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Is a Pickle Considered a Vegetable? by Charlie Our planet is so full of mysteries it can sometimes feel like we may never have the answers. But then again, there are the times when things we thought we understood are made infinitely more unknowable thanks to the Supreme Court, botany, and culinary experts. Is a pickle considered a vegetable? No, a pickle is not considered a vegetable, but rather a fruit. The question of whether pickles are vegetables should be a simple one, but there’s a whole lot of history complicating the answer. Though it may seem controversial and wrong, based on all available information, we have to admit that pickles are a fruit. History of Pickles Pickling is thought to be one of the first and longest used methods of food preservation. Thought to have originated in Mesopotamia in 2400 BCE, pickling is the process of submerging fruits and vegetables in salt water or vinegar, preserving them via anaerobic (oxygen-free) fermentation. Typically, the brine or vinegar will be absorbed into the fruit or vegetable, creating a pH level of less than 4.6, making it acidic enough to kill a lot of bacteria, but delicious enough to eat every day. Though you can pickle a lot of things, when Americans talk pickles, we’re usually referring to the pickled cucumbers. The Humble Pickle The pickle has long been a staple of delis, barbecues, and burger joints the country over. But long before this savory, tangy snack became an American classic, it was literally a lifesaver. Before the advent of refrigerators and airplane travel, we made all our trips via boat. This meant that we had few means of preserving fresh food for long voyages. And what happens when you combine an extended journey at sea with no access to fresh produce? You get scurvy. Thanks to the humble pickled cucumber, vitamin C deficiency could be held at bay, and captains stocked their vessels with large barrels of pickles to keep their seamen happy, healthy, and scurvy-free. Why the Pickle Isn’t Considered a Vegetable On the topic of sailing, one of the main reasons that pickles, or at least cucumbers, are labeled vegetables instead of fruit is because of a case decided by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1893 when a John Nix sued the Port of New York to get back taxes paid on vegetables. Nix v. Hedden The case of Nix v. Hedden came to the highest court in the nation in 1893, where the full might of the judicial system gathered to determine whether tomatoes were fruits or vegetables. John Nix, importer of fine fruits and founder of the John Nix ; Co. was minding his own business when suddenly President Arthur signed the Tariff Act of March 3, 1883, creating a tax on all imported vegetables. Whether genuinely outraged or hoping to find a profitable loophole, Nix ; Co. decided to file suit against the Collector of the Port of New York to recover duties paid on tomatoes, in light of this new law. Botanists vs. Common Usage During the trial, botanists testified that a tomato was in fact a fruit, but the court found in favor of the respondent anyway. Botanists classify fruit as the product of the seed-bearing plant that flowers, formed in the ovary after flowering has occurred. Cucumbers fit this criterion and are therefore fruit. Many witnesses testified that a culinary approach was the more practical one and that tomatoes (and by definition cucumbers) should be categorized based on how we use them. Because the botanical definition hinges on a certain level of plant know-how to properly taxonomize that the average person may not possess, this may be why the Justices present all found unanimously in favor of the Collector of the Port. Culinary and Nutritional Value Further complication matters are the culinary and nutritional categorizations. They may be similar, but both have different reasoning for their conclusion. Similar to those justices of the Supreme Court, chefs frequently classify fruits and vegetables based on how they are prepared and the part of the meal when they are eaten. Nutritionists base their definition on nutritional content. In their view, fruits are inherently full of naturally occurring sugars and vegetables are not. Why a Pickle is a Fruit Though it may have made sense to classify fruits and vegetables based on how we prepare them, any contemporary gourmand knows that this is a problem that makes agreeing on common usage a moveable feast. A New Century and New Cuisine In the century or so since Nix v. Hedden, the way we prepare our food has changed drastically due to cultural exchange, technological advances, and good old-fashioned human ingenuity. Because of that, cucumbers and their pickled form are no longer just for dinner. A quick search online will lead you to 5-star reviewed recipes for pickle cupcakes, pickle sugar cookies, pickle tarts, and pickle ice creams. We even have pickling recipes that will make your pickles sweet as candy. Similarly, you can find all manner of recipes for kale cakes, spinach bars, and even beetroot cake. Fruit is also sneaking onto the dinner plate with recipes like grilled watermelon salad, and our favorite topic of debate: pineapple on pizza. Because where and how we eat fruits and vegetables has changed so drastically, the Supreme Court’s decision, opinion of old-fashioned chefs, and modern nutritionists should no longer hold sway. The botanical definition is the only one that has withstood the test of time. The Transformative Potential of Pickling Some will argue that because a pickle is not found in nature and has been altered by the process of pickling, it can no longer fit into the category of fruit or vegetable, and therefore the argument is moot. Not so! Is a pickled egg still not an egg? A pickled walnut not still a walnut? Common sense says yes. Final Thoughts This is one of those rare instances where shocking new information doesn’t need to change anything about the way you enjoy something. Though the revelation that pickles are fruits may have shaken you, don’t be too concerned. Strange, sweet pickle concoctions are in vogue, but definitely not the norm, and no one is going to force you to incorporate them into your sweet treats. Take heart from the wise words of British journalist and broadcaster Miles Kington who said, “knowledge is knowing that a tomato is a fruit; wisdom is not putting it in a fruit salad.” You may also like
What does it mean to act “on the margin” or to think in terms of “marginality?” Economists use the term often. The Mises Circle in interwar Vienna even had songs with refrains that included the words “marginal utility.” On the very first day of my principles courses, I teach my students that people make decisions “on the margin.” Of course, this pronouncement is greeted primarily with looks of resigned boredom and/or helplessness. I try to clarify by saying that if we look at a piece of paper, the margin is just the edge, not the entire sheet. This explanation also does little good. The fact is, economists are so used to marginal thinking that they have a hard time explaining it to someone who’s never heard of it before. And so what I do is jump quickly into some examples. The Water-Diamond Paradox The most famous application of marginalism is the solution to the so-called water-diamond paradox, which seemed to stump Adam Smith in his Wealth of Nations.1 The problem is this: Why do diamonds have a higher exchange value than water, when diamonds are a mere frippery while water is essential to life? Shouldn’t people be willing to offer more in exchange for a unit of water than for a unit of diamonds? Teachers versus Athletes The classical confusion over use and exchange value resurfaces in modern times whenever someone laments: “Teachers make only a fraction of what professional athletes make! Doesn’t this country care about education more than sports?!?” Before leaving the issue of teacher versus athlete pay, let me point out one subtle contradiction by the critics of capitalism: the very same people who remind us over and over that a person’s income is no measure of his or her intrinsic worth, are the ones who complain the loudest over this country’s “priorities” when it comes to salaries. But if we are already agreed that a person’s salary has no relation to moral worth or social importance, then why is the teacher (or nurse, fire fighter, etc.) entitled to more money than the professional athlete? Sunk Cost A logical extension of marginalist thinking is the notion of sunk cost. The principle here is usually summed up by the expression “Bygones are bygones.” For some reason, people have a tendency to make inferior present decisions out of a misguided attempt to mitigate previous errors in forecasting. A typical example would be a man who goes to a fancy restaurant and in a fit of daring orders a hundred-dollar entrée even though the waiter warns him that it is quite spicy. Upon his first taste of the dish, the man realizes that it is far too hot for his mild palate. Indeed, the man finds the dish so intolerable that he would normally throw it out. But because the man will have to pay $100 for it (we assume he can’t send it back for a refund), he forces down the dish to “get his money’s worth.” The error2 here is that our man is forgetting that the $100 is sunk. Whether he eats the entrée or not, he will have to pay the restaurant $100 when he leaves. His prior decision—ordering the dish—committed him to this, and it was that decision that truly cost him $100. Now, with the spicy meal sitting in front of him, the man is confronted with a subsequent choice: Eat the dish or not? If, by stipulation, the man would rather go hungry than force down the meal if it were free, then he should do the same here, for the decision to eat or not eat the dish carries no financial considerations. (I.e., no one is waiting in the wings to hand the man a hundred-dollar bill for cleaning his plate.) A similar example would be someone who spends $1000 on a gym membership and then forces himself to go every day, even though he wouldn’t do so if the membership had cost only $100. Once again, that $1000 is already gone3 —the man must now decide, each day, whether to go on that day or not. Each choice is a marginal one; the man cannot undo his earlier actions. He is no longer in the position of choosing whether or not to join the gym. I will end with a final example drawn from actual experience. I know someone who spent a great deal renovating a house which happened to have an old, rotted tree standing next to it. When asked by the next door neighbor about chipping in a few hundred dollars to have the tree removed (lest it fall on either house), the owner apparently responded by saying, “Naw, I’ve already put too much money into this property.” As with the diner’s justification, this explanation is also nonsensical, because it fails to treat bygones as bygones. The money had already been spent renovating the house. Now the issue is this: Is spending a few hundred dollars worth the reduction in risk of damage to the house? Maybe it is, and maybe it isn’t; I am not saying the owner made the wrong decision. But the claim that this decision should be influenced by how much “total money” has been pumped into the project, although understandable, falls apart under closer scrutiny. One of the basic principles of economics is that people make decisions on the margin. Fundamentally, this is a positive statement: people do in fact only make choices among marginal units; nobody ever chooses between “water” and “diamonds.” However, the marginal principle (and the related doctrine of sunk costs) may also be prescriptive whenever people make decisions based on faulty chains of reason. • 2. In commenting on examples such as this, the philosopher Roderick Long points out that there is nothing “irrational” in considering “sunk costs.” If that’s what someone’s values are, then that’s what they are. (To give a silly example, if someone had strong religious beliefs that he would be damned for ignoring sunk costs, then it would be perfectly sensible to eat the entrée.) But in this case, the costs wouldn’t really be sunk, because one’s present decision (whether or not to eat the dish) would entail future feelings of anguish, guilt, etc. Despite complications such as these, I still feel that a discussion of sunk costs is useful at the introductory level. Under normal circumstances, the economist would urge people to stop feeling anguish or guilt over costs that are truly sunk. Source link
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Free «Civilizational Dialogue» Essay Sample The clash of civilization is an argument that asserts that religious and cultural identities of people will be the reason behind the conflicts in the post-Cold War world. The clash of civilization theory was proposed by a political scientist Samuel P. Huntington in response to the works of his former student Francis Fukuyama in his book The End of History and the Last Man. Fukuyama in his theory argued that the historical process that had resulted in the rise of communism and feudalism had come to an end. Democracy and capitalism, the two core values of Western civilization, had overcome communism. However, Huntington in his clash of civilization theory postulates that culture and religion are the major causes of conflict in the modern world. The thesis of the current work is that theories of the clash of civilization and the end of history play an instrumental role in highlighting human differences in terms of their language, culture, and traditions. Arguments For and Against the Theory of Clash of Civilizations There are various arguments provided for the theory of clash of civilizations. Firstly, Huntington (2010) proposes that civilizations can clash because of their differences. He argues that the conflicting approaches are simple because civilizations have differences in history, language, culture, tradition, and religion. The major differences are resultant from the centuries of development; thus, they became an integral part of civilization. Moreover, the world is becoming increasingly smaller; and thus interactions are growing around the world. The increase in interactions intensifies the conscious of civilization and the awareness of the similarities and differences between them. Furthermore, Alkan (2014) explains that economic development and changes in social approaches have resulted to separation of people from local identities that have existed for a long time. The gap has been replaced by religion, which lays a fundamental basis for identification that has transcended country’s boundaries and united civilizations. Additionally, the increase in economic regionalism is another argument for the theory of clash of civilization. Fletcher and Iyigun (2010) bring out the view that successful increase in regional economic development will motivate civilization consciousness. Moreover, clash of civilization will occur because the differences in culture and the characteristics of societies are not mutable in most cases. Hence, they are not easily compromised and challenging as compared to the political and economic differences. Koechler (2002) affirms that growth of civilization consciousness is further enhanced by the West. The West, being at the peak of power, makes non-westernized countries to have the desire, will, and resources to mold the world in the non-western ways. There are also arguments against the theory of clash of civilizations. Mahdavi and Knight (2012) argue that the theory is an example of the purest invidious racism, a sort of parody of Hitlerian science directed today against Arabs and Muslims. More so, the clash of civilizations theory is viewed as a new justification for the U.S. to carry out the atrocities after the Cold War as the Soviet Union was no longer a threat to them. In essence, the Parliament of Malaysia (2013) points out that an alliance of civilization opposes to the theory with the United Nations taking up the task of dialogue between different civilizations. The phenomenon is aiming at reducing the social and cultural barriers between different civilizations. Arguments For and Against the Theory of End of History There are numerous arguments for the end of history theory. Fukuyama (2006) argues that in the post-Cold War period, democracy would outdo all other forms of government. The reason is the desire for peace and wellbeing, which sets nations to progress. He also argues that if a nation, regardless of being communist, desires to have greatest prosperity, it has to embrace some degree of capitalism. The proof is that the creation of wealth depends on private property hence demand for legal protection of individual rights. Fukuyama (2006) opines that history should be seen as an evolutionary process because events happen at the end of history. He further argues that the pessimistic view of the future of humanity is warranted because people are unable to control technology. According to Fletcher and Iyigun (2010), Fukuyama also brings out the view that the end of history simply means that liberal democracy as a form of government is a final decision for all nations. He demonstrates the view that progression from liberal democracy to any other form of government cannot occur. Nevertheless, arguments against the theory exist. To begin with, history is not over because neither democracy nor liberalism is ascendant. Mahdavi and Knight (2012) reiterate that the connection between capitalism and democracy has already been broken. The failure of capitalism has turned democracy against liberalism. Nations all over the globe are trying to practice the new system of capitalism that took over communism. Another argument against the end of history theory is that capitalist democracies are suffering from poverty and racial tension. Koechler (2002) points out that the theory does not sufficiently address the power and force of ethnic loyalties and religious fundamentalism as hindrances to the spread of liberal democracy. A perfect example is the Islamic fundamentalism. The New World Order and Solutions The new world order is an explanation of the emerging totalitarian world government. Alkan (2014) suggests that the the new world order explained in conspiracy theories is the secret power elite. They have a global agenda of conspiring to rule the entire world with an authoritarian government which replaces sovereign states. The new world order is implemented gradually by the establishment of international organizations such as the United Nations, the World Bank, the World Health Organization and the International Monetary Fund. Huntington (2010) points to the view that the new world order seeks control through regulating human population by the use of family planning methods. The reduction in human population is enhanced through family planning and reproductive health, which promotes abortion, abstinence, and use of contraceptives. According to Alkan (2014), the new world order has different aspects as it is also manifested through mass surveillance of the population. The phenomena as coding of goods using universal product codes, social security numbers, and use of biometrics for identification support the assumption. The new world order is also manifested through occultism, whereby illuminati religion is being introduced to people, who want to rule the world. To solve the new world order, sovereign states need to introduce their own locally produced goods. People should be encouraged to buy their locally grown and manufactured goods. Moreover, Fukuyama (2006) recommends that different nations of the world should be encouraged to embrace their religions instead of the occult religion in the new world order. Freedom of religion and worship should be practiced worldwide. Governments of different nations should come up with their own local organizations to take care of regional needs such as health and currency. Independence of each government should be promoted worldwide. In conclusion, proponents of the clash of civilization and the end of history theories provide various speculations about the future of America and the world. The arguments are based on the causes of the clash of civilizations in the modern world and the change in the system of governance. However, the two theories face a number of counterarguments because of tendency to encourage racism and to force the end of human history respectively. The new world order identifies one system of government that rules the entire world through control of growth in population, mass surveillance, and occultism. However, the issues could be effectively solved through the promotion of independent product manufacture and buying. 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A V2 launched from Test Stand VII in the summer of 1943 In military terminology,[1] a missile, also known as a guided missile or guided rocket, is a guided airborne ranged weapon capable of self-propelled flight usually by a jet engine or rocket motor. Missiles have five system components: targeting, guidance system, flight system, engine and warhead. Missiles come in types adapted for different purposes: surface-to-surface and air-to-surface missiles (ballistic, cruise, anti-ship, anti-tank, etc.), surface-to-air missiles (and anti-ballistic), air-to-air missiles, and anti-satellite weapons. Airborne explosive devices without propulsion are referred to as shells if fired by an artillery piece and bombs if dropped by an aircraft. Unguided jet-propelled missiles are usually described as rocket artillery. Historically, the word missile referred to any projectile that is thrown, shot or propelled towards a target; this usage is still recognized today.[1] Early development V-1 missile The first missiles to be used operationally were a series of missiles developed by Nazi Germany in World War II. Most famous of these are the V-1 flying bomb and V-2 rocket, both of which used a mechanical autopilot to keep the missile flying along a pre-chosen route.[2] Less well known were a series of Anti-Ship and Anti-aircraft missiles, typically based on a simple radio control (command guidance) system directed by the operator. However, these early systems in World War II were only built in small numbers.[3][4][5] Guided missiles have a number of different system components: • Guidance system • Targeting system • Flight system • Engine • Warhead Guidance systems The most common method of guidance is to use some form of radiation, such as infrared, lasers or radio waves, to guide the missile onto its target. This radiation may emanate from the target (such as the heat of an engine or the radio waves from an enemy radar), it may be provided by the missile itself (such as a radar), or it may be provided by a friendly third party (such as the radar of the launch vehicle/platform, or a laser designator operated by friendly infantry). The first two are often known as fire-and-forget as they need no further support or control from the launch vehicle/platform in order to function. Another method is to use a TV guidance, with a visible light or infrared picture produced in order to see the target. The picture may be used either by a human operator who steering the missile onto its target or by a computer doing much the same job. One of the more bizarre guidance methods instead used a pigeon to steer a missile to its target. Some missiles also have a home-on-jam capability to guide itself to a radar-emitting source. Many missiles use a combination of two or more of the methods to improve accuracy and the chances of a successful engagement. Targeting systems Flight system A simplified diagram of a solid-fuel rocket. 2. An igniter combusts the surface of the propellant. 5. Exhaust exits the rocket. Missiles are powered by an engine, generally either a type of rocket engine or jet engine. Rockets are generally of the solid-propellant type for ease of maintenance and fast deployment, although some larger ballistic missiles use liquid-propellant rockets. Jet engines are generally used in cruise missiles, most commonly of the turbojet type, due to its relative simplicity and low frontal area. Turbofans and ramjets are the only other common forms of jet engine propulsion, although any type of engine could theoretically be used. Long-range missiles may have multiple engine stages, particularly in those launched from the surface. These stages may all be of similar types or may include a mix of engine types − for example, surface-launched cruise missiles often have a rocket booster for launching and a jet engine for sustained flight. Basic roles An R-36 ballistic missile launch at a Soviet silo Russian-Indian Supersonic cruise missile BrahMos The V1 had been successfully intercepted during World War II, but this did not make the cruise missile concept entirely useless. After the war, the US deployed a small number of nuclear-armed cruise missiles in Germany, but these were considered to be of limited usefulness. Continued research into much longer-ranged and faster versions led to the US's SM-64 Navaho and its Soviet counterparts, the Burya and Buran cruise missile. However, these were rendered largely obsolete by the ICBM, and none were used operationally. Shorter-range developments have become widely used as highly accurate attack systems, such as the US Tomahawk missile and Russian Kh-55 . Cruise missiles are generally further divided into subsonic or supersonic weapons - supersonic weapons such as BrahMos (India, Russia) are difficult to shoot down, whereas subsonic weapons tend to be much lighter and cheaper allowing more to be fired. Anti-ship and Anti-submarine The French Exocet missile in flight U.S. Army soldiers firing an FGM-148 Javelin Surface-to-air and subsurface-to-air MIM-104 Patriot missile being launched Like most missiles, the S-300, S-400, Advanced Air Defence and MIM-104 Patriot are for defense against short-range missiles and carry explosive warheads. For the first time used by Soviet pilots in the summer of 1939 during the Battle of Khalkhin Gol.[7] On August 20, 1939, the Japanese Nakajima Ki-27 fighter was attacked by the Soviet Polikarpov I-16 fighter of the Captain N. Zvonarev, he fired a rocket salvo, from a distance of about a kilometer, after which the Ki-27 crashed to the ground.[8] A group of Polikarpov I-16 fighters under command of Captain N. Zvonarev were using RS-82 rockets against Japanese aircraft, shooting down 16 fighters and 3 bombers in total.[9] ASM-135 ASAT missile launch in 1985 In the 1950s and 1960s, Soviet designers started work on an anti-satellite weapon as part of the Istrebitel Sputnikov program ("istrebitel sputnikov" literally means "destroyer of satellites"). After a lengthy development process of roughly twenty years, it was finally decided that the testing of these weapons be canceled. This was when the United States started testing their own systems. The Brilliant Pebbles defense system proposed during the 1980s would have used kinetic energy collisions without explosives. Anti-satellite weapons may be launched either by an aircraft or a surface platform, depending on the design. To date, only a few known tests have occurred. As of 2019, only 4 countries - United States, India, Russia and China have operational anti-satellite weapons. See also 1. ^ a b "missile, n. and adj.". OED Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2021. 2.a. An object propelled (either by hand or mechanically) as a weapon at a target. [Usage citation: Maurice Leitch (1981). Silver's city. London: Secker & Warburg. ISBN 0436244136 - 'Then something struck him, a stone; it fell at his feet, and in a moment, the air was filled with missiles, curving high to land about him on the roadway.']. b. Military. A long-distance weapon that is self-propelled, and directed either by remote control or automatically, during part or all of its course. (Originally always with modifying word). 2. ^ https://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/world-war-two/world-war-two-in-western-europe/the-v-revenge-weapons/the-v-weapons/ History Learning Official Site V1 and V2 Weapons 3. ^ "The V Weapons". History Learning Site. 4. ^ Archives, The National. "The National Archives - Homepage". 5. ^ "Missile, Surface-to-Surface, V-2 (A-4)". National Air and Space Museum. April 1, 2016. 6. ^ "World's military powers". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2010-05-30. 7. ^ Moore, Jason Nicholas (2019-09-08). Soviet Bombers of the Second World War. Fonthill Media. 8. ^ NASA Technical Translation. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 1959. 9. ^ Maslov, Mikhail (2013-02-20). Polikarpov I-15, I-16 and I-153 Aces. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4728-0161-6. External links
Constructed Wetlands and Waterways Wetlands absorb large amount of water and contaminants from outside sources, and their micro-organisms (fungi and bacteria) efficiently decompose and recycle the nutrients. Water leaving a wetland is almost contaminant free and of good quality. Wetlands were once considered useless wastelands and often used as waste disposal sites or seen as potential pasture. Today however, we recognise their importance as hugely diverse ecosystems. Restoration of wetlands and construction of new wetlands benefits not only wetland plant and animal species but also many other aspects of our environment and way of life. Major benefits of constructed wetlands are: water quality, biodiversity, flood control, water levels and flows, community wellbeing, research and education. Constructed Wetlands 111 Constructed Wetlands 21 Constructed Wetlands 41 (1) Contact Us: (03) 352 7253 - 022 354 4700
cell-mediated immunity cell-mediated immunity Immunity involving cells, such as T cells and phagocytes, in contrast with humoral immunity, which involves soluble proteins (antibodies). Also called cellular immunity. cell′-me`diated immu′nity immunity conferred to an individual through the activity of T cells, involving the direct destruction of viruses, foreign particles, etc. Compare antibody-mediated immunity. References in periodicals archive ? The second component to the immune system is called cell-mediated immunity. This part of your cat's immune defenses involves the activation of various cells that either engulf invading pathogens or that release chemicals that ultimately lead to the recruitment of other cells in neutralization of pathogens. Studies have shown that patients with poor glycaemic control (glycosylated haemoglobin [HbA1c]>7%) had an increased risk of TB activation compared to patients with normal glycaemic level.24 In DM hosts, there is a delay in activation of Th1 cell-mediated immunity, leading to dysfunction in the adaptive immune response.28 In co-morbid TB-DM patients, increased levels of Th1 and Th17 cytokines are found.32 The efficacy of the Th1 response is reduced by impaired cellular interactions and the inability to mount a response during infections in DM hosts. Effect of cardiopulmonary resuscitation-induced stress on cell-mediated immunity. Intensive Care Med 1984;10:287-92. Evaluation of Cell-mediated Immunity by Delayed Type Hypersensitivity (DTH) Test Our patient did not receive steroids or chemotherapy and had normal immunoglobulin levels, implying that the underlying defect was one in cell-mediated immunity. Cell-mediated defects in patients with CLL have been described as both primary defects and chemotherapy-induced defects [7]. As the reader might guess, a measure of this diversity in a patient is a measure of the robustness of his or her cell-mediated immunity systems. The authors concluded that their findings indicated that cell-mediated immunity is affected by the herpes zoster vaccine and enhanced by a stronger, or more recent, dose. LADD is a proprietary platform of live-attenuated double-deleted Listeria monocytogenes strains that have been engineered to induce a potent innate immune response and to express tumor-associated antigens to induce tumor-specific T cell-mediated immunity. The Type 1 reaction (T1R) is a delayed hypersensitivity reaction associated with sudden alteration of cell-mediated immunity associated with a shift in the patient's position in the leprosy spectrum. Reduced cell-mediated immunity was proposed as a potential explanation for the high incidence of head and neck cancer observed in alcoholic patients (Lundy et al. Full browser ?
Six feet social distancing may not be enough for staying safe Six feet social distancing may not be enough for staying safe With the number of COVID-19 cases increasing every day, doctors and scientists offer insights on how to separate yourself from others, while still getting the social support you need. WHO and other medical bodies around the world are constantly updating our knowledge about COVID-19 due to the ongoing research of this new virus. One of the major preventive guidelines is that we must maintain 6 feet distance from others to ensure safety. When someone coughs, sneezes, or speaks they spray small liquid droplets from their nose or mouth which may contain viruses. If you are too close, you can breathe in the droplets, including the COVID-19 virus if the person has the disease. However, now it has been found that standing 6 feet away from others may not actually ensure safety. More than six months into the pandemic, there is talk of reexamining the 6 feet social distancing guideline. Experts point to evidence that the virus can remain in the air for hours and travel distances much greater than 6 feet. Factors such as crowd density, ventilation, face masks, and whether people are silent, speaking, shouting, or singing should all be considered in assessing distance. A team of infectious-disease experts argues in a new analysis that six-feet protocols are too rigid and are based on outmoded science and observations of different viruses. Other researchers say six feet is a start — but only a start, warning that more space is almost always better, especially in poorly ventilated areas indoors. University of Nebraska researchers found that the virus can be infectious in distances much farther than the 6 feet social distancing guidelines. An air sampling study, published in late July, found enough virus floating near the rooms of patients with covid-19, the disease caused by the coronavirus, at the University of Nebraska Medical Center, including in hallways, for scientists to grow the pathogen in cell cultures. Another study found living virus up to 16 feet away from covid-19 patients at a hospital in Gainesville, Fla. Scientists have warned that certain areas like indoors or areas with poor airflow, un-masked people infected with COVID-19 can transmit the virus through an airborne route via so-called aerosols,” Dr. Benjamin D. Singer, a critical care physician at Northwestern Medical Group in Chicago “These particles can hang in the air and transmit over distances greater than 6 feet.” Indoors, both proper distance and wearing a mask are imperative. If the novel coronavirus can float in the air as a vapor, earlier assumptions of its range are inadequate. Airborne transmission is still not conclusively proven, but a growing number of experts see persuasive evidence in super-spreading events that have transmitted the virus to people scores of feet away from the infection source. One helpful analogy is the cloud from a cigarette smoker. As you move farther away, you’re exposed to less because it becomes more diluted. The smoke doesn’t stop, though, at six feet. Experts still recommend wearing surgical or cloth masks to protect against the virus. Only masks recommended for blocking this virus should be used. There are many fancy masks available in the market. One needs to be sure that the mask protects you from the virus in indoor areas and places where a large number of people may be present. Many countries have allowed opening of malls and restaurants. These places are frequently visited by a large population. Restaurant indoors remains risky because ventilation is poor, and people are eating with their masks off. One needs to be very careful about such places, maintain sufficient distance and the restaurants need to carry out routine sanitation of frequently touched surfaces. Outdoor gatherings with family and friends are deemed as safe as long as family members stick together and observe physical distancing from other groups. Washing hands or using hand sanitizer is highly recommended. Riding in elevators if they are not crowded, and shopping for groceries as long as you mask up, are permissible. But using public transport and not observing more than 6 feet distance is highly dangerous. This is primarily because of a large crowd, poor circulation and transit time. Gyms and bars also present health hazards. While exercising people are breathing hard in gyms that often have poor circulation. They also remove masks during exercising due to inconvenience in breathing fast through masks. Bars serve alcohol that may cloud social distancing judgment, said the experts. It is highly unlikely that schools and colleges would be allowed to function in the near future. Children may not follow more than six feet social distancing and wear masks all the time. This may actually result in spreading disease through them. It is not easy to promote a more nuanced view of social distancing that might lead to noncompliance in certain countries where some people refuse to wear masks or take other precautions. But it should certainly be aimed at-least to those who are managing shared spaces like schools, cinema halls, malls, restaurants, etc. Keeping the highest level of awareness is something that we can do just for so long. And if we’re going to stay with this for a whole year or two, what’s really important is people understand when there is a very high risk. The world continues to see a spike in the number of deadly coronavirus infection cases. US, Brazil and India are one of the worst affected countries in the world, even as experts worry we might not have witnessed the peak of the infection yet and a big percentage of those who constitute the illness are asymptomatic. By now we all know the social-distancing drill: Stay at home, work from home when possible, and don’t go anywhere unless it’s absolutely necessary.
Why It's Important For Kids to Drink Milk Regularly As a kid, you probably have heard that you need to drink milk regularly. Aside from its calcium properties, read this to find out why milk is good for you. When we were younger, we were told that milk is good for us. They say that drinking milk will help you grow big and strong. They also said you drink milk for strong bones and teeth. This is true because milk is a recommended source of calcium and protein. That's why milk is essential in the development of children. Aside from milk, other dairy products such as butter, flavored milk, cheese and cottage cheese can also be a good source of these nutrients. However, these dairy products can contain high sugar and fat content, so consume these products rarely. Even products such as low-fat milk or yogurt can contain high sugar content if an artificial flavor is added. It can also include saturated fats that can increase your blood cholesterol and sugar levels and may increase the chance of acquiring heart disease. So, what are the benefits of drinking milk? As mentioned earlier, milk is a good source of calcium for your body. Calcium helps protect our body from migraine headaches and bone loss. If you're following the recommended amount of your calcium intake, it helps maintain strong bones, teeth, and even skin. Milk has a lot of vitamins and minerals that make your body healthy and strong. They can help you improve your eyesight and give you the energy you need from its carbohydrates. It also contains protein that helps speed up your body repair process and growth. One vitamin that milk is known for is vitamin D. Milk is fortified with vitamin D that assists your body to absorb calcium. It promotes bone growth and boosts immune function. Additionally, it reduces inflammation and the risk of having brittle bones as you get older. Milk has an ample amount of water molecules that keeps the body hydrated, so it's perfect for kids that are always on the go. They can be useful, especially in sports or other physical activities. You can also drink milk to sleep better. It contains the amino acid tryptophan, which helps you induce sleep. It also contains the hormone melatonin that can help regulate your sleep-wake phase. However, not all children can drink milk. Worldwide, three-fourths of the population are lactose intolerant or is unable to digest lactose. Lactose is the sugar found in milk. Additionally, having too much calcium in the body can stop the absorption of iron. Thiscan develop toanemia later on. Drinking too much milk can also cause obesity. Children can become taller but overweight due to drinking full-fat or whole milk. This is because it contains a lot of saturated fat. It may also cause reduced appetite to other kids because it makes themfeel full once theydrink a glass of milk. If your kids are unable to drink cow's milk, you can use other healthy alternatives. You can consumealmond milk, nut milk and coconut milk, which is tasty and all natural. If you want to have more vitamin D and calcium in your body, you can eat food such as spinach, kale, soybeans, okra and collards. For those that would like to have better skin, improved cellular health, and better digestion, you can try vegetables and fruits such as the Acai berries that are included in the Organic and Kosher Certified PURE Freeze-DriedAçai Berry Powder Capsules.
Julia Fiedler and Mark Merrifield in the field. Postdoc Q&A: Julia Fiedler This week we’re highlighting center postdoc Julia Fiedler. Julia has a PhD and MS in Physical Oceanography from Scripps Institution of Oceanography, a BS in Global Environmental Science from the University of Hawaii at Manoa, and a BA in Fine Art from Yale University, 2003. My research mainly focuses on something called wave run-up, or how high a wave can reach on a shoreline. To understand run-up, I use computer models to predict how waves will move through the surfzone and onto the beach, and I validate these predictions using observations from the field. For example, observations in the form of light detection and ranging measurements — or LiDAR — uses laser light to measure changing distances on the beach. These wave run-up models help us predict coastal flooding, both in Southern California and Hawaii. Above: The center’s observation efforts in Imperial Beach include drone LiDAR, ocean pressure and current meters, ocean pressure sensors, and ground-based truck LiDAR. These observations improve models in order to develop a better understanding of wave-induced coastal flooding. Graphic by Julia Fiedler. What did you learn from studying IB about how beaches change during a storm? This study really emphasizes the influence of the beach face on the components of coastal flooding – wave setup and swash, or the layer of water that washes up on the beach once a wave has broken. The tide level can greatly influence what the waves will do – here a steeper beach leads to larger, high-frequency swash (or waves rushing up and down at 4-25 second intervals). This is generally known in the literature and perhaps to the regular beach goer, but what we observed during the storm really emphasizes how quickly a beach can change in conjunction with the tide. This proves that having real life observations as a basis and validation for these models is really important. Above: Depiction of the relationship between waves, wave setup, and wave runup. Graphic by Julia Fiedler. How do recent coastal flooding events inform your model? Validation is, and always should be, a major part of getting this kind of thing right. Getting these observations of flooding is really what will make this model robust, because it helps us understand where the errors are coming from – is it the wave predictions? The beach profile? The tide? The model itself? Our group is in the process of trying to pin these errors down. What does a typical workday look like for you? I typically do most of my work on the computer (using matlab for data and model analysis). Sometimes I get to go out into the field, which is probably my favorite part of science, because it involves being at the beach! On a typical pre-pandemic workday, I’d wake up before the kids got up to get some quiet computer work done. I’d then head into the office after dropping my twins off at daycare. Occasional seminars and meetings aside, I’d pretty much spend most of my time working on and running model codes, making data figures, talking to folks in our group, reading, and writing. After leaving to pick up the kids. I’d return to computer work or reading after the kids were in bed, around 8pm, if needed. These days, with daycare closed, I really miss my old work routine and those blissful, uninterrupted hours! That being said, I’m learning how to be more efficient with the limited time I have. How did you get interested in your specific topic, or in science in general? Back in Hawaii, where I was born and raised, I got really into canoe paddling. While I’ve always enjoyed being at the beach and swimming, it was the paddling that got me into physical oceanography. We were doing races in between the islands, and I wanted to understand how the currents and tides could give us an extra “push.” I basically wanted to get faster without actually paddling harder – story of my life! I checked out a book from the library on the currents around the islands. Later, I took a class at UH Manoa – Oceanography 101. It was that class that really opened my eyes. How do waves work? How does the Earth work? I went back and got another degree in Global Environmental Science at UH, taking classes in geology, math, and oceanography (and others!) I had an absolutely fantastic time there, and had very caring mentors that led me to my current path. A big part of my research is based in observations and validation, which allows for continual refinement of our predictions. Understanding how waves evolve in the surf zone is not only important for immediate management responses for current flooding events, but helps us to plan for wave run-up in future sea level scenarios. This is especially important here on the West Coast of the mainland US, where many coastal flooding events are driven by distant Pacific storms. I have two undergraduate degrees – the first was in Fine Art, specializing in painting. The second is in Global Environmental Science. When I get the time, I still really enjoy making art. These days it mostly translates into figures for papers or presentations, or drawings I do with my 2 year olds! What climate change information or resources do you want people to be aware of that they may not already know about? I really enjoy following the climate science and scicomm communities on twitter. I get a lot of climate-related information, recent journal articles, and news from those sources- oftentimes things that my Google Scholar alerts will miss! Because twitter is inherently a more casual form of communication, it humanizes the scientists and writers behind the tweets. Twitter handles from news orgs and government agencies are also helpful for condensing sometimes lengthier reads. A few handles to get started: @NASAClimate, @iamscicomm, @nytclimate. Thanks for sharing, Julia! Featured photo shows Julia Fiedler and center Director Mark Merrifield, in the field at Torrey Pines State Beach.
