especially noticeable in snow. Normal horse urine should be colorless to yellow to dark yellow.
Impact Factor 2.067 \| CiteScore 3.2 More on impact › Editorial ARTICLE Front. Psychol., 17 December 2019 \| Editorial: The Locus of the Stroop Effect • 1Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, Poole, United Kingdom • 2Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, CRFDP, Rouen, France • 3Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LAPSCO, Clermont-Ferrand, France Editorial on the Research Topic The Locus of the Stroop Effect One of the famous Monty Python's Holy Grail scenes pictures the Knights of the Round attempting to cross the Bridge of Death. After seeing one of his fellow knights failing to answer a challenging question posed by the Bridge keeper and being cast into the Gorge of Eternal Peril, Sir Galahad nervously approaches the Bridge keeper who asks his name, his quest and….his favorite color. Relieved, he answers with ease before being struck by a sense of dread after saying the color “blue.” The problem, he realizes as he plummets into the gorge, is that his favorite color is in fact yellow… Even though individuals failing the requirements of the Stroop task (Stroop, 1935) are spared the dread Sir Galahad experienced, they are often heard self-correcting with some sense of consternation: “blue….no yellow! Arghh!”. The Stroop task requires participants to respond quickly to the color a word is printed in whilst at the same time ignoring the meaning of the word itself. The cost of failing to ignore the word is not a plunge into the Gorge of Eternal Peril, but is instead an incorrect response, or more commonly, longer response times compared to when naming the print color of a word that is not color-related (e.g., club in yellow). However, almost 30 years after the publication of MacLeod's (1991) seminal review paper, the locus of this so-called Stroop effect remains unclear. The aim of the present Research Topic was to address this still outstanding question. When aiming to respond to the color, a participant must focus on that task and once perceived, a semantic representation of the color needs to be activated before the associated word form is retrieved. The Stroop effect suggests that this process can be interrupted by the processing of the to-be-ignored word since the task of word reading is seemingly automatically activated, as is the semantic representation of the word and its word form. Potentially then, amongst other loci, the process of color naming could be interrupted at the level of task set activation, semantic processing, and the word form response. Much of the theory and research however has assumed that the interruption, the locus of the Stroop effect, is at the level of responses (Cohen et al., 1990; Roelofs, 2003), and that it is this type of conflict for which control mechanisms monitor (Botvinick et al., 2001). In line with a recent and burgeoning literature (e.g., Parris, 2014; Levin and Tzelgov, 2016; Augustinova et al., 2018; Entel and Tzelgov, 2018; Kalanthroff et al., 2018; Ferrand et al., 2019; Hasshim et al., 2019; Hershman and Henik, 2019; Parris et al., 2019), the contributions to this Research Topic report findings that indicate that there is more than one locus to the Stroop effect. Littman et al. review the literature on the physiological and behavioral signatures of task conflict and task control in the Stroop task whilst Hsieh and Sharma invoke task conflict and its (proactive) control to account for a general slowdown in color naming of studied non-color neutral and negative emotional words in the Stroop task. Continuing with the notion that emotion can modify Stroop effects, Berger et al. show that age does not affect the use of proactive control over emotion-related Stroop stimuli, but that the nature of the influence of emotion on Stroop effects depends on whether faces or words were the relevant dimension. The modulating effects of response mode were examined in two contributions. In two experiments, Augustinova et al. report that the locus of interference and facilitation effects might depend on response mode with more types of interference (e.g., task, semantic, and response) and facilitation contributing to the vocal, compared to the manual, response. Highlighting another difference, Mills et al. report a negative priming effect in the vocal (Experiment 1) but not with manual (Experiment 2) Stroop task. The authors argued that this is because it is the actual naming response of the previously ignored stimulus that is suppressed and not the conflict that it generates. In an fMRI study that controlled for variables that are often confounded, Parris et al. report regions of similar and dissociable neural activity to response and semantic conflict in the Stroop task, whilst Banich summarizes and updates the Cascade-of-Control neural model that argues that there is no single locus to the Stroop effect, and more importantly that the locus might move depending on how well each brain system deals with interference. In their article, Algom and Chajut argue that the popular “conflict monitoring and control” view of the Stroop effect (Botvinick et al., 2001) fails to account for major Stroop results. Instead, they defend a “data-driven selective attention” view that they argue best accounts for most of Stroop results and one that does not involve higher-order cognitive level processes of control. Much of the work on the locus of the Stroop effect focusses on the conflict that occurs between the two dimensions of the stimulus on the current trial. However, two studies in this Research Topic build on work showing that interference is smaller on the current trial if the previous trial was incongruent; an effect known as the congruency sequence effect (CSE). Ménétré and Laganaro investigate subprocesses involved in the CSE with participants aged from 10 to 80 years old in order to analyze how interference, CSE, and the decomposition of attention and inhibition change across the lifespan. Aschenbrenner and Balota in contrast examine the relationship of the CSE with another measure of control referred to as the item-specific proportion congruency effect (ISPC). In sum, these studies, reporting differences at behavioral and neurophysiological levels, highlight the loci of the Stroop effect at the level of task set, semantic, and response selection with the modulating effects of emotion and congruency-sequence. Author Contributions Each author summarized the articles in the Research Topic that they edited. BP wrote the first draft of the editorial. MA and LF provided comments and recommended amendments. This work was part funded by grant ANR-19-CE28-0013-01. Conflict of Interest Augustinova, M., Silvert, S., Spatola, N., and Ferrand, L. (2018). Further investigation of distinct components of Stroop interference and of their reduction by short response stimulus intervals. Acta Psychol. 189, 54–62. doi: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2017.03.009 PubMed Abstract \| CrossRef Full Text \| Google Scholar PubMed Abstract \| CrossRef Full Text \| Google Scholar Cohen, J. D., Dunbar, K., and McClelland, J. L. (1990). On the control of automatic processes: a parallel distributed processing account of the Stroop effect. Psychol. Rev. 97:332. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.97.3.332 PubMed Abstract \| CrossRef Full Text \| Google Scholar Entel, O., and Tzelgov, J. (2018). Focussing on task conflict in the Stroop effect. Psychol. Res. 82, 284–295. doi: 10.1007/s00426-016-0832-8 PubMed Abstract \| CrossRef Full Text \| Google Scholar Ferrand, L., Ducrot, S., Chausse, P., Maïonchi-Pino, N., O'Connor, R. J., Parris, B. A., et al. (2019). Stroop interference is a composite phenomenon: evidence from distinct developmental trajectories of its components. Dev. Sci. doi: 10.1111/desc.12899 PubMed Abstract \| CrossRef Full Text \| Google Scholar Hasshim, N., Downes, M., Bate, S., and Parris, B. A. (2019). Response time distribution analysis of semantic and response interference in a manual response Stroop task. Exp. Psychol. 66, 231–238. doi: 10.1027/1618-3169/a000445 PubMed Abstract \| CrossRef Full Text \| Google Scholar Hershman, R., and Henik, A. (2019). Dissociation between reaction time and pupil dilation in the Stroop task. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 45, 1899–1909. doi: 10.1037/xlm0000690 PubMed Abstract \| CrossRef Full Text \| Google Scholar Kalanthroff, E., Davelaar, E., Henik, A., Goldfarb, L., and Usher, M. (2018). Task conflict and proactive control: a computational theory of the Stroop task. Psychol. Rev. 125, 59–82. doi: 10.1037/rev0000083 PubMed Abstract \| CrossRef Full Text \| Google Scholar Levin, Y., and Tzelgov, T. (2016). What Klein's “semantic gradient” does and does not really show: decomposing Stroop interference into task and informational conflict components. Front. Psychol. 7:249. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00249 CrossRef Full Text \| Google Scholar MacLeod, C. M. (1991). Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: An integrative review. Psychol. Bull. 109, 163–203. PubMed Abstract \| Google Scholar Parris, B. A. (2014). Task conflict in the Stroop task: when Stroop interference decreases as Stroop facilitation increases in a low task conflict context. Front. Psychol. 5:1182. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01182 PubMed Abstract \| CrossRef Full Text \| Google Scholar Parris, B. A., Sharma, D., Weekes, B. S. H., Momenian, M., Augustinova, M., and Ferrand, L. (2019). Response modality and the Stroop task: are there phonological Stroop effects with manual responses? Exp. Psychol. 66, 361–367. doi: 10.1027/1618-3169/a000459 CrossRef Full Text \| Google Scholar Roelofs, A. (2003). Goal-referenced selection of verbal action: modeling attentional control in the Stroop task. Psychol. Rev. 110, 88–125. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.110.1.88 PubMed Abstract \| CrossRef Full Text \| Google Scholar CrossRef Full Text \| Google Scholar Keywords: Stroop, selective attention, cognitive control, task conflicts, semantic conflict, response conflict Citation: Parris BA, Augustinova M and Ferrand L (2019) Editorial: The Locus of the Stroop Effect. Front. Psychol. 10:2860. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02860 Received: 29 November 2019; Accepted: 03 December 2019; Published: 17 December 2019. Edited and reviewed by: Bernhard Hommel, Leiden University, Netherlands *Correspondence: Benjamin A. Parris,
Continuous 2 on 1 w/Backchecker Drill Diagram 1. on whistle, one forward from each corner in one end leaves and skates straight up ice. 2. coach hits one of the forwards with a pass 3. backchecker chases the forward who didn't receive the pass 4. defenseman steps out and plays the 2 on 1 5. player who backchecked turns to one corner or the other, whichever side he turns to has to backcheck on the way back Notes: More drills and skills at Tags: - 2 on 1 with backchecker
When everyone has a home Housing advice for Northern Ireland Overcrowding in shared housing When a landlord applies for a licence for a HMO, the property is approved for a maximum number of persons. If there are more people living in the property than the license allows, the landlord has committed an offence. If the property is not a HMO, the only protection from overcrowding is if the council believes that the problem is causing a statutory nuisance. Find out if your shared home should be a licensed HMO. There are two different standards used to work out how many people can live in a HMO property. The room standard for HMOs A HMO will be overcrowded if a person who is 13 or older must sleep in the same room as: • Any person of the opposite sex who is also 13 or older; or • A couple. The space standard for HMOs A HMO will also be overcrowded if there are more people sleeping in a bedroom or living room than are allowed by the space standard. This is a set of measurements which sets out exactly how many people can safely sleep in a room. When counting people for the space standard, a child under the age of 12 is counted as half a person. You do not count babies under the age of one. If a room is used only as a bedroom, the space standard allows: • A maximum of one person to sleep in a room measuring between 6.5m2 and 11m2; • A maximum of two people to sleep in a room measuring between 11m2 and 15m2; • A maximum of three people to sleep in a room measuring between 15m2 and 19.5m2. Four people can sleep in a room measuring 19.5m2, and one additional person can sleep in that room for every 4.5 m2 above 19.5 m2. A room measuring less than 6.5m2 is not suitable for use as sleeping accommodation. Different measurements are used for rooms which are used as a bedroom and living room, and for rooms used as bedroom, living room and kitchen. These measurements can be found in Part 4 of The Houses in Multiple Occupation Act (NI) 2016. The council uses a particular method to measure room, which accounts for things like sloping ceilings, hot presses and projecting chimney breasts. Getting help with overcrowding Get advice if you think your HMO is overcrowded. You can report your concern to the council’s HMO unit, who will inspect the property to see if there are more people living there than are allowed by the license. What happens if a HMO is overcrowded? Allowing a HMO to become overcrowded is an offence. The council can serve an overcrowding notice on a landlord if council officers believe that • A HMO is overcrowded or • A HMO is likely to become overcrowded. For example, if there is a baby in the property and the property is currently at maximum occupancy the property will become overcrowded once the baby turns one. The landlord must then do something to reduce the overcrowding in the property. This probably means starting the process to evict one of the people living there. If the landlord doesn’t take steps to try to comply with an overcrowding notice, the council can make the landlord pay a penalty of £5,000. Get advice if you’ve been asked to leave your HMO. You still have a right to due process of law and your tenancy agreement may protect you from eviction for a period of time.
Brain cancer facts What Is Brain Cancer? • Brain cancer can arise from many different types of brain cells (primary brain cancer) or occur when cancer cells from other parts of the body spread (metastasize) to the brain. True brain cancers are those that arise in the brain itself. • Grades of brain cancers indicate how aggressive the cancer is. • Type of brain cancer indicates what kind of brain cells that gave rise to the tumor. • Staging of brain cancers indicates the extent of spread of the cancer. • Causes of brain cancer are difficult to prove; avoiding compounds linked to cancer production is advised. • Brain cancer symptoms vary but often include • Other common brain cancer symptoms are • nausea; • vomiting; • blurry vision; • a change in a person's alertness, mental capacity, memory, speech, or personality; and • some patients may hallucinate. • Diagnostic tests for brain cancer involve a history, physical exam, and usually a CT or MRI brain imaging procedure; sometimes a brain tissue biopsy is done. • Treatments usually are directed by a team of doctors and are designed for the individual patient; treatments may include surgery, radiotherapy, or chemotherapy, often in combination. • Side effects of treatments range from mild to severe, and patients need to discuss plans with their treatment team members to clearly understand potential side effects and their prognosis (outcomes). • Depending on the brain cancer type and overall health status of the patient, brain cancer frequently has only a fair to poor prognosis; children have a somewhat better prognosis. Read more about causes of headaches. Brain Cancer Symptoms What is brain cancer? Brain Tumor Tumors in the brain are dangerous because they press on areas of the brain as they grow. Brain cancer is a disease of the brain in which cancer cells (malignant cells) arise in the brain tissue (cancer of the brain). Cancer cells grow to form a mass of cancer tissue (tumor) that interferes with brain functions such as muscle control, sensation, memory, and other normal body functions. Tumors composed of cancer cells are called malignant tumors, and those composed of mainly noncancerous cells are called benign tumors. Cancer cells that develop from brain tissue are called primary brain tumors while tumors that spread from other body sites to the brain are termed metastatic or secondary brain tumors. Statistics suggest that brain cancer occurs infrequently (1.4% of all new cancer patients per year), so it is not considered to be a common illness and is likely to develop in about 23,770 new people per year with about 16,050 deaths as estimated by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) and the American Cancer Society. Only about 5% of brain tumors may be due to hereditary genetic conditions such as neurofibromatosis, tuberous sclerosis, and a few others. What are the types of brain cancers? Primary brain tumors begin in the brain cells. Meningiomas are the primary brain tumors that are the most common. More than 35% of primary brain tumors are meningiomas. The most common primary brain tumors are usually named for the brain tissue type (including brain stem cancers) from which they originally developed. • Gliomas have several subtypes, which include astrocytomas (for example, an astrocytoma is a brain cancer composed of abnormal brain cells known as astrocytes), oligodendrogliomas, ependymomas, and choroid plexus papillomas. Glioblastomas arise from astrocytes and are usually highly aggressive (malignant) tumors; doctors diagnosed Senator John McCain with this form of brain tumor. • These names all reflect different types of cells in the normal brain that can become cancers. When the grades are coupled with the tumor name, it gives doctors a better understanding of the severity of brain cancer. For example, a grade III (anaplastic) glioma is an aggressive tumor, while an acoustic neuroma is a grade I benign tumor. • However, even benign tumors can cause serious problems if they grow big enough to cause increased intracranial pressure or obstruct vascular structures or cerebrospinal fluid flow. What are four grades of brain cancers? Not all brain tumors are alike, even if they arise from the same type of brain tissue. Tumors are assigned a grade depending on how the cells in the tumor appear microscopically. The grade also provides insight as to the cell's growth rate. NCI lists the following grades from benign to most aggressive (grade IV): • Grade III: The malignant tissue has cells that look very different from normal cells. The abnormal cells are actively growing and have a distinctly abnormal appearance (anaplastic). What are the stages of brain cancer? Brain cancers are staged (stage describes the extent of the cancer) according to their cell type and grade because they seldom spread to other organs, while other cancers, such as breast or lung cancer, are staged according to so-called TMN staging which is based on the location and spread of cancer cells. In general, these cancer stages range from 0 to 4; with stage 4 indicating the cancer has spread to another organ (highest stage is 4). Brain Cancer Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment See Slideshow What is metastatic brain cancer? Cancer cells that develop in a body organ such as the lung (primary cancer tissue type) can spread via direct extension, or through the lymphatic system and/or through the bloodstream to other body organs such as the brain. Tumors formed by such cancer cells that spread (metastasize) to other organs are called metastatic tumors. Metastatic brain cancer is a mass of cells (tumor) that originated in another body organ and has spread into the brain tissue. Metastatic tumors in the brain are more common than primary brain tumors. They are usually named after the tissue or organ where the cancer first developed (for example, metastatic lung or breast cancer tumors in the brain, which are the most common types found). Occasionally, an abbreviated name may be used that often confuses people; for example, "small cell brain cancer" actually means "small cell lung cancer that has metastasized to the brain." People should not hesitate to ask their doctor about any terms they do not understand or about the origin of their cancer. Subscribe to MedicineNet's Cancer Report Newsletter What causes brain cancer? Primary brain tumors arise from many types of brain tissue (for example, glial cells, astrocytes, and other brain cell types). Metastatic brain cancer is caused by the spread of cancer cells from a body organ to the brain. However, the causes for the change from normal cells to cancer cells in both metastatic and primary brain tumors are not fully understood. Data gathered by research scientists show that people with certain risk factors are more likely to develop brain cancer. Individuals with risk factors, such as having a job in an oil refinery, handlers of jet fuel or chemicals like benzene, chemists, embalmers, or rubber-industry workers, show higher rates of brain cancer than the general population. Some families have several members with brain cancer, but heredity (genetic passage of traits from parents to children) as a cause for brain tumors has not been proven. Other risk factors such as smoking, radiation exposure, and viral infection (HIV) have been suggested but not proven to cause brain cancer. There is no good evidence that brain cancer is contagious, caused by head trauma, or caused by cell phone use. Although many lay press and web articles claim that aspartame (an artificial sweetener) causes brain cancer, the FDA maintains that it does not cause brain cancer and base their findings on over 100 toxicological and clinical studies regarding the sweetener's safety. Do cell phones cause brain cancer? Currently, many researchers are convinced there is no good evidence for these cancer-causing claims. In December 2010, a large study of about 59,000 cell phone users, with use times ranging over five to 10 years, indicated that no substantial change in brain cancer incidence could be found in these individuals. Investigators suggest that "high usage" of cell phones over long time periods is yet to be investigated. With over 5 billion phones in use and no significant increase in gliomas (the most frequent type of brain cancer) reported worldwide, many investigators think that normal cell use likely causes no harm. However, for those readers who want to minimize any electromagnetic radiation dose from cell phones, the reader can consult the web for a list of phones that produce the highest and lowest radiation levels (for example,;page). In addition, the use of earphones or the speaker function will allow usage without the phone having close proximity to the brain. The American Cancer Society has a detailed review of most of the major studies done on this topic to date ( In addition, the National Cancer Institute has an up-to-date article that discusses the "cell phone and cancer risk" controversy in great detail ( What are brain cancer symptoms and signs? Although there are few early warning signs, the most common signs and symptoms of brain cancer may include one or more of the following: Other common symptoms that can occur include • nausea, • vomiting, • blurry vision, • a change in a person's alertness, • sleepiness, • mental capacity reduction and/or confusion, • memory problems, • changes in speech, such as difficulty speaking, impaired voice, or inability to speak, • personality changes, • hallucinations, • weakness on one side of the body, • coordination problems, • fatigue, and • pins and needles sensations and/or reduced sensation of touch. These symptoms can also occur in people who do not have brain cancer, and none of these symptoms alone or in combination can predict that a person has brain cancer. Cancer can occur in any part of the brain (for example, occipital, frontal, parietal, or temporal lobes, brainstem, or meningeal membranes [meninges; singular is meninx]). Primary cerebral lymphoma can occur but is rare; so are craniopharyngiomas that are derived from the pituitary gland. A few brain cancers may produce few or no symptoms (for example, some meningeal and pituitary gland tumors). What type of doctors treat brain cancer? Usually, the patient's primary care physician or pediatrician helps to coordinate the treatment team of doctors to individually treat the patient. The treatment team may consist of oncologists, neurologists, radiation oncologists, neurosurgeons, and additional personnel like occupational and physical therapists and possibly speech therapists, depending upon the outcome of initial treatments. For patients who have terminal and/or inoperable brain cancer, hospice and other organizations may help the patient and their family and friends coordinate supportive care. What tests do doctors use to diagnose brain cancer? The initial test is an interview that includes a medical history and physical examination of the person by a health care provider. The results of this interaction will determine if other specific tests need to be done. The most frequently used test to detect brain cancer is a CT scan (computerized tomography). This test resembles a series of X-rays and is not painful, although sometimes a dye needs to be injected into a vein for better images of some internal brain structures. Another test that is gaining popularity because of its high sensitivity for detecting anatomic changes in the brain is MRI (magnetic resonance imaging). This test also shows the brain structures in detail better than CT. If the tests show evidence (tumors or abnormalities in the brain tissue) of brain cancer, then other doctors such as neurosurgeons and neurologists that specialize in treating brain ailments will be consulted to help determine what should be done to treat the patient. Occasionally, a tissue sample (biopsy) may be obtained by surgery or insertion of a needle to help determine the diagnosis. Other tests (white blood cell counts, electrolytes, or examination of cerebrospinal fluid to detect abnormal cells or increased intracranial pressure) may be ordered by the health care practitioner to help determine the patient's state of health or to detect other health problems. These tests help differentiate between cancerous and non-cancerous conditions in the brain that may produce similar symptoms (for example, Hippel-Lindau disease or diseases in the spinal cord or the nervous system outside of the brain). What is the treatment for brain cancer? A treatment plan is individualized for each brain cancer patient. The treatment plan is constructed by the doctors who specialize in brain cancer, and treatments vary widely depending on the cancer type, brain location, tumor size, patient age, and the patient's general health status. A major part of the plan is also determined by the patient's wishes. Patients should discuss treatment options with their health care providers. Surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy are the major treatment categories for most brain cancers. Individual treatment plans often include a combination of these treatments. Surgical therapy attempts to remove all of the tumor cells by cutting the tumor away from normal brain tissue. This surgery that involves opening the skull (craniotomy) is often termed invasive surgery to distinguish it from noninvasive radiosurgery or radiation therapy described below. Some brain cancers are termed inoperable by surgeons because attempting to remove the cancer may cause further brain damage or death. However, a brain cancer termed inoperable by one surgeon may be considered operable by another surgeon. Patients with a diagnosis of an inoperable brain tumor should consider seeking a second opinion before surgical treatment is abandoned. Radiation therapy attempts to destroy tumor cells by using high-energy radiation focused onto the tumor to destroy the tumor cells' ability to function and replicate. Radiosurgery is a nonsurgical procedure that delivers a single high dose of precisely targeted radiation using highly focused gamma-ray or X-ray beams that converge on the specific area or areas of the brain where the tumor or other abnormality is located, minimizing the amount of radiation to healthy brain tissue. Equipment used to do radiosurgery varies in its radiation source; a gamma knife uses focused gamma rays, and a linear accelerator uses photons, while heavy-charged particle radiosurgery uses a proton beam. Tomotherapy is a type of radiotherapy in which radiation is delivered in a highly precise and individualized manner that minimizes radiation exposure to healthy tissue; it has also been used to treat brain cancer. Chemotherapy attempts to destroy tumor cells using chemicals (drugs) that are designed to destroy specific types of cancer cells. There are many chemical agents used; specific drug therapies are numerous, and each regimen is usually designed for the specific type of brain cancer and individualized for each patient. For example, bevacizumab (Avastin) is a drug approved for treatment of glioblastomas (glioblastoma multiforme). Chemotherapy can be administered intrathecally (into the cerebrospinal fluid by a spinal tap or through a surgically placed permanent reservoir under the scalp attached through a sterile tubing placed into the fluid-containing chambers in the brain), by IV administration, and biodegradable chemically impregnated polymers. All treatments attempt to spare normal brain cells. Clinical trials (treatment plans designed by scientists and physicians to try new chemicals or treatment methods on patients) can be another way for patients to obtain treatment specifically for their cancer cell type. Clinical trials are part of the research efforts to produce better treatments for all disease types. Stem cell treatments for brain and brain stem cancers and other conditions may be available, because research with patients is ongoing using these potential therapies. The best treatment for brain cancer is designed by the team of cancer specialists in conjunction with the wishes of the patient. Are there any home remedies for brain cancer? What are the side effects of brain cancer treatment? What is the prognosis of treated brain cancer? Is it possible to prevent brain cancer? There are many types of brain cancer. For more specific information about a cancer type, questions and discussions with the patient's treatment team are the best way to obtain specific information. Also, there are many online resources available about brain cancer types. Often, these resources provide additional detailed information about pathology, statistics, treatments, and support groups for brain cancer patients. Health Solutions From Our Sponsors Medically Reviewed on 8/24/2020 American Cancer Society. "Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors in Adults." <>. American Cancer Society. "Survival rates for selected adult brain and spinal cord tumors." Nov. 7, 2017. <>. Switzerland. World Health Organization. "IARC Classifies Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields as Possible Carcinogenic to Humans." May 31, 2011 <>. United States. National Cancer Institute. "Adult Brain Tumor Treatments." Mar. 31, 2011. <>. United States. National Cancer Institute. "Cell Phone and Cancer Risk." Mar. 28, 2016. <>. United States. National Cancer Institute. "SEER Stat Fact Sheets: Brain and Other Nervous System Cancer." <>.
Investigating Digital Literacies as 21st Century Competencies among Normal Technical Students Project Number OER 03/17 RDR Project Duration June 2017 - June 2020 This exploratory research project seeks to collaborate with one secondary school to investigate the potential for infusing 21st Century Competencies in the NT curriculum, beginning with ICT instruction. The project asks the following questions: How can we foster the 21st Century Competencies of creative, collaborative, and critical thinking through digital literacies? To what degree are 21st Century Competencies, specifically creative, collaborative, and critical thinking, present in the NT syllabus and enacted curriculum? What are the curricular principles of digital literacy instruction that promotes the development of creative, collaborative, and critical thinking among NT students? In the initial phase of the project, a framework will be developed based on existing literature in order to guide fieldwork examining students' critical creating and collaborating with online and offline communities. We will then gather data on the presence of 21st Century Competencies within school, including video recordings and interviews with teachers and students. Finally, we will work with the teachers to design curricular principles of a digital literacy curriculum, focusing initially on the ICT department but in conversation with EL and other subjects. Deliverables of this grant include a multi-level research output with different intended audiences and processes. First, the research would produce design principles for a curriculum to foster at-risk youth digital literacy development. Secondly, we will produce scholarly writings advancing knowledge of 21st Century Competencies and digital literacies, including fine-grained interactional studies. Finally, we will produce more accessible work for school administrators and policy makers that would highlight the skills and intelligence of at-risk youth with particular policy implications. Funding Source Related Projects
This article was written due to the current state of our world right now. People are struggling to cope with stress due to uncertainty and worry because of job loss, lack of food, illness, loss of loved ones, and social isolation. Others are dealing with regular abuse as they are quarantined with their abuser and feel like they have no way out. While hundreds of thousands worldwide have either battled the Coronavirus or have lost loved ones to the Virus, one thing I have noticed, and that is, liquor stores remain open as an essential service provider, at least in my area, and I am sure many others. There were reasons provided by the media regarding why they remained open. Some were valid and some were not (in my opinion). This compelled me to educate some and remind others how excessive use of substances can cause a stressful situation to become worse. People are vulnerable when dealing with difficult circumstances – many times, turning to things that have the potential to be damaging if not deadly. This article was written to inform readers on how excessive use of drugs and alcohol can cause Early Onset of Dementia. This condition is rarely talked about but without a fully functioning mind, life becomes even more difficult to manage especially during stressful times. So, I hope many of you find this article useful and food for thought as you consider how to deal with difficult and stressful circumstances. It is my hope that we all come out of this mentally stronger. Okay, so here we go….. When people hear of dementia, they generally think of an adult who is 65 years old or older. However, evidence shows that adults are now developing dementia in their late 30’s and early 40’s; and there are reasons for this (Chaston, 2010). Let’s first start by defining what dementia is. Dementia is a brain disease that is progressive disrupting how the brain functions. Dementia causes a decrease in memory, attention, understanding, balance, coordination, language, and judgment (much like the effects of drugs and alcohol). As dementia continues to progress, motivation, emotional regulation, and appropriate social behavior begin to deteriorate as well (Chaston, 2010). Young or Early Onset Dementia, however, is a more aggressive dementia that devastates the lives of those suffering from it because it occurs during a time when careers are being established and children are still being raised. So, the individual begins to look for ways to cope with the decline in their mental and emotional status as well as deal with the impact that this condition has on their social and financial life (Chaston, 2010). In many cases, young and middle-aged adults who have Early Onset Dementia are diagnosed with specific types – and that is – Vascular Dementia or Alcohol-Related Dementia. So what is Vascular Dementia? Vascular Dementia is the second most common form of dementia and is caused by a series of small strokes and other events that interfere with proper blood flow and oxygen to the brain. This damage stops the brain from functioning normally (National Institute of Health, [NIH], 2020). Risk Factors related to Vascular Dementia. There are many causes of Vascular Dementia. Some may be reversible, and some are not. Dementia that cannot be reversed is caused by injury or disease. Dementia that may be reversible is caused by the following (Arehart-Treichel, 2013; Chasten, 2010).: 1. Alcohol 2. Smoking 3. Drugs 4. Depression 5. High blood pressure 6. Heart disease 7. Obesity 8. Inactive Lifestyle 9. Hormone or vitamin imbalances 10. Thyroid disease 11. Hydrocephalus As you can see, the above-mentioned risk factors are either preventable or, if successfully managed, can decrease the risk of developing Vascular Dementia. Alcohol-related brain damage or alcohol dementia Alcohol-related brain damage (ARBD) also known as alcohol dementia is a brain disorder due to regular heavy drinking of alcohol over several years causing damage to the brain, and can also lead to addiction. (Alzheimer’s Society, 2020). ABRD is a condition that causes a long-term decline in thinking and memory due to excessive alcohol use and the lack of vitamin B1. Vitamin B1 is required to provide the body with energy and is especially important for the brain and nerve cells because they use up so much energy to function properly (Alzheimer’s Society, 2020). Alcohol is a toxin so with regular heavy use, alcohol damages nerve cells, changes chemicals in the brain and causes the brain to shrink. Drugs and alcohol use in teens and young adults Although many risk factors can cause dementia, excess use of drugs and alcohol are known to be the main risk factors for an early-on-set of dementia (Arehart-Treichel, 2013). Therefore, regularly educating teens and young adults of these devastating long-term effects is imperative so that they at least know of the negative consequences and losses they may experience later on in life. For many teens and young adults, drugs and alcohol are a go-to for “having fun”, partying, coping with anxiety, stress, acceptance, depression, purpose, boredom, trauma “escaping”, and pressure to succeed without having a clear direction on how actually do it (American Addiction Centers, 2020a). Teen and young adult brain damage due to drugs and alcohol You see, by the time a child becomes a teen, most parts of the brain are developed to where a normal functioning teen’s memory is sharper than some adults; but there is still one important part of the brain that is not developed until the mid-twenties. Consequently, this puts the teen’s brain at a higher risk for the harmful impact that is caused by drug and alcohol use (Choices/Current Health, 2019). During the teen years and into young adulthood, the area of the brain that is in charge of critical thinking and properly weighing out pros and cons before making a decision is still developing. Because this part of the brain is still developing, the teen/young adult automatically relies more on another part of the brain that is already developed to make decisions (Choices/Current Health, 2019). What is more, the part of the brain that is already developed is linked to taking chances and risks, emotions, instant gratification and rewards instead of critical thinking. For example, A friend or someone the teen admires might pressure him/her to do something that they will later regret, but because the area of the brain that critically thinks about consequences and negative outcomes is not fully develop, the teen/young adult focuses on getting the reward, which in this case, is the friend/peers acceptance (Choices/Current Health, 2019). Early drug and alcohol use also increases the risk of addiction because the brain of a young adult is very sensitive to dopamine; and addiction is closely associated with dopamine. When a drug is taken, it causes a rush of dopamine to go to the brain. This is the same feeling that occurs when someone experiences a rewarding activity. However with drugs, the rush of dopamine is much higher and intense and over time, the brain becomes used to the rush and looks for it (Choices/Current Health, 2019). Heavy drinking and drug use in mid-life adults. Current research shows that middle-aged adults who heavily drink, consuming more than 5 bottles of beer in one sitting or one bottle of wine, and/or use drugs, were three (3) times more likely than the general population to have dementia by the age of 65. Heavy drinking and drug use are both linked to stroke and dementia (Harding, 2015). As stated, there are several sub-types of dementia that are linked to alcohol abuse. This is because alcohol and drugs kill the brain at a faster rate than age alone. (American Addiction Centers, 2020) Changes in the brain The brain is always looking for ways to gain new information to stay healthy and strong. As the brain continues to grow and takes in new knowledge, nerve cells continue to grow and strengthen pathways for new learning. These pathways are how the brain processes information supporting everything from the brain’s ability to learn, memorize, pay attention, have self-control, and feel emotions. However, if these nerve cells are not used, the brain gets rid of them (Choices/Current Health, 2019). With substance abuse, these pathways are not used as often due to the effects of the substance and therefore, the brain begins to rid the use of these functions while toxins are also are damaging the area of the brain responsible for producing these skills. Worldwide problem In doing this research, I came across a few countries that posted statistics regarding the early onset of dementia. This condition is widespread just like many other diseases and conditions. Let’s take a look… United States According to a 2004 survey from the Alzheimer’s Association, approximately 220,000-640,000 Americans are diagnosed with the early onset of dementia (Alzheimer’s Association, 2020). In Asia, the early onset of dementia is a relatively new problem and yet accounts for one-third of all dementia cases seen at the National Neuroscience Institute (NNI); and still, YOD continues to increase in the Asian population. In 2015, NNI saw180 new cases. This is an increase of 100 new cases from the previous year (SingHealth, 2016). Dementia is the second leading cause of death in Australia. In 2018, there were approximately 26,443 people with YOD. By 2025, early-onset dementia is expected to increase to 29,375 and further increase to 42,252 people by 2056 (Dementia Austrialia, 2018). New Zealand As of 2010, the International Research Community reports 2,243 young adults diagnosed with dementia (Chaston, 2010). United Kingdom There are an estimated 150,000 people with Vascular Dementia in the UK. 42,000 are living with Young Onset Dementia (Alzheimer’s Society, 2020a). Okay – so this is the scary part! Diagnosis is often delayed until the symptoms of Early Onset Dementia are well established. Therefore, a timely diagnosis and treatment plan is delayed as well. A barrier to diagnosing dementia in younger adults are a failure on primary care’s part in recognizing the slow but growing symptoms (Bakker et al., 2013). Good news! In most cases, early onset of dementia can be prevented by lifestyle changes. Here are a few to consider (Chaston, 2010; Choices/Current Health, 2019; My Southern Health, 2019): 1. Get regular exercise. This helps to increase blood flow to the brain. It also helps to naturally increase the dopamine levels in the brain. 2. Learn something new. This helps to encourage new pathways and connections in the brain to strengthen and increase memory, attention, problem-solving, emotions, understanding, language, and good judgment intact. 3. Participate in activities that require memory and paying attention. 4. Make a habit of eating a healthy diet. 5. Manage your weight and overall health. 6. Manage your mental and emotional health and well-being. Stress, anxiety, depression, and worry contribute to a reduction in mental clarity, memory, and attention and can put the individual at risk for a relapse. Get help for alcohol use disorder Vascular or Alcohol Dementia is one of many problems linked with drug and excess use of alcohol. This condition is serious and can cause harm to many other organs in the body as well. Getting help from an addictions recovery center and rehabilitation is critical. It is the best way to overcome this persistent and chronic disease. Medical professionals are available to help with the process of detoxing, understanding what triggers addiction, and how to change behaviors around-consuming drugs and alcohol. This will help the person to maintain a sober healthy life (American Addiction Centers, 2020). This is not a mainstream topic and, therefore, is rarely talked about. However, the public needs to be aware of the potential long-term effects of excess or long-term use of drugs and alcohol. As we have learned, poor behavior and choices are more than just the effects of the actual drug and alcohol itself, but also could be a part of brain damage. So now that you know, what will you do? The brain is resilient and many of the effects from drug and alcohol abuse, if caught early enough, can be prevented, or reversed (Chaston, 2010; Choices/Current Health, 2019). Be your own advocate. Take care of yourself and live your best life as long as you can! ???? The Role of Occupational Therapy Occupational Therapy specializes in prevention and health promotion focusing on physical, mental and behavioral issues that have contributed to beginning and continuing to use drugs and alcohol. Like all bad habits and addictions, it starts for one reason but continues for another reason (American Occupational Therapy Association, 2014). When an individual has picked up a bad habit, it stops them from building a skill level to overcome life’s stressors in a positive way. Occupational Therapy works with each person by implementing a treatment plan that is customized to the individuals needs. We get to the root of the cause and assist with building life skills to help the individual maintain or regain their emotional, physical, and mental health and independence so that they can enjoy a quality life (American Occupational Therapy Association, 2014). Additional Resources SAMHSA’s National Helpline – 1-800-662-HELP (4357) substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. The NAMI HelpLine (National Alliance on Mental Health) can be reached Monday through Friday, 10 am–6 pm, ET. 1-800-950-NAMI (6264) or National Domestic Violence Hotline – 800-799-7233 Alzheimer’s Association. (2020). Early onset dementia a national challenge, a future crisis. Alzheimer’s Association [PDF]. Alzheimer’s Society. (2020). Alcohol-related brain damage. Alzheimer’s Society. Alzheimer’s Society. (2020a). What is young onset dementia. Alzheimer’s Society. American Addiction Centers. (2020a). Teenagers and Drugs: 11 Real reasons Why Teenagers Experiment. American Addiction Centers. American Addiction Centers. (2020). What are the links between alcohol and dementia. American Addiction Centers, Arehart-Treichel, J. (2013). Early-Onset Dementia Linked To Alcohol Abuse, Other Factors. Psychiatric News, Sep 20, 2013, Vol.48(18), p.16,24 Bakker, C., De Vugt, M., Koopmans, R., Pijnenburg, Y., Van Vliet, D., Verhey, F. & Vernooij-Dassen, M., (2013). Time to diagnosis in young-onset dementia as compared with late-onset dementia. Psychological Medicine, 43(2), 423-432. doi:10.1017/S0033291712001122 Chaston, D. (2010). Younger adults with dementia: A strategy to promote awareness and transform perceptions, Contemporary Nurse, 34:2, 221-229, DOI: 10.5172/conu.2010.34.2.221 Choices/Current Health. (2019). Drugs and the teen brain: Adolescence is a critical time in brain development. That means teens are at greater risk of experiencing the harmful effects of drugs and alcohol. Choices/Current Health34(4), 14+. Retrieved from apps/doc/A567634044/BIC?u=phil37611&sid=BIC&xid=2ade53be Dementia Austrialia. (2018). Dementia key facts and statistics. Dementia Australia Harding, A. (2015). 8 dementia risk factors. Everyday Health My Southern Health. (2019). How to reduce your risk of developing Alzheimer’s or another form of dementia. Vanderbilt Health. SingHealth. (2016). Young Onset Dementia (YOD): Dementia May Affect Younger People Too. Head & back: Brain and nervous system. Health
Page URL: of Opinion This project is supported by the Wellcome Trust Studying autism genetics responsibly By Simon Baron-Cohen (Professor of Developmental Psychopathology at the University of Cambridge) This article forms part of a School Resource Pack created by the Progress Educational Trust (PET) as part of its project Spectrum of Opinion: Genes. The article incorporates links to an accompanying Glossary of terms, and is followed by a list of 10 key words, phrases and names and a set of Questions to consider. A more extensive version of the article can be found on PET's BioNews website. Classical autism and Asperger's syndrome are two subgroups on the autismspectrum. People in both subgroups share difficulties in social relationships and in communication, alongside unusually narrow interests and a strong preference for predictability. These conditions are neurological and strongly - although not 100% - genetic. The two subgroups are differentiated by the presence of language delay and/or learning difficulties in autism, and by the absence of these in Asperger's syndrome. Some people with Asperger's syndrome worry that research into the genetics of the condition will be used to develop prenataltests that will lead to its eradication. Their worries are not unfounded, given that such prenatal testing is already possible and being used in this way in relation to other conditions, for example Down's syndrome. This leads in turn to worries about eugenics, which was fashionable within the medical profession in the first half of the twentieth century in the USA and in parts of Europe, but which turned into a horrific nightmare as it was integrated into the policies of Germany's Nazi government during the Second World War. The Nazis attempted to produce an Aryan race that was genetically pure, even if it meant exterminating those who were different. This included those who were ethnically different, or different in their sexual orientation, or different by virtue of having disabilities. Some argue that genetic research into autism can lead to such policies, if not as part of an organised eugenics programme, then at least by making available a prenatal test that parents might use to make their choice as to whether to continue or terminate a pregnancy. In this discussion, we need to keep an eye on the perspective of the parent, and an eye on the perspective of the child who may go on to develop autism. These perspectives are not inevitably opposed, since some parents would be offended by the idea that autism might be eradicated. There are ways in which genetic research into autism can be conducted responsibly, so as to alleviate these worries. One way is to make clear why the research is being conducted. At our laboratory in Cambridge, for example, we make it clear that we wish to advance knowledge of the causes of autism and Asperger's syndrome, and that our agenda is not to eradicate autism. Another way is to consider non-eugenic applications of basic research. These might include early detection, so that families and their children are given the right support at an earlier stage, instead of waiting for many years without support. Another way might be to use genetic research to develop a medical treatment, although this may raise new ethical issues. In the best-case scenario, a medical treatment would alleviate any symptoms that cause suffering, while leaving those aspects of autism that are positive to flourish. Autism involves positive as well as negative features, the positive features including excellent attention to detail and the ability to focus for long periods of time on a narrow topic. New treatments therefore need careful evaluation, to consider their potential unwanted side-effects. While genetic research is still a long way from identifying which specific genes are necessary and sufficient to cause autism and Asperger's syndrome, it is important to debate this research before it could be used or misused. Such debate might result in legislation and regulation. I for one am pro-diversity both socially and in terms of genetics, and believe that people with autism or Asperger's syndrome have the same right to life as anyone else. Questions to consider 1. If autism has positive as well as negative features, is it correct to think of it as a disease? 2. Is it meaningful to have a debate about a genetic test that doesn't exist yet? 3. What (if any) connection is there between the history of eugenics, and a person today deciding that they would prefer not to have an autistic child?
The braking force of an Eddy-Current Track Brake (ECTB) is generated by an electromagnet that is used to induce eddy-currents into the running rail. The electromagnet is installed above the rails, in a similar way to conventional Magnetic Track Brakes (MTBs), but an air gap is maintained between the rail and the electromagnet to achieve frictionless braking. Eddy Current Track Brakes Our research has shown that ECTBs, which are only suitable for high-speed trains, have some significant benefits compared with other braking systems: braking performance does not depend on the condition of the rail surface; the brakes do not create wear so require less maintenance; and braking is noiseless. However, their use is limited to routes with slab track and the right ballast profile so could be suitable for HS2. ECTB use must also be carefully managed on sections of track that witness frequent braking to prevent the rails from getting too hot and causing excessive expansion. Two recent RSSB co-funded demonstrator projects investigated ECTBs. One project, which is in partnership with Alstom, TRL and the University of Huddersfield, and is due to be completed in 2020, is focused on the benefits of using an ECTB in low adhesion conditions and will examine how the braking system and control strategy can be blended to optimise performance. The other project, which was in partnership with the University of Newcastle and was completed in September 2019, demonstrated how a Zero Wheel Slip Linear Induction Motor (which operates on a similar principle to ECTBs) could be used to reduce dependence on the friction between wheel and rail for traction and braking forces, while requiring minimal or no changes to existing infrastructure.
Mary has continued to develop her forest skills during her forest school outings. She is still very small and is easily influenced by other orangutans. Therefore, it is best if she is taken to forest school with orangutans like Happi who exhibit good climbing, traveling and foraging skills in the forest. Mary will follow and copy these behaviours which is very positive. However, Mary can be distracted and influenced by other orangutans including Popi who still likes to spend time on the ground. Recently Mary has been copying Popi and going to the ground and these two will get up to mischief! They play, dig in the ground, run around and wrestle. When this occurs, the staff will separate the two youngsters after a while and encourage Mary to climb and follow other orangutans in the canopy. Hopefully, in the future, Mary can ignore the orangutans who play on the ground and spend more time in the canopy. Mary has suffered from a cold recently during the rainy season in Kalimantan. She has been given medicine mixed with baby food and the staff have monitored her condition closely. Mary’s cold has affected her activity levels and she has been eating more slowly. This has allowed other orangutans in her enclosure to try and steal her food. Normally, Mary will climb to the top of the enclosure to eat her food whilst hanging safely out of reach of the others. Despite her cold, Mary is still very keen to go to forest school and has made excellent progress over the last six months. Well done Mary. Posted in...
Update cart Reduce the carbon footprint of your purchase with carbonclick Are Oats Healthy? The Deal with Oats in Granola oats on a table Are rolled oats healthy? Oats are more nutritious than other grains, such as rice and cornmeal, but they’re still grains. These days, a good deal of health-conscious eaters are choosing to follow a grain-free lifestyle, and that includes oats. While incorporating minimally refined and processed oats into your eating plan can provide some health benefits, it’s also important that you recognize the disadvantages of eating oats so you can make an informed choice. Here are some drawbacks you may not know about. 1. Oats Are Often Processed Are rolled oats healthy? It depends! It’s easy to think you’re eating healthy because you’re eating oats, but that’s not always the case. The difference between natural, unprocessed oats and instant oatmeal that’s loaded with refined sugar is huge. Processed grains can cause inflammation, increase weight gain and even affect your mental health, so always check the label. 2. Oats Can Be a Filler Food Oats and other grains fill you up fast. For some people, that can be a good thing because it helps them to feel satisfied while eating less. The problem is that grains take up valuable space that you could fill with more nutrient-dense foods, such as fresh fruits and veggies. Are rolled oats healthy? It depends on how often you eat them and what else you’re eating. 3. Oats Need Help to Taste Good Everyone has their own unique palates, but most people would agree that plain oats aren’t exactly an appetizing meal. To make oats taste less bland, people often add many unhealthy ingredients and sweeteners. The end result is the nutritional value of the oats is overshadowed by the unhealthy additions of calories, fats, sugars and carbs. It’s so easy to overeat because you think you’re eating healthy, so why not have another bowl? 4. Oats Provide a False Sense of Accomplishment Sometimes eating healthy foods can backfire if you’re not careful. Are rolled oats healthy? Sure, if you stick to a rigid eating schedule. That’s not always realistic (or fun), though. After starting your day with a small bowl of oatmeal, it’s easy to feel you deserve a reward for lunch, so you end up chowing down on a cheeseburger. Of course, the same can be said about many health foods, but oats are unique in that the bland taste makes you feel like you deserve something rich and unhealthy. One of the major disadvantages of eating oats is that it often feels like a chore, so it’s easy to fall into the trap of offsetting your loss with a gain, even if you’re a conservative eater. Try Within/Without Grain-Free, Oat-Free Granola A woman sitting outside enjoying a bowl of grain-free granola So, are rolled oats healthy? There’s no denying that oats do offer some nutritional value and are a great source of fiber, but they’re not the ultimate superfood like so many have been led to believe. The simple truth is that there are ways to get the same results while avoiding grains. At Within/Without, we craft nutrient-dense granola made with no grains (i.e. no oats), no refined sugars, and simple, whole and clean ingredients. Our soft-baked granola has a wonderfully soft and chewy texture that our customers absolutely adore, and you can feel good about filling up another bowl. Place Your Order Online Are rolled oats healthy? Not as healthy as our wholesome nut-based granola! Contact us for more information, follow our blog and sign up for our email list for 10% off your first order. Think beyond oats, and order our delicious and nutritious grain-free granola today! Leave a Comment
Quick Answer: What Are The 3 Powers Of The Judicial Branch? What are the 3 major powers of the judicial branch? What is the powers of the judicial branch? The purpose of the judiciary is to interpret laws and make rulings on legal questions. Additionally, it determines if laws passed by legislatures, on a national, state, or local level, violate the U.S. Constitution. The courts also consider the constitutionality of the actions taken by the executive branch. What are the powers of the judicial branch check all that apply? The correct answers are: decides whether a law is unconstitutional,resolves disputes about laws,rules on legal cases. What does the judicial branch do list? What is the role of the judicial arm? The judiciary is the branch of government which administers justice according to law. … The courts apply the law, and settle disputes and punish law-breakers according to the law. Why is the judicial branch so important? Not only does it protect the law and rights given to us as Americans by our Constitution and the Bill of Rights, but makes sure that all branches of the government are working to do their job, of the people, by the people and for the people of the United States of America. How big is the judicial branch? What are 3 facts about the judicial branch? The Judicial Branch is determined by the U.S. Congress and the U.S. President. Congress is able to determine the number of Supreme Court judges. There have been as few as six and as many as nine at one time. A federal Supreme Court judge can only be removed from their position by retirement, death, or by impeachment. What makes the judicial branch powerful? The Power of the Courts The federal courts’ most important power is that of judicial review, the authority to interpret the Constitution. When federal judges rule that laws or government actions violate the spirit of the Constitution, they profoundly shape public policy. What branch declares war? The Constitution grants Congress the sole power to declare war. Congress has declared war on 11 occasions, including its first declaration of war with Great Britain in 1812. Congress approved its last formal declaration of war during World War II. Which of the three branches of government is the most powerful and why? The first reason is easily understood: The executive branch are the police and military. Simply put, the executive branch is most powerful because it has the guns— it wields the government’s coercive power. Who checks the judicial branch?
How Sugar Causes Hormone Imbalance Is sugar in your diet causing increased hot flashes, night sweats & weight gain? Sugar consumption in the United States is at an all-time high. In the early 1800s, most Americans consumed about 22.4 grams of sugar each day.3 In today’s society, the average person consumes about 70 grams of sugar each day.3 However, the American Heart Association recommends no more than 35 grams of added sugar for men and no more than 25 grams per day for women.4 From a naturopathic perspective for optimal living and health, I recommend added sugar intake should be no more than 15 grams per day. Unfortunately, sugar has become one of the hardest ingredients for Americans to stay away from. Up to 75% of Americans eat too much sugar, meaning they consume well over the recommended maximum.5 Regrettably, sugar consumption has been linked to diabetes, heart disease, chronic inflammation, weight gain, fatty liver and high blood pressure.6 More recent studies show that blood sugar irregularities and insulin resistance is linked to more severe menopausal symptoms!8 When women reach their mid 40s to 50s, they start to see changes in hormone levels. These hormone changes lead to symptoms of hot flashes, night sweats, mood swings, difficulty sleeping, decreasing muscle mass, weight gain and sexual changes. Decreased muscle mass, while associated with decreased metabolism and weight gain, is also associated with higher blood sugar.7 This explains why blood sugar, cholesterol and weight gain becomes a difficult issue for women as they age. Many of patients explain that they haven’t changed their diet, or exercise regimen but they can’t seem to stop gaining weight. And part of that weight gain is due to decreasing muscle mass, related to age and decreasing levels of the hormone testosterone. It can be hard to come to terms with giving up or reducing sugar, especially when hormone fluctuations are already wreaking havoc. Unfortunately, eating refined sugar leads to an excess amount of insulin secretion in the body. Insulin is the hormone in charge of allowing sugar into cells and also storing fat in the body. When there is already enough sugar supply in the body (which in today’s society, most people are consuming enough or over the necessary calories), insulin is triggered to convert sugar or carbs into fat stores. Over time, the signal between sugar and insulin can become distorted when there is too much sugar consumption leading to insulin resistance. Insulin resistance essentially means the body needs to increase the signal to let sugar in. Cells become less sensitive to insulin because they are trying to safe guard the amount of sugar allowed in the cells. When sugar is overconsumed, the body attempts to protect itself by decreasing the response of insulin, becoming insulin resistant. This causes insulin levels to climb, further worsening blood sugar regulation but also increasing the amount of fat produced/storage. Insulin resistance further blocks any efforts to lose weight but also leads to more severe hot flashes and night sweats.8 In addition to increasing weight gain, hot flashes and night sweats, insulin resistance also causes the artery walls to become inflamed, grow thicker, increases artery stiffness, putting pressure on the heart leading to heart disease over time.1 Next steps: • Strength training: the best way to improve blood sugar and insulin is to build muscle. While cardio exercises are great, they do not increase muscle tone/mass. Increasing muscle mass will increase your BMR (basal metabolic rate), promote insulin sensitization and encourage weight loss. More importantly, studies show strength training will reduce the frequency of hot flashes!9 • Sugar intake: eliminating or limited added sugar in your diet will be key to long lasting health and wellness. Limit to no more than 15 grams of added sugar. • Remember: • 1 banana = 14 grams of sugar • 1 apple = 19 grams of sugar • 1 soda = 39 grams of sugar • 1 cliff bar = 22 grams of sugar • Also keep an eye on sugar content in processed foods. • If you’re experiencing menopausal symptoms, getting a full blood panel that includes: hormones, thyroid, cholesterol, blood sugar and insulin levels will be essential reaching balanced hormones and feeling like yourself again. • Schedule a free consultation with Dr. Barraza to explore naturopathic options including bio-identical hormones and to feel like yourself again! Leave a Comment Your email address will not be published. Atlas Health Medical Group Logo 1447 W Elliot Rd Suite 103 Gilbert, AZ 85233 Proud Members Gilbert Chamber Logo
Natural surveillance against tumors and virally infected cells.(3)They killer Cell Biology Natural killer (NK) cells were originally described in terms of function in 1971 when Cudkowizc and Bennett observed that mice that had received lethal irradiation were capable of rejecting allogeneic or parental strain bone marrow cell (BMC) allografts.(1, 2) NK cells are of lymphoid origin and are found in the peripheral blood, (constitute approximately 10% of the lymphocytes in human peripheral blood), spleen, and BM, as well as other tissues. They are radio-resistant, large, granular lymphocytes that represent an important arm of innate immunity and are thought to play a critical role in the immune surveillance against tumors and virally infected cells.(3)They are regulated by a number of receptors with opposite function that finely tune potent effector functions such as cytolytic activity and production of cytokines playing a major role in inflammation and regulation of both innate and adaptive immune responses(4-9) We Will Write a Custom Essay Specifically For You For Only $13.90/page! order now NK cells can kill in a rapid manner and this NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity occurs primarily through the perforin/granzyme-dependent pathway, although NK cells can also use Fas ligand (FasL) and tumor necrosis factor related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) to kill target cells (10). NK cells also have the ability to secrete a wide range of cytokines upon activation (11) and these cytokines can either promote or inhibit hematopoiesis, for example, GM-CSF and TGF-?, respectively(10-12). also play a key role in the differentiation of NK cells. Interleukin (IL)-2, IL-15, and IL-21, are capable of inducing proliferation and activation of NK cells. However, only IL-15 and fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (flt3) ligand have been shown to be critical for NK cell development and maintenance (13-18). Stem cell factor (SCF) and fetal liver kinase ligand (flk2L) have also been shown to be important in NK cell differentiation (19) function of NK cells is also mediated by cytokines.IL-12 and IFN-?/? exert potent stimulatory effects on NK cells, and IL-12 and IL-18 in combination is particularly effective in augmenting NK cell function (20, 21). IL-2 has also been shown to significantly activate NK cells, and adoptive immunotherapy of IL-2 activated NK cells after autologous BMT has been used in patients with cancer with acceptable toxicities.(22) The predominant cytolytic targets of NK cells are uncommon cells that have downregulated expression of class I MHC(MHC-I), which is expressed on nearly every healthy cell of the body.(23) MHC-I loss is a fairly common mechanism by which tumors and virus-infected cells can evade recognition by the T-cell receptor of cytolytic T cells, and NK cells.(24,25) Recently, NK cells were officially classified as the prototypical members of the group 1 innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), which are defined by their capacity to secrete IFN-? but not type 2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-13), IL-17, or IL-22. Group 1 ILCs are thus distinct from group 2 ILCs, which produce IL-13, and group 3 ILCs, which can produce IL-17, IL-22, or both.(26,27) Human NK cells are classically defined as CD56+CD3- cells, distinguishing them from CD56+CD3+ cells, which consist of a mixed population of NK-like T cells and antigen-experienced T cells that have upregulated several NK cell markers.(28) Two major subsets of NK cells are found in human subjects that can be distinguished by their levels of CD56 expression, namely CD56dim and CD56bright.(28) CD56dim NK cells are fully mature, make up approximately 90% of the NK cells in peripheral blood, and predominantly mediate cytotoxicity responses. In contrast, CD56bright cells are more immature, make up approximately 5% to 15% of total NK cells, and have been considered primarily as cytokine producers while playing a limited role in cytolytic responses. Although CD56bright NK cells are more efficient at producing cytokines overall, the CD56dim NK cells can also contribute significantly to early cytokine production because they comprise a significantly greater fraction of the total NK cell pool and can more rapidly secrete cytokines.(29-31) NK Cell identification of MHC class I-specific inhibitory and activating receptors in addition to non-MHC class I specific activating and inhibitory receptors has grown substantially in the two past decades. This has led to a tremendously complex set of receptors responsible for innate recognition of foreign, abnormal, or virally infected cells by NK cells, and these receptors have become relevant with respect to allogeneic BMT and malignant cancer therapies.(1) The first class of MHC class I-specific receptors was identified in mouse and is termed Ly49. In any given mouse, an NK cell population can express a variable combination of the 20 or more Ly49 receptors characterized. Some of these receptors have different affinities for the different MHC class I The next class of receptors are the killer cell Ig-like receptors (KIRs) which specifically recognize groups of HLA-C (p58 or KIR2DL1-KIR3DL3)(4-7), HLA-B (p70 or KIR3DL1) and HLA-A alleles (p140) (8-13) Both the Ly49 and KIR multi-receptor families contain members that have either activating or inhibitory action.(14) Another class of MHC class I-specific receptors expressed both in humans and in mice is comprised of the C-type lectin molecule CD94, which is covalently associated with a member of the NKG2 family. Like Ly49 and KIR receptors, these receptors also have been shown to exert inhibitory (NKG2A or NKG2B) or activating (NKG2C) signals upon binding Qa-1b (mouse) or non-classical HLA-E (human) molecules on targets (15-18). NK cells also have Ig-like transcript (ILT) receptors that interact with HLA-G (to protect the fetus and placenta from rejection)(19). Another group of NK cell receptors comes from a more diverse family of receptors of NK-cell-specific Ig-like molecules that are known as natural cytotoxicity receptors, or NCRs. NCRs include NKp30, NKp46, and NKp44 as well as NKG2D. NKG2D is a member of the NKG2 family expressed by NK cells and cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTLs) (20-23). most NK cells can express the Fc?RIII (CD16) molecule, which recognizes the Fc component of bound Ig molecules and initiates cytolysis by the antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) pathway (24), thus giving the NK cell another method of target recognition.(1) natural killer cells have 5 main categories of cell surface receptors. Activating receptors (e.g. CD16, NKp46, NKG2D, NKG2C, KIR-S, Ly9), Inhibitory receptors (e.g. KIR-L, NKG2A), chemotactic receptors (e.g. CCR2,CCR5,CXCR1,CXCR4,CXCR6), Cytokine receptors(e.g. IL-1R, IL-15R,IL-18R), Adhesion receptors(e.g. ?1 integrins). Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) has proven to be an effective treatment for hematologic malignancies and some solid tumors.(1) However, the high incidence of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) as a complication of this treatment has limited the overall effectiveness of BMT.(2) GVHD is mediated by the activation and proliferation of alloreactive T cells leading to tissue damage in the host, primarily in the gastrointestinal tract, liver, and skin (3) causing significant morbidity and mortality. One of the major challenges of allo-Stem Cell Transplantation(SCT) is to reduce the incidence and severity of GVHD while boosting the graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effect. In the setting of allo-SCT, the reconstitution of natural killer (NK) cells is of notable interest due to their known capability to induce GVL without GVHD.(4) Studies of the role of NK cells in bone marrow engraftment demonstrated that host NK cells persisting after conditioning can contribute to graft rejection (5) while donor NK cells can promote hematopoietic engraftment (6). The first study suggesting a relationship between NK cells and GvHD development was reported by Lopez and coworkers from the Sloan Kettering Cancer Center showing a significant association between GvHD development and pre-transplant levels of NK cell activity, as measured by cytotoxic assays performed using herpes simplex virus type 1-infected fibroblast as target cells, in peripheral blood of a small and heterogeneous cohort of 13 patients undergoing different protocols of HCT.(7) Livnat et al. (8) and Dokhelar et al. (9) addressed the same issue assessing NK cell activity against the K562 leukemic cell line both before and after hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) and obtained contradictory results finding either no relationship (8) or a positive association (9) between early post transplant NK cell activity and GvHD development. In 2015 Jacobs B. and et al could demonstrate that NK cells gain cytotoxic and cytokine producing functions early during hematopoietic immune reconstitution following autologous SCT.(10) In addition to clinical studies, it has been shown in animal models that IL-2-activated NK cells may efficiently prevent or even reduce GVHD without any adverse impact on their important GVL effect.(11-13) After chemotherapy or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, NK cells are the first lymphoid cells to recover (14,15). Surprisingly, such postgrafting regeneration of NK cells does not cause clinical graft-versus-host disease (GVHD); this has led to the conclusion that normal nonhematopoietic tissues lack ligands able to activate NK cell lysis.(16) The concept of an NK-mediated regulatory function is also supported by the observation that a higher number of bone marrow NK cells has been associated with a decreased incidence of chronic GVHD after HLA identical sibling bone marrow transplants in human.(17)Researches in 2002 and 2004 showed that this regulatory function can be indirect, through the interplay and molecular crosstalk with dendritic cells (DCs) (18,19). On the one hand, DCs can prime, further the activation of, augment the expansion of, and enhance the activities of NK cells through the production of cytokines such as IL-2, IL-12, IL-15, IFN-a/b, and TNFa.(16) The regulatory function of NK cells on adaptive immuneresponses appears also to be mediated through direct lysis of activated T cells (20,21). This pathway has been postulated to play an important role in the generation of memory T cell repertoire. Several recent observations suggest that certain subpopulations of NK cells promote allograft tolerance via a cytolysis-dependent regulatory pathway (22–24). However, little is known about the effects of NK cells on donor T cells after BMT. In 2010, Magali Noval Rivas et al showed that NK cells can regulate chronic GVHD by limiting recipient minor histocompatibility Ag (mHA)-driven proliferation of donor CD4+ T cells.(16) According to studies by scientists, the relationship between NK Cell and GVHD can be generally described in two ways: firstly, Nk Cell cytotoxic functions and GvHD prevention: NK cells can suppress GvHD development through their cytotoxic function either directly, by depleting activated alloreactive T cells, or indirectly, by depleting APC and preventing T cell stimulation,T cell killing by NK cells appears to be dependent on both perforin production (25,26,27) and FAS-mediated induction of apoptosis (26, 28, 29),and secondary Nk Cell cytokine production and GvHD induction: Although it is unclear if NK cells production of immunesuppressive cytokines can prevent GvHD, it is established that pro-inflammatory cytokine production by NK cells can contribute to GvHD development. Xun et al. showed In a xenogeneic model that in vitro interleukin-2 (IL-2)-activated human NK cells producing interferon-?(IFN-?) and tumor necrosis factor-?(TNF-?) were able to induce acute GVHD upon transfer into SCID mice (30, 31) What is now important about NK cells and its impact on GVHD is that researchers are looking for new ways to reduce GVHD with the help of these cells, which we will continue to mention these I'm Owen! Check it out
What mean? in fact, photo means a What types of photo are most commonly shared in social media ? in the last couple of years, the phenomenon of photography has become quite popular. there are many types of images that are captured by people mostly everyday. However, what does the word PHOTO mean? in fact, photo means a combining form meaning ‘light ‘ (photobiology) also used to represent “photographic” or “photograph” in the formation of compound words: Moreover, social media means that refers to websites and computer programs that make communication possible with computers or mobile phones. social media can take the singular or plural form of the verb ,(google.com). for sure we all love to make memories taking a photo one of the ways to make it . moreover ,you will find documentation the moments is the most important photo in life .in addition there are many types of photo that people commonly use . personal photographic , and action photos and what people always share. Action photographic As we know that the world is full of events and to document this event we have two methods either videos recording or taking pictures . in addition , most people take pictures to keep them but the others prefer to share it on social media . For example taking a graduation picture is one of the action photo . moreover, action photo mean “photograph that shows someone or something in motion ” (google.com). I'm Owen! Check it out
Quick Answer: Why Is It Important To Keep Accurate And Coherent Records? How long should I keep health and safety records? Five years is a good rule thumb for most health and safety records. Risk assessment records should be kept as long as the particular process or activity, to which the assessments refer, is performed.. Why is it important to maintain health and safety records? WHS record keeping. Keeping records helps maintain an effective workplace health and safety management system. Records can help hazards and control risks before there is an incident which could cause injury or illness. Why is record keeping important in early years? High quality record keeping is essential in early years settings safeguarding, particularly for children with a child protection plan and for children with special educational needs (SEN). … All such records, including referrals and subsequent notes should be kept securely and locked at all times. What are the types of record keeping? Some of the most significant record types are:Property records – title deeds and settlements.Accounting papers – including rentals, vouchers, surveys and valuations.Legal papers.Inventories.Correspondence.Enclosure papers.Manorial papers – court rolls, custumals, terriers, surveys etc.Personal and political papers.More items… Why is it important to keep things confidential? What is the importance of record keeping in schools? Decision Making: School records help school administrators to make decisions. Records provide raw data that enable coherent, balanced and objective decisions on issues such as promotion, student and staff discipline, and teaching and learning performances. When should a transaction be recorded? A transaction should be recorded first in a journal because journal provides complete details of a transaction in one entry. Further, a journal forms the basis for posting the transactions into their respective accounts into ledger. What could be possible outcomes for not maintaining confidentiality? Negative outcomes of a breach in confidentiality include: The facility or agency may reprimand a healthcare worker, such as disciplinary action against the employee for breaching confidentiality related to patient care issues. The resident or client may suffer embarrassment and emotional distress. What is record keeping in early childhood education? In a setting two kinds of records are kept on children: Developmental records, including the observations and samples of children’s work that become the formative assessment record. These are kept by the key person but can be accessed freely by the child, other staff working with the child and the parents. How long do you have to keep childminding records? Copies should be kept for a reasonable period e.g. 3 years unless they relate to child protection in which case it would be 24 years Some LSCBs recommend keeping Early Help records for the same length as child protection documents – please check with your Designated Officer or Team of Officers in your area for further … Why is it important to maintain records? Why is it important to have accurate and verified figures recorded in your files? The importance of an accurate employee record stretches far beyond the legal ramifications of that information not being current. For employers, keeping accurate records can help recruitment, identify gaps in skills, and save time while performing administrative duties. When should confidentiality be broken? To provide a simple answer: you may, in certain circumstances, override your duty of confidentiality to patients and clients if it’s done to protect their best interests or the interests of the public. This means you may override your duty if: You have information that suggests a patient or client is at risk of harm. What is confidentiality in safeguarding? The common law duty of confidentiality. Confidentiality is an important principle that enables people to feel safe in sharing their concerns and to ask for help. … Sharing relevant information with the right people at the right time is vital to good safeguarding practice. Why is it important to maintain accurate and coherent records? Reasons for maintaining accurate and coherent records must include an explanation of: Clarity of information to inform others. Legal requirements. Support for informed decisions/future planning.
Question: What Is A High Co2 Level? What is a normal co2 level? Your test measures how many millimoles of carbon dioxide is in a liter, or about a quart, of fluid (mmol/L). A normal result is between 23 and 29 mmol/L. A low CO2 level can be a sign of several conditions, including: Kidney disease.. What does a carbon dioxide level of 33 mean? Can dehydration cause high co2 levels? What causes co2 levels to rise? Carbon dioxide concentrations are rising mostly because of the fossil fuels that people are burning for energy. What removes carbon dioxide from the blood? How do you get rid of carbon dioxide in your body naturally? Exercise forces the muscles to work harder, which increases the body’s breathing rate, resulting in a greater supply of oxygen to the muscles. It also improves circulation, making the body more efficient in removing the excess carbon dioxide that the body produces when exercising. What does a high co2 level mean? Abnormal results may indicate that your body has an electrolyte imbalance, or that there is a problem removing carbon dioxide through your lungs. Too much CO2 in the blood can indicate a variety of conditions including: Lung diseases. Cushing’s syndrome, a disorder of the adrenal glands. How do you treat high co2 levels? Options include:Ventilation. There are two types of ventilation used for hypercapnia: … Medication. Certain medications can assist breathing, such as:Oxygen therapy. People who undergo oxygen therapy regularly use a device to deliver oxygen to the lungs. … Lifestyle changes. … Surgery. What happens if carbon dioxide levels in the blood are too high? Can sleep apnea cause high co2 levels? The physiologic impact of decreased oxygen levels and increased carbon dioxide levels are what cause the deadly side effects of sleep apnea. Chronic oxygen deprivation and increased carbon dioxide levels cause high blood pressure to develop. High blood pressure subsequently increases the risk of stroke or heart attack. How can I lower my co2 levels? Increase Ventilation Installing and maintaining a good ventilation system will help reduce CO2 levels. As the system brings in fresh outdoor air, the CO2 will naturally dilute and become less concentrated, keeping the indoor carbon dioxide within safe levels. What are symptoms of high co2 levels? SymptomsFatigue.An inability to concentrate or think clearly.Headaches.Flushing.Dizziness.Dyspnea (shortness of breath)Tachypnea (rapid breathing)Increased blood pressure.
Problems can be sloved by one line Translator: tommytim0515 Author: labuladong This is my summary of three interesting "brain teaser" puzzles from the problems I solved on LeetCode. They can all be solved by algorithmic programming. However, if you think a bit more, you may find the laws of them and figure them out directly. 1. Nim Game The game rule is that there is a heap of stones on the table for you and friends to remove. Each of you takes turns to remove the stones and can take at least one and at most three each time. The one who takes the last stone will win the game. See more on LeetCode page and Wikipedia. Suppose both of you are very clever and have optimal strategies for the game, and you are the first one to take the stone. Write an algorithm to determine whether you can win the game given the number of stones in the heap. (Input a positive integer n, output true or false depending on whether you can win the game). For instance, there are 4 stones in total, and the output should be false. Because no matter how many stones you take (1, 2, or 3), the opponent can always take the remaining at once including the last one. You are guaranteed to lose the game. First of all, dynamic programming (DP) can be implemented into this problem, because you can find the repeated sub-problems. However, this method would be very complicated as it involves games played between you and your opponent, who are both clever. We usually use contrarian thinking to find a solution of this kind of problems If I win the game, I need to take the remaining stones (1\~3 stones) at once. How to make this situation come into being? If there are 4 stones remaining when your opponent takes the chance to pick the stones, no matter how he takes the stones, you can always win the game because there will always be 1~3 stones remaining. And how to force your opponent to face the situation when there are 4 stones left? If there are 5~7 stones remaining by the time you take your turn, you can let your opponent face 4-stone situation. Then how to get into a 5~7 stones situation when you are picking? Let your opponent face 8 stones. No matter how he plans to take the stones, we can win the game because of the remaining 5~7 stones. And so on, we can find out that if n is a multiple of 4, you will fall into the trap and can never win the game. The solution to this problem is very simple: bool canWinNim(int n) { // If n is a multiple of 4, then return false // Otherwise, return true return n % 4 != 0; 2. Stone Game The game rule is that you and your friend play a game with piles of stones. The piles of stone are represented by an array, piles. pile[i] refers to the number of stones in the ith pile. Each turn, a player takes the entire pile of stones from either the beginning or the end of the row. And the winner is the one who gets more stones in the end. See more on LeetCode page. Suppose both of you are very clever and have optimal strategies for the game, and you start first. Write an algorithm to determine whether you can win the game given the number of stones in the heap. (Input an array, pile, output true or false depending on whether you can win the game). Please pay attention that the number of piles of stones should be even. So both of you get the same number of piles of stones. However, the total amount of stones is odd. So you are not able to get the same number of stones and there must be a winner. For instance, piles=[2, 1, 9, 5], you take first, you can choose 2 or 5 and you choose 2. piles=[1, 9, 5], your opponent's turn, he or she can choose 1 or 5, and he or she chooses 5. piles=[1, 9], your turn, you pick 9. Finally, your opponent has no choice but choosing 1. In summary, you get 2 + 9 = 11 stones in total, your opponents gets 5 + 1 = 6 stones. You win, the return value is true. As you can see that it is not always correct to choose the one with larger number of stones. Why you should choose 2 rather than 5 at the first time? Because 9 is behind 5. You will lose the game for giving the pile of 9 stones to the opponent for chasing a moment's gain. And that is why we need to emphasize that both the players are clever. The algorithm is also to determine whether you can win with best decisions. The problem also involves playing a game by the two players. It is very complicated to use "brute force" method like dynamic programming (DP). And if we think a bit deeper we will find out that boolean stoneGame(int[] piles) { return true; Why we can write like this? There are two important conditions about the problem: the number of the pile of stones is even, while the total number of the stone is odd. These two conditions seem to increase the fairness of the game, while they indeed let it become a "leet-cutting" game. For instance, suppose the indexes of piles of stones are 1, 2, 3, 4 from start to end sequentially when pile=[2, 1, 9, 5]. If we divide these four piles of stones into two groups according to whether the index is even or not, which equals 1, 3 in a group and 2, 4 in another group. The numbers of stones of these two groups are different as the total number of stones is odd. As the first one to take the stones, you can decide to take all the even group or all the odd group at once. In the beginning, you can choose the 1st pile or the 4th pile. If you want an even group, you can take the 4th pile. So that your opponent can only choose the 1st one or the 3rd one. No matter how he takes, you can choose the 2nd pile after that. Similarly, if you choose the 1st pile which is in the odd group, your opponent can only choose 2nd or 4th pile, no matter how he chooses, you can get the 3rd pile. In other words, you can observe all the strategies at the first try. You can win the game by observing which group of stones is more, even or odd. Knowing this loophole, you can play a trick on your friend who doesn't know this. 3. Bulb Switcher The description of the problem: there are n bulbs in a room and they are initially turned off. Now we need to do n operations: 1. Flip all the lights. 2. Flip lights with even numbers. 3. Flip the bulb whose number is a multiple of 3 (e.g. 3, 6, 9, ... and 3 is off while 6 is on). For the i-th round, you toggle every i bulb. For the n-th round, you only toggle the last bulb. You need to find how many bulbs are on after n rounds. See more on LeetCode page. We can simulate the condition with a boolean array, then count the result. However, this method is not smart enough. The best solution is as follows: int bulbSwitch(int n) { return (int)Math.sqrt(n); What? What does this have to do with square roots? It's actually a pretty neat solution, and it's hard to figure out if nobody tells you how to do it. First, because the lights are always off at the beginning, a certain light must be flipped an odd number of times if it is turned on at the end. Let's say we only have six lights, and we're only looking at the sixth light and it's going to take six turns, right? How many times is the switch going to be pressed for the sixth light? It's not difficult to see that its switch will be pressed at the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 6th round. Why the light will be flipped at these rounds? Because 6=16=23. In general, the factors come in pairs, which means that the number of times the switch is pressed is usually even, but in a special case, if there are 16 lights, how many times will the 16th light be flipped? The factor 4 repeats, so the 16th light will be flipped 5 times which is odd, and now you understand the relationships to the square root, right? But, we're going to figure out how many lights are on at the end, and what does that mean by square root? Just think about it a little bit. Suppose we have 16 lights, and we take the square root of 16, which is equal to 4, and that means we're going to end up with 4 lights on. The lights are 11=1, 22=4, 33=9, and 44=16. Some square root of n turns out to be a decimal. However, converting them to integers is the same thing as getting all the integers smaller than a certain integer upper bound, and the square roots of these numbers are the index of the lights on at last. so just turn the square root into an integer, that's the answer to the question.
Alfalfa Bill Murray Two counties, a community college and a lake are named after Alfalfa Bill Murray, the first speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives and the state's ninth governor. (NonDoc) Once upon a time, when Oklahoma was full of Democrats and Socialists, the state had a governor who practiced social distancing without anyone telling him it was a good idea. Unfortunately, as Oklahoma State University appears to have learned, that didn’t mean he was a good person. The governor was William Henry David Murray (1869-1956), better known as “Alfalfa Bill” Murray, owing to his penchant for touting alfalfa as a crop farmers should embrace. Murray was born in Texas — Toadsuck, Texas, to be precise — and failed at any number of things before moving north and marrying into the Chickasaw Nation. He became involved in politics and, among other things, was elected president of the Oklahoma Constitutional Convention. He opened proceedings by having the delegates join hands and sing Nearer My God To Thee. After statehood, he won some elections and lost some elections. He became the Oklahoma Legislature’s first speaker of the House, and he was a congressman in Washington D.C. for two terms before returning to Oklahoma and losing an election for governor. In the 1920s, he tried starting an agricultural colony in Bolivia. The effort, not surprisingly, failed. Murray something of a clown Back home in Oklahoma, Alfalfa Bill Murray ran for and served as governor from 1931 to 1935, with time out to run for president in 1932. Unhappily for him, the Democratic Party decided its nominee would be Franklin D. Roosevelt, a man Murray could not abide. Murray claimed that Roosevelt suffered not from polio but from syphilis, which had eaten its way to his brain and was the real reason he could not walk. It was a new low in American politics. The stories about Murray are plentiful. Once, when he was running for office and campaigning in southern Oklahoma, the hall available for his speech was not large enough to accommodate the crowd. Murray sent for someone to go to the livery stable and bring up a wagon. He would stand in the wagon bed and make his speech in the street so that everyone could hear. As it happened, the only thing available was the town’s “honey wagon,” a large barrel on wheels used to carry the contents of outdoor privies to the nearest creek for dumping. It was fly-specked, stained and odiferous, but Murray was not hesitant. He climbed up in the thing and said, “This is the first time I’ve made a Democratic speech from a Republican platform.” As governor, Murray began acting more and more oddly, attracting national attention as something of a clown — saying and doing things that warranted coverage by magazines everywhere. His antics made people in other parts of the country think Oklahoma was governed by hicks and dummies. In his office, for example, Murray chained visitors’ chairs to radiators so that no one could slide closer to him and attempt an assassination. Social distancing, see? After he left office, all sorts of stories circulated. He retired to his farm near Tishomingo, and no less a journalist than Ernie Pyle visited to see if Murray really had hired the village idiot to stand by the front gate and scare people away. Other rumors involved Murray having cut a hole in the floor of his house for better ventilation. Pyle had heard Murray spoke Choctaw with his pigs, but he never found evidence. Word about Murray gets around Murray was, of course, a terrible bigot. He had used a racial slur to describe African Americans in his 1931 inaugural address, so he went to the all-black town of Boley and crudely tried to explain what he meant: that black Oklahomans, poor whites and Native Americans would finally have a governor who worked for them, too. He wrote and published his own books, one of which was entitled The Negro’s Place in the Call of Race. It “discussed the subject from Bible account (sic) of the ‘First Segregation’ by Noah, on account of the ‘Curse’ when he sent them to Equatorial Africa (…), the effect on intelligence and brain weight” and racist arguments about criminality, with occasional asides about Communists and Jews. The little book sold for a dollar and was popular among some. Murray wrote a three-volume autobiography, which he bundled and sold door-to-door. The thing was full of every embarrassing statement and tale one could imagine, and for years the Murray family went around stealing copies from libraries for that reason. Reading Murray’s books is enough to make one wish he had continued social distancing in Bolivia and had not come back to become what textbooks call “Oklahoma’s most colorful governor.” The announcement that the OSU A&M Board of Regents will be voting Friday to remove his name from a building suggests that the word about Murray is getting around at long last. One can only hope the State Regents for Higher Education realize Murray State College also is named for the bigoted buffoon, though the Murray moniker is specified in state statute. And then what are we to do about Alfalfa County, Murray County and Lake Murray, which are all named after our infamous ignoramus? Oh, the questions that must be asked when we finally reckon with our history. (Update: This article was updated at 9 a.m. Thursday, June 18, to include additional information about state statute.)
Вы находитесь на странице: 1из 12 An assertion is a statement in the JavaTM programming language that enables you to test your assumptions about your program Each assertion contains a boolean expression that you believe will be true when the assertion execute writing assertions while programming is one of the quickest and most effective ways to detect and correct bugs The assertion statement has two forms. The first, simpler form is: assert Expression1 ; The second form of the assertion statement is: assert Expression1 : Expression2 ; where: Expression1 is a boolean expression. Expression2 is an expression that has a value. (It cannot be an invocation of a method that is declared void.) The purpose of the detail message is to capture and communicate the details of the assertion failure The message should allow you to diagnose and ultimately fix the error that led the assertion to fail assertion failures are generally labeled in the stack trace with the file and line number from which they were thrown assertions can be enabled or disabled when the program is started, and are disabled by default Putting Assertions Into Code There are also a few situations where you should not use them Do not use assertions for argument checking in public methods. Do not use assertions to do any work that your application requires for correct operation. There are many situations where it is good to use assertion Internal Invariants Control-Flow Invariants Preconditions, Postconditions, and Class Invariants if (i % 3 == 0) { ... } else if (i % 3 == 1) { ... } else { // We know (i % 3 == 2) ... } rewrite the previous if-statement like this: if (i % 3 == 0) { ... } else if (i % 3 == 1) { ... } else { assert i % 3 == 2 : i; ... Control-Flow Invariants void foo() { for (...) { if (...) return; } // Execution should never reach this point!!! } Replace the final comment so that the code now reads: void foo() { for (...) { if (...) return; } assert false; // Execution should never reach this point! } Preconditions, Postconditions, and Class Invariants Preconditions what must be true when a method is invoked. Lock-Status Preconditions preconditions concerning whether or not a given lock is held. Postconditions what must be true after a method completes successfully. Class invariants what must be true about each instance of a class. Logging is the process of writing log messages during the execution of a program to a central place This logging allows you to report and persists error and warning messages as well as info messages (e.g. runtime statistics) so that the messages can later be retrieved and analyzed. Individual classes can use this logger to write messages to the configured log files Create a logger To create a logger we can use the following code import java.util.logging.Logger; // assumes the current class is called logger private final static Logger LOGGER = Logger.getLogger(MyClass.class.getName()); The following lists the Log Levels in descending order: SEVERE (highest) WARNING INFO CONFIG FINE FINER FINEST
New Study Shows Cannabis Edibles May Be Harmful for Health Recently, a new commentary has shed light on the potential negative impacts of consuming cannabis edibles which are typically deemed as a safer option in comparison with smoking or inhaling cannabis. The researchers suggest that there should be strict and regular check-ups on cannabis on a state level as well as by the person taking the edibles. Cannabis, which is commonly referred to as marijuana, is one of the popularly used psychoactive drugs. According to statistics alone, it is one of the most common drugs that is used illegally both in the United States and the rest of the world. Approximately 128 million to 232 million people used cannabis in the year 2013 alone. In 2016, around fifty percent of the population between the ages of fifteen to sixty-five stated that they have used marijuana at least once in their lifetimes. Prior to its legalization in Canada and a few other countries, the medicinal use of the drug was allowed under monitoring and directions provided by a certified health professional. Now, the drug is widely used for a number of medical conditions including in the management of nausea and vomiting during certain medical therapies such as chemotherapy, for treating muscle spasms and chronic pain, and to improve symptoms of HIV or aids, specifically the loss of appetite. RELATED: High Cost of Insulin In the US May Increase Death Rate in Diabetes Patients However, in many countries, the drug remains to be illegal. Even in the United States, marijuana has only been legalized in the District of Columbia and eleven other states. Its use is still prohibited and illegal at a federal level with the exception of medical reasons. The reason for this is that the research on cannabis is still limited. Many of the researchers do not prescribe the use of marijuana unless there is an emergency or certain circumstances. Smoking and inhaling marijuana is not recommended even for medicinal use. Most of the health professionals prescribe cannabis edibles with a particular dosage. The researchers in the commentary, which appears in the Canadian Medical Association Journal (CMAJ), emphasize how people using cannabis edibles should be more careful. Lawrence Loh and Dr. Jasleen Grewal from the University of Toronto in Canada state that the medical professionals prescribing the use of cannabis edibles should be especially aware of the dosage and potential risks or side effects associated with the drug. For instance, cannabis edibles typically take longer to show effects in the person taking them. Therefore, many people make the mistake of taking more than the needed amount for ‘faster’ results. Such practices increase the risk of overdosing. In addition, even though listing the dosage information is necessary according to federal regulations on the use of all drugs including cannabis, the drug works differently on every person. As a result, an amount that may be considered appropriate for a person as per the standardized amounts may actually cause a drug overdose. So, the doctor prescribing cannabis edibles have to be very careful. Lastly, the commentary urges the people using the drug to store cannabis edibles in a safe place as it is easy for children or pets to confuse them with candy or sweets. A strict check on the intake of the drug can, therefore, make it more effective and safe for the person as well as others around him. Please enter your comment! Please enter your name here
Glaucon And Socrates: An Injustice For The Just City 1725 Words 7 Pages Secondly, as mentioned previously, I argue that Glaucon and Adeimantus are responsible for the just city and Plato’s Socrates is not committed to the proposals he makes. One reason for this is that Roochnik (2003) disputes is that in books 2-7, we see a change from the question-and-answer style of discussion seen in book 1 to a speech-against-speech style of discussion. This style was prompted by Glaucon, who challenges Socrates to defend that his claim that a life of justice is better than one of injustice with the same strength he displays when providing an argument in favor of the unjust life (358c-d). He states to Socrates: I have yet to hear anyone defend justice in the way I want…I want to hear it praised just by itself.... That is …show more content… However, in Plato’s Gorgias, Socrates scrutinizes speech giving and orators, claiming they are not performing a techne (465a). Instead, they are participating in a form of flattery. Socrates claims that persuasive speech making is flattery, because “…it guesses at what’s pleasant with no consideration for what’s best” (465a). In other words, when someone takes part in persuasive speech making, they are taking part in flattery because they are only taking into consideration what would best appeal and convince their audience versus, what they actually conceive as best or true. The sole purpose of persuasive speeches is to persuade, whether that which is being stated is true or false. As demonstrated previously, Socrates is taking part in persuasive speech making; therefore, if Socrates is taking part in speech making, he is not articulating his own convictions or committing himself to anything he states in his speech but, is building off of Glaucon’s and Adeimantus’s conditions in order to persuade them. Thus, in the case of the city-soul analogy, he makes this shaky argument that was good enough to convince the brothers and show how easy it is to make people believe what they say is true using persuasive speech. He simply was persuading the brothers without actually proving/providing concrete Related Documents
Can I Feed My Cat Boneless Chicken Breast? Animal proteins are a vital part of a cat's nutritional requirements. Feeding your cat boneless chicken breast is a healthy option for incorporating animal proteins into its diet. Many pet owners are concerned about the long-term effects commercial cat foods may have on their pet's health, due to preservatives and possible toxins, in light of recent manufacturer recalls. Take time to research what you are feeding your cat, so it supplies all the necessary nutritional requirements for your pet's health to thrive. Cooked or Raw Chicken The chicken meat must be fresh and can be served raw. Parboil raw chicken meat to kill off any surface bacteria. Cats prefer warm food. If your cat refuses the meat straight out of the refrigerator, place it in a zip-tight bag and put it in a bowl of tepid water until it reaches room temperature. Animal versus Plant Proteins Cats lack the specific enzymes needed to utilize plant proteins as efficiently as animal proteins. Proteins from animals contain a complete amino acid profile necessary for your cat's health. Taurine is necessary for your cat's eye health, and is one of the amino acids missing from plant proteins. Serving chicken breast as a protein is a healthier choice than dry food that contains plant-based proteins. Feline Nutritional Requirements Cats are carnivorous creatures. In the wild, they live on a meat-based diet with high moisture content and a small amount of fat. Along with animal protein, cats require calcium, taurine and essential fatty acids for balanced nutrition. A diet too high in carbohydrates can cause feline diabetes. It may be necessary to incorporate supplements if you decide to feed your cat only chicken. Check with your veterinarian to determine the appropriate treatment for your cat. Always provide plenty of fresh water to maintain a healthy urinary tract. Ground versus Whole Chicken Breast If you are switching your cat from a dry or canned commercial food, you may need to aid the transition to eating a whole chicken breast by grinding the meat. Choose free-range, antibiotic- and hormone-free whole chicken, and grind the meat yourself using safe food handling practices. You can include the bones when grinding the meat, or strip them out beforehand. Bones provide a source of needed calcium. Wash your hands, the cutting board, appliances and containers thoroughly to prevent cross-contamination with raw meat juices. Ground meats are riskier for bacterial growth than serving whole pieces. Human-grade and pesticide-free pet foods are available in frozen whole and pre-ground in some specialty pet stores.
Is Evolution a Fact? A great deal of publicity has focused on this important question. It is relevant to the fossil record because the assumption of an evolutionary sequence remains the primary means of dating rock layers. We must define the terms at the outset. Gould gives an excellent definition: “Scientific Fact is a theory that is so thoroughly confirmed it would be perverse to withhold provisional assent.” (Gould, Stephen J. , Evolution as a Fact and Theory, p.119). “Evolution,” in the origins debate, is simply “molecules to man transformation.” Anything less requires a creation act of some kind. Let’s leave aside the tremendous challenges that cosmic evolution faces in explaining a universe that is fine-tuned for life. Suffice it to say that the field of cosmology has provided a ream of articles over the recent years focusing on the evidence of intelligent design from the universe. Let’s also leave aside the complete failure of chemical evolution and organic evolution scenarios (theories of how the building blocks of life evolved and how life came from non-life–abiogenesis). Suffice it to say that the spontaneous generation of specified complexity faces huge probability problems in the area of information theory. Instead we will focus on biological evolution. A number of obstacles for macroevolution have been identified in recent years. The work that must be done for evolution theory to surmount these formidable hurdles alone should cause it to fail the test as a scientific fact. The genetic challenge: Where are the beneficial mutations that are adding new information to become the basis for an evolutionary novelty? Since by anyone’s estimation most mutations are not beneficial, can a population reasonably bear the cost of removing the deleterious mutations via differential survival? And what is the impact on the reproductive capacity along the way? This argument, called Haldane’s Dilemma, is well articulated in Walter ReMine (The Biotic Message, 1993, p.217.). The mechanism challenge: Many people, scientists included, seem unaware that there is no consensus in the evolutionary community regarding the mechanism of macroevolution. Some biologists believe that the mechanisms of macroevolution are fundamentally different from those of microevolution (or genetic variation), while others hold that large-scale biological evolution is merely cumulative variation. The mechanism of natural selection is fraught with tautology and is woefully inadequate when one moves past the typical naive presentation to a complex fitness terrain with epistasis/heterosis (complex gene interactions and recombinations), and polygeny/pleiotropy (multiple genes coding for a trait and single genes influencing multiple traits). The origin and maintenance of sexual reproduction and consciousness in humans remain fundamental problems for the darwinian materialists. The complexity challenge: The sophistication and apparent design of biological systems cry out for an explanation. This begins at the microscopic level in the “simplest” life forms which display incredibly complex protein machines. Douglas Axe, an expert on protein formation, was able to put a startling number on the odds of nature stumbling upon a useful protein structure–only one good protein sequence for every 10^74 bad ones (Axe, Undeniable, 2016, p. 57.). There isn’t enough time, even by evolutionists reckoning, to randomly produce the proteins required for a single bacterium! In his book Darwin’s Black Box, Michael Behe argues that the evidence from the field of biochemistry gives new force to an argument begun by Paley. William Paley pointed to a watch as an illustration of a system that must be designed because freak chance and the work of natural laws can not explain it. Darwinian gradualism completely breaks down when faced with irreducibly complex systems. But what about the evidence in favor of evolution? Evolutionists present five general arguments. The first (and arguably the best) is the fact that there is a pattern to life–twin nested hierarchy. We can classify organisms by a cascade of similarities both in morphology and genetics. Second is Darwin’s riddles. These arguments against the creation model begun by Darwin and eloquently articulated by Gould asks questions: “Why would a Designer sometimes use the same pattern for different purposes? Why would a Designer use different designs to accomplish the same ends? Why would an intelligent Designer use jury-rigged and odd designs?” Third is the general trends of simple to complex in the fossil record. More rarely, evolutionists argue that patterns in embryology and biogeography (the geographic distribution of organisms across the world) give evidence of common ancestry. Various exhibits deal with the difficulties for the Darwinists in the fossil record. The last two arguments have largely been discarded by leading proponents of evolution. If one reads the recent anti-creation books and even the latest NAS primer on teaching evolution, the biogeography argument is not even discussed. Indeed, for a number of years, no modern book surveys this field as evidence for or against evolution. “We conclude, therefore, that biogeography (or geographical distribution of organisms) has not been shown to be evidence for or against evolution in any sense.” (Nelson & Platnick,Systematics and Biogeography: Cladistics and Vicariance, 1981, p.223.) The embryology argument, once powerfully presented by Haeckel and still discussed in some textbooks, has been completely discredited in recent years. Not only has the argument lost its force, but the evidence indicates that Haeckel fraudulently altered the data to bolster the evolutionary illusion. Walter ReMine argues eloquently for the presence of odd designs being deliberately designed to call attention to the message inherent in the panorama of biological systems. The message is that life was designed by a single designer specifically to confound naturalistic explanations. His book (The Biotic Message, 1993, p. 465.) and published paper on Message Theory list several reasons for nested hierarchy. 1. It allows for enormous diversity (making it cumbersome for evolution to explain), while 2. uniting all of life together, often in a visible way. 3. It confounds simpler explanations like transposition (lateral transfer of genetic material) and 4. highlights the absence of identifiable phylogeny (ancestor-descendant lineages). 5. It conveys the single designer message even when the observer lacks much of the data. 6. The pattern is embedded deeply into each organism, thereby making the biotic message resistant to mutation. 7. The nested pattern cannot be the haphazard result of a single civilization (panspermia) but rather points to the action of a single Designer. Evolution never predicted nested hierarchy and Carl Linnaeus’ work on classifying organisms preceded Darwin by over a hundred years. To the extent the patterns did not exist, evolution would happily accommodate with processes of genetic loss, replacement, distant hybridization, anagenesis, transposition, unmasking, panspermia, or multiple biogenesis. Gould stands ready and willing to invoke transposition (the idea of a lateral transfer of genetic material between organisms…vastly more elementary than convergence or natural selection) if the pattern were obliging. “The debate about lateral transfer does not center upon plausible mechanisms. …The issue is not plausibility but relative frequency. Lateral transfer is intelligible and feasible, but how often does it happen in nature? This crucial question must be established by example, not by theory.” (Gould, Stephen J., 1986, “Linnaean Limits,” Natural History, vol. 95, no. 8, p. 18.) To the extent that biodiversity exhibits nested hierarchy it supposedly supports evolution. To the extent that it does not, evolutionists will happily accommodate with a variation on their theory. Evolutionism adapts to data like fog to a landscape! Indeed most of these other mechanisms would be far simpler than the current theory involving natural selection and convergence. They could handily explain troublesome features of the fossil record without resorting to punctuated equilibria. There is no good naturalistic/evolutionary reason for some of them not to have occurred. But the nested hierarchy pattern is intractably resistant to these alternative explanations. The evidence for the theory of evolution certainly does not qualify it to be called a scientific fact. Indeed, as science has progressed Darwinists have had to retreat completely out of the scientific arena into unfalsifiable positions or resort to contradictory models to deal with special problems. The smorgasbord of competing hypothesis that are left should not even qualify as a scientific theory, much less a fact. Again, ReMine is insightful: “1) Life systematically lacks a pattern of fine-gradations of fossils joining disparate lifeforms together. 2) Life systematically lacks a pattern of clear-cut ancestors and lineages joining disparate lifeforms together. 3) Experimental demonstrations, in the laboratory and in the field, systematically fail to demonstrate a plausible naturalistic origin of our disparate lifeforms. Let me emphasize that these are three separate, independent, failures for evolutionary theory… Any one of these three areas would be sufficient to establish evolution as a fact. Yet the systematic, independent failure of ALL THREE shouts that evolutionary theory is wrong.” (From a private correspondence, used with permission, 1999.) But some evolutionists counter that evolution, despite its many flaws, is the best origins theory that we have. Usually they won’t even allow the idea of Intelligent Design to be considered, claiming that theories involving the supernatural have no place in science. This is wrong on multiple fronts. First of all, it is conceivable that earth’s life forms could have been designed by naturalistic alien forces. Secondly, there is no reason science cannot evaluate supernatural theories and good reason to allow consideration of all theories so that the best theory wins and science proceeds towards the truth. Thirdly, evolutionary theory itself has steadily retreated from testable science into the Metaphysical Arena.