Tag Archives: Lieutenant Colonel James H Doolittle China pays the price for Pearl Harbor As I wrote in my last article, the Japanese attack on the American fleet at anchor in Pearl Harbor precipitated the entry of the US into the Second World War. The population of the United States was understandable angry and eager for revenge; but Japan was so far away and America not yet fully prepared for war so what, if anything, could they do to build morale? Courtesy USA Government @ IWM (OEM 3605) Within a month of the attack, in January 1942, an audacious plot was hatched by the Americans: why not raid the Japanese mainland? In one blow they could inflict damage on Japanese industrial sites as well as to the psyche of the civilian Japanese population who believed that their homeland could never be attacked by a force coming all the way from America. At the same time, an attack on Japan would also improve America’s relationships with her other allies in the war and boost the morale of the American people. The initial plan was to launch a bombing raid from aircraft carriers, recover the planes and head back home; but whilst the B-25 could take off from a carrier it soon became obvious that landing on a ship was going to be much more difficult. It was therefore decided to launch the attack from ships positioned east of Tokyo, but instead of turning round and heading back to the aircraft carriers the planes would fly on to either China or Vladivostok in the Soviet Union. When approached about this Stalin was not keen on the plan as he was afraid that it might provoke Japan to attack Russia and so the Americans decided that all of the planes were to head for China. (For an overview of US/China relations at this time please see my article about Pearl Harbor). James H Doolittle with some of his Raiders The raid was to be led by Lieutenant Colonel James H Doolittle; the planes to be used were prepared for the mission by adding extra fuel tanks and stripping out all non-essential equipment to lighten the aircraft. The volunteer crews began their training in early March 1942 with a focus on night flying, cross-country flying, low altitude approaches, and evasive manouvers. The Japanese knew that the Americans would not let the attack on Pearl Harbor go unpunished and so were monitoring US naval radio. From this they knew that an attack was planned for some time in April but had no radar so their early warning system was poor, relying on converted fishing trawlers positioned in parallel lines offshore to act as pickets. Surprisingly, one of these pickets detected the approaching US ships on 18th April, 650 miles from Japan, and whilst the plan had been to launch at closer to 400 miles from land the Americans could not risk losing more ships after Pearl Harbor and so launched immediately. This attack by long-range bombers took Japan completely by surprise as targets were hit in Tokyo, Yokohama, Nagoya, Yokosuka and Kobe where the American planes met very little opposition before flying on; one plane eventually landed in Vladivostok (where its crew were interned) whilst the other fifteen continued to China. B-25 taking off from USS Hornet on the Doolittle Raid The damage inflicted on Japan by the ‘Doolittle Raiders’ was minimal, but its effect on the enemy was enormous. As a consequence of the raid the Japanese decided that it was imperative to meet the US advance in the Pacific head-on (which led to the Battle Of Midway), whilst for civilians the belief in the invulnerability of their homeland was now gone. For the Americans the raid did a lot to restore their self-belief and pride after Pearl Harbor – their first major strike of the war had been an attack on the enemy capital and they now had the confidence that they would eventually be the victors. But the story of The Doolittle Raid did not end with the American bombers reaching safety in China, and the consequences were far more wide-ranging than anyone could ever have anticipated. Unable to hit back directly at the Americans it was the Chinese who bore the brunt of the brutal revenge meted out by the Japanese. Doolittle and his crew after crash landing in China In early 1942 Manchuria as well as some industrial and commercial centers and key ports in China were occupied by Japan who was determined that she would hold on to these as well as prevent the Chinese from helping the Allied war effort. The American planners of the raid were aware of the situation before they set out, and they knew that the Chinese would suffer for the actions of the US but they went ahead regardless. The eighty volunteers who flew the Doolittle Raid knew before they set out that it was a one-way trip and so were prepared to bail out or crash-land in China when their fuel ran out; when this happened local guerrillas, missionaries and villagers willingly helped and cared for the downed airmen. Japan was quick to retaliate. Individuals who had helped the Americans were identified by the little thank you gifts which the airmen had given them – maybe a cigarette packet, or a glove, or badge – these people were then tortured and murdered as punishment for the help they had given. But retaliation was not limited to individuals who had helped. One report by a Canadian missionary records how the Japanese flew 1,131 bombing raids against Chuchow (where the Doolittle Raiders first landed) in which 10,246 people were killed and another 27,500 left destitute when over 62,000 homes were destroyed, over 7,500 head of cattle killed and 30% of the local crops burned. Altogether there were twenty-eight market towns in the region, of which only three were not destroyed. American airmen with some of their Chinese rescuers The town of Ihwang was one of those where the civilian population helped the airmen, and one of the missionaries who worked there (Father Dunker) later described the Japanese retaliation – they raped all women aged 10 to 65, then shot everyone (men, women and children) as well as all the livestock they could find, the town was looted and then burned to the ground. The bodies of the civilians were left to rot. The Japanese also took the town of Nancheng where they remained for a month. 800 women were rounded up and kept in a storehouse where they were repeatedly raped, the men were killed. Nancheng had a population of 50,000 when the Japanese arrived, when they left the town had been completely destroyed, hospitals looted, railway lines pulled up and the iron shipped back to Japan. The town burned for three days. In the summer of 1942 the Japanese razed an estimated 20,000 square miles of China – livestock was slaughtered, irrigation systems wrecked beyond repair, crops burned, bridges and roads and airfields totally destroyed. But that was not the end. When the Japanese finally withdrew they contaminated rivers, wells and fields with plague, cholera, anthrax and typhoid; they left behind food rations contaminated with these diseases knowing that the hungry locals would eat them and so spread the sickness further. This part of China had been prone to such diseases before the Japanese action so it is not possible to know quite how many died as a direct result, but it was in the many thousands. A US raid which had been designed to lift the spirits of the American people after Pearl Harbor led to a three-month campaign across the Kiangsi and Chekiang provinces of China in which it is estimated that 250,000 Chinese died, with the Japanese retaliation being likened to the Rape of Nanking in 1937-38. America honours the men who took part in the raid, but I hope they will also never forget the unsung, unnamed tens of thousands of Chinese heroes who will for ever be a part of this story.
We’re Not the Planet’s Only Thinkers A mother orca expressed her grief by carrying her lifeless calf on her head for days By Rob Breeding You’re probably aware of the sad news story of July: an orca in Puget Sound gave birth. The calf died hours later. The mother orca then expressed her grief by carrying the lifeless calf on her head for days. It’s a tragedy on many fronts. On the species level, it’s one less whale in an endangered population of less than 100. Pollution, fewer chinook salmon and increased shipping traffic are the main causes of the decline. These orca are primarily salmon eaters and pacific salmon runs aren’t what they used to be. Last year, another young orca died in the Sound after showing obvious signs of malnutrition. July’s tragedy was also a reminder that the animals that make up a population are individuals too, and in the case of orcas, highly intelligent individuals capable of expressing deep, complex emotion. There was a time when biologists might have explained away the mother orca’s behavior as a purely instinctual response, an example of the mother whale’s hard wiring to help a new-born calf to the surface to draw its first breath. We know better today. That’s a mother stricken with grief after losing her baby. In the immediate aftermath of the calf’s death, she appeared inconsolable. Reports indicate the rest of her pod maintained a healthy distance as they kept vigil while she mourned. The implications are profound. As a hunter I have to recognize the birds I kill aren’t unthinking, emotionless nincompoops, but instead are living creatures just going about the business of survival. My decision to kill and eat them is one that desperately upsets those plans. That said, reflecting on my role as a predator doesn’t lead me down a road of self-loathing and guilt. Eating other animals is a thing omnivores do to survive. In fact, meat-eating has a lot to do with the way evolution made modern humans. While I marvel at the predatory skills of orcas or mountain lions or cheetahs, the reality is that humans are the greatest predatory species Earth and evolution has produced. We’re not the fastest, nor the strongest, and we surely don’t have the biggest or sharpest teeth. What we do have, however, makes up for those limitations. What human predators possess is the convergence of brainpower, opposable thumbs, a complex and nuanced symbolic language, and a mastery in both the creation, and use, of tools. There’s no one simple explanation for why we are so good at predation. Its the confluence of these factors, fueled by the way our brains and bodies evolved. Consider the curious case of arms. No other species has so completely abandoned the traditional use of limbs as a means of locomotion. Running on two legs means humans are ridiculously slow, even Usain Bolt. But freeing our forelimbs from locomotive duties allowed them to evolve into the most precise and specialized tool-building instruments our world has ever seen. What started with a sharpened stick evolved to razor-sharp rock flakes to bolder hurling trebuchets to precision firearms to nuclear weapons. With tools like these we can afford to lose a few of our kin in foot races with tigers. The population will get over it. Much is said about the similarities between humans and our closest living relatives, chimpanzees. We share up to 98 percent of our DNA with chimps, according to some estimates. Still, it’s the other 2 percent, generated or modified since we branched off the evolutionary tree from chimps, that is the real difference. The result is that humans are the smartest, most-efficient and most-lethal predator to trod this planet. We’re sentient beings who realize we can be lethal to widespread populations of animals. Let’s hope we’re smart enough to do something for the orcas of Puget Sound, before it’s too late. Rob Breeding is the editor of www.mthookandbullet.com, which covers outdoor news. Stay Connected with the Daily Roundup.
Eighth Army (United Kingdom) Eighth Army Emblem of the Eighth Army Active 1941–45 Country United Kingdom Branch British Army Type Field army Engagements Western Desert Campaign Tunisia Campaign Sicilian Campaign Italian Campaign Battle honours Second Battle of El Alamein Alan Cunningham Neil Ritchie Claude Auchinleck Bernard Montgomery Oliver Leese Richard L. McCreery The Eighth Army was a field army and one of the best-known formations of the British Army during the Second World War, fighting in the North African and Italian campaigns of World War II. It was a British Army formation, always commanded by British Army officers, however its personnel came from throughout the British Empire and Commonwealth; complemented by units composed of exiles from German-occupied Europe. Subordinate units came from Australia, British India, Canada, Free French Forces, Greece, New Zealand, Poland, Rhodesia, South Africa and the United Kingdom. Significant formations which passed through the Army included: British V Corps, British X Corps, British XIII Corps, British XXX Corps, I Canadian Corps, II Polish Corps. The Eighth Army was formed from the Western Desert Force in September 1941 and put under the command of Lieutenant-General Sir Alan Cunningham. It gained its number from the fact that the French Army had fielded seven field armies previously in the same war, whereas the British had fielded the British Expeditionary Force[1]. At its creation, the Eighth Army comprised two Corps: XXX Corps under Lieutenant-General Willoughby Norrie and XIII Corps under Lieutenant-General Reade Godwin-Austen. XXX Corps was made up of 7th British Armoured Division (commanded by Major-General William Gott), the South African 1st Infantry Division (commanded by Major-General George Brink) and the 22nd Guards Brigade. XIII Corps composed of the 4th Indian Infantry Division (commanded by Major-General Frank Messervy), the 2nd New Zealand Division (commanded by Major-General Bernard Freyberg) and the 1st Army Tank Brigade. The Eighth Army also included the Tobruk garrison (the 70th British Infantry Division, under Major-General Ronald Scobie), and the Polish Carpathian Brigade. In reserve, the Eighth Army had the 2nd South African Infantry Division making a total of seven divisions. North Africa Infantry advance during the Battle of El Alamein. Tanks of the County of London Yeomanry, part of the British 4th Armoured Brigade, of the Eighth Army in the village of Milo near Catania in Sicily, August 1943 with local children on board. Italian Campaign Aftermath of the Battle of Monte Cassino. Commanders of the Eighth Army 1941–45 Corps which passed through the Eighth Army After the war, veterans from the Eighth Army organized Annual Reunions at the Royal Albert Hall. Then, in the late 1970s, the Eighth Army Veterans Association was formed. At the height of its membership, there were over 35 branches, with a particular strength in the North West of the UK.[5] Reunions were held at the Winter Gardens in Blackpool. Eventually, in 2002 the National Association disbanded. However, the Manchester Branch decided to continue, under the title of Eighth Army Veterans, City of Manchester. It has an active membership, who hold regular meetings and events. Its newsletter, "The Manchester Veteran", is still distributed to 300 ex-servicemen and women, or their dependants, and is a lively forum for the community it represents. A facility exists for Schools Talks to be given, in the Manchester–North Cheshire area. See also 1. "8th British North African Army". Retrieved 20 February 2016. 3. "Tales from the Supply Depot". Retrieved 20 February 2016. 4. "CHAR 20/45 Official: Prime Minister: Personal Telegrams (copies).". Retrieved 20 February 2016. 5. Eighth Army Veterans (City of Manchester), accessed October 2012. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eighth Army (United Kingdom).
A diuretic is a type of drug that works on the kidney to stop it absorbing as much water as usual. This means that the body loses more water through urine and can remove excess water that would otherwise build up. This is especially useful in some conditions such as pulmonary oedema secondary to heart failure.
What did Hitler think of Liverpool UK Enigma - the silent struggle of the code breakers When the world fire begins, the inconspicuous country estate Bletchley Park becomes one of the most important bases of the Allied secret services. An eccentric group of ingenious thinkers is trying to decipher the Germans' secret radio communications. In the center: the Enigma encryption machine Winston Churchill's column reached the small town of Bletchley, 80 kilometers north-west of London, on the morning of September 6, 1941. The wagons pass a gatehouse, behind which a park opens, part of a spacious country estate. Rose beds, on the right a pond, in front of it, on a well-tended meadow, a sequoia tree. The wire of an antenna stretches from its top to the thin chimneys of an almost 60-year-old mansion. Bletchley Park is a curious mix of Victorian styles with its pointed gable bay windows, squat turret, battlements and stone griffins in front of the entrance. And the perfect camouflage. Because the property hides the best-kept secret of the Second World War. Bletchley Park is "Station X", the tenth station of the British Secret Intelligence Service. The international secret service MI6 has housed its affiliated "School for Coding and Encryption" there. Another deception: The aim of this department is not to encode and encrypt, but to decode hostile messages. The Bletchley Park property is the center of a worldwide network of listening posts that intercept all available German radio messages - messages that are sent by government agencies, the NSDAP leadership, but above all by the Wehrmacht: encrypted and as Morse code. Station X is supposed to crack these codes. Imagination and mathematics as Weapons of Station X On September 6, 1941, almost 1,000 men and women were working on the 400 by 400 meter park area. On both sides of the old main house with its two storeys and the facade of 40 meters length, craftsmen have built several wooden barracks to make space for the numerous departments. In peacetime, the people of Bletchley Park were university teachers or military personnel, translators or bankers, chess masters, mathematicians, students or artists. Now they are code breakers and are bound to the highest level of secrecy. They fight one of the most important battles of World War II - in a very unique, very quiet way: their battlefield is communication, their weapons are logic, math, imagination and intuition. And their opponent is dangerous and full of cunning: a machine that its inventors, the Germans, consider invincible. Their internal structure enables their users to transform every message into an apparently inextricable gibberish made up of letters, which can only be transformed back into meaningful sentences by those who have both the device and its secret settings. The inventor of this machine, the German engineer Arthur Scherbius, named it after the Greek word for puzzle: "Enigma". And the project that MI6 in Bletchley Park is trying to solve this mystery is called "Ultra". It is short for ultra secret: very secret. Churchill is amazed at the assembled eccentrics Stewart Menzies, the chief of the secret service, personally leads Churchill over the plant that day. Show him barracks in which there are large, loudly rattling machines, women type on typewriter-like devices, mentally-minded men crouch in front of large stacks of paper. After the tour, the premier climbs a pile of building materials outdoors. He wants to give a speech - and is amazed at the gathering of eccentrics that faces him on this sunny September day. “When you look at you like that, it's hard to believe that you know any secrets,” he begins. There is Dillwyn Knox, Greek professor and Egyptologist at King’s College in Cambridge and now head of Enigma decryption. Knox is considered a cranky tinkerer. Sometimes he shows up to work in a dressing gown because he had an idea about the toilet and forgot to get fully dressed. Naval intelligence hired Knox as a code breaker back in World War I, and his analytical skills are legendary. The story circulates in Bletchley Park of a Hungarian text that he deciphered without knowing the language: he treated the whole thing as a purely abstract problem. Or Frank Birch, also a decryption veteran of the First World War. The small, bald man first made a name for himself as a historian in Cambridge, then as an actor and pantomime. Now, in Bletchley Park, he is head of the department responsible for the German Navy. Or Stuart Milner-Barry, the Times chess correspondent, who was recruited for the deciphering service by a former fellow student in Cambridge. Or Geoffrey Tandy, the former director of the Natural History Museum in London. He owes his presence in Bletchley Park to a mistake: He is an expert on "cryptogams", on spore plants - mosses, ferns and algae. The recruiters of the military intelligence service have obviously misunderstood this specialization as "cryptograms": encrypted messages. Tandy stayed with it anyway. Alan Turing also listens to Churchill, a mathematician who, like Knox, previously lectured at Cambridge. The shy researcher in the always unironed suit is considered a mathematical genius and greatest thinker at Bletchley Park. Unusual ways Everyone who gathers here is awesome in their own way - Bletchley Park is a place of concentrated mind. This is exactly how the prime minister imagined it. Even if a little less eccentric. Before leaving, he therefore turns to the head of the secret service one more time. Of course, he remembers instructing him to "turn every stone" when recruiting staff - "but I didn't think you'd take me so literally". But isn't the Enigma an adversary that intelligence agents have never seen before? If you want to defeat this machine, you have to go unusual ways. Wanted secure encryption methods In the spring of 1918 Arthur Scherbius applied for a patent for his cipher machine. At trade fairs, he mainly offered them to companies that wanted to encrypt their communications - the German military were not interested in the expensive machine, which was marketed as the "Enigma" from 1923 onwards. That changed in 1925 when the Reichswehr realized that their coding procedures, which they believed to be secure, had been exposed during the First World War. At that time, the transmission of messages by radio was still in its infancy, and so many messages were encrypted and then telegraphed directly to the recipient via cable. Since then, however, the use of radio waves had also become the rule in military communications - with the disadvantage that radio messages could now be received by everyone. Technical progress therefore forced the military to look for new encryption methods that were also secure for wireless communication. It would take 14,000 years to decipher the Enigma And didn't Scherbius advertise that no encryption technology is as secure as that of the Enigma? Wasn't he calculating that if they tried a different machine setting every minute, it would take those who tried to overcome it alone would take 14,000 years? In 1926 the German Navy switched to the Enigma system. A year later, Scherbius secured a similar patent from the Dutchman Hugo Koch and improved the Enigma again. In 1928 the army acquired this version and modified it with additional elements. And after the National Socialists came to power, the air force, military defense, SS, Reich Security Service, Reichsbahn and several ministries also took over the apparently secure encryption technology. Because it had obvious advantages: the devices were hardly larger than an electric typewriter and battery-operated. In the simplest version, they weighed twelve kilograms, but with their wooden casing they were easy to transport and could therefore be used anywhere, including at the front. The halo of invincibility The way in which the Enigma works differs from the encryption methods that were common up until then, because it combines several of these techniques in one device. And it does not work according to an externally recognizable, logical principle that is repeated over and over again during encryption - such as the one whose invention is attributed to Gaius Julius Caesar. The Roman ruler is said to have written ciphertexts by shifting the alphabet by a fixed number of places: A two-key turns every A into a C, a four-key always results in an E. The Enigma is different. It also turns an A into a C, sometimes an E. However, in the same text. Or even in the same word. The heart of the Enigma are three rotating rollers, so-called rotors, on each of which the 26 letters of the alphabet can be seen. Each character is passed on electrically from cylinder to cylinder and is always re-encrypted. In addition, at least one rotor automatically advances one position after each letter. In this way, the machine converts what is typed into the encrypted text. It appears, letter for letter, above the keyboard on a field of illuminated letters. On top of that, the rotors are interchangeable and are electrically wired together inside in a special way. While in the pre-war years only three reels were used in alternating order, from 1938 onwards the radio operators were able to create their three-way combinations from five and later even from eight different reels. In this way, the Enigma encrypts each individual character with an individual key and theoretically enables more than 2 × 1023 coding variants in the simplest Reichswehr version - a two with 23 zeros, more than a fifth of a quadrillion. A technique that gives the Enigma the aura of invincibility. Enigma code books are among the most secret documents of the war Four people are normally involved in the encryption and decryption of a message: a radio operator enters the plain text on the keyboard and dictates the encrypted letters that appear on the light field to a comrade; he translates it into Morse Code and sends it out. The recipients do the opposite. But the system only works if both machines are set exactly the same. That is why every network of Enigma users has special “key books” which indicate how the machines are to be set up, which rollers to use and which starting position they are to be brought into. The keys are set for a month in advance and change every 24, later even every eight hours. The code books are among the most secret documents of the war. The Navy, for example, prints them on easily water-soluble paper - so that no diver can retrieve such a book from a sunken ship. Security measure turns out to be a weak point The Germans know that the risk of breaking into the code increases when many messages are encrypted with the same basic machine setting. In addition to the daily encryption provided by the code book, each individual message is therefore given its own three-letter code, the “saying key”. The sending radio operator thinks up this himself and sends it, coded with the basic setting, twice in succession to his counterpart to be on the safe side. Then he adjusts the reels again according to the letters of the key and writes his radio message. Because the recipient uses the same code book and thus the same basic setting, he receives the slogan key in plain text, and can now move the three reels of his own Enigma into the position of these three letters - without changing other parameters of the basic setting - and read the message . A complex process that aims to make radio communications safer. In fact, it is a weak point. Enigma lands in the Warsaw customs office Because in 1928 a stranger arrived at the customs office in Warsaw: a heavy wooden box from Germany. It arouses the suspicion of a customs officer because the addressee in Warsaw emphatically demands that the consignment be returned to the sender immediately and unchecked. Customs decide to inspect the box - and find an Enigma. The officers inform the Polish General Staff, which sends two encryption experts to the customs office. They're investigating the mysterious machine. Then they repack them and send them back to Germany. Nobody notices anything there. The Poles now know the construction of the Enigma and its working principle - but not its internal wiring. Because the machine at the Warsaw customs office was the commercial version of which the Polish secret service will soon get its own copy. The German Wehrmacht, however, uses a model that is wired differently. The Poles lack the technical details for this model. Patterns are hidden in the encrypted messages They received them three years later from the French secret service, with which they had a cooperation agreement. The French have an agent in the encryption station of the German Reichswehr Ministry and forward the spied Enigma material to the Poles. They can now have replicas of the machine made. The cryptologists also learn about the three-letter key that has to be sent twice in succession at the beginning of each message from the service regulation for the Enigma deployment, which has also been leaked. This means: In the sequence of the first six encrypted letters of a message, the first corresponds to the fourth character, the second to the fifth, and the third to the sixth. A pattern that makes deciphering a lot easier. In addition, the Poles find certain regularities in the character sequence in the encrypted texts. The invention of the cryptological bomb At the beginning of 1933, a group around the young mathematician Marian Rejewski succeeded for the first time in decoding tapped German messages. Five years later, Rejewski designed a system with 18 rotors that could automatically simulate all conceivable roller combinations and basic positions of the Enigma. The Poles call their invention "Bomba Kryptologiczna" (cryptological bomb). The bomba needs 100 to 120 minutes to determine the position and position of the rollers for a coded message. If a possible setting is found, an Enigma replica is used to test whether a meaningful German text comes out. But by the end of 1938 the bomba was largely useless. The Wehrmacht is upgrading the Enigma of the Army and Air Force with two more rollers, so to a total of five. This increases the number of possible roller combinations tenfold. Rejewski and his people now need much larger machines - but they don't have the means for that. Poles tell the French and British about their successes Because Poland also fears that a German attack is imminent, the General Staff decides to initiate the French and British. At the end of July 1939, a memorable meeting took place under the highest secrecy. The Poles sent Marian Rejewski. Dillwyn Knox and Alastair Denniston, the head of the school for coding and encryption, have come from England. The English do not yet know about the successes of the Poles. For several months now, Knox has been looking in vain for a way to break into the Enigma. The British are all the more astonished when they hear Rejewski's reports. Bomba is coming to Bletchley Park The Poles also give their guests the blueprint for the Bomba - and two of their Enigma replicas. Just over a month after the meeting, the German army invades Poland. Rejewski's department is hastily disbanded and the bomba is destroyed before it can fall into the hands of the Germans. The men who were closest to the enigma of the Enigma must go into hiding. Marian Rejewski and the other cryptologists moved to Romania, then to France. When the Germans invade there, the group flees to Great Britain via Spain, Portugal and Gibraltar. Rejewski is taken over as decipherer by MI6, but has nothing more to do with the Enigma. But his knowledge and the replica of the cipher machine have long since reached Bletchley Park. Secret Service recruits new staff with a crossword puzzle competition Late summer 1939.The country estate is noticeably populated, station X is set up. Around 140 people belong to the first crew. Since the mansion quickly proves to be too small, craftsmen start building barracks for workplaces. On September 3rd, Great Britain declares war on Germany. In Bletchley Park, the pressure is now growing to reveal the enemy's radio communications as quickly as possible. 30 people initially work in the team that, under the direction of Dillwyn Knox, is supposed to break the codes, including veterans who already deciphered secret messages from the enemy during the First World War, but also many newcomers that Knox and his staff had toured in the months before the elite universities of Oxford and Cambridge have recruited: linguists, mathematicians, historians - as well as Egyptologists, who are well versed in exploring mysterious systems of symbols through their use of hieroglyphics. When it comes to recruiting staff, the secret service takes unusual approaches. The “Daily Telegraph” calls on its readers to take part in a speed competition in solving crossword puzzles. Shortly afterwards, the MI6 contacted the fastest participants: with job offers for Bletchley Park. Alan Turing enriches Station X On September 4, 1939, the 27-year-old mathematician Alan Turing arrives. Four years ago he designed the theoretical basis for a (never realized) machine that can do every conceivable calculation by reading and labeling a band with marked and empty rectangles - the basic principle of the computer. Turing is homosexual, a criminal offense in Britain at the time, which could make him vulnerable to blackmail. In addition, he is an eccentric, his way of working chaotic. In summer he cycles to work with his gas mask on - for fear of hay fever. "Only I have just enough authority and skill to keep him and his ideas in a certain order and discipline," writes Knox in a note to Director Denniston. In any case, Turing is an absolutely necessary reinforcement for Knox's group. Because it is still far from breaking the German code. The Polish replica of the Enigma helps the team, but is already out of date; The other insights of the Poles are also insufficient. The only thing left for the code breakers to do is to retreat to the barracks with the concrete floors, bare lightbulbs and poorly heating coke ovens. To try again and again, to combine, to consider. Cryptologists work with paper templates and guesswork So there are probabilities that make it easier to decipher. Of the theoretically possible 17576 key words, only 20 to 30 may have to be checked. Another weak point are phrases that keep appearing in German radio communications - "OBERKOMMANDO" for example, or "NO SPECIAL INCIDENTS". And a combination of words that can almost always be found at the end of a message: "HEIL HITLER". Because the Enigma never encrypts a letter with itself, grid templates can be made from paper using the fixed word combinations. The cryptologists push these over the text at those positions in the intercepted message where they suspect these expressions, until, for example, no O as O, no M as M and no S as S is encrypted in the template with the word "Incidents" is. Then you have an entry point. Difficult but successful work In order to draw conclusions about the rollers used and the exact settings of the Enigma from these clues, the tinkerers have to manually test all possible variants on the replicas. If you have found a machine position in which the encrypted phrase appears at the corresponding position, you can test whether a meaningful German text also appears on the light field of the Enigma for the rest of the message with this setting. If not, all in vain, the code breakers have to start over. It is arduous work that often takes days, weeks, months for a single report - but it is ultimately successful. Bletchley Park is struggling with a flood of reports In January 1940, the cryptologists in Barrack 4 deciphered the first Enigma report of the war. It comes from a radio network that Knox has marked with a green colored pencil in his organization plans and that is therefore known as "Green Key Circle" in Bletchley Park. In Station X, the Germans' radio networks were marked in the first years of the war as if from an ink box: In addition to green, there are red, yellow, brown, blue and various mixed colors. The first green message is disappointing in terms of content - a sequence of irrelevant things such as the weather report - but it is a start. On April 9, 1940, the Wehrmacht marched into Denmark and Norway
What Is an Audio Interface? Understanding this essential piece of hardware. Today’s computer-based digital audio workstation (DAW) software gives you more recording and music production power than a studio full of hardware from the pre-digital days. But despite all the functionality that such software provides, its sound depends heavily on a piece of external hardware called an audio interface. Such devices offer the connectors you need to plug in microphones and instruments for recording as well as speakers and headphones for listening. They also typically provide metering and other important features. The more you understand about how interfaces work, and the kinds of features they offer, the better positioned you’ll be to make an informed buying decision. Connecting with Your Computer Modern audio interfaces connect to your desktop or laptop computer via a USB or Thunderbolt port (some older ones use different ports, such as PCI, PCIe or Ethernet). Most interfaces work with both Mac® and Windows systems; many are also compatible with Apple® iOS devices, although that usually requires an additional adapter. Steinberg audio interfaces use the USB 2.0 connectivity format, which is supported by virtually all computers. Note that you can use a USB 2.0 interface on computers equipped with the newer USB 3.0 format because USB is backward compatible. Connecting and Converting Audio An audio interface acts as the front end of your computer recording system. For example, let’s say you connect a microphone and record yourself singing. The mic converts the physical vibration of air into an equivalent (i.e., “analog”) electrical signal, which travels down the connecting cable into the interface’s mic input. From there, it goes into the interface’s built-in mic preamplifier, which boosts the low-level mic signal up to a hotter line level — something that’s necessary for recording. (The quality of both the microphone and preamp have a significant impact on how good a recording sounds.) Next, the signal gets sent to the interface’s analog-to-digital (“A/D”) converter, which changes it into equivalent digital audio data — a stream of ones and zeroes that travel through the USB or Thunderbolt cable into your computer. This data is then sent to your DAW or other recording software, where it gets recorded and/or processed with effects. Almost simultaneously, the now-digitized audio that originated at your microphone — along with any other tracks you’ve already recorded for the song — get sent back from the computer to the audio interface over the USB cable, where it goes through an opposite quick change, carried out by a digital-to-analog (“D/A”) converter, which turns it back to an equivalent analog electrical signal. That signal is now available at the interface’s line outputs to feed your studio speakers, headphone output(s), or other line-level devices. We’re saying almost simultaneously because it actually takes a few milliseconds (thousandths of a second) for the audio to go through all these changes, from the time you start singing to the time you hear it back. That slight delay is called latency — something we’ll look at more closely shortly. Most audio interfaces also offer MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) inputs and outputs, which allow you to connect a MIDI keyboard or other MIDI controller to your computer. The input(s) allow you to play software-based instruments (“virtual instruments”) that open as plug-ins (software add-ons) inside your DAW or as standalone applications. An interface’s MIDI output(s) makes it possible to connect an external MIDI sound source like a synthesizer or drum machine and have it “played” by MIDI data that you recorded in your DAW. Rear view of product The Steinberg UR22C rear panel, showing USB, MIDI in and out, and line in and out connections. Sampling Rate and Bit Depth If you’re shopping for an audio interface, you’ve probably come across the terms sampling rate and bit depth. Sampling rate refers to how often the A/D converter “looks” at the audio when converting it into digital data, usually described in terms of kiloHertz (kHz for short), where one kHz equals a thousand samples per second. Bit depth describes how long the digital “words” are that describe each of these samples. It may seem a little techie, but all you really need to know about these terms is this: The higher the number, the better the sound … but also the larger the file size. Some interfaces support up to 24-bit 192 kHz audio, but that’s overkill in many cases. The vast majority of people recording today use settings of 24-bit 96 kHz, which provides plenty of quality with reasonable file sizes. By comparison, the audio standard for a CD is a lot lower: 16-bit 44.1 kHz. Ins and Outs The number of inputs and outputs varies significantly between different audio interfaces. Steinberg interfaces, for example, run the gamut from the UR22C, which offers two inputs and two outputs (and is therefore referred to as a “2 x 2” interface) to the 28 x 24 AXR4, which has 12 analog inputs and 8 analog outputs, as well as an additional 16 digital inputs and outputs in the ADAT Optical format so that you can gang other ADAT-equipped interfaces or mic preamp units to record more channels simultaneously. When recording large ensembles or bands with drums, even eight inputs may not be enough. Always try to envision the maximum number of inputs you’ll need for the recording you plan on doing. If you can, try to leave yourself a little room to grow, rather than just opting for the minimum sized unit that will work. View of product. The Steinberg UR44C 6 x 4 audio interface. Most interfaces provide “combo connectors” for their mic input channels. These accept either XLR mic cables or 1/4″ line and/or instrument inputs, giving you added flexibility. Closeup of product. Combo jacks accept either XLR or 1/4″ inputs. Audio interfaces also usually provide something called phantom power for the microphone inputs. This is a 48V electrical signal that is required by condenser microphones — a type of mic that’s very popular for recording. On some interfaces, phantom power can be turned on and off for individual channels, while on others it is switched for groups of channels at a time. (Click here to read our blog article explaining phantom power.) In terms of outputs, almost all audio interfaces provide you with a stereo pair of 1/4″ line outputs, which can be used to feed your monitor speakers. Others give you additional analog outputs, which you can use for connecting to other hardware in more sophisticated setups. There will also be at least one headphone port, which is typically 1/4″ stereo. Some interfaces, such as the Steinberg UR44C and AXR4, provide dual headphone outputs and allow you to send a separate mix to each. This is beneficial when recording multiple musicians because inevitably, the various players or singers will not all agree on the balance they want to hear in their headphones. As discussed earlier, there’s a slight delay called latency that occurs because it takes the audio a number of milliseconds to travel through the interface input, into the computer, back out of the computer and appear at the interface output. During recording, that can be distracting, because you’ll hear your voice or your instrument coming back a little late, which can totally throw your timing off. One way to deal with latency is to adjust the audio buffer (also known as “buffer size”) in your DAW to its lowest value. The buffer controls the amount of time the computer allows for processing and is measured in samples (64, 128, 256, etc.). The lower the buffer, the less latency. The tradeoff is that lower buffer settings put more strain on your computer, and that can result in clicks, pops and diminished audio quality. The audio buffer setting in Cubase 9.5. A better way to circumvent latency — and without impacting computer performance — is called “direct monitoring” (sometimes called “zero-latency monitoring”), which is implemented on many audio interfaces, including all Steinberg models. It works like this: your interface sends a copy of your input signal (pre-computer) directly into the headphone output so that you can hear it in real time (with no latency) mixed with the tracks coming back from your computer. View of product. The UR22C Mix knob (third from right on the top row). Some basic interfaces provide this feature via a simple switch that allows you to choose between the direct signal and the output of your host application, but in more sophisticated interfaces, such as the Steinberg UR22C, direct monitoring is implemented with a mix control knob that lets you adjust the ratio of the direct sound to the sound returning from the computer. Advanced models like the Steinberg UR-RT series even have digital processing (DSP) built in; all Steinberg interfaces offering this feature come with an app called DSPMixFx for controlling monitoring and adding effects from your computer, iPhone® or iPad®. View of product. The DSPMixFx app control panel. Sound Quality Remember, we’re talking audio interface, so sound quality is key. That’s why the most critical components in any interface are its converters and mic preamps. Steinberg interfaces all come equipped with top-of-range converters and Yamaha D-PRE mic preamps for consistently excellent sonics. Older gentleman standing behind and leaning on a sound board. Rupert Neve. The Steinberg UR-RT2 and UR-RT4 interfaces take things up a notch thanks to the addition of Rupert Neve Designs transformers that can be switched into the signal path on every mic channel. A major designer of mixing consoles for more than half a century, Rupert Neve products are renowned throughout the recording industry. With these interfaces, you can add the legendary Neve sound to your home recordings. An audio interface is more than just a necessary peripheral device. It’s the heart of your studio. Whether you’re buying your first one or replacing your current interface, be sure to do all the necessary research … and always get the best model your budget will allow. Click here for more information about Steinberg audio interfaces. Keep reading Terms of Use \| Privacy Policy
Economic foundations of law We can work out what happens with sone numbers. Let’s suppose that after much bargaining the tenant and landlord have agreed upon the rent and the amenities – each party to the contract is profit maximizing, doing as well as they can given market conditions and the interests of the other. Now suppose that tenants value the hot water benefit at $100 and that it costs the landlord $150 to provide the hot water. At these prices the tenant does not buy the hot water. The law is passed; by how much does the rent increase? By at least $100 but no more than $150. The landlord knows for certain that he can increase the rent by $100 because this will make the tenant just as well off as he was before, which by assumption was an equilibrium price. Similarly, if the landlord could profitably raise the rent by more than his cost he would have done so already – the fact that he did not indicates that an increase of more than $150 would not be profitable Thus the rent rises somewhere between $100 and $150, the precise amount to be determined by bargaining power. Suppose that the rent increases by $120. Then the tenant gets a benefit worth $100 at a price of $120 and is worse off by $20 and the landlord gets a benefit of $120 at a cost of $150 and so is worse off by $30. The law makes both the landlord and tenant worse off! The lesson here is that a contract is multi-dimensional so if the government changes one dimension of a contract the other dimensions will adjust towards offsetting that change. Bonus points: a) Suppose the tenant values the hot water at $150 and it cost the landlord $100. Does the regulation benefit the tenant and landlord now?. If so, what is odd about this example? b) Explain why the loss to the tenant and the loss to the landlord must add up to $50. How does this further illustrate the principle? Comments for this post are closed
Boulding’s First Law A term coined by Kenneth E. Boulding in his 1972 classic, Stable Peace. Boulding was an economist, poet, peace research pioneer and husband of Elise Boulding the peace sociologist and revered author. The slightly ironic law states: “If something exists, then it must be possible.” The intention is to point up the casual dismissal of peace possibilities even when they have already occurred. For example, many routinely argue that nonviolence “would never have worked against the Nazis,” even though it did work brilliantly the one time it is known to have been tried on a fairly large scale, namely in the Rosenstrasse Prison Demonstration of 1943.