Search This Blog Saturday, January 2, 2021 Matthew Chapter 5-10 Notes Continuing from where we left off: [Chapter 5] St. Matthew says Christ is preaching on a mountain. Jews and Gentiles are here at this mountain with Him. He is painting a picture of Christ as the New Moses giving out the New Torah (Law) and giving it to a New People. Jesus tells us who shall be blessed. The "poor in spirit" (humble). "[T]hose who mourn" (those who have had trial/tribulation for in this culture, the people who suffered were seen as cursed even though they aren't). "[T]he meek...inherit the land" (not earth). Zealots want to take the land by violence but Jesus says only the peaceful people will be the ones to inherit it. "[B]lessed are those who hunger/thirst for justice" - emulate those who have been downtrodden; experienced injustice because they will get justice from God. "Pure in heart". Inward heart. "Peacemakers". Not Zealots. Blessed are the persecuted. These are those people who will inherit God's Kingdom. Blessed are you when people hate you for doing things for God. [Want a sign from God? Following Him will get people to hate you]. 5:13 - Jesus shows here that he is not choosing this new people because he likes them better. He is saying he will use them to save and share the world to God. 5:17 - This is not Plan B because Plan A failed. He is saying that this is the fulfillment of the Old Covenant (the New Covenant). Matthew 5:17’s “law or the prophets” is merely a way of referring to the whole Old Testament. Christ says He has “not come to abolish”. We should read Matthew 5:21-48 as well with their correctives in light of Christ’s opening remarks in 5:17-18. In fulfilling the Law, Jesus does not alter, replace, or nullify the former commands; rather, He establishes their true intent and purpose in His teaching and accomplishes them in His obedient life. When He says “until all is accomplished” it means until the full manifestation of God’s Kingdom, for which we are called on to pray for (Matthew 6:10). St. Hilary of Poiters says of Matthew 5 that “from the expression, “pass”, we may suppose the constituting elements of heaven and earth will not be annihilated… He [Christ] does not intend to abolish it but to enhance it by fulfilling it. He declares to His apostles they will not enter heaven unless their righteousness exceeds that of the Pharisees. Therefore, He bypasses what is laid down in the Law, not for the sake of abolishing it, but for the sake of fulfilling it”. Prophecy gives people the big picture. It is less about telling the future and can be good or bad. It is all to give the people a way forward. "Fulfillment" - the word here is used like "to fill up a glass of water". Christ fulfills the Law. It is taking whaat is in the Law as kernel-form and blossoming it into a beautiful plant. Jesus tells them that they have to be better than the Pharisees and Sadducees and then gives examples about how to be. He shows the heart of the Law and Prophets here by telling us to "love God and love people". Even if you are angry you are in danger of the fire of Hades. What leads to murder? The thoughts of your murderous spirit. You and I are really no different than the Pharisees and Sadducees. We want to be innocent? We must strive to be pure in heart. If there is a broken relationship, not made right, stop and try to remedy it because then you have done all you can to make it right and then you can go make your offerings and prayers to God. Jesus forbids divorce here but the Orthodox Church does allow divorce? Why is this? Because life is not black and white like a fundamentalist might tell you. Remarriage for a 2nd time is allowed in the Orthodox Church (but not always and a 3rd re-marriage is often never allowed) as a concession to sin and our human weakness. If possible, you should only marry and keep one marriage throughout your whole life and strive for this goal. When Augustus became Caesar he took all the titles but king and would every law through the senate. He claimed pater familia (father of the Roman family). [Chapter 6] Rome was beginning trade with China somewhat but not really, it was in very early infancy. They knew of the lands of the East and of the lands below in Africa but it was relatively unknown and unexplored to Rome as of yet. Be humble. Do not make a show of it because God sees it. Hypocrites. Do not be like these somebody's and be more like the nobody's. God knows who you all are. The Lord's Prayer is intimate. Worship is communal even if you are all alone in the desert. Angels and etc also take part with you in this. Paul says when we worship is "when Christ appears" (note that this is not His Parousia or 2nd Coming). Heaven is brought down to earth and it is for most an unseen realm that we cannot see but some who have cultivated their holiness can and have seen the heavenly realm. When we pray we are praying to bring Christ and the godly down to earth. This is one of many reaasons we pray for His Return. Forgive others like you forgive yourself. Tells them they can be holy and know God. Mammon - person of substance - wealth, influence, etc. Also is the name of a god that was worshipped. Sometimes this was in the form of Pluto who was the ruler of hell and money. We cannot serve God and Mammon/Pluto. We see the apostles want to convert people to Christ. Nowhere do they try to force people to live this way trough the Law either. The gods - forces of nature in Greek culture and religion do not and did not care about you. The god of Yahweh, the One True God, who is not a demon masquerading as a deity, does care about all people. This is why the Early Church was full of women, children, and slaves. Because to God, they are just as important as Caesar who is considered the highest and most powerful person of authority on earth at the time. The lowly slave is equal to Caesar for God's love. [Chapter 7] We need to be critical and judge ourself before we go trying to put our house in order. 7:6 - Dogs and swine are heathen peoples (Phil. 3:2; Rev 22:15) but also are about Jews who do not practice virtue. If we are following God, He will take care of us and give us what we need truly. If you seek righteousness, God will respond: "Ask and you will receive". Any position of authority that we get is from God and accept responsibility because we will be judged at a higher standard than others. Whoever hears My (God's) sayings and does them, God will protect His followers, not based off of being of Abraham's biological people. [Chapter 8] Why does Jesus keep telling people not to tell about His miracles? This man with "leprosy" likely had what's known today as Hanson's Disease, a disease that causes your body's tissues to die. It becomes a necrotic tissue problem. The "leper" had faith and is bold to ask Christ for this because he could be stoned for coming up to someone and exposing them to disease like this. Christ heals him by touching this man however. In the same way that Christ purified the water at His baptism, His touch purifies the man. Jesus does this in front of a large group of people. Jesus just wants him not to say to people He is the Messiah and also doesn't do these healings for the glory because He is humble and that means God is humble. This leper could now go back to his community after seeing the high priest and getting the okay to come back. He would also be restored to be able to worship God again. This grace was given as a calling so the leper could live differently and do what he was called to do. 8:5-13 - The centurion is a Gentile of faith. The servant is healed. A Gentile (Roman soldier), a centurion who is in charge of 100 men, who is actively oppressing Judea by order of the governors and emperor, has a slave who is sick and asks this Jew for help. He does it. Jesus has now healed a leper, a slave of a Gentile who is also a Roman soldier, and up next will be an elderly woman (Peter's mother-in-law). Capernaum is a coastal town where Peter has been previously before Jesus worked since he had a boat and a house. This Roman Centurion was perhaps what was called a "god-fearer". In the 1st Century AD, there were some Greco-Roman people who were fascinated with Judaism as an ancient religion. Jews only have one Temple and some synagogues to read Scripture (the OT) and pray a bit. The idea that they only prayed "in mind" was fascinating to the pagans because they always had to be active and do something outwardly to try and get a "reaction" from the pagan gods or try to strike bargains. This happened a lot back then and Pompey actually went into the Holy of Holies and found nothing but an empty room and then annexed Judah (Judea) as a province for Rome. Jewish people hated Paul along with the Early Church after his conversion because there were people (donors) like this centurion who might join his cause of Christianity and then they would lose donations. The first two examples of healing are the unclean and the enemy instead of being a ruler. He says there will be many Gentiles and etc. who will sit and feast with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, while unfaithful Jews will fail and not be. The condition necessary is faith. Faith makes you a child of Abraham (a part of Israel). Matthew 8:16-17 quotes Isaiah 53:4. When Jesus heals, he doesn't get their sickness or infirmities. He purged them and cleansed and purified them. Isaiah 53 in context is about righteousness. JustifiedL cleansed and purified. It is fulfilled as He does these things in Matthew 8. He doesn't even say their sins are forgiven here. Isaiah 53 is also not about some courtroom scene. The entirety of Matthew 8 would not make sense otherwise. The leper, demons, centurion, etc. need to be cleansed and made clean, not to be driven out. He turns enemies into friends and sinners here to saints. 8:18-22 - "Scribe" - rabbis. A law of Moses guy. They would come to Jesus and says that he would like to follow Jesus so Jesus essentially tells him "I'm homeless" to tell him that this shall be a hard road, something the scribe isn't going to be accustomed to. Christ refers to himself here as Son of Man (a term found in Ezekiel-Psalms-etc. also called Son of Adam, Son of the Dirt, not a term of glorification but the opposite). This phrase is found especially in Daniel. The one like a son of Adam (human being) on a cloud who comes before the Father (Ancient of Days). In context, he is telling this scribe that if he wants to follow Him it is not going to be like he thinks it will be. It will be much different than the road he thinks this is going to go. 8:21-22 - Another follower says he will come but first wants to bury his father. Jesus says this life he calls them to is radical and that their former concerns are meaningless. Where we are going as a New People is much different. 8:23-27 - Storm happens. Jesus is asleep. The disciples wake him up and so Jesus calms the storm and gives them a critique about their faith. Jesus here controls the elements. Jupiter, Zeus, etc. of the pagan pantheon are in control of the elements in Greco-Roman religion. Baal is a storm god who beats Yam, god of the sea. What does Jesus do here? He calms the seas and the thunderstorms. He is God-Incarnate, stronger than all the gods/goddesses (fallen angels) combined. This Messiah is more powerful than the apostles expected and he has control over the elements. This is the first indication to the Apostles that this is actually God Himself Incarnated. 8:28-34 - Gergesene is where they head to and they come across a demon-possessed man. They come from the other side of the Galilee into Gentile territory (at best there may be Samaritans here). They find 2 demon possessed men who are blocking the road. In Greek, the daemon was an "ancestral spirit". The Greeks had different ranks of or levels of demons. Apollo was a daemon in Greek-Roman religion for example but there were lower beings as well who worked for Apollo. You spoke to the "gods" by 1) idols or 2) possession (which the Oracles of Delphi did often). The Gentiles did not see this as bad and did this all the time. They also understood the differences between possession by a "god" and a mental illness. Socrates wrote he had a daemon that whispered things to him in his mind. This was common. The Roman emperor's "divine spirit" was what was worshipped, not him (usually). The two people were "touched by the gods" (demons) and they likely (the townspeople) saw them as being oracles or gurus in some sense. Ones gifted by the gods with spiritual wisdom of some sort. The demons in the men recognize Jesus as Son of God. We got earlier the calming of the storms and now he is called Son of THE GOD, a title Augustus Caesar used is given by demons to Jesus as a title. Caeasr was seen as son of the god Jupiter. They ask if he has come to torment them before the time of judgment. These spirits are expecting one day to be judged by Yahweh. He is going to judge the nations and spirits, the nations worship demons rather than the Creator and the Lord of Lords. They ask Jesus why he is here and beg for mercy. The enemy is not mankind but the demons who have taken God's people captive. They ask to be put into the swine because they have no power on their own without a human to try and influence. They are begging to be put in pigs because they want to stay in the world for a while longer instead of go to Gehenna. The pigs then go and jump into the sea and drown. Evil is just like a parasite. The demons hate creation and end up going to Gehenna anyways since they can only destroy. The act of mercy given to them was short lived obviously. These people obviously see it and freak out about Jesus after having seen it. They probably realize he is God or a god and it is a lot like Isaiah's experience in Isaiah 6 where he is freaking out about experiencing God. Jesus leaves when asked to go away but he does not abandon these people because in Matthew 28 he will send the disciples back here. [Chapter 9] The people think that is blasphemy when Jesus says "your sins are forgiven" and heals the paralytic. He is saying and showing them that the real problem is sin, not being sick or disabled. Even the prophets however did not forgive sins. Only God can do this. Big hint that Jesus is God Incarnate right there. Rather than condemn creation, Christ calls them to repentance. 9:9-13 - Jesus eats with tax collectors and sinners. They are despised and Jesus is with them. He tells Matthew (Levi) to follow Him. He eats with them in the tax office house. The Pharisees get super pissed off at this because they think that He should be trying to get rid of these people because they are considered undesirables, traitors to Judea, traitors to Jews, and evil and good for nothings that do not cleanse or purify the land so God can return and get them out of Exile. Jesus is here however for these people. The healthy do not need doctors after all. It is sad too that the Pharisees cannot recognize God is right there standing in front of their own very eyes either. 9:14 - John's disciples ask Jesus: "Why do your disciples not fast?" 9:15-17 - Jesus answers them that they will fast when He leaves. Jesus is referring with the wineskins some 1st Ce. books that they would have all been aware of. One of these is 4 Ezra. In 4 Ezra, there is one vision of a bridegroom. A festival is about to start in it and this bridegroom is the king also. In the vision, he is fixing to consummate the marriage with his bride and then drops dead. All go into mourning and despair. This is 4 Ezra where there is a prophecy about the Destruction of the Temple as well. Jesus references this a LOT (and this isn't about Herod's Temple but Him, Christ). Jesus references this a lot because this consummation promised NEVER happened in the Old Testament (Old Covenant) but will in the New Covenant. Jesus here is also declaring Himself to be the Temple too. They are not fasting because they are in a transition that is going on here with the Old and New Covenant. Something better and new is coming. The New Covenant. 9:18-26 - the ruler was basically like the Head of the Council. The guy who helps keep the synagogue in shape. A woman with a blood issue (she has been unclean for 12 years and sick; anemic) touches Jesus' clothes and is healed and cleansed. She technically if Christ had sin, would have been counted unclean but he is not and instead purifies her. Jesus goes to this rulers' house and saw the rich ruler of the synagogues' funeral-people, crowds, and professional wailers. He tells them the girl is sleeping. They mock him of course because it sounds ridiculous. She, the daughter however is resurrected. (Note: We will find later in Mark that this girl is also 12 and there is a connection going on there). 9:27-31 - He went to another house and these two blind men pursue Him on the way there. "Son of David:. King of Judah - Messiah. They are blind but can "see" that Jesus is Messiah. Pharisees meanwhile are following him around and can't see. Jesus asks "Do you believe that I am able to do this?" The blind men have faith and we see Isaiah 35:5 fulfilled here. 9:30-31 - He tells them again to not say anything but they tell everyone. This is humility of Christ. 9:32-35 - He casts a demon out of someone. Man was mute and now can speak. the Pharisees are blind and trying to make excuses as to why not to follow Christ. They don't like what he's doing. There is no repentance from them. The Pharisees know they will lose their whole corrupt way of life if they follow this Jesus of Nazareth. They'd have to lose hate too because the only way Rome is going to be defeated as an enemy is through love and making Rome a friend of God. 9:36-38 - Jesus looks at all the people. The harvest is great but the number of laborers are few. Israel he is showing here is weary and scattered because of their worthless cowardly leaders who don't care. He also says this with compassion knowing that these wicked rulers will be the ones to crucify and kill him. [Chapter 10] The Center is Christ. Peter, James, John are his 3 in his inner circle. Then it is His 12. Then it is 70 disciples. Then there are 120 disciples who stick with him all the way through. These are His main groups. A lot of the 120 are former John the Baptist followers. 3 James are mentioned: James who is Joseph's son, Jesus' adopted father (also Jesus' step-brother, Bishop of Jerusalem, and the one that would be martyred by being thrown off the Temple); James of Alphaeus, the Lesser; and James of Zebedee. James of Alphaeus would be the one to take off after the Resurrection to preach to Syria and other parts of the East, kind of like St. Thomas when he will go to India. These 12 follow Jesus at all times mostly. They are basically His apprentices. He turns them, grooms them into becoming His Apostles and representatives of the New People. He also it must be noted gives Judas power and authority to cast out demons. There is no justification for his betrayal and we should look at ourselves in Judas for we are like him in so many ways. 10:4-15 - This is the first sending out. He tells them to to Israel and Jews first. Jesus was homeless and went from house to house and depended on people to help and feed him, all of this done out of kindness and charity (10:4-10). Those who do not accept the message will face judgement worse than Sodom and Gomorrah. Turning away from salvation is the result (v. 11-15). 10:16-23 - All of them except John get killed and martyred. The message will bring tribulation and martyrdom. God through the Spirit will give them all the words to say. If they endure they will be saved. This applies to us today as well. 10:24-42 - v. 28 - hell equals Gehenna. This shows there is an immortal soul. God knows all about us and cares. His message however is not a peaceful one. To follow God is to wage war against oneself and the demonic and many will not and do not want to sign up for this. We must however for the sake of our salvation, take up the Cross (crucifixion). It is to be a torture. Around a year ago at Passover, it was possible for them all to have been crucified because, in order to preserve peace, Pontius Pilate would crucify Jews at random, to make the point of people not causing trouble in Jerusalem. It would be like telling someone of color to tie the noose around your neck in modern day is what Jesus is saying essentially. 10:23 - You can refer to my notes in this blog but this is obviously not about the 2nd Coming as some silly preterists claim. No comments: Post a Comment Response to David Clarke I will try and make this short. Below is a video made by David Clarke a full preterist. In it, he makes clear he has published a book on A...
Alternative Uses for Ultrasound in Everyday Life Alternative Uses for Ultrasound in Everyday Life The image of the ultrasound pregnancy scan, or sonogram, is iconic. That familiar wedge shape and grainy image is often the first view expectant parents get of their child. But there’s more to ultrasound than prenatal sonography. Besides this important first look, there are alternative uses for ultrasound in everyday life. Sitting in the waiting room, you may have asked yourself “what is an ultrasound, anyway?” In layman’s terms, ultrasound is simply any sound wave whose frequency lies beyond the upper limit of human hearing—the higher the frequency, the higher the pitch. This includes everything from your dog whistle to a submarine’s sonar system. Dog Whistles Dogs evolved to have a higher range of hearing than we do. This means they will react to a high-pitched noise that humans cannot perceive. This way, they react to a shrill noise the same way we would, without us having to hear it. Dog whistles are perhaps the simplest use of ultrasound in our lives: there’s no high-tech device here, just a small tube and your breath. But this small whistle is indeed instrumental in training your dog. Pain Management Ultrasound has promising medical applications outside the doctor’s office, too. Targeted ultrasound waves can be used for everyday pain management by stimulating tissue, or in some cases, precisely calming a nerve that is causing debilitating pain. Users can even manage their own pain with a small handheld device. This replaces the need for medication or invasive surgery. Insect Control If there’s one thing mosquitoes fear, it’s the dragonfly that eats mosquitoes by the score every day. Mosquitoes’ fear of humans, however, is much lower, which is why we’ve learned to fool them with gadgets that mimic the rapid high-pitched clicking sound that dragonflies emit. These devices are especially helpful to fishing enthusiasts, who sometimes find that the only bites they get are bug bites. Industrial Quality Control Many of the cars on the road owe their seals of approval to ultrasound testing. Manufacturers use sound-emitting probes to locate tiny but critical flaws in automotive components. Identifying small problems in the assembly process before they become big problems on the road keeps drivers safe and keeps cars out of the shop. Sonar for Fishing After it was developed for naval warfare in World War II, sound navigation ranging, or sonar, has found use in fishing fleets to detect not submarines, but schools of fish. Ultrasound waves travel through the air found in the swim bladders of fish as well as the water, and recording this difference allows fishermen to make their catches. The next time you enjoy Icelandic cod, thank sonar and one of the most advanced alternative uses for ultrasound in everyday life.
Why Slow Food Tastes The Best Muni on this: Before you put a forkful of pasta or a piece of bread in your mouth, do you take a moment to think about how all of that food got to your plate? While there is an increased interest in food that is organic, vegetarian, vegan, or raw, for its nutritional benefits and ecological friendliness, this also raises awareness on slow food, which if advocated as it should be, can help reduce stress, by allowing you to slow down, take a breath, and mindfully savor the food you work to pay for everyday. What is Slow Food? Slow Food is an alternative to its unhealthy distant cousin, fast food. It strives to preserve traditional and regional cuisine, encourages farming of crops and livestock characteristic to an area, protects the interests of small-scale food producers and promotes a greater appreciation for good food and drinks. Its philosophy encourages dining for the pleasure of the senses, more than an act to simply “fuel” gobbled down quickly to get on with the next task or chore. It advocates food that arrives on your plate in the most environmentally responsible way possible, and food producers that are properly compensated for their labor. The Slow Food movement began in Italy in 1986 to resist the opening of a McDonald’s in Rome. Dining has traditionally been way of socializing all over Italy, what with their rich wines and cheeses. Slow Food in the Philippines Food is definitely something that brings together Filipino friends and families as well, and something that you might want to consider on your next get-together or reunion to enjoy one of the best meals you can have together. You can integrate the Slow Food philosophy in your own life by following these simple tips: 1. Know where your food comes from. Getting to know your local food producers and the process by which they gather your food makes you appreciate their efforts and your food so much more. 2. Grow a vegetable. Small space? Start with a potted herb garden or a simple container garden with one vegetable outdoors. (Have a very UN-green thumb? Muni hopes to organize an urban gardening workshop in April. Details TBA.) 3. Bike, walk or take public transit to purchase food, whenever possible. Slow food and slow travel go hand in hand. 🙂 4. Have potluck gatherings with friends and family to bring the joy back to home cooking. 5. Dine at restaurants that get ingredients from local communities, or better yet, grow their own food. Or restaurants that aim to preserve traditional, regional, or heirloom recipes. (see Sonya’s Garden and Adarna Restaurant) 6. Regardless of your religion or non-religion, before you begin your meal, close your eyes, inhale deeply, and take in all the aromas of the food before you. (something I learned from Hariharalaya Retreat Center) 7. Eat slowly, as if seducing a lover, and try to taste the different ingredients in the dish. This is your license to play food critic. When you realize how much time, effort and love goes into getting the food on your plate, you appreciate it more. Make the act of eating a more mindful one, and I’m betting that that spoonful of food you’ve eaten several times before will taste better now than it ever has. Got any other Slow Food tips? Do share! 🙂 Photo c/o guavascowsandcrocodiles #fresh #philippines #eat #organic #food #natural #slowfood #vegetarianism • Instagram • Facebook • Twitter ©2020 MUNI Cultural Creatives Inc.
Busy. Please wait. show password Forgot Password? Don't have an account? Sign up Username is available taken show password Already a StudyStack user? Log In Reset Password Didn't know it? click below Knew it? click below Don't know Remaining cards (0) Normal Size Small Size show me how Stomach, Duodenum, P Stomach, Duodenum and Pancreas What part of the gut is stomach? Duodenum and Pancreas? Stomach is foregut, Duodenum is half foregut and half midgut and Pancreas develops at junction between foregut and midgut Where can ventral mesentery be found in the foregut? Ventral mesentery extends to the top of the duodenum. Ventral mesentery can be found between the anterior body wall and liver Where is the ligamentum teres hepatis? It is at the free edge of the falciform ligament What region can the developing liver be found? In the region of the septum transversum Name the divisions of the stomach Fundus, Cardiac part, body, pylorus antrum, pyloric canal, pylorus What is the proximal end of the stomach attached to? It is attached to the esophagus at the esophagogastric junction How does the epithelium change between stomach and esophagus? There is an apparent zig zag line What marks the distal end of the stomach? The distal end of the stomach is marked by the pylorus which connects the stomach to the duodenum What is the pylorus? It is a very tight sphincter because at that point you want to eject the acidic contents of the stomach in a very regulated manner into the first part of the duodenum Does the pH change at the duodenum? What is introduced here? Yes, it is where the pH chnages and bile acids and pancreatic enzymes are introduced What is the pyloric antrum? It is a functional demarcation where the muscles tend to form a stricture around the back Where does the pyloric canal and the the pyloric antrum end? They end at the pylorus Where does the stomach lie? It lies on the stomach bed and the pancreas is included What happens when there is inflammation in the stomach? It appears as if it is coming from the heart. Visceral afferents give the impression of an angina attack or myocardinal infarction What is reflux gastritis? When fluid come back into the esophagus Where does the pylorus enter the duodenum? It enters through the duodenal cap Different parts of the stomach have.... Different functions Where do fluids go in the stomach? They come down the cardiac orifice into the gastric cancal or magenstrasse What is in the gastric canal that allow fluids to flow down? There are longitudinal folds allowing water to percolate down the lesser curvature into pyloric orifice Where do semi-solids and solid go in the stomach? They must churn with peptic enzymes in the acid pH environment of the gastric and fundic zones Where does the esophagus enter the diaphragm? At T 10 Why is the distal end of the stomach significantly anchored? Because of the heptoduodenal ligament At the esophagogastric junction there needs to be the ability to expand, how is this acheived? You pack it with fat What can happen when the esophagogastric junction is compromised? You can have a hiatus hernia. Stomach can go into thorax What is a sliding hiatus hernia? Where the gastroesophageal junction moves above the diaphragm together with some of the stomach What is a paraesophageal hiatus hernia? Does it need to be corrected? Part of the stomach herniates through the esophageal hiatus and lies beside the esophagus without movement of the gasroesophageal junction. Most times do not need to be corrected What is in the supracolic compartment? (above transverse colon) The stomach, liver and spleen What is the ends of the transverse colon demarcated by? The left colic (splenic flexture) and the right colic (hepatic flexture) What two components does the liver consist of from GI tract and septum transversum? Epithelia (endothermal) coming from the GI tract and parenchymal cells from the cells of the septum transversum What is the heptagastric ligament and the heptaduodenal ligament? Heptagastric ligament: Expanse of ventral mesentery from liver to stomach. Heptaduodenal: Expanse of ventral mesentery from liver to duodenum What is a ligament? A thin sheet of peritoneum with two serous layers with some fat in between Where does the spleen develop? It develops in the dorsal meesentery and there is a gastrosplenic ligament connecting the spleen and the greater curvature of the stomach which is an extension of dorsal mesentery What structures are in the hepatduodenal ligament? The portal vein, the common bile duct and the hepatic artery proper What is between the inferior vena cava and the heptaduodenal ligament? The foramen of Winslow What makes up the lesser omentum? Two mesothelial sheets. It is attached from the lesser curvature of the stomach across the liver to the fissure for the ligamentum venosum Where does the superior recess of the lesser sac run? All the way up to the backside of the liver and it stops where the bare area of the liver begins If you go behind the stomach where will you be stopped? You will be stopped at the inferior recess of the omental bursa What makes up the greater omentum? 4 layers of peritoneum Where is the bloodvessels located in abdomen? On the posterior abdominal wall retroperitoneal What branches does the celiac trunk break into? Left gastric artery, splenic artery and common hepatic artery Where does the splenic artery run? Into the stomach bed along the superior border of the pancreas and reaches spleen through the splenorenal ligament to reach hilum Where does the left gastric artery run? Runs retroperitoneally and supplies left side of lesser curvature of stomach. Eventually becomes intraperitoneal. Branches go into esophagus at the same time Where does the common hepatic artery go? Reaches the lesser omentum where it breaks up and gives off hepatic artery proper and gastroduodenal artery What does the gastroduodenal artery branch into? The right gastroomental artery Where does the right gastric artery come off and run to? It comes off the hepatic proper and runs to the lesser curvature of the stomach to anastomose with left gastric artery What does the right gastroomental artery anastomose with? With the left gastroomental artery What does the splenic artery branch into? Branches into the short gastric artery and left gastroomental artery(gastroepiploic artery) What does the left gastroomental artery supply? The greater omentum on the left side What supplies the fundus of the stomach? The short gastric artery Where does venous drainage end up? The portal vein What is the portal vein? A remnant of the vitelline vein and the venous draingage ends up in the hepatic portal system Where does venous return also come from? the lower end of the esophagus that goes into the portal system and the azygos system. (secondary pathway if there is blockage) What do the lymphatics follow? The veins Why do gastric cancer diagnosis tend to be late? By the time the cancer invades the lymphatic to a size that they can be detected they could spread in mulitple different directions What innervates the stomach? The vagus nerve (parasympathetic motor). Sympathetic fibers coming from the celiac ganglion with presynaptic fibers from greater splanchnic nerves Where is the pain referred when you have a gastric ulcer? To the heart because of visceral afferents piggy-backing along the vagus and sympathetic paths Where does the left vagus nerve go when it enters the abdomen? The anterior vagul trunk into the esophageal plexus Where does the right vagus nerve enter the abdomen? Posteriorly on the posterior vagul trunk What parts is the duodenum divided into? 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th Where does the first part of the duodenum run? From the pylorus to the liver (intraperitoneal) Where does the 2nd and third part of duodenum run? 2nd: Inferiorly down on the side of vertebral column. 3rd: horizonal extension anteriorly to abdominal aorta. (secondary retroperitoneal) 4th part of duodenum? Anteriorly and is continous with the jejunum What supplies blood to duodenum? The gastroduodenal artery (from common hepatic from celiac trunk) and superior mesenteric artery What does the gastroduodenal artery branch to? The superior pancreaticoduodenal arteries that supply pancreas and duodenum What does the superior mesenteric artery branch inot? The inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries that anastosome with the superior pancreaticoduodenal arteries What are the folds inside the duodenum called? Plicae circularies What is the major duodenal papilla? Where the common bile duct and Pancreatic duct come into the duodenum What is the ampulla of vater? Where the common bile duct and pancreatic duct open located at the major duodenal papilla What is the ligament of Tretitz? Where the duodenum is anchored to the posterior abdominal wall by a connective tissue that makes up a suspensory ligament What does the dorsal pancreatic bud represent? A tubular invagination of the endoderm into the dorsal mesentery What does the ventral pancreatic duct open into? The major duodenal papilla What does the venral pancreatic bud develop into? The head and uncinate process of pancreas What does the dorsal pancreatic duct open into? the minor duodenal papilla What does the dorsal pancreatic bud develop into? The body and tail of the pancreas What do the splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein combine and become? The hepatic portal vein Where can the inferior mesenteric vein drain? Anywhere, but most of the time into the splenic vein What innervates the pancreas and duodenum? Both parasympathetic and sympathetic innvervation What regulates the sphincter of Oddi? Opening and closing regulated by a peptide hormone cholecystokinin What can pancreatic cancer lead to? Obstruction of bile flow because common bile duct is close to head of pancreas. can manifest itself in jaundice What is the sphincter of Oddi? controls the opening of the major duodenal papilla Pass complete! "Know" box contains: Time elapsed: restart all cards
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This is the year when kids need their flu shots more than ever. If your child contracts COVID-19 and hasn’t had their flu shot, they may wind up with both respiratory illnesses at once. And that could be dangerous. “We still don’t know what co-infection might look like,” said Matthew Hinton, MD, Pediatrician at Ponderosa Pediatrics, a YRMC PhysicianCare clinic. “Influenza is a major illness that causes a lot of suffering among children. Why take the chance of compounding that with COVID? Especially when we have a vaccination for flu.” Plus, if you protect your child with a flu shot, they’ll be healthier overall. Yet, according to some studies at least one-third of American parents say they don’t plan to have their kids vaccinated for influenza this year. “There’s a lot of misinformation out there,” states Dr Hinton. “Many parents worry the flu shot will make their children sick. But you cannot catch flu from the vaccine. If you feel a little under the weather after a flu shot it just means your immune system is doing its job. It’s helping your body develop an immune response to influenza. This is common and benign.” Debunking Myths To debunk a couple other myths: A flu shot does not increase the risk of getting COVID-19. Nor does a flu shot cause a positive COVID-19 test result. What a flu shot does is prevent influenza. It saves lives. Still, many people don’t get them. “I often see parents who fully immunize their children, but don’t want to vaccinate against the flu,” Dr. Hinton said. “They say they don’t get a flu shot and they’ve never caught the flu. So why get a flu shot for their children? I try to encourage them that just because they’ve never gotten the flu doesn’t mean they won’t.” “Of all the things you can immunize against, the disease your child is most likely to get is influenza,” states Dr. Hinton. “It is by far the most common. Especially during the winter months when respiratory viruses are very active. There are hundreds of them. It can be hard to distinguish one from another when a child gets sick. By taking flu out of the equation we can better test and isolate other viruses.” Freeing Up Resources By preventing a major flu outbreak, we free up hospital capacity should we see a surge in coronavirus cases. “When hit by a flu epidemic the ER often fills up with people with influenza,” Dr. Hinton says. “If you add COVID on top of that it can overwhelm medical resources.” We need to do everything we can keep ourselves and our children healthy. That means getting a flu shot to minimize the risk of influenza. And wearing a mask and social distancing while we wait for a COVID-19 vaccine. Dr. Hinton recommends a flu shot for all children six months and older. “We’ve seen bad flu epidemics as early as October, although they’re more common between December and February.” The flu vaccine is currently available for Ponderosa Pediatrics patients. If you don’t currently take your children to Ponderosa Pediatrics, they are now accepting new patients. Just call (928) 778-4581. Submitted by Yavapai Regional Medical Center
John Maynard Keynes. [149], Keynes's friends in the Bloomsbury Group were initially surprised when, in his later years, he began pursuing affairs with women,[150] demonstrating himself to be bisexual. [37] The work, Treatise on Money, was published in 1930 in two volumes. although Keynes's own inclinations drew him towards philosophy – especially the ethical system of G. E. Moore. [23] He enjoyed his work at first, but by 1908 had become bored and resigned his position to return to Cambridge and work on probability theory, at first privately funded only by two dons at the university – his father and the economist Arthur Pigou. GCSE History. John Maynard Keynes was born on June 5, 1883 in Cambridge to economist father John Neville Keynes and social reformer mother Florence Ada Keynes. When it comes to a showdown, scarce four weeks have passed before they remember that they are pacifists and write defeatist letters to your columns, leaving the defence of freedom and civilisation to Colonel Blimp and the Old School Tie, for whom Three Cheers.[42]. [159], Keynes thought that the pursuit of money for its own sake was a pathological condition, and that the proper aim of work is to provide leisure. John Maynard Keynes was a British economist who lived from 1883 to 1946 and is often regarded as one of the most influential economists to have ever lived due to his stupendous contributions towards macroeconomic theories. [149] One line of attack held that he was uninterested in the long term ramifications of his theories because he had no children. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. [12], According to the economic historian and biographer Robert Skidelsky, Keynes's parents were loving and attentive. [159][160] In her novel Mrs Dalloway (1925), Woolf bases the character of Rezia Warren Smith on Lopokova. After the war started he roundly criticised the Left for losing their nerve to confront Hitler: The intelligentsia of the Left were the loudest in demanding that the Nazi aggression should be resisted at all costs. The sum had been amassed despite lavish support for various charities and philanthropies, and his ethic which made him reluctant to sell on a falling market, in cases where he saw such behaviour as likely to deepen a slump. [8], When Time magazine included Keynes among its Most Important People of the Century in 1999, it stated that "his radical idea that governments should spend money they don't have may have saved capitalism. in 1909, Keynes became a civil servant, taking a job with the India Office in Whitehall. Allegations that he was racist or had totalitarian beliefs have been rejected by Robert Skidelsky and other biographers. [39] Apart from Great Britain, Keynes's attention was primarily focused on the United States. [108] Keynes's speech at the closing of the Bretton Woods negotiations was received with a lasting standing ovation, rare in international relations, as the delegates acknowledged the scale of his achievements made despite poor health. He argued that aggregate demand (total spending in the economy) determined the overall level of economic activity, and that inadequate aggregate demand could lead to prolonged periods of high unemployment. John Maynard Keynes (Source: Public Domain). [168] This was a controversial decision at the time, as stocks were considered high-risk and the centuries-old endowment had traditionally been invested in agricultural land and fixed income assets like bonds. Other prominent economic commentators who have argued for Keynesian government intervention to mitigate the financial crisis include George Akerlof,[83] J. Bradford DeLong,[84] His performance may have marked Keynes for a public career, but the Versailles Peace Conference changed his aspirations. As the key 1968 event Elliott and Atkinson picked out America's suspension of the conversion of the dollar into gold except on request of foreign governments, which they identified as the beginning of the breakdown of the Bretton Woods system. [140] Keynes had been in relationships while at Eton and Cambridge; significant among these early partners were Dilly Knox and Daniel Macmillan. John Maynard Keynes, with his wife, Lydia Lopokova, in the 1920s, as some of the baleful results he warned of in “The Economic Consequences of the Peace” were playing out. While it was addressed chiefly to the British Government, it also contained advice for other nations affected by the global recession. In the late 1930s and 1940s, economists (notably John Hicks, Franco Modigliani, and Paul Samuelson) attempted to interpret and formalise Keynes's writings in terms of formal mathematical models. In addition to economic analysis, the book contained pleas to the reader's sense of compassion: I cannot leave this subject as though its just treatment wholly depended either on our pledges or on economic facts. [169] Keynes was granted permission to invest a small minority of assets in stocks, and his adroit management resulted this portion of the endowment growing to become the majority of the endowment's assets. Keynes", "Dividends from Schumpeter's Noble Failure", "The Immoral Moral Scientist. "[96] [154] In the early years of his courtship, he maintained an affair with a younger man, Sebastian Sprott, in tandem with Lopokova, but eventually chose Lopokova exclusively. By 1894, Keynes was top of his class and excelling at mathematics. A copy was sent to the newly elected President Franklin D. Roosevelt and other world leaders. "[10] In addition to being an economist, Keynes was also a civil servant, a director of the Bank of England, and a part of the Bloomsbury Group of intellectuals. [60] Keynesian ideas became so popular that some scholars point to Keynes as representing the ideals of modern liberalism, as Adam Smith represented the ideals of classical liberalism. [145] The artist Duncan Grant, whom he met in 1908, was one of Keynes's great loves. Keynes's experience at Versailles was influential in shaping his future outlook, yet it was not a successful one. [118] He said the work expressed "the attitude of a decaying civilisation". His father, John Neville Keynes, was an economist and a lecturer in moral sciences at the University of Cambridge and his mother Florence Ada Keynes a local social reformer. "Keynes" redirects here. In the 1920s, Keynes was seen as anti-establishment and was mainly attacked from the right. Although Keynes could not offer a theoretical refutation of his colleaguesâ opinions, he agitated for public works nevertheless. John Maynard Keynes ' Absolute Income Hypothesis 1481 Words 6 Pages The basis behind much of macroeconomic consumption theory rests with John-Maynard Keynes’ Absolute Income Hypothesis, described in The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (1936). [48], Keynes was interested in literature in general and drama in particular and supported the Cambridge Arts Theatre financially, which allowed the institution to become one of the major British stages outside London.[110]. His father, John Neville Keynes, was an economist and later an academic administrator at the Kingâs College, Cambridge. His view, supported by many economists and commentators at the time, was that creditor nations may be just as responsible as debtor nations for disequilibrium in exchanges and that both should be under an obligation to bring trade back into a state of balance. Almost all capitalist governments had done so by the end of the two decades following Keynes's death in 1946. expressed concern over the potential impact on inflation, national debt and the risk that a too large stimulus will create an unsustainable recovery. He considered Keynes to have a kind of unconscious patriotism that caused him to fail to understand the problems of other nations. Please select which sections you would like to print: Corrections? Keynes argued that full employment could not always be reached by making wages sufficiently low. [46], In late 1965 Time magazine ran a cover article with a title comment from Milton Friedman (later echoed by U.S. President Richard Nixon), "We are all Keynesians now". His plans during World War II for post-war international economic institutions and policies (which contributed to the creation at Bretton Woods of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, and later to the creation of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and eventually the World Trade Organization) were aimed to give effect to this vision. Keynes later commented to Strachey that beauty and intelligence were rarely found in the same person, and that only in Duncan Grant had he found the combination. [122][123] Scholars have suggested that these reflect clichés current at the time that he accepted uncritically, rather than any racism. First prepared as a lecture for schoolchildren in 1928, the article predicted a coming age of leisure and economic abundance in the not-too-distant future. He detailed these ideas in his magnum opus, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, published in 1936. [48], Throughout his life, Keynes worked energetically for the benefit both of the public and his friends; even when his health was poor, he laboured to sort out the finances of his old college. Winston Churchill called them âa sad story of complicated idiocy.â Essentially, they meant demanding from Germany either goodsâwhich would have dislocated industry in the recipient countriesâor money. His last major public service was his negotiation in the autumn and early winter of 1945 of a multibillion-dollar loan granted by the United States to Britain. The policy of reducing Germany to servitude for a generation, of degrading the lives of millions of human beings, and of depriving a whole nation of happiness should be abhorrent and detestable, – abhorrent and detestable, even if it was possible, even if it enriched ourselves, even if it did not sow the decay of the whole civilized life of Europe. It was only later, in The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, that Keynes provided an economic basis for government jobs programs as a solution to high unemployment. The General Theory argues that demand, not supply, is the key variable governing the overall level of economic activity. Keynesian economics were officially discarded by the British Government in 1979, but forces had begun to gather against Keynes's ideas over 30 years earlier. A biography of John Maynard Keynes. [42] By a continuing process of inflation, governments can confiscate, secretly and unobserved, an important part of the wealth of their citizens. He wanted shorter working hours and longer holidays for all. Keynes's magnum opus, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money was published in 1936. [32] He attacked the post-World War I deflation policies with A Tract on Monetary Reform in 1923[32] – a trenchant argument that countries should target stability of domestic prices, avoiding deflation even at the cost of allowing their currency to depreciate. Keynes believed the classical theory was a "special case" that applied only to the particular conditions present in the 19th century, his theory being the general one. Keynes was the first born, and was followed by two more children – Margaret Neville Keynes in 1885 and Geoffrey Keynes in 1887. He then returned to Cambridge, where he taught economics until 1915. After a trip to Russia, he wrote in his Short View of Russia that there is "beastliness on the Russian and Jewish natures when, as now, they are allied together". Nací en el 5 de Junio de 1883, Cambridge. The Means to Prosperity contains one of the first mentions of the multiplier effect. Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren ranks among the best-known contributions in the economic writings of John Maynard Keynes. In the 1917 King's Birthday Honours, Keynes was appointed Companion of the Order of the Bath for his wartime work,[29] and his success led to the appointment that would have a huge effect on Keynes's life and career; Keynes was appointed financial representative for the Treasury to the 1919 Versailles peace conference. Keynes himself had only limited participation in the theoretical debates that followed the publication of the General Theory as he suffered a heart attack in 1937, requiring him to take long periods of rest. 9, 1972), and served once more in the Treasury as an all-purpose adviser. Nevertheless, many models were developed by Keynesian economists, with a famous example being the Phillips curve which predicted an inverse relationship between unemployment and inflation. To Keynes's dismay, Lloyd George and Clemenceau were able to pressure Wilson to agree to include pensions in the reparations bill. During the Great Depression of the 1930s, Keynes spearheaded a revolution in economic thinking, challenging the ideas of neoclassical economics that held that free markets would, in the short to medium term, automatically provide full employment, as long as workers were flexible in their wage demands. During the war, as a member of CEMA (Council for the Encouragement of Music and the Arts), Keynes helped secure government funds to maintain both companies while their venues were shut. [31] The secretary of the Treasury was delighted to hear Keynes had amassed enough to provide a temporary solution for the British Government. Keynes responded by writing The Economic Consequences of Mr. Churchill and continued to argue against the gold standard until Britain finally abandoned it in 1931.[32]. His most important work, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (1935â36), advocated a remedy for economic recession based on a government-sponsored policy of full employment. Read the essential details about John Maynard Keynes that includes images, quotations and the main facts of his life. Virginia Woolf's biographer tells an anecdote of how Virginia Woolf, Keynes, and T. S. Eliot discussed religion at a dinner party, in the context of their struggle against Victorian era morality. After Keynes's death Schumpeter wrote a brief biographical piece Keynes the Economist – on a personal level he was very positive about Keynes as a man, praising his pleasant nature, courtesy and kindness. [47], Although Keynes has been widely criticized – especially by members of the Chicago school of economics – for advocating irresponsible government spending financed by borrowing, in fact he was a firm believer in balanced budgets and regarded the proposals for programs of public works during the Great Depression as an exceptional measure to meet the needs of exceptional circumstances. Keynesâs reputation at Cambridge was quite different. In January 1915 Keynes took up an official government position at the Treasury. His experience there formed the basis of his first major work, Indian Currency and Finance (1913), a definitive examination of pre-World War I Indian finance and currency. Throughout his life Keynes was to cherish the affection and respond to the influence of this group. In 1924 Keynes wrote an obituary for his former tutor He was said to be an atheist.[19][20]. [69], Keynesian principles fared increasingly poorly on the practical side of economics – by 1979 they had been displaced by monetarism as the primary influence on Anglo-American economic policy. For his father, see, Keynesian economics out of favour 1979–2007, Marie Christine Duggan (2013) "Taking Back Globalization: A China-United States Counterfactual Using Keynes's 1941 International Clearing Union." [166] According to one biographer, "he was never able to take religion seriously, regarding it as a strange aberration of the human mind. Much of the post-crisis discussion reflected Keynes's advocacy of international coordination of fiscal or monetary stimulus, and of international economic institutions such as the IMF and the World Bank, which many had argued should be reformed as a "new Bretton Woods", and should have been even before the crises broke out. Aside from a few months spent on holidays with family and friends, Keynes continued to involve himself with the university over the next two years. Keynes declined the invitation as he felt he would wield greater influence on events if he remained a free agent. Zhou argued that it was unfortunate that part of the reason for the Bretton Woods system breaking down was the failure to adopt Keynes's bancor. [138] They are receiving some attention again in the wake of the financial crisis of 2007–08. [161] E. M. Forster would later write in contrition about "Lydia Keynes, every whose word should be recorded":[162] "How we all used to underestimate her". Official from the late 1980s sections you would like to print: Corrections soon recouped his time, Keynes a... September 2011 eight and a natural product of an economic slump crisis of 2007–2008 sparked resurgence... 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Jump to content • Sign in to follow this Self Intersecting Solids PVA - Jim Vectorworks 2009's Parasolids technology does not allow for self-intersecting solids to be created. This is because in reality, solid matter may not exist in the same location in space as other solid matter. While this is excellent to keep objects as real as possible and make volumetric data more accurate, it requires that the user understand this concept in order to both avoid and work around incorrect practices when drafting. Importing from previous versions When a previous version Vectorworks file is opened in Vectorworks 2009, the geometry of the drawing objects is automatically converted using the new kernel. The conversion may fail for some solids for a variety of reasons: for example, if an object has self-intersecting profiles inside an extrude or sweep, or if an object’s surfaces do not pass the Parasolid checks. If this happens, Vectorworks converts all of the other objects and alerts you that some objects were not converted. A wireframe representation of the failed solid is included in the file; you may be able to edit these objects and regenerate the solids. Extrude Along Path The path objects for Extrudes along a path may not intersect at any point. Additionally, as the profile object is extruded along the path, it may not come into contact with itself. This is done because in real space, portions of a solid object cannot occupy the same space that other portions of said object already occupy. Note that even though the objects cannot be created as a single extrude, they can easily be accomplished by separating the patch object, and using the same profile object twice in two separate operations. Sweeps by default use their leftmost bounds as their spin axis when Swept at a positive angle. The standard way of controlling a sweeps axis is by selecting bot the sweet profile object AND a 2d locus. The locus acts as the pivot point for the sweep. Much like with Extrusions, Sweeps are solid objects and therefore in a Parasolids environment cannot have any two portions of their geometry occupying the same space at the same time. Note: Sweeps created with a 2D locus "Axis" point within the x-bounds of the profile object in Vectorworks 2008 documents will not appear when the documents are converted to 2009, due to the fact that they create a self-intersecting solid. The pivot point may reside ON the leftmost or rightmost bounds but not WITHIN the leftmost or rightmost boundary of the profile object. To work with this behavior, users should create the desired profile as one half of the desired sweep cross section. Edited by JimW Report Article Sign in to follow this User Feedback There are no comments to display. Join the conversation Add a comment... × Pasted as rich text. Restore formatting Only 75 emoji are allowed. × Your previous content has been restored. Clear editor • Create New...
Top 15 Mind-Boggling Paradoxes The world is full of conundrums, and we as humans have been apparently given the brain to solve them. However, some of these puzzles are too complex for us to solve. We are unable to get a logical conclusion to the premises of these. They often result in contradictory conclusions. And are commonly termed Paradoxes. Paradoxes often give you a headache in the process of analysing them. However, there is no harm in exercising your brain a tad bit. So here’s a list of 15 paradoxes that will leave you confounded:- 15. The Grandfather’s Paradox. giphy (2) How can you kill your ancestor and still exist? This paradox was put forward by Rene Barjavel, a french author. Let us imagine that Sana has a grandfather. Now she travels back in time and kills him before he marries her grandmother. And she decides to return but is unable to do so, because she has no parents and she no longer exists. Some say that she might exist in a parallel universe but without history. She could have erased all of her memories after shooting her grandpa. What do you think? 14. The Ontological Paradox. giphy (11).gif Can you make something from the future in the present? In a way it is the opposite of the Grandfather’s Paradox. Suppose an engineer in the present receives a notebook from the future containing the methods of constructing a machine. He constructs the machine which he knows he did not invent as such. The origin of the object, therefore cannot be attributed to the engineer since he didn’t have the knowledge at that time. The invention cannot even be attributed to the person who owned the notebook because the machine has already been invented by the time he or she is born. 13. The Crocodile’s Dilemma. giphy (1) Be careful with your guesses! Suppose a crocodile steals a kid, and tells the mother that if she is correctly able to guess what the crocodile would do to her child, it would gladly return the child. The mother says that the crocodile will not return the child. The dilemma then faced by the crocodile is called crocodile’s dilemma. If she would have said that the crocodile would return the child, then there is no such paradox. The crocodile can or cannot return the child depending on the right choice. If, however, the mother says that the crocodile will not return the child. There is a paradoxical situation as the crocodile cannot return the child even if the mother’s choice is correct or false! 12. The prisoner’s dilemma. Doing what’s not best for us? Suppose person A and person B have both committed a theft and are taken into questioning. They are both aware of the punishment their crime entails that is five years. However, they are both told separately that if one of them confesses then they get only one year and the other would get ten years of imprisonment. If however, none of them confess, they would both be set free since the authorities have no such evidence to imprison either. The paradox is that they end up confessing because of self-interest instead of remaining quite and being better off. However, on closer analysis we find the root cause. The reason that they choose to confess is that they are unaware of what the other person will pick. And they are better of confessing given the other person confesses or remains silent. 11. The Paradox of thrift. Spending better than saving? According to the paradox of the thrifty, individuals try to save more during a recession, which further lowers economic growth. Keynes explained this on the basis of low aggregate demand. If individuals spends less, then the total aggregate demand will fall, thereby lowering economic growth. This however, has been critiqued by various economists. To their understanding, saving in banks would help banks lend more money and thus raise employment and the rate of economic growth. 10. Buridan’s Ass Paradox. giphy (3) That moment when you don’t know what to do. This occurs when you are given two choices and you may do both but doing either will kill you. That is to say you have free will but you don’t really have it. Suppose an ass is placed midway between a pile of hay and a bucket of water. The ass is both hungry and thirsty and in a severe way too. If it chooses to go towards the pile of hay, it will die of thirst and if it chooses to go towards the bucket of water, it will die of hunger. In reality it has no choice! This paradox was meant to satirize moral determinism. 9. The Dichotomy Paradox. giphy (12).gif Say that you are going from place A to place B. To reach B you must first reach midway between A and B, say AB. Then you need to reach midway between AB and B, say D. You are then required to cover half the distance between D and B. This goes on infinitely. You walk a half first. You then cover another 1/4th and then 1/8th and then 1/16th and so on. So, however small the distance between two places is, it can always be halved. Therefore, you can never reach your destination. 8. Barber’s Paradox. giphy (4).gif “In a town where all the men are clean-shaven, there is a barber who shaves every man if and only if that man doesn’t shave himself. ” This of course is said assuming that the barber is a male. Let’s take it apart word by word. The barber shaves every man who doesn’t shave himself. So those who don’t shave themselves go to the barber. Those who shave themselves do not go to the barber. The barber has to either shave himself or be shaved by another. He cannot go to the barber(himself) because he shaves himself. And he must be shaved by himself if he doesn’t shave himself. Can the barber really exist in such a town? I doubt it if he has to be clean shaven. 7. Theseus’ Paradox. giphy (9) If you gradually replace all parts of a ship, does it remain the same ship? The same applies to any other object under the assumption that all parts are replaceable. Imagine that you own a ship or a car. One by one you damage its parts. You replace the part one at a time. Over time, there are no parts of the car you haven’t replaced. Does it mean that you have the same car or is it another car? This actually happened to the ship of Theseus! So when did it become okay for us not to call it the ship of Theseus? 6. Boy or Girl Paradox. giphy (10).gif A couple has two children. At least one of them is a boy. What is the probability that both of them are boys? At first the answer seems pretty easy. Intelligence makes us say that the probability of having a boy or a girl is half. So both of them being boys should be 1/4. But in reality it is not so. We have the set as { (girl,boy), (boy,girl), (girl,girl), (boy,boy) }. In this case we already know that at least one is a boy, therefore the number of total events is three. The set (girl,girl) cannot be taken into consideration. Then the only way in which the second one can be a boy is one. Therefore, the probability is 1/3 for this paradox. The situation is paradoxical because even through logical explanations it is difficult for us to reach the correct conclusion. 5. Socratic Paradox. giphy (5) Socrates according to Plato said, “I know that I know nothing.” How did he know? The paradox here is that if he knows nothing, then how does he know that he knows nothing. 4. Raven’s Paradox. giphy (6) Originally known as the paradox of confirmation. The paradox was initially explained with the help of ravens by Carl Hempel the philoshopher. The paradox tells us about of how human beings confirm. We simple look at objects at an instance and then confirm. If we see a raven that is black and then say we make a hyphothesis saying that all ravens are black. We can test this hyphothesis by looking around us. We can observe this by looking at the objects lying at home. We see that they are non-black and are not ravens, therefore indicating that ravens are black. Then we can also observe other birds that are non-black and are not ravens amounting to the same conclusion. So does this imply that observing anything that is non-black gives more weight to our belief that ravens are indeed black? 3. The Twin Paradox. What if your leave your twin and return only to see that you have aged lesser than your twin. This paradox is based upon Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity. Let’s say we have the twins Phoebe and Ursula. Phoebe decides to go to space and Ursula stays back on earth slightly annoyed with Phoebe’s decision. When Phoebe comes back she finds that she has hardly aged whereas Ursula is much older than she. Einstein theory of relativity is used to explain this. According to the theory, the faster you move through space the slower you move through time! 2. Liar Paradox giphy (7) “The next statement is true. The previous statement is false.” If we consider the first statement is true then then the second one should be true which implies that the first one is false that the second one is true which means it is false, then again the first sentence should be true and the cycle goes on. 1. Catch -22. giphy (8) You may do it but you may not! It is a situation wherein a person has no option even after having been given an option because of the existence of interdependent options. Confusing right! The paradox is derived from Joseph Heller’s book, titled Catch-22. According to the book anyone who was declared crazy could be taken off duty. But “anyone who wishes to get out of combat duty isn’t really crazy.” So you are really in a paradoxical situation from where there is no escape. Related posts: About author View all posts Bhavya Sinha
Robotic inspection system for unpiggable pipelines Robert Torbin, William Leary, George Vradis Research output: Contribution to conferencePaperpeer-review Much of the existing natural gas infrastructure was designed and built without pigging as an operational consideration. There are many physical obstacles in pipelines that make the passage of SMART pigs impossible. The most intractable obstacles include: Elbows with tight bend radius. Back to back combinations of elbows. Partially ported valves. Reductions/expansions greater than two pipe sizes. The use of pigs is totally dependent on the availability of pressure to "push" the pig through the pipeline. Unfortunately, the operation of many utility owned transmission pipelines is at a pressure too low to support the operation of a conventional pig. Although most interstate pipelines are many miles long, many high consequence areas along transmission pipelines are usually extremely short. Many of these pipeline segments are only one to two miles in length with no installed local traps. With the advances in robotics and sensor technology, the Office of Pipeline Safety has recently endorsed the concept that all oil and gas transmission pipelines should be capable of 100 percent inspection. The cost to replace just unpiggable valves and sharp bends has been estimated at over $1.5 billion (gas only). Therefore, the ability to inspect unpiggable pipelines presents a formidable technical and financial challenge. The inspection of unpiggable pipelines requires the marriage of a highly agile robotic platform with NDE sensor technology operating as an autonomous system. Foster-Miller and PII are developing a robot that is essentially a battery powered, train-like platform. Both front and rear tractors propel the train in either the downstream or upstream direction. Like a train, the platform includes additional "cars" to carry the required payloads. The cars are used for various purposes including the NDE sensor module(s), the power supply, and data acquisition/storage components. The onboard distributed intelligence gives the platform the capability of an engineer steering the train through the complex pipe geometry. The robot is designed with a slender aspect ratio and the ability to change shape as required by the physical obstacle presenting itself. The MFL sensor module must also morph itself through the physical obstacles, and thus, will require some level of segmentation. The system requires a very simple launch and retrieval station that is significantly less expensive to deploy. OtherProceedings of the 5th Biennial International Pipeline Conference, IPC: Compression and Pump Technologies; Corrosion; Design and Construction; Environmental Issues; GIS/Database Development; Innovative Projects and Emerging Issues CityCalgary, Alta. ASJC Scopus subject areas • Engineering(all) Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'Robotic inspection system for unpiggable pipelines'. Together they form a unique fingerprint. Cite this
The complete Exploratory Testing Handbook Exploratory Testing is a style of testing based on the knowledge and ingenuity of testers. There is no need for explicit scripted instructions, which may limit the scope or creativity. Anybody who has worked in software for a certain amount of time will have been asked at one point to ‘have a play’ with a new application to ascertain suitability. This form of ‘ad hoc’ testing gave birth to exploratory testing used by teams today. Although the process has become a little more formalized, the critical requirement to allow freedom and flexibility to explore remains a central tenet of this approach. Understanding what the test item does, trying new things, developing ideas for testing, documenting, learning, and finding potential bugs are the vital useful areas undertaken during a session. Exploratory testing can be done by individuals or by teams. It provides a framework, helping a team to evaluate software, or a specific area of a product, in a highly creative and investigative manner but within a limited amount of time. The first person to coin the phrase ‘exploratory testing’, Cem Kaner concisely described the approach as simultaneous learning, test design and test execution. Scoping the exploratory experience. Although part of the allure of exploratory testing is the ability to do this without much preparation or documentation, it is still helpful to do some set up to ensure enhanced success. So how is it best to manage the process of exploratory testing, and who will do this? Who can do exploratory testing? As no QA, technical, or automation knowledge, along with scripts and processes, are needed to do exploratory testing, this can be opened to a broader audience for evaluation. It is common to see people from the product side (UX/UI), development, QA, and end-users being involved. Each person will bring their own unique knowledge and skillset to bear on the process. Exploratory testers are successful when using knowledge about the domain, the system under test, and customers. Experience is a key factor explaining the effectiveness of exploratory testing and, as such, may not be suitable for newer team members. However, sometimes it can be beneficial to get someone who does not know the development to look and get an outside perspective. Exploratory testing is also used in critical domains, and that this approach places high demands on the person performing the testing. When is it best to do exploratory testing? This approach is best used when people must learn about a piece of software quickly. This can be done early on, including the prototype stage, as there is no need for test scripts or even requirements documentation. Often used in agile iterations, this technique allows a team to find issues quickly and efficiently in a rapidly changing environment. It is also good to use this approach when the need to inspect software from an end user’s perspective arises. When features are added or changed late in the software cycle, it would be valuable time to employ exploratory testing techniques. One of the outputs of an exploratory test session is the groundwork for preparing more classic test scripts; these can then be used for regression testing during later phases. What preparation is required? Definition of the constraints of a test session is critical to its success. Although part of the exploratory approach’s appeal is the freedom to roam and test as the will goes, it is also essential to set some guidelines to maximize efficiency and ensure the correct areas are looked at. This will mean pre-defining features, functions, specific processes, etc. to align expectations. Define how much time each session participant shall spend for the test session. This will ensure focus on what is needed whilst still allowing a more playful approach. Additionally, this will ensure that the participants can plan time and remain uninterrupted by other people whilst the effort is ongoing. Include a wide range of resources with different backgrounds, knowledge and roles, examples of this can be found in the who section above. This should include end-users and any stakeholders for the software, including those external to your own organization. Sometimes it can be beneficial to invite people to participate who haven’t been involved in the project at all to get an outside perspective and different viewpoint. A definition of the approach to feedback, issues or any other type is required. What format will be used to collate test reports, is there any need for proof of testing for auditing or defect reproductions? How will the information be centralized and shared for collaboration with other interested parties from the team? Executing exploratory testing. With disparate teams spread across departments and companies, and countries, it is less likely that people can be brought together in one room to commit to a conference room pilot. Therefore, how long it takes and who is involved are essential questions that need to be answered before the execution phase. This technique is significantly teachable and manageable and is therefore suitable for a wide range of participants both within IT and, more importantly, within the business. What is required to execute a test? A mission statement for the session is defined; this describes the common overall purpose for the session. It should tell the participants why the session is done and what we hope to achieve on an elevated level. This allows the session to be measurable and reportable on a larger scale. To ensure a focused approach, a timebox is required for the session; this will also allow the team to synchronize and collaborate. A typical timespan would be 45 mins to 1.5 hours; all effort is made during this period only. Opportunities to extend or cut by specific amounts can be given, e.g., 30 mins. If necessary individual objectives, test ideas, or agendas can be described in test charters. Some or all charters may be needed to be carried out to achieve the mission. These charters should suggest what to test, how it could be tested and what may need to be looked at. Resources may have different skills, so test charters can be assigned to specific individuals if required. During the session, testers do their Exploratory Testing, use charters, and document what they do or find. How is it best to evaluate a testing session? To continue improving and getting the best out of exploratory testing, it is necessary to evaluate what happened. After the session, the team will have a debriefing. In the debriefing, the team and the organizer discuss the results, find agreement on what is a bug and what is not, and decide about the next steps. Critical elements for the discussion are as follows: – • What test cases can be created from the session • Current product behaviour pros/cons • What defect reports are needed? • New requirements (UX/UI) • Risks identified and recorded • Questions (may help drive into the user training documentation) Benefits of exploratory testing. Explore the unknown to avoid the unexpected. There are considerable and multiple benefits from taking an exploratory testing approach. One of the main advantages is that the testing can begin early in the development cycle as it doesn’t need a lot of preparation or test assets. Experiments have shown that while scripted and exploratory testing results in similar defect detection effectiveness (the total number of defects found), exploratory results in higher efficiency (the number of defects per time unit) as no effort is spent pre-designing the test cases. With a mindset of investigating the application under test, removing the limitations of scripted testing, the testers are more intellectually stimulated. This leads to a happier team that is more willing to help and give input into software development. Using each person’s deductive reasoning, a different viewpoint of the software is provided by each user; this is very useful to get a bigger picture view of what is going on. The feedback given then extends beyond the standard ‘bug’ reports and allows inputs of all kinds, further enhancing user buy-in to the application. At the same time as testing, the team gain insights into the system behaviours and outputs through adaptation and reasoning. This allows the process to evolve naturally within the given mission statement guidelines and has a more beneficial output. It works well in the system areas that have not yet been specified or where documentation and requirements exist. Accelerated bug detection is also a key consideration, especially within agile teams, as all the main processes can be tested first in a ‘real world’ setting. What are the cons of exploratory testing? Disadvantages are that tests invented and performed on the fly can’t be reviewed in advance (and by that prevent errors in code and test cases) and that it can be difficult to show exactly which tests have been run. Therefore, it is important to scope the sessions so that coverage can more accurately be deduced. Freestyle exploratory test ideas, when revisited, are unlikely to be performed in precisely the same manner, which can be an advantage if it is crucial to find new errors; or a disadvantage if it is more important to repeat specific details of the earlier tests. Software Tools Exploratory testing itself is beneficial, but when dovetailed with other testing processes, it becomes a powerful way to understand the application better, build better functional tests and finally enhance the quality of the application. To enable the most significant benefits to the exploratory testing session, it would be good to get help from an application supporting both this style and the standard scripting style of testing. Key requirements for help would be: – • Easy collaboration & resource management • Standardized documentation and feedback • Process review & triage capability for all feedback types • Efficient co-ordination • Simplicity in use • Flexibility to enable different test paradigms • Centralized & easy to deploy
Featuring Research Volunteer Contributions People's Republic of the Congo Stamps issued: 1959-PRESENT For period 1934-1958 see Gabon, French Equatorial Africa refer to caption 100-franc Boy Gathering Coconuts single A republic on the north bank of the Congo River, in west central Africa. The former French colony of Middle Congo, the Congo became a member state in the French community in 1958 and gained independence in 1960. After 1963, the Congo government alligned itself with both the Soviet Union and China. U.S. relations, severed in 1965, were restored in 1977. In 1990, Maoism was renounced, and opposition parties were legalized. The official name of the country, changed to the People's Republic of the Congo in 1970, was changed back to the Republic of the Congo. A democratically elected government came to power in 1992. During 1997, the country was torn by ethnic and regional civil war. Narrative by Linn's Stamp News refer to caption 75-franc CFA February 5 Movement, 10th Anniversary single Precedent Country: Stamps issued: 1910-1933 For period 1891-1903 see Gabon, French Congo refer to caption 3-franc Steamer on Ubangi River single International Philately
Fundamentals Of Binary You Need To Know Codomo Singapore Binary made really easy to understand for anyone Binary at first glance can be very confusing. And why won't it be? A long string of ones and zeros isn't the easiest to decipher. But what if I told you that binary is actually really easy to understand, even for kids? Importance of Binary We have all probably heard by now how computer science is a really up-and-coming industry. Even The New York Times mentioned that the College Board had recently stated that coding is one of the 2 most important skills for young people to have today. Of course, it is debatable whether the College Board is right about it being one of the most crucial skills to have. But one thing is for certain, computer science is majorly increasing in demand. Hence, on that note, we need to start exposing more young people to computer science concepts. However knowing how broad computer science is, it can be really hard to know where to start. That's why I decided to start making concise guides for topics in computer science, starting with binary. You may remember binary as the lines of ones and zeros that show up on a hacker's computer screen in a movie. Well, these ones and zeros are actually really important for a computer because without it, the computer won't be able to do anything. Although we keep hearing people call computers smart, computers are actually limited by the fact that they can only differentiate between 2 different inputs, they understand true vs false, which is a Boolean logic. We will talk more about this in future guides. They also understand on vs off or one vs zero. Hence, the ones and zeros of the binary are actually what the computer uses to decipher information. Considering the dilemma of only being able to input 2 things into a computer, the binary system is a truly amazing creation. The Birth of Binary Every great creation has a story behind it, and even binary has quite an interesting history. I've created a short summary below. Timeline and history of Binary used by humans Timeline Made by Potato Pirates These are only a few of the historical events that brought binary to where it is today. Binary has been there for a very long time, but it wasn't until the 20th century that it finally started being used for computers. The Z1, for example, was the first programmable computer made during 1936-1938 by Konrad Zuse. The best part of this invention is that it was built in his parents' living room. I can't imagine what they were thinking about the gigantic computer in their house at that point in time, but many others like him made history with their different ideas for the first computers. The Z1 Konrad Zuse - the first programmable computer made during 1936-1938 The Z1 by Konrad Zuse The Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer, ENIAC for short, was invented by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly during 1943-1946 at the University of Pennsylvania. It was a huge machine, weighing about 50 tons. Luckily, thanks to the advancements in technology, our computers are getting lighter and lighter. Other than the size, the ENIAC was an excellent first computer because it was able to function fully. The Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer, ENIAC for short How Does Binary Work? Now, let's get to the good part. What exactly do these ones and zeros mean, and how do we read them? This short and sweet video will explain to you all the basics of binary, getting you started on the road to becoming a binary genius. So now that we know how to convert decimal to binary and how a computer gets these ones and zeros in the first place, the question on our minds is probably how do they form alphabets then? No matter what you do, it's impossible to get an alphabet from summation of numbers. And, you're not wrong. This is why each alphabet is actually allocated a specific number. So in American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII), for example, an uppercase A is 65, while a lowercase a is 97. Based on the context of the situation, the computer will either display letters or numbers. Table for conversion from binary to ASCII Table for conversion from binary to ASCII For example, if I was trying to call someone on my phone, the numbers will not suddenly change to alphabets because the phone knows that in terms of the context, I only want numbers to show up. This is important since some of the binary numbers are the same for numbers and alphabets or other symbols. Next week, we will explore more on what binary is used for, how to convert it to different systems like the hexadecimal system and it's different applications. Did you know that your images and videos are all made by binary as well? There are a lot of functions for these ones and zeros, so you can look forward to a lot more great content coming your way! Read more → Fundamentals of Binary You Need to Know - Part 2 Codomo Singapore How binary is used for data representation and how to convert it to hex, ascii and unicode In the previous guide we learnt that binary is a base 2 system and how the idea of it even came about. But have you ever looked at your computer screen and wondered, how does binary even let us type out words or play videos? I know I have. Here are some good news, I have an explanation for this question. We know that computers think in binary so it is useful for us to understand what goes on behind the scenes when we input something into the computer. Which is why in this guide, we will explore how basic mathematical functions are carried out in binary, how to shorten binary code using hexadecimal, how our screens are able to display different colors, as well as binary conversion to ASCII and Unicode. Addition & Subtraction In Binary Here is a problem someone might face when looking at addition in binary for the first time. Since binary only has the numbers 1 and 0, what do we do when we add 1 with another 1. We can't write 2 right? Also, how do we subtract in binary if we can't have a negative sign? In this video, we will explain how these problems are solved. Multiplication & Hexadecimal After addition and subtraction, we need to know how to carry out multiplications in binary. It is actually pretty straightforward once you know how it is carried out. But other than mathematical functions, we have an issue with the length of binary code. While the long strings of 1s and 0s carry crucial information, it takes up a lot of space. Using hexadecimal however, we can shorten the number of bits used by four times! This saves up a lot of space and this video explains how this conversion works. Colors, Images & Videos Have you ever wondered, how does a video play on the screen? We have all probably guessed by now that there are numerous tiny LEDs that allow different colors to appear on the screen but how do these LEDs show all these different colors? Images are quite confusing as well. When we ask a computer to store images, there are no words or numbers on the image so how does it even convert it into binary? All these questions are answered in this video. But wait a second, how does this video get stored in terms of binary if it is not just a still image? Don't worry, we will answer that as well. ASCII & Unicode The world has a total of approximately 6500 spoken languages as of today but so far we have only explored binary representation for numbers. No one communicates in just numbers, we need to have binary representation for the different characters in different languages. Also, how can we forget the most widely spoken language? That's right, I am talking about good old emojis. These can also be represented by binary, the only question remaining is how? The answers to this lies in this video. Now that we know about binary conversion, as well as how it is used in representing numbers, words, images and videos let's do a little quiz to see if you've mastered the art of binary. Feel free to challenge someone else to see who does better! Read more → What Is Computer Science And How To Make Kids Love It Potato Pirates Wondering how to start? Try our free assessment tool As a student, I always wondered whether what I was learning in school was going to matter tomorrow. Will knowing about the deeper meaning behind “The Lord of The Flies” help me in any way in life? I haven’t had the privilege to be stuck on an Island with no adults at any point yet, so I wouldn’t count on it. There are, however, a few things I realized regarding what is going to matter in the future. I have scoured the web and have some crucial news to share with you. Coding is in. According to, more girls and underrepresented minorities are getting into computer science. Not only that, more than 800,000 teachers have taken steps to introduce coding into the classrooms. These numbers are truly inspiring, but you’re probably wondering, what exactly is the benefit of learning to code? Why Kids Need To Learn How To Code Whenever we think about coding, most people picture a scene out of something like ‘Mission Impossible’, with someone hacking into a computer to get ‘Top Secret Data’. I can’t promise any grappling hooks or helicopters but coding is in reality everywhere around us. The apps on our phones, the games that we play, and even the blenders in our kitchens all use programming. Now if you travelled to a foreign country where people spoke a different language, you would try to learn and communicate. So why not look at programming the same way? Many educators have realized the importance of coding as well and more K-12 schools are starting to offer Introduction to Computer Science modules to their students. There has been a huge 415% jump from 2010 to 2018 of students taking the Advanced Placement Computer Science exam. There has clearly been a spike in interest in learning computer science. The future regarding employment for computer science majors also looks bright. Recent analysis of employment projections from the Bureau of Labour Statistics also shows that by 2024, 73% of STEM job growth will be in computer occupations. To add on to this already astounding number, a computer science major can earn up to 40% more than the average college graduate according research done by the Hamilton Project. Of course, exploring computer science is not easy. You have to start somewhere and have to know how to start. Computer Science Fundamentals Before we start exploring ideas for ways to start teaching coding, we need to at least understand what it is all about. Now we all love videos, they make it easy to understand ideas and visuals are very helpful when learning something complex. Hence, I have made a list of some short videos that explain certain concepts and can help give you a better idea of what these concepts are about. Variables, Functions, Conditionals, Loops We have all probably heard of the YouTube channel Crash Course, and understandably so. They have a very informative series on computer science and this video does a great job explaining the different concepts. By using a game as an example, Crash Course has made it easier to understand variables, functions, loops and conditionals through showing what these statements do in terms of the video game. They explain how a function can be looked at as a procedure and can be used to either return a value or perform an operation without returning any value. Meanwhile, a variable is a value that changes, depending on conditions in the program. As for loops, the video shows that it works by using a condition and by counting through the number of repeats. Conditionals are explained as statements which perform different computations or actions depending on whether a Boolean condition evaluates to true or false. All-in-all, this video is not just educational, but very entertaining to watch as well. You can also learn these fundamental concepts through a fun and sociable manner with our very own Potato Pirates, the tastiest coding card game! And do stay tuned as the Potato Pirates team is developing more exciting games to cover all the other fundamentals concepts mentioned below. Binary and Data Representation Binary is a key foundation in computer science and this video explains it very well. They use visual aid to show how binary numbers work and make it simpler to understand by using real-life examples. They answer questions such as how does binary represent different numbers and letters, and why it is such an important concept. It doesn't end there of course. They go on to share the uses of binary in images, videos and sounds. Isn't it interesting - how does a chain of 1s and 0s even become a picture, let alone a video? Well, after watching this video, these numbers will definitely start to make more sense. Sorting Algorithms All the different sorting algorithms can be very confusing but this video by Computerphile is able to make it more digestible by using cards to show how they work. They have a series of videos to explain algorithms such as merge sort, bubble sort and quick sort. For merge sort, they show how each of the two smaller lists are sorted, and then merged together. When merging, the smallest items in the two lists are compared first, and the smaller of the 2 is put into the merged list first. Then the same comparison repeats with the next items in line. This continues till the new merged list is formed. As for bubble sort, they show how sets of two cards are swapped in order to arrange the numbers in a line. This continues repeating till all are in order and no changes are made in a pass. The quick sort algorithm is explained in a different video. They do a great job at explaining how it works considering how confusing quick sort can be to understand. The algorithm involves getting a random number from the line, and then arranging the remaining cards on either side based on whether they are bigger or smaller than the random card that was picked. The whole process then repeats on either side. It's confusing to just read what it is about, isn't it? Hence, the visual explanations in the video are very helpful in understanding what these algorithms are talking about. Cryptography - Caeser Cipher Privacy is a big thing when it comes to computers and in order to protect this privacy, computers use a lot of different algorithms to keep data safe. One of these is the Caesar Cipher. There is some history to the Caesar Cipher and this video shares how and why it was used over the years. They also explain how it works, such is what is the key used for, how is the plain text encrypted and how it can then be decoded. A.I. - Turing Test How did the Turing Test come about? What is its purpose? TED Ed is able to explain how the test works and also shares some past cases where some computers passed the test, such as one that took the role of a psychiatrist, which highlighted some weaknesses in the test. It also explores different ways that AI communicate and learn. For example, 'Alice the Chatterbot' follows patterns that are in its program while Google's 'Cleverbot' is a robot that learns from conversing with humans. Overall, it is a very interesting topic and it raises a lot of questions such as what exactly defines intelligence? Data Compression Computerphile is able to explain the benefits of compression, and how it works for text and images in this video. A phrase or character that's repeatedly mentioned gets compressed into just storing the positions at which that same phrase/character is repeated. While for pictures, the colors can be stored based on how many of the same colors there are and where they are. They also explain concepts such as lossy and how JPEG works. The video also highlights the shortcomings of data compression. After all, nothing is perfect right? Related: Fundamentals of Binary You Need to Know Other Resources: The Beginner's Coding Guide Learning To Code Offline I know what you’re thinking and yes, it is actually possible. There are tons of games that are fun and engaging that can introduce coding to kids and do so with no screens attached. There is constant worry about children spending too much time in front of their screens, and there are reasons to be. Had I listened to my mother when she scolded me for using my phone for too long, I might have had 20/20 vision today. These activities are all easy to set up and make learning computer science a whole lot of fun. To help you decide which one to pick, I have also added in which concepts each activity targets. Read more →
Optical fibers with larger incidence angles A team of researchers has presented a new fiber optic technology that increases the quality of data transfer. The thing is that modernized optical fibers combined with a new light coupling technique help to overcome blind spots that present in large incident angles. Therefore, new optical fibers can be useful in endoscopic and laparoscopic images of higher quality, in quantum technologies and fiber optic systems. To be more precise, the main application of standard optical fibers includes the telecom field. The signal in the fiber optic cable transmits almost a million times more data than an electric signal does via a copper cable. Additionally, this fiber optic technology is also applied in medicine, for instance, for in vivo researches. Thus, optical fibers used in the endoscopy procedures provide quick and accurate diagnoses. Nevertheless, large incidence angles lead to the degradation of light coupling efficiency by fiber optic systems. It should be noted that it happens at the incidence angle of 15 degrees. The optical fibers become virtually useless. The new fiber optic technology is based on the dielectric nanostructure made of silicon nitride installed at the end of the optical fiber. The thing is that this material has a high refractive index and can overcome the current challenge. As for the nanostructure of the optical fiber, it looks like “a ring diffraction grating that makes it possible to catch the light of any polarization and incident from any direction at a large incidence angle.” Moreover, there is another benefit of the new fiber optic system that is the non-absorbance of light compared to previous devices. These features of new optical fibers enable to enlarge the efficiency of light coupling by almost 10.000 times compared to conventional fibers with a metal nanostructure or without one. Beginning with a simple understanding of the challenge, the researchers have developed a detailed concept to create a perfect fiber optic cable. Finally, the optimal structure design of optical fibers has been produced and already tested by German colleagues. Nonetheless, the fiber optic system still requires several improvements. The team wants to increase the speed of the system, and make optical fibers simpler and cheaper thanks to the use of nanoimprint lithography. Nowadays the researchers are developing an automatic algorithm to produce a nanostructure design of optical fibers suitable for any specific task. The researchers claim that such a fiber optic system will be useful for applications that need a remote collection of light under a large angle, for example, quantum technology or in vivo spectroscopy. This fiber optic technology affirms the fact that efficient control of light-matter interaction directly depends on the progress in fiber optics. If you would like to obtain an optical fiber product, you should choose the Optromix company. Optromix is a provider of top quality special fibers and broad spectra optical fiber solutions. The company delivers the best quality special fibers and fiber cables, fiber optic bundles, spectroscopy fiber optic probes, probe couplers, and accessories for process spectroscopy to clients. If you have any questions or would like to buy an optical fiber, please contact us at [email protected] Leave a Reply Your email address will not be published.
Quick Answer: What Are The Features Of XML? Which software is used for XML? Can I use XML instead of HTML? Yes if you need robustness, accuracy, and persistence. Information becomes more accessible and reusable, because the more flexible markup of XML can be used by any XML software instead of being restricted to specific manufacturers as has become the case with HTML. Why XML is called extensible? What is an XML message? Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a markup language that defines a set of rules for encoding documents in a format that is both human-readable and machine-readable. … It is a textual data format with strong support via Unicode for different human languages. What are the benefits of XML? Advantages of XMLXML uses human, not computer, language. XML is readable and understandable, even by novices, and no more difficult to code than HTML.XML is completely compatible with Java™ and 100% portable. Any application that can process XML can use your information, regardless of platform.XML is extendable. Why is XML used? What is XML with example? What is XML explain? XML stands for extensible markup language. A markup language is a set of codes, or tags, that describes the text in a digital document. The most famous markup language is hypertext markup language (HTML), which is used to format Web pages. Is XML easy to learn? Totally. To create the frontend of Android applications XML is must. They have taught it in the best way possible. … What is Extensible Markup Language (XML)? What is XML namespace with example? Is XML front end or backend? XML was designed to store and transport data so in a sense it’s neither frontend nor backend much like HTML. For example, the backend can generate HTML which is passed to the frontend for rendering a webpage. XML can be generated by the backend and passed to the frontend for displaying information. What is XML give purpose and list its features? What is difference between XML and HTML? XML is abbreviation for eXtensible Markup Language whereas HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language. XML mainly focuses on transfer of data while HTML is focused on presentation of the data. … XML tags are extensible whereas HTML has limited tags. XML tags are not predefined whereas HTML has predefined tags.
v. i.1.To part; to divide; to separate. 2.To go forth or away; to quit, leave, or separate, as from a place or a person; to withdraw; - opposed to arrive; - often with from before the place, person, or thing left, and for or to before the destination. I will depart to mine own land. - Num. x. 30. Ere thou from hence depart. - Milton. He which hath no stomach to this fight, Let him depart. - Shak. 3.To forsake; to abandon; to desist or deviate (from); not to adhere to; - with from; as, we can not depart from our rules; to depart from a title or defense in legal pleading. 4.To pass away; to perish. The glory is departed from Israel. - 1 Sam. iv. 21. 5.To quit this world; to die. Lord, now lettest thou thy servant depart in peace. - Luke ii. 29. To depart with to resign; to part with. - Shak. v. t.1.To part thoroughly; to dispart; to divide; to separate. 2.To divide in order to share; to apportion. 3.To leave; to depart from. n.1.Division; separation, as of compound substances into their ingredients. The chymists have a liquor called water of depart. - Bacon. 2.A going away; departure; hence, death. At my depart for France. - Shak. Your loss and his depart. - Shak. Synonyms: go away, go 2.depart - be at variance with; be out of line with Synonyms: deviate, vary, diverge 3.depart - leave; "The family took off for Florida" 4.depart - go away or leave Synonyms: take leave, quit stay - remain behind; "I had to stay at home and watch the children" 6.depart - wander from a direct or straight course abandon, abrupt, abscond, absquatulate, alienate, be consumed, be getting along, be gone, be lost, beat a retreat, beat it, blow, bolt, bow out, buzz off, cast, cast off, cast out, cease, cease to be, cease to exist, cease to live, change, check out, clear out, come away, conk, croak, cut adrift, cut and run, cut off, cut out, decamp, decease, delete, dematerialize, demise, depart from, depart this life, deviate, deviate from, die away, die out, differ, digress, disagree, disappear, disarticulate, discard, disconnect, disengage, disjoin, disjoint, dispel, disperse, dissent, dissipate, dissociate, dissolve, disunite, divagate, diverge, diverge from, divide, divorce, do a fade-out, duck out, dwindle, egress, eject, elope, erode, escape, estrange, evanesce, evaporate, excurse, exit, expel, expire, fade, fade away, fade out, fall, fall asleep, flee, fly, fugitate, gang along, get along, get away, get lost, get off, get on, get out, get sidetracked, get under way, go, go AWOL, go along, go astray, go away, go off, go on, go on furlough, go on leave, go out, hide, hit the road, isolate, jump, jump bail, leave, leave no trace, leave the scene, levant, make an exit, make off, march off, march out, maunder, melt, melt away, mosey, move away, move off, move out, part, pass, pass away, pass on, pass out, pass over, pull away, pull back, pull out, put off mortality, quit this world, ramble, reject, repudiate, retire, retire from sight, return to dust, run, run away, run away from, run away with, run for it, run off, run out, sashay, sashay off, scram, segregate, separate, sequester, set apart, set aside, set out, shove off, show the heels, shut off, sink, sink away, skedaddle, skip, skip out, slip away, slip off, slip out, slip the cable, sneak out, split, stagger along, stand aloof, stand apart, stand aside, start, step aside, stop breathing, stray, strike out, subtract, succumb, suffer an eclipse, take French leave, take flight, take leave, take to flight, take wing, throw off, throw out, toddle, toddle along, turn aside, turn tail, uncouple, unyoke, up and die, up and go, vamoose, vanish, vanish from sight, vary, walk out, wander, waste, waste away, wear away, wing it, withdraw from, yield the ghost Translate Depart to Spanish, Translate Depart to German, Translate Depart to French deoxyguanosine monophosphate deoxyribonucleic acid deoxyribosenucleic acid deoxythymidine monophosphate Deparia acrostichoides -- Depart -- department head Department of Agriculture department of anthropology department of biology department of chemistry Department of Commerce Department of Commerce and Labor department of computer science department of corrections Department of Defense Department of Defense Laboratory System
Announcement \| School is open for all students from Monday 8th March under level 2. We look forward to seeing you all ESOL means “English for Speakers of Other Languages”. Our ESOL students come from many different countries and some students can already speak two or more languages before they start to learn English. We have two full-time ESOL trained teachers in the ESOL department. Students in Year seven and eight come out of their mainstream classes for about five lessons a week, and the Year nine and ten students come to ESOL instead of mainstream English classes. Students with little English go into our Foundation English programme and have about 12 hours of ESOL classes a week. We use computers regularly for on-line reading and vocabulary activities and have two fully equipped teaching classrooms. Why do ESOL students at AJHS do so well? We test our students carefully when they first start in our ESOL department. We know exactly how well our students can read, write and speak in English and we know what they need to learn next. We formally assess oral language, reading and writing ability three times a year so all the ESOL students know their present level in English and their “next steps” to improve. The ESOL programme at AJHS is based on the “English Language Learning Progressions”. This is an English language programme for school students who don’t speak English, from the New Zealand Ministry of Education and it is widely used in schools throughout New Zealand. There are four different levels of ability and students move through the levels as their English skills improve and their confidence increases. Students move between ESOL groups when necessary to ensure their language needs are being met as much as possible. Our ESOL students’ progress is measured individually. Each student’s assessment results are compared to their last assessments, not against a class mark or year level grade. Each student’s individual progress is important, as all language students learn at different rates and all language students learn different things at different times. As the students progress in English, our teaching focus shifts from pure English language knowledge to language needed to support the mainstream subjects at school. For example, students may learn to use a new verb tense to write a historical report for social studies, or they may focus on science vocabulary and understanding instructions to follow science laboratory procedures. Throughout the school year we also look at cultural events and activities happening around our country to help the students develop a good understanding of life and customs in New Zealand. For example, in Term 1 the students learn about Easter traditions and the origins of ANZAC day-usually accompanied by Easter eggs, hot cross buns and ANZAC biscuits! We talk about the changes in seasonal activities, sports, weather and customs each month so students develop a deeper understanding of what it means to be a “Kiwi”. In ESOL classes at AJHS students make new friends from different countries while they work together to learn English. English is the way for our students to move from our ESOL classes, to their mainstream classes and finally out to the bigger world of senior school exams and further education beyond our school gates. We look forward to meeting you and helping you start your journey in English to the world.
Know about the duties and responsibilities of a sign language interpreter Who is an American Sign Language Interpreter? ASL or American Sign Language Interpreter will be versed to translate between ASL and spoken English. ASL interpreters assist individuals who have hearing loss or deaf about what is being conversed either one or one or in a group situation. They also utilize technology to offer interpretation from a far location. Moreover, ASL interpreters have strong sign language skills, memory, research, and exceptional learning skills. In most cases, sign language interpreters are hired in government agencies, hospitals, and schools. If you are stepping into this job or starting your career as a sign language interpreter, you should have exceptional sign language and English language skills. If needed, it is recommended to accomplish a degree program in sign language interpreting and American Sign Language. Fields such as English or communication are also excellent options. Interpreters mostly need a Bachelor’s degree and certain associate-level programs. If possible, you can also enroll and get professional certification. Job description and duties of a sign language interpreter As a sign language interpreter, you are in charge of assisting deaf individuals. You need to understand and explain them in sign language regarding what is announced or discussed in various situations. It is also important to recognize the subject matter that is being discussed. This way, you can accurately translate and convey what is announced into sign language. You should be present to translate any time that is during office meeting hours, at an important speech, political speech, or in a courtroom. The interpreters should utilize one on one situations as it helps both parties easily converse with each other. Whenever required, the sign language interpreters should utilize technology to offer services, especially from a remote area. Some of the main duties of the interpreters involve communication, sign language, and listening skills. If needed, the interpreter has to research when working in a scenario where it involves complex information or highly technical information. They have to research to completely understand and then interpret what has been announced. They should also have good memory power since as the interpreter they have to recollect what has been announced and sign it accordingly. What are the requirements to become a sign language interpreter? A Group of Sign language Interpreters. Most employers hire sign language interpreters who have vocational training or degree in sign language. Certain colleges provide exclusive ASL programs as an optional foreign language. It permits students to obtain a degree in communications, English, and other associated fields and at the same obtain basic training in ASL. If needed, students can also get a bachelor’s degree or associate degree in sign language interpreting or ASL. Employers do not look for the certification, however, it can serve as documentation for the person to showcase his or her sign language interpretation skills. Numerous organizations provide certifications for general interpreting however the RID (The Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf) provides certification, particularly for the sign language interpreters. The American Translators Association and RID provide mentoring programs for American Sign Language learners. Thus, hands-on training develops mastery of skills, and confidence assists to work as a sign language interpreter. The BLS or United States Bureau of Labor Statistics offers information about translators and interpreters comprising sign language interpreters. It has been predicted that the job opportunities for translators and interpreters will develop by 18% that is faster than usual for US corporations. In the field of sign language interpretation, there have been a lot of technological advancements and the interpreters must track and learn the communications technology. Leave a Reply CommentLuv badge
A Bumpy Ride to the Moon: Israeli Spacecraft Hits Technical Snag The Genesis spacecraft restarted on its own, cancelling a maneuver that would have advanced its course toward the moon Send in e-mailSend in e-mail Falcon 9 launching the Nusantara Satu satellite to orbit, carrying Israel's Genesis spacecraft, Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida, February 21, 2019. Falcon 9 launching the Nusantara Satu satellite to orbit, carrying Israel's Genesis spacecraft, Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida, February 21, 2019.Credit: AFP / SPACEX Genesis ("Beresheet" in Hebrew), Israel’s first spacecraft on its way to land on the moon, is having some complications. After the launch on Friday morning, engineers from the SpaceIL organization and Israel Aerospace Industries discovered that sensors on the craft needed for navigation are overly sensitive to sunlight. They discovered another problem with the robotic spacecraft on Monday which could delay its reaching the moon. Around midnight between Monday and Tuesday, Genesis was scheduled to carry out another maneuver to increase the radius of its orbit around Earth. The maneuver was supposed to be carried out automatically while the spacecraft was in a region of the sky where it wouldn't have contact with its controllers on the ground. But while the preparations for the maneuver were underway, the spacecraft’s computer performed an unplanned reboot on its own. The restart cancelled the maneuver, and it continued in its original orbit. The engineers responsible for Genesis' operations are analyzing the data and trying to understand what caused the reboot, and what its implications may be. Read more: Israel Ranked 10th Healthiest Country in the World \| This Jewish Comedian Offered to Marry MBS – and Sparked an Instant Controversy Every time Genesis completes an orbit it executes another maneuver, designed to move it further away from earth, by firing its engines for three minutes. This is how it will eventually reach the moon, with orbits at successively increasing distances from Earth in a trajectory resembling an elliptical spiral. The advantage of this method, which relies on the Earth’s gravitational pull, is that it saves fuel. Missing a maneuver means postponing Genesis' moon landing. Genesis was privately built by the non-profit group SpaceIL in cooperation with Israel Aeronautics Industries. SpaceIL CEO Ido Anteby told reporters in a conference call that before beginning the maneuver, Genesis' systems carry out an orientation movement and calibrate the navigation systems. “At this stage, the spacecraft’s computer conducted an independent reset, so the maneuver was cancelled,” he said. Once the engineers understand what caused the problem with the computer, they will decide when to try to repeat the maneuver, said Anteby. Opher Doron, the head of the IAI’s space division, said that he is not especially worried at the moment: “The faster we understand what happened, we will be able to prevent the problem from happening again.” The planning of the orbital maneuvers included a number of days for delays, so if the problem is fixed within the next two days, the spacecraft can reach the moon according to the original schedule, said the two. The maneuver isn't the first setback that Genesis has faced: The first problem was with one of the positioning systems, called star trackers. These are sensors that locate stars around the spacecraft in order to determine its location. After the launch, it became apparent that the trackers are more sensitive than expected to sunlight, which could make it hard to detect other stars. For now, the star-trackers are focusing on areas of the sky where the sunlight does not interfere, and Doron explained that it is possible this change is related to the unplanned reboot of the spacecraft’s computer. Genesis was successfully launched late Thursday night from Cape Canaveral. After 33 minutes it separated from the booster rocket and started circling the earth. It is expected to land on the moon on April 11 and would be the smallest vehicle to accomplish that. One of SpaceIL’s founders, Yariv Bash, said that “the launch was cool, but the hard part is ahead of us.” It will travel 6.5 million kilometers, the longest trajectory of any spacecraft that’s gone from Earth to the moon. The $100 million price tag is significantly lower than previous expeditions. If successful, Israel will be the fourth country to land on the moon.
Leading-edge natural solutions… always inspired by nature Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of death worldwide by far. For this reason, looking after our vascular health is absolutely central to maintaining a healthy lifestyle. The cardiovascular system is the whole blood circulatory network comprising our blood, heart, arteries, veins and capillaries. This vital system is responsible for supplying our cells with nutrients and oxygen, and removing waste products including carbon dioxide. The cardiovascular system is one of the most sensitive biological systems in our bodies to poor diet, toxins and lack of exercise, which is why cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death, by far, worldwide. If we make our lifestyle choices cardiovascular-friendly, we are likely to benefit in practically all other areas of our health and well-being. Central to cardiovascular health is a healthy diet low in fast-release sugars, and plenty of regular exercise. And of course no smoking!
Boxing turtles eat How often do you feed a box turtle? An adult box turtle should be given meals at least three times per week, with meals every other day or every third day. Consult with your veterinarian if you ‘re not sure about the frequency. Juvenile and baby box turtles should be fed daily and given vitamin and calcium supplements at least three times a week. What fruits and vegetables can box turtles eat? What should you not feed turtles? Feeding wild-caught fish and amphibians is not recommended, as they may contain parasites and other infectious organisms that may affect the turtle. Raw meat , fish, or chicken from the grocery store does not contain a balance of calcium and phosphorus for a turtle and is not recommended as a food source for turtles. Can box turtles eat pineapple? Fruit should be used as a flavor enhancer more than a nutritional component of the food , but is great to feed in moderation. It is important to remember that box turtles are highly adaptable omnivores. Some healthy fruits include berries, cantelope, dates, figs, guava, kiwi, mango, oranges, papaya and pineapple . What food kills turtles? Foods to Never Feed Your Box Turtle The leaves of rhubarb, potato and tobacco plants. Avocado peel, seeds and leaves. Tomato leaves and vines. Poison ivy. You might be interested: Wrist pain after boxing What human food can turtles eat? Is it OK to keep a wild box turtle? Because of this, many states have laws against keeping wild box turtles as pets. The population decline is just one reason to get a captive-bred pet box turtle from a reputable breeder or rescue organization. Plus, wild -caught turtles generally don’t adjust well to captivity and often die from stress. How can u tell a turtle’s age? Estimate the age . After counting the rings, take a guess at the turtle’s age . For instance, if the turtle had 14 rings, you can guess that the turtle is 7 years old , as every 2 rings may represent a year. A turtle will have rings whether in captivity or the wild. Can turtles eat bread? Can turtles eat boiled eggs? You might be interested: X box boxing game Is banana good for turtles? Can turtles eat cucumber? Fresh, COOKED, unseasoned meats (stick with poultry and shrimp) Chopped vegetables (carrots, cucumbers , tomatoes, celery, etc) Water plants. Deceased insects. Can turtles eat popcorn? Feeding and Nutrition :: Popcorn Corn is pretty starchy, and most people actually avoid it for turtle diets. It may plug up your turtle’s digestive system, or even worse cause it to choke on a kernel. How do you kill a turtle? What is a box turtle’s favorite food? Ideally the protein should be whole live foods like earthworms, mealworms, beetles, grubs, crickets, slugs and snails. Are attracted to brightly colored fruits and vegetables : tomato, squash, carrots, red bell peppers, strawberries, cantaloupe. Leave a Reply
How Does Hot Stamp Printing Work How Does Hot Stamp Printing Work There are few more stunning ways to grab a customer’s attention than with glints of metallic gold or silver radiating off a product package. Adding foiling and highlighted areas of text with embossing really makes a brand, slogan, or product information pop. This seemingly simple touch is a very old tradition used by printers as far back as the 19th century. Over the years, it has also evolved quite a bit. There are now many techniques and approaches to create hot stamp printing. This includes advanced machinery that simplifies the process quite a bit. Despite the wonders of technology, many of us are still curious and ask, “How does hot stamp printing work?” What Is Hot Stamping? We are all familiar with how a stamp works—simply take your stamp and ink, and stamp away. Hot stamping is not too far off from this idea, though the tools generally have advanced quite a bit from the small handheld found in most stationery shops. The original process evolved from this, using metal-cast stamps to emboss and transfer. In hot stamping, the goal is not to make a necessarily deep impression as with embossing. Instead, the metal stamp is heated. When a foil is introduced, the heat helps to adhere the material onto the page or product. The Different Tools of Hot Stamping “How does hot stamp printing work?” is a question that can depend greatly on the tools being used. This art has evolved greatly since the olden days. Now, it is very easy to find advanced machines that virtually automate the process. In high production hot stamping, very large printing is used in conjunction with computers to digitally design and print stamped objects very quickly. Many companies even offer hot stamping services to businesses seeking innovative product package design. Many use lasers to create very precise images without needing to produce and apply a unique die for every design. Similar home-printer sized hot stamping units can be found commonly in craft stores. For the traditionalist, old fashioned handheld stamps do exist. This includes metal handles with interchangeable dies and electric handles that heat dies much like a handheld wood burning tool. How To Hot Stamp As the name suggests, hot stamping is not at all unlike the stamping we all know about from arts and crafts class. However, the stamp is always metal for this process unlike the various lighter alloys used in common stamps, as well as wood, ceramic, and rubber varieties. Usually, the stamp, also referred to as the die, is mounted over what is to be stamped. The desired foil is then inserted between the die and the subject. The die is heated and then pressed into the object being stamped. The heat causes the sections of the foil to break loose and stick to the object anywhere the hot die touched. The result is a beautiful imprint of the die-cast design.