The History of the Relationship Between Humans and Dogs Canines are the descendents of wolves, but when humans became aware of their qualities, we decided to keep them nearby and offer them a domestic life. The strong relationship between humans and dogs is undeniable, and our pets are always there when we need them. Without a doubt, dogs truly are man's best friend. The History of the Relationship Between Humans and Dogs Last update: 31 August, 2020 As the old saying goes, dogs are man’s best friend. And if the saying has stuck around for such a long time, then there must be some truth behind it. We all know that dogs are the greatest man’s companions in all of the animal kingdom. But, do you know the history of the strong relationship between humans and dogs? The relationship between humans and dogs: The origin of canines There are all sorts of theories that attempt to explain the origin of dogs. The theory that most scientists accept today explains that dogs evolved from wolves, thanks to human settlements. When humans became sedentary and created their first villages, they began to produce garbage heaps. These garbage heaps consisted mostly of leftover food, which attracted wolves. Those wolves that were less afraid of humans managed to eat more than more fearful animals because they didn’t run away when humans approached. At the same time, humans soon realized that having these animals nearby was an advantage. The wolves warned the settlers when danger was approaching their villages and, what’s more, these animals knew how to hunt. So, humans would keep them near their homes, and they began to reproduce. The origin of dogs. It didn’t take long for genetic changes to begin to appear. Each generation of puppies was less aggressive and fearful, and more and more docile. What’s more, they were being raised by human beings. Very soon, they stopped being wolves and became the first primitive dogs. As you can conclude, dogs wouldn’t exist if it weren’t for human beings. Their evolution has depended solely on humans. What’s more, we have continued to genetically select breeds in order to maximize their potential. The relationship between humans and dogs: How they help us The history of humanity would be very different if dogs had never come into existence. After all, they’ve been accompanying us since our very first settlements. When the first domestic canines came to live among humans, we started reproducing them, selecting their most desirable characteristics in order to adapt them to our needs. Without hunting dogs, the diet and survival of human beings would have been very different. The same occurs with guard dogs. These animals protected villages and their inhabitants, both from wild animals as well as other hostile neighbors. And they did so in exchange for a bowl of food. The relationship between humans and dogs. As our needs have evolved, our faithful companions evolved along with us. We all know that the great kings and military leaders of history always had companion dogs. Of course, these animals weren’t responsible for dictating any laws. But there were always close to the leaders who needed wisdom, comfort, and support in order to guide their countries. This evolution hasn’t just affected dogs. In a way, it’s also changed the human brain. Emotional and chemical connection A 2015 study from a Japanese university confirms what pet owners have long suspected. According to the study, looking at or interacting with a dog increases the levels of oxytocin in the brain. Oxytocin is also known as the love hormone because it produces a sense of calm and happiness. In other words, when it comes to brain chemistry, the fact that we love dogs has to do with genetics. Oxytocin is the same hormone that bonds mothers and children, families, and partners. And if we interact with dogs and they return our affection, then we create emotional bonds that we can even measure scientifically. The connection between humans and dogs. Because when a dog looks at its human family, something happens that’s similar to what occurs in humans. Dogs release hormones that give them a sense of well-being and happiness. Both dogs and human beings share thousands of years of history and we’ve evolved to be together. The wonderful nature of dogs Since the times of the first wolves that were unafraid of humans and stayed by our side, these animals have changed quite a bit, and not only physically. Dogs have a unique nature within the animal kingdom. They are docile, complacent and, above all, they have a desire to be around humans. A dog and its owner wearing matching slippers. One of the characteristics that stand out most in canines is their nature. The greatest reward you can give a dog is the attention and approval of humans. And dogs are willing to do whatever it takes to earn this reward. No other living creature has enough fortitude to adapt to our societies and way of life. However, dogs are willing to do all of that and more in exchange for being by our side. Wearing a leash on the street and waiting to go to the bathroom until the times their owners have established… These are just two of the sacrifices they make to coexist with humans. In extreme cases, we know of dogs that have risked and lost their lives to protect their human families. Apparently, there’s nothing they won’t do in order to show their love for us. The relationship between humans and dogs: How dogs work for us In fact, the nature of dogs is so amazing that we’ve designed professions that only they can carry out. Given the right training, dogs can dedicate their entire lives to working for humans. And they do so not only in exchange for food and affection, but also for the simple satisfaction of doing their job well. A therapy dog at a hospital. Only therapy dogs can offer the comfort that trainers teach them to give in order to visit hospitals or courthouses. In the same way, guide dogs provide unparalleled service for people with visual impairments. Humans are constantly discovering new ways in which animals can serve humans, from controlling diabetes to accompanying individuals with autism. When it comes to police work, dogs perform some of the most delicate tasks. This doesn’t just include detecting drugs and other substances with their tremendous sense of smell. They also locate lost people and assist in their recovery. And we can’t forget about those animals that search for humans that have become trapped in the debris left behind by natural disasters. Beyond a shadow of a doubt, dogs are man’s best friend. The history of the relationship between humans and dogs share goes back for thousands of years. And both of us have evolved in order to adapt to one another. While we provide food, comfort, and security, they dedicate their lives to making us happy. -Alexander Pope- It might interest you... Taxonomy Of Dogs: How similar are dogs to wolves? My AnimalsRead it in My Animals Taxonomy Of Dogs: How similar are dogs to wolves? Dogs have been part of our lives either as pets, guardians, or working dogs for a long time. Would like you like to know more about the taxonomy of dogs?
Coronavirus Illness Coronavirus Illness When the sides of the masks usually are not near the face and shift, similar to when speaking, air penetrates by way of the perimeters of the masks rather than being filtered by way of the material. Masks with vents or exhalation valves aren’t advised as a result of they permit unfiltered breath to escape the mask. People caring for someone who is a suspected or confirmed case of COVID-19 outdoors of well being services. Anyone who is feeling unwell, including folks with mild signs, similar to muscle aches, slight cough, sore throat or fatigue. “Can people spread the coronavirus if they don’t have symptoms? 5 questions answered about asymptomatic COVID-19”. “Does your masks have a valve on it? It will not stop the unfold of coronavirus, CDC says”. “Advice on the use of masks for kids locally within the context of COVID-19”. The Way To Put On A Medical Masks The research reviewed proof both in health care and non-well being care settings after which adjusted the information so they might be immediately in contrast. The researchers discovered that your threat of an infection when wearing a mask was 14 p.c less than if you weren’t sporting a mask, although N95 masks “could be related to a bigger reduction in threat” than surgical or fabric masks. “In gentle of evolving proof, WHO advises that governments should encourage most of the people to put on masks where there’s widespread transmission and physical distancing is tough,” mentioned WHO chief Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus. Children age 6 via eleven, nonetheless, should put on masks underneath certain conditions, together with local infection rates, whether or not there’s an adult out there to assist them, and if they’ll be uncovered to aged individuals or people with well being conditions who’re at larger threat of issues from the virus. A study funded by the W.H.O. concluded this week that respirator masks, like the N95, are better than surgical masks for well being care workers. It also discovered that face shields, goggles and glasses could provide additional protection from the coronavirus. world health organization masks A face masks is rigorously taken off by handling the ties or loops without touching the front. A properly-worn face mask covers the nose, mouth, and chin. Masks are used to restrict the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 by respiratory droplets and aerosols, which are thought to be the major pathways of infection, exhaled from infected individuals throughout respiration, talking, coughing, and sneezing. There is no information on reusing an interlayer filter. Disposing of filters after a single use could also be fascinating. World Health Organization “Masks have been considered then as more private safety versus community safety,” he said, helping explain why masks weren’t extensively regarded as significantly efficient. The common public ought to wear cloth masks in public spaces where bodily distancing is inconceivable, the agency says. “Using face masks in the community – Reducing COVID-19 transmission from potentially asymptomatic or pre-symptomatic people through the use of face masks”. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Archived from the original on 8 April 2020. By February 2021, suppliers had elevated manufacturing but not enough to fulfill demand. Cancel, Pause, Or Change A Subscription On Google Play 8 Dead After Atlanta Spa Shootings
A major 7th chord Amaj7 chord for piano with keyboard diagram. Explanation: The A major seventh is a four-note chord. You can see the four notes of the A major seventh chord marked in red color. The chord is often abbreviated as Amaj7. Amaj7 chord diagram Notes: A - C# - E - G# Left hand: 5-3-2-1 Right hand: 1-2-3-5 Abmaj7 chord ‹ Previous • Next › A#maj7 chord + Show inversions: Amaj7/C#, Amaj7/E, Amaj7/G# - Hide inversions Amaj7 - inversions Explanation: The piano chords pictured below are the three inversions of Amaj7. Amaj7/C# is an A major seventh with C# as the bass note, Amaj7/E is an A major seventh with E as the bass note and Amaj7/G# is an A major seventh with G# as the bass note. Amaj7/C# chord diagram 1st inversion Amaj7/E chord diagram 2nd inversion Amaj7/G# chord diagram 3rd inversion A chord categories
Pointers and Arrays Shroud will create code to map between C and Fortran pointers. The interoperability with C features of Fortran 2003 and the call-by-reference feature of Fortran provides most of the features necessary to pass arrays to C++ libraries. Shroud can also provide additional semantic information. Adding the +rank(n) attribute will declare the argument as an assumed-shape array with the given rank: +rank(2) creates arg(:,:). The +dimension(n) attribute will instead give an explicit dimension: +dimension(10,20) creates arg(10,20). Using dimension on intent(in) arguments will use the dimension shape in the Fortran wrapper instead of assumed-shape. This adds some additional safety since many compiler will warn if the actual argument is too small. This is useful when the C++ function has an assumed shape. For example, it expects a pointer to 16 elements. The Fortran wrapper will pass a pointer to contiguous memory with no explicit shape information. When a function returns a pointer, the default behavior of Shroud is to convert it into a Fortran variable with the POINTER attribute using c_f_pointer. This can be made explicit by adding +deref(pointer) to the function declaration in the YAML file. For example, int getData(void) +deref(pointer) creates the Fortran function interface function get_data() result(rv) integer(C_INT), pointer :: rv end function get_data The result of the the Fortran function directly accesses the memory returned from the C++ library. An array can be returned by adding the attribute +dimension(n) to the function. The dimension expression will be used to provide the shape argument to c_f_pointer. The arguments to dimension are C++ expressions which are evaluated after the C++ function is called and can be the name of another argument to the function or call another C++ function. As a simple example, this declaration returns a pointer to a constant sized array. - decl: int returnIntPtrToFixedArray(void) +dimension(10) If the dimension is unknown when the function returns, a type(C_PTR) can be returned with +deref(raw). This will allow the user to call c_f_pointer once the shape is known. Instead of a Fortran pointer to a scalar, a scalar can be returned by adding +deref(scalar). A common idiom for C++ is to return pointers to memory via arguments. This would be declared as int arg +intent(out). By default, Shroud treats the argument similar to a function which returns a pointer: it adds the deref(pointer) attribute to treats it as a POINTER to a scalar. The dimension attribute can be used to create an array similar to a function result. If the deref(allocatable) attribute is added, then a Fortran array will be allocated to the size of dimension attribute and the argument will be copied into the Fortran memory. A function which returns multiple layers of indirection will return a type(C_PTR). This is also true for function arguments beyond int arg +intent(out). This pointer can represent non-contiguous memory and Shroud has no way to know the extend of each pointer in the array. A special case is provided for arrays of NULL terminated strings, char . While this also represents non-contiguous memory, it is a common idiom and can be processed since the length of each string can be found with strlen. See example acceptCharArrayIn. In Python wrappers, Shroud will allocate intent(out) arguments before calling the function. This requires the dimension attribute which defines the shape and must be known before the function is called. The argument will then be returned by the function along with the function result and other intent(out) arguments. For example, int arg +intent(out)+dimension(n). The value of the dimension attribute is used to define the shape of the array and must be known before the library function is called. The dimension attribute can include the Fortran intrinsic size to define the shape in terms of another array. char * functions are treated differently. By default deref attribute will be set to allocatable. After the C++ function returns, a CHARACTER variable will be allocated and the contents copied. This will convert a NULL terminated string into the proper length of Fortran variable. For very long strings or strings with embedded NULL, deref(raw) will return a type(C_PTR). void * functions return a type(C_PTR) argument and cannot have deref, dimension, or rank attributes. A type(C_PTR) argument will be passed by value. For a void ** argument, the type(C_PTR) will be passed by reference (the default). This will allow the C wrapper to assign a value to the argument. See example passVoidStarStar. If the C++ library function can also provide the length of the pointer, then its possible to return a Fortran POINTER or ALLOCATABLE variable. This allows the caller to directly use the returned value of the C++ function. However, there is a price; the user will have to release the memory if owner(caller) is set. To accomplish this with POINTER arguments, an additional argument is added to the function which contains information about how to delete the array. If the argument is declared Fortran ALLOCATABLE, then the value of the C++ pointer are copied into a newly allocated Fortran array. The C++ memory is deleted by the wrapper and it is the callers responsibility to deallocate the Fortran array. However, Fortran will release the array automatically under some conditions when the caller function returns. If owner(library) is set, the Fortran caller never needs to release the memory. See Memory Management for details of the implementation. A void pointer may also be used in a C function when any type may be passed in. The attribute assumedtype can be used to declare a Fortran argument as assumed-type: type(). - decl: int passAssumedType(void arg+assumedtype) function pass_assumed_type(arg) & result(SHT_rv) & bind(C, name="passAssumedType") use iso_c_binding, only : C_INT, C_PTR implicit none type() :: arg integer(C_INT) :: SHT_rv end function pass_assumed_type Memory Management Shroud will maintain ownership of memory via the owner attribute. It uses the value of the attribute to decided when to release memory. Use owner(library) when the library owns the memory and the user should not release it. For example, this is used when a function returns const std::string & for a reference to a string which is maintained by the library. Fortran and Python will both get the reference, copy the contents into their own variable (Fortran CHARACTER or Python str), then return without releasing any memory. This is the default behavior. Use owner(caller) when the library allocates new memory which is returned to the caller. The caller is then responsible to release the memory. Fortran and Python can both hold on to the memory and then provide ways to release it using a C++ callback when it is no longer needed. For shadow classes with a destructor defined, the destructor will be used to release the memory. The c_statements may also define a way to destroy memory. For example, std::vector provides the lines: destructor_name: std_vector_{cxx_T} - std::vector<{cxx_T}> cxx_ptr = reinterpret_cast<std::vector<{cxx_T}> >(ptr); - delete cxx_ptr; Patterns can be used to provide code to free memory for a wrapped function. The address of the memory to free will be in the variable void ptr, which should be referenced in the pattern: - decl: char * getName() +free_pattern(free_getName) free_getName: \| Without any explicit destructor_name or pattern, free will be used to release POD pointers; otherwise, delete will be used. C and Fortran Fortran keeps track of C++ objects with the struct C_capsule_data_type and the bind(C) equivalent F_capsule_data_type. Their names in the format dictionary default to {C_prefix}SHROUD_capsule_data and {C_prefix}SHROUD_capsule_data. In the Tutorial these types are defined in typesTutorial.h as: // helper capsule_CLA_Class1 struct s_CLA_Class1 { void addr; / address of C++ memory / int idtor; / index of destructor / typedef struct s_CLA_Class1 CLA_Class1; And wrapftutorial.f: ! helper capsule_data_helper type, bind(C) :: CLA_SHROUD_capsule_data type(C_PTR) :: addr = C_NULL_PTR ! address of C++ memory integer(C_INT) :: idtor = 0 ! index of destructor end type CLA_SHROUD_capsule_data addr is the address of the C or C++ variable, such as a char or std::string . idtor is a Shroud generated index of the destructor code defined by destructor_name or the free_pattern attribute. These code segments are collected and written to function C_memory_dtor_function. A value of 0 indicated the memory will not be released and is used with the owner(library) attribute. Each class creates its own capsule struct for the C wrapper. This is to provide a measure of type safety in the C API. All Fortran classes use the same derived type since the user does not directly access the derived type. A typical destructor function would look like: // Release library allocated memory. void TUT_SHROUD_memory_destructor(TUT_SHROUD_capsule_data cap) void ptr = cap->addr; switch (cap->idtor) { case 0: // --none-- // Nothing to delete case 1: // new_string std::string cxx_ptr = reinterpret_cast<std::string >(ptr); delete cxx_ptr; // Unexpected case in destructor cap->addr = nullptr; cap->idtor = 0; // avoid deleting again Character and Arrays In order to create an allocatable copy of a C++ pointer, an additional structure is involved. For example, getConstStringPtrAlloc returns a pointer to a new string. From strings.yaml: - decl: const std::string getConstStringPtrAlloc() +owner(library) The C wrapper calls the function and saves the result along with metadata consisting of the address of the data within the std::string and its length. The Fortran wrappers allocates its return value to the proper length, then copies the data from the C++ variable and deletes it. The metadata for variables are saved in the C struct C_array_type and the bind(C) equivalent F_array_type.: // helper array_context struct s_STR_SHROUD_array { STR_SHROUD_capsule_data cxx; /* address of C++ memory / union { const void base; const char * ccharp; } addr; int type; /* type of element / size_t elem_len; / bytes-per-item or character len in c++ / size_t size; / size of data in c++ / int rank; / number of dimensions, 0=scalar / long shape[7]; typedef struct s_STR_SHROUD_array STR_SHROUD_array; The union for addr makes some assignments easier by removing the need for casts and also aids debugging. The union is replaced with a single type(C_PTR) for Fortran: ! helper array_context type, bind(C) :: STR_SHROUD_array ! address of C++ memory type(STR_SHROUD_capsule_data) :: cxx ! address of data in cxx type(C_PTR) :: base_addr = C_NULL_PTR ! type of element integer(C_INT) :: type ! bytes-per-item or character len of data in cxx integer(C_SIZE_T) :: elem_len = 0_C_SIZE_T ! size of data in cxx integer(C_SIZE_T) :: size = 0_C_SIZE_T ! number of dimensions integer(C_INT) :: rank = -1 integer(C_LONG) :: shape(7) = 0 end type STR_SHROUD_array The C wrapper does not return a std::string pointer. Instead it passes in a C_array_type pointer as an argument. It calls getConstStringPtrAlloc, saves the results and metadata into the argument. This allows it to be easily accessed from Fortran. Since the attribute is owner(library), cxx.idtor is set to 0 to avoid deallocating the memory. void STR_get_const_string_ptr_alloc_bufferify( STR_SHROUD_array SHT_rv_cdesc) // splicer begin function.get_const_string_ptr_alloc_bufferify const std::string * SHCXX_rv = getConstStringPtrAlloc(); ShroudStrToArray(SHT_rv_cdesc, SHCXX_rv, 0); // splicer end function.get_const_string_ptr_alloc_bufferify The Fortran wrapper uses the metadata to allocate the return argument to the correct length: function get_const_string_ptr_alloc() & character(len=:), allocatable :: SHT_rv ! splicer begin function.get_const_string_ptr_alloc type(STR_SHROUD_array) :: SHT_rv_cdesc call c_get_const_string_ptr_alloc_bufferify(SHT_rv_cdesc) allocate(character(len=SHT_rv_cdesc%elem_len):: SHT_rv) call STR_SHROUD_copy_string_and_free(SHT_rv_cdesc, SHT_rv, & ! splicer end function.get_const_string_ptr_alloc end function get_const_string_ptr_alloc Finally, the helper function SHROUD_copy_string_and_free is called to set the value of the result and possible free memory for owner(caller) or intermediate values: // helper copy_string // Copy the char* or std::string in context into c_var. // Called by Fortran to deal with allocatable character. void STR_ShroudCopyStringAndFree(STR_SHROUD_array data, char c_var, size_t c_var_len) { const char cxx_var = data->addr.ccharp; size_t n = c_var_len; if (data->elem_len < n) n = data->elem_len; std::strncpy(c_var, cxx_var, n); STR_SHROUD_memory_destructor(&data->cxx); // delete data->cxx.addr The three steps of call, allocate, copy could be replaced with a single call by using the further interoperability with C features of Fortran 2018 (a.k.a TS 29113). This feature allows Fortran ALLOCATABLE variables to be allocated by C. However, not all compilers currently support that feature. The current Shroud implementation works with Fortran 2003. NumPy arrays control garbage collection of C++ memory by creating a PyCapsule as the base object of NumPy objects. Once the final reference to the NumPy array is removed, the reference count on the PyCapsule is decremented. When 0, the destructor for the capsule is called and releases the C++ memory. This technique is discussed at [blog1] and [blog2] C_finalize is replaced by statement.final Shroud generated C wrappers do not explicitly delete any memory. However a destructor may be automatically called for some C++ stl classes. For example, a function which returns a std::string will have its value copied into Fortran memory since the function’s returned object will be destroyed when the C++ wrapper returns. If a function returns a char value, it will also be copied into Fortran memory. But if the caller of the C++ function wants to transfer ownership of the pointer to its caller, the C++ wrapper will leak the memory. The C_finalize variable may be used to insert code before returning from the wrapper. Use C_finalize_buf for the buffer version of wrapped functions. For example, a function which returns a new string will have to delete it before the C wrapper returns: std::string * getConstStringPtrLen() std::string * rv = new std::string("getConstStringPtrLen"); return rv; Wrapped as: - decl: const string * getConstStringPtrLen+len=30() C_finalize_buf: delete {cxx_var}; The C buffer version of the wrapper is: void STR_get_const_string_ptr_len_bufferify(char * SHF_rv, int NSHF_rv) const std::string * SHCXX_rv = getConstStringPtrLen(); if (SHCXX_rv->empty()) { std::memset(SHF_rv, ' ', NSHF_rv); } else { ShroudStrCopy(SHF_rv, NSHF_rv, SHCXX_rv->c_str()); // C_finalize delete SHCXX_rv; The unbuffer version of the function cannot destroy the string since only a pointer to the contents of the string is returned. It would leak memory when called: const char * STR_get_const_string_ptr_len() const std::string * SHCXX_rv = getConstStringPtrLen(); const char * SHC_rv = SHCXX_rv->c_str(); return SHC_rv;
Yes, The Civil War Was About Slavery (The Confederates Said So) John Singleton Mosby John Singleton Mosby In June of 1902, former Confederate cavalry raider John Singleton Mosby wrote to his friend Judge Reuben Page about the war that had given him his fame, bemoaning the fact that the causes of that war were already being lost in the public’s consciousness. In retrospect, slavery seems such a monstrous thing that some are now trying to prove that slavery was not the Cause of the War. Then what was the cause? I always thought that the South fought about the thing that it quarreled with the North about. Mosby, whose family had owned slaves, was talking about an increasing trend among Confederate veterans and former Confederate politicians to whitewash the reasons for the war. In a letter five years later to another friend, Sam Chapman, he wrote, I wrote you about my disgust at reading the Reunion speeches: It has since been increased by reading Christian’s report. I am certainly glad I wasn’t there. According to Christian the Virginia people were the abolitionists & the Northern people were pro-slavery. He says slavery was ‘a patriarchal’ institution – So were polygamy & circumcision. Ask Hugh if he has been circumcised. I have written two military history books on the Civil War, as well as two novels and numerous shorter works, and I constantly come up against the notion that the war was fought for “states rights.” As a political science professor friend of mine rebuts, “The right to do what?” The answer, of course, was the right to own other people. Confederate documents at the time make this abundantly clear, but after the war many rebels were embarrassed that they ripped the nation apart over slavery and sought to bury that idea. The 4th Regiment U.S. Colored Troops. These men knew exactly what they were fighting for It’s still being buried today, both in fiction and poorly researched nonfiction. To dig it up, one has to look no further than the Confederate documents. When the states seceded, many sought fit to write a “Declaration of Causes” as to why they chose this action. Five can be found here. All list the primary reason for secession as slavery. They cite the fact that many northern states were not returning escaped slaves in defiance of the Fugitive Slave Law and that slavery was being limited in westward expansion. Mississippi’s Declaration of Causes gives this statement as an opener: The new nation of the Confederate States of America was quick to draw up a constitution, which was passed on March 11, 1861. In addition to outlining the organization and powers of the government and the relationship between the individual states and the central government, it banned the “importation of negroes of the African race from any foreign country other than the slaveholding States or Territories of the United States of America.” It also ruled that fugitive slaves must be returned and that in any new lands the Confederacy acquired, slavery would be legal. It also made quite clear that “No bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law denying or impairing the right of property in negro slaves shall be passed.” Ten days after the passage of the new constitution, Confederate Vice President Alexander Stephens gave what has become known as the Cornerstone Speech in Savannah, Georgia. A newspaper transcript of the speech showed he was unequivocal about the causes of the war. Marlboro, a "body servant" (i.e. slave) to a Confederate soldier, wore a uniform when he accompanied his master to war. This does not make him a soldier, nor does it make his participation consensual. Marlboro, a “body servant” (i.e. slave) to a Confederate soldier, wore a uniform when he accompanied his master to war. This does not make him a soldier, nor does it make his participation consensual A look at the primary sources will find endless examples of sentiments like this–in political speeches, newspaper editorials, and private correspondence. Modern apologists for the Confederacy try to reframe the debate by saying that most Confederate soldiers fought to protect their state from Northern invasion, and that most Union soldiers fought to preserve the Union. That’s neither here nor there, because it avoids mentioning the actual cause of the war–Southern fear that Lincoln would not only limit the spread of slavery as he said in his presidential platform, but might go further and abolish slavery altogether. Other Confederate apologists have tried to muddy the issue by claiming that thousands of black men fought in the Southern armies. This is a myth that has generated heated debate, spurious claims, unsourced quotes, and even faked photographs. The myth has been debunked in a great article by the Civil War Trust. There is some slight evidence that a few individual African-Americans may have fought. As the article states, “in the ‘Official Records of the War of the Rebellion,’ a collection of military records from both sides which spans more than 50 volumes and more than 50,000 pages, there are a total of seven Union eyewitness reports of black Confederates. Three of these reports mention black men shooting at Union soldiers, one report mentions capturing a handful of armed black men along with some soldiers, and the other three reports mention seeing unarmed black laborers. There is no record of Union soldiers encountering an all-black line of battle or anything close to it. In those same Official Records, no Confederate ever references having black soldiers under his command or in his unit, although references to black laborers are common.” So did a few black soldiers fight for the South? Probably. Does that change what the war was about? Nope. Mosby’s letters come from an excellent website called This Cruel War, that goes into much more detail about this issue and is highly recommended. Photos courtesy Wikimedia Commons. Notify of Newest Most Voted Inline Feedbacks View all comments Nice article. I’m from Tennessee and I remember getting into an argument about this with a co-worker. His half-cocked explanation was that it had to do with money and trade, and he was taught this in school! Granted he learned this 30 years ago, but I wouldn’t be surprised with was still being taught. In defense of that co-worker, he at least knows better than to go around waving the flag for the confederate state of Virginia and calling it heritage. C - Foxessa “Virginia was the mother of slavery,” wrote Louis Hughes, born enslaved in VA in 1832, in his memoir, written by himself, when he was 64 in 1897. Friday night, Oct. 28th, 2016, at Symphony Space, in NYC, his words, among many others included in The American Slave Coast: A History of the Slave-Breeding Industry, will be read by a cast that includes the co-authors, Nona Hendryx, Jonathan Demme, and others. I have never forgotten when I was writing my Silver Bell Plantation fantasy cycle short stories how many sf/f pro writers — all male — patted me on the head and said, “O that’s all very nice little girl, but you don’t know any history. The Civil War wasn’t about slavery at all.” That was the very first time in my life that I’d heard such a thing. Which is what put me directly on the track to write The American Slave Coast. Amy Bisson Thank you for this post. Because my family moved from Massachusetts to South Carolina when I was 16, this has become an issue I am passionate about. I feel genuine anger every time I see a Confederate flag (or as I call it Treason Flag) flying in front of a home or as a bumper sticker on a beat-up old pickup truck. I have been in many arguments with people claiming it was all about “state’s rights”, but never once heard anyone give an actual answer to the question “What right besides slavery were the states fighting for?” On the first page of Jefferson Davis’s autobiography he stated that the war was not about slavery, then the next 500 plus pages was nothing but him going on about slavery. The states rights argument doesn’t hold water either, because before the war, it was the southern controlled congress that was infringing on northern states rights with things such as the Posse Comitatus act, where if a northerner in the north doesn’t help a southern slave owner retrieve an escaped slave, the northerner could face punishment. It was that the southern leaders couldn’t get what they wanted when Lincoln was elected that they threw a temper tantrum and seceded. Not posse comitatus, sorry. Can’t remember the specific act, but I don’t think it was specifically under the fugitive slave law, but more an adjunct to it. Darn, I wish I could edit my comments. But I now see where I was confused, it is the Fugitive Slave Law combined with the genereal Posse Comitatus statute that made it so a southern sherriff could go into a bar in New York and say “you there, common New Yorker, help me capture this fugitive slave or you will be arrested.” James McGlothlin One question that I’ve always had about this issue, since the average Confederate soldier did not own slaves, why were so many Confederates willing to go and die in this war? I’m sure that there were many reasons why such Americans went to fight. But, in general, was the average Confederate willing to go and possibly die because of slavery? Maybe so. Any thoughts anyone? Wild Ape I know for a fact what my ancestors fought for because I read their diaries. I had two that fought for the north and three for the south. They wanted to be neutral but they had land and a lot of horses that both sides wanted. I am directly related to one of the southerners and my family did not own slaves. One of his brothers joined the north because his friends did and his closest brother went with him. Their father wanted to be neutral but northerners came and demanded they join up and when they misbehavior the father, the mother and raped his sister and took their horses. The surviving brothers and the baby sister were taken to relatives and the younger three brothers joined the south primarily for revenge. My family still has the receipt for the horses and were never paid. One of the older brothers was awarded the Medal of Honor and the other was killed. Only my ancestor of the three who fought for the south lived. He returned to a ruined farm with graves. He and his brother were glad to have each other and the sisters both died during war. I think that a lot of families were like mine, swept up by terrible currents that ripped our country apart and drenched our soil in blood. I’m sure that some fought for slavery but I bet many fought against northern aggression for their homes. To lump all southerners as slave loving racists is just virtue signalling at its worst when the issue is more complicated than that. My ancestor eventually had to leave because he was declared an outlaw and went west with nothing. He never saw his brother or home again. Wild Ape I’m not disputing that southern leaders wanted to preserve slavery Sean. am disputing that all southerners did. Many saw the invading armies as aggressors and called to their homelands defense. It is human nature. That s why the Confederate flag remains a symbol of southern pride. Saddly, t will forever be tied to slavery as well. Generations may morph it but the flag and history is what it is. What I am interested in is your pinion of King Cotton. The hubris hat southern leaders had was that Europe, especially England with its clothing manufacturing industry, would rally to help the states. Instead England turned to Egyptian cotton. Do you take stock in that theory? Wild Ape Also,didnt you write a book about trench warfare? How much did the civil war impact that future war, or does your research not venture into that? And I’ve always asked civil war the which generals they liked and disliked. I suppose virtue signaling was a bit off. I hope you are not permanently sore about that. I appreciate your subject. There might have been slaves that fought willingly but I doubt there were many. Marlboro has that war veteran stare so it is hard to tell. I have a black friend who claims that her family owned slaves. It is a strange world then and now. I think that they had to sell or force the idea to fight somehow. I know for what was written in my ancestor’s diary and it makes sense to me. C - Foxessa For the answer to this query: Comment by James McGlothlin – October 27, 2016 5:13 pm ” ] work, by military historian, Joseph Glatthaar, Lee’s Army: From Victory to Collapse, provides a great deal of excellent information. The one caveat, is that it deals only with the Army of Northern Virginia, and thus doesn’t deal with the tremendous rate of desertion and so on in the western CSA armies, one of whose members, from Jones County, Mississippi, is often credited with “Rich man’s war, poor man’s fight.” The CSA Army of the Tennessee was composed of far more conscriptees than was Lee’s army, and thus they were poorer, as wealth in the south was so very much calculated in the ownership of slaves. Slaves were the collateral for the economy that ran almost entirely on credit, as slaves only depreciated in value when they got old, and for women, after they were no longer able to get pregnant. But Lee’s army, particularly the officer classes, was composed almost entirely of planters, their sons, and other male relatives. Whether or not these young men were old enough to own slaves and be independent, they were all 100 percent invested in the slave economy — if only because their brother’s wife’s slaves washed their clothes, cleaned their boots, etc. They ALL received the benefits of slavery in one way or another. And many, of course, didn’t own the slaves who worked for them — they rented slaves. Glatthaar took much time and effort to researching the individuals in Lee’s army and showing their connections to the benefits, for them, of slavery. Wild Ape Why then did the average northerners fight? Emancipation wasn’t done until three years into the war. The war didn’t start out by fighting over slavery. Wild Ape I did not know that about the Russo-Japanese war thank you. I appreciate your insight about WW 1. I think the powers expected a shorter war. The King Cotton argument I heard a few years back and was written by one of my favorite writers. One thing I forgot about some civil war subject matter experts is they can be fierce about their theories. I’m not attempting to rebut anything. I find the subject interesting. At the same time I will retain my right to believe or disbelieve in part or whole of the theories brought forth. I will drop it, not because I believe or disbelieve in part or whole what you say. My ancestors were screwed by the civil war. They had riches, happiness, and a good life before the evil pestilence of war came. It broke my heart to hear about my ancestors and the he’ll that they went through. C - Foxessa What has gotten lost in the glorious lost cause revisionism of the War of the Rebellion is that the south fought the war to expand slavery — which meant expanding it all through the U.S. and its territories. The fantasy by the fire eaters was that once all of the U.S. was under their domination for selling the slaves they bred they would also expand the economic system into Central and South American and the Caribbean — particularly Cuba, which they wanted since even before the War of Independence. If, with the end of the African Slave Trade in 1808, it was illegal to import slaves from anywhere else — great protectionism then for Virginia’s slave breeding industry. With Cuba a state, and its sugar slaves dying between 8 and 10 years, the Cuban sugar plantations would have to import slaves from — Mississippi! Plus the south would get two more senators and more seats in the House. The north knew all this, and the Fugitive Slave Act showed them up close and personal what this would mean for them. They fought to stop the aggression of the slaveocracy into their world, forcing them into what they did not want. The South invaded the north, which is entirely erased in the glorious lost cause bs. The north was fighting for its own homes long before the Union armies hit the south in 1862-63. C - Foxessa BTW, Lee was the entrenchment guy, even before he was named commander of the Army of Northern Virginia. He was rather a joke in the army after the Mexican War’s conclusion, when his career stalled, as did those of so many who stayed in the army after this war, that Grant, among many others, hated because it was a war fought for the benefit of the slaveocracy — though of course he distinguished himself well. Lee made his army entrench every night. His trench warfare was a very different strategy from Grant’s. But then, by the time Grant took over, after Gettysburg and Vicksburg, the south was fighting a 100 percent defensive war. That’s when the North invaded — after the south invaded, pillaged and burned their way through Maryland and Pennsylvania. Would love your thoughts, please comment.x
John Ruskin net worth John Ruskin‘s source of wealth comes from being a novelist. How much money is John Ruskin worth at the age of 202 and what’s his real net worth now? As of 2021, John Ruskin’s net worth is under review. John Ruskin (born February 8, 1819) is famous for being novelist. He currently resides in England. A leading English art critic of the Victorian era, he is known for works such as Modern Painters (1843) and The Seven Lamps of Architecture (1849). He established the Ruskin School of Drawing at the University of Oxford in 1869. Source of Money Real Name John Ruskin Place of Birth Date of Birth February 8, 1819 (age 202) John Ruskin is a Aquarius and was born in The Year of the Rabbit John Ruskin was born in England on Monday, February 8, 1819 (G.I. Generation generation). He is 202 years old and is a Aquarius. John Ruskin (8 February 1819 20 January 1900) was the leading English art critic of the Victorian era, also an art patron, draughtsman, watercolourist, a prominent social thinker and philanthropist. He wrote on subjects as varied as geology, architecture, myth, ornithology, literature, education, botany and political economy. His writing styles and literary forms were equally varied. Ruskin penned essays and treatises, poetry and lectures, travel guides and manuals, letters and even a fairy tale. The elaborate style that characterised his earliest writing on art was later superseded by a preference for plainer language designed to communicate his ideas more effectively. In all of his writing, he emphasised the connections between nature, art and society. He also made detailed sketches and paintings of rocks, plants, birds, landscapes, and architectural structures and ornamentation. He was an active philanthropist, notable social thinker, skilled watercolorist, draughtsman, and art patron. While traveling with his privileged family as a boy, he wrote in several notebooks and sketchbooks and drew many landscapes, maps, and buildings. He attended the University of Oxford beginning in 1836. John Ruskin is a member of Richest Celebrities and Novelists. John is turning 203 years old in He criticized the music of Ludwig Van Beethoven . John Ruskin fans also viewed John Ruskin’s net worth Online estimates of John Ruskin’s net worth vary. While it’s relatively simple to predict his income, it’s harder to know how much John has spent over the years. Continue to the next page to see John Ruskin net worth, estimated salary and earnings.