Contact Me: Back to the Bible - Revisiting the Old Testament Jim Moyers 4: Jeremiah Like Isaiah the various parts of Jeremiah are a bit bewildering. The book starts out clearly enough with a statement of the time Jeremiah was active (about 627-580 BCE) as a prophet in Jerusalem followed by a first person account of his call. But the rest of the book seems to be a jumble of oracles against Judah and Jerusalem coupled with lamentations about their coming doom, accounts of incidents in Jeremiah’s life scattered here and there, a lengthy section of dire prophecies against various nations conquered by Babylon followed by a collection of “illogically arranged and somewhat reduplicated” (as a footnote in the Oxford Annotated Bible puts it) oracles foretelling the coming end of Babylon, and in the final chapter a straightforward historical account of the fall of Jerusalem to the Babylonians. There is even one seemingly out of place verse (10:11) written in Aramaic rather than Hebrew! One oracle against Edom is also found in Obadiah. One explanation for the seemingly scrambled order of Jeremiah as well Isaiah and some other books of the OT has to do with the way scrolls were assembled, with sections of parchment sewn together to make up the final scroll. It may be that the various bits that make up the book were sewn together without much regard for logical order. Perhaps it was more important to gather the various parts together to ensure preservation than it was to figure out the sequence. Once the text in the scroll was regarded as sacred it could not be altered and so was copied over and over again unchanged. Interestingly both the Greek Septuagint and the several Dead Sea Scrolls of Jeremiah, which are much older than any other extant copy of the Hebrew text of the Bible, are significantly different from the Masoretic text upon which modern OT translations are based, being about 13% shorter as well as differently arranged. One Dead Sea Jeremiah scroll, with a date of 200 BCE or earlier making it one of the oldest known biblical texts, interestingly has multiple added corrections. In one place the original copyist left out a lengthy section which a later scribe restored by squeezing part of the missing section between already written text, then spilling it sideways along the margin and upside down at the bottom of the page. I wonder if the Aramaic verse of Jeremiah 10:11 might be indicative of copyist error. Perhaps it was originally a marginal note that was mistakenly inserted into the text by a later scribe. Accounts of incidents involving Jeremiah contain specific details and names of the people involved. The stated month and year of a confrontation between the prophet and a priest in the temple translates to August 597 BCE. A story of Jeremiah’s purchase of property from a cousin contains the most detailed account of a business transaction in the Bible. Jeremiah’s words are noted as being recorded by his associate, Baruch, who is the probable author of the biographical sections of the book. Like Isaiah, Jeremiah responds to his prophetic call by claiming he is unable to convey the message of Yahve to Jerusalem. But Yahve touches his mouth to “put words in it” (1:7) and Jeremiah begins a lengthy career as Yahve’s messenger to people who don’t want to hear what he has to say. He speaks out against the priests and prophets associated with the temple. The rulers of Jerusalem regard Jeremiah’s advice that they surrender to the besieging Babylonians as treasonous. He is continually persecuted, barred from the temple, beaten, imprisoned, and threatened with death. A scroll he sends to be read to the king is burned. During the siege of Jerusalem Jeremiah is put into a cistern (which was nearly empty because the Babylonians had cut off the water supply), sunk in the mire and left to die until an Ethiopian (not necessarily from Ethiopia which sometimes seems to refer to Egypt or another part of Africa) eunuch from the royal household rescues him. The prophet calls down divine justice on his persecutors: “Therefore deliver up their children to famine; give them over to the power of the sword, let their wives become childless and widowed. May their men meet death by pestilence, their youths be slain by the sword in battle” (18:21). At times he gives in to despair: “Cursed be the day on which I was born! . . .Why did I come forth from the womb to see toil and sorrow, and spend my days in shame?” (20:14,18). But Jeremiah continues proclaiming “Thus says the Lord!” Yahve demands that his people “truly execute justice . . . not oppress the alien, the fatherless, or the widow, or shed innocent blood . . . and not go after other gods” (7:7). Yahve’s chosen people have forsaken the covenant they made with him, worshipping other gods which “are as many as your cities.” As did other prophets, Jeremiah denounces the temple cult - Yahve does not want burnt offerings and sacrifices but obedience. The temple is no longer the dwelling place of Yahve but a “den of robbers” (7:8), a text which many centuries later Jesus would quote as he drove the money changers out of the temple. The people of Judah have “burned incense to other gods, and worshipped the works of their own hands (idols)” (1:14). Worst of all they have sacrificed their own children as burnt offerings to their false gods. Interestingly, Jeremiah’s description of the worship of “The Queen of Heaven” indicates that it, unlike the male dominated cult of Yahve, actively involved women. Which would explain why the prophets so frequently mention women in their denunciation of the worship of “false gods.” As happened to the shrine of Israel at Shiloh, so too the desecrated Jerusalem temple will be destroyed. Judah failed to learn from what happened to her sister, Israel, who also “played the harlot” (3:1) with other gods and was destroyed. Yahve will “bring evil from the north and destruction . . . to make your land a waste; your cities will be ruins” (4:6-7). Babylon is the instrument of Yahve in punishing his unfaithful people. But Yahve will “will not make a full end of you” but will send his unfaithful people to “serve strangers in land that is not yours” (5:18) after which he “will gather the remnant of my flock out of all the countries where I have driven them, and will bring them back to their fold . . . and they shall fear no more, nor be dismayed” (23:3-4). Although the old covenant has been broken, there is the promise of “a new covenant with the house of Israel and the house of Judah” (31:31). Jeremiah advises compliance with the Babylonians, writing to those who had been taken captive to Babylon to say that they should settle there while awaiting the promised return to Jerusalem which will be restored. The concluding chapter of Jeremiah is a straightforward historical account of the fall of Jerusalem, with the city along with the temple and its furnishings, which are described in detail, destroyed. There are three removals of Judean captives to Babylon with their total number listed as 4600. Which rather surprised me. In my Adventist education I heard repeated references to the “Babylonian captivity” which seemed to imply that most of the population of Judah was carried away by their conquerors. But Jeremiah makes it clear that only the elite, ruling class was made captive. Most of the rest of the population of Judah remained under the administration of a Judean governor appointed by Babylon. Jeremiah was offered the option of staying in Judah which he chose, going to live with the governor with whom he had family connections. He continued to counsel cooperation with Babylon. But then the governor was assassinated during a revolt after which a group of people fled to Egypt for safety. For reasons that are not clear in the text, Jeremiah along Baruch also went to Egypt despite having repeatedly warned against fleeing there. Once in Egypt he continued to issue prophetic messages denouncing the refugees for worshipping Egyptian gods, which made him no more popular with his fellow exiles who responded by saying that they turned to other gods because Yahve had failed them. The account of Jeremiah’s life fades out in Egypt with his ultimate fate unknown. © 2021 James Moyers 5: Ezekiel 6: Second Isaiah 7: Haggai & Zachariah 8: Obadiah, Malachi, Joel 9: Jonah 1: Amos & Hosea 2: First Isaiah 3: Micah, Zephaniah, Nathum, Habakkuk
1. Agreement to Sell Versus a Sale 2. Liability 3. What Is a Sale? 4. What Is an Agreement to Sell? Updated October 29, 2020: An agreement to sell is a contract surrounding the sale of products or services. Agreement to sell contracts are also called sales contracts or purchase agreements. Agreement to Sell Versus a Sale When a seller agrees to hand goods that they own over to the buyer in exchange for money, this is called a contract of sale. Once the exchange is completed, it is simply called a sale. Before the sale is completed, but the intention to sell is present, it is known as an agreement to sell. The main difference between an agreement to sell and a sale is that the first is called an executory contract and the second is called an executed contract. Sales are completed and absolute, while agreements dictate the terms of a sale that has not yet occurred. Sales contracts come in many forms, but it's always a good idea to have one in place, especially when highly valuable goods or services are involved. Taxes are not imposed until the sale is completed, so there are no taxes involved in an agreement to sell. When a sale takes place without a contract, both party is at risk because there are no conditions in place to protect either party if something goes wrong or even has unintended consequences. An agreement to sell sets conditions in place before the sale takes place, offering risk protection for both parties involved. Agreements to sell, also known as sales agreements or purchase agreements, are most common in the real estate business. A big difference between a no-contract sale and an agreement to sell lies in the question of liability. If the products or services transferred in a no-contract sale end up damaged or unsatisfactory, the liability lies with the buyer. The seller isn't legally bound to make good on their sale. In the case of an agreement to sell, if the products or services that are to be transferred are damaged or unsatisfactory, the seller must bring them up to par in order to complete the sale and uphold their end of the agreement. Once a sale takes place, the seller can claim damages if they are unpaid, but they cannot resell a product that has already been sold. If a seller tries to resell a previously sold product, the buyer of the already-sold item gets a bad title or false ownership. In the case of an agreement to sell, a seller can resell the product to a second buyer as long as the second buyer makes the purchase in good faith. The first buyer can, however, claim damages from the seller if they never receive a product they paid for. What Is a Sale? Simply put, a sale takes place any time goods are exchanged for payment. This is called consideration in contract law. There are two parties involved in a sale: the debtor and the creditor. The debtor owes money for the product sold, and the creditor receives the money in exchange for their product. There are several essential conditions that must be a part of every legitimate sale: • A minimum of two parties must be involved where one party is buying and one is selling. • The subject of the sale must be some form of goods. • Payment for the sale has to be made using the legal currency of the country in which the sale is taking place. • The goods sold must be given to the buyer once payment is received. • The payment owed must be given to the seller. All legal sales must have the four basic elements of any sales contract: What Is an Agreement to Sell? Agreements to sell are also a type of sales contract, but they can be more thorough and legally binding than a simple sale. In an agreement to sell, the contract clearly states the price a buyer agrees to pay for either goods or the fulfillment of some kind of condition stipulated. Both parties must agree to these terms and sign the contract to make it valid. The performance of an agreement to sell contract must be done at the time specified in the contract, which will be a future date. An agreement to sell contract cannot cover a sale that has already taken place. The deadline might be a specific date, once a certain amount of time has elapsed, or once certain conditions have been satisfied.
Compromised Type I Interferon Response Common Among Severe COVID-19 Patients Why COVID-19 makes some people so much sicker than others is a puzzle we’re continuously trying to crack. Thanks to two studies recently published in Science magazine, we now know of one very specific predisposing factor: a compromised type I interferon response. This discovery has implications for how we diagnose and treat COVID-19 that could not just reduce suffering, but potentially save lives. According to the new studies, which analyze data from hospitals around the world, about 14% of COVID-19 patients who go on to develop serious illness lack the ability to either make or mount interferons against invading pathogens. In one study, only 0.3% of the healthy control population had the same deficiencies. While each of the two papers examines a different reason for why this might be, they arrive at the same conclusion—that an absence or dysfunction of interferons might determine the severity of ensuing disease. Interferons, broadly speaking, are warning signals that alert the immune system whenever an intruder is on sight. Classified as type I, II, or III, these proteins serve a critical defense function in the early stages of infection, quite literally running interference so the host cells can slow viral replication. The first Science paper studies severely ill COVID-19 patients who have developed so-called “auto-antibodies” against their own type I interferons, reducing the number of interferons circulating in the blood to either extremely low or undetectable levels. These defective antibodies, which block interferons from signaling other cellular defenses into action, represent a certain type of autoimmunity—that is, immunity to substances made by your own body. It has been observed that autoantibodies are more prevalent in older adults than younger, which might explain, at least in part, why COVID-19 is, too. The second paper focuses on patients who also had minimal to undetectable interferon levels, but whose interferon response was crippled by certain genetic mutations rather than autoantibodies. These mutations, which are also associated with severe influenza, were detected in the DNA of about 3.5 percent of critically ill COVID-19 patients. The control group, characterized by mild or asymptomatic infection, had none. The results echo the conclusions reached by a Dutch study of two sets of brothers who, despite being young and in good health, became critically ill from COVID-19. It was later found that they had inherited a genetic mutation that dampened their interferon response. It turns out that the SARS and MERS coronaviruses have a number of different non-essential proteins, and a handful of those are devoted to modulating the type I interferon response. For one of them, orf3b, it appears that type I interferons are the primary restraint. In other words, the virus expends much of its genetic energy trying to disable interferon function. These observations, along with the increased susceptibility to severe effects of infection demonstrated in the Science papers, suggest that type I interferons are one of the body’s most important defenses against SARS-CoV-2. The clinical implications of these findings are threefold. First, we should be screening all identified COVID-19 patients for the auto-antibodies and genetic mutations that might predispose them to severe illness. Healthcare workers and others who are regularly exposed to the virus should undergo the same testing regimen as well. Anyone found to have either deficiency would then know to take extra precautions and receive priority status for vaccinations. Second, if interferons are critical to our ability to fight SARS-CoV-2 we must treat them as such. While interferon-based drug therapies will likely yield poor results if prescribed to patients with autoantibodies, such drugs could help other vulnerable populations avoid the worst this disease has to offer, including those whose interferon response has been genetically compromised. There may even be a limited role, if given extremely early in cases of acute exposure, for limited interferon prophylaxis, or post-exposure prevention. The third and final implication relates to another experimental treatment—convalescent sera, or the blood plasma of recovered COVID-19 patients, authorized in the United States for emergency use. Potential plasma donors must not only be screened for auto-antibodies against interferons, but also be removed from the donor pool if they test positive. Their plasma might otherwise unwittingly debilitate a recipient’s immune response. This applies as well to the donors selected to prepare hyperimmune globulins, or hyperimmune igG, a more purified and potent concentration of plasma. © William A. Haseltine, PhD. All Rights Reserved.
brains evolution human(s) research lab/work If I Only Had A Brain (Organoid) What would you think if I told you I grow human brains in a lab? Fig. 1 (Meme 1) Would you believe it if I told you that I grow human brains in a lab? Well, I do not (yet) but we do have the technology! Welcome to the future. (Image source: Christopher G. Claypool via imgflip) What exactly is a brain organoid? Cerebral organoids are not fully-grown brains, but they are innovative mini models (a few millimeters in size) that we can grow in a dish to study the basic biology of the real thing [1]. In a world where good brains are hard to find… Why would we want to grow a human brain organoid in the first place? That one is easy: real human brains are precious. Not only are they complex organs but they are difficult to study for a few reasons: 1. Brains are hard to get to – you have to get through that thick skull first! So, we are physically limited if we want to study a real live brain. 2. Brains are not easy to come by. They don’t exactly grow on trees (would you be willing to give us your brain? Probably not)! So, we are limited to a small number of them. 3. Brains are not all the same. Some are new, some are old, and some are diseased. We cannot count on them to be the consistent, reproducible, reliable test subjects that we need to do good science. Fig. 2 (Meme 2) There are several reasons why we know so little about brains; they are quite difficult to study. (Image source: Christopher G. Claypool via imgflip) You might ask, “can’t we just use an animal’s brain instead?” Yes! We can learn a lot from animal brains, but they are not always a good enough model for the human brain. For example, the human brain has unique development and it is (somehow) responsible for many behaviors that we do not see in any other species. Chimpanzees are our closest relatives, yet they are not out here driving cars and contributing to society. So, the brains of other primates just will not do if you are interested in uniquely human traits. Thus, human brain organoids give us the opportunity to grow our own brains in the lab and do our research. What would we do with a brain if we had one? What can we learn from these brain organoids? A lot! Scientists can use organoids as experimental models to study pathology (like Alzheimer’s disease, schizophrenia, and autism), the blood-brain barrier, brain development, and brain evolution among other things [2]. For example, one research group recently grew brain organoids of human, chimpanzee, and rhesus monkey and studied them to understand how evolution has shaped the development of the unique brain that we see in humans [3]. Fig. 3 – A 3-dimensional model of the human brain. Much like this artificial brain is a visual representation of the real thing, a cerebral organoid is a biological representation of the real thing. (Image source: Robina Weermeijer via Unsplash) How to grow a brain: Before we grow a brain in the lab, we must understand two concepts: biological organization and differentiation. The cell is the most basic building block of all life. Multicellular organisms (like humans) have a diversity of cells. Think: a skin cell is different from a liver cell, with lots of specific subtypes that perform different jobs. Where do all these cell types come from? Stem cells! We all started as a single cell (a stem cell) that divided to make all the cells in our bodies. Chemical signals tell stem cells what kind of mature cell type to turn into. This process is called differentiation and it happens as our bodies develop. Combinations of different mature cell types organize into tissues and combinations of different tissues organize into organs [4]. It is complicated stuff, but nature makes it look easy. Fig. 4 – An example of biological organization. Many cells come together to form tissue, which forms an organ. Several organs make up a system, and multiple systems work together for an organism to function. (Image source: LibreTexts) To grow a brain in the lab, we try to mimic nature so that the cells will differentiate and self-assemble into brain tissue. We start with induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), or mature cells that were undifferentiated (turned back into) stem cells – a major feat of genetic engineering on its own [5]! With these iPSCs, we can make any kind of cell we want by exposing them to the right chemical signals at the right time (these media are commercially available). First, we differentiate iPSCs into neural progenitor cells (NPCs, as previously reported), then into mature cells like neurons [6]. Depending on the brain region we want to study, we may be able to simply grow the cells in a dish in an incubator (set to body temperature) or we might need to use a bioreactor – a high-tech device that precisely controls the internal conditions (oxygen, nutrients) [5, 7]. If we are successful, we could have an organoid ready for experiments in a couple of months [5]. Much faster than a human! [1] George Church. 2017. “The future of genetic codes and BRAIN codes.” Filmed February 8 2017 at Marshall W. Nirenberg Lecture, Harvard Medical School. Video, 23:34. [2] Cerebral organoid. Wikipedia. Accessed August 31, 2020. [3] Sabina Kanton, Michael James Boyle, Zhisong He, et al. 2019. “Organoid single-cell genomic atlas uncovers human-specific features of brain development.” Nature 574, 418-422. [4] Biological organisation. Wikipedia. Accessed August 31, 2020. [5] Elizabeth Di Lullo and Arnold R. Kriegstein. 2017. “The use of brain organoids to investigate neural development and disease.” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 18(10), 573-584. [6] Zintel, Trisha. 2018. “Research Highlight - Making Brain Cells.” That’s Life [Science]. [7] Bioreactor. Wikipedia. Accessed August 31, 2020. More From Thats Life [Science] Dialogue & Discussion
5G, as much as this technology is going to be discussed at the moment, it is actually going to be as effective or not, we are really going to know only after its launch. But now, because there is some delay in its launch, let me tell you what is 5G technology and actually how fast it is from 4G, and how long it is likely to come into the market. 5G technology is wireless fiber. Through which you are going to get super fast low-latency Internet everywhere. In addition, it can be said that the 5G network is going to be faster than any home cable Internet connection, one thing to keep in mind here is that it's going to be technically wireless. This means that you are going to get the Internet at super-fast speed even without wires. 5G can be called an industry-standard, which is going to be faster than the 4G LTE standard currently running. Just as 4G has come to the place of 3G, the fifth-generation network in place of 4G has come out as 5G. You can call it a new generation standard. If we discuss 4G LTE technology or look at that technology, let's tell you that this new network, i.e., 5G, is going to be faster than that. Through this, you can also say that in your car in smartphones, etc., or your home, etc., that anywhere in the place, the faster can take advantage of the Internet, even with super fast speed. Now you can imagine how fast it is going to be. You are going to see in the coming future, all smartphones and other devices around the world that the Internet works on, you are going to get equipped with 5G instead of 4G LTE technology. The way the 4G LTE network is working today, this location is going to take 5G in the coming time. Everyone is excited about 5G, and it is believed to be much faster than the 4G. If we discuss 4G, it can give you a speed of 100 Megabytes or 100Mbps per second, and 5G is said to come with a speed of 10 Gigabytes per second, i.e., 10Gbps. This means that the 5G network is going to be 100 times faster than the 4G network. This is going to be the highest internet speed so far. For example, if we look at us, you are currently able to download a two and a half-hour film in 6 minutes and 26 hours on 4G and 3G networks, although at 5G you can only 3 this movie. Will be able to download in 6 seconds. Although it's not only that you're going to get a better speed in 5G, you're also going to get low latency on this network. This means that your load time is going to be much faster, and the response is also going to be much faster. The 5G network works on a brand new radio spectrum band, telling you that 5G mm uses waves tightly, followed by a frequency broadcast, which works at 30 to 300 GHz before it works at 6GHz. This band is currently used for 4G. So far, this technology was used for communication between satellite and radar systems. However, millimeter waves cannot travel easily from among any building or any other solid object, so 5g also gets an advantage of small sales. For this, a Smaller miniature based station has been set up at about every 250 meters. This is why you get excellent coverage at any place. These base stations also use massive MIMO. MIMO means multiple inputs and multiple outputs. It may also be that you have a home wireless router that works on MIMO technology, which means it has a lot of antennas, which can work efficiently by coordinating between many different devices. Massive MIMO can use a lot of antennas at the same base station at the same time. Because of many other things, this network becomes so strong. Image credit: forbes
Mistakes To Avoid While Writing Are you a student trying to master the art of writing? There are a number of mistakes students commonly make that contribute to a weaker result. In order to start writing in a way that captures the attention and effectively exhibits your purpose, you must be mindful as you write and implement a few strategies that can build a strong foundation regardless of the topic. Keep it concise One of the best ways to start writing stronger pieces is by keeping your thoughts concise. When run-on sentences and ideas are present in the content, the reader becomes lost. This can distract them from the main point and lessen their engagement with the subject matter. One place where readers are especially prone to overwrite is during introductory paragraphs. These paragraphs should always be quicker at getting to the point so you don’t lose your reader’s attention early on. Have well-supported points When writing pieces such as term papers or essays, it is crucial that the outlined points are sufficiently backed. Many times writers fail to extend their thoughts to strengthen their evidence which can weaken the piece as a whole. The best way is to find a space between over-explaining and under-explaining that ensures the comprehension of your target audience. Use active voice A lot of writers use passive voice while writing the content. It’s not a bad thing; but active voice helps you avoid simple mistakes. This allows for more direct statements to be developed that put the subject at the forefront rather than hidden somewhere in the middle of your sentences. Write a comment: Your email address will not be published. Follow us:
How can the Vedas be constant when they come from the 4 heads of Brahma and Brahma changes every time? Vedas need to change? Isn't it? Only Puranas may be constant. • If my memory serves me right, it is the Puranas that gave four heads to Brahma, not the vedas.....If you have the source for your belief that it is the veda, please give it.... – Swami Vishwananda Dec 9 '15 at 10:47 • @SwamiVishwananda I think he is referring to the notion that the four Vedas are recited by the four heads of Brahma. – Surya Dec 9 '15 at 14:33 • Though the Brahma may change the Vedas do not change. Each Brahma receives the knowledge of Vedas before creation. – Surya Dec 9 '15 at 14:34 • @Anil As far as I know yes, but I don't want to engage in any Vishnu vs Shiva argument here. – Surya Dec 9 '15 at 16:37 • @Anil WeLl yes Hayagriva did return the Vedas to Brahma but how he originally learnt them: from praying to Vishnu, Shiva and Devi... – Surya Dec 9 '15 at 17:04 Vedas are eternal and apauruSheya (अपौरुषेय) which means "not produced by man". Veda Samhitas (core portions of Vedas) are heard by sages in deep tapasya. Veda Samhitas talk about eternal truths which are constant always. Truth is always same and it doesn't change with time. Vedas also say, time is cyclic and the process of creation, preservation and destruction is happening since eternity. Supreme Brahman delivers Vedas to creator Brahma at beginning of every cycle of creation. Svetasvatara Upanishad 6.18 says yo brahmāṇaṃ vidadhāti pūrvaṃ yo vai vedāṃś ca prahiṇoti tasmai / taṃ ha devam ātmabuddhiprakāśaṃ mumukṣur vai śaraṇam ahaṃ prapadye // 6.18 // Puranas do mention the same but replace the supreme Brahman with Shiva or Vishnu or Devi depending on the category of Purana. So, Brahma utters Vedas only after acquiring from Supreme Brahman. How Vedas can be constant at all times? Vedas or to be precise Veda Samhitas talk about Supreme truths which are same at all times. Swami Krishnananda says the following in his book Lessons on Upanishads, Veda Samhitas describe that "unchanging thing or God" which is same at all times. So, Vedas don't change with time. Next possible question which may arise is, how it is possible to describe "unchanging thing" through something changing? It is possible because of divine language संस्कृतम् (Sanskrit). Like Vedas, Sanskrit also do not change with time. Sanskrit doesn't evolve with time. Sanskrit has fixed number of Dhātus (Verbal roots) by which we can guess meaning of words without help of dictionaries. Also, Sanskrit doesn't have proper nouns. Sanskrit describes objects with attributes or qualities they possess. All Sanskrit names are derived from their attributes. An attribute can refer to multiple objects. So, meaning of words in a Sanskrit sentence depends on context. Sometimes, literal interpretation of Vedic verses could be disastrous. I have explained more about uniqueness of Sanskrit language in this answer and also refer this blog by Gurudev where author of the blog describes the uniqueness and eternity of Sanskrit language in detail. Coming to Puranas, many events are repeated in every Manvantara. The stories mentioned in Vedas occur in every Manvantara. Different Puranas mention same stories with slight variations as every Purana narrates mainly stories of a particular Kalpa as discussed in this answer. However, only some stories repeat not all. So, there's no rule that Puranas should be same at all times. You must log in to answer this question. Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged .
essay on global warming and its impact And it is so surprising that even now it is not stable, it is increasing day by day. Climate changes occur in our earth's atmosphere due to … This ozone layer is destructed by the buildup of atmospheric carbon dioxide and greenhouse gases, which in turn…, 1. Also Read: Environmental Issues. Global warming is the term used to describe an increase in the temperature of the Earth's atmosphere and its oceans. Promoting the reforestation worldwide of areas devastated by logging is another solution. Global warming is the rise of the earth’s temperature over time. Green House Effect and Global Warming Essay, Global Warming and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Essay, Essay on Impact of Global Warming on Oceans, Essay on Effects of Global Warming on Coral Reefs. Heating of the environment increases atmospheric temperature (by 3° to 5° C by the year 2100), increases sea level (by 25 meter by year 2100) and heat, melts glaciers, increases health disorders, changes climate, changes weather, increases annual power of hurricanes, calls natural disasters (floods, heat waves, droughts, tornadoes), lowers down amount and quality of agricultural yields, enhances glacial retreat, reduces summer stream flows, extinctions of various important plants and animals species and so many. The average temperature of the earth has risen about 1 degree Celsius over the past 100 years. Due to warmer temperatures are causing the ice to melt in Arctic and Antarctica will increase sea level and change the composition of surrounding sea water. 5. You may need to download version 2.0 now from the Chrome Web Store. The world fears famine, floods, and earthquakes because we have all seen the damage caused by these phenomena. The Best Writing Resume Service for Job Application, Tips and Ideas on How to Easily Write Captivating Profile Essays, What is Custom Essay Writing Service and How to Use It, Why Should Students Wear Uniform To School, the glaciers are slowly melting and many islands can disappear, many plant and animal species will have to displace (migrate) to colder places and others could disappear, there will be many heat waves of greater intensity that would kill many people. Cloudflare Ray ID: 5ed68772ad0a32bd These extreme weather conditions, Alleged Global Warming has been a hot topic and been widely reported in the American media since the 1970s. Ever increasing human population are demanding more resources to live easy and healthy life such as land to live and crop cultivation, technological growth for comfort and deal with increasing temperature of atmosphere, etc. • The sun’s rays are sent down towards the earth and they heat the surface and then the rays bounce back towards…, Global warming is the gradual rise in temperature of the air and water near the earth 's surface. … Scientists and economists of many countries are working regularly in the field of global warming from many decades in order to figure out causes, effects, preventions measures, and solutions of it. Mother Earth is burning as we speak; humanity has killed our precious Earth. _taboola.push({ Whether you need an argument-based text (argumentative essay) or want to convince someone to follow your way of thinking (persuasive essay), your task is to approach the problem holistically and … That is why the term “climate change” is also used to talk about global warming; both terms refer to the same phenomenon. 4. Unfortunately there are many global environmental issues that need the attention of world leaders today, and have become undisputed environmental issues in today’s society. Next up, manmade causes are deforestation, mining, cattle rearing, fossil fuel burning and more. Global Warming is caused by the increase in green house effect, resulting in a raised average earth’s temperature. google_ad_height = 250; The impact of global warming on the environment extensive and affects many areas. Global Warming has become a rising problem in our, Global-Warming But, its meaning is still not clear to most of us. The establishment of such countries is on low altitude areas. If we do not do it, the consequences will be serious for all human beings. 2335 Words 10 Pages. Today, the earth has gone through many changes due to global warming. EssayWriterUSA℠ All Rights Reserved © 2020. I argue that with the increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, humans play a huge part in the causation of global warming, Global Warming has been devastating the earth and economy for the last twenty-five years. Effects of Global Warming Over the years, the population of the planet has continuously been rising. Following are the major causes of global warming: Man-made Causes of Global Warming Deforestation. There are many occasions in which we can move without using the car. It is a problem that already affects us. If you are at an office or shared network, you can ask the network administrator to run a scan across the network looking for misconfigured or infected devices. Global warming is the current increase in temperature of the Earth's surface (both land and water) as well as it's atmosphere. The worst effect is felt by developing countries, which are also geographically disadvantaged. google_ad_client = "ca-pub-6070398767421094"; After going through these causes and effects of global warming essay you will know what are the causes of global warming and its effects; also the factors leading to it and steps taken to stop it. It could be caused by human activity; it may be caused by natural events, and probably is caused by a combination of the two. Causes of Global Warming. 1.1 Background We, as humans, have the power to cleanse the Earth, but instead we destroy it. The best thing is to choose the appliances of rating A. The answer to the causes can be seen in the effects. According to Wikipedia: “Global warming is a term used to refer to the phenomenon of the increase in the global average temperature, the Earth’s atmosphere and the oceans, which possibly reached the level of warming of the medieval era in the middle of the 20th century, to exceed it to then.”. Many of these global warming changes happening now are getting worse, causing planet Earth to change as global warming increases. The essays will be useful in your school/college assignments and speech giving, debate and essay writing competition. 500+ Words Essay on Global Warming. Recycle. Examples of external factors are volcanic eruptions and the variation of orbiting the Sun. Your IP: The planet is warming, humans are mostly to blame and plants and animals are going to dramatic lengths to cope. According to a TechMedia Network, “Global warming is the term used to describe a gradual increase in the average temperature of the Earth’s atmosphere and its oceans, a change that is believed to be permanently changing the Earth’s climate.” (“Global Warming … Effects”). Even though many people believe they know why this is happening, the exact cause is unknown. Use of fossil fuels results in air pollution which is a major problem and directly resulting in smog and degradation of human health and plant growth. What causes greenhouse effect and global warming, is it harmful to humans, and what can we do to help it, can it be reversed? The main cause of global warming is the human beings careless activities. 3. There are many reasons for its ever increasing nature. Decrease the use of the automobile. In this global warming 2019 essay we will talk about global warming, its causes, consequences, repercussions. Look at the events that shook us in the past few years – heat, fire, storm, and flood, all this is like mother earth is warning us about something. Global Warming Causes and Effects Essay 6 (400 words) Global warming is increasing day by day because of the continuous increase in the levels of greenhouse gasses. There are a lot of scientific works that show that the temperature of the Earth’s surface is becoming warmer every year. With the same features, an A class device consumes 70% less energy than another class G. As for other electronic devices, it must be taken into account that if they are in the mode of Wait (stand-by) continues to consume energy even if you are not using them. Climate plays one of the important roles in people’s life. It is a change that is believed to be changing the Earth 's climate in a permanent way. Global warming is a constant process of increase in the annual temperature of whole planet. According to discovery channel the main consequences of the Earth planet with this rapid increase in temperature as a result of global warming are: 1. English 3 Effects of global warming include incessant rain, unexpected climatic changes, rise in oceanic temperature, depletion in flora and fauna, melting of glaciers and floods etc. Starting with ourselves, we can help change it. Such gases have tendency to trap heat from many sources like sun, electricity, burning coal, burning fuels, etc and prevent them to escape back to the atmosphere. Where does it all lead to? While, the impact of war. 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This question is exercise 1 from Manuel Bremer's An Introduction to Paraconsistent Logics. The question Often the sentence given as the Liar example is "All Cretans are liars." said by a Cretan. Why does this not work as an antinomy if there is more than one Cretan? I really don't understand why if there are more than one Cretans this isn't a paradox, can you please explain to me? • I’m voting to close this question because the Liars paradox is game theory, not philosophy. – Swami Vishwananda Jan 18 at 4:09 • 2 @SwamiVishwananda Liar's paradox is about logic, and logic is part of philosophy. – MathematicalPhysicist Jan 18 at 10:45 There are, in fact, two problems with the "All Cretans are liars" paradox. The first is that a liar is not a person who tells nothing but lies, it's a person who tells (some) lies. If all Cretans are liars, one could honestly tell you so. The second, the one you are referring to, is that the opposite of "All Cretans are liars" is not "No Cretans are liars" but "Some Cretans are not liars." A lying Cretan could claim that they all are, and thus make false claims about some other Cretans, without forming a paradox. He's a liar, and he's lying when he says all Cretans are. • OK, thanks. You are indeed correct, if he were referring to himself only then that would be the old classical paradox. – MathematicalPhysicist Jan 17 at 19:32 • I've always interpreted it as simplified language in which "liar" does mean someone who tells nothing but lies. – Barmar Jan 18 at 1:10 • @Barmar If it's a person who tells nothing but lies, a person who claims to be a liar could still be lying because he occasionally tells the truth. – Mary Jan 18 at 13:52 Lets call the Cretan Ari. If his statement is true then all Cretans always tell untruths. But then Ari's statement is itself untrue. So, if Ari's statement is true then it is not true, which proves that Ari's statement is not true. Since it is not true, then at least one statement of at least one Cretan is true (note that this is certainly not Ari's statement, as we have proved that it is not true). This is not a logical contradiction. However, we managed to prove that at least one statement of at least one Cretan is true without any insight into the statements of the Cretans. I think we can consider that a paradox. Your Answer
The counter-increment CSS property is used to increase the value of CSS Counters by a given value. The counter's value can be reset using the counter-reset CSS property. The counter-reset CSS property is used to reset CSS Counters to a given value. The list-style property is a shorthand property for setting list-style-type, list-style-image and list-style-position. The list-style-image property specifies an image to be used as the list item marker. The list-style-position property specifies the position of the marker box in the principal block box. The list-style-type property specifies the appearance of a list item element. Because it is the only property that defaults to display:list-item, this is usually a <li> element, but can be any element with this display value. CSS counters are, in essence, variables maintained by CSS whose values may be incremented by CSS rules to track how many times they're used. This lets you adjust the appearance of content based on its placement in the document. CSS counters are an implementation of Automatic counters and numbering in CSS 2.1.
Python for Absolute Beginners Transcripts Chapter: The big ideas of software development Lecture: Big idea: What is source code? 0:00 What is source code? 0:02 Well, it's how we tell computers what to do. 0:05 It's the essential way the language 0:07 in which we write computer software. 0:10 Now, when you look at some kind of application 0:12 let's take a web app like this one here 0:14 we have on the screen at Talk Python Training. 0:16 Some of this is just HTML. 0:19 Like in the top left, there's this microphone 0:22 with a Python logo in it. 0:24 That is just an image. 0:27 It's just HTML and CSS 0:29 stuff across the top HTML and CSS. 0:32 And you can debate whether or not 0:33 that is really programming or not 0:35 I'm going to say that it's maybe sort of but not really. 0:38 But then there's other stuff that's happening here 0:41 that where the program, the web application 0:43 and the server is making a decision 0:45 and delivering information based on 0:46 how you interact with it. 0:48 For example, have you logged in 0:50 if you log in, it's got to verify that you have an account 0:52 that the password is correct. 0:54 And things like that. 0:55 Going to set some information back into your browser 0:58 so that it knows that when you come back the second 1:01 and third and fourth page that you're still logged in 1:04 who you are. 1:05 It's going to take some additional information. 1:07 There's different pages in the site. 1:10 This one courses slash details 1:12 where you get to the general student page 1:14 but some information that's passed to it. 1:16 This one is Python for .NET Developers 1:18 the code is going to take that go and send it over 1:22 to another server, the database 1:23 and say, I want the course that corresponds to this. 1:26 And as long as it comes back 1:27 it's going to show you this page with the details. 1:31 Now, here's some of the chapters 1:32 that were sent back from that database. 1:35 You can see the title of chapter 1:36 how long it is 1:38 but notice also it's collapsed and grayed out. 1:40 The reason it's collapsing grayed out is the website 1:42 this code decided this one 1:45 you've actually already watched 1:47 whoever's browser this is 1:49 they've actually already watched those chapters 1:52 so they're grayed out and collapsed 1:53 So you can focus on what's next. 1:56 Given one of these chapters, for example 1:58 object oriented Python 1:59 It will show you the various lectures 2:02 that are in there. 2:03 It'll indicate whether or not 2:04 that lecture has subtitles 2:06 both captions, there were that little book thing. 2:08 It'll gray these out based on which lectures you've watched. 2:11 So when you think about a computer program 2:14 or you think about any kind of software at all 2:16 it has to interact with data 2:18 or with humans to it has to make these decisions 2:21 and transform data. 2:22 And computer code is really just like English 2:25 or French or German. 2:28 But for computers, we need to talk to it 2:30 in a way that it can understand more accurately 2:33 in a way that can be transformed into something 2:36 that the computer understands.
15 August 2017 marks the 70th anniversary of the partition of the Indian subcontinent into two independent states – Muslim-majority Pakistan and Hindu-majority India. The movement to establish an independent Muslim state was a result of the two-nation theory, which posited that religion, rather than language or ethnicity, is the determining factor in defining nationality. Archive footage marks 70 years since bloody partition of India Reuters After the 1946 elections, it became clear that British rule had lost its legitimacy, and in early 1947 Britain announced its intention of transferring power no later than June 1948. However, new viceroy Louis Mountbatten brought the date forward, allowing less than six months for a mutually agreed plan for independence. Mahatma Gandhi and India's independence leaders had proposed a secular federation where Hindus and Muslims would live together. However, the Muslim League, representing the region's 30 percent Muslim minority, said it wanted a separate nation to be free of perceived oppression by the Hindu majority. 1 of 4 The decision to divide the country along religious lines was finally agreed to by leaders of the Hindu, Muslim and Sikh communities in June 1947. Predominantly Hindu and Sikh areas became part of India and predominantly Muslim areas became part of the new nation of Pakistan (split into West Pakistan and East Pakistan, which became Bangladesh in 1971). The contested provinces of Bengal and Punjab were divided along hastily drawn up lines based on often slender Hindu or Muslim majorities. The separation came into effect at the strike of midnight on 14 August 1947. Jawaharlal Nehru was appointed the first prime minister of the Dominion of India, while Muhammad Ali Jinnah became the first Governor General of the Dominion of Pakistan. What followed was one of the greatest migrations in modern history, as around 12 million Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims found themselves on the wrong sides of the partition line. Partition also triggered devastating sectarian violence, rape, abductions, and looting, resulting in the deaths of between 200,000 and two million people. Entire trainloads of dead bodies crossed the border in both directions. Less than two weeks after Independence Day, the Indian city of Amritsar, just 40 kilometres from Lahore in Pakistan, became the centre of communal violence with angry crowds going on a rampage, indulging in widespread arson and looting. Partition India Pakistan 1947 Communal violence erupts in Ahmedabad Public domain Partition India Pakistan 1947 Vultures sit on a wall as bodies line an alleyway after riots in Calcutta Public domain Thousands of refugees fled to the Indian capital New Delhi from the contested Punjab state and were put up in makeshift tents for months before they could be allocated any alternate accommodations. The overcrowded camps struggled to cope up with acute water and food shortages and fighting diseases. Gandhi, who hadn't wanted to divide the subcontinent along religious lines, was assassinated in January 1948 by Nathuram Godse, a Hindu radical, who held him responsible for weakening the country by allowing the partition of India into what is now Pakistan. As we reach the 70th anniversary of India-Pakistan Partition, relations between the two nations are as broken as ever. The neighbours have fought three wars since independence, two of which were over the disputed Himalayan state of Kashmir which both sides claim in full but rule in parts. In some ways, their violent birth pangs dictated their future course through suspicion and animosity.
The A421: A Turnpike Road: 1743 - 1871 January 2021 The history group, in piecing together information relevant to the village and surrounding areas, obtains this ininformation either by direct research or by coming unexpectedly across facts, which in turn, lead to more research - - and suddenly the jigsaw pieces start to fit together. We realised that our 2018 catalogue of Mixbury's history and archaeology made brief reference to the A421 (previously B4031) as a Turnpike or Toll Road, but it was only at the end of last year that we became significantly more interested in the road when starting to research the history of the 'great coney (rabbit) warren' at Warren Farm. This is mentioned in records as far back as the C13th, and we have found it marked on a C17th map. Subsequently, a member of the history group came across a map of the 1950s which clearly shows 3 milestones on 'our' stretch of road - one at Mixbury, one at Warren Farm and one at Finmere: each marking the distance of one mile apart, and clearly shown by the MS (milestone) markings on the map below. The only milestone that is visible now, to our knowledge, is the one at Mixbury, on the far side of the road as you turn to the right join the A421 from the village. As a result, we started doing more research on Turnpike /Toll Roads and in particular the one that is now called the A421 which runs through the south of the parish. A large network of roads and pathways was created in Britain during the Roman period and in the Middle Ages: by the mid C16th this network was called The Kings' Highway. Responsibility for maintaining roads was placed on parishes, who obliged residents to work without pay for up to 6 days a year in accordance with a 1555 Statute: when significant work required additional resources, these were met by levying property taxes in parishes. This public and local method of financing roads was satisfactory in Britain's pre-industrial economy. Road improvement and maintenance costs were low and largely internal to the parish. In neighbouring Buckinghamshire, we understand that women collected stones from the fields to provide a surface for the roads (more a cottage industry than civil engineering) and we are fairly sure that this was a common practice in rural areas generally. Conditions changed during the C17th and C18th when wages increased, and regional and inter-regional trade and travel began to grow. Food, fuel and consumer products were all moved about on roads, ad there was growing use of large wagons and carriages which caused damage to the roads. As use of the roads increased and travel began to expand, it became necessary to find money to keep and improve highways. The result of this development was The Turnpike Act. The first Act was 1663; the second 1695; but it was not until the 1720s that the expansion of Turnpike roads was so marked. Throughout the country, there were 20,000 miles of toll roads by 1840. Image courtesy of>britishturnpike trusts. Showing north Oxfordshire and the Bicester, Aynho and Finmere toll road, in blue with black dots at the top of the map. This connected with the Buckingham and Hanwell (Lower Division) road in Northamptonshire. The A421 was part of the Buckingham and Hanwell (Lower Division) Turnpike road, and was 9 miles long, with 2 main gates and 2 side gates. Turnpike roads were a source of great income: the now A421 is credited with an average income per main gate (and there were 2) of £596 in 1834: that is the equivalent of over £70,000 per gate in current value. This road became a Turnpike road in 1743, until it ceased to be valid in 1871. Turnpike roads were so called because men who staffed them laid their turnpikes across the road to prevent passage until a toll had been levied. Turnpike toll houses were erected on major roads, with gates at intervals, usually at bridges, crossroads, or where the adjoining ground constricted the road. The nearest to Mixbury was built at Finmere. Positioning was important to stop travellers from evading the tolls. The gates were stout constructions, originally wood, then in the C19th they were made from wrought iron. Tolls were laid down according to the type of vehicle (coach, wagon, cart); the number of horses drawing the vehicles, and the type of livestock being transported. There is evidence that there were some toll exemptions for farmers transporting fertilizers, and for mail coaches; soldiers; voters on election days; those going to church on a Sunday; funerals and those visiting the sick. Although Turnpike/Toll roads were affected by the newly built canal system, it was the arrival of the railways that ultimately caused their demise.
Just 62 People Have the Same Wealth as Half the World's Population: Oxfam Jasper Rietman Updated \| Just 62 individuals together hold the same amount of wealth as the world's poorest 3.5 billion people combines, according to a new report from Oxfam. With $1.76 trillion, 62 people held more wealth than half the world's population combined in 2015; that number was 388 people in 2010. The concentration of wealth among those 62 individuals—smaller than the number of people who can fit on a double decker bus—increased by 44 percent between 2010 and 2015 and is roughly equivalent to the GDP of Canada. With a privileged few benefiting from a tightened concentration of wealth and an estimated $7.6 trillion hidden in offshore tax havens, global economic inequality is "reaching new extremes," according to the report. "The economy after the financial crisis and the recession is beginning to going to grow again and everyone takes that to be a positive, but what we're seeing is that this growth, the increased income and wealth, is being captured by the richest," Gawain Kripke, policy director for Oxfam, a U.K.-based nonprofit, tells Newsweek. "Working-class people and the poor are not benefiting from the growth, so something is deeply wrong with the economy and the social contract in which if you work hard and play by the rules [you'll be rewarded]. It's broken." The staggering statistic comes ahead of the annual World Economic Forum in Davos, which will see business tycoons, politicians and celebrities convene in the Swiss mountain resort to hold discussions on the potential impact of robots and artificial intelligence—this year's theme—alongside panels and talks on volatile world markets. "Davos is the annual dance for the captains of capitalism, and it's an appropriate time to ask them and ask the world to reflect on this rapidly growing concentration of wealth at the very tippy-top of the global economic pyramid," says Kripke. The majority of the world's 62 richest people (53) are men, while women make up the majority of the world's low-paid workers in the most "precarious" forms of employment, says Oxfam. The gender pay gap between men and women is also higher in more unequal societies. Tim Worstall, a senior fellow at the London-based Adam Smith Institute, which is named after the 18th-century Scottish free market economist, says that while the headline number is true, it's "just not very interesting or important because that's just how wealth distribution works." To amend the wealth gap, the world's leaders should pay workers a living wage and promote women's rights and equality, says Oxfam. The organization says it also wants to see leaders agree on "a global approach to end the era of tax havens." Ahead of last year's Davos conference, Oxfam warned that the combined wealth of the world's richest one percent would overtake that of the rest of the 99 percent by 2016 if rising income inequality remained unchecked. That scenario is now reality, according to Oxfam. Many of the world's richest people possess more wealth than a number of countries: Microsoft founder Bill Gates has an estimated net worth of $79.2 billion, more than the GDPs of Belarus and Sri Lanka, while telecom tycoon Carlos Slim worth is more than the GDP of Lebanon and Uruguay, with a $77.1 billion fortune. The widening gap between workers and those at the top is one of the main reasons for the increasing global wealth gap as the "economic system...is rigged to work in the interests of the powerful," says Oxfam. Since 2009, salaries for CEOs at a number of U.S. firms have increased by 54.3 percent while ordinary wages have plateaued, according to the report. CEOs earn more than 10 times the amount they did 30 years ago, according to a report released last June from the Economic Policy Institute. Between 1990 and 2010, the number of people living in extreme poverty was halved, according to the United Nations, although more than 830 million people still live in extreme poverty worldwide. While Oxfam calls the drop in extreme poverty "fantastic progress," it points out that those countries still experienced growth in economic inequality during that period. Worstall credits to globalization for the halving of extreme poverty. "I'll put up with increasing inequality," says Worstall, "in return for less absolute poverty." Last year the World Bank redefined the meaning of "extreme poverty," increasing the benchmark from living on $1.25 a day to $1.90. This article has been updated to include additional information from Tim Worstall.
Think those in this classification is primarily white? Think again. Let's play a quick association game: When you hear the term "working class," what word springs to mind? If you thought "white," as in "the white working class," you guessed correctly. Since Donald Trump's election to the presidency, a million think pieces, reports, polls and news analyses have dissected whether white working-class voters elected him because of their anxiety about being culturally displaced by people of color. The net effect has been to create the illusion that all the people in the so-called working class are, by default, white. Not so. According to a new issue brief from the Center for American Progress, "For some, including President Trump during his campaign, 'working class' has effectively become shorthand for white male workers in the goods-producing industries of manufacturing, construction and mining. But in reality, the U.S. working class — defined for this analysis as participants in the labor force with less than a four-year college degree — is more diverse than ever and growing more so." Alex Rowell, the author of the brief, says that even though policymakers talk about industrial work when they refer to the working class, "it has never made up the majority of U.S. working-class jobs." Industrial jobs peaked in 1960, when they made up 37 percent of working-class positions. But these jobs have been in decline for years, and they began vanishing even faster after 1980. So, for nearly four decades, the working class has been mainly toiling in the service industry — today, 76 percent, versus 21 percent who work in manufacturing, construction and mining. The working class is also less white than it used to be. About 75 years ago, according to the Center for American Progress, the share of whites in the working class was roughly the same as the percentage of non-Hispanic whites in the country. Today, whites make up 64 percent of the overall adult population but only 59 percent of the working class. African-Americans make up 14 percent and Hispanics make up 21 percent. Lastly, the share of women in the working class has gone up since 1966, from 33 percent to 46 percent. Though it's clear that the demographic tide that has washed over the country has changed the face of labor, what's not so cut and dried is whether anyone will become invested in re-framing the working class to accurately reflect its diversity. Or whether it would help or harm the plight of workers. "Solutions to address the real concerns and needs of working-class Americans must take into account the true makeup of today's working class," Rowell writes. This is obviously true, but truth is increasingly the victim of political battering rams. Arguably, the populist right has a vested interest in valorizing the semi-mythical white rural men who toil in manufacturing or construction. There's no doubt that the narrative of them losing standing in their communities is an effective rallying cry for strong national leadership focused on ensuring that those without college degrees have dignified work to do. However, does the truth of a more diverse working class open the door to more (and more aggressive) complaints that non-whites are "taking" white people's jobs? And what about the left? Would understanding that the working class isn't merely a group of people who should be written off as racist "deplorables" spur Democrats to prioritize the economic interests of displaced workers of all races? Or does the elitist sensibility that everyone who lacks a college degree deserves to be left behind in our so-called knowledge economy continue to serve as a blind spot, encouraging reactive policy proposals centered on identity politics rather than thoughtful responses to kitchen-table issues? And what about the fact that race has the effect of sorting people into "deserving" and "undeserving" poor? There are about 2.4 million full-time workers who live in poverty, according to U.S. Census Bureau data released in September. If these workers are seen as being increasingly non-white, does that erode public support for policy proposals that could improve their quality of life? These questions are difficult to answer. And the only way that the working class will be able to fend off being caricatured, over-simplified or taken for granted is for its members to speak for themselves rather than allowing academics, pundits and politicians to speak for them. Unfortunately, exercising your political muscle is hard when you don't have the luxury of economic stability to support your civic engagement. Esther Cepeda is a Washington Post columnist. Reach her at [email protected].
Busy. Please wait. show password Forgot Password? Don't have an account? Sign up Username is available taken show password Already a StudyStack user? Log In Reset Password Didn't know it? click below Knew it? click below Don't know Remaining cards (0) Normal Size Small Size show me how A&P Muscles Theory Human A&P Muscle Theory Vocabulary epimysium fibrous covering of who muscle Perimysium Fibrous covering of fascile. a fascile is a small bundle of muscle fibers covered by the perimysium. Endomysium Fibrous covering of a single muscle cell (also called a muscle fiber) Sarcolemma muscle cell membrane Sarcoplasm muscle cell cytoplasm sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR) ( specialized form of smooth ER Transverse tubules (T tubules) provide a series of tunnels through the sarcoplasm that play a major role in coordinating the contraction of a muscle fiber. The transverse tubules conduct the electrical impulses. Myofibrils contraction organelle made up of bundles of thick and thin myofilaments. Myosin thick filaments are made up of the protein myosin actin thin filaments are made up of the protein actin. Sarcomeres repeating structural and functional unit of a muscle fiber. Summation addition of twitch tension when a stimulus is applied before tension has completely relaxed Incomplete tetanus tension peaks and falls repeatedly and builds up beyond twitch tension. Complete tetanus tension is steady (no relaxation phase) and largest if stimuli arrive at very high rates Motor unit a motor neuron and all the muscle cells it controls recruitment to increase muscle tension by activating more motor units Muscle tone tension in a "resting" muscle produced by a low level of spontaneous motor neuron activity Muscle fatigue when a muscle loses the ability to contract due to a low pH (lactic acid buildup), low ATP levels, or other problems recovery period time after muscle activity that it takes to restore pre- exertion conditions. oxygen debt amont of excess oxygen used during the recovery period Fast fibers large diameter, abundant myofibrils, ample glycogen, scant mitochondria. produce powerful, brief contractions slow fibers smaller diameter, rich capillary supply, many mitochondria, much myoglobin. Produce slow steady contractions Myoglobin a globular protein found in slow fibers that is similar to hemoglobin. Myoglobin binds to oxygen Anaerobic endurance time over which a muscle can contract effectively under anerobic conditions (when oxygen is not present of present in only small amounts). Hypertrophy increase in muscle bulk. can result from aerobic training Z lines Anchor for thin filaments M line extends through the Z lines to the end of the thick filament to keep both thick and thin filaments in alignment A Band areas containing thick filaments I Bands areas containing thin filaments Calcium the key that unlocks active sites and starts a muscle contraction Muscle tension the pulling force on the tendons that muscle cells generate when contracting Muscle Twitch a brief contraction-relaxation response to a single action potential (or nerve impulse) Aerobic endurance time over which a muscle can contract supported by mitochondria, which is producing ATP Atrophy a wasting away of muscles Created by: brandon_kyle10 Pass complete! "Know" box contains: Time elapsed: restart all cards
web analytics March 7, 2021 Territory is a Big Deal to All Cat Species Intact male cat marking his territory Intact male cat marking his territory by Shutterstock. What are in cat territories that are worth fighting for? Do wild felids cooperate with each other? Two cheetah brothers Two cheetah brothers by Pixabay Do mountain lions share territory with each other? Mountain lion checking for scents How do feral cats view territory? Feral cats sharing a group scent. Feral cats sharing a group scent. Photo from Pixabay Is territory important to household cats? The author's cats cuddling The authors cats cuddling by Marilyn Krieger, CCBC. On a Quest to film the Neighborhood Mountain Lions Patience is only one part of the equation to successfully film mountain lions in their natural environment. I’m the first to admit that patience isn’t one of my strongest characteristics. It can take weeks, sometimes months before a big cat cruises in front of a trail camera. The other crucial detail is finding a good location for the camera, an area that’s attractive to pumas. Mountain lions don’t normally saunter over to cameras and take selfies. There has to be a reason for them to be in the area. Food, sex and territorial patrols are high on the list. A couple of months ago we placed one of the cameras on a game trail facing a popular watering hole. The local wild life and feral cats frequently visited the pool to quench their thirst. Unfortunately, last week, the hot days took their toll—the creek dried up. No longer is it an oasis for the deer, a favorite meal for mountain lions. Although the lens didn’t catch mountain lions or bobcats, it did film the antics of skunks, foxes, possums, deer, raccoons and house cats. There is lots of talk about local mountain lions Yesterday we relocated the camera up the road on a friend’s property. Recently, he and his neighbors have seen a number of mountain lions. They’ve observed the big cats crossing roads and hanging out in the woods near their homes. Sadly, many of their pets have disappeared. Most likely, one of the reasons the lions are hanging out in the ‘hood is because the human residents aren’t keeping their dogs and cats safe inside. From the puma’s perspective, it’s easier and safer to catch a cat or dog than a large deer with dangerous hoofs. (Please neighbors, keep your pets inside where they are safe!) Jinniyha, one of the author’s cats checking out the footage--looking for mountain lions Jinniyha, one of the author’s cats checking out the footage. Photo by Marilyn Krieger Mountain lions are hunters and scavengers Although mountain lions favor deer, they are opportunistic hunters. Being practical opportunists, they don’t limit themselves to venison. Smaller prey including rabbits, raccoons and house pets are sometimes included on the menu. In addition to hunting, the large cats will also scavenge. Fresh road kill is not off limits. It makes sense—hunting takes lots of energy and can be dangerous. Prey, fighting for their lives can severely injure pumas with their hoofs and teeth. Hunting isn’t always easy. Puma’s don’t eat a whole deer in one sitting. Instead they cache it for future meals, visiting the carcass periodically for a gnosh. Usually the mountain lions cover them with dirt and leaves to make them less obvious to other predators. It would be ideal if we found a cached carcass to focus the camera on. We didn’t. Mountain lion enjoying a meal. Photo by Freestock Mountain lion enjoying a meal. Photo by Freestock Looking for other evidence of mountain lions Besides the remains of meals, there are other subtler signs to look for. Lions mark and leave scent for other conspecifics by scraping, urine and feces marking and they score trees and logs. Their paw prints are recognizable by their shape, especially the palm paw pad. The 3 lobes on the bottom part of the pad forms an “m”. And of course, let’s not forget the poop, technically and more politely referred to as “scat“. Planting the trail camera After scouting around, we set up the trail camera next to a creek in a deep ravine that is deep in brush. We focused it up a game trail that deer habitually use. Nearby are deeply scored trees and logs that may be announcements that a big cat is periodically patrolling the area. The trail camera is now located in an area with deep brush. Photo by Marilyn Krieger The only thing left to do is wait and practice patience. In 30 days we will visit the camera and see what it has caught. Everything about mountain lions fascinates me, and I hope that by using a trail camera I can capture videos of at least one of them engaging in natural behavior. Because I’m a cat behaviorist, I’m especially drawn to the behavioral similarities and differences between mountain lions and domestic cats. With a little luck and patience, our trail camera may catch a mountain lion scratching. My boy friend George and I are fortunate to live on the San Francisco Peninsula near an area rich with a diversity of wild life. About 3 minutes from home, we found a good spot for the trail camera—on the bank of a creek near a couple of trees that appear to have long claw marks high up on them. We focused the camera down a game trail that leads to a pooled area in the creek. This seemed to be a good location for capturing images of four-footed locals quenching their thirst. I think we chose a good spot—check out the video of this lovely doe and her spotted fawn. One big difference between mountain lions and domestic cats is that cougars are apex predators and cats aren’t. Although in other areas they have bears and packs of wolves to contend with, in the San Francisco Bay Area, mountain lions are at the top of the food chain—nothing eats them. Here, their primary enemies are people. Domestic cats are predator as well as prey. Although they’re skilled hunters, larger predators view them as potential meals. Mountain lions are apex predators. Photo by Stock Free Images Cougars are apex predators. Photo by Stock Free Images Cats use their paws for scent-marking Except in specific circumstances, both mountain lions and domestic cats are solitary hunters—they hunt alone, and, with the exception of family groups, they eat alone. Pumas who are mating and siblings newly on their own, also will eat and hunt together. Both species are also territorial, with intact males being much more so than females. Animals who are territorial and generally avoid each other need ways to advertise for mates, indicate status and define their territories without having potentially fatal encounters with each other. In addition to vocalizing, they achieve this is by scent-marking. Two mountain lion cubs. Photo by Stock Free Images Two mountain lion cubs. Photo by Stock Free Images There isn’t a lot of information available about mountain lion behavior. We do know that like domestic cats, they have scent glands on different areas of their bodies, including the bottoms of their paws. Both claw objects with their front paws, leaving marks. Cougars will also rake the ground with their back paws and occasionally with one front paw. Mountain lions stretch and reach up high to scratch trees, and they also scratch logs—leaving deep claw marks. Small, domestic cats do an abridged version, scratching on posts, horizontal surfaces, furniture, trees and other objects. When domestic felines and their feral cousins scratch, scent is left behind—signposts rich with information about the scratchers. Cats have scent glands at the bottom of their paws. Photo by Marilyn Krieger, CCBC The scent deposited by domestics along with the physical scores communicates vital information about them. Among other things, it can advertise that a female is looking for boyfriends, be an indicator of social status, and serve as a “no trespassing” sign. Additionally, cats claw objects when they feel stressed and conflicted, and it helps maintain claws—feline pedicures at their best. Although we know why domestic felines scratch, we don’t know why mountain lions scratch trees and logs. We do know why they rake the ground, though. Mountain lions mark through scraping One of the ways mountain lions scent-mark is by scraping dirt into small mounds with their back paws. This behavior is exhibited mostly by males in cleared areas, on trails and next to partially consumed meals. Often they deposit feces inside the raked area or on top of the small pile of earth. One study found that the frequency and locations for scraping depend on how many other mountain lions are in the area. After two weeks, our trail camera finally caught a video of a cat clawing a tree—not quite who we were expecting. At least we know there are felines in the area. I have so much to learn about mountain lion behavior. I’ve only started scraping the surface—thank you Felidae Conservation Fund and the Bay Area Puma Project for guidance and fact-checking. The Best Way to Capture Wild Cats is with a Trail Camera I love trail cameras—the possibility of capturing the local cougars and bob cats on video has always intrigued me. A few weeks ago an opportunity only a few minutes from my home, presented itself. I couldn’t resist. After we spotted the gray fox and found what looked like evidence of a mountain lion it was obvious that we had to set up a trail camera. At first glance, the fox looked stunned, lying motionless in the creek below us. Only his ears moved, tracking every sound and movement. We gave him space until he finally stood up and followed the creek to safety. A short distance from where we initially spotted the fox, the creek pooled—a perfect water source for him and other local fauna during these hot summer days. There are also redwood trees nearby. On inspection, we found that three of them have deep scratches in the bark, starting about 5-6 feet from the ground. Could these be made by local mountain lions patrolling and marking their territory? We wanted to find out. Grey fox below us in the creek. Photo by Marilyn Krieger, CCBC I did my homework. You can’t just buy a camera, set it up and expect the locals to wander by and perform. It doesn’t work like that—there’s a lot that can go wrong and it can take months until an animal triggers the camera. I contacted the Bay Area Puma Project for guidance and searched the web for tips. Sadly, some of the best sources are pages published by hunters. Based on my research and tips from BAPP, we decided that the Bushnell Aggressor camera was the best bet. Additionally, I bought a security box, batteries, found a cable and a secure lock—necessities because of the humans who periodically traipse the property. Learning all about the new camera and taking videos of wild cats. Photo by Marilyn Krieger, CCBC Learning all about the new trail camera. Photo by Marilyn Krieger, CCBC The best locations for trail cameras are spots that aim up game trails. Animals are fast—cameras are slow in comparison. Because it takes a fraction of a second to trigger the camera, when positioned wrong, videos often capture tails and rear ends instead of whole animals. After a lot of discussion and test pictures we secured the camera to a post, focused up the game trail. It also took in the marked trees and the creek. Now’s the hard part—waiting. Ideally, we should wait at least 2-3 weeks before checking trail cameras. I’m impatient, I don’t think I can wait that long… For lively discussions about cats and cat behavior, please follow The Cat Coach on Facebook! Find out how to keep cats happy! Check out Marilyn’s book Naughty No More! Purrs Help Newborn Kittens Survive Purrs help new borns survive Purrs help new borns survive. by Fotolia. Litter Box Locations Matter 04.05.15 Litter box locations matter to cats. Cats do not like eliminating in places where they can potentially be cornered or where they feel trapped. Ideal litter box locations have great views—allowing cats to see what is going on around them and to easily escape any potential threat. Cabinets, closets, most bathrooms and behind doors are poor places for litter boxes because they set up situations where cats can be cornered and trapped. Litter box locations matter Litter box locations matter. Closets and cabinets are poor locations for boxes. by Marilyn Krieger. Covered litter boxes 03.29.15 The best litter boxes for cats are large and uncovered. Covered litter boxes can be unpleasant for cats—they keep the odors in and cats feel they can be trapped and ambushed in them. Instead of covered litter boxes, get your cats large, uncovered, transparent plastic storage containers. These boxes have high sides, keeping litter in, but at the same time allowing cats to easily escape. If your cat has difficulty jumping into them, cut a “U” into one side. Large, uncovered storage boxes make perfect litter boxes for cats. Large, uncovered storage boxes make perfect litter boxes for cats. by Marilyn Krieger. Do Not Punish Cats Instead of punishment, identify and then address the causes of the behaviors. Behavior does not happen in a vacuum. Once the reasons are pinpointed they can be addressed—cats taken to vets, litter box situations improved, neighborhood cats managed, etc. Don’t punish cats. Instead, identify and address the causes of the behavior. Don’t punish cats. Instead, identify and address the causes of the behavior. by Shutterstock. Obesity is Unhealthy for Cats Help keep your cats svelte by encouraging them to work a little for their meals. Instead of food bowls, place small portions of food and treats on cat trees, shelves, in puzzle feeders and boxes. Do treat rolls. Roll cat food and treats on the floor for them to chase. If you have a stairwell, roll the food down the stairs. Play also helps burn calories. Use a pole toy to encourage cats to move and climb by pulling it on cat trees, shelves and sofas. Always be mindful of your cat’s age and physical conditioning. A little movement for an elderly or unhealthy cat can go a long way. Obesity is unhealthy for cats. Obesity is unhealthy for cats. by Fotolia. Redirected Aggression 03.08.2015 Redirected aggression is frightening. It makes enemies out of bonded friends. It happens when animals of any species, unable to respond directly to a threat, vent their frustrations on the nearest animal. Common causes of redirected aggression in cats are neighborhood cats. The inside cats can see and sometimes smell the outsiders but are unable to reach them. Frustrated, they turn their angst onto whoever is nearby. Immediate action needs to be taken. Without risking becoming a victim of the aggression, herd the reactive cat into a room where there are no other animals, including people, and close the door. The room should have a litter box, food, water and a place to sleep. It may take a few hours, over night or longer for the cat to calm down. Cat looking out of a window. Cat looking out of a window. by Fotolia.
Sunday, January 01, 2017 Zappa and Xenochrony: Strangetime synchronizations-- ξένοχρόνi From Wikipedia: Xenochrony is a studio-based musical technique developed at an unknown date, but possibly as early as the early 1960s, by Frank Zappa, who used it on several albums. Xenochrony is executed by extracting a guitar solo or other musical part from its original context and placing it into a completely different song, in order to create an unexpected but pleasing effect. He said that this was the only way to achieve some rhythms. ..The word derives from the Greek words ξένος (xenos), strange or alien, and χρόνος (chronos), time. Temporality, Intentionality, and Authenticity in Frank Zappa’s Xenochronous Works by Andre Mount; continued here Bob Marshall: In your work with "xenochrony", are you satirizing editing, the way you put things together, besides the technical innovation of doing it? Frank Zappa: "Xenochrony" means strange synchronizations. Am I satirizing editing? I don't know whether the technical process of editing is enough of a commonly understood phenomenon that you could satirize it. You can't made a joke about something that people don't know exists. So, I would say that's not part of it. Bob Marshall: How would you relate "xenochrony" to the time/rate thing we discussed earlier? Frank Zappa: Well, a classic "xenochrony" piece would be "Rubber Shirt", which is a song on the SHEIK YERBOUTI album. It takes a drum set part that was added to a song at one tempo. The drummer was instructed to play along with this one particular thing in a certain time signature, eleven-four, and that drum set part was extracted like a little piece of DNA from that master tape and put over here into this little cubicle. And then the bass part, which was designed to play along with another song at another speed, another rate in another time signature, four-four, that was removed from that master tape and put over here, and then the two were sandwiched together. And so the musical result is the result of two musicians, who were never in the same room at the same time, playing at two different rates in two different moods for two different purposes, when blended together, yielding a third result which is musical and synchronizes in a strange way. That's xenochrony. And I've done that on a number of tracks. Bob Marshall: What is the idea behind that? Or is it just an interesting sound? Frank Zappa: What is the idea behind it? Suppose you were a composer and you had the idea that you wanted to have a drum set playing expressively and intuitively, eleven-four, at a certain tempo while an electric bass player is doing exactly the same thing in another tempo in another time signature, and you want them to do this live on stage and get a good performance. You won't get it. You can't. You can ask for it, but it won't happen. There's only one way to hear that, and that's to do what I did. I put two pieces of tape together. Gerald Fialka: Do you realize it by chance though? Or do you say "I'm going to try this"? Frank Zappa: That's what I do every day. I'm going to try this, and the stuff that works you keep and the stuff that doesn't you throw it away. I thought that one worked. That's why it's on the record Link No comments: Post a Comment Hey, thanks for engaging the conversation!
Career Profile: Machinist Career Profile: Machinist by Susan Huebert Jobs People Do \| JobsPeopleDo.com Machines are part of all of our lives, but some people make a career of working with them. Tradespeople who set up or operate machines like lathes, milling machines, and grinders are called machinists. If you can work with very precise measurements and handle different machines safely, the job of machinist is a good choice for you. Like many other people in the trades, machinists often work closely with the construction industry. This means that much of the work happens in spring, summer, and fall when the weather is warm enough for people to be outside for long periods of time. Still, the machinists themselves normally don’t have to work outside and deal with the weather. Most machinists work in factories, where they produce the metal parts that other people use for their work. Machinists can also work with car parts and might even help with assembling vehicles. Being a machinist requires a certain amount of physical strength and endurance. Lifting heavy objects is often part of the job, and standing in one place to work on a machine is also often necessary, although some machinists might be able to move around. Many machinists who work in large factories have to do shift work, meaning that they might have to work early in the morning or late at night, or even all the way through the night. Starting wages for machinists are close to $13 per hour and can rise to almost $27 per hour. Many machinists leave the trade after fifteen or twenty years to become millwrights, tool and die makers, or maintenance planners, but others stay until retirement. Becoming a machinist usually requires an apprenticeship where people spend about 720 hours in classroom training and 7280 hours in training on the job. Normally, this takes about four years, and it can sometimes start in high school. If you are interested, you can check out schools like the Southern Alberta Institute of Technology, the British Columbia Institute of Technology, or any other trade school in Canada for specific requirements. Working as a machinist requires mathematical skills and an ability to read blueprints. You can already start to prepare for a career as a machinist by taking math courses and also working on your ability to read complicated diagrams and other documents. Writing skills can also be important, since you might need to write reports for supervisors or clients. If you work on your own or for a small business, you might have to deal with customers, and developing your ability to work with people is also important. Learning to estimate costs, write out bills, and keep records can also be useful in this kind of work. Machinists can decide to specialize in certain types of machines, or they might decide to work in repairs instead of operating the machines themselves. Repairing machines can be a good career choice, although the work is likely to be less regular and predictable than for other machinists. In either case, the job of a machinist can be a good choice for people who like to work with their hands. Career Profiles. “Machinist.” http://www.careerprofiles.info/machinist-career.html. College of Trades. “Machinist.” https://www.collegeoftrades.ca/wp-content/uploads/General-Machinist.pdf. MacLeod, Meredith. “Hot Jobs: Here Are Canada’s Top 15 Employment Prospects for 2018.” https://www.ctvnews.ca/business/hot-jobs-here-are-canada-s-top-15-employment-prospects-for-2018-1.3790295. Payscale Canada. “Average Machinist Hourly Pay.” https://www.payscale.com/research/US/Job=Machinist/Hourly_Rate. Work BC. “Machinists and Machining and Tooling Inspectors.” https://www.workbc.ca/Jobs-Careers/Explore-Careers/Browse-Career-Profile/7231 Leave a comment!
Quick Answer: Is Latino The Correct Term? Are Dominicans Latino? Dominican Americans are the fifth-largest Hispanic or Latino American group, after Mexican Americans, Stateside Puerto Ricans, Cuban Americans and Salvadoran Americans.. What are the two most common Hispanic surnames in the Hispanic? Smith remains the most common surname in the United States, according to a new analysis released yesterday by the Census Bureau. But for the first time, two Hispanic surnames — Garcia and Rodriguez — are among the top 10 most common in the nation, and Martinez nearly edged out Wilson for 10th place. Are Cubans Latino or Hispanic? OMB defines “Hispanic or Latino” as a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin regardless of race. Are Dominicans white? The population of the Dominican Republic is predominantly of mixed African and European ethnicity, and there are small Black and white minorities. What’s the difference between Latina and Latino? LATINO/LATINA Someone who is native of, or descends from, a Latin American country. The term Latino/Latina includes people from Brazil and excludes those who were born in or descended from Spain. … Thus, Hispanic refers more to language, while Latino/Latina refers more to culture. What language do Italians speak? Italian is the official language of Italy, and 93% of population are native Italian speakers. Around 50% of population speak a regional dialect as mother tongue. Many dialects are mutually unintelligible and thus considered by linguists as separate languages, but are not officially recognised. What is the proper term Latino or Hispanic? When talking about people of Latin American descent in the U.S. you can generally use Latino (or Latina for a woman). Hispanic is also correct if you are talking to someone who speaks Spanish. But if you value your life, never ever say a Brazilian is a Hispanic. Are Italians considered Latino? Thus, Latino refers to France, Spain, Italy and other regions where these languages are spoken. Nowadays, though, the definition has come to refer to Latin Americans, although its origins can be traced to the former Roman Empire. What is the most common last name in China? The three most common surnames in Mainland China are Li, Wang and Zhang, which make up 7.9%, 7.4% and 7.1% respectively. Together they number close to 300 million and are easily the most common surnames in the world. What does Latino mean in English? A Latino/a or Hispanic person can be any race or color. In general, “Latino” is understood as shorthand for the Spanish word latinoamericano (or the Portuguese latino-americano) and refers to (almost) anyone born in or with ancestors from Latin America and living in the U.S., including Brazilians. What is a Chicano person? Chicano, feminine form Chicana, identifier for people of Mexican descent born in the United States. The term came into popular use by Mexican Americans as a symbol of pride during the Chicano Movement of the 1960s. What is the most common Latino last name? Most Popular Hispanic Last Names and the History Behind ThemGARCIA.RODRIGUEZ.MARTINEZ.HERNANDEZ.LOPEZ. MexicoCountries with the largest number of native Spanish speakers worldwide as of 2019 (in millions)Number of speakers in millionsMexico121.9Colombia49.44Argentina44.08Spain42.929 more rows•Feb 25, 2020 What is my race if I am Dominican? According to a 2015 genealogical DNA study of 27 Dominican individuals, their genetic makeup was estimated to be 52.15% European, 39.57% Sub-Saharan African, and 8.28% Native American and East Asian overall. Where do Italians come from? The ancestors of Italians are mostly Indo-European speakers (e.g. Italic peoples such as the Latins, Umbrians, Samnites, Oscans, Sicels and Adriatic Veneti, as well as Celts in the north and Iapygians and Greeks in the south) and pre-Indo-European speakers (the Etruscans and Rhaetians in mainland Italy, Sicani and … What do you call people from Spain? Spaniards, or Spanish people, are a Romance nation native to Spain. … Many populations outside Spain have ancestors who emigrated from Spain and share elements of a Hispanic culture. Are Salvadorans Latino? Salvadorans are the third-largest population (tied with Cubans) of Hispanic origin living in the United States, accounting for 4% of the U.S. Hispanic population in 2017.
Poe’s Advice for Writers Along with Nathaniel Hawthorne, Edgar Allan Poe did more than any other American to shape the modern short story. If you read other stories or novels from that era (even ones by famous and highly regarded authors), you very quickly start to notice a pervasive lack of narrative focus. That’s because, for the most part, people were still fumbling around with form, trying to figure out the shape of short fiction. As a consequence, stories and novels from the earlier part of the 19th century tend to wander this way and that, including lots of more or less interesting passages that ultimately seem to contribute very little to whatever might be the main point of the piece. In fact, sometimes you can’t even tell what that main point is supposed to be. Against this meandering compositional approach, Poe argued that fiction should always strive for “unity of effect.” He said that an author’s job was to hone their writing craft to the point where they could consistently and completely dictate the reader’s experience of the work. In order to do this, you need to pick a point and stick to it. Poe didn’t necessarily weigh in on whether authors needed to outline. In fact, outlining doesn’t seem to have been a very common practice in the era. But Poe did say that an author should imaginatively figure out the entire plot (all the way to the end of the narrative) before trying to write anything down. This clearly puts Poe into the “plotter” camp. In a famous exchange of letters in which the two authors discussed craft, Poe and Charles Dickens agreed about the advantages offered by this strategy of figuring out the end of a story before writing the beginning. They specifically cited William Godwin’s influential novel Caleb Williams (1794) — something of an early legal thriller — as a work that benefitted from being carefully plotted. Godwin supposedly knew how he wanted his book to end and he worked backward from the denouement, inventing scenes and situations that would logically lead him (and his readers) to arrive at the desired conclusion. Poe also liked this approach because he thought it helped the author create a sense of narrative inevitability. The reader feels like everything that happened in the story makes sense and also that it couldn’t have happened any other way. The beauty of this is how it ensures you never break your reader’s suspension of disbelief. Even if your stories have supernatural happenings (as a number of Poe’s do), the world of your fiction needs to feel completely and seamlessly realistic. The mark of narrative truth, as Poe well knew, is perfect internal consistency. For Poe, a well-written story should not only perfectly embody the author’s intention, but during “the hour of perusal” the author could control “the very soul of the reader.” Poe’s emphasis on “the hour of perusal” indicates his strong preference for short stories, which he called tales. While he read and reviewed a lot of novels during his life (and even penned one himself), Poe thought novels suffered from the fact that readers can’t typically read them in one sitting. The problem here is that all the normal distractions of everyday life prevent a reader from getting lost in the novel and staying completely under the narrative spell until it’s finished. For Poe, when the spell is broken, so is the work’s “unity of effect.” Thus, with a novel the reader can’t reliably take in the fullness of the author’s intention. This doesn’t mean you can’t write novels. Like I said, Poe recognized the commercial advantages of the form and tried his hand at one. But it does mean, in order to follow Poe’s writing advice, you need to make sure every element of a story or novel needs to drive toward that “unity of effect.” If something doesn’t advance the plot or serve to reveal character, then you need to edit it out. Yes, Poe’s own writing can seem ornate at times. He consciously cultivated a lush, Gothic style that would evoke the dark and mysterious settings that heightened the reader’s sense of horror. But these prose stylings work because they help Poe create his desired effect. When you look past the long, rambling sentences, and the self-consciously erudite vocabulary, you can still see how Poe stays focused on telling every story in the shortest and sharpest way possible. He believed in keeping things narratively lean. If you want to follow Poe’s lead, then every sentence, every word, needs to be there for a reason. Furthermore, when you get to the punchline, you’re done. Poe never lingers after his work has arrived at its narrative denouement. Get in, say what you need to say, and get out. To be clear, Poe was adamantly opposed to setting any arbitrary or external limits on fiction. This got him into some trouble with his peers, who found many of Poe’s chosen subjects distasteful and much of his writing vulgar. But Poe fearlessly championed the idea of Art for Art’s Sake. An artist needs the absolute freedom to express whatever comes out of them, with no fear and no limits. This radical stance is clearly part of why Poe has remained such an influential artist around the world. We’re lucky these days that it’s perfectly acceptable to write about madness, torture, incest, violent death, or whatever you need to say. You can conjure up and express just about any nightmare scenario you imagine. But this is also a reminder that as artists we need to continue taking risks, continue challenging our readers. In this sense, I think dangerous and transgressive writers like Chuck Palahniuk and Cormac McCarthy and James Ellroy perfectly channel Poe’s defiant spirit. Whatever you’re writing, make sure to be as brutally honest as you can. Leave a Reply WordPress.com Logo Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
In A Month, U.K. Could See 50,000 New Coronavirus Cases A Day, Expert Warns If the U.K.s rate of new coronavirus cases doubles 4 more times, Chief Scientific Consultant Sir Patrick Vallance stated, “you would wind up with something like 50,000 cases in the middle of October each day.” 10 Downing Street conceal caption toggle caption 10 Downing Street “This illness spreads by beads, by surface area contact and by aerosols,” Vallance stated. He stressed the significance of avoiding environments where viral spread is likely– such as congested or indoor locations, and spots with bad ventilation– and prompted anyone who could be contagious to likewise take preventative measures. Antibodies can safeguard against the infection, however their effectiveness also fades over time and individuals have actually been reinfected in many cases, according to Vallance. “It suggests that the vast majority people are not protected in any method, and are prone to this disease,” he said. The U.K. federal governments COVID-19 control panel reveals that after the preliminary wave of new cases and deaths from the pandemic in the spring, a definite 2nd wave of brand-new cases has emerged because the start of August. It has increased greatly in recent weeks. The figures are a warning, not a prediction, Vallance said, in an instruction hours before U.K. Health Secretary Matt Hancock was to speak in Parliament. The U.K. has confirmed nearly 400,000 coronavirus cases– but Vallance says the real number of infected individuals could be in the millions, mentioning antibody tests with positivity rates varying from 6% to 7.1%. If the U.K.s rate of new cases doubles 4 more times, the federal government health specialist stated, “you would wind up with something like 50,000 cases in the middle of October each day.” Prime Minister Boris Johnsons objective, Langfitt adds, is to prevent a repeat of the nationwide lockdown he instituted earlier this year. Other European countries are also seeing stressing spikes in cases, months after the European Union started reducing limitations on travel within the area. He prompted everybody in the U.K. to be mindful of avoiding the infection from spreading. That, in turn, would likely result in more than 200 deaths daily by the middle of November, he included. ” The announcement on Monday is created to prepare people here for more constraints,” NPRs Frank Langfitt reports from London. “Last week, the federal government restricted events to no greater than 6 people, inside your home or out. New limitations could apparently include banning different homes from meeting and imposing a curfew on dining establishments and pubs– as has currently occurred in parts of England.” ” Theres no doubt were in a situation where the numbers are increasing,” Vallance said throughout an online briefing hosted by 10 Downing Street. The difficulty now, he included, is to extend the time it considers infection rates to double. ” Could that increase be due to increased testing? The response is no,” he added, stating that the proportion of people testing positive has grown. ” The most affordable boost has been in kids and in the population age 70 to 79,” Vallance stated. “But in every age, weve seen an increase.” The U.K.s COVID-19 numbers are rising quickly and might reach brand-new 50,000 cases daily by mid-October, the nations leading science advisor revealed Monday. Sir Patrick Vallance stated his caution is based upon current trends that reveal “the epidemic is doubling approximately every 7 days.” In one week, anyone who has coronavirus symptoms or is otherwise asked to self-isolate will be legally required to do so– or face fines that start at 1,000 pounds (about $1,280). “So about 8%– 3 million approximately individuals– might have been contaminated and have antibodies,” Vallance stated. Describing break outs in Spain and France, Vallance stated, “It began with younger individuals in their 20s and spread gradually to older ages, as well. That increasing case number has actually equated into an increase in hospitalizations”– and more deaths.
In the Beginning was the Word The Gospel of John does not include the story of the nativity. Instead John goes right to the beginning, the beginning of the world. Raphael's "School of Athens" Here they all are. The Word mentioned in the first verse is a translation of the Greek word λογος (logos). Logos means word in Greek, but it also means reason or thought. Logos is the root of the English word “logic” and the suffix “-ology”, as in biology, geology,astrology. In Greek philosophy logos came to mean the rational principle of the universe. The Greek philosophers taught that the universe is a rational, orderly world that functions according to rational laws rather than by the arbitrary whims of changeable deities. Because the universe itself is rational, its laws and structure may be learned through the use of reason.The Greek philosophers, especially the Stoics who tended to be pantheists, tended to identify this rational principle, or logos, with God, although their conception of God was rather impersonal. During the Hellenistic Era, Jewish philosophers sought to synthesize Greek philosophy with the Hebrew scriptures and thought. The leading proponent of this effort was Philo of Alexandria who lived from around 20 BC to AD 50. He identified the logos with God’s spoken Word which created the Heavens and the Earth. Philo of Alexandria Philo of Alexandria (Photo credit: Wikipedia) He also identified the logos with God’s wisdom, by which God created the world. For the word of the Lord is right and true; he is faithful in all he does. The Lord loves righteousness and justice; the earth is full of his unfailing love. By the word of the Lord the heavens were made, their starry host by the breath of his mouth. He gathers the waters of the sea into jars[a]; he puts the deep into storehouses. Let all the earth fear the Lord; let all the people of the world revere him. For he spoke, and it came to be; he commanded, and it stood firm. (Psalms 33:4-9) 22 “The Lord brought me forth as the first of his works, before his deeds of old; 23 I was formed long ages ago, at the very beginning, when the world came to be. 24 When there were no watery depths, I was given birth, when there were no springs overflowing with water; 25 before the mountains were settled in place, before the hills, I was given birth, 26 before he made the world or its fields or any of the dust of the earth. 27 I was there when he set the heavens in place, when he marked out the horizon on the face of the deep, 28 when he established the clouds above and fixed securely the fountains of the deep, 29 when he gave the sea its boundary so the waters would not overstep his command, and when he marked out the foundations of the earth. 30 Then I was constantly at his side. I was filled with delight day after day, rejoicing always in his presence, 31 rejoicing in his whole world and delighting in mankind. (Proverbs 8:22-31) In identifying the logos with divine Wisdom and the divine creative force, Philo seemed to regard the logos almost as a being distinct from God, or perhaps as an separate aspect of God. In this way he seems to have anticipated Christian thinking on the logos. Consider Paul’s statement in Colossians. John identified Jesus with the logos and Paul with the Wisdom that was present at the creation. In both cases they clearly indicated that Jesus is divine. This then, is the true meaning of Christmas. ( I was getting to that.) Linus was correct to quote Luke to explain the meaning of Christmas to Charlie Brown, but his explanation was a little incomplete. Jesus was not just a baby wrapped in swaddling clothes in a manger. Jesus was and is the everlasting God who created the Heavens and the Earth. The true meaning of Christmas is that this God humbled Himself and sent His Son to suffer and die for our salvation. Who, being in very nature God, rather, he made himself nothing by taking the very nature of a servant, being made in human likeness. And being found in appearance as a man, he humbled himself by becoming obedient to death— even death on a cross! (Phil 2:6-8) This seems to have become more of an Easter post than a Christmas one, but I did want to include the Gospel of John. John does not mention the birth of Jesus but I thought it worth mentioning that the birth in Bethlehem is not really the beginning of the story, but the climax, the culmination of God’s intervention in Human history.