Saint Helena Early history, 1502 - 1658 Most historical accounts state the island was discovered on 21 May 1502 by the Portuguese navigator João da Nova, on his voyage home from India, and he named it "Santa Helena" after Helena of Constantinople. However, given this is the feast day used by the Greek Orthodox Church it has been argued that the discovery was probably made on the 18th August, the feast day used by the Roman Catholic Church. It has also been suggested that the island may not have been discovered until 30 July 1503 by a squadron under the command of Estavao da Gama and that da Nova actually discovered Tristan da Cunha on the feast day of St Helena. The Portuguese found it uninhabited, with an abundance of trees and fresh water. They imported livestock (mainly goats), fruit trees and vegetables, built a chapel and one or two houses, and left their sick suffering from scurvy and other ailments to be taken home, if they recovered, by the next ship, but they formed no permanent settlement. The island thereby became crucially important for the collection of food and as a rendezvous point for homebound voyages from Asia. The island was directly in line with the Trade Winds which took ships rounding the Cape of Good Hope into the South Atlantic. St Helena was much less frequently visited by Asia-bound ships, the northern trade winds taking ships towards the American continent rather than the island. It is a popular belief that the Portuguese managed to keep the location of this remote island a secret until almost the end of the 16th century. However, both the location of the island and its name were quoted in Dutch book in 1508 that described a 1505 Portuguese expedition led by Francisco de Almeida from the East Indies "[o]n the twenty-first day of July we saw land, and it was an island lyng six hundred and fifty miles from the Cape, and called Saint Helena, howbeit we could not land there. [...] And after we left the island of Saint Helena, we saw another island two hundred miles from there, which is called Ascension". [4] Nevertheless, the first residents all arrived on Portuguese vessels. Its first known permanent resident was Portuguese, Fernão Lopez who had turned traitor in India and had been mutilated by order of Albuquerque, the Governor of Goa. Fernando Lopez preferred being marooned to returning to Portugal in his maimed condition, and lived on Saint Helena from about 1516. By royal command, Lopez returned to Portugal about 1526 and then travelled to Rome, where Pope Clement VII granted him an audience. Lopez returned to Saint Helena, where he died in 1545. When the island was discovered, it was covered with unique (indigenous) vegetation, including many tropical trees. The island's hinterland must have been a dense tropical forest but the coastal areas were probably quite green as well. The modern landscape is very different, with mostly bare rock in the lower areas, and an inland region that is green - but mainly introduced plants. The change in landscape can be attributed to the impact of humans, the introduction of goats and the introduction of new vegetation. Sometime before 1557 two slaves from Mozambique, one from Java and two women escaped from a ship and remained hidden on the island for many years, long enough for their numbers to rise to twenty. Bermudez, the Patriarch of Abyssinia landed at St Helena in 1557 on a voyage to Portugal, remaining on the island for a year. Three Japanese ambassadors on an embassy to the Pope also visited St Helena in 1583. No firm evidence supports the idea that Sir Francis Drake located the island on the final lap of his circumnavigation of the world (1577-1580). The existence of St Helena was certainly known to the English before they finally located it, for example the Elizabethan adventurer Edward Fenton made plans in 1582 to find and seize the island. In 1588 Thomas Cavendish became the first Englishman known to have visited the island during his first attempt to circumnavigate the world. He stayed for 12 days and described the valley (initially called Chapel Valley) where Jamestown is situated as “a marvellous fair and pleasant valley, wherein divers handsome buildings and houses were set up, and especially one which was a church, which was tiled, and whitened on the outside very fair, and made with a porch, and within the church at the upper end was set an alter.... This valley is the fairest and largest low plot in all the island, and it is marvellous sweet and pleasant, and planted in every place with fruit trees or with herbs.... There are on this island thousands of goats, which the Spaniards call cabritos, which are very wild: you shall sometimes see one or two hundred of them together, and sometimes you may behold them going in a flock almost a mile long.” Another English seaman, Captain Abraham Kendall, visited Saint Helena in 1591, and in 1593 Sir James Lancaster stopped at the island on his way home from the East. Once the secret of St Helena’s location had been revealed, English ships of war began to lie in wait in the area to attack Portuguese India carracks on their way home. As a result, in 1592 Philip II of Spain and I of Portugal (1527–1598) ordered the annual fleet returning from Goa on no account to touch at St Helena. In developing their Far East trade, the Dutch also began to frequent the island. One of their first visits was in 1598 when an expedition of two vessels piloted by John Davis (English explorer) attacked a large Spanish Caravel, only to be beaten off and forced to retreat to Ascension Island for repairs. The Italian merchant Francesco Carletti, claimed in his autobiography he was robbed by the Dutch when sailing on a Portuguese ship in 1602.[6] The Portuguese and Spanish soon gave up regularly calling at the island, partly because they used ports along the West African coast, but also because of attacks on their shipping, desecration to their chapel and images, destruction of their livestock and destruction of plantations by Dutch and English sailors. In 1603 Lancaster again visited Saint Helena on his return from the first voyage equipped by the British East India Company. In 1610, by which time most Dutch and English ships visited the island on their home voyage, François Pyrard de Laval deplored the deterioration since his last visit in 1601, describing damage to the chapel and destruction of fruit trees by the expedient of cutting down trees to pick the fruit. Whilst Thomas Best, commander of the tenth British East India Company expedition reported plentiful supplies of lemons in 1614, only 40 lemon trees were observed by the traveller Peter Mundy in 1634. The Dutch Republic formally made claim to St Helena in 1633, although there is no evidence that they ever occupied, colonised or fortified it. A Dutch territorial stone, undated but certainly later than 1633, is presently kept in the island’s archive office. By 1651, the Dutch had mainly abandoned the island in favour of their colony founded at the Cape of Good Hope. British East India Company, 1658 - 1815 The idea for the English to make claim to the island was first made in a 1644 pamphlet by Richard Boothby. By 1649, the East India Company ordered all homeward-bound vessels to wait for one another at St Helena and in 1656 onward the Company petitioned the government to send a man-of-war to convoy the fleet home from there. Having been granted a charter to govern the island by Richard Cromwell in 1657, the following year the Company decided to fortify and colonise St Helena with planters. A fleet commanded by Captain John Dutton (first governor, 1659-1661) in the Marmaduke arrived at St Helena in 1659. It is from this date that St Helena claims to be Britain’s second oldest colony (after Bermuda). A fort, originally named the Castle of St John, was completed within a month and further houses were built further up the valley. It soon became obvious that the island could not be made self-sufficient and in early 1658, the East India Company ordered all homecoming ships to provide one ton of rice on their arrival at the island. With the restoration of the monarchy in 1660, the fort was renamed James Fort, the town Jamestown and the valley James Valley, all in honour of the Duke of York, later James II of England. The East India Company immediately sought a Royal Charter, possibly to give their occupation of St Helena legitimacy. This was issued in 1661 and gave the Company the sole right to fortify and colonise the island “in such legal and reasonable manner the said Governor and Company should see fit”. Each planter was allocated one of 130 pieces of land, but the Company had great difficulty attracting new immigrants, the population falling to only 66 including 18 slaves by 1670. John Dutton’s successors as governor, Robert Stringer (1661-1670) and Richard Coney (1671-1672), repeatedly warned the Company of unrest amongst the inhabitants, Coney complaining the inhabitants were drunks and ne’er-do-wells. In 1672 Coney was seized by rebellious members of the island’s council and shipped back to England. Coincidentally, the Company had already sent a replacement governor, Anthony Beale (1672-1673). Finding that the cape was not the ideal harbour they originally envisaged, the Dutch East India Company launched an armed invasion of St Helena from the Cape colony over Christmas 1672. Governor Beale was forced to abandon the island in a Company ship, sailing to Brazil where he hired a fast ship. This he used to locate an East India Company flotilla sent to reinforce St Helena with fresh troops. The island was retaken in May 1673 without loss of life and reinforced with 250 troops. The same year the Company petitioned a new Charter from Charles II of England and this granted the island free title as though it was a part of England “in the same manner as East Greenwich in the County of Kent”. Acknowledging that St Helena was a place where there was no trade, the Company was permitted to send from England any provisions free of Customs and to convey as many settlers as required. In 1674 Richard Keigwin (1673-1674), the next acting governor, was seized by discontented settlers and troops and was only rescued by the lucky arrival of an East India Company fleet under the command of Captain William Basse. By 1675, the part-time recruitment of settlers in a Militia enabled the permanent garrison to be reduced to 50 troops. Edmund Halley was a visitor the following year, observing the positions of 341 stars in the Southern hemisphere. Amongst the most significant taxes levied on imports was a requirement for all ships trading with Madagascar to deliver one slave. Slaves were also brought from Asia by incoming shipping. Thus, most slaves came from Madagascar and Asia rather than the African mainland. By 1679, the number of slaves had risen to about 80. An uprising by soldiers and planters in 1684 during the governorship of John Blackmore (1678-1689) led to the death of three mutineers in an attack on Fort James and the later execution of four others. The formation of the Grand Alliance and outbreak of war against France in 1698 meant that for several years ships from Asia avoided the island for fear of being attacked by French men-of-war. Soldiers at the end of their service thereby had restricted opportunities to obtain a passage back to Britain. Governor Joshua Johnson (1690-1693) also prevented soldiers smuggling themselves aboard ships by ordering all outgoing ships to only leave during daylight hours. This led to a mutiny in 1693 in which a group of mutineer soldiers seized a ship and made their escape, during the course of which Governor Johnson was killed. Meanwhile, savage punishment was meted out to slaves during this period, some being burnt alive and others starved to death. Rumours of an uprising by slaves in 1694 led to the gruesome execution of three slaves and cruel punishment of many others. The clearance of the indigenous forest for the distillation of spirits, tanning and agricultural development began to lead to shortage of wood by the 1680s. The numbers of rats and goats had reached plague proportions by the 1690’s, leading to the destruction of food crops and young tree shoots. Neither an increase on duty on the locally produced arrack nor a duty on all firewood helped reduce the deforestation whilst attempts to reforest the island by governor John Roberts (1708-11) were not followed up by his immediate successors. The Great Wood, which once extended from Deadwood Plain to Prosperous Bay Plain, was reported in 1710 as not having a single tree left standing. An early mention of the problems of soil erosion was made in 1718 when a waterspout broke over Sandy Bay, on the southern coast. Against the background of this erosion, several years of drought and the general dependency of St Helena, in 1715 governor Isaac Pyke (1714-1719) made the serious suggestion to the Company that appreciable savings could be made by moving the population to Mauritius, evacuated by the French in 1710. However, with the outbreak of war with other European countries, the Company continued to subsidise the island because of its strategic location. An ordinance was passed in 1731 to preserve the woodlands through the reduction in the goat population. Despite the clear connection between deforestation and the increasing number of floods (in 1732, 1734, 1736, 1747, 1756 and 1787) the East India Company’s Court of Directors gave little support to efforts by governors to eradicate the goat problem. Rats were observed in 1731 building nests in trees two feet across, a visitor in 1717 commenting that the vast number of wild cats preferred to live off young partridges than the rats. An outbreak of plague in 1743 was attributed to the release of infected rats from ships arriving from India. By 1757, soldiers were employed in killing the wild cats. William Dampier called into St Helena in 1691 at the end of his first of three circumnavigations of the world and stated Jamestown comprised 20-30 small houses built with rough stones furnished with mean furniture. These houses were only occupied when ships called at the island because their owners were all employed on their plantations further in the island. He described how women born on the island “very earnestly desired to be released from that Prison, having no other way to compass this but by marrying Seamen of Passengers that touch here”. Following commercial rivalries between the original English East India Company and a New East India Company created in 1698, a new Company was formed in 1708 by amalgamation, and entitled the “United Company of Merchants of England, trading to the East Indies”. St Helena was then transferred to this new United East India Company. The same year, extensive work began to build the present Castle. Because of a lack of cement, mud was used as the mortar for many buildings, most of which had deteriorated into a state of ruin. In a search for lime on the island, a soldier in 1709 claimed to have discovered gold and silver deposits in Breakneck Valley. For a short period, it is believed that almost every able-bodied man was employed in prospecting for these precious metals. The short-lived Breakneck Valley Gold Rush ended with the results of an assay of the deposits in London, showing that they were iron pyrites. A census in 1723 showed that out of a total population 1,110, some 610 were slaves. In 1731, a majority of tenant planters successfully petitioned governor Edward Byfield (1727-1731) for the reduction of the goat population. The next governor, Isaac Pyke (1731-1738), had a tyrannical reputation but successfully extended tree plantations, improved fortifications and transformed the garrison and militia into a reliable force for the first time. In 1733 Green Tipped Bourbon Coffee seeds were brought from the coffee port of Mocha in Yemen, on a Company ship The Houghton and were planted at various locations around the Island where the plants flourished, despite general neglect. Robert Jenkins, of “Jenkins Ear” fame (governor 1740-1742) embarked on a programme of eliminating corruption and improving the defences. The island’s first hospital was built on its present site in 1742. Governor Charles Hutchinson (1747-1764) tackled the neglect of crops and livestock and also brought the laws of the island closer to those in England. Nevertheless, racial discrimination continued and it was not until 1787 that the black population were allowed to give evidence against whites. In 1758 three French warships were seen lying off the island in wait for the Company’s India fleet. In an inconclusive battle, these were engaged by warships from the Company’s China fleet. Nevil Maskelyne and Robert Waddington set up an observatory in 1761 to observe the transit of Venus, following a suggestion first made by Halley. In the event, observations were obscured by cloud. Most of the cattle were destroyed this year through an unidentified sickness. Attempts by governor John Skottowe (1764-1782) to regularise the sale of arrack and punch led to some hostility and desertions by a number of troops who stole boats and were probably mostly lost at sea - however, at least one group of seven soldiers and a slave succeeded in escaping to Brazil in 1770. It was from about this date that the island began, for the first time, to enjoy a prolonged period of prosperity. The first Parish Church in Jamestown had been showing signs of decay for many years, and finally a new building was erected in 1774. St James’ is now the oldest Anglican church south of the Equator. Captain James Cook visited the island in 1775 on the final leg of his second circumnavigation of the world. An order by governor Daniel Corneille (1782–1787) banning garrison troops and sailors from punch-taverns, only allowing them to drink at army canteens, led to a mutiny over Christmas 1787 when some 200 troops skirmished with loyal troops over a three day period. Ninety-nine mutineers were condemned to death and were then decimated whereby lots were drawn, with one in every ten being shot and executed. Saul Solomon is believed to have arrived at the island about 1790, where he eventually formed the Solomon’s company, initially based at an emporium, today occupied by the Rose and Crown shop. Captain Bligh arrived at St Helena in 1792 during his second attempt to ship a cargo of bread-fruit trees to Jamaica. In 1795 governor Robert Brooke (1787–1801) was alerted that the French had overrun the Netherlands, forcing the Dutch to become their allies. Some 411 troops were sent from the garrison to support General Sir James Craig in his successful capture of the Dutch colony at the Cape of Good Hope. As a result of a policy of recruiting time-expired soldiers calling at the island on their voyage home from India, the St Helena Regiment was built up to 1,000 men by 1800. At the same time, every able-bodied man joined the island’s militia. Fortifications were improved and a new system of visual signalling introduced. The importation of slaves was made illegal in 1792. An outbreak of measles was caused by the arrival of a fleet of ships in January 1807, leading to the death of 102 "Blacks" (probably under-reported in church records) and 58 "whites" in the two months to May. Since most slaves were owned by the wealthier town dwellers, governor Robert Patton (1802–1807) recommended that Company import Chinese labour to supplement the rural workforce. These arrived in 1810, their numbers rising to about 600 by 1818, many were allowed to stay on after 1836 and their descendents became integrated into the population. Action taken by governor Alexander Beatson (1808–1813) to reduce drunkenness by prohibiting the public sale of spirits and the importation of cheap Indian spirits resulted in a mutiny by about 250 troops in December 1811. After surrendering to loyal troops, nine leading mutineers were executed. Under the aegis of governor Mark Wilks (1813-1816) farming methods were improved, a rebuilding programme initiated and the first public library opened. A census in 1814 showed the number of inhabitants was 3,507. Napoleon's exile, British rule, 1815-1821 In 1815 the British government selected Saint Helena as the place of detention of Napoleon I of France. He was brought to the island in October 1815 and lodged at Longwood, where he died in May 1821. For more details about Napoleon on Saint Helena, see Exile in Saint Helena and death. During this period the island was strongly garrisoned by the regular British regimental troops, local St Helena Regiment troops and naval shipping circling the island. Agreement was reached that St Helena would remain in the East India Company’s possession, the British government meeting additional costs arising from guarding Napoleon and the East India Company. Governor, Sir Hudson Lowe (1816–1821), was appointed by, and directly reported to, the Lord Bathurst, Secretary for War and the Colonies in London. Brisk business was enjoyed catering for the additional 2,000 troops and personnel on the island over the six-year period, although restrictions placed against ships landing during this period posed a challenge for local traders to import the necessary goods. The 1817 census recorded 821 white inhabitants, a garrison of 820 men, 618 Chinese indentured labourers, 500 free blacks and 1,540 slaves. In 1818, whilst admitting that nowhere in the world did slavery exist in a milder form than on St Helena, Lowe initiated the first step in emancipating the slaves by persuading slave owners to give all slave children born after Christmas of that year their freedom once they had reached their late teens. Solomon Dickson & Taylor issued £147-worth of copper halfpenny tokens sometime before 1821 to enhance local trade. British East India Company, 1821-1834 After Napoleon's death the thousands of temporary visitors were soon withdrawn. The East India Company resumed full control of Saint Helena and life returned to the pre-1815 standards, the fall in population causing a sharp change in the economy. The next governors, Thomas Brooke (temporary governor, 1821-1823) and Alexander Walker (1823-1828), successfully brought the island through this post-Napoleonic period with the opening of a new farmer’s market in Jamestown, the foundation of an Agricultural and Horticultural Society and improvements in education. In 1832 the East India Company abolished slavery in St Helena (freeing 614 slaves), a year before legislation to ban slavery in the colonies was passed by Parliament. An abortive attempt was made to set up a whaling industry in 1830 (also in 1875). Following praise of St Helena’s coffee given by Napoleon during his exile on the island, the product enjoyed a brief popularity in Paris during the years after his death. British rule, a Crown colony, 1834 - 1981 The British Parliament passed the India Act in 1833, a provision of which transferred control of St Helena from the East India Company to the Crown with effect from 2 April 1834. In practice, the transfer did not take effect until 24 February 1836 when Major-General George Middlemore (1836-1842), the first governor appointed by the British government, arrived with 91st Regiment troops. He summarily dismissed St Helena Regiment and, following orders from London, embarked on a savage drive to cut administrative costs, dismissing most officers previously in the Company employ. This triggered the start of a long-term pattern whereby those who could afford to do so tended to leave the island for better fortunes and opportunities elsewhere. The population was to fall gradually fall from 6,150 in 1817 to less than 4,000 by 1890. Charles Darwin spent six days of observation on the island in 1836 during his return journey on HMS Beagle. Dr James Barry (surgeon) the first British female to qualify as a medical doctor, also arrived that year as principal medical officer (1836-1837). In addition to reorganising the hospital, Barry highlighted the heavy incidence of venereal diseases in the civilian population, blaming the government for the removal of the St Helena Regiment, which resulted in destitute females resorting to prostitution. In 1838 agreement was reached with Sultan of Lahej to permit a coaling station at Aden, thereby allowing the journey time to the Far East (via the Mediterranean, the Alexandria to Cairo overland crossing and the Red Sea) to be roughly halved compared with the traditional South Atlantic route. This precursor to the affects of the Suez Canal (1869), coupled with the advent of steam shipping that was not reliant on trade winds led to a gradual reduction in the number of ships calling at St Helena and to a decline in its strategic importance to Britain and economic fortunes. The number of ships calling at the island fell from 1,100 in 1855; to 853 in 1869; to 603 in 1879 and to only 288 in 1889. In 1839, London coffee merchants Wm Burnie & Co described St Helena coffee as being of “very superior quality and flavour”. In 1840 the British Government deployed a naval station to suppress the African slave trade. The squadron was based at St Helena and a Vice Admiralty Court was based at Jamestown to try the crews of the slave ships. Most of these were broken up and used for salvage. Surviving slaves (about 10,000 between 1840-1874) were incarcerated to regain their health in Liberated African Depots at Rupert’s Bay, Lemon Valley and High Knoll. About a third of ex-slaves died and were buried at Rupert’s Bay. A few survivors were employed as servants or labourers, their descendents being absorbed into the population, representing the main source of African ethnicity. Most were shipped out to plantations on the West Indies, only a few returning to Africa. It was also in 1840 that the British government acceded to a French request for Napoleon’s body to be returned to France. The body, in excellent state of preservation, was exhumed on 15 October 1840 and ceremonially handed over to the Prince de Joinville in the French ship La Belle Poule. A European Regiment, called the St Helena Regiment, comprising five companies was formed in 1842 for the purpose of garrisoning the island. William A Thorpe, the founder of the Thorpe business, was born on the island the same year. There was another outbreak of measles in 1843 and it was noted that none of those who survived the 1807 outbreak contracted the disease a second time. The first Baptist minister arrived from Cape Town in 1845. The same year, St Helena coffee was sold in London at 1d per pound, making it the most expensive and exclusive in the world. In 1846, St James church was considerably repaired, a steeple replacing the old tower. The same year, huge waves, or “rollers”, hit the island causing 13 ships anchored off Jamestown bay to be wrecked. The foundation stone for St Paul’s country church, also known as “The Cathedral”, was laid in 1850. Following instructions from London to achieve economies, Governor Thomas Gore Brown (1851-1856) further reduced the civil establishment. He also tackled the problems of overpopulation of Jamestown posed by the restrictions of the valley terrain by establishing a village at Rupert’s Bay. A census in 1851 showed a total of 6,914 inhabitants living on the island. In 1859 the Anglican Diocese of St Helena was set up for St Helena, including Ascension Island and Tristan da Cunha (initially also including the Falkland Islands, Rio de Janeiro and other towns along the east coast of South America), the first Bishop of St Helena arriving on the island that year. Islanders later complained that succeeding governors were mainly retired senior military officers with an undynamic approach to the job. St John’s church was built in upper Jamestown in 1857, one motivation being to counter the levels of vice and prostitution at that end of the town. The following year, the lands forming the sites of Napoleon’s burial and of his home at Longwood House were vested in Napoleon III and his heirs and a French representative or consul has lived on the island ever since, the French flag now flying over these areas. The title deeds of Briars Pavilion, where Napoleon lived during his earliest period of exile, were much later given to the French Government in 1959. St Helena coffee grown on the Bamboo Hedge Estate at Sandy Bay won a premier award at the Great Exhibition at the Crystal Palace in 1851. Saul Solomon was buried at St Helena in 1853. The first postage stamp was issued for the island in 1856, the six-pence blue, marking the start of considerable philatelic interest in the island. By the 1860’s it was apparent that wood sourced from some condemned slave ships (possibly a Brazilian ship) from the 1840s were infested by termites (“white ants”). Eating their way through house timbers (also documents) the termites caused the collapse of a number of buildings and considerable economic damage over several decades. Extensive reconstruction made use of iron rails and termite-proof timbers. The termite problem persists to the present day. The corner stone for St Matthew’s church at Hutt’s Gate was laid in 1861. The withdrawal of the British naval station in 1864 and closure of the Liberated African Station ten years later (several hundred Africans were deported to Lagos and other places on the West African coast) resulted in a further deterioration in the economy. A small earthquake was recorded the same year. The gaol in Rupert’s Bay was destroyed and the Castle and Supreme Court were reconstructed in 1867. Cinchona plants were introduced in 1868 by Charles Elliot (1863-1870) with a view to exporting quinine but the experiment was abandoned by his successor Governor C. G. E. Patey (1870-1873), who also embarked on a programme of reducing the civil establishment. The latter action led to another phase of emigration from the island. An experiment in 1874 to produce flax from Phomium Tenax (New Zealand flax) failed (the cultivation of flax recommenced in 1907 and eventually became the island’s largest export). In 1871, the Royal Engineers constructed Jacob’s Ladder up the steep side of the valley from Jamestown to Knoll Mount Fort, with 700 steps, one step being covered over in later repairs. A census in 1881 showed 5,059 inhabitants lived on the island. Jonathan, claimed to be the world’s oldest tortoise, is thought to have arrived on the island in 1882. An outbreak of measles in 1886 resulted in 113 cases and 8 deaths. Jamestown was lighted for the first time in 1888, the initial cost being born by the inhabitants. Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo, son of the Zulu king Cetshwayo, was exiled at St Helena between 1890 and 1897. Diphtheria broke out in 1887 and also in 1893 which, with an additional outbreak of whooping cough, led to the death of 31 children under 10. In 1890 a great fall of rock killed nine people in Jamestown, a fountain being erected in Main Street in their memory. A census in 1891 showed 4,116 inhabitants lived on the island. A submarine cable en-route to Britain from Cape Town was landed in November 1899 and extended to Ascension by December and was operated by the Eastern Telegraph Company. For the next two years over six thousand Boer prisoners were imprisoned at Deadwood and Broadbottom. The population reached its all-time record of 9,850 in 1901. Although a number of prisoners died, being buried at Knollcombes, the islanders and Boers developed a relationship of mutual respect and trust, a few Boers choosing to remain on the island when the war ended in 1902. A severe outbreak of influenza in 1900 led to the death of 3.3% of the population, although it affected neither the Boer prisoners not the troops guarding them. An outbreak of whooping cough in 1903 infected most children on the island, although only one dies as a result. The departure of the Boers and later removal of the remaining garrison in 1906 (with the disbandment of the St Helena Volunteers, this was the first time the island was left without a garrison) both impacted on the island economy, which was only slightly offset by growing philatelic sales. The successful reestablishment of the flax industry in 1907 did much to counter these problems, generating considerable income during the war years. Lace making was encouraged as an island-industry during the pre-war period, initiated by Emily Jackson in 1890 and a lace-making school was opened in 1908. Two men, known as the Prosperous Bay Murderers, were hanged in 1905. A fish-canning factory opened in 1909 but failed due to an unusual shortage of fish that year. S.S. Papanui, en route from Britain to Australia with emigrants, arrived in James Bay in 1911 on fire. The ship burned out and sank, but it’s 364 passengers and crew were rescued and looked after on the island. A census in 1911 showed the population had fallen from its peak in 1901 to only 3,520 inhabitants. Some 4,800 rats tails were presented to the Government in 1913, who paid a penny per tail. Islanders were made aware of their vulnerability to naval attack, despite extensive fortifications, following a visit by a fleet of three German super-dreadnoughts in January 1914. With the outbreak of the Great War, the defunct St Helena Volunteer Corps was re-established. Some 46 islanders gave their lives in the First World War. The 1918 world pandemic of influenza bypassed St Helena. The self-proclaimed Sultan of Zanzibar, Seyyid Khalid Bin Barghash, was exiled in St Helena from 1917 to 1921 before being transferred to the Seychelles. William A. Thorpe was killed in an accident in 1918, his business continuing to operate on the island to the present day. In 1920 the Norwegian ship Spangereid caught fire and sank at her mooring at James Bay, depositing quantities of coal on the beach below the wharf. A census in 1921 showed the islands population was 3,747. The first islanders left to work at Ascension Island in 1921, which was made a dependency of St Helena in 1922. Thomas R. Bruce (postmaster 1898-1928) was the first islander to design a postage stamp, the 1922-1937 George V ship-design - this significantly contributed to island revenues for several years. South African coinage became legal tender in 1923, reflecting the high level of trade with that country. There were nine deaths from whooping cough between 1920 and 1929 and 2,200 cases of measles in 1932. The first car, an Austin 7, was imported into the island in 1929. A census in 1931 showed a population of 3,995 (and a goat population of nearly 1,500). Cable and Wireless absorbed the Eastern Telegraph Company in 1934. Tristan da Cunha was made a dependency of St Helena in 1938. Some six islanders gave their lives during the Second World War. The German battle cruiser Admiral Graf Spee was observed passing the island in 1939 and the British oil tanker Darkdale was torpedoed off Jamestown bay. As part of the Lend-Lease agreement, America built Wideawake airport on Ascension in 1942, but no military use was made of St Helena. As in the previous war, the island enjoyed increased revenues through the sale of flax. There were 217 cases of poliomyelitis, including 11 deaths, in 1945. A census in 1946 showed 4,748 inhabitants lived on the island. In 1948 there were seven deaths from whooping cough and 77 hospital admissions from acute nephritis. In 1951, mumps attacked 90% of the population. Solomon’s became a limited company the same year. Flax prices continued to rise after the war, rising to their zenith in 1951. However, this St Helena staple industry fell into decline because of competition from synthetic fibres and also because the delivered price of the island’s flax was substantially higher than world prices. The decision by a major buyer, the British Post Office, to use synthetic fibres for their mailbags was a major blow, all of which contributed in the closure of the island's flax mills in 1965. Many acres of land are still covered with flax plants. A census in 1956 showed the population had fallen only slightly, to 4,642. 1957 witnessed the arrival of three Bahrain princes as prisoners of Britain, who remained until released by a writ of habeas corpus in 1960. Another attempt to cooperate a fish cannery led to closure in 1957. From 1958, the Union Castle shipping line gradually reduced their service calls to the island. The same year, there were 36 cases of poliomyelitis. A census in 1966 showed a relatively unchanged population of 4,649 inhabitants. A South African company (The South Atlantic Trading and Investment Corporation, SATIC) bought a majority share in Solomon and Company in 1968. Following several years of losses and to avoid the economic effects of a closure of the company, the St Helena government eventually bought a majority share in the company in 1974. In 1969 the first elections were held under the new constitution for twelve-member Legislative Council. By 1976, the population had grown slightly to 5,147 inhabitants. Based from Avonmouth, Curnow Shipping replaced the Union-Castle Line mailship service in 1977, using the RMS St Helena, a coastal passenger and cargo vessel that had been used between Vancouver and Alaska. Due to structural weakness, the spire of St James church was demolished in 1980. The endemic flowering shrub, the St Helena Ebony, believed to have been extinct for over a century, was discovered on the island in 1981. 1981 to present The British Nationality Act 1981 reclassified St Helena and the other crown colonies as British Dependent Territories. The islanders lost their status as citizens of the United Kingdom and colonies (as defined in the British Nationality Act 1948) and were stripped of their right of abode in Britain. For the next 20 years, many could only find low-paid work with the island government and the only available employment overseas for the islanders was restricted to the Falkland Islands and Ascension Island, a period during which the island was often referred to as the “South Atlantic Alcatraz”. The RMS St Helena was requisitioned in 1982 by the Ministry of Defence to help in support of the Falklands Conflict, and sailed south with the entire crew volunteering for duty. The ship was involved in supporting minesweeper operations but the volunteers were refused South Atlantic Medals. Prince Andrew began his relationship with St Helena in 1984 with a visit to the island as a member of the armed forces. The 1987 census showed that the island population stood at 5,644. The Development & Economic Planning Department, which still operates, was formed in 1988 to contribute to raising the living standards of the people of St Helena by planning and managing sustainable economic development through education, participation and planning, improving decision making by providing statistical information and by improving the safety and operation of the wharf and harbour operations. After decades of planning, the realisation of the three-tier school system began in 1988 under the aegis of the Head of Education, Basil George, when the Prince Andrew School was opened for all pupils of 12 onwards. Middle schools would take the 8 to 12 year old children and the First schools from 5 year olds. Prince Andrew launched the replacement RMS St Helena in 1989 at Aberdeen. The vessel was specially built for the Cardiff-Cape Town route, and featured a mixed cargo/passenger layout. At the same time, a shuttle service between St Helena and Ascension was planned, for the many Saint Helenians working there and on the Falklands. In 1995 the decision was made to base the ship from Cape Town and limit the number of trips to the UK to just four a year. The 1988 St Helena Constitution took effect in 1989 and provided that the island would be governed by a Governor and Commander-in-Chief, and an Executive and Legislative Council. The Executive Council members would be elected for nomination by the elected members of the Legislative Council, and subsequently appointed by the Governor and could only be removed from office by the votes of a majority of the five members of the Legislative Council. The Legislative Council Members would be re-elected by the voters every four years. With few exceptions the Governor would be obliged to abide by the advice given to him by the Executive Council. Five Council Committees would be made up from the membership of the Legislative Council and civil servants so that at any time there would always be a majority of elected members. The five Chairpersons of these committees would comprise the elected membership of the Executive Council. The Bishop’s Commission on Citizenship was established at the Fifteenth Session of Diocesan Synod in 1992 with the aim of restoring full citizenship of the islanders and restore the right of abode in the UK. Research began (Prof. T. Charlton) in 1993, two years before its introduction on the island and five years after, to measure the influence that television has on the behaviour of children in classrooms and school playgrounds. This concluded that the island children continued to be hard working and very well behaved and that family and community social controls were more important in shaping children's behaviour than exposure to television. The Island of St Helena Coffee Company was founded in 1994 by David Henry and continues to operate independently from the island Government. Using Green Tipped Bourbon Coffee plants imported in 1733, crops are grown on several sites, including the Bamboo Hedge Estate Sandy Bay estate used for the 1851 Great Exhibition entry. In 1997, the acute employment problem at St Helena was brought to the attention of the British public following reports in the tabloid press of a “riot” following an article in the Financial Times describing how the Governor, David Smallman (1995-1999), was jostled by a small crowd who believed he and the Foreign Office had rejected plans to build an airport on the island. Hong Kong was handed back to China in 1997, and the same year the British government published a review of the Dependent Territories. This included a commitment to restore the pre-1981 status for citizenship. This was effected by the British Overseas Territories Act 2002, which restored full passports to the islanders, and renamed the Dependent Territories the British Overseas Territories. The St Helena National Trust was also formed the same year with the aim of promoting the island's unique environmental and culture heritage. The last full census was conducted in 1998 when the population was 5,008 persons. Annual estimates since 1998 showed an accelerated decline in the population, to an estimated figure of 4,299 in 2005 [1]. The next full census in 2008 is expected to show less than 4,000 inhabitants. In a vote held in January 2002, a majority of islanders (at home and abroad) voted in favour for an airport to be built. The island’s two-floor museum situated in a building near the base of Jacob’s Ladder was opened the same year and is operated by the St Helena Heritage Society. The Bank of St Helena, located next to the Post Office, commenced operations in 2004, inheriting the assets and accounts of the former St Helena Government Savings and the Ascension Island Savings Banks, both of which then ceased to exist. In April 2005 the British Government announced plans to construct an airport on Saint Helena to bolster the Island's economy, and reduce the dependence on boats to supply the Island. The Airport is currently expected to be open in 2012, though no firm date has yet been announced. At that time the Royal Mail ship is expected to cease operations. In the first half of 2008, areas of the cliff above the wharf were stabilised from rock falls with netting at a cost of approximately £3 million. On the 14th August, about 200 tons of rock fell from the west side of Jamestown severely damaging the Baptist chapel and surrounding buildings. Plans are in hand to net the most dangerous sections of the mountains either side of Jamestown over the period to 2015 at an estimated cost of about £15 million. A comparative review of the different sources for the history of St Helena has been published on the St Helena Institute web site Ascension Island: 7 57 S, 14 22 W Map references: Africa Area: total: 413 sq km water: 0 sq km Area - comparative: slightly more than twice the size of Washington, DC Land boundaries: 0 km Coastline: Saint Helena: 60 km Ascension Island: NA Tristan da Cunha: 40 km Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm Ascension Island: tropical marine; mild, semi-arid Saint Helena: rugged, volcanic; small scattered plateaus and plains Elevation extremes: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m Natural resources: fish, lobster Land use: arable land: 12.9% permanent crops: 0% other: 87.1% (2005) Irrigated land: NA Natural hazards: active volcanism on Tristan da Cunha, last eruption in 1961 Environment - current issues: NA People Population: 7,601 note: only Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha islands are inhabited (July 2008 est.) Age structure: 0-14 years: 18.5% (male 716/female 690) 15-64 years: 70.7% (male 2,754/female 2,618) 65 years and over: 10.8% (male 381/female 442) (2008 est.) Median age: total: 37.1 years male: 37.2 years female: 37 years (2008 est.) Population growth rate: 0.487% (2008 est.) Birth rate: 11.45 births/1,000 population (2008 est.) Death rate: 6.58 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.) Net migration rate: NA (2008 est.) under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.86 male(s)/female Infant mortality rate: total: 18.31 deaths/1,000 live births male: 21.47 deaths/1,000 live births female: 14.98 deaths/1,000 live births (2008 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 78.27 years male: 75.36 years female: 81.33 years (2008 est.) Total fertility rate: 1.56 children born/woman (2008 est.) HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: NA HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: NA HIV/AIDS - deaths: NA Nationality: noun: Saint Helenian(s) adjective: Saint Helenian note: referred to locally as "Saints" Languages: English Literacy: definition: age 20 and over can read and write total population: 97% male: 97% female: 98% (1987 est.) Education expenditures: NA Government Country name: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Saint Helena Dependency status: overseas territory of the UK Government type: NA Capital: name: Jamestown geographic coordinates: 15 56 S, 5 44 W Independence: none (overseas territory of the UK) Constitution: 1 January 1989 Legal system: English common law and statutes, supplemented by local statutes Suffrage: NA years of age elections: the monarch is hereditary; governor is appointed by the monarch Judicial branch: Magistrate's Court; Supreme Court; Court of Appeal Political parties and leaders: none Political pressure groups and leaders: other: private sector; unions International organization participation: UPU GDP (official exchange rate): $NA GDP - real growth rate: NA% GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: NA% industry: NA% services: NA% Labor force: 2,486 note: 1,200 work offshore (1998 est.) Labor force - by occupation: agriculture: 6% industry: 48% services: 46% (1987 est.) Unemployment rate: 14% (1998 est.) Population below poverty line: NA% highest 10%: NA% Budget: revenues: $13.09 million expenditures: $32.16 million Industrial production growth rate: NA% Electricity - production: 8 million kWh (2005) Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001) Electricity - consumption: 7.44 million kWh (2005) Electricity - exports: 0 kWh (2005) Electricity - imports: 0 kWh (2005) Oil - consumption: 70 bbl/day (2005 est.) Oil - exports: 0 bbl/day (2004) Oil - imports: 64.07 bbl/day (2004) Natural gas - imports: 0 cu m (2005) Exports: $19 million f.o.b. (2004 est.) Exports - partners: Tanzania 37.7%, US 17.4%, Japan 15.2%, UK 8.4%, Nigeria 4.8%, Spain 4.5% (2006) Imports: $45 million c.i.f. (2004 est.) Imports - partners: UK 53.5%, South Africa 14.3%, Spain 10.3%, Tanzania 8.5%, US 4.6% (2006) Economic aid - recipient: $29.56 million obtained in a grant from the United Kingdom (FY06/07) Debt - external: $NA Currency (code): Saint Helenian pound (SHP) Currency code: SHP Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March Communications Telephones - main lines in use: 2,200 (2002) Telephone system: general assessment: can communicate worldwide domestic: automatic digital network Radio broadcast stations: Saint Helena: AM 1, FM 1, shortwave 0 Radios: 3,000 (1997) Televisions: 2,000 (1997) Internet hosts: 283 (2007) Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 1 (2000) Communications - note: South Africa maintains a meteorological station on Gough Island Transportation Airports: 1 (2007) Airports - with paved runways: total: 1 over 3,047 m: 1 (2007) Ports and terminals: Saint Helena: Jamestown Ascension Island: Georgetown Tristan da Cunha: Calshot Harbor Transportation - note: there is no air connection to Saint Helena or Tristan da Cunha; an international airport for Saint Helena is in development for 2010 Military Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually: male: 47 female: 43 (2008 est.) Military - note: defense is the responsibility of the UK Transnational Issues Disputes - international: none
- Free Essays, Term Papers & Book Notes Of Mice and Men By: • Essay • 473 Words • November 12, 2009 • 800 Views Page 1 of 2 Essay title: Of Mice and Men “Of Mice and Men” is set on a Grain farm in the 1930’s, about two life long friends named George and Lennie. The main characters are George and Lennie and they go from farm to farm, trying to work up a stake and save enough to buy their own dream farm one day, and be free form heavy work loads and the threat of being out of work and just living off the land. On their latest job they go to work on a farm after having to run away from their old town Weed. In their new farm, they meet many people including Curley, a little man who hates big guys like Lennie, and Curley’s wife, who seems to be a lot of trouble. Lennie and George have their share of problems throughout the book. George is not particularly strong, but he’s smart and good at his job. The difference between him and the rest of the workers is that he has someone to call a friend. Lennie is the opposite of George in every physical way. He’s much taller and bigger built, and consequently an amazing worker. Unfortunately he is not very intelligent. George enjoys going to brothels, getting drunk and generally wasting his money but he gives up all his time and money looking after Lennie. Lennie adores animals and he love to pet soft or what he thinks to be pretty things. He forgets how strong he is and usually kills small animals. A lot of descriptions in the book compare Lennie to animals to show his qualities clearly. The theme in this novel is friendship. This friendship was such a strong friendship because of the trust that existed between the pair. Also, George is like a parent figure Continue for 1 more page » • Join now to read essay Of Mice and Men and other term papers or research documents Download as (for upgraded members) Citation Generator (2009, 11). Of Mice and Men. Retrieved 11, 2009, from "Of Mice and Men" 11 2009. 2009. 11 2009 <>. "Of Mice and Men.", 11 2009. Web. 11 2009. <>. "Of Mice and Men." 11, 2009. Accessed 11, 2009.
Fuhonsen coin (富本銭) Fuhonsen coin or Futosen coin are coins made in Japan around 683. It is older than Wado-kaichin issued in 708, therefore it is considered as the oldest coin in Japan. There are different theories as to whether the coin was actually distributed or just used for incantation. Shape characteristics It was a round coin with a rectangle hole; the round shape of the coin had a diameter of 24.44 mm on an average, and had a square hole 6 mm on a side (to be exact, rectangle 0.5 mm longer on a long side) in the center. The thickness was around 1.5 mm and the weight was from 4.25 g to 4.59 g. It was modeled after Kaigen-tsuho issued in 621 in Tang. On the surface it was marked '富夲' vertically and shichiyosho pattern (seven star pattern) in Kikko (hexagonal pattern) horizontally. The character '夲' is considered as a variant character of '本' (hon). Mostly the material was copper including antimony. It was used intentionally to decrease the dissolution temperature for easier casting and to increase the strength of the product. Also a slight amount of silver and bismuth was included. The word 'Fuhon' is derived from a historical event 'food and money are the source to enrich people' of "Tokankanki" from encyclopedia "Geimon-ruiju" (a Chinese encyclopedia, literally "Collection of Literature Arranged by Categories"). Shichiyosho is considered to refer to yin yang (positive and negative, light and shade) of Five Phases theory and Wood, Fire, Earth, Metal, Water as symbols of the world. How Fuhonsen coin was found Fuhonsen coin was in the list of old coins in 1798 as 'Fuhon Shichiseisen' with illustrations and was known among coin researchers since early times. However, at that time it was considered as a coin used for incantation from the Edo period. However, in recent years, it was excavated at the site of Heijo-kyo in 1969 and also at the site of Fujiwara-kyo, which is older than Heijo-kyo, in 1991. As the result, possibility arose that Fuhonsen coin was older than Wado-kaichin issued in 708, which had been considered as the oldest coin. In 1995 a coin was unearthed at Kamikurisu ruins in Fujioka City, Gunma Prefecture. In January, 1999, 33 Fuhonsen coins were discovered from Asukaikekobo ruins. Before that only five coins were discovered. On 6 of 33, the letters '富本' were recognized and on 6 only '富' was recognized and on 5 only '本' was recognized and the others were small fragments. In the surrounding area of the nearly-completed coins, mold, izao (ways where copper run into), runner of molten copper, and ibari which is stray copper at casting were remained, by which those incomplete ones are considered as bad ones to be discarded. From the stratum from which Fuhonsen coin was excavated, roof tile of a temple constructed before 700 and mokkan (a long and narrow wood plate written with a brush) marked 'Yin Fire Pig year' indicating the year 687 were excavated; furthermore in "Nihonshoki" (Chronicles of Japan) in 683 it was written 'Use copper coins from now on and do not use silver coins any more.' Therefore Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties which had excavated them, announced on January 19 of the same year that it was older than Wado-kaichin and highly probable to have been casted in 683, which was publicized widely. As the result, it was reported sensationally that 'the oldest coins were found' and 'history textbook must be revised.' Subsequently in the additional survey after April, also defects, refuse, mold and molten copper were found. From the amount of molten copper, it was assumed that more than 9,000 coins were casted and it became clear that full-scale casting was done. Because the rate of antimony was almost the same as Wado-kaichin, it is assumed that it became the model of Wado-kaichin. In March, 2008, it was announced that eight out of nine Fuhonsen coins which were packed in a flattened bottle which was discovered as ground-breaking equipment from Fujiwara Palace Site in November, 2007, had different calligraphic style from the traditional one. Four of those did not include antimony which was considered as characteristics of Fuhonsen coin. Circulating money or incantation coin? Because of the discovery, the theory that Fuhonsen coin was 'the first distributed coin' became widely accepted in academic meetings for a period of time. However, there is no evidence that it was widely distributed, so it cannot be said for sure that Fuhonsen coin is the oldest circulating money. Conversely, the possibility that it was made as incantation coin for religious purpose cannot also be ruled out. Circulating money theory Fuhonsen coin is in accordance with the description of "Nihonshoki" in 683. Urban and temple construction led by the state needed enormous expenses and currency was necessary to pay organized people. It is assumed that Mumon-ginsen coin (Japan's oldest private silver coin) was already used among the general public. All the currency issuances in the history of Japan was circulating money and there is no record referring to those of incantation coin for religious purpose. It is unnatural to insist that only Fuhonsen coin was the incantation coin. There is no need to make incantation coin so finely which was not used in actual exchanges. Therefore the theory insists that it was issued in a planned manner by the Emperor Tenmu for the establishment of a new state. Incantation coin theory Considering the close relationship between politics and religion at the time, it is still possible that the description of "Nihonshoki" was written as regulation of incantation coin. There is no record of an act that prohibits shichusen (counterfeit money) just after the issue of Fuhonsen coin, and such act was first established only after the issue of Wado-kaichin, which means shichusen was allowed if Fuhonsen coin was circulating money. No record has been found that the standard was set to exchange old coins (fuhonsen) after Wado-kaichin was issued. Even literature from the mid Nara period described that the first currency that as issued was Wado-kaichin in 708. The Asukaikekobo ruins are located beside Asuka-dera Temple and it is appropriate to consider that the ruins were the affiliated facilities of either Asuka-dera Temple or a temporary authority (Zojishi [officials in charge of building temples]) called 'Zo Asuka-dera jishi.' Therefore the theory has it that it is difficult to consider Fuhonsen coin was made to distribute. Moreover, Mumon-ginsen coin is known as the older coin than Fuhonsen coin, and it is considered as Hyodo kahei (currency valued by weight) for barter exchange by the value of silver as raw metal. There are still many questions regarding the relationship between Fuhonsen coin and Wado-kaichin, the value as currency, region of distribution, the function, and so on, which merit further research.
printable version tour guide batam island indonesia Batam, an urban city located in eastern Sumatra, is well known as a city of commerce and industry in Indonesia. This is due to its strategic position, which lies in an international shipping lane –the Malacca and Singapore Straits— and that allows the entry of traders from around the world and connects Europeto East Asia, the Middle East, and so on. Batam’s trade and industry sector is growing faster after the issuance of Presidential Decree No. 41 1973, that gives privileges for Batam to be a city center of trade and industrial in Indonesia, named Otorita Pengembangan Industri Pulau Batam (the Batam Industrial Development Authority) or better known as Otorita Batam –literally means the Batam Authority. Batam has a land area of 1040 square kilometers or nearly one and a half size of Singapore land area (710 km²). The city or the island of Batam became a part of the Riau Islands Province, the 32nd province of Indonesia, which was inaugurated on 24 September 2002. Referring to the Department of Population and Civil Registration of Batam (March 2012), the population of the city has reached 1,149,902 inhabitants, higher than the year before, which only reported 1,081,527 inhabitants. ...An urban city in the east of Sumatera... Welcome To BatamMany literatures mentioned that the native people of Batam are the Malays or also known as "orang selat" (people of the strait) or "orang laut" (people of the sea). Historians believe that people started to build community in the island since the beginning of the 14th century. Batam has recorded some power changes, ranging from the Sultanate of Johor in 1513 to the entry of the Dutch and the British, who finally defeated the Sultanate of Johor through the Treaty of London (17 March 1824). The Dutch and the British later agreed to divide territories: Malacca and Singapore to the British, in exchange of Bencoolen (Bengkulu) and Riau to the Dutch side. Since then, the local Malay Kingdom, Lingga-Riau was separated from its counterpart in Johor and built themselves-a government by dividing the territory into three parts, namely the Sultan in Daik Lingga, Yang Dipertuan Muda (The Young Lordship) in Penyengat, and Tumenggung in Bulang. Batam itself was administratively ruled under the authority of Tumenggung, until Indonesia won its independence from the Dutch on 17 August, 1945. Today, Batam has become a destination for people who want to tempt fate and get a job, because of the rapid development of industry and trade in this city. Just like other urban cities in Indonesia, such as Jakarta, Batam is also inhabited by various ethnic groups and tribes, such as Sumatrans, Javanese, Papuans, and many more. Therefore, you can find a good mixture and cultural diversity of many regions in Indonesia in Batam, ranging from food, language, etc. The native “Bangsa Melayu” or the Malays themselves are now more commonly found in the coastal areas of Batam, while most immigrants concentrate in industrial area and Batam downtown. ...Beach resorts, world-class golf courses, Vietnamese refugees camp, Jembatan Barelang… A golf course in BatamThe rapid growth of-commerce industry in Batam, which in line with the passage of people out and into the city, helps Batam’s tourism industry growing. Hotels, restaurants and bars that can be easily found in Marina Waterfront City, Harbor Bay, and Nagoya. And today, the city of Batam has become the city with various of interesting places, ranging from golf courses, star resorts that offers the luxury and comfortable residence and beauty of the beach, such as as Nongsa Point Marina & Resort, KTM Resort, etc. For those who like to play golf, do not worry because Batam has 7 world-class golf courses, such as Palm Springs Golf & Beach Resort and Batam Hills Golf & Resort. Not into golf? Would like to visit historical sites? Then the Vietnamese refugees camp is just a stone throw away. The camp is a silent witness to the struggle of the Vietnamese people seeking refuge from the civil war in their country. And of course, do not miss "Jembatan Barelang" or the Barelang Bridge that becomes the landmark of Batam! These interesting places are mostly visited by many foreign tourists, such as from Malaysia, Singapore, Europe, USA, Korea, Japan, etc. Barelang Bridge in Batam A beach in Batam A temple in Batam Island Unfortunately, the development of tourism sector in Batam has not been well supported by adequate public transportation. Angkot, the cheapest reliable public transport, is currently only available in a few areas, while taxis are mostly non-metered taxies (see Transportation Within City for detailed information). Therefore, it will be easier for visitors to rent a car that can take them to anyplace they want to visit. However, for those who love beaches, historical sites, or may be want to enjoy the sparkling nighttime tours, Batam is a perfect place for you to visit! Have a great holiday in Batam! Your Comments: Kembali ke atas
6 Common Industrial Fan Safety Hazards Here at Moffitt we often receive questions about staying safe around industrial fans. Many are concerned with protecting workers from contacting rotating blades on our industrial fan equipment and are interested in purchasing guards or other protection. This is of course a very real danger, but there are also other industrial fan safety hazards associated with working with industrial fan equipment. Be Aware of the Hazards with Industrial Fans As safety is always our first priority, we thought we’d take a minute to focus on the major hazards associated with an industrial fan. There are a lot of moving parts that go into the operation of an industrial fan, and this could cause a lot of concerns and safety issues for those who will need to work with them. Ensuring that your industrial fan maintenance is up to date and in good working order lowers the chances of it causing injury to those who need to be around them. Industrial Fan safety Hazards fan safety hazard warning For over 50 years Moffitt has sold, manufactured, and installed multiple types of fans. We sell everything from small axial units to very large hooded supply/exhaust units to move large volumes of air. Every industrial fan has at least two things in common: 1. A rotating driven component (Fan) 2. A rotating driver component (Motor) Often there will also be belts and sheaves or pulleys to connect the two and sometimes the fan will be direct-driven and no belts are required. Despite these variations, those are the two things that every industrial fan has in common. Additionally, every fan has the same specific industrial fan safety hazards. They are as follows: 1. Contact with rotating blades An operating fan poses a significant risk of injury by contact with the propeller, and must be treated with vigilance and care. Indirect contact can also occur with blowing dust/dirt. This is particularly hazardous to eyes and respiratory system. 1. Lockout and tag out the unit when working on industrial fan equipment. Test it by operating the starter to ensure the unit is de-energized. Do this before removing any guards. 2. Wind blowing through the industrial fan housing can cause the propeller to rotate (windmill), sometimes at high speed. A large propeller has significant mass and can knock you off your feet. Make sure you maintain safe proximity from the fan wheel and always be sure to secure the propeller before entering the fan housing area. 2. Pinch points in belts/sheaves Even if the fan wheel is rotating slowly, without power, a significant mechanical advantage is developed at the sheaves. This is especially true with large fans. A finger caught between the sheave and the rotating belt could result in serious injury or digit loss. 3. Fan Blade/component failure during initial start up Fan failure on startup is generally a rare event, but sometimes it happens. Fans travel long distances on flatbed trailers. They encounter vibration, bumps, and weather. It is not uncommon to find loose components on arrival at the job site so a thorough inspection of each fan on arrival is important. Be sure to. 1. Look for loose/missing components and damage 2. Correct all discrepancies before starting the fan. 3. Listen for any unusual noises, squeaks, squeals, hum, or rubbing. 4. Make sure the blade does not contact any part of the spinning area. This is cause for immediate unit rejection. Correct this problem immediately as running in this condition will result in very quick blade failure. 5. Look for blade wobble or tracking problems. “Bump” each fan before committing to a full power run. “Bump” means applying a short burst of power to start the fan wheel rotating, then immediately de-energizing the unit. 4. Material/debris entering fan Certain fans are more susceptible to the dangers of an object entering the propeller path, but it can happen to any type of fan. Working over an operating upblast roof exhauster with hand tools is a recipe for disaster. Fan wheels will fail this when material contacts blades and unfortunately this type of material is everywhere. Remove dunnage before start-up to avoid problems later. 1. Spinning fans are very powerful. A full brim phenolic hard can be reduced to fibers if inadvertently left in the fan housing and the unit is energized. 5. Contact with hot motor surface Don’t forget that even when de-energized and locked out, fan motors have significant mass. They will retain heat for extended periods. 220 degree F and higher temperatures are possible. Let the unit have a cool down period before starting work. 6. Guards Guards keep workers from directly experiencing the items above. However, even a guard can become an industrial fan safety hazard. 1. Guards should be in good shape and properly secured to the fan housing. Use the correct number of sheet metal screws. If unsecured, guards can fall into the fan. 2. Be careful when removing guards. They tend to be large and not very rigid. This can result in loss of balance when working on elevated surfaces and ladders. 3. Guards often contain sharp edges from expanded metal and other screen materials. Wear gloves when handling all screens. 6 Common Industrial Fan Safety Hazards In conclusion, knowing the rules of fan guards is an important first step to ensuring workplace safety. A site inspection is a great first step to ensuring that your fans are safe and in proper working order
Study Guide The Elders of Zion in Neuromancer By William Gibson The Elders of Zion Five space workers just up and decided not to return to Earth. Instead, they built their own colony and founded a society based on the Rastafarian ideology. Only two remain alive by the time Case and Molly visit Zion. They're contacted by Wintermute to help Case and Molly on their mission. And they agree to, although they're uncertain of Wintermute and his motives. The Elders demonstrate a certain type of freedom that seems lacking in other places of the novel. Armitage is betrayed by his country, Molly by her employers when she was a meat puppet. Wintermute tries to control the fates of just about everyone in the novel. That just goes with the territory when you're stuck on earth and the folks in power control all the information. The Elders of Zion decided to do away with all the power and betrayals on Earth and start their own free state. However, this freedom comes at the price of their bodies being severely weakened by the harshness of space living. Alas, you can't win 'em all.
How to use suggesta Suggesta logically organizes repertory sections by merging symptoms related to the function associated with a certain area of the body together with the symptoms of pain or other sensation that are subjectively experienced as coming from that same area. The Thorax section, for example, involves the functioning of the respiratory and cardiac systems, as well as pains and sensations that occur within the chest region. Lugulum includes symptoms grouped by the following subsections: external throat and internal throat. The latter is further subdivided between larynx and trachea and speech and voice. Reiecta is made up of excretions: sputum, sweating, feces and urine. Generalia contains symptoms not pertinent to specific sections, including such subsections as chill and fever—the former encompasses cold, chilliness and shivering. Genitalia, a subsection within the Female section, contains a portion on obstetric symptoms. Mens is for mind-symptoms; dreams are separate in Somnium. Morbi, a new section, contains medical diagnoses. Each section and sub-section have a portion on sensations, that is, the subjective sensorial experiences reported by patients. Numerous new rubrics have been added throughout, especially in Mens. Many classic rubrics have been updated, for example, ‘anxiety of conscience’ is now ‘sense of guilt’. A cross-reference to the new rubric is provided in each case.
Understanding Religion and Happiness Dr. Jagdish Rai Dudhwal Some Critical Reflections in the Light of Evolutionary Theory The theory of evolution is considered to be the most important scientific development, only second to the atom bomb, in terms of its impact on the life of human beings. This is not only a unifying theory of biology, but also has far-reaching implications for philosophy, social sciences and questions that were traditionally raised prominently in the domain of religion. The theory was proposed by Charles Darwin, primarily to address the question of the origin of species. In our free time (like lockdown in COVID-19 pandemic), it is natural to ask yourself the philosophical questions like why there are so many types of creatures around us, how they must have originated in the first place, what is the purpose or driving force or mechanism of life. The scientific approach to this question was attempted by many scientists, amongst whom Lamark’s proposition was most accepted one, before Darwin’s theory. According to Lamark, adaptive characters acquired by individuals through practice are inherited to the next generation and next-generation further improve upon it. Through such successive changes in characteristics for adaptation to the environment, a lineage becomes significantly different from the rest, and a new species is created. The only fundamental difference between Lamark’s and Darwin’s theory is that Darwin proposed, changes in inheritable character are random (rather than guided by an individual’s efforts to adapt to the environment). Then this pool of new inheritable characters is selected upon by nature, leading to the survival of the fittest. This successive accumulation of adaptive characters in a lineage will make the individuals quite different from others, leading to the origin of new species. In higher organisms, sexual reproduction mixes the inheritable characters of two individuals leading to homogeneity in the population. Therefore two subpopulations will diverse into two different species only if reproductive isolation is there for some time, like due to geographical barriers. Then the two populations may adapt in different directions and eventually some characteristics will cause the biological reproductive barrier which will define the two populations as different species. This simple process repeated generation by generation on trillions of creatures, for millions of years, can create the amazing biodiversity that we see around us. This lab of nature has ample resources, diverse environments in various pockets of earth, and gradual change in these environments, that all have contributed to the evolution of so diverse creatures. Unraveling Religious Sects The theory of evolution gives an explanation of the origin of life and biodiversity which was a domain of religions. This is an important philosophical question that was keeping people spellbound to religious mysticism. Many times, the mystic part of religion is used by individuals in religious authority, for exploiting followers. Most religions explain the origin of amazing and complex living beings around us by invoking the concept of even more complex and capable beings who could build these creatures. These answers are collectively called creationism or design theory. It is an intuitive answer with the analogy of building machines and other complex systems by humans. But It is a paradoxical answer as it will create another question about the creation of that supernatural being. “Creationism versus evolution” is a popular topic of debate in western countries. The purpose of human life and human tendencies is more accurately described by looking at the brain as an instrument for enhancing evolutionary success rather than unfounded propositions of relationship with God. No person, including purified saints, can be free from tendencies that have evolved in the human mind for reproductive success and survival. In the religious order of living beings, humans are shown the superior most. Initially, evolutionary trees also depicted humans at the topmost branch. But all living beings are descendants of LUCA (last universal common ancestor), having taken equal time till today to adapt to their respective environments. Therefore modern depictions of the evolutionary tree are directionless, branching out of the center of a circle. Some creatures are more complex than others, making them more robust in the present environment but complex organisms adapt slower than simple ones in new conditions. Implications for a healthy lifestyle Evolution can explain why things are the way they are in biological systems. How various features of a creature make it more adapted to its environment. And this reasoning can be applied at every level of complexity, from molecular structure to human behavior. Hereditary characters, written in DNA, changes slowly, and more so in complex organisms. Therefore, to explain the hereditary characters of humans, we have to take into account the environment of forests where humans have spent a lot of the time before urbanization. According to the concept of EEA (environments of evolutionary adaptation), our liking for sugar was beneficial when we lived in forests, where these high-calorie molecules were rare. The industrialization has made available pure sugar in ample amount but our metabolism is not yet adapted to utilize so much amount, leading to the pandemic of diabetes by hacking the instinct which was originally for the detection of sugar in ripe fruit. Similarly, sodium chloride was also rare in the forest, but it’s important for nerve function, therefore we evolved a liking for it. But suddenly we have ample salt, leading to high blood pressure. Tooth decay and obesity are also diseases caused by changes to which we are not yet adapted. In the forest, we had hard to chew food and had to run after the food or run to save ourselves from becoming food. Recently food-processing and mechanization of work have taken away the natural exercise of gums and muscles. To offset this sudden change in our environment, we shall brush teeth and artificially run. In the forest, the proximity of family members/clan gave a sense of security. The presence of water and greenery around was a sign of ample food. The urbanization is making people live away from greenery and family members, although without really decreasing the security or availability of food. But the instincts evolved in EEA will perceive urban surroundings as stressful. Therefore, picnic-like events and get-togethers are very relaxing. Implications for happiness Our brain is a very complex signal processing machine, which also has only one purpose, like any other organ, that is, to better adapt us to the environment. The brain has evolved dedicated modules for situations encountered very often. One such module is the reward system of the brain. It is responsible for our positive and negative feelings like happiness and sadness. Things that make us happy are actually good for our species like eating good food, relaxing, socializing, sex, parental care. Sometimes it is said that our brain is a pleasure-seeking machine but the evolution of the reward system is not for staying happy or sad, but to increase chances of survival. Consciously, we continuously seek happiness but the feeling of sadness also has adaptive advantages. In a sad or depressed state, the person is less energetic, less active, therefore no new action or decision is taken, saving the person from further exacerbating the situation. It is quite similar to the feeling of pain, upon an injury so that movements are restricted which can otherwise further worsen the injury. But taking drugs to increase happiness or decrease sadness will defeat the purpose they are originally evolved for, eventually decreasing the chances of survival. In fact, most of the narcotic drugs are similar in structure to natural molecules working in the brain’s reward system, hacking it in a maladaptive manner. People’s desire for happiness is also exploited by fraud spiritual personalities and motivators who promise to train people to stay always happy or neutral between sadness and happiness. Rather, claims that staying always happy (or neutral) increases performance and achievements, is inconsistent with the theory of evolution. Evolutionary thought is finding applications in a wide range of fields like, molecular biology, psychology, sociology, and even as an algorithm in computer science. The fundamental concept is very easy to understand and does not require any technical knowledge. In western countries, many popular science books have been written on it like The Blind Watchmaker, The magic of Reality, The God Delusion, Unweaving the Rainbow etc. Popularization of this theory will invoke a scientific temperament in people and make them less vulnerable to pseudoscience or deceptions.
Public Media Arts Hub How this nomadic music group is bridging cultural divides Judy Woodruff: The band Tinariwen hails from the deserts of Mali in North Africa. Its sound blends ancient Saharan instruments with electric guitars, and has earned the band devoted fans around the world. During a recent U.S. tour,however, band members experienced a darker side of America. Before a North Carolina show, they received a barrage of Islamophobic comments on social media. But as producer Ali Rogin reports, the city of Winston-Salem banded together to give them a warm welcome. The story is part of our ongoing arts and culture coverage, Canvas. Ali Rogin: The band Tinariwen may have traveled far for this show, but it's on this stage where these musicians are most at home. They hardly speak any English, but here in North Carolina, they feel that their every word is understood. Abdallah Ag Alhousseyni (through translator): Music is one of those things in life where there are no barriers or borders. And as musicians, this is what gives us the courage to travel very far away from our Sahara Desert. Ali Rogin: Tinariwen's members are Tuaregs, an ethnic group from all across the Sahara Desert. They're nomads who lay down musical, rather than physical, roots. The band's music follows a rich Tuareg lyrical tradition, gone electric. And they're rock stars in their own right, sharing stages with Robert Plant of Led Zeppelin, Carlos Santana, and U2's Bono. The story of Tinariwen follows the story of the Tuareg people. Until 1960, the Tuareg enjoyed autonomy in the north under French colonial rule. But then a series of dictators took control and subjected the Tuaregs to persecution, seizing their ancestral lands. Many fled to neighboring countries. Tinariwen's founders were among them. They met in an Algerian refugee camp in 1979. Abdallah Ag Alhousseyni plays guitar. Abdallah Ag Alhousseyni (through translator): Our music was born out of this reality of exile, hardships and suffering. Ali Rogin: They moved to Libya to join a Tuareg military unit led by then-dictator Colonel Moammar Gadhafi, who provided them some freedom. But Tinariwen fought with their guitars, not guns. They sang about their people's struggle for freedom in their ancestral land called Azawad. Alhassane Ag Touhami (through translator): We are from Azawad. Our identity is our Tuareg origin, and our goal for our country takes precedence over absolutely everything. Ali Rogin: But none of that mattered to a few dozen people on Facebook, who saw a post promoting the show and responded with hate. "Any true American will not support this bunch of trash. Let them perform in their own country," said one poster. "Look like terrorists to me. No way," wrote another. One even threatened to bring his rifle to the show. Singer Alhassane Ag Touhami responds to the hate with humor. Alhassane Ag Touhami (through translator): Have they ever seen a terrorist sing a song? People who make music are not terrorists. They are actually persecuted by terrorists. Ali Rogin: Tinariwen knows that firsthand. When Islamist extremists took control of their native Northern Mali in 2012, Tinariwen refused to obey the extremists' music ban. One band member was briefly kidnapped. Alhassane Ag Touhami (through translator): We know that some people in the U.S. say wrong and negative things about us, but we do not feel anything about them, because they are wrong. Ali Rogin: And most people in Winston-Salem would agree. Wake Forest University senior Yassmin Shaltout grew up here, after her family left Egypt when she was 2 years old. Yassmin Shaltout: I'm constantly surrounded by people that are very welcoming. Ali Rogin: She's watched the Muslim community grow just within her lifetime. Yassmin Shaltout: They used to get together at a local house, and then the church space was bought and converted into a mosque. We have added new parking space new building for a Sunday school, so that expansion is even viewed in, like, the physical expansion of space to accommodate more people. Ali Rogin: But that expansion in the Tar Heel State has created tension. In 2015, a man in nearby Chapel Hill murdered three college students, all Muslims. Shaltout said it was a reminder that there is still some bigotry in her backyard. Yassmin Shaltout: I do feel that, sometimes, my community is like a bubble, and it's been sheltered from all of these other terrible acts we see going on so close by. Ali Rogin: But in this area, hate against a few is mourned by the many. After an anti-Muslim terrorist killed 51 people in a New Zealand mosque in March, non-Muslims filled a local Islamic center here to show solidarity with their neighbors. And they did the same before the Tinariwen show at the Ramkat club. This venue typically doesn't have a police presence, but because of some of the threatening comments the band received, the Ramkat increased security for tonight's show. But, as you can see, folks are still lining up outside, and the Ramkat says ticket sales for a Tuesday night are higher than usual. McKenzie Gillis: Honestly, if you didn't buy tickets and you didn't give these people money, they would have no reason to care about what you're saying anyway. Roy Hantgan: These are excellent musicians, peace-loving people who have a long tradition of making music, great music. Ali Rogin: Before the show, city council members join the managers of the venue to declare it Tinariwen Day. Richard Emmett: We are happy that you are here. We are happy that you have chosen to be here this night. Ali Rogin: Democratic Governor Roy Cooper wrote a letter welcoming them, and local musicians like Ryan Macleod recorded cover versions of Tinariwen songs. Ryan Macleod: I think everybody has experienced outrage fatigue, where you don't know what to do. And so here was something we could do to show that this isn't who we are in this town. Ali Rogin: Tinariwen has always believed in the power of musical camaraderie. Their new album, "Amadjar," features American artists, including, Cass McCombs and Micah Nelson, the son of Willie. Abdallah Ag Alhousseyni (through translator): There is this brotherhood, automatic friendship and acceptance between musicians. It lets us bond as soon as we meet each other. Ali Rogin: Their album title means foreign traveler. The songs champion universal values, love, brotherhood, and freedom, in their case, freedom for the Tuareg themselves. All around the world, their songs of longing for a lost homeland have opened doors. Abdallah Ag Alhousseyni (through translator): We keep asking ourselves how is it possible that people who do not understand us or our culture, very far from our reality, can warmly welcome and support us. Words can't possibly explain how great we feel about that. Ali Rogin: Tinariwen's new album is named for a foreign traveler, but, here, they were welcomed as native sons. For the "PBS NewsHour," I'm Ali Rogin in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. Judy Woodruff: And what a great story. Support Canvas Sustain our coverage of culture, arts and literature. Send Us Your Ideas
Question: How Is Vinegar Made At Home? How healthy is vinegar? Where does vinegar originally come from? Used in many cultures as a condiment and preservative, vinegar can be made from a variety of liquids, including malted barley, rice, and cider; however, as its name suggests, it was probably first made from wine. The word vinegar derives from the Old French vinaigre, meaning “sour wine.” Can you make your own white vinegar? What is white vinegar made out of? Can mold grow in vinegar? Normal vinegar concentration (usually around 5% acetic acid) is too acidic to grow mold in the vinegar itself. Mold can sometimes grow on the bottle or on the surface of the vinegar. It isn’t dangerous and can be wiped/skimmed off. Is Vinegar a alcohol? Can I use bottled lemon juice instead of fresh? Is it bad to drink vinegar? Can you use lemon juice instead of vinegar? Does vinegar help lose weight? Can I use white vinegar instead of distilled vinegar? How is the vinegar made? Vinegar comes from fermented liquid. Over time, when natural-occurring bacteria called acetobacters combine with oxygen in the fermented liquid, it creates acetic-acid, also known as vinegar. Some people believe that vinegar was first discovered by accident when a barrel of wine was stored too long and turned sour. Is lemon juice stronger than vinegar? Lemon juice is on average five to six percent citric acid. … In terms of PH, vinegar is slightly more acidic than lemon juice. Since acidity is a catalyst in coagulation, we can only assume that this slightly higher acidity level in vinegar caused our proteins (milk solids) to become firmer, tougher and drier. What is the difference between white vinegar and apple vinegar? The most obvious difference between the two is their color. White vinegar, also sometimes called distilled or spirit vinegar, is clear and apple cider vinegar is brown. Standard white vinegar contains 4 percent to 7 percent acetic acid and 93 percent to 96 percent water.