Q. 3 There is repetiti Answer : The poet who is unable to bear the pain and find a solution to her fear and pain, bids goodbye and ultimately puts a fake smile on her face. The stanza is quite ironic and so are the things that the poet does. She says see you soon, Amma though she knows that she won’t be able to see her again. Again, she does smile and smile and smile though she is in grief and sorrow. The repetition is used to show how she managed to hide her feelings. Through the course of the poem, the poet has stirred some deep-seated fears of losing her mother, and has brought to the fore the troubling relationship we humans share with the idea of death and ageing with regard to our loved ones. Additionally, from denial the poem shifts towards a calm acceptance and resignation, evoked beautifully through the poet’s action of breaking into a long smile as she watched her mother depart. There is a slight hint of bravery in the way the poet makes peace with what is inevitable through self-comforting smiles. Rate this question : How useful is this solution? Dedicated counsellor for each student 24X7 Doubt Resolution Daily Report Card Detailed Performance Evaluation view all courses
Secondary data Secondary data, Definition of Secondary data: 1. Primary data that was collected by someone else or for a purpose other than the current one. How to use Secondary data in a sentence? 1. You may be able to figure things out better by breaking down all of the secondary data you can get your hands on. 2. My assistant gathered a lot more secondary data than was required of her and it made me really happy to see. 3. The secondary data was useful because we had accumulated so much research and information from the project we were quite pleased. Meaning of Secondary data & Secondary data Definition
Relative Distinguished Name Relative Distinguished Name (RDN), is a single component within a Distinguished Name. Relative Distinguished Name is comprised of one or more name-value pairs, in which the name and the value are separated by an equal sign (e.g., for an RDN of "uid=ann", the name is "uid" and the value is "ann"), and if there are multiple name-value pairs then they should be separated by plus signs (e.g., for an RDN of "cn=Jon Doe+employeeNumber=12345", the name-value pairs are "cn=John Doe" and "employeeNumber=12345"). In practice, Relative Distinguished Name containing multiple name-value pairs (called "Multi-Valued RDNs") are rare, but they can be useful at times when either there is no unique attribute in the entry or you want to ensure that the entry's Distinguished Name contains some useful identifying information. Even though a DN may be comprised of multiple RDN components, the leftmost component is typically referred to as the entry's RDN. This Relative Distinguished Name is also the Naming Attribute For Example, in a DN of "uid=john.doe,ou=People,dc=example,dc=com", the RDN would be "uid=john.doe". The attribute values specified in an entry's RDN must be contained in that entry, so the entry "uid=john.doe,ou=People,dc=example,dc=com" must have a "uid" value of "john.doe" and the Naming Attribute is "uid". More Information#
The Nazis didn't just burn Jewish books - they stole millions, too Haaretz 20 April 2017 By Rafael Medoff In 'The Book Thieves,' author Anders Rydell explains the Nazis' aim: to assert complete control over public information and literature, and utilize them to advance Hitler’s ideological goals. “The Book Thieves: The Nazi Looting of Europe’s Libraries and the Race to Return a Literary Inheritance,” by Anders Rydell (translated by Henning Koch), Viking Press, 352 pp., $28 Images of Nazis burning books feature prominently in almost every account of the Hitler era. But Swedish journalist Anders Rydell shows in “The Book Thieves” that the Nazis were actually much more interested in stealing books than destroying them. Berlin’s central library, the Zentral und Landesbibliothek, boasts an impressive collection of thousands of bookplates that were cut out of books over the years, usually when the books were taken out of circulation. Around 15 years ago, a librarian named Detlef Bockenkamm noticed that hundreds of the bookplates bore Jewish names or symbols. His suspicions about their provenance led to the discovery that a significant number of books in the library were originally stolen from others by the Nazis. Not only were some of Bockenkamm’s predecessors on the library staff aware that the books were purloined, but they even “tore out or scraped off” evidence of the original owners’ identity and “catalogued [the books] with forged origins…all to make them blend into the collection,” Rydell reports. Meanwhile, at the famous Duchess Anna Amalia Library, in Weimar, a different set of circumstances raised questions about the origins of some of their holdings. After a fire in 2004, the staff decided to re-catalogue the entire collection to determine the extent of their losses. In the process, they came to realize that some of the books had been acquired in less than honorable ways. Nazi ideologue Alfred Rosenberg. Chance developments such as these began the untangling of a sordid but little-known chapter in the history of the Third Reich. Millions of books were seized as part of a coordinated strategy, under the guidance of Nazi ideologue Alfred Rosenberg, to plunder libraries throughout occupied Europe. The goal was to assert complete control over public information and literature, and utilize them to advance Hitler’s ideological goals. The looting was so vast and the chances of locating the books’ rightful owners so remote, that justice will never be done except in a handful of cases. In this fast-paced and well-written account, Rydell describes how the Germans plundered major public and private libraries in every country they occupied during World War II. In occupied France, for example, they seized more than 1.7 million books from the larger libraries alone. That figure grew considerably when the Nazis began looting private apartments of Jews who fled or were deported. The contents of some 29,000 such apartments in Paris alone were seized. The collections held by Freemason lodges were of particular interest to the Nazis, both because they were known to maintain formidable libraries (a consequence of the fraternal order’s intellectual inclinations) and because the Nazis viewed Freemasons as Jewish-controlled. That was an ironic accusation since it was not until the mid-19th century that Jews even were permitted to join masonic lodges. In the Netherlands, the Germans confiscated several hundred thousand books from Freemasons, according to Rydell. Poland was not treated the same, in this regard, as Western Europe. The Nazis regarded the French, Belgians, Dutch and Scandinavians as fellow-Aryans. They stole rare and valuable books from their public institutions, and from local Jews, Freemasons and political enemies, but not from private homes in general; the goal there was not to destroy the local culture. The Poles, however, were considered racially inferior Slavs who needed to be completely subjugated. Therefore, the Germans’ strategy was “to rob the Poles of all forms of higher culture, learning, literature, and education.” Between two and three million books were stolen from Poland, and another 15 million were destroyed. When the Germans occupied western Russia, they found that the Soviet authorities had preceded them in book-stealing. Political and social dissidents, including the Freemasons, had been outlawed by Moscow, and Jewish schools and libraries had been shut down long ago and their property confiscated. The Nazi book thieves did, however, acquire a major prize by seizing the books and archives of Communist Party institutions in the USSR. In the city of Minsk alone, the holdings of just the Lenin Library filled 17 railroad cars, Rydell reports. The Communist Party’s records for the Smolensk Oblast region occupied no less than 1,500 shelf-yards. The mysterious bullet-damaged book at the Bibliotheca Rosenthaliana, Samuel Usque’s “Consolation for the Tribulations of Israel”. The bullet is believed to have been fired in Germany. Jewish books and manuscripts were of special interest to Rosenberg, because he believed they would reveal damning information about international Jewish conspiracies. Public and private libraries in every Jewish community the Germans overran were ransacked. A small portion of the loot was sent to Theresienstadt, the “model ghetto,” where a library was created to serve as a prop to impress Red Cross visitors. At its peak, in 1944, the Theresienstadt library held some 120,000 books, according to Rydell. The number declined when prisoners were deported from Theresienstadt to Auschwitz; the deportees often took several of their favorite books with them, and the librarians did not try to persuade them that there would be no need for books where they were going. “The SS did not limit itself to stealing books…it also stole human beings,” Rydell reports. Since they could not understand Hebrew or Yiddish, the Germans kidnapped Jewish scholars and put them to work separating valuable Jewish works from those for which the Nazis had no use. The enslaved scholars were anguished at the thought that “they would be contributing to research which would fundamentally have the intention of justifying the Holocaust,” Rydell notes, but the alternative “was hardly any better, because books that were not selected were sent to a nearby paper mill, where they were pulped.” One of the captive scholars wrote in his diary: “I do not know if we are redeemers or gravediggers.” The work of this forty-man group, which called itself the Paper Brigade, took place in the Vilna Ghetto, which during 1942-’43 was used by the Germans as a collection point and sorting station for stolen books. Thebrigade members managed to occasionally salvage literary treasures by hiding them in their clothes. In this way, they rescued Theodor Herzl’s diary, illustrations by Marc Chagall and original manuscripts by the Vilna Gaon and Tolstoy. When Allied bombing raids endangered stolen-book depots in Berlin, the Germans set up a new collection area at Theresienstadt. The “Talmudkommando,” a group of Jewish scholars similar to the Paper Brigade, was tasked with sorting newly arrived materials. They had selected and catalogued about 30,000 volumes by the time the Germans fled Theresienstadt in April 1945. Books at the Jewish Museum in Prague, originally with the Talmudkommando in Theresienstadt. The books still carry the markings made by the camp prisoners. As the Red Army advanced into previously German territory at war’s end, Stalin sent along representatives of his Special Committee for War Reparations. In Stalin’s view, the most appropriate form of reparations would be to match Hitler’s book-stealing with some grand larceny of his own. According to Rydell, “in 1945 alone, some 400,000 railroad cars of plundered goods were sent to the Soviet Union.” Some of it, of course, was reclaimed Soviet property. But much of it was not. These Soviet “trophy brigades,” as they were informally known, included special library units. “The Lenin Library in Moscow ended up as the largest single recipient of trophy books, almost two million all told,” Rydell writes. He calculates that the trophy brigades confiscated a total of between 10 and 11 million books. That figure does not include books stolen by other government divisions or Red Army soldiers, among others. Institutions that were victimized by the Germans later in the war stood the best chance of getting their property back. The collections of two famous Jewish libraries in Amsterdam, Bibliotheca Rosenthaliana and Ets Haim (the oldest functioning Jewish library in the world), were rescued because their holdings were still in crates when the Allies arrived; the Germans had not yet got around to processing them. “But the Western Allies are not entirely innocent themselves,” Rydell notes. “Almost a million books were sent to the Library of Congress in Washington. Several large American libraries sent delegations to Europe to top up their collections.” There is little hope that any more than a tiny portion of the looted books will ever be returned to their original owners, given the extent to which such books have blended into larger collections, and the paucity of information that even well-intentioned libraries possess about the books’ individual origins. Still, the efforts by the aforementioned Detlef Bockenkamm and other librarians to return at least some of them deserve our admiration. Rydell relates the story of Bergen-Belsen survivor Walter Lachman, who identified one of his childhood books from a description in an article in Der Spiegel about the Nazi book thefts. Lachman’s daughter, who traveled to Germany from California to retrieve the book, said that her father “had never really spoken about the past, but this changed once he got the book back. It brought him out of himself and he started telling his story. Now he is giving talks in schools, to children.” If that reclaimed book results in educating even a few children about the Holocaust, then at least a tiny measure of justice will have been attained. © website copyright Central Registry 2021
Skip to main content KNOXVILLE — University of Tennessee and Oak Ridge National Lab researchers are setting out to solve mysteries about a common forensic tool — fingerprints. Working under a grant from the U.S. Department of Justice, UT-ORNL joint professor Mark Dadmun is researching ways to make it easier for forensic scientists to develop fingerprints. Most fingerprints on objects are invisible to the human eye, but Dadmun is analyzing a technique that has been used by forensic investigators for about 20 years to make them visible. The investigators place an object with a faded fingerprint above a heated dish of superglue, and as the fumes reach the object, the print begins to build, seemingly out of thin air. Even more of a mystery, according to Dadmun, is how this works and why the process worked better in a very humid environment. “Investigators have known and used the process for years, but there was not a full understanding of why it was so effective,” said Dadmun, a professor of chemistry at UT. Dadmun explains that molecules of cyanoacrylate, the main ingredient in superglue, bond to the fingerprint in ever-larger chains known as polymers. As the chains tangle together and grow, they become visible to the eye, essentially reconstructing the fingerprint from the ground up. Investigators had always assumed that since the process worked faster in a humid environment, that water was the key to the growth. However Dadmun’s research has shown that water does not cause the superglue to grow off of the faded prints. “It’s not the water,” said Dadmun. “Water probably plays a role when you’re using superglue as a glue, but as a vapor, there’s some other mechanism.” Dadmun works closely with Linda Lewis, an Oak Ridge researcher in chemical sciences, whose work looks at new ways to rebuild fingerprints that have faded over time. Fingerprints consist of sweat and oil from the skin which contain numerous components, many of which have a part called carboxylates, and these are the main actor in starting the growth of the polymer from the print. It also appears that these carboxylates degrade quickly. Especially when exposed to ultraviolet radiation from the sun’s rays, the carboxylates break down swiftly — fingerprints are often difficult to develop if left in the open for more than a few days. Lewis has found, however, that a fingerprint that is useful to investigators can be made visible if an old print is exposed to acetic acid — essentially a very refined version of household vinegar. It appears that the carboxylates that have broken down are replenished or rebuilt by the exposure to acetic acid, which also contains a carboxylate group. Dadmun and Lewis have worked closely with members of the law enforcement community as they have conducted their research, making presentations at forensic conferences and publishing their research in forensic journals. “They’re very appreciative of being kept up to date on our research,” said Dadmun. “Our hope is to make this practical and useful to them, so we try to stay in contact about how things progress.” As their research continues, Dadmun and Lewis are focusing on creating methods that will allow forensic scientists to recreate more fingerprints that are found at crime scenes than is currently possible, as well as ensuring they are admissible as evidence in court. Some of the techniques are already being attempted in the field, and the two plan to continue to work with law enforcement agents. The UT-Oak Ridge partnership combines the strengths of UT and ORNL to further the mission of both institutions. From joint faculty and research to four new joint institutes in biological science, computational science, neutron science and advanced materials, the partnership is a research and economic driver for East Tennessee and the nation. Jay Mayfield (865-974-9409, Mark Dadmun (865-974-6582,
Have your fellow readers heard the word “Hashtags” or hashtags before? The meaning of hashtags in Indonesian is a word or phrase that starts with the hashtag symbol “#” and is followed by words or phrases that are typed without spaces (pauses). Typically, words on Twitter, Instagram, Facebook or Google+ often use hashtags or hashtags to popularize a topic to social media users. Another understanding of hashtags is a tool consisting of words that can help us in building networking, finding job opportunities, distributing job vacancies, even spreading important information, messages or news to the general public. Please note that hashtags or hashtags can only be used on social media. So, Hashtags were initially trending when used in social media such as Twitter and Instagram . The use of hashtags or hashtags can make posting pictures or photos into posts that are easier for people to see. Since then, many people have started to find out about examples of hashtags, what are Instagram hashtags, hashtags functions on Instagram. In addition, they are also trying to find out about unread Instagram hashtags, Instagram hashtags that are not detected as well as, the new Instagram 2019 rules with the aim that all hashtags that they use are really easy to detect and make it easier for Instagram followers to find their content. How can the use of hashtags help the job search process? We can find a variety of the latest job openings online and job vacancies in 2019 that use various hashtags that are considered effective to attract the attention of job seekers in finding the jobs they listed online. Not only that, job seekers can also use effective and appropriate hashtags to simplify their job search process . So, how do the actual hashtags (hashtags) work and how do they effectively use hashtags (hashtags), especially for job search? Reporting from the website balance careers dot com, there are some things we need to learn, namely, how to use hashtags or hashtags in helping job search and great tips for using hashtags or hashtags in job search . How to Use Hashtags to Help Job Search 1. Looking for Job Vacancies Available on Social Platforms Using the Right Hashtags. In today’s digital era, we will rarely find employers or recruiters posting job openings in print media such as newspapers, magazines, posting leaflets on bulletin boards, and so on. However, employers in modern times will be more interested in posting jobs on social media such as Twitter, Instagram and Facebook. In this case, the recruiters not only just put up vacancies, but they will also use hashtags or hashtags that are relevant to the position or job search in the post. To be more specific, recruiters can use hashtags such as #LowonganTeknik Industri, #LowonganTrainer, and so forth. Well, job seekers can also find work more easily by typing the hashtags on social media. Oh yes, we can also find jobs based on location through hashtags! For example, if your fellow readers want to work in the city of Jakarta, your fellow readers can type the hashtags # Jakarta Tunnel or Jakarta Center Tunnel, and so on. 2. Learn Corporate Culture by Using Relevant Hashtags. When we become job seekers, we also need to know about the work culture or corporate culture that prevails in the workplace of our dreams. To find out, we can type hashtags or hashtags that are often used by employees in the company. Usually, the hashtags or hashtags they use can convey a variety of stories or information that are in their lives in the company. As an example: Some hashtags or hashtags used like, #AccountantLife #TrainerLife #KejarTargetCompany (also type the company name). In essence, we can explore various information available on social media by including relevant hashtags. 3. Simplify Recruiters to Find Us. In order for recruiters and job seekers to meet quickly and easily through social media, job seekers must help recruiters find them easily. How? Use hashtags or hashtags that match the job search that your fellow readers want. For example, if a fellow reader posts something related to your job search such as a 3-year work experience of a fellow reader as an auditor. Now, fellow readers can post it on a LinkedIn account and include the appropriate hashtags or hashtags as desired by recruiters in general, especially with regard to the employee search criteria they want. For example, fellow readers can use hashtags or hashtags such as, #JobHunter, # Jobseekers, #Best Employees, #Resume Companies, and so on. Great Tips for Using Hashtags in Job Search Of the three ways to use hashtags or hashtags, here are 5 great tips that we can also apply in job search. C’mon, consider the following tips. 1. Choose and Use Hashtags that are Often Used by Many People. Yep! The first tip is to use hashtags that are commonly used by many people. So, the hashtags or hashtags will sound very familiar. In this case, we don’t create new hashtags and hope that hundreds or even thousands of people will use them. Why? Because to create trending hashtags is like gambling or gambling, it will not necessarily happen in a short time. So, we advise Career Advice partners to use popular hashtags. Fellow readers can pay attention to how successful people in your industry use hashtags or hashtags on each of their posts on social media. Often hashtags or hashtags used by successful and influential people more easily become trending hashtags, and we can use them while they are still relevant. 2. Every Professional Content We Share, Don’t Forget Included Relevant Hashtags Yes! Building a good image or impression on social media is indeed very important. This does not mean we are fake people! However, playing social media must be based on a wise and professional character. We must know whether the words used in our posts are worth reading or not and the photos or images shared are worthy of being seen by many people or not. For every professional post that we share on social media, don’t forget to include popular and relevant hashtags. This aims so that more people can get insights from our posts. 3. Be careful with the hashtags or hashtags we use. However, we also need to be careful in choosing and using hashtags or hashtags on social media, colleagues. That is, we need to ensure that the hashtags that we choose are not only used by many people, but also by those we want to associate. That is why it is important for us to check and pay attention to the social media of successful people who are great and famous, “roughly, what hashtags they and their groups often use?” This will make it easier for us to be careful in choosing and using hashtags. 4. Don’t overuse Hashtags. Although we really want every content we post to be read by many people, but we advise fellow readers not to use hashtags excessively. To make your posts more effective, just include 2-3 hashtags that are very useful for your fellow readers’ job search. 5. Use the Best and Most Popular Hashtags That Can Lead Us to Effective Job Search. There are several hashtags or hashtags that Career Advice colleagues can use on various social media platforms, such as below: Hashtags or Hashtags for Finding Work: # Job or # Job search #JobSearching or #JobSearchTips, and # Hire me Hashtags or Hash to Recruit New Employees: # Job Tunnel or # Job #JoinOurTeam or #JoinOurCompany #Now to hire or #Recruit. Hashtags or Hashtags for Career Advice: #CareerAdvice or #STUDILMUCareerAdvice #Personal development #ResumeTips, etc. by Abdullah Sam Leave a Comment
How has Technology Changed the Lives of Troops How has Technology Changed the Lives of Troops Technologies have been determining decisions made in war and these have been used to assess the outcome of conflicts of wars. Following the arguments of Wiest and Jensen (2001), wars have been changing with advancement in technology since the art of war have been evolving with as technology gets transformed. Increased uses of information technology have been transforming people’s life daily as communication and flow of information have become more efficient and reliable. How have technology been used in wars? Pay to Unlock the Answer! Section one: My web search Gutpa (2007), says that there have been increased use of computerized weapons in war, spying, and defense against the enemies and the mostly in transformation of information in the battlefields. Since the end of World War II government of United States through the department of State Defense, it has been using latest technological application in the manufacture of weapons and the advancement towards enemies in battlefields. How has Technology Changed the Lives of Troops According to Wiest and Jensen (2001), this has been mostly applied in the continued war against terrorism in the Middle East nation against United States. Issues of civilian causalities and sovereignty have been discussed largely due to use of advanced weapons which needs to be considered in the war fronts. Information communication technology has enabled solders in war to overcome the enemies in various ways whereby communications have been hacked from enemies’ lines of communication which have enabled solders to overcome them. Following the arguments of Wiest and Jensen (2001), television and radio transmissions have been jammed to cut communications among the enemies which have enabled the solders to subdue them easily while others have been disabling the logistics network. The United States Air Force had been using air craft’s to attack strategic enemy communication targets and disabling them to enter in the enemies territories before enabling them again to avoid possible alerts of enemies. How has Technology Changed the Lives of Troops These applications of disabling the lines of communication of enemies have been applied in the Gulf War by the U.S Air Force against Iraq. The Russian Mafias have been hacking on the U.S intelligence and have been using the information to warn the Middle East countries against possible attacks from West. Benjamin (2012) has argued that hacking into the communication networks of security agencies have been successful with the application of I.C.T and this has been used to predict possible attacks as well as use of nuclear weapons against the enemies. Dutch hackers had hacked into the U.S security systems and used it to warn the Iraq government which had dismissed the information only to be attacked in the year 1991. Most of the enemies have also advanced and terrorism groups are becoming smarter day by day as most of them have been using sophisticated machinery such as drone jets to attack army front lines and army base.How has Technology Changed the Lives of Troops As discussed by Benjamin (2012), although drone have helped to monitor and control the movement of aliens , drugs trafficking cross borders and in weather researches, they have been misused in the recent past where they are being used to carry light bomb. There gave the use of drones attack in the Afghanistan militia groups by the U.S Air force as well as the attack of the Pakistan border in order to access the passage in to the country to pursue terrorists. Drones have also aides in the monitoring and spying the countries suspected to manufacture nuclear weapons such as North Korea which could have devastating effects when launched against enemies. Rocked Propelled Grenades (RPG) and computerized grenades have been used where the soldiers have been unable to access passed in enemies’ territories. R.P.G machine guns are modified guns which can launch a grenade to about a hundred feet while the computerized one are used to hit the enemies base or camps and can be launched from over three kilometers.How has Technology Changed the Lives of Troops Benjamin (2012) says that computerized grenades are very accurate compared to the RPGs whose accuracy remains intact within a few hundred feet of firing to the enemies. Section 2: My news Search Usage of other complicated machines such army ships which have the ability to launch grenades from the seas to the main land’s have been used where the enemies proves hard to attack from land. According to Gutpa (2007), these have also been applied where soldiers in the war front seems to be overcome by the enemies. Satellites have been used to capture images in war zones which have enabled to provide evidence of terrorisms attacks and this have enabled to hasten the aid responses. Final section: Assessment of the sources used. Benjamin, M. (2012). Drone Warfar. New Yolk: O.R Books Publishers Benjamin’s had tried to assess the effects of the use of bombs on terrorist and militant groups in Afghanistan in 2002, where she had collected information on the effects of launched missiles to the enemies. In her report she had found out that there have been massive effects to the civilians who had complained for use of drones jets to fire missiles to enemies. How has Technology Changed the Lives of Troops This book have bee providing useful information on how the armed forces have been using technology in pursuing the enemies. Benjamin has also revealed how the lines of communication have been tapped to fetch information as the militants were organizing their attacks. Gutpa, J. (2007). Science, Technology, Imperialism, and War. New Delhi: Dorling Kindersley Publishers Gutpa book have tried to assess the development of war in line with technology and how it have been affecting international relations especially In Asia and Europe. It has provided evidence of how the civilization has been introduced and how it has been enforced over the ages using wars. Jensen, G. & Wiest, A. (2001). War in the Age of Technology: Myriad Faces of Modern Armed Conflict. New Yolk: New Yolk University Press Wiest and Jensen have tried to explore the relationship between the technology, war and modern society over the last few centuries especially the wars affecting different nations. The book has revealed how the twentieth century wars have affected the world and how nations have responded in preparations for attacks in future. Jensen has also criticized the use of nuclear weapons due to the devastating effects on society. Benjamin, M. (2012). Drone Warfare, New Yolk: O.R Books Publishers Gutpa, J. (2007). Science, Technology, Imperialism, and War, New Delhi: Dorling Kindersley Publishers Jensen, G. & Wiest, A. (2001). War in the Age of Technology: Myriad Faces of Modern Armed Conflict, New Yolk: New Yolk University Press
Happy B-ard Day! Written by Oscar Scholin, Journalist On April 23, the esteemed playwright, poet, and author William Shakespeare turns 454 years old. Pacific Grove high school celebrated his birthday (and ironically the day of his death) through a production of arguably Shakespeare’s most renowned work: his play, Romeo and Juliet. The play was performed by students from UC Santa Cruz’s theatre program, “Shakespeare to Go.” The two hour long play was cut down into just 50 minutes, to accommodate school scheduling. The small group of performers tackled the immense challenge of delivering an engaging and entertaining rendition of Romeo and Juliet well, vividly illustrating Shakespeare’s work. One of the main goals of this UC Santa Cruz program is to introduce more people to Shakespeare through an engaging and more easily understandable version of his work. The production used some staging, including a balcony, to recreate that quintessential begging scene from Romeo and Juliet. Later, following the play, two cakes honoring Shakespeare were cut and offered to the students, creating a frenzy of hungry teenagers. Shakespeare is the most popular fictional writer, selling over 4 billion copies of his work to date. The “Shakespeare to Go” group is but a small part in a wider effort to commemorate Shakespeare’s work through performances of his plays, the publishing of his books, the reading of his poems, and the general celebration of his work. We owe 1,700 words to Shakespeare in the English language. Shakespeare thus remains a pivotal part of the English language, and his work is taught to students worldwide. And thus, we toast to Shakespeare and end on a note of the Bard’s wisdom: “Be not afraid of greatness: some are born great, some achieve greatness, and some have greatness thrust upon them.”
Types of Job Evaluation A job evaluation involves the use of a systematic process to determine the importance, monetary worth and complexity of jobs in an organization relative to one another. An effective job evaluation system can help determine the best rate of pay for a position and develop a broad job description that easily adapts to the company’s needs as they change over time. Popular techniques used in job evaluations include ranking, point method, factor comparison and classification. The simplest and most common technique for job evaluation employs a system whereby human resources associates or consultants rank jobs in an organization based on a single factor, such as difficulty or education required to effectively perform the job. They then base compensation on ranking order with the highest ranked position earning the highest pay. This least expensive method of job evaluation works well for smaller businesses with tight budgets. Although this method can prove effective, its analytical system does not reach deep enough to determine other things associated with job evaluation, such as the value of the job to the individual organization or experiential competencies necessary to properly perform the job. Point Method A more complex job evaluation technique, the point method, requires evaluators to assign points to a number of compensation characteristics based on skill level, responsibility, effort required and working conditions. They then assess the level to which each of these are present in the job and assign points accordingly. The jobs with the highest points garner the highest pay with this popular technique. Factor Comparison Factor comparison, a sophisticated, yet time-consuming method, utilizes the techniques found in several job evaluation schemes. The first step in factor comparison involves assessing each job based on characteristics used in the point method, but without assigning points. Next, evaluators analyze their findings against the market rate of pay for the compensation factors ranked in the first step. Finally, they establish external benchmark jobs that they use to compare to the job and its compensable characteristics to determine rate of pay. The classification method requires that evaluators categorize jobs into groups with relatively the same value to a business. The groups are commonly called grades. Evaluators categorize the grades with similar compensation characteristics together. The characteristics may include level of responsibility required, competencies required and physical exertion necessary to perform the job. Those evaluating the positions may choose to include other characteristics, such as education or security clearance levels required.
What force holds two atoms together? 1 Answer Jan 5, 2017 The force of electrostatic attraction........... The modern chemical bond is conceived to be a region of high electron density between 2 positively charged atomic nuclei such that nucleus-nucleus repulsion is negated, and a net attractive force results. A bonding orbital, which can accommodate 2 electrons, is conceived to be that region of high electron density, and our mathematical representations of how electron density is distributed shows the concentration of charge, i.e. electrons, in the region between the atoms. See here:
Getting Down To Basics with December 28, 2019 Real Estate Comments Off on Getting Down To Basics with Things To Know About Lien Services A lien refers to the claim that someone has on a vehicle or any other property that you use or possess. The individual or the third party has the claim mostly as a lender. The lender has the right to foreclose or repossess the property if the person using the property does not make payments on the particular loan or undertake their agreed obligations. Liens are common in car loans. When you apply for a car loan, some provisions allow the lender to prevent you from selling the car until you have paid your investment fully. Liens are meant to bind the debtor for a car or property until the debt is paid in full. In case the property is sold, the lien is paid to allow the sale to be completed. Liens are commonly placed on real property and vehicles. If you purchase a vehicle from a dealer and if the car was secured using a loan from a bank, the lending institution usually puts a lien on it and keeps the title. If the debtor makes the payments, three possible scenarios come to play. The debtor might make the expected payments and clear the loan, and the bank will release the title, and other documents and the lien is removed. The debtor might as well decide to stop making the loan payments, and when that happens, the bank will use a lien to repossess the property. The bank would continue to keep the title and documents until the vehicle is sold, and the original lien will cease to exist. The other thing that can happen is that the debtor might decide to put the vehicle for sale while the loan is unpaid. The lender having the title will make it hard for the debtor to make the sale without the necessary documentation. There are different types of liens. Consensual liens refer to those you consent to when you purchase property through financing. When you are applying for the loan, there is a consensual lien that comes along with it and stays until you clear your outstanding payments. Non-consensual or statutory liens, on the other hand, are obtained through a court process and are intended to put a claim on an asset over unpaid bills. These unpaid bills can include tax liens that are placed against a vehicle or property by the state or federal government because of the non-payment of taxes. There are also contractors or mechanic’s liens. If a contractor undertakes projects for a particular homeowner and they are not paid for the work done, the particular contractor can go to court to compel the homeowner to clear their debts. The court judgment may then be used to place a lien. In case the homeowner tries to sell the property, the contractor’s lien must be paid off first alongside any mortgage still owed against the property. When you are looking for liens services, work with a reputable company. Go through their website and contact them to discuss the terms and how they can be of help. The Essential Laws of Explained Short Course on – What You Should Know
SO HOW EXACTLY DOES Vapor Cigarettes Work? SO HOW EXACTLY DOES Vapor Cigarettes Work? A vapor cigarette is an alternative to the standard tobacco cigarettes. An electric cigarette is simply an electric device which mimics regular tobacco smoking. It usually consists of a power coil, an atomizer, and a protective housing just like a tank or cartridge. Rather than tobacco, the smoker inhales vapor instead. As such, with an e cigarette is often known as “Vapor smoking”. The vapor is said to have many health benefits. vapor cigarette With a vapor cigarette, you do not need an atomizer. However, it is strongly recommended that you use one. The atomizer is used to extract the juice or liquid from your selected mixture of herbs. The juice is then added into the electronic cigarette and controlled by the on-off switch of the machine. The electrical charges are conducted through the atomizer’s connector pin and the positive and negative poles of the battery. A vapor cigarette has two basic parts – the actual device and the heating element. The device is what actually produces the vapor, while the heating element is what heats the fluid. Some models have an interior heating element which may be considered the “battery”. Some models have external heating elements. With one of these models, the heating element could be replaced by way of a separate one. The actual device of a vapor cigarette consists of a plastic or metal tube, which connects the heating element with the electronic circuit board inside. The tube could also connect to a removable reservoir, that is filled up with e-liquid or oil. The user pumps air through the tube, which in turn sends vapor through the cartridge or tank of the cigarette. The user controls the amount of vapor produced by blowing in to the reservoir. One of the most important top features of a vapor cigarette is the atomizer. An atomizer is any material that allows and entwined path for moisture to visit through the entire coil. Inhaling the open end of the atomizer creates a burning sensation on your skin, that is typically not pleasant. However, the design of the atomizer allows the smoker to inhale a small amount of the burning mist without any perception of burning. Also, the temperature rise in the atomizer creates a far more intense sensation because the mist and the open end of the atomizer contact each other. The actual cartridge, which houses the substances of the vapor cigarette, is mounted on the heating element. Depending on model, the cartridge generally houses in one to three inches of liquid. The quantity of liquid in the cartridge is regulated by the wattage of the vaporizer. For example, if you are using a thirty watt vaporizer, then your cartridge will contain about three quarters of a cup of vapor. As your unit gets hotter, the liquid in the cartridge slowly becomes enriched with nicotine, tar and other chemicals which develop a unique, individual taste. Many people who have not yet tried an electric cigarette will be pleasantly surprised by the unique e-liquid experience associated with the products. E-liquids are made through a process similar to making pharmaceuticals with a straightforward mix of propylene glycol and water. That is then mixed with the active ingredient, which, in this case, is propylene glycol. Following this is done, a rubber mold is created which can be used to create the final product. The question of how do vapor cigarettes work can now be answered simply: by the smoker. Traditional cigarettes work by developing a smoke cloud on the smoker’s body. For JUUL Pods the reason that of the chemical interaction between your nicotine and the tar in the smoke. But with e-liquids, no smoke is established. The only thing created is a unique, sweet, and flavorful vapor that is what makes the products so appealing to many users.
Skip to main content Skip to navigation Sample Short Essay Titles You are welcome to adapt the seminar questions for use as essay titles, but please discuss your proposed title with Claudia or Rebecca before embarking on your essay. Here are some additional possibilities: • Did European exploration in the Americas alter the European understanding of the veracity of travellers’ tales? • Do you agree that Columbus ‘responded to the shock of the new by asserting all the time that it was not new’ (Abulafia)? • ‘The production of a sense of the marvellous in the New World is at the very center of virtually all of Columbus’s writings about his discoveries.’ (Greenblatt) Discuss. • ‘Very few of those who wrote about their experience of America did so in order to make sense of a new world.’ (Pagden) Discuss. • ‘We should move beyond the . . . question of whether an image reflects the actual appearance of the object . . . in order to examine the basic underlying principles that informed the composition of the drawings, to focus on the ideas of representation.’ (Myers) Apply this concept to an image or images of the new world. • ‘We can be certain only that European representations of the New World tell us something about the European practice of representation.’ (Greenblatt) Do you agree? • ‘The Plinian model, of a world rimmed with the magical and monstrous fragments of a divided self, has broken up on the waters of the Orinoco.’ (Campbell) Discuss this interpretation of the impact of the discovery of the new world on the European world view. • How helpful are our modern conceptions of disease for understanding reactions to new diseases in the 16th century? • What killed the Inca Huayna Capac and does it matter? • Renward Cysat of Lucerne commented in 1613 that the impact of seeing ‘Heathen, Turkish, Moorish, Canibal, Indian, Japanese things ex antipodibus and from the New World’ was so amazing that ‘one is thereof smitten and forgets to shut the mouth’. (Feest) Discuss European collection of new world artefacts in Wunderkammern. • What factors informed the collecting of new world plants and artefacts in 16th-century Europe? • What is the role of ‘experience’ in shaping European accounts of the Americas? • Discuss the comment by the Italian humanist Girolamo Fracastoro that ‘we have attained a whole world different from ours both in its peoples and even in its heavens where shine new stars’. • Can Thomas More’s Utopia be read as a response to the discovery of the new world? • How did the encounter with ‘actual pagans’ in the new world alter the European understanding of ancient Greece and Rome? • ‘America acts as a marginal gloss for the texts of Graeco-Roman literature.’ (Gerbi) Discuss. • ‘Their task, as they saw it, was not to describe a remote ‘otherness’, but to arrive at an evaluation of Indian behaviour which would eliminate that ‘otherness’.’ (Pagden) Discuss with reference to a specific European text on the Americas. • Discuss Antonio de Nebrija’s claim that ‘language has always been the companion of empire’. (Gramática de la lengua castellana, 1492) • ‘The Scientific Revolution did not start with Nicholas Copernicus and his heliocentric ideas, or with the publication of books by artisans and painters. . . It started in the 1520s, in Spain.’ (Antonio Barrera-Osorio) Discuss. • Was the impact on Europe of the discovery of the Americas ‘blunted’ and ‘uncertain’, as John Elliott has claimed? • ‘So many people in Europe cared about the knowledge produced from [the new world] because the Americas were tied up with the very birth of modern curiosity itself.’ (Parrish) Discuss.
Question: What Kind Of Water Should Toddlers Drink? How often should a toddler bathe? The American Academy of Dermatology recommends that children aged 6 to 11 should bathe at least once or twice a week, or after they have been playing in dirt or mud, have been swimming in a pond, lake, ocean, or pool, or when they get sweaty or have body odor while others, like pediatrician David Geller, says that swim …. Can my toddler drink bottled water? Bottled water is not recommended for babies or toddlers as it may contain too much salt or sulphate. What should a 2 year old drink? The best drinks for toddlersMilk. Believe the slogan: Milk really does a body good — as long as your little one is at least 1 year old, that is. … Water. Water is sugar-free, fat-free, calorie-free and additive-free. … 100 percent juice. … Smoothies. … Fruit drinks and soda. … Caffeinated drinks. Can babies drink bottled spring water? Spring water is generally not recommended for infants on formula. Spring water contains minerals and when mixed with formula could lead to mineral overdose. Purified water or distilled water is recommended for infant formula feeding. … Their recommendation is to use purified or distilled water. Can babies drink filtered tap water? Note: Our research concluded that filtered tap water is safe for babies. However, make sure your water is potable to begin with. Sterile liquid baby formula is recommended for infants in high-risk situations (if the babies aren’t breastfeeding), especially for premature babies in the neonatal intensive care unit. How much should a 2 year old know? Around two years, toddlers might be able to use sentences of 2-3 words and say ‘I’, ‘you’ and ‘me’. Your toddler will learn and use lots of words and be easier to understand when talking. At three years, toddlers can usually use sentences of 3-5 words, or even more. Is Cranberry good for toddlers? Just stay away from dried cranberries (and other dried fruit). Not only are they choking hazards for kids under 3, they’re loaded with sugar, stick to the teeth and can cause cavities. Why does my 2 year olds poop smell so bad? The scent is most often a reflection of how long the poop was in the intestines—the longer it sits in bacteria, the more it’ll smell. However, some babies with very sour- or foul-smelling poop may have an intolerance or allergy. Is it okay to use bottled water for baby formula? Yes, you can use bottled water to reconstitute (mix) powdered or liquid concentrate infant formulas, but be aware that the fluoride content in bottled water varies. How much liquid should a 2 year old drink? How Much Water to Drink a Day?Age in yearsNumber of 8 oz cups223344556 more rows How high should a 2 year old count? By age 2, a child can count to two (“one, two”), and by 3, he can count to three, but if he can make it all the way up to 10, he’s probably reciting from rote memory. What water should a toddler drink? Thankfully, the best-choice beverages are really simple: water and plain milk.Suggested Daily Water & Milk Intake for Infants & Young Children 6-12 months2-5 yearsWater4-8 oz/day 0.5-1 cup/day8-40oz/day 1-5 cups/dayMilk*None16-20oz/day 2-2.5 cups/daySep 18, 2019 Can 2 year olds drink water? Make a Splash With H2O As a general rule, here’s how much H2O kids should drink every day: Toddlers: 2 to 4 cups. 4-8 years: 5 cups. 9 -13 years: 7 to 8 cups. How much should a 2 year old weigh? 2-Year-Old Weight & Height Wondering how much should a 2-year-old weigh? Average weight for a 24-month-old is 26.5 pounds for girls and 27.5 pounds for boys, according to the World Health Organization. How tall is the average 2-year-old? What should a 2 year olds poop look like? When it comes to frequency, Grow says children should poop every one to two days and the consistency should be soft and formed, much like soft serve ice cream. If a child’s poop is hard, dry, resembles pellets, or if a child has to strain, they may be constipated. What should a 2 year old eat for breakfast? 22 Toddler Breakfast Ideas That Are Picky Eater ApprovedBaked Pancakes with Peaches and Strawberries. … English Muffins. … French Toast Sticks. … Bacon-Wrapped Eggs. … Healthy Chocolate Zucchini Muffins. … Blueberry-Ginger Smoothie. … Pancake Tacos with Cheese and Bacon. … Skillet Blueberry Cornbread.More items…• When should kids stop drinking milk? Breastfeeding should continue until your baby is 12 months old (and after as long as baby and mom would like to continue). Do not give your baby cow’s milk until they are at least 12 months old as it does not provide the right kind of nutrition for your baby. How much milk should a 2 year old drink? Your child should drink 16 ounces (480 mL) of low-fat or nonfat milk each day. This will provide most of the calcium he or she needs for bone growth and still not interfere with his or her appetite for other foods—particularly those that provide iron. Is Cranberry Juice Good for a 2 year old? While cranberry juice is very safe for most children, its acidity reduces palatability among children. The dose of cranberry juice to prevent UTI in children has also yet to be determined. How much should a 2 year old talk? Between the ages of 2 and 3, most children: Speak in two- and three-word phrases or sentences. Use at least 200 words and as many as 1,000 words. State their first name. Can I give my 2 year old orange juice? It’s OK for children older than age 1 to drink juice in small amounts. But whole fruit and plain water are better choices. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends that fruit juice not be given to children younger than age 1, since it offers no nutritional benefits in this age group. Is Gatorade good for toddlers? While Gatorade should never be used as a substitute for milk, infants and toddlers can safely drink Gatorade beverages once they are weaned off breast milk or formula and begin consuming food, fruit juices, and other beverages. What can help a 2 year old poop? Diet. To soften the stools and make them easier to pass, increase the amount of non-dairy fluid and fiber your child gets each day. High-fiber foods include fruits and fruit juices that contain sorbitol (prune, mango, pear), vegetables (broccoli, peas), beans, and whole-grain breads and cereals.
We have updated our Terms of Use. Please read our new Privacy Statement before continuing. Growth pain 28 February 2014 By Edward Hadas Gross domestic product is both a useful measure and a terrible one. Diane Coyle explains why in “GDP: A Brief but Affectionate History.” Despite some cogent arguments in support of its use, readers may struggle to share the British economist’s fondness. Coyle’s basic argument is that this crude indicator, which measures the sum of the value of goods and services purchased in a nation, is better than any available alternative. There is something to that. It also passes the most basic test of viability. GDP usually rises as residents of a country become wealthier and normally falls when they become poorer. For countries moving out of poverty, GDP generally shifts in much the same direction and at roughly the same pace as other indicators of wellbeing or what economists call welfare, for example health, education or environmental quality. That makes GDP a convenient single indicator for progress. But, as the philosopher and Nobel prize-winning economist Amartya Sen has pointed out, the distribution of wealth matters. For instance, an almost-exclusive policy focus on national GDP growth has done remarkably little to help the Indian poor. The book’s arrangement as a history of the development and use of GDP brings some interesting observations. GDP, as Coyle puts it, is an abstract idea not a reality that was waiting to be measured. No one seems to have wanted to try to sum up an economy in a single cash value before the 1930s, when the Great Depression and then the costs of massive war spurred interest. The worship of GDP growth, which is now almost universally taken for granted, starts even later. However, Coyle’s chronological approach scatters her discussion of the many flaws of GDP. She notes that GDP fails to take into account the distribution of consumption. She points out that it ignores investment, environmental damage and almost all activities that are not paid for in cash. She mentions that increases in bad things like crime add to GDP and that international GDP comparisons rely on questionable assumptions. There is more. Adjustments for inflation and changes in the variety and quality of contributing factors are arbitrary. Estimates concerning the economic value of semi-legal and illegal activities are little more than guesses. The high value attributed to financial services seems to be exaggerated. It is easy to conclude that the apparent precision of GDP, and even more so of GDP growth rates, is spurious. GDP may be less cumbersome and no less useful than any available alternative, but its crudeness sharply limits its usefulness. Coyle understands the problem, warning readers “not to confuse GDP with social welfare.” She argues that current reported GDP growth rates underestimate improvements in welfare from increased economic sophistication. But the opposite case is also plausible. More GDP may do little for wellbeing at high levels of prosperity, since a rich economy may produce pretty much all the wellbeing it can. Taken to its logical conclusion, Coyle’s analysis suggests there is little reason to calculate GDP, at least in developed economies. If wellbeing is the main goal of a society’s economic activity, and one accepts the argument that shifts in GDP do not capture changes, the metric is more misleading than helpful. For many economists, GDP has the virtue of familiarity. Coyle ends her short book with the assertion that GDP is “a bright light shining through the mist.” Her arguments point to a much more critical judgment. Email a friend Please complete the form below. Required fields * (Separate multiple email addresses with commas)
Skip To Content Jennifer Lopez Has A New Species Named After Her This ain't Jenny from the block. A new species of water mite has been discovered in a coral reef in Mona Passage, between Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic. W. Pešić, et al. / Via The scientists who have made the discovery named it the Litarachna lopezae mite after the famed actress and pop star, Jennifer Lopez. Ethan Miller / Getty Up to this point, the Litarachna lopezae is the deepest dwelling water mite ever found. Vladimir Pešić, a biologist who worked on the paper that detailed the findings had this to say about the name to the Associated Press: "The reason behind the unusual choice of name for the new species is that J.Lo's songs and videos kept the team in a continuous good mood when writing the manuscript and watching World Cup Soccer 2014." If this is what you imagined, that's perfectly normal. Andrew Ziegler / Via Here's a list of other species named after celebrities. BuzzFeed Daily Newsletter signup form
New York has to put the brakes on cryptomining. Here's why \| Opinion Anna Kelles Special to the USA TODAY Network View Comments Efforts to prevent climate change have reached a new level of urgency, with recent reports by the World Meteorological Organization indicating that a “crucial tipping point” is likely to be crossed within five years. There is little time left to take bold action, and we cannot afford to go backwards in reaching New York State’s climate goals. Yet if the cryptomining industry expands in New York, the energy it uses could drastically undermine the state’s climate goals. These “mining” activities use enormous amounts of energy to power the computers. Across the state, the most inefficient, old, and retired power plants that run on fossil fuels are at risk of being purchased and turned back on to run 365 days out of the year to provide cheap energy for Proof-of-Work-based cryptocurrency mining operations. Cryptomining is a relatively new technology that provides the basis for cryptocurrency. Cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin are virtual currencies, which means they exist only online and there are no physical notes and coins. Cryptocurrencies don’t belong to a central bank, meaning they have no government backing. They are international currencies and can be used to send money around the world without any identity checks, making them a popular choice for cybercriminals involved in malicious or criminal activity. In the ransomware attack on the Colonial pipeline, for example, the criminals were paid their “ransom” in cryptocurrency. Digital currencies require authentication to prevent fraudulent transactions. Proof-of-Work is the method that has the most significant energy demands. In PoW authentication, complex mathematical equations are assigned to each transaction and miners compete to solve them. The first one to solve an equation authenticates the transaction and wins currency for their effort. The equations can only be solved by brute force guesswork, so the person or company with the most computational power wins the most currency. With some currencies valued at over $36,000 a coin, albeit in a highly speculative market, a global digital gold rush is taking place with hundreds of millions of computers competing for an edge in the market. There are very few jobs created by this industry, with profits accruing to the few, but the environmental impacts affecting us all, particularly BIPOC communities that are often located near fossil fuel power plants. To maximize profits, cryptomining companies are driven to find ever cheaper sources of energy. An old retired powerplant in a state with moderate temperatures, large bodies of freshwater, and clean air provide the perfect set-up. New York State has spent years improving the efficiency of our energy grid to address climate change, but we have left our back door open through these old, retired power plants. With the plants back up and running full time for in-house PoW cryptomining, and freshwater as a free coolant, it will provide the cheap energy and efficient coolant systems to allow private companies, often backed by private equity firms, to thrive at the sacrifice of state climate goals. State climate law requires 100% zero-emission electricity by 2040 and 85% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. Can we reach these goals if our total energy consumption is skyrocketing because of a digital authentication method that uses more energy than all but 28 countries in the world, and more energy than Google, Facebook and Amazon combined? Piggy bank with crypto token in slot. We need a pause on this move to turn old power plants into cryptomining centers until we can do a full environmental assessment on the impact of these operations on our greenhouse gas emissions as well as our air and water quality. My legislation (A7389-A/S6486-B), currently under consideration in Albany, would create a moratorium on new PoW-based cryptocurrency mining facilities and require a full generic environmental impact assessment by the DEC. The state Senate has approved the measure and it is now up to the Assembly to act. With five years before we reach 1.5 degrees Celsius global temperature increase, we owe New Yorkers an honest, transparent and careful evaluation of PoW-based cryptocurrency mining on our goals and our future. Anna Kelles, a Democrat, is a member of the state Assembly, representing the125th district in central New York. View Comments
Psychoactive Plants views updated Psychoactive Plants Compounds in some plants can have an overwhelming effect on the central nervous system. Plants containing those compounds are thus known as mind-altering (active) or psychoactive plants. Their effects may be separated into hallucinogenic, stimulating, or depressing properties depending on the plant used and the present compounds, which are usually secondary metabolites. A few plants, however, have major multiple effects based on one or more compounds present, such as tobacco containing nicotine, which can be both stimulating and depressing. Three points are worth keeping in mind about these plants. First, psychoactive drugs have been used in many cultures throughout human history. Their use has often been highly ritualized (especially true for hallucinogens) and incorporated into religions or mystical ceremonies in such a way that the novice is guided and protected by more experienced members of the ritual. Such practices have tended to minimize the potential for abuse inherent in psychoactive drugs. Second, variations in the concentrations of the active ingredients in plants make the dosing of psychoactive drugs more art than science for even the most experienced user. Last, most of the substances discussed are illegal to possess or use in the United States or Canada. Plants Having Hallucinogenic Effects Most hallucinogens are plant secondary metabolic compounds. In amounts that are nontoxic, hallucinogens produce changes in perception, thought, and mood without causing major disturbances of the autonomic nervous system (the system regulating the activity of the heart, smooth muscles, and glands). The psychic changes and abnormal states of consciousness induced by hallucinogens differ from ordinary experiences. Hallucinogenic users forsake the familiar world and, in full consciousness, embrace a dreamlike world operating under different standards, strange dimensions, and in different times. These compounds are a means of escaping from reality as it is commonly understood. They are not physically addicting, although dependency may develop. A few examples are provided to illustrate these properties. The aboveground part of the cactus peyote (Lophophora williamsii, family Cactaceae) is chewed or a decoction (boiled in water) is drunk. Ingestion produces nausea, chills, and vomiting, and in most users anxiety and a dislocation of visual perspective. These symptoms are followed by a clarity and intensity of thought, the motion of brilliant-colored visions, and an exaggerated sensitivity to sound and other sense impressions. Activity is centered around the alkaloid mescaline. Nutmeg and Mace. Powdered nutmeg or mace (Myristica fragrans, family Myristicaceae) is taken orally in hot water or sniffed. Unpleasant side effects almost always occur, and include headache, dizziness, nausea, sickening hangovers, and tachycardia (rapid heart beat). There are feelings of detachment, visual and auditory hallucinations, and sensations of floating or flying and separation of limbs from the body. The latter typifies the more toxic hallucinogens, and the volatile oils elemicin and myristicin are thought to be involved. The bark of the woody vine Ayahuasca (Banisteriopsis caapi, family Malpighiaceae) often together with leaves of certain Psychotria spp., is boiled and the decoction drunk in many parts of tropical South America as a major hallucinogenic beverage. Shortly after ingesting, vomiting occurs, feelings of cold and spiral-flying sensations associated with nausea take place, and visions of blue-masked specters (often assuming grotesque forms) and alarming animals (e.g., boa constrictors) are seen. During this time, hearing is distorted and the individual becomes acutely sensitive. Later, motor coordination is reduced to staggering, the body is hot and sweaty, and salivation and spitting are continuous. If sufficient active compounds have been absorbed, the sensation of flying occurs while observing beautiful and often spectacular sights, a time when exultation sweeps the body, and all physical discomforts are forgotten. Objects and scenes are vividly colored in bright but natural colors. Very few participants reach the ultimate in psychoactive experience, reported telepathic sensitivity. The active ingredients include N, N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and the alkaloids harmine, harmaline, and others. The morning glories Ololioqui (Ipomoea violacea and Rivea corymbosa, family Convolvulaceae) are associated with Aztec and other Mexican Indian divinations and human sacrifices. Ingesting infusions and decoctions from powdered seeds induces delirium, hypnotic effects, and heightened visual perception. D-lysergic acid amide is the active hallucinogen. Angel's trumpet and jimsonweed. Ingesting or smoking the seeds, flowers, and leaves of Angel's trumpet and jimsonweed (Brugmansia spp. and Datura spp., respectively; family Solanaceae) will severely intoxicate the user, resulting in fever, flushing, dilated pupils, fast heart rate and pulse, and sometimes aggressive and violent behavior. In addition, a state of confused delirium may occur, which can be dangerous to the individual if not restrained. The usual hallucinations appear as a parade of material objects, sports cars and flowers, for example, in their simple colors. The vision-inducing hallucinogens are tropane alkaloids, particularly scopolamine. Smoked or ingested, the resin from floral and leaf glands of marijuana (Cannabis sativa, family Cannabaceae) can cause visionary hallucinations that are often pleasant, with sexual overtones. Its most universal effect is as an euphoric, the user having a feeling of well-being and exaltation. Dangers resulting from heavy smoking exist to bronchial tracts and lungs, and prolonged use can cause personality changes that may lead to a marked deterioration in what is normally considered good mental health. The active compound is one or more resinous tetrahydrocannabinols. Plants Having Stimulating Effects Stimulants have long been enjoyed by humans, for they give a sense of well-being and exhilaration, self-confidence, and power, and they alleviate fatigue and drowsiness. For most, depending on the dose, there is a price to be paid for their use: increased agitation, apprehension, and anxiety, mild mania (flight of ideas), as well as increased tolerance and often dependency. All of the stimulants described next have these positive and negative effects, except tobacco. Native to and widely cultivated in the Andes of South America, the coca plant (Erythoxylum coca, family Erythroxylaceae) has a long history of use as a stimulant and hunger depressant. Stimulation is due to the tropane alkaloid cocaine found in leaves that are chewed or ingested as a beverage. Cocaine is readily extracted from leaves and the pure compound can be sniffed, smoked, or injected. Addiction to cocaine as a recreational drug is widespread. Chat or Khat. Widely found native of the highlands of northeastern Africa and the adjacent Arabian peninsula, chat or khat (Catha edulis, family Celastraceae) is also cultivated in these regions. Chat leaves are chewed fresh, giving varying degrees of exhilaration and stimulation. The active ingredient is the alkaloid cathinone, and to lesser degrees norephedrine and norpseudoephedrine derived by enzymatic reduction from the unstable cathinone. Dependency on chat is common. Coffee, Tea, Chocolate, and Holly. Coffee (Coffea arabica, family Rubiaceae), tea (Camellia sinensis, Theaceae), chocolate (Theobroma cacao, Sterculiaceae), and holly (Ilex paraguariensis, Aquifoliaceae) are stimulating beverages common throughout the world. All possess one or more of the xanthine alkaloids: caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline. Of the three, caffeine is the most stimulating. Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum, family Solanaceae) leaves are smoked or chewed to act as a stimulant, depressant, or tranquilizer. Tobacco with the addictive alkaloid nicotine is perhaps the most physiologically damaging substance generally used by humans. Its use is a direct cause of lung and other cancers, coronary artery disease, and emphysema. Plants Having Depressant Effects By depressing the central nervous system, a number of secondary metabolites produce the effects of euphoria and well-being with sedation, including calming and tranquilizing, followed by sleep. Coma ending with death from respiratory failure can result as drug doses increase to higher levels. When controlled, all are enormously useful in medicine, but all are subject to major abuse and often lead to addiction. Kava (Piper methysticum, family Piperaceae) roots and rhizomes are chewed or grated and prepared in cold water, which, when ingested, produce euphoria. This is the common depressant of the South Pacific region. Larger doses can result in impaired vision, lack of muscle coordination, and hypnosis. The active compounds are pyrones. Opium Poppy. The opium poppy (Papaver somniferum, family Papaveraceae) has been long in cultivation and is probably native to western Asia. Unripe fruit capsules are incised after the petals fall and the milky exudate is air dried and molded into a gummy substance known as opium. Opium contains many compounds, but the alkaloids morphine and codeine are its most important depressants. From morphine, the illicit drug heroin is produced. Morphine effectively reduces pain and is a strong hypnotic, whereas codeine is widely used as a sedative to allay coughing. All are addictive with serious withdrawal symptoms. see also Alkaloids; Cannabis; Coca; Ethnobotany; Medicinal Plants; Opium Poppy; Tobacco. Walter H. Lewis Lewis, Walter H., and Memory P. F. Elvin-Lewis. Medical Botany: Plants Affecting Man's Health. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1977. Ott, Jonathan. Pharmacotheon: Entheogenic Drugs, Their Plant Sources and History. Kennewick, WA: Natural Products Co., 1993. Schultes, Richard Evans, and Albert Hofmann. The Botany and Chemistry of Hallucinogens. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas, 1980 About this article Psychoactive Plants Updated About content Print Article
Myrrh Featured (1 Vote) Myrrh comes from the Commiphora Myrrha tree, which are native to Yemen, Somalia and Ethiopia. Myrrh is the dried sap from these tree's and It is used extensively in aromatherapy, Traditional Chinese Medicine, and Ayervedic medicine. Health Benefits of Myrrh Essential Oil Myrrh ResinHistorical Fact: Most people have heard of Myrrh because of the tales of the wisemen bringing gifts to the birth of the baby jesus, but Myrrh was first recorded in Ebers Papyrus, one of the oldest Egyptian medical texts on record. Ebers Papyrus dates to somewhere around 1550 BC and contains over 700 remedies for almost everything including embalming. Myrrh is also referred to in the Bible 156 times? That makes it the most frequently mentioned oil in the Bible! Antimicrobial and Antiviral: Myrrh essential oil prevents microbe growth and helps prevent any infect of your body. It can be used to prevent any ailment resulting from microbial infection, such as fever, food poisoning, cough & cold, mumps, measles, pox and infections of wounds. It has no adverse side effects, unlike other antibiotics, such as weakening of the liver and digestive issues. Astringent: Myrrh Essential Oil is an astringent, meaning that it strengthens the hold of gums on teeth, contracts the skin, muscles, intestines and other internal organs. It also strengthens the grip of scalp on hair roots, thereby preventing hair loss. One more serious aspect of this astringent property is that it stops hemorraging in wounds. When this astringency makes the blood vessels contract this helps check the flow of blood. That means it can stop you from losing too much blood when wounded. Expectorant: Myrrh essential oil is good against coughs and colds. It fights the viral infections that can cause coughs and colds, as well as relieves congestion and reduces the deposition of phlegm in the lungs and respiratory tracts. Antifungal: Myrrh essential oil acts as a fungicide as well. It can be used either internally and externally to fight fungal infection. Stimulant: Myrrh essential oil stimulates thoughts, blood circulation, digestion, secretions, nervous activity and excretion. It stimulates the pumping action of the heart, the secretion of digestive juices and bile into the stomach, and it keeps you alert and active by stimulating the brain and the central nervous system. Carminative: This essential oil helps to relieve you of those gases which can result in embarrassing situations in public. Which left unchecked can also have an expensive toll on your health by stealing your appetite, slowing down digestion, giving you stomachaches, headaches and sometimes chest pains as well if it raise's your blood pressure. Stomachic: Myrrh oil is beneficial for the all around health of your stomach. Anti-catarrhal: This property of Myrrh essential oil relieves you of excess mucus and phlegm and troubles associated with that sort of mucus deposition, including congestion, breathing trouble, heaviness in chest, and coughs. Diaphoretic: It increases perspiration and keeps your body free from toxins, extra salt and excess water from your body. Sweating also cleans the skin-pores and helps harmful gases like nitrogen escape. Vulnerary: This property of myrrh essential oil protects wounds from infections and makes them heal quicker. Antiseptic: If you have a healthy amount of myrrh essential oil, you don’t need to worry about small cuts and wounds becoming infected. This oil can take care of that and prevent them from becoming septic, since it is an antiseptic substance. It can protect you from tetanus to some extent as well. Immune Booster: Myrrh oil strengthens and activates the immune system and keeps the body protected from infections. Circulatory: This powerful essential oil stimulates blood circulation and ensures the proper supply of oxygen to the tissues. This is good for attaining a proper metabolic rate as well as for boosting the immune system. Increasing the blood flow to the more obscure corners of your body, the better the nutrients and oxygen reach those body parts so they function better and stay healthy. Tonic: This property means a boost to your overall health. As a tonic, myrrh oil tones up all the systems and organs in the body, gives them strength and protects them from premature aging and infections. Anti-inflammatory: Myrrh essential oil sedates inflammation in various tissues in cases of fever or viral infections, in the digestive system resulting from ingestion of too much spicy food and in the circulatory system when something inflammatory or toxic enters the blood stream. Antispasmodic: It also provides relief from unwanted contractions or spasms and therefore eases cramps, aches, and muscle pain. Other Benefits This oil is highly valued in aromatherapy as a sedative, antidepressant and as a promoter of spiritual feelings. This oil takes care of uterine health and stimulates that organ, helps fading away of scars and spots, is good for treating skin ailments, pyorrhea, diarrhea and skin diseases such as eczema, ringworm, and itches. It is also an emenagogue which means that it normalizes menstruation and relieves the associated symptoms like mood swings and hormonal imbalances. Few Words of Caution Despite all of the many benefits of myrrh essential oil, if used in excess it can have toxic effects. Since it stimulates the uterus it should also be avoided by pregnant women as it could result in miscarriage. Additional Info • Donate: All donations go towards getting HCO into the hands of those with cancer who can't afford it. 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The TMJ Diet TMJ Diet Jaw pain affects millions of Americans. Often, jaw pain is caused by a temporomandibular disorder, generally shortened to TMJ or TMD. Jaw pain caused by TMJ/TMD can be crippling, affecting the ability to eat, speak, sleep comfortably, and much more. Advancements in neuromuscular dentistry are helping people permanently overcome TMJ symptoms. These techniques address bite alignment, correcting bites and relieving jaw discomfort – for good. Thanks to this, many have already broken free from TMJ pain and discomfort yet a greater number of people continue to suffer. In fact, TMJ/TMD is believed responsible for millions of missed workdays each year, and even more sleepless nights. For those living with TMJ/TMD, dietary decisions can help reduce the onset and severity of TMJ symptoms. What is TMJ? TMJ is a common acronym for describing any of a number of temporomandibular disorders (TMDs). Temporomandibular disorders are those affecting the joint connecting the jaw to the skull, or temporomandibular joint (TMJ). There are two in the body, located just beneath the ear on either side of the face. The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is responsible for opening and closing the jaw. Genetics, clenching the jaw, grinding teeth (bruxism), and more can lead to the development of a TMD. When TMDs manifest it can lead to a number of negative health effects across the entire upper body. These include: • Painful opening or closing of the jaw • A “clicking” or “popping” sound or sensation in the TMJ • Muscle aches in and around the neck, shoulders, and back • Migraine headaches and nausea • Difficulty sleeping and much more Left untreated, these symptoms can increase over time. Symptoms that may begin as painless inconveniences can grow to become painful. This can lead to difficulty speaking, chewing, and more. To help reduce symptoms or prevent the onset of painful TMJ discomfort, experts recommend adopting a TMJ diet. The TMJ Diet In many cases, TMJ pain in the jaw is caused by muscle inflammation. Continued exacerbation of the muscle group can increase symptom severity. To help limit discomfort, many people choose to eat less leading to malnutrition. Over time, this can lead to serious complications. To help alleviate TMJ symptoms, dentists recommend the following dietary choices: Take smaller bites. Small portion size can reduce the burden placed on the jaw for breaking down morsels. Chop, dice, and cut food into small, bite-sized portions. Opt for softer foods. Soft foods are easier to break down. Soups and smoothies are a great way to get nutrition. Softening up other foods by steaming, adding gravies, and other cooking methods can help make eating easier. Pass on chewy foods. Prolonged chewing places a lot of strain on the jaw muscles and will likely aggravate TMJ/TMDs. To reduce symptoms and inflammation, avoid foods that are too chewy. This includes chewing gum. Forgo the fat. Foods with high-fat content (especially saturated fat) have been linked to increased muscle inflammation in the jaw and elsewhere. Pass on fried foods, rich sauces, desserts, and other fatty options to help reduce TMJ symptoms. Skip refined sugars. Refined sugars are a known contributor to muscle inflammation. Sodas, sweets, and a number of processed foods are high in refined sugars and will likely increase TMJ/TMD pain and discomfort. Say “so long” to your bad habits. Vices like alcohol and nicotine can aggravate TMJ/TMDs and are known to cause negative health consequences across the body. Kicking the habit can help limit TMJ discomfort and can help improve overall health. Making dietary changes can help reduce painful TMJ symptoms. By limiting the amount of work placed on the TMJ, the surrounding muscles can better manage the TMD while awaiting treatment. Today, permanent TMJ relief is available. For many people, TMJ/TMDs can be treated with neuromuscular dentistry. Neuromuscular dentists seek the root cause of TMJ symptoms and can recommend permanent treatment solutions. Experience a life without the constant pain and discomfort associated with TMJ. To find out more about permanent solutions for TMJ and TMDs, call your dentist today.