Natural Language Emotion Classification Understanding the emotional content of text can provide valuable insights about users or the content, especially in areas such as customer feedback, reviews, customer support, and product branding. This experiment classifies text by emotions such as joy, amusement, gratitude, surprise, disapproval, sadness, anger, and confusion. Apply for access Private documentation Intended use Problem types: The NL Emotion API is valuable for understanding granular-level sentiment beyond just positive or negative. Potential applications are listed below. Industries and functions: This API could be useful across diverse set of industries & functions, including: • User Feedback & Reviews: to understand user emotions through text expressed in forms, surveys, reviews, or other means. • Social listening: to understand audience’s emotions about products or services by evaluating a stream of web data from sources such as Twitter, Reddit, YouTube, or more. • Customer service: to evaluate user experience from customer service channels such as chat support. • Marketing & branding: to understand how the target audience perceives a particular brand campaign, website, and other branding content. • Expressive content: to surface expressive content to the user (e.g., GIFs, stickers, and emojis for chat apps) Inputs and outputs: • Input: text input (ideally <30 words; if text is longer, it should be broken into shorter segments). • Output: prediction scores corresponding to each of the emotions (joy, amusement, gratitude, surprise, disapproval, sadness, anger, and confusion) Technical challenges: Customers may have to evaluate the prediction scores for emotions and adjust thresholds for their use cases. For instance, they may choose a higher threshold for applications where precision is important, and lower threshold for cases that need higher recall. What data do I need? Data and label types: The experiment has been designed to work for texts with <= 30 words. The best prediction results are seen at a sentence level, but the models can predict emotions over a few sentences as well, as long as the total number of words is <= 30. In the case of long paragraphs we recommend: (1) break the paragraphs at sentence level and query the model for each sentence, and (2) for long sentences, break the sentence at 30 words and average the prediction results. Once onboarded, customers will receive more instructions on how to prepare data appropriately. • Maximum input length: 30 words • Language: English (US/UK) • Input format: Input data will be submitted as a CSV file to the API. • Output format: The output result from the API will include predicted scores for each emotion concept, in float vector format. What skills do I need? As with all AI Workshop experiments, successful users are likely to be savvy with core AI concepts and skills in order to both deploy the experiment technology and interact with our AI researchers and engineers. In particular, users of this experiment should: • Be familiar with accessing Google APIs • Have preliminary understanding of Natural Language Processing in order to interpret results and choose thresholds for the particular use case.
Earthquakes in the 20th century There are thousands of earthquakes every year that occur around the world. Most are safe, thankfully. Some are particularly deadly and can kill hundreds of thousands in a matter of minutes. Disasters that countries often have to cope with, such as the last major earthquake in Haiti in 2010, which has left more than 200,000 victims, and which the country is still struggling to recover. Here is an animation of all the earthquakes recorded during the 20th century, created by NOAA. Share This Post
What is the purpose of colon ":" in this sentence "everyone: and reason"? "The state of nature has a law of nature to govern it, which obliges every one: and reason, which is that law, teaches all mankind, who will but consult it, that, being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions." • It's just a bit of a pause, short of a full stop, to let the preceding sink in, before continuing the thought. Not sure you should read much more into it than that. – Dan Bron Jul 14 '18 at 18:41 The sentence you're asking about appears to be from an 18th-century document, and conforms to 18th-century practices, such as using a colon to nearly but not quite end a sentence; and using lots of commas where we would not these days--not to mention what we would consider a rather convoluted word order. I would render the sentence in more modern prose as something like this: "[The state of] Nature is governed by a law which applies to everyone. That law is Reason, which teaches all mankind--or at least all of mankind that trouble themselves to consult it--that, since all members of mankind are equal and independent, no one should harm another's life, health, liberty, or property." My version reads more like late-19th or early- to mid-20th century prose. I present it as an example, not as anything definitive. Note that I replaced the colon after "everyone" with a period/full stop, and replaced the commas before and after "who will but consult it" with dashes. Your Answer
I know they have different meanings, as I can find both in some texts, where they are not considered as synonyms. I give an example, but my question is not limited to this example. We then contrast the predictions of this price image model with the predictions of reference price models in four domains: price evaluation, price estimation, choice, and inference making... Source My question is: What is the difference between "estimate/estimation" and "evaluating/evaluation". What is the difference when I talk about prices? • An evaluation is made of what is known, for example today's share prices. An estimation is made for something that is not yet known, for example tomorrow's share prices. – Weather Vane Nov 15 '19 at 17:26 • Thank you. Could you turn it into an answer please? – Quidam Nov 15 '19 at 17:27 • The question has been flagged by some commenters as off-topic because of lack of research presented. For an answer to be sustainable, I'll have to do that research and present reliable sources to back it up. – Weather Vane Nov 15 '19 at 17:29 • You didn't include a link to your source (I've added it). It doesn't seem to be explicitly stated there, but they seem to distinguish price evaluation from price estimation on the grounds that the former refers to how consumers differentiate between different sources and types of information about prices (giving more "weight" to some than to others, for example). Whereas the latter is simply about how accurately people can "guess" the price of something if they don't actually "know" it. – FumbleFingers Nov 15 '19 at 17:31 • It’s not English, it’s academic bullshit. Ignore it. – David Nov 15 '19 at 23:08 As nouns the difference between estimation and evaluation is that estimation is the process of making an estimate while evaluation is an assessment, such as an annual personnel performance review used as the basis for a salary increase or bonus, or a summary of a particular situation. source: evaluation vs estimation • 1 This would be improved if you stated more directly the difference between a "price evaluation" and a "price estimation". – KillingTime Nov 15 '19 at 17:59 • There are certainly contexts in which there is a clear distinction between 'price evaluation' and 'price estimation'. Consider: 'how much do you think that house will sell for?' - price estimation - versus ' I would not buy it at that price' - price evaluation. But - a very big but - if what you wanted to communicate turned on that distinction then you should emphasise the point. The very fact that we are debating it on this site shows that the distinction is not obvious to all. – JeremyC Nov 15 '19 at 22:19 • I saw this like you explained, Jeremy, but I'm not a native. Could etymology explain a difference? – Quidam Nov 15 '19 at 23:47 • Estimation looks at the more immediate factors. I think evaluation looks at a broader context. – John Canon Nov 16 '19 at 3:39 Here is an illustrative example. Let's say that I were selling you an orange 1. Based on your past orange purchases, you would estimate the price of this orange 2. If I were to tell you the price of my orange, you would evaluate if my price is reasonable. • I understood that this ways (but I'm not a native), do you have some references? – Quidam Nov 16 '19 at 9:58 • Sorry, I don't have a formal reference. Estimate is more common in engineering/operations related situations. Consider "I expect to be there by 7" vs "My estimated time of arrival is 7". Same context; the latter is more prevalent with engineers. – instinct71 Nov 16 '19 at 17:47 Your Answer
Presbyopia is a condition of the eyes in which we lose the ability to see objects close to our eyes clearly. This condition appears around the age of 40 years and progresses as we age. It may appear well before or after 40 years of age depending on other coexisting refractive errors. Presbyopia is corrected with glasses with plus (convex) lenses which help focus the image of near objects on the retina of the eyes. It is important to understand here that the power of glasses for presbyopia increases gradually as we grow older. For example, if it is +0.75 Diopter at the age of 40 years, it would progress with age and could reach up to +3.00 Diopter around the age of 60 years. There are many people who are not comfortable with their reading glasses. They have eye strain, headache and inability to see anything clearly at close distance especially after working on computer, reading or writing or doing any near-work for that matter for some time. There are three categories of patients with such complaints: 1. If your reading glasses are old and you don’t see well with them any more: Considering the expected change of power of reading glasses with aging, it’s probably the time to see your optometrist and get a new prescription. Don’t worry about this ‘worsening’ of eye sight. It’s all natural and is part of aging. 2. If your reading glasses are new but you don’t see well and/or have eye strain while using them: This could simply be because the glasses were not made as per the prescription – either the power of lenses is not correct or the IPD (interpupillary distance) of the glasses does not match with your IPD. IPD is the distance between the pupils of your eyes. This distance varies from person to person and is recorded by the optometrist before ordering glasses. Another possibility is that you may be having some other eye disease causing poor vision or a medication you are taking, could cause it. In any case, you will need to see your ophthalmologist to identify the cause. 3. If you are using progressive lenses: Progressive lenses are the ones in which the power for near vision in the lower segment of the lens progressively changes to power for the distance vision in the upper segment. While looking at an object, tilting your head up or down will determine through which area of the lens you are looking through. Some people are not aware of their head tilt while they are reading or working on computer and are subconsciously looking through the middle portion of the lens where the power is less. This causes eye strain, discomfort, headache and inability to concentrate. The solution of this problem is very simple. Just lift your head till you see the near object (book, phone, computer screen etc) clearly. You should try to maintain this position of the head while working or reading. Pushing the glasses up on your nose also aligns the visual axis with the lower part of the progressive glasses helping you see well. If you have any questions regarding your reading glasses, write in the comments below. I will try to answer all of them.
Satellite images showing the expansion of large detention camps in Xinjiang, China, between 2016 and 2018 provided some of the strongest evidence of a government crackdown on more than a million Muslims, triggering international condemnation and sanctions. Other aerial images—of nuclear installations in Iran and missile sites in North Korea, for example—have had a similar impact on world events. Now, image-manipulation tools made possible by artificial intelligence may make it harder to accept such images at face value. In a paper published online last month, University of Washington professor Bo Zhao employed AI techniques similar to those used to create so-called deepfakes to alter satellite images of several cities. Zhao and colleagues swapped features between images of Seattle and Beijing to show buildings where there are none in Seattle and to remove structures and replace them with greenery in Beijing. Zhao used an algorithm called CycleGAN to manipulate satellite photos. The algorithm, developed by researchers at UC Berkeley, has been widely used for all sorts of image trickery. It trains an artificial neural network to recognize the key characteristics of certain images, such as a style of painting or the features on a particular type of map. Another algorithm then helps refine the performance of the first by trying to detect when an image has been manipulated. A map (upper left) and satellite image (upper right) of Tacoma. The lower images have been altered to make Tacoma look more like Seattle (lower left) and Beijing (lower right). Courtesy of Zhao et al., 2021, Journal of Cartography and Geographic Information Science As with deepfake video clips that purport to show people in compromising situations, such imagery could mislead governments or spread on social media, sowing misinformation or doubt about real visual information. “I absolutely think this is a big problem that may not impact the average citizen tomorrow but will play a much larger role behind the scenes in the next decade,” says Grant McKenzie, an assistant professor of spatial data science at McGill University in Canada, who was not involved with the work. “Imagine a world where a state government, or other actor, can realistically manipulate images to show either nothing there or a different layout,” McKenzie says. “I am not entirely sure what can be done to stop it at this point.” A few crudely manipulated satellite images have already spread virally on social media, including a photograph purporting to show India lit up during the Hindu festival of Diwali that was apparently touched up by hand. It may be just a matter of time before far more sophisticated “deepfake” satellite images are used to, for instance, hide weapons installations or wrongly justify military action. Gabrielle Lim, a researcher at Harvard Kennedy School’s Shorenstein Center who focuses on media manipulation, says maps can be used to mislead without AI. She points to images circulated online suggesting that Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez was not where she claimed to be during the Capitol insurrection on January 6, as well as Chinese passports showing a disputed region of the South China Sea as part of China. “No fancy technology, but it can achieve similar objectives,” Lim says.
Reactor Containment Buildings Structures, often made of steel or reinforced concrete, enclosing a nuclear reactor and designed to contain the escape of radiation to the environment. Quick Facts Go Historic ID reactor containment buildings reactor containment building containment buildings containment structures containment vessels reactor containment vessels buildings, reactor containment reactorgebouwen Dutch reactorgebouw Dutch edificios para reactor Spanish edificio para reactor Spanish view all → 1. 1. The Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus, 300006367. The J. Paul Getty Trust.
An e-juice is really a mixture of liquid nicotine that is made from an extract of tobacco. An electric cigarette is simply an electronic devise that mimics traditional cigarette smoking. It usually includes a battery, an atomizer, and a cap such as a bottle or tank. Rather than tobacco, the smoker inhales vapor instead. As such, utilizing an e Cigarette is generally described as “vaping” instead of smoking. vaping liquid Vaping is known as to be dangerous Eightvape Coupon since it directly damages the smoker’s the respiratory system. This damage can occur a short time after beginning to utilize the product. This is the major reason why many health experts have stated that it should not be used by children. Inhaling the vapor from cigarettes has been determined to be harmful for adults as well, but it is not known if the risk is greater for younger individuals. Along with damaging a person’s the respiratory system, vapors made by an e-Cig may also be potentially carcinogenic. Some studies have indicated that long-term, contact with high concentrations of vapor can produce changes in cells within the lungs. One study indicated that cells in the lung which were affected by smoking were more prone to proliferate when subjected to juice, than cells in the non-smoker’s lungs. Some studies also indicated that juice can be a contributing factor to the onset of cancer in smokers. Based on these results, it’s advocated that individuals stop smoking while still using an electronic vaporizer to save lots of their health. E-Cigarettes contain both nicotine and caffeine. Nicotine is really a highly addictive drug. Once one has become accustomed to nicotine, they may start craving it for its pleasant taste. If a person consumes nicotine through e-Cigarettes, without consuming VITAMIN E ANTIOXIDANT, their body will struggle to get rid of the nicotine without becoming malnourished. The effect can be quite a vitamin deficiency, similar to the one seen in people who fail to take VITAMIN E ANTIOXIDANT supplements. Therefore, e-Cigarettes ought to be avoided whenever possible. Furthermore, e-juices do not support the same level of vitamins and nutrients found in traditional liquids. In comparison with fruit juices, as well as other vegetable juices, e-liquid isn’t a perfect choice for daily vitamins. Although vitamin e-juice may be beneficial for certain vitamin deficiencies, it isn’t an appropriate replacement for vitamin e antioxidant found in gourmet and organic, natural gourmet foods, or vitamin E within organic natural e-juice. It has been speculated that youth who are attracted to e-Cigarettes could be the future of smoking prevalence. Recent studies indicate that teenagers ages 18 to 25 yrs . old are the most likely age group to begin smoking. Additionally, teenagers who try to stop smoking will experience side effects than those who don’t quit. It seems as though youth who are drawn to smoking could be the future of smoking because they’re more likely to check it out in conjunction with other tobacco products. Therefore, we can not assume that quitting smoking will automatically cure a person of their dependence on e-cigs. Regardless of the numerous unwanted effects of e-juices, lots of people still choose to use them. There are many of reasons why people choose this type of nicotine delivery just like the perceived taste, lack of nicotine, or the perception that cigarettes do not cause as much adverse health reactions as e-liquid. However, it is important to remember that even though we are absolve to express our opinion about e-cigs, we have to still refrain from indulging inside them. After all, we’re doing everything we can to try to get rid of cigarettes completely.
Operational Energy Energy security and forward operating base self-sufficiency are not solely logistics issues; they also affect the safety of the warfighter. Self-sufficient FOBs require fewer resupply convoys, which are vulnerable to insurgent attacks and put warfighters in harm’s way [1]. To mitigate these dangers, the Department of Defense’s 2025 energy security goals include reducing energy consumption at military instillations, while also increasing on-site energy generation and utilizing alternative energy sources [2]. The Homeland Defense and Security Information Analysis Center received a request to analyze emerging technologies capable of assisting in meeting operational energy requirements. Many alternative energy systems, such as solar panels and wind turbines, rely on consistent weather conditions, which may hinder their use in military installations. All FOBs, however, generate waste during day-to-day operations, which provides an untapped opportunity for on-site energy generation as 90 pounds of mixed waste possesses the same energy content as five gallons of JP-8 jet fuel [3]. Using waste to create energy can improve FOB self-sufficiency and energy security by diversifying energy generation options while reducing the amount of waste requiring removal, including food and animal waste, grass, and waste paper [4,5]. The DoD previously tested waste-to-energy systems, employing the Tactical Garbage to Energy Refinery to reduce the need for fuel and waste convoys during operations in Iraq [6]. TGER employs a biocatalytic system to break down organic materials and a thermochemical system to process “solid wastes such as paper, plastic and Styrofoam [7].” TGER decomposes the waste, creating a slurry, and ferments it to create a 5 percent hydrous ethanol [7,8]. The system converts the remaining material into fuel pellets [7], and heats the pellets within a gasifier to break them down into a synthetic gas [8]. After adding a diesel drip to the synthetic gas and ethanol blend, the mixture powers a standard diesel generator [7,8]. Byproductsfrom this procedure include ash, carbon dioxide, and heat usable for “field sanitation, shower, laundry, or cooling devices” [7]. During TGER’s use at Camp Victory, the unit processed an average of 54 pounds of solid waste and 13 pounds of liquid waste per hour, while saving 2.6 gallons of diesel fuel each hour [7]. Wastewater treatment offers another process for waste-to-energy generation for FOBs. Transitioning military installations to anaerobic wastewater treatment systems allows processing wastewater while producing biogas, all at a lower energy cost than aerobic wastewater treatment [4,9]. During anaerobic wastewater treatment, matter is broken down through chemical reactions. The process creates compounds used to fuel subsequent reactions, culminating in the creation of biofuel [10,11]. In the first step, hydrolysis reactions convert large and complex molecules into smaller, more easily metabolized molecules [10]. Hydrolysis is especially important when large amounts of suspended solids and large molecules are present [10]. Using the products created at the end of hydrolysis, acidogenesis uses microorganisms to further break down organic matter while creating additional compounds, most notably hydrogen and carbon dioxide [11]. In the next step, acetogenesis, bacteria transforms the products resulting from acidogenesis into acetic acid and additional hydrogen and carbon dioxide [11]. The final step, methanogenesis, converts hydrogen and carbon dioxide formed during acidogenesis and acetogenesis into methane and water through a chemical reaction [11]. The final biogas product following methanogenesis possesses an energy content of 22-26 MJ/m3 and consists of 60 to 70 percent methane and 30 to 40 percent carbon dioxide with traces of other compounds and gases [10]. Further modification of waste-to-energy systems to use non-organic materials not currently supported, such as metal and glass [8], would increase usability by offering additional fuel sources otherwise discarded. Recent research may prove beneficial toward incorporating metal wastes by utilizing metal particles such as iron, which possesses high energy densities and low emissions, heated in a metal-fueled combustor [12]. This process creates thermal energy used to power heat and steam engines as well as provide heating [12]. In an ideal system, alternative energy sources such as waste-to-energy systems deliver on-site power generation to run energy efficient technologies. While many commercial off-the-shelf products offer the DoD technology needed to meet its energy security mission, the technology requires additional research and development to ensure the products meet military standards of ruggedness, portability, and cost. 1. Fein, G. S. (2011). ONR, Marine Corps Save Dollars and Lives with Alternative Energy at Forward Operating Bases. Retrieved from http://www.onr.navy.mil/Media-Center/Press-Releases/2011/Forward-Operating-Base-Marine.aspx (accessed February 18, 2016). 2. Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense. (2015). Department of Defense Annual Energy Management Report Fiscal Year 2014. (Rep.). Pg 9. Retrieved from http://www.acq.osd.mil/eie/Downloads/Reports/Tab%20B%20-%20FY%202014%20 AEMR_FINAL.pdf (accessed February 26, 2016). 3. Knowlton, L. (2008). Small Scale Waste to Energy Conversion for Military Field Waste. [pdf] Retrieved from http://proceedings.ndia.org/jsem2008/abstracts/8207.pdf (accessed March 11, 2016). 4. RWL Water. (2016). Anaerobic Wastewater Treatment. Retrieved from http://www. rwlwater.com/anaerobic-digestion/ (accessed February 26, 2016). 5. Main, D. M. (2007). Scientists develop portable generator that turns trash into electricityRetrieved from https://news.uns.purdue.edu/x/2007a/070201LadischBio.html (accessed February 26, 2016). 6. Dalton, K. (2012). Battle-tested TGER prototype improved since mission in Iraq. Edgewood Chemical Biological Center. Retrieved from http://www.ecbc.army.mil/news/2012/Battle-tested-TGER-prototype-improved-since-mission-in-Iraq.html (accessed March 11, 2016). 7. Valdes, J. J., & Warner, J. (2009). Tactical Garbage to Energy Refinery (Rep. No. ECBC-TR-713). Retrieved from http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a510944.pdf (accessed March 11, 2016). 8. Wingfield, R. C. (2009). Waste-to-Energy Systems. Engineer, 73-76. Retrieved from http://www.wood.army.mil/engrmag/PDFs%20for%20Jan-Apr%2009/Wingfield.pdf (accessed March 11, 2016). 9. ADI Systems. (2015). Anaerobic Treatment. Retrieved from http://www.adisystemsinc.com/en/technologies/anaerobic-treatment (accessed February 26, 2016). 10. Droste, R. L. (1997). Anaerobic Wastewater Treatment. In Theory and Practice of Water and Wastewater Treatment (pp. 623-632). New York: J. Wiley. 11. Biarnes, M. (2016). Biomass to Biogas—Anaerobic Digestion. E-Instruments. Retrieved from http://www.e-inst.com/biomass-to-biogas/ (accessed March 11, 2016). 12. Bergthorson, J., Goroshin, S., Soo, M., Julien, P., Palecka, J., Frost, D., & Jarvis, D. (2015). Direct combustion of recyclable metal fuels for zero-carbon heat and power. Applied Energy, 160, 368-382. Retrieved February 26, 2016. Focus Areas
How does ときた work here? My understanding of the 2nd sentence's a bit rough. I know "人との関わり" means "human interaction". What I'm not sure here is the function of "絶っているときた". I've only ever seen 絶っている like this. https://eow.alc.co.jp/search?q=%E6%B6%88%E6%81%AF%E3%82%92%E7%B5%B6%E3%81%A3%E3%81%A6%E3%81%84%E3%82%8B • The verb 絶つ has various meanings, and 関わりを絶つ ("to break off a relationship") is a common combination. ている describes the continuation of state (i.e., "has broken off"). • ときた/とくる (quotative-と followed by 来た) is an exclamatory phrase added after some surprising or extraordinary statement. It's hard to translate this literally, but it's "to go further", "on top of that", "even", "ha!" or something like that. Those who returned to the town are completely frightened and even have shut themselves away from people. Your Answer
Over 1.5 million engineers are graduating every year in India, more than US and China combined. However, jobs are not getting created at the same pace. Until now, studying engineering had been equivalent to securing a job. But not any more! The supply of engineers has already surpassed the job demand. Ironically, most of the engineers that actually get into a job, are not job ready. Companies spend huge amount of time, efforts and money to get these engineers productive. Most of the learning happens on the job. Many end up working in fields that are not related to their education. This shows that the education system has been lacking the agility to change as the industry is changing. The knowledge imparted is mainly theory, and students don’t necessarily understand the practical application of what they learn. The result is that they have to rely on the job market to learn the practical aspects of technology before they can become productive. The current education system does a good job in identifying sincere and hardworking students who have a basic level of intelligence to understand and do things. However, it lacks the ability to convert these students into actual ‘doers’. If engineering students had the ability to use their knowledge to make wonderful things, they wouldn’t have to rely on jobs. There would be entrepreneurs all around us, building stuff that would make people’s lives easier and happier, improve productivity and boost economy. They would provide jobs to those who actually lacked education, instead of themselves fighting to secure a job. Indian universities don’t necessarily lack the knowledge, facilities or expertise to groom such students, they just lack the culture of building entrepreneurs. They fail to provide the right purpose to the students and the right incentives to the staff to help students achieve their goals. Universities in India have trained themselves for years in grooming students to become good, sincere, obedient and hardworking employees, but not the mavericks we really need.
1 : the act of deluding oneself or the state of being deluded by oneself especially concerning one’s true nature, abilities, feelings, etc. – Merriam-Webster Often, we put extra caution to avoid ourselves from being self-delusional. It’s normal. After all, who would like to be described as that. But have we, all these while, been placing too much unnecessary concern on this? Who’s doing the judging? Are they people who’s opinion should be treated with high regards? Or are they the kind who have no results, but plenty of opinions, just like most people around. I’m sure the Wright Brothers have been called self-delusional a lot when they first share with others their dream of building a flying machine. Or that time when John F. Kennedy announced that we will be sending people to the moon. Can you imagine what would happen if they had been convinced that they were indeed self-delusional and had called off their plan? Try viewing being “self-delusional” from a different angle. Perhaps being “self-delusional” means that you had not constrained your imagination. Which means that you are close to something that nobody had ever thought of implementing before. Which means that, maybe someday, you could be placed in the same regards as “self-delusional” people just like the Wright Brothers and JFK. That wouldn’t sound that bad, would it?
Quantum Domain Breakthrough: For The First Time, Scientists Demonstrate Counterfactual Communication Communicating without the use of particles to transmit information is no longer just a theory. Quantum Communication - Earth Counterfactual communication is a kind of quantum communication where no particles travel between recipients to transmit information. For the first time ever, a team of Chinese scientists has successfully demonstrated, at least experimentally, that this type of communication is possible. Specifically, the team was able to transfer a monochromatic bitmap image from one location to another without making use of any physical particle to achieve the transfer. And they did it by applying the quantum Zeno effect. Don’t worry if you got lost in those statements somewhere. We’re delving into the quantum world, after all. And in there, nothing is really simple. In fact, everything about it is like straight out of science fiction. So just brace yourself for more quantum weirdnesss. The quantum Zeno effect is something that happens when an unstable quantum system is measured over and over. As it is, when you observe or measure a system in the quantum world, the system changes. Following this principle, unstable particles in the quantum world can never decay as they are being measured, meaning, the quantum Zeno effect creates a system that is effectively frozen. Applying this effect, the research team designed a set-up consisting of two single-photon detectors placed in the output ports of an array of beam splitters, with nested interferometers measuring the system to ensure it doesn’t change. In theory, because of the quantum Zeno effect, it should be possible to predict which of the single-photon detectors will click when photons are allowed to pass through. This also incorporates the idea that counterfactuality requires a quantum channel between sites, and if a quantum particle happens to cross that channel, the system will have to be reset. The experiment, as described in Phys.org, went as follows: ‘Alice transfers a single photon to the nested interferometer; it is detected by three single photon detectors, D0, D1 and Df. If D0 or D1 click, Alice concludes a logic result of one or zero. If Df clicks, the result is considered inconclusive, and is discarded in post-processing.’ When the communication of all bits was done following the given process, with logic 0 corresponding to black pixels and logic 1 corresponding to white pixels, the team was able to recreate the image being transferred — a black and white bitmap of a Chinese knot. The idea for the experiment stemmed from the imaging technique known as holography which was developed to record both the phase of light and its intensity. The scientists wanted this question answered: can the phase of light be used for imaging? Based on the result of their experiment, the answer is yes — the phase of light became the carrier of information. According to the team, aside from applications in quantum communication, their technique could also be used for activities such as ‘imaging ancient artifacts that would be damaged by directly shining light’ because as their experiment showed, only the phase of light mattered; its intensity was irrelevant. The research was recently published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2 Comments on Quantum Domain Breakthrough: For The First Time, Scientists Demonstrate Counterfactual Communication 1. Radio communications happen over electromagnetic waves, they travel at the speed of light in a vacuum…. It takes time to get from the transmitter to the receiver.. Light is an electromagnetic wave…. only at a much higher frequency. one can put information on an electromagnetic wave in many way, CW, AM, FM, phase modulation, basically modulating Amplitude, Frequency, and phase….. it looks like this report is speaking about phase modulation of electromagnetic waves in the light spectrum.. it still takes time for the light (light photons, electromagnetic photons) to get from point A to point B…… I fail to see a modulated entanglement. 2. Of course, we all have the capacity to know that, even without understanding it. Don’t think about it, let your brain do the processing; just like we let our brains do a billion other things. Leave a Reply Your email address will not be published.