Flag WCRB v1.png Reclamation in progress This 1983: Doomsday article is currently being updated by its writers. Please do not edit or expand upon this page as it has not been completed. Feel free to comment on the talk page. Thank you for your cooperation. South Florida Timeline: 1983: Doomsday OTL equivalent: Southwest Florida Flag Coat of Arms Flag Coat of Arms Location of Florida Map of South Florida. In God We Trust Capital Naples Largest city Cape Coral Other cities Florida City, Fort Myers, Belle Glade, Marathon, Key Largo Language English, Spanish Governing President Connie Mack IV Vice President Vern Buchanan Area 80,500 km² Population approx. 500,500 (2007 census) Independence October 29, 1996 Currency Floridian Dollar, East Caribbean Dollar South Florida is one of the three provinces of the Republic of Florida. It is currently located near Big Cypress, the Everglades and with territorial enclaves near Lake Okeechobee. It is comprised of several villages, towns and small cities mainly along the west coast of the Peninsula. Although the Spanish discovered and exploited Florida beginning in the early sixteenth century, the southwest region was unused after first decimating the indigenous tribes, taking many of them to Cuba to serve as slaves. Those that escaped ended up fleeing north to the panhandle to be absorbed into other tribes. One such group of tribes became the Seminole tribe. The Seminoles were eventually forced to split into two bands, one being forced back to southern Florida in an attempt by the US military to subjugate them. This band of Seminoles never surrendered and were eventually recognized as a sovereign nation. Over time, the coasts of southern Florida became active ports for commerce from all over the world. However, the coastal cities on the gulf were mostly shielded by barrier islands, making them less accessible to larger cargo ships. Nevertheless, the fine white sands of the gulf coast made the area a key tourist destination. By the late 1900's the coastal towns had begun to grow into cities of respectable size. From the late 19th century to the mid-to-late 20th century investors and real estate developers drastically changed the natural landscape of the Everglades, through a series of dams, levees, and control pumps drying up millions of acres in what is considered South Florida. At one point the US Corps of Engineers declared a "War on Water" to combat the natural ecosystem. By the 1970s, however, the process to restore what remained However, the current area of the Republic of South Florida is primarily made up of two National Parks: Big Cypress and the Everglades National Parks. The presence of the Seminole Indians within these parks had made them quite popular tourist attractions as well. However, few people other than the Seminoles lived in them. On Doomsday, the primary targets of Southern Florida were Tampa and Miami. Tampa was destroyed, although the larger city of St. Petersburg was not. Nevertheless Tampa Bay expanded to consume the crater left by the missile. Homestead AFB, while near Miami, was deemed a more important target and was leveled. The Miami Metropolitan area was either too large to take out without several dozen missiles or the Soviets were unaware of how large the area actually was so two airbursts were detonated over Doral and Fort Lauderdale, which did not spread radiation but destroyed the suburbs with strong blasts, scattering trees, rubble and cars for dozens of miles. Only places such as Coral Gables, which were firmly rooted to the coral at the bedrock of the city managed to remain intact, but the nature of the blasts isolated the few havens within the city proper and it did not take more than a year for starvation, flooding, and electric catastrophes to reduce the population into the hundreds. A much bigger problem than the nuclear blasts themselves was the breakdown of order that resulted, namely leading to the water gates at Lake Okeechobee going unmanned. Within three days of the detonations the few survivors throughout South Florida would be rooted out — literally. The dams broke, leading to hundreds of millions of gallons of water to come rushing out of the carefully-timed openings of the canals, destroying suburbs and carrying thousands of people with them. The bombs accomplished where the environmentalists had failed: the Everglades had returned to its original flow pattern. Cape Coral and Fort Myers, a metropolitan statistical area, dodged a direct hit on Doomsday and soon became a mecca for refugees fleeing Tampa and Miami. Being spared the radioactive fallout from Tampa and the east coast, the area was nevertheless faced with a lack of food for the refugees. On September 29 South Florida was flooded in a matter of minutes, and adding hundreds of sq mi back into the wetlands where they originally were. The result was the transformation of Miami into a marsh, leaving several areas such as Coconut Grove to become islands. As a result of the catastrophes that claimed the area, the population suffered from riots and violence for years. In addition, tropical diseases, borne by mosquitoes, killed tens of thousands. Naples and Fort Myers, however, were on high ground, giving them a good chance at surviving. Throughout the early days the two settlements were visited frequently. By 1990, though, relative peace had come as local city governments banded together to form the "Provisional Republic of South Florida" as a placeholder for the United States with hopes that when the federal or state government arrived in South Florida they would return to the United States. However, that day never came. The population of the new republic, having stabilized at around 150,000 people, was beginning to recover when a disaster with more force than the bombs that took out Tampa and the east coast came roaring through the area. Authorities in the Caribbean would call it Hurricane Andrew, but to the Floridians it was just "the Great Hurricane of 1992." The devastation was catastrophic, destroying much of the crops and many of the structures all over the republic. Hundreds died in the storm, some never accounted for due to isolation and lack of information services at the time. The residents had come to lose hope of any outside help and just began to rebuild on their own. Finally it became clear that the federal government would not be coming. On October 29, 1996, the leadership called on the people of South Florida to decide whether to secede from the United States. When the votes were tallied a narrow majority passed a referendum to become an independent republic. The following summer a Constitutional convention was held in Naples to build the framework for a new government. What became of this convention was a constitution very similar to that of the United States with a few modifications to make it more suitable for the citizens of South Florida. Though the Cape Coral – Fort Myers Area had stabilized in the aftermath of Doomsday, small communities in and around the Lake Okeechobee region like Belle Glade on the south and the town of Okeechobee on the north side of the lake suffered from frequent gang raids. When the authorities in Naples Upon conducted a fact finding mission into Belle Glade, they found a fascist dictatorship in place. According to the local resistance group many of the city-state's citizens wanted a regime change but simply feared the government too much to even speak out against it. Eventually, a local militia overthrew the dictatorship in Belle Glade, which was eventually annexed by South Florida. After the WCRB's visit to the Southern United States, the "Everglades Territory", an area that was in South Florida's grasp, but not acquired due to it having no true importance, was eventually ceded to South Florida. Most of the inhabitants, mostly refugees from the East Coast, were all evacuated to Naples. Modern Times In late 2008, several scientists, mainly supplied by the ECF and ANZC, had sent expeditions throughout the areas that formerly were home to the major cities of Tampa and Miami. After several weeks of analization the results determined that the remnants of the city of Tampa could still give way to major health hazards. After negotiations with the citizens of the surprisingly high population of 6,000 people within the areas of the city, the area was evacuated, and the small village of "New Tampa" comprised of remaining residents remaining independent. Miami-Dade County fared far better of than Tampa did, however. For one, the area was home to a functioning civilization around Florida City. In late night September 28, 2010, Hurricane Nicole, Category 2, touched down in South Florida. Substantial damage was reported in Florida City, Key Largo, and Marathon. Over 32 deaths have been reported, and the Miami-Dade Territory has reported more than 20 more missing. By September 29th, the Hurricane headed up north, and South Florida has contacted Delmarvan and Outer Bank officials so they can prepare for the storm. On December 31, 2010, South Florida, North Florida, and East Florida formally united as the Republic of Florida. While the move was largely ceremonial as most control remains on the regional levels, the creation of a united government and switching over to a primary currency has both strengthened the economy in the area and ushered in the twilight over the remaining lawless areas sandwiched between northern and southern Florida. The economy of the South Florida has a very small but stable economy. It's mineral and oil pools are unmatched compared to many other nations. It depends mainly on fishing and small urban farming to feed the masses. Locally, trade is carried out through barter or via the newly-created Floridian Conch, a locally minted currency that has replaced the American Dollar. However, it has the most access to foreign markets than any other North American survivor state, which has allowed Florida's economy to boom. In the past year, the Republic has started trading massive amounts of fish, citrus, and soy beans to the East Caribbean Federation, receiving international support as well as naval equipment. The Republic has signed a trade agreement known as the "Free Caribbean Sea Compact," which allows open borders and free trade. In order to facilitate this trade, the ECF worked with South Florida to develop the Florida Conch, a formerly bogus currency created in the former city of Key West as a publicity stunt. The Conch was designed as a replacement to coined currencies, being printed in all values of currency from one cent to twenty dollars. It is printed using minerals and other materials provided by the East Caribbean Federation. It's value is tied to the East Caribbean dollar and is backed by the "full faith and credit" of the government of South Florida. In 2011, the currency was renamed tothe Floridian Dollar and became the national currency of the nascent Republic of Florida. Along with the ECF, South Florida trades with Cuba, mainly agricultural, mineral, and technological goods. The sale of limestone, phosphate, and other minerals make up a good portion of the economy. Another source of income are the small deposits of oil along the coastline. It also operates one of the last functioning airports in the Florida, Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi area, the Southwest Florida International Airport. The Airway was completed only months before Doomsday, on May 1983. While it was abandoned, flights now go continental, and after the summer tour of the American continent, the first flight to South America, a flight landing in Medellin, Colombia, marked the beginning of whole new opportunities for the Floridian people. The Page Field Aviation Airport is the region's secondary airport, mainly used for government or imported goods. Southwest Florida Airport Foreign Relations South Florida, and the Republic of Florida in general has full diplomatic relations with the ECF, and has applied for membership in the League of Nations. Lingering animosities with several Cuban Floridians keep full relations with Cuba on hold, though trade, by necessity, has been re-established. In the summer of 2010 Vice President Buchanan toured other nations in the Southern region of the former United States including the Mississippi cities states of Hattiesburg and Natchez, West Texas, Kentucky, Virginia, Piedmont Republic, and Blue Ridge. If time permits he also hopes to visit at least the capital city of the new United States. The tour began on May 27th, as the ECF Naval vessel delivered him to the port city of Bay St. Louis where he was met by the mayors of both Hattiesburg and Natchez. From there, the entourage was flown by a Kentucky Air Force jet to Ft. Knox. While in Natchez the delegation made contact with the provisional government of the State of Louisiana, which is soon to become a trade partner with South Florida. South Florida will soon merge with Gainesville and First Coast as a unified Florida. Education to former standards is a very rare thing. After Doomsday, many families helped themselves to the supplies found in abandoned schools and began to teach their children at home. When South Florida became established as a nation, small government sanctioned schools began to open up in neighborhoods, usually in homes or in an abandoned buildings. However, in the the outer areas, near Collier County and the Everglades, illiteracy is quite common in several townships and villages. In those areas, with completely literate people come in at around 20 percent of the population, with another 50 percent semi-literate able to read street signs and sign their names. A full 30 percent, though, are completely illiterate. Until recently the only university in the country was Naples Elementary University of Florida. In efforts to promote education, it awards scholarships to those from other communities across the southern United States region, most notably Gainesville, Lake Arthur, Blue Ridge, and Piedmont. The public school system has benefited the areas which have many people who are either unemployed or fit into the working-class. The Universities are as follows: Florida Keys University - Rebuilt from the undamaged sections of the Florida Keys Community College. - 4,900 students Naples University - University built within the heart of Naples - 7,140 students The government of South Florida was once a provincial republic, but since the foundation of the Republic of Florida it is a state within that entity. It is divided into 8 counties (which were formerly called provinces) and one territory. Each county calls one representative to the National Congress in Gainesville and two at the Local Congress in Naples. Since the reunification, counties have become more centralized as most of their power was moved to the state capital at Naples. County County Capital Pop. Date Joined Notes Everglades Flamingo 4,000 1996 Split from Monroe County Keys Key Largo 42,000 1996 Split from Monroe County Collier Naples 250,000 1996 Founding Coral Fort Myers 500,000 1996 Formerly Lee County Charlotte Punta Gorda 101,000 1996 Founding Glades Moore Haven 4,000 1996 Founding Hardee La Belle 19,000 2010 Reclaimed DeSoto Arcadia 19,000 2007 Reclaimed Sarasota Sarasota 190,000 TBA TBA Manatee Bradenton 245,000 2010 Reclaimed Eastern Territory the area of former Miami, Broward, and Palm Beach controlled by the Republic of Florida is called the Eastern Territory. Its population currently sits at 35,000, but there have been talks of making it into a county, which would be based out of either Florida City or a re-occupied West Palm Beach. Native Americans Miccosukee still inhabit what was once the Miccosukee Indian Reservation and after the late 2000's were absorbed into South Florida under special conditions. The Big Cypress Reservation did the same thing. The Brigton Reservation is completely independent and only trades with the other two reservations as they think the "whites" were responsible for the nuclear holocaust that killed their fellow brothers and have adopted a semi-isolation policy. The culture of South Florida is one of the most unique of post-Doomsday North America. With the missiles sending refugees into the Everglades, many found that they could better survive by emulating the survival tactics of the Native Americans. Uncounted thousands live out of tree house metropolises in cypress trees hunt alligator or catfish for a living, many having even adopted Native surnames. The urban areas, in contrast, are more civilized. The South Floridian military was based around the remnants of the United States military and coast guard in the region. It consisted primarily of a militia, and a naval force. The last commander of the military, and the head of the current Republic of Florida's land forces, was General La Tanya E. Simms. The flagship of the fleet, and its largest vessel, was the SFS Point Steele, formerly of the United States Coast Guard. South Florida occupies the power station in Polk County. Prior to that, the nation was entirely dependent on a makeshift gasoline power plant and one wind turbine in the Keys. Experimentation with solar energy has largely failed, although there are makeshift "air conditioners" which ironically use heat panels to power propellers which provide cool air. South Florida has only recently developed more advanced forms of communication, thanks to help from the LoN and Cuba. In the city of Naples, telephones became operational after nearly two years of communication lines being developed. South Florida has two newspapers, the Naples Daily News along with the Conch Republic Times. A subscription costs 99,99* (In Floridian Conchs) or $29.99 (In USD) due to the costs of printing and distributing. The station which was formed only 40 days before Doomsday, WGCU TV, became abandoned some months after Doomsday. In 2009, it was re-activated after nearly 100,000 dollars in repairs as the WFMU TV, Which stands for World Broadcasting of Fort Myers Universal Television. WFMU is owned by the South Floridian government, while WZVN is owned by ABC Television, which is now based in South Florida. The TV Stations are as follows: WFMU TV (Channel 3) - International Broadcasting and Local News, Weather, Sports, and Emergency News WZVN TV (Channel 7) - Music, Entertainment, Cartoons and Pre and Post-Doomsday Movies With help from the LoN the first radio station became operational in late 2009. A radio station called 97.3 "The Coast" was created for residents to listen to 60's, 70's and 80's music along with news, weather and sports. Another radio station has occasionally been used for the Keys, an unnamed station simply called 107.1 FM. This has been mainly used for emergency purposes, broadcasting breaking news. 97.3 The Stations are as follows: 97.3: The Coast - Music and Talk Shows 107.1 Unnamed Station - Emergency Purposes only
how to include salary history and requirements in cover letter Write a bibliography for a video 94 1 month ago When writing an essay, if you quote, paraphrase or use an idea from a video you found on video website YouTube, you must give credit to your source. Because YouTube is a relatively new media source, as of publication, confusion sometimes exists over how to cite it in a bibliography. Many citation styles simply follow the system for posting any web media. Remember that the goal of citing a source is so that the reader can obtain information about the source. Different citation styles are used for different subjects to highlight the most important information for that discipline. Modern Language Association style is used mainly in literature and the humanities and tends to focus on the name of the author or creator. How to Write a Bibliography Create a bibliography, citations, and references - Word Published on March 9, by Jack Caulfield. An annotated bibliography is a list of source references that includes a short descriptive text an annotation for each source. It may be assigned as part of the research process for a paper , or as an individual assignment to gather and read relevant sources on a topic. An annotated bibliography can fulfill various purposes, from simply describing the sources to evaluating them and describing their importance for your own research. Creating an MLA Bibliography Category: essay prepare Report this post: All сomments Ryan H. 19.04.2021 It has been very helpful having a person to work with on research papers that I can bounce my ideas off of, and ask for their guidance on how to write on my needed topic! Miztahdj B. 20.04.2021 BookMyEditor has worked admirably in altering my work to make it increasingly reasonable and congenial. Michael B. 23.04.2021 Its an worth taking course with excellent educator with simple and challenging exercises. Mike P. 24.04.2021 Good website to dispose off your old essays. Dan L. 25.04.2021 Say a few words
Is there a place that stands out in your memory where no matter how many times you stared at the map and tried to orient yourself in place, you still feel lost or trapped in a maze? Maybe you’ve stood at an intersection trying to discern which direction will successfully take you to your destination. Complicated pathways are probably more common in places that cover larger square footage or multiple levels of floors whether inside or outside such as airports, college campuses, hospitals, stadiums, and conventions/conferences. Often times, it’s most confusing the first time you have navigated the course and other times, it doesn’t matter how often you’ve been on the course, you’re still lost in a maze of intersections and runways. These are all examples of “wayfinding” which is an integral component of universal design. What is wayfinding? Wayfinding is a design system that uses architecture, interiors, lighting, landscape, and information systems that implement graphics, signage, and audible/textile signals to provide some sort of direction for helping people navigate the environment to get to their destination. These are communication strategies in designs that foster understanding for people to better orient themselves and make decisions to get from place to place. Now, let’s factor in additional challenges such as physical and cognitive impairments, sensory processing, language and cultural barriers, and gender and social backgrounds. Universal design factors in all the above in designing information systems to guide the public in navigating from place to place. Since wayfinding is a broad topic, we will stick to the basics of universal designs that can be integrated when creating signage and we will use airports as an example for the purpose of this article. Airports are congested, stressful and full of people navigating from all walks of life from the toddler waddling from their parents to adults scurrying across intersections whether by foot or by wheelchair. Some people require a service dog for assistance or even a mini shuttle service while others do not hear well without some sort of assistive technology. A map can be beautifully designed; color-coded with icons and map legends but orienting oneself within the map is where many travelers may hit a roadblock. Keep in mind, anyone’s first time in an airport may result in feeling “disabled” due to unfamiliarity or lack of knowledge of the layout. Navigating a busy airport can result in real anxiety and is an example that anyone can face barriers in various environmental settings. Next time visiting an airport or a large public space for the first time, think about how you will get from point A to point B. Do you know where to go as soon as you walk through the door? Do you know to turn right or left at the top of the escalator? If you have these questions, there may be lack of signage (from a visual and/or audible standpoint), signs may be hidden or have poor visibility, lack of lighting on or around the signs, or location of the arrows to even locate the landmarks. I’ve been confused with signage that have arrows pointing to a restroom in a hotel conference center and ended up at the men’s restroom…it was that confusing. How many times have you found yourself frustrated trying to navigate to your gate, locate baggage claim for your flight, or simply pick up your guests from the airport? My husband and I fly often and each time we fly into airports for our destination or for our connecting flights or even when we return to our home airport, we hit roadblocks because of poor wayfinding communication strategies. I’m thinking if it’s this hard for a frequent flyer like me to process the information, how much harder is it for someone with a language barrier, someone with poor vision, a person that was on a red-eye flight and fatigued, or even someone with some sort of mental or processing delay. According to the World Health Organization, 1.3 billion people around the world live with some form of vision impairment, and the majority of people with vision impairment are over the age of 50. How to improve signage One of the best airports that provided sufficient information and allowed us to navigate to our gate or in/out of the airport included Dallas Love Field Airport and Charlotte Douglas International Airport. Their websites provide a detailed map of their terminals. Here are the observations I noted and why I felt like we navigated hassle free and how it can be applied anywhere: • Signs were consistent, visible, and illuminated well; • Signs were located at almost every intersection; • Signs used colors on high-contrast backgrounds; • Large icons or symbols were easy to recognize, read, and understand and visible from a great distance; • Signs were simple and easy to understand in a universal icon language for people from around the world; and • Colors were used to identify pathways or sections; the Charlotte airport was under construction and it was still easy to navigate by following the color-coded pathways to sections outside the airport. It was easy to locate rental cars and later to re-enter the terminal upon departure. Charlotte used yellow or blue font and icons illuminated on blue or yellow background. The signs were consistent and visible from great distances and it was very easy to locate restrooms, dog relief areas, and family restrooms (this one is not always easy to find). In addition, the signs were located at every intersection and all located where the eyes look for directions. We breezed through to baggage claim without skipping a beat and when we returned to the airport to fly home, our only roadblock was not being able to locate the Southwest check-in as soon as we got to the top of the escalator. Imagine if you miss a flight because you’re unable to locate check-in! We got caught in traffic and were cutting it short to get to the gate for take-off time, but because of excellent wayfinding information systems, I give them 5 stars for making our course super quick and easy to navigate! They get bonus points for listing the amount of time it takes to walk to each gate or landmark at every intersection! Dallas Southwest Terminal at Love Field Airport was also easy to navigate although, I can only comment on the terminal due to this being our connecting flight. We waited 3 hours for our flight due to delays from Charlotte, but it allowed me time to observe and review their signage. They also used consistent signage styles such as color and fonts. Black on gray was the contrasting colors for basic signage and the gate numbers were white on an illuminated blue backdrop. The destination city is projected at the gate, along with the next destination cities and the times of those flights below that will be leaving at the same gate. For someone who is hard of hearing, seeing the updated info on the large gate sign made my wait less stressful knowing my updated departure time. I almost missed a flight once because I was distracted sitting at the gate reading. I zoned out and did not hear the final announcement for boarding! I barely made it to the door before they closed the hatch! Next time you’re in a hospital, convention center, large event, airport, or any large venue for the first time, reflect on how easy or difficult it is to navigate to your location. Having effective signage can minimize stress and anxiety, improve time getting from place to place, and make your visit more pleasant. Resources to learn more in depth about wayfinding: Spatial Orientation, Environmental Perception and Wayfinding Top Wayfinding Signs since 2000 Video: Universal Design in Wayfinding What is Wayfinding?
Exploratory Community Create duplicate rows based on value in a column wondering if there is a way to created duplicate rows based upon a value in a cell? For example, in my attached image, I would like to use the value in “No. of Ticks” to create duplicate rows. So row 1018 would be duplicated 9 times. Hi @Jennifer_Marvin How about the following method to duplicate records according to the column values? Step01 : Sample data confirmation I have the following data, and I duplicate the rows according to the value of dup_int.The value of dup_int in A is 1, so it will stay the same, but the value of dup_int in B is 5, so five rows of the same record will be generated. Step02 : Make function to duplicate Select Custom R command and write R script as shown below. Replace dup_int with No. of Ticks. # Write R scrpit mutate(dup_rows = purrr::map(.x = dup_int, .f = function(x){(rep(1, x))})) Step03 : Unnest list According to the value of dup_int, the list class dup_rows is generated with 1, so expand it to rows. Step04 : Checking the data It is likely that duplicate records are generated according to the value of dup_int. I hope this helps. Thank you sugiaki, I have tried this but I get the following error message at step 2: This is my code (note that I renamed the ticks field for simplicity) Hi @Jennifer_Marvin Probably, NA is included in Num_ticks which specifies duplicate values. In that case, you can complement NA with 1 to make it work. Thank you again sugiaki! It works now for me. 1 Like
Tesem is an extinct large-sized hunting dog breed that originated in Egypt. The name ‘Tesem’ itself is also an ancient Egyptian word meaning ‘hunting dog’. The Tesem dogs were leggy with curved tails along with pricked ears. They shared a very close resemblance with the modern hound breeds Saluki and Sloughi. Origin & History The origin of the Tesem breed dates back before 3000 B.C. in Egypt. They were bred and used as guard dogs and hunting dogs. Ancient Egyptians believe that these dogs represent the jackal-headed god of death, Anubis. An ancient Egyptian taking several Tesem dogs on leash. A picture of an ancient Egyptian with several Tesem dogs. PC: WP Clipart People even called this breed the ‘Khufu Dog’ as it’s early existence is believed to be with King Khufu who ruled between 2609 BC – 2584 BC. It is said that the king’s Tesem dog was named Akbaru and used to wear a collar. Besides hunting and guarding, the Tesem dogs were also often used as companion dogs by the Egyptians as they would never get bored of long journies. Therefore, they were excellent dogs as they would assist in hunting, guard the house and livestock, and accompany people back then. How Did Tesem Become Extinct? Tesem dogs became extinct at the beginning of the New Kingdom of Egypt ( 1550 BC – 1069 BC). Though they were extremely throughout the Middle Kingdom period (2055 BC and 1650 BC), their numbers started declining as Egyptians began replacing them with dogs of Saluki or Sloughi type. As Tesem’s preference decreased, people neglected in conserving their number due to lack of purpose and use. As a result, the breed which is thought to influence many modern breeds like Azawakh and Pharaoh Hound disappeared. Behavior, Temperament, & Personality The Tesem dogs had loyal, friendly, and affectionate temperament. They loved being around their owner and please them. They would easily get bored home alone and would easily suffer from separation anxiety. As they were hunting dogs, they were fierce and vicious at attacking their prey. Therefore, it was very necessary to keep them on a leash whenever taking out for walks in front of other animals. A sketch of a Tesem dog on the leash with an Egyptian. PC: Painting Valley Were the Tesem Dogs Child-Friendly? Yes, the Tesem dogs were extremely friendly with children because of their affectionate and loveable nature. They loved socializing and playing with kids as they would also get entertained. However, it was very important to keep these dogs and children under supervision. It is because the large-sized body of Tesem would easily knock off the toddlers and their hunting instinct would also come in play sometime. Some Interesting Facts About Tesem • The popular breeds Africanis and Basenji are thought to be descendants of the Tesem. • Though this breed is extinct, some people believe that it still exists in Northeast Africa but by the name ‘Pariah Dogs’. • A Tesem-like dog appears in the prehistoric Egyptian Amratian culture ‘Nagada’. • It is also known as tzm. • These dogs were also mummified and buried along with their masters when they died. Tesem was found in either Tan or Tan and light mix color. Size & Puppies Height: Tesem’s height ranged somewhere between 25-29 inches (64-74 cm). Weight: The Tesem dogs used to weigh around 37-55 pounds (17-25 kg). On average, a mother Tesem would give birth to 4-8 puppies at a time. Dog Breeds Similar to Tesem Visit Doglime for more information about other extinct dog breeds.
Violet Club Violet Club Violet Club was a nuclear weapon deployed by the United Kingdom during the cold war. Violet Club was the first "high yield" weapon deployed by the British, and was intended to provide an emergency capability until a thermonuclear weapon could be developed from the Christmas Island thermonuclear tests known as Operation Grapple. In 1953, shortly after the Americans tested a thermonuclear weapon in 1952, followed by the Soviets with Joe 4, and before the UK government took a decision in July 1954 to develop a thermonuclear weapon, AWRE Aldermaston were asked about the possibilities for a very large pure fission bomb yielding one megaton. This study [Public Record Office, London. AIR 2/13759 E8A. (PRO)] referred to the Zodiak Mk.3 bomb, but progressed no further than a rudimentary study. At this time studies were also started [PRO AIR 2/13759 E18B] that ultimately led to a decision in 1954 to develop a thermonuclear weapon, and the design studies were split into two tracks because the British at that time had not yet discovered the Teller-Ulam technique necessary to initiate fusion. One track led to an intermediate design, the so-called Type A thermonuclear design, similar to the Alarm Clock and layer cake hybrid designs of other nuclear powers; although these designs are now regarded as large boosted-fission weapons, and no longer regarded as thermonuclear weapons that derive a very large part of their energy from a fusion reaction, designated by the British as Type B, but as hybrids. The British hybrid weapon was known as Green Bamboo, weighed approx 4,500 lb (2,045 kg) and its spherical shape measured approx 45 inches diameter with a 72-point implosion system [PRO. AVIA 65/1193 E10A. Tech Note GW375 p2 para 2.] . This Green Bamboo weapon was intended as the warhead for all projected British strategic delivery systems of the period; the Yellow Sun Stage 1 air-dropped bomb, and the Blue Steel air-launched stand-off missile. The large girth of these weapons was designed to accommodate the diameter of Green Bamboo's implosion sphere. [Humphrey Wynn, "RAF Strategic Nuclear Forces: their origins, roles and deployment 1946-69." Published HMSO London 1994. ISBN 0-11-772833-0 p193. (Wynn)] A variant with a smaller implosion sphere, fewer explosive lenses, and some other changes was intended for the Blue Streak ballistic missile that was unable to carry Green Bamboo. However, the reduced size was achieved by reducing the size of the surrounding HE layers, and this resulted in less compression at the fissile core when detonated, and a reduced nuclear efficiency, and yield; meaning that less of the fissile material was consumed before the bomb blew itself apart. To compensate for the reduced compression more fissile material was required to maintain yield at the desired level, and this in turn made excessive demands on scarce and expensive fissile material. Estimates computed from reliable sources of actual core cost [PRO. AB 16/1888 E111.] and cost per kilogramPRO. AB 16/3878 Appendix 4.] of HEU put the core sizes of Green Bamboo and Orange Herald as 98 kg and 125 kg respectively, although some other published (and unverified) sources claim lower figures of 87 kg and 117 kg respectively. [ [ MILNET: Carey Sublette's Nuclear Weapons FAQ ] ] This design later became known as Orange Herald, and was tested at Christmas Island, yielding 720 kt. [Lorna Arnold, "Britain and the H-Bomb, the official history," p147, p236. Published Palgrave, 2001. ISBN 0-312-23518-6 in North America, ISBN 0-333-94742-8 elsewhere.] These two weapons, Green Bamboo and Orange Herald were intended as the two hybrid weapon predecessors of the first British thermonuclear weapons, based on the Granite design series that began with Short Granite, Purple Granite, Grapple X, Grapple Y, and Flagpole and Halliard at Grapple Z. Delays and failures in the Granite programme and the abandonment of Green Bamboo without a test, left a gap in the programme and an emergency capability weapon to fill that gap was devised from elements of both Green Bamboo and Orange Herald; being known as Knobkerry, [PRO. AVIA 65/1116 E18] or Green Grass, and the Interim Megaton Weapon. [PRO. AIR 2/13680 E11A.] There were also other factors involved in the decision to build an Interim Megaton Weapon. One being that the UK HEU production programme was by 1957 producing quantities of HEU for which there was no immediate need; and the Chiefs of Staff were reluctant to see it continue to languish in stores, unused for weapons, when it was being produced at great cost. [PRO. AIR 2/13680 E11A and E46B.] The Green Grass warhead containing perhaps 70–86 kg of HEU (although there are no reliable declassified sources for this figure) was therefore hurriedly produced and installed in a modified Blue Danube casing, to be known as Violet Club, until a better solution based on the Yellow Sun casing could be produced, known then with Green Grass installed, as Yellow Sun Mk.1. [Wynn. pps 248-251.] Only five Violet Club weapons were produced, known by the RAF description of Bomb, Aircraft, HE 9,000 lb HC, and they were stripped of their Green Grass warheads for transfer to the better casings when these became available. Violet Club (and to a lesser degree Yellow Sun Mk.1) was not considered a satisfactory design and suffered from numerous design defects. An implosion design, the fissile core of the weapon was a hollow sphere of HEU which was surrounded by a HE supercharge and 72-lens implosion system. [PRO. AVIA 65/1218 E183 (a)] The HEU core was greater than one uncompressed critical mass and to maintain it in a sub-critical condition AWRE fashioned it into a hollow thin-walled sphere. The HEU sphere was collapsed inwards by the HE supercharge and 72 lenses. However, a fire in the bomb store or a traffic collision on the airfield could easily lead to a partial crushing or collapse of the non-removable shell of HEU, and in turn a spontaneous nuclear chain reaction. AWRE responded by inserting (though a hole in the shell) a rubber bag, rather akin to an outsize female condom, and filled this with 20,000 steel ball bearings of 0.375-inches diameter (9.5mm), weighing 70 kg. [PRO. AVIA 65/777 E38 Section 5.] Subsequently, the number of these steel balls was increased to 133,000, [David J.Hawkins, "Keeping the Peace, The Aldermaston Story," p52. Published Pen and Sword in association with AWE, 2000. ISBN 0-85052-775-9] with a reduction in size to approx 5mm diameter. The balls were retained in the device by sealing the hole with a plastic bung. The steel balls were intended to prevented a nuclear detonation even if the explosives fired accidentally, or in any conceivable accident. The ball bearings had to be removed through the hole in the bomb casing during flight preparation, and after the bomb was winched into the aircraft. The ball bearings then had to be re-inserted into the lowered and upturned bomb before transport back to the bomb store. Quite obviously, without the ball bearings installed, these weapons were armed and live, and too dangerous to allow to be flown on exercises. Bomber Command exercises demonstrated that flight preparation followed by a scramble take-off could not be reduced below thirty minutes, [PRO. AIR 2/13705 E36A (c).] and on exercises in bad weather and at night a ninety minute scramble was the norm. [PRO. AIR 2/13705 E62A page 1.] At least one accident dated 1960 was reported in the press when the plastic bung was removed and 133,000 steel ball bearings exited onto the aircraft hangar floor, leaving the bomb armed and vulnerable. [Sunday Telegraph, London, 28 June 1998, p13.] The Royal Air Force were so nervous of the outcome of a fire in storage, that permission was sought to store the bombs inverted, so that a loss of the plastic bung could not end with the steel balls on the floor, leaving the HEU unprotected against a subsequent explosion. [PRO. AVIA 65/1218 E181, E193.] Even without the partial nuclear detonation feared by the RAF, there was "a risk of catastrophe" [PRO. AIR 2/13705 E62A page 2, E47A page 3, and PRO. AIR 2/13718 E249 page 2.] AWRE's trickery with the steel balls had other unintended outcomes. Even an event as inconsequential as early morning frost was an issue, Violet Club could be loaded into a bomber for up to thirty days on standby, while parked overnight on a remote base where the bomb could get very cold. If the steel balls froze together inside the bomb cavity and couldn't be removed, the bomb was useless, and the aircraft couldn't scramble with almost half a ton of excess weight. AWRE's solution was to fit the bomb with an electric blanket. Because the bombs were armed before flight, the take-off was hazardous; the bombs couldn't be jettisoned, and landing with an armed bomb on return to base was too hazardous to contemplate; so Violet Club couldn't be used on an airborne alert. [PRO. AIR 2/13705 E36A.] or even flown to a remote dispersal base. Other design flaws centred on a requirement for a strip-down and inspection at six-monthly intervals and taking three weeks per weapon using AWRE civilian staff. The unstable nature of the bomb required that the work be done in-situ at RAF facilities, causing considerable disruption to operational duties. There were three main reasons for the strip-down and these were deterioration of the rubber bag, corrosion of the steel balls, and deterioration of the HE, which was prone to cracking. Replacement of the HE would cost the RAF in excess of £90,000 adjusted to 2006 prices. [PRO. AVIA 65/1155 E194 para 11.] Green Grass/Violet Club was the first UK deployed weapon to dispense with the crude polonium and beryllium impact or crush type initiators used in Red Beard, Blue Danube, Fat Man and other early US weapons. Instead it used an Electronic Neutron Initiator or ENI, known as Blue Stone which had the great advantage of being adjustable, allowing the neutron burst to be triggered at precisely the right moment. The burst heights of Green Grass were optimized for either maximum overpressure without allowing fireball contact with the ground, or to maximise the ground area subjected to a 6 psi overpressure; respectively 3,500 ft and 6,200 ft above ground level, [PRO. AIR 2/13705 E58A.] using a barometric fuze backed-up with an adjustable clockwork timer fuze [PRO. AIR 2/13718 E7A (4)] and fail-safe impact fuzes. Most of these mechanisms originated from Blue Danube although the radar altimeter fuze was omitted. [PRO. AIR 2/13718 E21B (3)] The electrical power for these fuzing mechanisms and the firing mechanisms of the 72-lens 45 inch diameter implosion device came from lead-acid accumulators located in the tail of the Blue Danube casing. These were commercially-sourced six volt motorcycle batteries. Green Grass struggled to meet the Chiefs of Staff requirement for an Interim Megaton [yield] Weapon. It was never tested, and initially, AWRE estimated its yield at 500 kt based on the Orange Herald test of 720kt, and non-nuclear tests of the HE implosion sphere fitted with non-fissile cores. A Mr Challens of AWRE who later became the Director of AWRE then claimed to the Air Staff that cquote\| "A weapon of one half megaton was considered to be in the megaton range. [At a conference recorded in PRO. AVIA 65/1218] [ [] ] A play-on-words that later returned to haunt AWRE when later estimates revised the yield to 400kt. Challens also stated on behalf of AWRE that cquote\| "AWRE were almost completely sure that a nuclear explosion would not occur if the balls are in, - but in the absence of trial proof, he could not guarantee it." The Royal Air Force were not amused, with Bomber Command Staff officers minuting their seniors with remarks like this one. [PRO. AIR 2/13705 E59A] cquote\| "This [minute] means that Violet Club and Yellow Sun Mk.1 are not "in the megaton range" at all, notwithstanding the extraordinary measures taken, and costs involved for what we had thought to be a megaton capability. This ..... lead me to the belief that production of Green Grass be curtailed. I cannot imagine any commercial organisation continuing to buy a device that so patently fails to meet the requirement, or to be misled without protest as the Air Ministry has so consistently been [misled] by AWRE." Summing up, senior levels of the RAF believed they had been sold a 'lemon', and these further extracts from the archives does much to illustrate the uncertain safety of the weapon in the hands of the inexperienced RAF.cquote\| "Aircraft engines must not be run with Violet Club loaded on the aircraft with the safety device [of steel balls] in place. The engines must not be started until the weapon is prepared for an actual operational sortie [to prevent the steel balls vibrating like a bag of jellybeans] ". [PRO. AIR 2/13718 E15A (3)(d)] cquote\| ".... uncertainty exists about the effects of movement with the balls inserted." [PRO. AIR 2/13718 E21B (14)] The fifth and last Violet Club weapon was due for delivery to the RAF by the end of May 1959 [PRO AVIA 65/1116 E20.] and all were withdrawn by 1960, but in their Yellow Sun Mk.1 form they survived until 1963, when all had been replaced with Yellow Sun Mk.2 with Red Snow warheads installed. These very large and dirty fission bombs were the largest pure-fission bombs deployed by any state, and unlike their predecessors Blue Danube and Red Beard they used HEU as a fissile material rather than plutonium. The reason being primarily economic. The cost of HEU to the Royal Air Force was (at 1958-9 prices) £19,200 per kg, with plutonium priced at £143,000 per kg. Although a HEU weapon needed more fissile material for a given yield than a plutonium weapon, [Charles S.Grace, "Nuclear Weapons: Principles, Effects and Survivability." Published: Royal College of Military Science, Shrivenham, Wilts, and Brasseys, 1994. ISBN 0-08-040992-X] a saving per weapon was of the order of £22.7M at 2006 prices. Thirty seven Green Grass warheads were built (five as Violet Club) saving the Treasury £840M. The influence of the Treasury on weapons procurement should not be underestimated: it reaches even into weapons design. Clearly, there were economic benefits in building large and dirty U-235 fission bombs, rather than cleaner, but more expensive plutonium weapons; and there was a shortage of plutonium anyway. By 1958 Britain's accumulated production of plutonium was only 472.2 kg [PRO AB 16/3878 various enclosures.] and a proportion of that was bartered to the United States in exchange for HEU and other items. Up to 1958, British output of HEU was only 860 kg, [PRO. AB 16/3878 various enclosures.] while the United States supplied the UK with approximately seven tons of HEU from their less costly production process. So HEU used for Green Grass was purchased cheaply from the U.S. while selling to the U.S. the unwanted and high-priced weapons-grade plutonium. Knobkerry, alias Green Grass, alias Interim Megaton Weapon, alias Violet Club and Yellow Sun Mk.1 had one other distinction. It was the last entirely British nuclear weapon deployed with the UK Armed Services. The British Operation Grapple thermonuclear weapon tests at Christmas Island in 1957-58 were the end of evolution. There were no more wholly home-grown designs. Britain never deployed a true thermonuclear weapon of wholly home-grown design. All the weapons tested at Operation Grapple were abandoned, because AWRE no longer needed them; although some of their features were undoubtedly incorporated into later weapons. These Granite-type devices were all experimental devices needing to be developed further into reliable Service-engineered warheads at considerable cost in time and money. The U.S. designs offered after 1958 were fully tested and engineered, and cheap to produce. [PRO. AVIA 65/1771 E24 page 1 para 3, and PRO. AVIA 65/1792.] They were manufactured in Britain from British materials and U.S. blueprints. They were British property and there were no American political constraints on their use; and for the Treasury, it was truly a deal made in heaven; and Violet Club and Yellow Sun Mk.1 bridged the gap until the American designs could be manufactured. External links * (many inaccuracies on this site.) Norris, Burrows and Fieldhouse, Nuclear Weapons Databook Vol.5, British, French and Chinese Nuclear Weapons. Published Westview Press, Oxford, 1994. ISBN 0-8133-1612-X Prof J.E.Harris, MBE, FREng, FRS, FIM. Interdisciplinary Science Reviews. The threat of nuclear terrorism. Published ISR 1999 Vol.4, No.2. ISSN 0308-0188. *Prof J.E.Harris, MBE, FREng, FRS, FIM. Interdisciplinary Science Reviews. Plutonium: from star dust to Star Wars. Published ISR 2001, Vol.26, No.1. ISSN 0308-0188. Wikimedia Foundation. 2010. Look at other dictionaries: • Violet (Peanuts) — Violet Gray is a character in the comic strip Peanuts by Charles M. Schulz.Violet has shoulder length dark hair, and she frequently wears green dresses (switching to pants in the winter and in later years). Schulz changed her hairstyle between… … Wikipedia • Violet Town Football Club — is an Australian football club which was established in 1880 and has won 12 premierships in various different Australian rules football leagues. LeaguesThe club is currently part of the Kyabram and District Football League (KDFL) and has 3 teams … Wikipedia • Violet Mersereau — Données clés Naissance 2 … Wikipédia en Français • Violet — (ヨシコシ, Yoshikoshi) es un personaje alternativo de Kumatora que inicialmente apareció en el capítulo 4 de Mother 3. Violet es la identidad de Kumatora, ella es una camarera del Club Titiboo y es muy amiga de unos guardias llamados Skinhead y… … Wikipedia Español • Club Seventeen — Sede Heemskerk (Holanda) Industria Pornografía … Wikipedia Español • Violet Scene — was a Norwegian rock group whose key members included Kjetil Bergseth (vocals/guitar), Jo Espen Bergseth (bass), Ralf Lofstad (guitar), Arvid Nordstrand (drums) and Asbjørn Risøy (guitar) between 1995 and 2000. Formed in Oslo, the band was… … Wikipedia • Violet Barasa — Violet Awindi Barasa (born June 21 1975, Sikhendu village, Bungoma District, Kenya ndash; died February 12 2007, Webuye) was a volleyball player from Kenya. Her surname is sometimes spelled as Baraza. She was a long time captain for the Kenyan… … Wikipedia • Club Titiboo — El club Titiboo (クラブ・チチブー, Kurabu Chichibū) es un club de ficción en el videojuego de 2006 para GBA: Mother 3. Es un lugar visitado en el Capítulo 4: La Torre del Trueno . En la historia Para acceder al club se debe entregar un ticket al hombre a … Wikipedia Español • Violet Kickers F.C. — Football club infobox clubname = Violet Kickers F.C. fullname = Violet Kickers Football Club nickname = founded = ground = UDC Field Montego Bay capacity = chairman = flagicon\|Jamaica Collin Brydson manager = league = St. James Major League… … Wikipedia • Club athlétique de Paris — Ne pas confondre avec le club de football du Cercle athlétique de Paris. Infobox club sportif Club athlétique de Paris … Wikipédia en Français Share the article and excerpts Direct link Do a right-click on the link above and select “Copy Link”

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