Aŭstro language From OpenGeofiction Encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search RegionAŭstrasuno Tero, several point of Harda Archipelago Native speakers7 million (as of 2016) Language familyUletarephian/Proto-Ulethan • Aŭstro Writing systemRomantian script Official status Official language in Official or used in The Aŭstro Language is a Uletarephian/Proto-Ulethan language and official language of Aŭstrasuno Tero and some regions in Mordeto. The language has around more than 7 million of speakers, principally focused in Aŭstrasuno Tero and other parts of the Harda Archipelago. The language is combination of many sounds and vocabulary from Uletarephian languages into a simplified gramatical structure. Its main influences are Gaermanic and Romantish languages group, but also influenced by Proto-Tarephian, Hellasinian, Semitic and Slevic languages. The language origins are not completely clear, it is believed that its main roots come from an extinct country in Uletha, Nordanekonata in Aŭstro, that were spreaded by overseas travelers. The earliest document making a mention of the Aŭstro Language are in the foundational documents of Aŭstrasuno Tero, mainly in the document dated from 1450 En la serĉo de la libereco kaj liberigo de la sferoj. In the history of Aŭstrasuno Tero the language evolved and received many voice influences from native languages of Harda Archipelago, principally from Hesperico, Mahhalian and Semer comforming the three main and bigger dialects of the language. However, the dialects preserves the main gramatical and scripting rules of the original language. See also
10 Everyday Activities Likely To Cause Serious Injuries 10 Everyday Activities Likely To Cause Serious Injuries Death is a reality. Anyone can be its victim anytime, anywhere. Somehow, we all feel that death will not happen to us, at least for now. On the contrary, death doesn’t need any deadly disease or long medical history or even an advanced age, for that matter. Even everyday activities, like daily chores, can result in instant death, if not handled properly. Here is the list of ten such activities that are most likely to cause serious injuries, even death. 1. Sneezing is a violent activity which can rupture anybody’s disc. Some of them can even cause nosebleeds and muscle pulls. Image credit: James Gathany/Wikimedia It may sound extreme, but the tickle in your nose could result in some really nasty things. There were stories where a lady was left bedridden while watching TV and sneezing at the same time. Her sneeze was so forceful that it ruptured her disc, and, as a result, her sciatic nerve got trapped between two vertebrae. This is called “Whiplash Effect” and occurs when your body is thrown out of whack by the force of a violent sneeze. We all do know that a single sneeze by a fellow traveler has a potential to spread flu germs to as many as 150 commuters in just five minutes. Another ill effect of sneezing is that if you hold it up, it could lead to a burst eardrum, torn blood vessels and muscles in your head, damaged sinuses, and in some rare cases, even brain hemorrhage.(source) 2. Shoveling snow can cause deadly heart attacks even though it is an everyday activity only in a small part of the world. Image credit: Andrea Booher/Wikimedia In January 2016, nearly six people, all middle-aged, died while shoveling snow after the deadly winter storm Jonas hit the northeastern part of the US. Two of them suffered cardiac arrest after engaging in the grueling activity. Cardiac experts believe that the physical exertion involved in shoveling snow combined with the cold temperature is a deadly combo. It can prove fatal for those who are aged and leading a sedentary lifestyle. Statistics show that every year, Americans make nearly 11,500 trips to hospitals due to snow-shoveling injuries. Apart from the cardiac symptoms, the injuries include fractures and soft tissue damage as well. Males are more prone to snow shoveling injuries, particularly those above 55.(source) 3. Slicing avocado is the number two injury in the summer according to the US Emergency Department. Image credit: Jeremy Keith/Flickr The British Association of Plastic Surgeons is worried about an increasing number of cases related to “Avocado Hand”—injuries caused while cutting a fleshy fruit. It is because of the minimal understanding the people have of how to cut the fruit. Though some wounds are superficial, others cut through tendon or nerve and can take a few weeks to a month to heal. Some of them are really painful requiring hand therapy, while some can leave you with a scar for life. Although rarely, these can cause loss of sensation in the affected area. There is, however, no statistics available of how many people suffered from “Avocado Hand,” but in New Zealand, as many as 100 people ever year cut their fingers/hand while slicing the fruit.(source) 4. Climbing ladders and standing on a stuff to reach things high up can cause some really catastrophic life-threatening as well as life-ending injuries. The risk goes up with age, especially for persons above 70 years. Image credits: Tiia Monto/Wikimedia, Pixabay Statistics published in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine show that there was nearly 50% increase in ladder-related injuries in the United States from 1990-2005. More than 2.1 million people in the US were treated for ladder-related injuries in these 15 years which turns out to be 136,000 cases a year. Again, males accounted for 77% of all ladder-related accidents as compared to females, and more than 95% of such injuries occur at home and other non-occupational settings. It means that people are not aware of the risks associated with using a ladder.(source) 5. Going to a bathroom causes at least one hip fracture a day. Women are more prone to bathroom injuries than men. Image credits: DocP/WikimediaBooyabazooka/Wikimedia Bathing and showering, followed by the injuries related to the use of toilet (sitting down, standing up, even overexertion), have so far injured nearly a quarter of a million Americans. While most of them, approximately 234,094, are non-fatal injuries, the danger increases with age. At least 50% of all people above 65 who got their hip fractures from a fall are most likely to die within 12 months of the injury.(source) 6. Beware of opening gift packs, especially around Christmas, as you may end up with a cut finger due to “theft-proof packaging.” Image credit: Tktktk/Wikimedia Cutting a finger is a non-fatal injury which often is caused by opening difficult, tamper-proof packaging. Most of the time, people use unsafe tools like razor blades, box cutters, snips, and ice picks to open them hurting themselves in the process. Other common injuries reported from opening theft-proof packaging includes cut hands, bruised hands, sprained wrists, and strained shoulder muscles. In fact, media coined the term “wrap rage” in 2007 for referring to a frustration and anger people felt when they are not able to open a theft-proof package. A study on a topic in Britain pointed out that over 60,000 people receive hospital treatment every year due to injuries resulting from opening food packaging alone. The number of injuries further increases around Christmas. In fact, in 2012, Amazon became the first company in the world to introduce certified, frustration-free packaging whereby the packaging is recyclable and comes without any excess packaging material.(source) 7. Be careful when using your phone. Looking down at your phone can cause ‘text neck,’ and holding it even in a proper position at eye level could also lead to “text arm.” Image credit: Pixabay “Text neck” is the term coined by medical professionals to describe neck pain and related damage sustained from constantly looking down at your phone or any other wireless devices. Symptoms associated with “text neck” are upper back pain, severe upper back muscle spasms, shoulder pain and tightness, as well as pinching of the cervical nerve. It can also lead to an early onset of arthritis if left untreated. According to a report by Virgin Mobile, an estimated four million Britons suffer from text-related injuries. Numb fingers and aching wrists also result from constantly texting from your mobile phones.(source) 8. Mixing cleaning supplies like ammonia and bleach, liquid plumber, and crystallized drain opener, or using ammonia to clean urine can cause serious chemical burns requiring emergency hospitalization. Image credit: Siyavula Education/Flickr There are other chemical combinations which, when mixed, can produce disastrous results, and they could lead to serious chemical burns. Among these are vinegar and bleach, the mixing of which could lead to toxic chlorine gas and chloroform. Mixing hydrogen peroxide and vinegar results in peracetic acid. Using two different battery brands can lead to corrosion. Taking medicine and eating grapefruit can be lethal, Mixing acetaminophen and alcohol can lead to irreversible liver damage. Drinking Red Bull and milk causes stomach aches. Taking ibuprofen and alcohol can lead to a torn stomach lining etc.(source) 9. Lifting a heavy pork butt could tear your rotator cuff. One can even throw one’s back by doing as simple a thing as drying oneself after a shower. This can also happen while patting your dearest cat. Image credit: Doing anything carelessly or without proper form could cause lifetime injuries. Medical research shows that improper lifting, as well as not lifting from your legs, can cause three types of injuries. The first type is muscle injury resulting from extra stress on the lower back muscles causing tiny tears. The second is a joint injury along the spinal column. The third is disc injury where intervertebral discs between the vertebrae can bulge or rupture when injured thereby causing severe pain in buttocks and legs. Most back injuries happen in occupational settings, and according to the US Federal Bureau of Labor Statistics, nearly 20% of all back injuries due to improper lifting.(1,2) 10. Be mindful of wearing flip-flops during the summer as in addition to foot injuries, you may end up having problems in your neck, head, and jaw. Image credit: Kai Schreiber/Wikimedia Wearing flip-flops every day could cause injuries. It is because when a person is not wearing supportive sneakers that act as a cushion for the foot in favor of light flip-flops, their body may lose its balance. It is estimated by the U.K. National Health Service that every year nearly 200, 000 patients are treated for flip-flop related injuries at a whopping cost of more than 40 million U.K. pounds. There are three types of flip-flop related injuries: 1. Toe fractures 2. Plantar fasciitis, which means increased pain in the heel or sole of the foot 3. Tendonitis, which means that switching from supportive to unsupportive footwear can change the bone mechanics and put pressure on the tendons to work harder. (1,2) Leave a Reply More Boobs - Less Politics And Now... A Few Links From Our Sponsors
Home Page At Eastling we provide a high-quality science education by developing a sense of excitement and curiosity about the natural world. We encourage pupils to take on the role of young scientists by asking questions and working scientifically to answer them themselves. We equip all children with the essential knowledge, methods and processes to understand how science can be used to explain what is occurring and why. Our aims: • To develop pupils’ enjoyment and interest in science. • To develop pupils’ understanding of key scientific concepts and scientific skills. • To ensure that children understand the relevance of what it is they are learning. Eastling Primary School follows the Kent Science Scheme. Early Years Science is part of the ‘Understanding the World’ area of learning in the EYFS. Children are encouraged to explore and investigate, drawing on their own personal experiences and observing closely using their senses. EYFS Nature Walk Acorn class go on a weekly nature walk to the woods in Eastling. They use this opportunity to: • Observe and investigate features of living things, objects and events. • Learn about the features of their own immediate environment and how environments might vary from one another. • Look closely at similarities, differences, patterns and change in the environment. • Ask questions about why things happen. Children in Key Stage One explore science through the following topics: • Plants • Animals including humans • Everyday materials • Seasonal change • Living things and their habitats During years 1 and 2 pupils observe, explore and ask scientific questions about animals, plants, materials and events. They carry out simple experiments using equipment to collect evidence to explain their ideas. They communicate these using technical vocabulary, drawings, charts and tables. Children in lower Key Stage 2 explore science through the following topics: • Plants • Animals including humans • Electricity • Forces and magnets • Rocks • Light • States of matter • Sound • Living things and their habitats During years 3 and 4 pupils ask relevant questions and carry out simple practical enquires, comparative and fair tests to draw conclusions. They make systematic and careful observations and take accurate measurements to gather data using a range of equipment. These findings are recorded using scientific language, drawings, labelled diagrams, keys, bar charts and tables. Children use their results to make predictions, suggest improvements and raise further scientific questions. Children in upper Key Stage 2 explore science through the following topics: • Animals including humans • Electricity • Evolution and inheritance • Properties and changes of materials • Forces • Earth and space • Living things and their habitats During years 5 and 6 pupils plan and carry out different types of scientific enquiries to answer questions. Take measurements using a range of scientific equipment with accuracy and precision. They record their data using scientific diagrams and labels, classification keys, table, scatter graphs, bar and line graphs. These are used to make predictions to set up further tests. Outdoor Learning At Eastling primary school we are lucky enough to be surrounded by beautiful countryside that lends itself perfectly to the teaching of science. From the tiny tadpoles that swim in our pond to the trees that have stood tall in our grounds for years. Children at our school reap the benefits of outdoor learning by constantly exploring, investigating and experimenting through a practical and hands-on approach to science. Children throughout the school have the opportunity to take part in scientific investigations in the locality, participate in ‘Science Week’ activities, experience science trips and take part in ‘Outdoor Learning Days’ throughout the year (come rain or shine)!
Leonardo Bruni Florentine 1467 Words6 Pages Journal Entry: Bruni “Excerpt from a Treatise” Leonardo Bruni was a Florentine humanist, and contributed to Florence flourishing during the Renaissance. So many of the great Italian Renaissance figures where from Florence, including Petrarch, Bruni, and Machiavelli. Also many of the famous Renaissance artists were from Florence including, Michelangelo, Raphael, and Botticelli. This shows how much of an epicenter Florence was for the Renaissance. I though it was interesting how the fall of the Florentine Republic which is in 1530, according to our notes, corresponds with the end of the Italian Renaissance in the late 15th century. The end of the Renaissance would have most likely affected the economy and may have had a hand in the Florentine…show more content… This oration is an example of the modern outlook on the glory of man. Pico Mirandola believes that “there is nothing to be seen more wonderful than man.” This is in accordance with page 512 of our notes, which says, “(there) is no greater expression of beauty than the human body” and these two quotes are what inspired Michelangelo’s sculpture, David. The previous view of mankind before the Renaissance was that they were intermediary creatures, the king of the lower beings, and that man has the ability to reason. Mirandola was not satisfied with these explanations. Mirandola believed man’s beauty was due to God the Father, who created the whole universe and created man last to enjoy the world’s beauty and to wonder where it is from. Human beings beauty lies in the fact that God made is in His image. God told Adam that man has free will, and may do what he desires and can ordain the limits of nature. This is summarized on page 514 in our notes where it says that God told Adam, “you are confined by no bounds you set the limits of nature.” This shows that the text agrees with out notes and the idea that human beauty lies in God brings us back to the Renaissance theme of humanist Christianity. Mirandola than compares man to seeds “of all kinds and the germs of every way of life.” I believe he compares man to seed to say that man can grow into whatever it desires to and as man grow they change their surroundings in the same way that a field of seeds grows and becomes a field of plants on what was once a plain of More about Leonardo Bruni Florentine Open Document
Saturday, January 30, 2021 OET Speaking Speaking : (15-20 mins) Speaking test is conducted on the same day for paper-based test while for the computer-based test it's one day before or after. How is it conducted? Speaking test has two role-plays. Each role-play lasts for 7-10 mins. Typically, 3 mins to read the task card and 5 mins for the conversation.Role-play is basically a conversation based on the given task-card between you and the interlocuter. The interlocuter is not the one assessing your skills. He is just there to take part in the conversation and make you comfortable. These conversations are recorded and are assessed by Oet experts after. This is a good thing to calm our nerves on the test day. For each role-play a candidate task card detailing your role, the interlocuter's (patient) condition, his situation will be given as an introduction. In addition to that, there will be tasks telling you to what to do one after the other. The interlocuter has his own corresponding task-card to understand the situation and act accordingly to your questions. Tasks are usually about explaning a medical condition, breaking bad news, dealing with a non-complaint patient or anxious relative etc. Skills assessed : Clinical and linguistic skills are considered while you are graded by the examiners. Keep in mind and make sure you tick all the boxes while you are speaking on the exam day. Linguistic criteria : • Intelligibility • Fluency • Appropriateness • Grammar and Expression. Clinical Criteria : • Relationship building • Understanding patient's perspective • Providing structure. • Information gathering • Information giving Our medical knowledge is not at all assessed in the test. Remember, it is an English test. Giving wrong information is okay as long as you are fulfilling the criteria. You don't need idioms, wide vocabulary or sentence structures in Oet. You are assessed on whether you can understand the patient's situation and provide relevant solutions, show empathy. Oet speaking test serves as a primer for PLAB, USMLE where your communication skills are as crucial as your clinical skills. Sample tests at OET official website. No comments: Post a Comment Wondering what do I write? Well... Ask about something you don't understand @_@? Compliment... Say something nice! =D Go ahead. Comment all you like here! (:
Carmen Palacios-Berraquero (c2013) was a key part of a team that designed a method for creating arrays of hundreds of quantum emitters. Carmen is the lead author on a Nature Communications paper published by the team in May 2017†. Carmen is now the CEO of a spinout company nuQuantum which is commercialising some of this technology. Previously quantum emitters were usually produced in low densities and were randomly distributed, which made it difficult to study their characteristics systematically or to improve their quality. The quantum emitters or quantum dots fabricated by the team were found to be single-photon sources in a range of wavelengths in the visible spectrum. The rest of the team consisted of researchers from the groups of Prof. Mete Atatüre and Prof. Andrea Ferrari in Cambridge, and Prof. Marco Loncar from Harvard. A monolayer of tungsten diselenide or tungsten disulphide was laid over a silica substrate nanopatterned with pillars (diameter of 150 nm, height between 60 – 190 nm) like a carpet. Quantum emitters were created at positions where the monolayer carpet was supported by a pillar. Atomic force microscopy and optical microscopy confirmed that presence of the monolayer carpet on the silica substrate, and photoluminescence measurements showed the locations of quantum emitters and identified the range of wavelengths emitted by each quantum emitter, as well as performing the quantum optics measurements to confirm singe-photon emission. The team found that the height and geometry of the nanopillars influenced the emission properties of the quantum emitters, hence it may be possible to tune the emission properties of the emitters through the design of the underlying pillars in the future. Moreover, this technique of producing quantum emitters should not only be limited to tungsten diselenide or disulphide, but also other semiconducting layered materials. The method has the potential to result in hybrid photonic and electronic structures, and could be used for applications that require accurate and precise positioning of emitters, such as optical waveguides. It has the benefits of being easily scalable and compatible with silicon chip technology.
“What You See Is All There Is” Bias (WYSIATI) This article is an excerpt from the Shortform summary of "Thinking, Fast and Slow" by Daniel Kahneman. Shortform has the world's best summaries of books you should be reading. Like this article? Sign up for a free trial here. What is the “What You See is All There Is (WYSIATI)” phenomenon? How does it work? Why does WYSIATI lead to bad decisions? What You See is All There Is (WYSIATI) is a cognitive bias described by Daniel Kahneman in Thinking, Fast and Slow. WYSIATI says that when presented with evidence, especially those that confirm your mental model, you do not question what evidence might be missing. Learn how the “What You See is All There Is” phenomenon affects your decision making, and learn how to overcome it. What You See is All There Is: WYSIATI System 1 (fast, intuitive thinking) seeks to build the most coherent story it can – it does not stop to examine the quality and the quantity of information. So it looks at what is in front of it. This results in the “What You See is All There Is” bias. In an experiment, three groups were given background to a legal case. Then one group was given just the plaintiff’s argument, another the defendant’s argument, and the last both arguments. Those given only one side gave a more skewed judgment, and were more confident of their judgments than those given both sides, even though they were fully aware of the setup. This demonstrates the “What You See is All There Is” phenomenon. Why Does “What You See is All There Is” (WYSIATI) Happen? We often fail to account for critical evidence that is missing. This is the essence of the “What You See is All There Is” bias. Putting it all together, we are most vulnerable to biases when: • System 1 forms a narrative that conveniently connects the dots and doesn’t express surprise. • Because of the cognitive ease by System 1, System 2 is not invoked to question the data. It merely accepts the conclusions of System 1. In day-to-day life, decisions made based on the “What You See is All There Is” phenomenon are acceptable if the conclusions are likely to be correct, the costs of a mistake are acceptable, and if the jump saves time and effort. You don’t question whether to brush your teeth each day, for example. In contrast, this shortcut in thinking is risky when the stakes are high and there’s no time to collect more information, like when serving on a jury, deciding which job applicant to hire, or how to behave in a weather emergency. WYSIATI and Decision Making How is the “What You See is All There Is” bias tied to decision making? Because of a narrow frame, System 1 doesn’t know what information it’s missing. It doesn’t consider the global set of possibilities and make decisions accordingly. This can lead to odd situations where you make one set of decisions when considering two cases individually, then a contradictory decision when you consider them jointly. Consider a nonprofit that reduces plastic in the ocean to avoid poisoning and killing baby dolphins. How much are you willing to donate to support the cause? Now consider the discovery that farmers are at significantly higher risk of skin cancer because of the time they spend outdoors. How much are you willing to donate to a nonprofit that reduces cancer for at-risk groups? You are likely more willing to pay a higher amount for the dolphins than the farmers. In isolation, each scenario engages a different “account” and intensity of feeling. Saving baby dolphins employs the “save the animals” account, and baby dolphins is high on the scale (relative to saving wasps). You intensity match the high emotion you feel to an amount you’re willing to pay. In contrast, the farmer skin cancer example evokes a “human public health” account, in which farmer skin cancer is likely not as high a priority as baby dolphins is on the saving animals account. Emotion is lower on this account, so the donation is lower. Now consider the two examples together. You have the option of donating to a dolphin-saving non-profit, or a human cancer-reducing non-profit. Which one are you more willing to pay for? Likely you now realize that humans are more important than animals, and you recalibrate your donations so the second amount exceeds the first. Judgment and preferences are coherent within categories, but may be incoherent when comparing across categories. And because of the “what you see is all there is” bias, alternative categories may not be available for you to consider. Much of life is a between-subjects trial – we only get exposed to one major event at a time, and we don’t think to compare across instances. To challenge the “What You See is All There Is” (WYSIATI) bias, force yourself to ask: “what evidence am I missing? What evidence would make me change my mind?” ———End of Preview——— Like what you just read? Read the rest of the world's best summary of "Thinking, Fast and Slow" at Shortform. Learn the book's critical concepts in 20 minutes or less. Here's what you'll find in our full Thinking, Fast and Slow summary: • Why we get easily fooled when we're stressed and preoccupied • Why we tend to overestimate the likelihood of good things happening (like the lottery) • How to protect yourself from making bad decisions and from scam artists Amanda Penn Amanda Penn One thought on ““What You See Is All There Is” Bias (WYSIATI) • Avatar October 22, 2020 at 6:20 am WYSIATI, the abbreviation itself sounds like a magic spell and indeed it is, a magic spell on our minds. Appearances lie, so does less or irrelevant information. We are WYSIATIed with almost everything around us. Isn’t it? A stranger who just spoke rashly to us will cast a judgment in our mind. But will that character analysis yield results even close to true? Most probably not. Leave a Reply
The coelacanth was first rediscovered in South Africa waters in1938, and was later caught dead in North Sulawesi waters in 1998 and 1999. Scientists had previously thought the fish had died out around 70-80 million years ago and only knew of its existence from fossils. The discovery of the first coelacanth was described as "akin to finding a living dinosaur roaming the earth". Researchers said the latest find could indicate these fish originated in the Manado sea and later migrated to South Africa, revising an earlier assumption that the species originated from South Africa. Kasim Moosa, a researcher involved in the project, said Thursday that this five-foot-long fish liked to dwell in ocean caves. The coelacanth is a predator that eats smaller fish. The species from Manado, named the Latimerai manadoensis, is a brownish color with white spots dotted all over its body. Scientists were surprised at the extra fleshy fins of this species, which they said resembled human hands and feet. "The fish has a low metabolism. It needs to consume very little to survive for a long time," Kasim said. Experts said the coelacanth has lived for more 360 million years under water, making it one of the world's oldest fish. Kasim, a former researcher from LIPI, said the new video of the fish would help put Indonesia on the map for aquamarine research. "We are going to publicize these findings in Nature magazine," he said, adding that the fish was already protected under Indonesian law.
Black garden ant.jpg Garden Ants Are garden ants a health hazard? Garden/Black ants are not regarded as a 'significant risk to public health', however they can be a nuisance when found in the home. Where can they be found? Garden ants are found throughout Britain and usually nest in gardens and areas around buildings. They often enter homes in search of food. Are ants a problem? Garden ants can find the smallest of cracks in buildings and if they locate a source of food within the building, they communicate this to other ants and then lead them into the building to feed. During the summer, the flying stages of the ants may be seen emerging from the nest in large numbers. This event normally lasts for only a few days. How can I get rid of Ants? Remove the food sources, ensure that sugary foods are kept in sealed containers and that all food and drink spillages are cleared up immediately. The treatment for infested premises is the application of a liquid insecticide approved for use against Ants. The insecticide will be applied to all cracks and crevices where Ants could be hiding, including outside (weather permitting) It is recommended to avoid using the vacuum on treated surfaces for 14 days after treatment. Call for a free survey visit and price Steve Pratt Pest Control Ltd 47 Connaught Road 07835 666848 Thanks for submitting!
His Excellency Mr. Martín Vizcarra Cornejo Statement Summary MARTÍN VIZCARRA CORNEJO, President of Peru, said the Charter of the United Nations was the fruit of diplomatic negotiations involving his country, reflecting the painful lessons learned from two world wars and offering a fresh opportunity to humanity by establishing a forum for unprecedented relations among States. Its legitimacy, its convening power and its normative impact mean that States understand as universal values human rights, access to education, health, women’s empowerment, sustainable development, maintenance of international peace and security, disarmament and the fight against climate change. Yet, the current crisis has revealed that there are vast gaps and practices that are eroding multilateralism: mistrust and lack of dialogue among them, especially between the great powers. The crisis also offers opportunities to “mend our ways” and renew commitments. The scale of the pandemic, and the unknowns of COVID‑19, mean that “no one is safe from it until we are all safe from it.” Any future vaccine should be considered a global public good. He also called for addressing the grave economic impact, expressing Peru’s unwavering commitment to those efforts.
Drama Greek Stage » bingoflirt.com Duração Do Dia De Júpiter \| Jogador De Críquete Indiano De Iqbal Khan \| Smb Performance Octane Treatment \| World Z Nation \| Steve Ditko Marvel \| Quartos Para Alugar Perto De Ne \| Layout Do Projeto Do Poema \| Houzz Iluminação De Escritório Em Casa \| Recrutamento Da Inteligência Da Marinha \| 14/07/2016 · Greek theatre began in the 6th century BCE in Athens with the performance of tragedy plays at religious festivals. These, in turn, inspired the genre of Greek comedy plays. The two types of Greek drama would be hugely popular and performances spread around the Mediterranean and influenced Hellenistic and Roman theatre. Theatre and Drama in Ancient Greece: A short and concise summary of the significant role theater played during the reign of the Ancient Greek Empire. Ancient Greek Theatre: An educational web page providing a brief introduction to Ancient Greek theater, including a timeline, its origins, structure, and theater dynamics of each play. By convention, the actors in tragedy appeared larger than life. Since there were about 17,000 open-air seats in the theater of Dionysus on the south slope of the Acropolis, going more than halfway around the circular dance floor orchestra, this exaggeration must have made the actors more recognizable. It also appears in numerous major and minor conventions of the Western stage; the issuing of a ticket metal token for each seat, and the habit of applauding to denote approval, and whistling to express disapproval were all originally Greek customs. Ancient Greek Drama in the Twentieth Century In Britain and the United States at the beginning. In ancient Greece, plays were performed in amphitheaters that sometimes seated as many as 25,000 people. Actors, without the benefit of microphones, had to perform in a declamatory style that would seem unnatural to modern audiences. Throughout the history of drama, the architecture of stages has influenced the style of drama and vice versa. At the early Greek festivals, the actors, directors, and dramatists were all the same person. After some time, only three actors were allowed to perform in each play. Later few non-speaking roles were allowed to perform on-stage. Due to limited number of actors allowed on-stage, the chorus evolved into a very active part of Greek theatre. The ancient Greek drama was a theatrical culture that flourished in ancient Greece from 700 BC. The city-state of Athens, which became a significant cultural, political, and military power during this period, was its center, where it was institutionalised as part of a. Origins of Greek Drama. During the 5th century, the stage of the theater of Dionysus in Athens was probably raised only two or three steps above the level of the orchestra, and was perhaps 25 feet wide and 10 feet deep. The skene was directly in back of the stage, and was usually decorated as a palace. 11/01/2013 · This collection features video about Greek theatre and productions of Greek plays staged at the National Theatre. Featured in this film are experts Edith Hall, professor of Classics at Kings College, London, Laura Swift from. What is the difference between Drama and Theatre? • Drama can be in the form of a text, prose or a verse composition delineating a story full of human emotions and conflicts. However, it becomes theater only when it is performed on stage with actors performing the roles of the characters in the text. • Drama is given life by performers on. While it is unclear who wrote this play, it has traditionally been attributed to Aeschylus. Regardless of who is the true author, the drama is a great read for students who want to improve their knowledge of Greek texts. Another classic tragedy, the story is based in the myth of Prometheus, a Titan who was punished by Zeus for giving mankind fire. 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Byronic Hero Significato // clcknow4.com What is a Byronic hero? - Quora. skulls-and-tea: The Byronic hero is a variant of the Romantic hero as a type of character, named after the English Romantic poet Lord Byron [] described as, “a man proud, moody, cynical, with defiance on his brow, and misery in his heart, a scorner of his kind, implacable in revenge, yet capable of deep and strong affection.”. 29/06/2016 · Doyle Arthur Conan - The Byronic Hero Riassunto in inglese su Sir Arthur Conan Dyle e The Byronic Hero. di Mayc1989. Genius 17365 punti. Stampa; Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. He was born in 1859 in Edinburgh, Scotland. Definition of Byronic hero in thedictionary. Meaning of Byronic hero. What does Byronic hero mean? Information and translations of Byronic hero in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions resource on the web. I believe that the most important modern hero trait is some kind of realistic background. The hero has to have a regular day-to-day life behind his mask or powers. He or she has to have a sense of humor, and maybe enjoys some popular sport like football. The main thing to think about when creating a modern hero is normalcy. Byronic Heroes: Examples of the Desirable Bad Boys of Literature Byronic heroes are characters who leave you wondering whether to pity them or hate them. They often appear to be villainous but have a deep, dark, and tragic past. 14/11/2010 · The "Byronic hero" is the typical Romantic hero: he's a young man fighting for lost causes. He already knows he's going to be beaten, but he opposes to conventions in his tytanic battles. The most famous Byronic hero is Don Juan. More overlapping tropes include the Well-Intentioned Extremist, who, like the Byronic Hero, may do immoral or villainous acts in the name of some higher cause which would otherwise be a positive goal, as well as the Lovable Rogue, who shares the Byronic Hero's. A Byronic Vampire is a variation of the Byronic Hero, and thus the article about Byronic Heroes from Wikipedia is used: The Byronic hero is a variant of the Romantic hero as a type of character, named after the English Romantic poet Lord Byron. Although there are traits and characteristics that. Byronic hero - Wikipedia - The Sherlock Stories. The Byronic Hero is a type of Anti-Hero / Anti-Villain popularized by the works of Lord Byron, whose protagonists often embodied this archetype, though they existed before him. Byronic Heroes are charismatic characters with strong passions and ideals, but who are none the less deeply flawed. 12/05/2019 · Of or pertaining to British Romantic poet George Gordon Byron 1788-1824 or his writings. 1877, Henry Kendall, “Ode to a Black Gin”, in The Australian Town and Country Journal, page 24: You have your lovers - dusky beaus / Not made of the poetic stuff / That sports an Apollonian nose, / And wears a sleek Byronic cuff. The Byronic hero is characterized as being arrogant, violent, reckless, seductive, traumatized and self-serving. Developed by 19th-century poet Lord Byron, this type of character rejects social norms and exists as a form of antihero, or a protagonist lacking conventional heroic qualities. Byronic hero synonyms, Byronic hero pronunciation, Byronic hero translation, English dictionary definition of Byronic hero. George Gordon Sixth Baron Byron. 1788-1824. British poet acclaimed as one of the leading figures of the romantic movement. As Byron rose to fame he kept on developing his ideal protagonist. Though Childe Harold is the work that notably brought him overnight success, it is only the template of what is to be known as the Byronic Hero. With the personal experiences that. This hero was proposed but was rejected by the community for not being pure enough or lacks what is necessary to be a purely good hero. Therefore, this hero shall be added to our "Never Again List", where proposed heroes rejected by the community shall be placed to. Der Byronic Hero ist eine Figur, die sowohl abstoßend als auch faszinierend wirkt. Sein Charisma entsteht aus den dunklen Seiten seiner Persönlichkeit, in denen der Leser oder Zuschauer eine Identifikationsfläche für die verdrängten oder unterdrückten negativen Anteile. Find out Jane Eyre’s byronic hero Mr. __. CodyCross is a famous newly released game which is developed by Fanatee. It has many crosswords divided into different worlds and groups. Each world has more than 20 groups with 5 puzzles each. Some of the worlds are: Planet Earth, Under The Sea, Inventions, Seasons, Circus, Transports and Culinary Arts. Top 20 Bad Boys – Byronic Heroes in Film That Will Steal Your Heart. Posted by Amber Topping Aug 29, 2013. Lady Caroline Lamb said of Lord Byron, the poet, and her lover, he was “mad, bad and dangerous to know.” These words have defined Byronic Heroes, an archetype of storytelling, ever since. How is the byronic hero romantic? UNANSWERED. We need you to answer this question! If you know the answer to this question, please register to join our limited beta program and start the conversation right now! Register to join beta. Related Questions. Asked in Definitions. Transcript of Byronic Hero: Mr. Darcy Pride and Prejudice. exemplifies the role of a byronic hero in Jane Austen's novel of manners through his interactions with other individuals. Mysterious, Magnetic, and Appealing: Elizabeth's facial expressions and sigh at the end reveal her heartache over Mr. Darcy. In diesem Kanal biete ich unter dem Alias "Byronic" Videos meiner virtuellen Modellbahnprojekte an, die erstellt werden mit der Software "Eisenbahn.exe" aus. 30/09/2014 · The Byronic hero is a variant of the Romantic hero as a type of character, named after the English Romantic poet Lord Byron. Both Byron's life and writings have been considered in different ways to exemplify the type. The Byronic hero first appears in Byron's semi-autobiographical epic narrative poem Childe Harold's Pilgrimage 1812. 1. The Byronic hero is a term for a character type first introduced by Lord Byron in his poem Childe Harold's Pilgrimage. Known to be intelligent, gloomy, disappointed with life, not part of any crowd, mysterious, and partly because of all of the ab. 2. Characteristics of the Byronic Hero A character does not have to possess all of the traits below to be considered a Byronic hero, nor is every character with some of these traits necessarily a. 3. Byronic Hero is a legendary hand cannon. It can be dismantled to generate Glimmer, Weapon Parts, and Legendary Marks. Byronic Hero can be retrieved from one of the following activities/vendors. 4. - THE BYRONIC HERO The Byronic Hero, the best example of which we can find in the portrait of Conrad, the protagonist of the Oriental Tale, "Lara" or in Manfred, is the imaginary character that can be found in almost every work written by Lord Byron real name George Gordon, one of the most famous English romantic writers. The Byronic hero is an idealised but flawed character exemplified in the life and writings of Lord Byron, characterised by his ex-lover Lady Caroline Lamb as being "mad, bad, and dangerous to know". [1] The Byronic hero first appears in Byron's semi-autobiographical epic narrative poem Childe Harold's Pilgrimage 1812-1818. This page was last edited on 9 September 2015, at 17:49. Content is available under CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 unless otherwise noted. Game content and materials are trademarks and copyrights of their respective publisher and its licensors. Byronic hero Q1018644 From Wikidata. Jump to navigation Jump to search. Type of antihero often characterized by isolation and contemplation. edit. Language Label Description Also known as; English: Byronic hero. Type of antihero often characterized by isolation and contemplation. Statements. instance of. character type. Thorslev’s The Byronic Hero: Types and Prototypes is a sprawling examination of the development and influence of the Romantic hero archetype, with a specific focus on Byron’s interpretation of the hero that came to bear his name. It is a thorough and impressive catalog of just what it claims. Category:Byronic Heroes Hero Fanon Wiki FANDOM powered by Wikia. FANDOM. Games Movies TV Video. Wikis. Explore Wikis; Community Central; Start a Wiki; Search Sign In Don't have an account? Register Start a Wiki. Heroes Fanon Wiki. 1,821 Pages.. 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'; } else { echo ''; } ?> '; } else { echo ''; } ?> '; } else { echo ''; } ?> What is a Sustainability Standard? &r=1" class="c1"> We can find: a) standards developed by international or private entities; b) standards that include all aspects of sustainability, or only one or two; c) different standards depending on the sector or type of product. Courtesy: www.publicdomainpictures.net &r=1" class="infc2">+ info There are many types of Sustainability Standards, according to the intended goal and scope. Sustainability Standards are divided mainly according to: • Responsibility for the development of the standard. Standards may be developed by international entities devoted at producing standards, such as the ISO series, or they may be private, in the sense that they were developed by specific companies. • Sustainability criteria. The Standard may incorporate restrictions and obligations regarding all aspects of sustainability (economy, society and the environment), or only one or two of those. • Sector or type of product. A Standard in the forest sector is necessarily different from a Standard in the car industry sector. Similarly, the obligations and prohibitions in a Standard for paper are different from those of a car. Therefore, for example, there are Social Sustainability Standards and Environmental Sustainability Standards. There are such Standards for many common products that most consumers use. And the development and application of those Standards is virtually unlimited.
markov model limitations Posted by on Dec 29, 2020 in Uncategorized HIDDEN MARKOV MODEL: HMM is called hidden because only the symbols emitted by the system are observable, not the under lying random walk between states. An HMM can be visualized as a finite state machine. This mode of communication developed over many many years, through the The Markovian switching mechanism was rst considered by Goldfeld and Quandt (1973). Analysts should be aware of the limitations of Markov models, particularly the Markovian assumption, although the adept modeller will often find ways around this problem. Strengths and weaknesses of hidden Markov models. Nonetheless, there exist several limitations to a simple markov model. INTRODUCTION Speech is the most natural and primary means of communication between humans. Markov analysis is not very useful for explaining events, and it cannot be the true model of the underlying situation in most cases. By: P.Joshna Rani 16031d7902 2. Markov models are useful to model environments and problems involving sequential, stochastic decisions over time. Another form of stochastic analysis is known as Markov Simulation, named after the nineteenth-century Russian mathematician. Markov Models. Keywords Speech recognition, speech representation, Hidden Markov Model, implementation Issues, limitations, challenges. A Markov model shows all the possible system states, then goes through a series of jumps or transitions. Markov models are good at handling sequences of arbitrary length (as possessions in soccer can be anywhere from one event to 100s of events), and they allow for the attribution of final outcome contributions further along in the sequence. Hidden Markov Models (HMM) operate using discrete states and they take into account only the last known state. The model (2.1) with the Markovian state variable is known as a Markov switching model. issues and limitations of HMMs in speech processing. Hidden Markov models offer many advantages over simple Markov models for modeling biological sequences: A well-tuned HMM generally provides better compression than a simple Markov model, allowing more sequences to be significantly found. 1. Hamilton (1989) presents a thorough analysis of the Markov switching model and its estimation method; see also Hamilton (1994) and Kim and Nelson (1999). why the results of economic models vary, including differences in the complexity of the models, different underlying modeling assumptions and the use of different modeling techniques. For over a decade researchers have been discussing the comparative advantages and disadvantages of Markov cohort 165 Representing such environments with decision trees would be confusing or intractable, if at all possible, and would require major simplifying assumptions [ 2 ]. Advantages and disadvantages of hidden markov model 1. Each jump represents a unit of … The time component of Markov models can offer advantages of standard decision tree models, particularly with respect to discounting. Shih Tzu For Sale Montreal, How To Clean Gas Stove Burner Caps, Acacia Dealbata Leaves, Shirou Vs Gilgamesh, Sapporo Ichiban Chow Mein Noodles, Build A Bennington Tritoon,
We use real money in almost all kinds of transactions, such as paying for goods and services. But aside from cold-hard cash, some individuals who have a good credit score use credit cards because it’s much easier to swipe your card and have it billed to your card’s bank. And for ten years, another financial medium started to rise and boom in the digital world – and it’s called Cryptocurrency. One of the most popular Cryptocurrency today is called Bitcoin, but a whole section is dedicated to that. There are many other Cryptocurrencies you should know too, such as Ethereum! If you want to know the Latest Cryptocurrency News, you should visit The Currency Analytics. They have all the latest news and updates about the Crypto world. For miners, Cryptocurrency is as vital as real-life news. Financial publications and daily news would even have information about Cryptocurrency on their front pages. It has taken the world by storm, especially since it has helped millions of people. You can become successful just by trading. So if you also want to start investing in Cryptocurrency, it’s better to keep yourself informed at all times because it can get pretty daunting for some. What is Crypto All About? When you hear the word Cryptocurrency, some think it’s a shady business deal in the Black Market, where there are sketchy people as accountants. But in reality, it’s a financial medium that’s available only in the digital world unless you decide to cash it. It is a decentralized financial-based blockchain, which means no other central bank or monetary authority governs it. Peer-to-peer community computer networks that are made up of nodes maintain it. It is a digital database that’s run via cryptography, and it’s secure because it has been digitally confirmed through a process called mining. Cryptocurrencies fluctuate. Some Cryptocurrency rise in value, some don’t. So it’s up to you on how you can guarantee that you can earn and profit from it. As long as you know how to look at the market today, you can quickly learn how to buy and sell crypto. It’s terrifying at first since it’s like you’re investing money into something you can’t hold, but you’ll slowly get used to it once you fully understand how it works. The Tons of Benefits of Using Crypto in Today’s World If you’re looking for an easier way to transact when doing business, Cryptocurrency might be able to make things simpler and easier for you. When using crypto, you won’t need a “middle man,” such as brokers, anymore. You can directly transact with the receiver, and you can easily make audit trails because you know who you are transacting with. It will take place in a secure network, so everything is accounted for. Another reason is the very confidential transactions. When you use a bank, your transaction history will be available for that bank to see. But when you use Cryptocurrency, you can only show the receiver what you want them to know. Using Cryptocurrency will protect all your transaction histories and your identity. That’s because each transaction you make is unique, and you get into terms negotiation in every deal. You will feel safer and more private when you choose to use crypto.
Home>Articles>San Francisco Votes To Ban Natural Gas in Newer Buildings San Francisco skyline. (Photo: Wikipedia) San Francisco Votes To Ban Natural Gas in Newer Buildings Board of Supervisors votes unanimously for ban, joining a handful of other CA cities By Evan Symon, November 12, 2020 4:42 pm Earlier this week, the San Francisco Board of Supervisors voted to ban natural gas from all new buildings within the city, becoming the latest Californian city to enact such legislation in the last few years. San Francisco Supervisor Rafael Mandelman (Photo: Twitter) The ban ins scheduled to go into effect in June 2021 and will apply immediately to 54,000 homes and 32 million square feet of commercial space currently under development. Eleventh hour compromises made by the legislation author, Supervisor Rafael Mandelman, will let restaurants apply for 18 month exemption wavers to give them time to transition to electric and delayed enactment from January to June to give developers more time to plan and comply. The main reason for the change, cited by Mandelman and supporters, is to fight climate change. According to climate data presented during Tuesday’s Supervisors vote, natural gas is responsible for 44% of of San Francisco’s overall emissions of greenhouse gases. For total building emissions, the rate shoots up to 80%. By converting to pure electric systems, the city has said that greenhouse emissions will be severely reduced in the coming years. “Today San Francisco made an incremental but important move to help save our planet when the Board of Supervisors passed my legislation eliminating natural gas and requiring all-electric construction for new buildings, with limited exceptions for restaurants and technical reasons,” said Mandelman in a Twitter post celebrating the bill’s passage on Tuesday. “Natural gas is the second largest source of greenhouse gas emissions in San Francisco and poses major health and safety risks. All-electric construction in new buildings is a critical step toward a safer, healthier San Francisco and planet for future generations.” Besides the greenhouse gas issues, officials have touted the public, health, and safety benefits to the plan. Building safety will be increased due to less of a risk stemming from gas-related fires and explosions, and indoor air quality will improve, leading to healthier citizens. “Safety is a factor,” earthquake safety consultant Lana Holmes told the Globe in an email. “If an earthquake hits San Francisco or another city that enacted these new gas bans, it will create much less of a fire risk for damaged buildings.” Possible issues with the SF gas ban However, the gas plan has also been met with criticism, with many noting that power grid issues and an increased need for electricity may lead to many issues in the coming years. “All of that electricity has to come from somewhere,” explained Los Angeles utility engineer, and former San Francisco native, Kevin Mahoney, in a Globe interview. “The argument that the electricity is only going to hurt the environment even more by having that electricity come from oil and coal plants is seen by most as factually wrong now, but the argument that it could lead to a greater energy crunch isn’t. “We’ve been getting rid of coal, oil, nuclear, and even gas plants in California for years now, and green sources like hydroelectric, wind, and solar have not kept up and they actually made recent blackouts in California worse than they had to be. “So, along with neighboring cities like Berkeley and San Jose doing this, the area has seen more of a reliance on green energy when not enough plants are being built to replace the greater input and closures of plants that emitted more pollutants. “Honestly, the city should have waited a few more years to make sure they had enough electricity to keep up with demand. If more blackouts happen, as is likely due to increased wildfire problems, then the Bay Area can be seeing worse electrical issues due to more of a reliance on electricity over gas like this.” Restaurants are also largely against the new plan, similar to the recent Berkeley gas law, as it will greatly affect restaurants in terms of cooking times and flavor of some dishes. San Francisco will now join many Californian cities in similar gas bans, including Berkeley, San Jose, Carlsbad, Mountain View, and Palo Alto, with many more expected to vote on the issue in the coming years. Possible legal challenges against the Board’s decision, similar to the legal challenges Berkeley faced last year, are likely. Print Friendly, PDF & Email Evan Symon Spread the news: 7 thoughts on “San Francisco Votes To Ban Natural Gas in Newer Buildings 1. For all the self-righteous talk of environmentalism and concern about health and safety, and blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, don’t forget that running all systems by electricity is much more expensive than gas, and most cities have a utility users’ tax on their energy bills, so this might actually be more of an attempt at a higher tax grab for the city coffers than any of the other, more “noble” goals. 2. Such good little virtue signalers… Hey you effing brsin-dead liberals !!! HTH do you,think,your electrical generators run??? You haven’t built hydro since the Nixon Administration and now you’re shutting down natgas??? What will you power the electrical grid with, Fairy farts??? Gawd, you’re DUMB asses!!! 3. Happened here in my city also. Morons. Not even a microscopic change in CO2 worldwide (which concern is completely bogus). Natural gas is an efficient, cheap (thanks to frac’ing) heating fuel . So the demoncrats supposed concern for the little guy, the poor, are going to make them pony up $$ for expensive electricity. Pure, selfish, virtue signalling. When are the PEOPLE gonna wake up to these utopian, bogus scams? Answer, never. They’re mostly “sheeple”, brainwashed or “don’t give a sh…t. If they were REALLY concerned with CO2, they’d be advocating for more nuclear power. NOT. Leave a Reply
Hartley Magazine The dance of the sun Sun damage shows as a line across this dracaena leaf, where the sun was partly blocked by the edge of another leaf. Summer is upon us. The freezing nights of spring are over, and days are warm in the sun. Now my plants and I are facing a different threat: the sun itself. As a shade gardener, I’m always focused on sunlight. Light is a plant’s basic requirement, and in my tree- and building-shaded space, sunshine is hard to find. Yet too much sunlight, hitting a plant that isn’t built for it or isn’t ready for it, can also do harm, burning and crisping leaves and drying out blooms. It’s important to be aware of the sun all through the growing season. As the sun’s position in the sky changes during the year, it shifts how light falls in any yard. Some areas, and some plants, may get too much light during one part of the season and not enough light at another time. In my garden, May and June are the times of greatest peril from the sun. The leaves of shrubs and perennials are new, thin and vulnerable. Houseplants, most of them native to the understory of tropical forests where full sun never shines, are just moving outdoors. The trees overhead often don’t fully leaf out until late May. The days are growing relentlessly longer, increasing the overall amount of sunlight that enters the yard each day. If mine were a sunny yard, the long, bright days would be good news, because I would have chosen plants that thrive in sun. But for most of the growing season, my space is a place of shade. My plants were selected for their ability to get by on the limited amount of light they will get in July, August and September. Hostas, brunnera, Solomon’s seal, ferns, begonias, bleeding heart, Celandine poppies, columbine, corydalis, Canadian wild ginger—they do well on just three to four hours of filtered sun a day, but they are not adapted to cope with direct, piercing morning or afternoon sun. There are only a few ways a gardener can help: Keep the soil moist, so plants have access to the water they need to fill their leaves and cool themselves. Plant each species of perennial and shrub in a place where it will get the right amount of light in the long term. Some gardeners have a pergola or a shade structure over tender young plants or a shade-cloth-covered conservatory for shelter. But for my most vulnerable plants—my tropical houseplants—my solution is to keep ’em moving. Climbing roses can bloom in the sunniest part of a shady yard only when days are longest and total sunlight at its greatest. I spend most of May and June lugging potted houseplants around to find spots where they won’t fry. Some need to go under a shrub for a while; others will be okay on the north side of a wall. I often miscalculate. Since I’m not an early riser, I tend to underestimate the intensity of the shafts of morning light that reach between the buildings and tree branches. On the other hand, I often am slow to notice that another spot has become much shadier now that the tree overhead has fully spread its leaves. And of course, the sun hits slightly differently every day of the year. Not all plants need the same amount of light, or protection. Any plant with variegated leaves—streak or splotched with white or any other color—is at a disadvantage compared to a plan green plant. The non-green areas have no chlorophyll, the green pigment that is essential for a plant to turn sunlight into food. To make up for that lack, a variegated plant may need a spot where it will get a little more light. The same is true of plants whose leaves are yellow-green or red-green rather than plain green. They are also a little shy of chlorophyll, or, in red or burgundy plants, the green pigment may be screened by the red. A chartreuse plant in too much shade may lose its chartreuse, becoming a more ordinary green as it produces more chlorophyll to try to make enough food from not enough light. Spring is the time I worry about too much sunlight. The rest of the year, I bend all my efforts to find more. My rose patch is awkwardly situated at the corner of the building, the only place where, because of a gap between trees, roses can get almost enough western sun (at least in June when the days are longest). I will need to keep up my houseplant dance for a few more weeks. I’ll keep snipping off leaves with sunburned patches or crispy edges (a damaged leaf can’t heal; all a plant can do is grow a new leaf). Once midsummer arrives and the days start growing shorter, the light will gradually become less intense. Then I’ll go back to searching for light and not guarding against it.
Anxiety disorders term paper Essay Topic: Anxiety disorders, Paper type: Overall health, Words: 623 \| Published: 12.12.19 \| Views: 453 \| Download now Stress, Panic Attacks, Behavioral Disorder, Disorders Excerpt coming from Term Newspaper: Anxiety attacks are a diverse and complicated set of physical and mental problems that influence more than 20 or so million People in the usa. The disorders, which include basic anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorders, and phobias, can frequently exert a disabling effect upon the individual’s existence, and affect his or her personal and interpersonal interactions. Treatments focus upon helping the individual to identify and understand the irrationality of their panic, and to help them in facing approximately their worries. Stress is, “one of the key motivating causes in a lot of human behavior” (Beck Emery, 1985, l. 13), which is a normal a reaction to a intimidating object or perhaps situation. It produces a wide range of physiological and psychological results that are generally described as organizing the body intended for primitive ‘fight or flight’. These symptoms result from the increased volume of adrenaline that is made by the sympathetic nervous system, which causes a rise in the cardiovascular system and respiration rate, the raising of blood pressure, plus the contraction of blood vessels in the skin and intestines because blood is usually diverted to the heart, lungs and muscle tissues (P. They would. R., 1997). Although these kinds of reactions are appropriate when up against incidents of threat or danger, in the event this degree of anxiety carries on after the threat has been eliminated, or if no true threat is available, these physical and psychological symptoms can cause the development of anxiety attacks. Anxiety Disorders Anxiety attacks are identified as, ” several combinations of physical and mental indications of anxiety, certainly not attributable to real danger, and occurring possibly in episodes or as a persisting state” (Sainsbury, 80, p. 215). Anxiety disorders have an effect on over 20 mil Americans, practically half of who suffer from it is most common condition, general panic attacks (GAD), the other anxiety disorders being panic and anxiety attacks (panic disorder), and fears. (P. They would. R., 1997). General panic attacks (GAD). Studies show that GAD affects between two and five percent of the human population, and is thought to account for almost a third coming from all psychiatric consultations (P. They would. R., 1997). GAD may have an acute onset and appearance severe in intensity, or it may occur in a persistent form, with all the severity rising and falling with in regards to stress factors. This form of anxiety is identified as ‘free-floating, or diffuse, as it is not connected with any certain situation or object, and it triggers sufferers to have a continual a sense of concern and tension. Somatic symptoms of GAD include trouble sleeping; lightheadedness or a suffocating feeling; palpitations; excessive sweating; pallor; and digestive problems. Therefore, many affected individuals of GAD tend to truly feel tired, have trouble focusing, and sometimes suffer from depression (Sainsbury, 1980). GAD affects persons of equally sexes and ages and, although it is usually diagnosed often in women than in guys, this statistic is misleading as only a quarter of GAD affected individuals seek professional treatment (P. H. L., 1997). Anxiety and panic attacks. A panic attack is characterized by unpredictable attacks of severe stress that require symptoms that are not related to any particular condition or thing. (Beck Emery, 1985). Oftentimes, the individual might be completely unacquainted with the cause, nevertheless the associated symptoms can certainly not really go undetected. These results include palpitations; lightheadedness; breasts pains; unmanageable shaking or trembling; nausea; and sweat. A few of the elements that are thought to contribute to anxiety attacks Related posts Save your time and get your research paper! Get My Essay
You may also like Prompt Cards Consecutive Numbers Exploring Wild & Wonderful Number Patterns Age 7 to 11 Challenge Level Thank you to everyone who sent in their solutions for Worms. Poppy from Dussindale Primary School sent in this excellent solution and took it further with her investigation into number patterns: I started with the head of the worm on the number 34. First of all I began by trying out the different shapes. I rotated each shape through north, east, south and west. I then realised that some of the shapes had a reflection. I started with the L shape and noticed whilst some of the numbers were different that there were repeated totals. I began to investigate why this happened - see the algebra for each of the L shaped totals. I then looked at the S shaped worm and saw that the reflections came up with repeated totals. I found that there 16 different totals but 24 different calculations that could be made by rotating or reflecting the worms. Please have a good look at that and see some good thinking going on! From Springvale School we had a number of solutions sent in. Hannah, working with snakes instead of worms! I worked out that to get the smallest number for each one, you have to point the snake directly up, and if you want to get the highest possible number for each one you needed to point the snake directly down. I also worked out that there are 32 different positions for each square, that's 512 in total! I know this, because there are different ways the worm can be positioned and you can put each one, North, East, South, West. I worked out to get the smallest possible solution, you need to put the worms head on 34 (the smallest number on the shaded grid) and its body above it so it sits on 34,24,14 and 4 which equals = 76. To get the biggest solution you need to put the worms head on 67 and the body below it on 67,77,87 and 97 this = 328. I worked out that there are 32 solutions for each box. I found this out because there are 8 different ways that the worm can be positioned and you can make 4 worms, so 4x8=32. I worked out that there are 512 solutions for worms.... I know this because there are 8 different ways that each worm can be positioned and there are 4 different worms, and 8 x 4 is 32. Then you must times 32 by 16 as there are 16 places that the worm head could start at, so there are 512 solutions. I also worked out the smallest and the largest possible combination that the worm could possibly lie on here is what I worked out... For the smallest the head must start on 34 and go strait up so it would go 34, 24, 14 and then 4 so the total would be 76. For the largest combination you would have to start on 67 and go straight down so it would go , 67, 77, 87 and then 97 so the total would be: 328 I know the total amount of solutions is 512 because there are 32 different shapes the worm can make because normally it can make three shapes in every direction so you would get twelve and then you can reverse it all apart from the straight lines because they will just be the same so you get 20. Then you add on the shapes which are squares to get 24 then you have to twist it up and you get 4 more and then you reverse it to get 32. Finally you need to times 32 by 16 to get 512 The way to figure out all the solutions, is to find out how many there are facing one way, to get 4, then times by 2, because you can reverse each shape to get 8. You can also move it around so it is facing different directions so you times it by 4, because it can face 4 different directions, which is 32 solutions then times by 16, which is 512. Ryan J. & Ryan W. from Imlay Elementary School in the USA sent in this explanation and their workings: We know that there are 30 possible directions the 4 block worm can go while still being connected properly, while still eating its favorite food in the garden. We also wrote down the sum of the 4 number squares the worm was on, and drew the position so we could check to see if a position was repeated later. The worm head placement we chose was square number 34. The way we know we found all the worm positions is because we listed the possibilities that the worm can move each time we found a new one. We also know we found all of them is because we would come up of new positions, and write them down four times, one pointing up, one pointing left, one down, and one right. After we did thirty, we could come up with nothing else. The way we knew we didn't miss one, is we crossed out all squares that where to far away than 4 blocks from the worm head. Then we made every combination in the area of the non-crossed out squares. Thank you all for the solutions sent in.
4 page writing 2 \| nursingwritinghelp.org The Kojiki (Record of Ancient Matters), dated 712, contains various stories about the mythological origin of Japan. Choose one story from your readings and explain how this story exemplifies the relationship between the Shinto Gods and Japanese Culture. In your discussion, you might want to consider questions such as â€œHow does Shinto relate to the Way of the Gods?, Who are the Shino deities (kami) and what is the message of their story in the Kojiki? What is the relationship of kami to the Imperial family in Japan?â€ Since this topic is based on your first assignment, your essay has to eb an in-depth analysis and not just a repetition of your assignment. Please follow the instructions The paper should be 4 pages in length, 12 point font Times Roman, double-spaced. Thank you! The post 4 page writing 2 appeared first on The Nursing Hub. Essay Writing Service
Blood Clots during Pregnancy Last Updated on Pregnancy is a time of joy, but also one of anxiety, stress and fear. A woman may face a few risky things during her pregnancy, one of which is the threat of blood clots. Even though very few pregnant women face a risk of developing a blood clot, it is a highly critical condition, and can lead to serious complications for the pregnant woman and her unborn baby. The important thing to do is stay calm in the face of pressure, to be able to deal with the many problems of pregnancy. Fortunately, there are several things one you can do to protect yourself and your child from the dangers posed by blood clots during pregnancy. What Is a Blood Clot? Your body can be injured in many ways. If your skin experiences a cut or wound, your body will send an army of special blood cells known as platelets to help. Platelets, along with an assortment of clotting factors, stick together to form a seal at the injury site, and stop blood from leaving the body. Clotting in such circumstances is an important bodily process to prevent blood loss. However, if a clot forms inside your veins and is unable to dissolve itself, this can become a dangerous situation. Women face a much higher risk of developing a blood clot in the uterus during pregnancy than non-pregnant women. This is due to the raised estrogen levels in their blood, which promote the activity of clotting factors. While the clot may not be dangerous in itself, it might cause severe complications, depending on its location. Blood clots can form at any time during the pregnancy, or even for a few weeks after you give birth. Types of Blood Clots There are two main kinds of blood clots that form inside the body. They are: 1. Thrombus Blood clots that form inside veins or arteries are known as a thrombus. Thrombus clots can also develop inside the heart. A thrombus is a coagulated mass of red blood cells, platelets, and fibrin protein. It can block healthy blood vessels and prevent blood flow, leading to a condition known as thrombosis. Generally, thrombosis occurs in the leg veins, but sometimes can happen elsewhere in the body. Thrombosis in pregnancy is quite common and very dangerous. The two main kinds of thrombosis are: • Deep Vein Thrombosis: Deep Vein Thrombosis, or DVT, occurs when a blood clot develops in a vein deep within the body, usually in the thigh or calf. It shows itself in the form of inflammation, swelling, pain, and warmth around the area in which it is located. • Cerebral Vein Thrombosis: Cerebral vein thrombosis, or CVT, is the formation of a blood clot in a vein that is present in the brain. This greatly increases the chances of a stroke. 2. Embolus An embolus is a clump of material that moves through the blood vessels. It is most commonly a thrombus that has dislodged from a blood vessel, but can occasionally be fat or air bubbles. An embolus during pregnancy can also obstruct the flow of blood in various organs in the body, giving rise to a condition known as Venous Thromboembolism (VTE). If it hampers blood flow to the heart, lungs, or brain, it could cause severe damage or even death. What Causes Blood Clots During Pregnancy? There are several reasons for the formation of blood clots during pregnancy. Some of them are: 1. Cholesterol Having cholesterol plaques clogging up your arteries will affect blood flow in that area, making you more susceptible to a thrombus. 2. Lack of Movement Standing or sitting for long periods can promote the development of blood clots in the leg. Make sure you don’t sit cross-legged for too long, either. 3. Dehydration Blood clots can develop in pregnant women who do not stay hydrated by drinking water or juices. Hyperemesis gravidarum is a sickness that could cause dehydration as well. 4. Recovering From Surgery If you have recently undergone invasive surgeries that involve cutting into arteries and veins, you face a higher risk of blood clots. 5. Damage to Blood Vessels The increase in the size of your baby during pregnancy will start putting pressure on the veins that lead to the pelvic region. This makes it likely for a clot to form in that region. Who Is at the Risk of Getting Blood Clots During Pregnancy? Developing a blood clot is uncommon, but the further you progress in your pregnancy, the higher is the risk, peaking at the first month after your child is born. There are many risks that can cause blood clots during pregnancy. They are: 1. Family History If there is a history of the development of blood clots in your family, it is likely that you might have inherited that tendency. 2. Certain Medical Conditions Having illnesses like heart disease, sickle cell anaemia, thrombophilia, high blood pressure, diabetes, or lupus greatly increase your risk of developing blood clots. 3. Age Being over 40 makes your blood more likely to clot, so pregnant women above the age of 35 should take extra care. 4. Smoking Smokers or second-hand smokers are at high risk of developing blood clots, as cigarette smoke tends to damage the inner lining of the blood vessels, as well as make platelets stickier. 5. Obesity Having a BMI higher than 30 during pregnancy can cause reduced blood flow in the body, enhancing the formation of clots. Signs and Symptoms of Blood Clots While Pregnant As a pregnant woman, you are prone to constantly worrying for both your and your baby’s health. Instead of fretting about another possible danger, just take note of all the signs your body is trying to show you. If you find yourself facing any of the following symptoms, it’s best to seek medical attention immediately: 1. Chest ache or tightness 2. Bloody coughs 3. Difficulty breathing 4. Intense fatigue 5. Swelling and tenderness in the calf, thighs and lower back There are several ways in which blood clots can be determined by your doctor. A few commonly used techniques are: 1. Pulmonary angiogram to check for any embolus in the lungs 2. Ultrasound of the veins to visually check for clots 3. D-dimer test, which measures the level of clotting-related proteins to check for the chemical presence of blood clots 4. MRI of the veins to locate a thrombus 5. Contrast venography, which is one of the best methods to identify clots (but it is quite expensive and invasive) 6. A CT scan Complications of Having Blood Clots in Pregnancy Thrombosis kills someone every five minutes. As the risks of blood clots during pregnancy are significantly increased, it could cause serious damage to both you and your unborn child. Some of the complications that can emerge in your body from developing pregnancy blood clots are: 1. Pulmonary Embolism When an embolus moves from its initial location, it is driven around by the bloodstream. If it somehow makes it to the lungs, it is known as a Pulmonary Embolism (PE). PE is a type of VTE along with DVT. This condition can drastically reduce oxygen levels, damaging multiple tissues and organs in the body. The symptoms of PE are shortness of breath, feeling faint, irregular heartbeat and anxiety. 2. Myocardial Infarction Also known as a heart attack, it can occur if the blood clot obstructs the heart muscles from receiving oxygen and the nutrients it requires. This could lead to the slow death of the heart tissues, causing a heart attack. Heart attacks can cause severe damage to the heart, and are often fatal. 3. Ischemic Stroke The brain requires a constant supply of blood to function. Cerebral Vein Thrombosis (CVT) can stop blood from reaching the brain, or in extreme cases, result in a bursting of the blood vessel. This is known as a stroke. Symptoms of a stroke are vision loss, dizziness, seizures, lack of feeling on one side of the body, and inability to move or speak. In many cases, strokes can lead to brain damage or fatality. 4. Preeclampsia This is one of the most common conditions that some pregnant women go through, especially in their third trimester. Preeclampsia causes a rise in blood pressure, which affects the functions of the liver and kidneys. These organs may also be damaged if the condition is not treated in time. Some of the warnings signs of preeclampsia are headaches, protein in the urine, and unclear vision. Can Blood Clots Affect Your Baby? Blood clots are not only dangerous to your health, but they can also cause severe harm to your unborn child, especially if they travel to the uterus. Blood clots can occasionally form inside the placenta, which will result in a blockage in the foetus’s blood supply. A few of the dangers they can cause to your baby are: 1. Placental Dysfunction As the placenta is the organ that serves as the pathway for oxygen and food between the foetus and the uterus, blood clots developing in the placenta will block the flow of blood to the foetus. This could put the life of your unborn child in serious jeopardy. 2. Foetal Growth Retardation If the placenta is unable to function efficiently, oxygen and nutrients will not reach the foetus. This will result in the foetus developing incompletely or abnormally. 3. Miscarriage Blood clots may also lead to the foetus dying before the third trimester, while still in the uterus. 4. Preterm Birth Blood clots can also lead to premature birth, which means that the baby is born a week or more before its due date. These babies are underweight and might develop hearing disabilities, vision problems, cerebral palsy, and have lower IQ. Can It Affect My Labour If I’m at High Risk of Getting DVT? Deep Vein Thrombosis might be a debilitating condition, but you can still have a successful pregnancy even if you are at high risk. Reducing the risk of developing a clot until birth and for a few months afterwards is crucial. Some of the things you can do in your late pregnancy are: 1. Move often as frequent movement will help keep the blood flowing through your body and reduce the chances of clots forming. 2. Drink enough water as staying hydrated will prevent your blood from getting thick enough to precipitate clots. 3. Aim to have a natural birth, as caesarean surgeries increase the risk of blood clots forming. How Are Blood Clots Treated in Pregnant Women? If the doctor observes blood clots in your body during pregnancy, there are several ways with which they can be treated: 1. Treatment With Heparin or Low Molecular Weight Heparin Heparins are a class of molecules that behave as anticoagulants. They prevent the formation of clots in the blood, and thereby reduce the chances of getting deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolisms. This treatment will continue for at least 6 weeks after delivery. 2. Warfarin It is an anticoagulant that is very efficient in treating DVT and PE, but is not recommended in pregnant women due to its side-effects, such as internal bleeding and tissue damage. A couple of weeks after you have given birth, your obstetrician can prescribe warfarin until all the blood clots have disappeared. 3. Inferior Vena Cava Filters New research is showing the promise of a technique which involves surgically inserting a small device into the inferior vena cava of the heart, to reduce the risk of pulmonary embolisms. However, it has been found to increase the occurrence of deep vein thrombosis. Due to the critical nature of pregnancy blood clots, there are some things that you must compulsorily do to keep them away from you and your child. 1. Stay Active This is the most important advice. In addition to advancing your cardiovascular health, getting physically active will keep your circulation in peak condition and not give your blood a chance to clot. However, always ask your healthcare provider before you indulge in any kind of exercise while pregnant, especially if you are overweight. If you are medically advised to take bed rest during your pregnancy, anticoagulant medicines can keep the blood clots at bay. 2. Invest in Compression Pants Wearing compression clothing will prevent damage to your veins and improve blood flow. This will also lower the chances of DVT. 3. Keep Moving Even if you have an active lifestyle, try not to remain seated or lying down when you’re at home or at work. Stand up now and then, or take a short walk around the house or the office before getting back to what you were doing. Keep your leg muscles relaxed by giving them regular massages. If you’re travelling, make sure you get up and move around the bus, train, or plane at least every half an hour. 4. Drink Water This is something crucial to our health, yet we still forget to do it enough. Most people need at least 2 litres of water a day. Pregnant women will do better drinking 3 to 4 litres every day. 5. Maintain a Healthy Lifestyle Eating a balanced diet of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean meats, is important to stay healthy. Avoid smoking and alcohol, as the former irritates the artery linings, and the latter thins the blood. Taking precautions against the dangers posed by blood clots is one of the most important things you can do to safeguard the health of your baby and yourself. It’s important to remember to stay calm, and take the necessary measures, such as seeking medical attention, at the right time. Take everything one step at a time, and you will find yourself being able to handle the toughest of decisions. Don’t be afraid to ask for help and support when you need it, as you’ll soon be out of this difficult yet rewarding time. Previous articleOvarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome (OHSS) Next articleBack Labour – Reasons, Symptoms & Treatment
Ancient Eaters: Marcus Gavius Apicius, the Other Other One (Roman, 1st century CE) “He spent countless sums on his belly.” ~ Apicius described by Athenaeus of Naucratis in his Deipnosophistae (The Philosopher’s Dinner), 3rd century CE This imaginary portrait of MGA comes from the Pantropheon (1853), a history of food by 19th century French chef Alexis Soyer. Roman men were known by a personal name, a hereditary clan name and a nickname. Gaius Julius Caesar would have been understood as “Gaius of the Julia clan, called the Caesar.” Children could inherit their father’s identifying nickname or cognomen, and like our family names, they were often passed down for so long that people forgot their origin; Caesar was variously parsed as “Hairy”, “Blue-Eyed”, “Cut”, or having something to do with killing an elephant. But cognomina were originally intended to reflect the most noteworthy thing about an individual. If an individual accomplished something remarkable, they might gain a new cognomen, as when Publius Cornelius Scipio became Scipio Africanus after his military victories in Africa. This was also the case with Marcus of the Gavia clan, called the Apicius, who got his cognomen by loving food more than anyone else in Rome. Marcus Gavius Apicius (henceforth referred to as MGA) was a wealthy Roman gourmand who lived in the early part of the first century, during the reign of the Emperor Tiberius (14 – 37 CE). His cognomen of Apicius derives from an earlier Apicius of the first century BCE. This man was not his ancestor; rather, the first Apicius was so much of a foodie that his name became synonymous with the love of fine dining, so that anyone with a similar interest would receive it as a nickname. There was even one more famous food-lover called Apicius in the second century, a hundred years after MGA. We know this because anecdotes about “Apicius the food-lover” are dated to the reigns of various Emperors, too far apart to be the same person. MGA is by far the best-documented of the three Apicii, and many Roman historians at least mention him in passing (a contemporary biography called On the Luxury of Apicius has sadly been lost). He was famous for his grand dinner parties, where he served costly delicacies like cockscombs and flamingo tongues, fish drowned in fish sauce and the livers of fattened pigs. He kept a villa at Minturnae, a seaside town about a hundred miles southeast of Rome, known for its fine shrimp. On hearing that the shrimp of North Africa were even better, Apicius once took a special trip there just to try them. But when locals brought the catch of the day to his ship, he found it underwhelming and had his captain turn around, returning to Minturnae without ever having made landfall. Unfortunately, like all the best stories from Roman histories, the shrimp story is nigh-impossible to verify. But it does at least paint a picture of how Apicius was perceived. Roman historians depict him as a member of the Emperor’s inner circle, on casual terms with powerful people and not afraid to splash his money around to impress them. Seneca writes that while walking through the fish-market, Apicius engaged in a playful bidding war over a huge red mullet with the Emperor and another friend. Pliny tells us that Drusus, the Emperor’s son and heir, stopped eating cabbage sprouts after Apicius told him they were commoners’ food. A contemporary portrait of Claudia Livia Julia, or Livilla. Amongst family, Roman women were often known by an informal pet-name (in this case, Livilla, “Little Livia”) because they rarely had personal names. Sisters often had the same name and were distinguished with Major and Minor (Elder and Younger) or Prima, Secunda and Tertia (First, Second and Third). Photo by saiko (2012). An especial friend of Apicius was the ambitious social climber Lucius Aelius Sejanus, whose first wife Apicata was likely Apicius’s daughter. Tacitus makes an offhand remark that Sejanus “sold his body to Apicius” as a young man. Accusing public figures of sexual misconduct was as Roman as the Coliseum, so this story may be only hearsay meant to mock the closeness between the two men. Whatever the nature of his relationship with his father-in-law, Sejanus would divorce Apicata to marry his lover Livilla, the Emperor’s niece. This was after Sejanus had helped Livilla end her own marriage, through poison rather than divorce. Livilla’s ill-fated first husband was her cousin Drusus, the same guy who took Apicius’s dietary advice. While Livilla and Sejanus plotted to extend their power, Apicata discovered their crime in the year 31 and sent a letter to Tiberius revealing the true killers of his son. The Emperor’s revenge was swift and terrible. Sejanus was executed along with his three children by Apicata, so that he would have no heirs. Livilla was executed too, and popular legend asserts that her punishment was carried out by her own mother, who locked her in a room without food. Disgraced by the scandal and grieving for her children, Apicata committed suicide by poison, a common last resort for Romans facing extreme public humiliation. Apicius, we are told, also chose to die by poison. While his death may well have been related to the tragedy that befell his family, Roman sources connect it back to food, like every other detail of his life. Seneca describes the death of MGA thus: “Having spent a fortune of 100 million sestertii on his kitchen, spent all the gifts he had received from the Imperial court, and thus swallowed up his income in lavish hospitality, Apicius found that he had only 10 million sestertii left. Afraid of dying in relative poverty, he poisoned himself.” The Imperial court of Tiberius was fraught with danger, a place where life was cheap and one’s social position might change at any moment. If Apicius really did poison himself, who knows how freely he made that choice? Apicius is the common name of De re coquinaria (On the Subject of Cooking), the best-known and most-complete surviving Roman cookbook. You can’t go far into the subject of Roman cooking without mentioning the ten books of Apicius; it’s the ultimate sourcebook on Roman cuisine, with recipes for everything from asparagus to braised flamingo, and nifty kitchen hacks like how to fix bad-tasting broth and how to make cheap olive oil taste expensive. But Apicius wasn’t solely written by MGA, nor was it written by the Apicius before him or after him, though they may have all been contributors. The name seems to have become attached to the cookbook because of its long association with culinary matters. It’s likely that Apicius the book was compiled over a long period of time by multiple authors, including enslaved and formerly-enslaved career chefs working in the kitchens of the wealthy. The text is telling; different recipes use the Latin of different time periods, and the majority is written in the vernacular of daily life (“Vulgar Latin”), not the literary Classical Latin of the highly-educated. Seven recipes found in Apicius the book are attributed to Apicius the man, and MGA may be the one that is meant. “Apicius” was also the name of a type of cake and a method of cooking cabbage greens with a pinch of mineral soda to maintain their color (though we can assume that MGA, who turned up his nose at cabbage, was not responsible for that last one). When MGA appears in later Roman literature, it is sometimes as the quintessential extravagant glutton, and sometimes as an ingenious expert who “proclaimed the science of the cookshop. Though his family fell victim to cruel dynastic politics, history remembers MGA best as a culinary experimenter and seeker of pleasure. Hearing some of the stories about him, I can’t help but think he would have fit right in with today’s food world. I can picture him feverishly typing out Yelp reviews, or standing in line for hours to taste the latest trendy hybrid delicacy, only to get bored after a couple of bites. He lived up to his cognomen, creating a legacy that would outshine his personal tragedies. Ancient Eater: Archestratus, the OG (Original Gourmand) (Greek, 4th century BCE) “Now the best [flour] to get ahold of and the finest of all, cleanly bolted from barley with a good grain, is in Lesbos…it is whiter than snow from the sky. If the gods eat barley groats, then Hermes must come and buy it for them there. In seven-gated Thebes too it is reasonably good, and in Thasos and some other cities, but it is like grape pips compared with that of Lesbos.” ~Archilochus, Hedypatheia The cryptic, idealized “Archaic smile” was a trademark of early Greek sculpture. This particular woman is clearly smiling because she read Archestratus and knows where to find the best food in Greece (or maybe she just got Sappho’s number). Photo by Xuan Che (2011) Ancient Greek history is divided into a number of different periods, which represent a cultural flowering between periods of shift and disruption. The Greeks as a recognizable culture emerge around 1600 BCE, the Mycenaean Period. After the unknown catastrophes of the Greek Dark Ages, the Greeks reemerge in the Archaic Period. Another great disruption (the Persian Wars) at the dawn of the fifth century BCE brings about the Classical Age. Every period of Greek history has its famous writers: Homer, Sappho, Aristotle, etc, etc. Yet alongside these poets and philosophers is another writer whose work is less well-known, but whose influence is no less great: Archestratus. Contemporaries nicknamed him “Daedalus” after the mythological figure, but Archestratus was no genius inventor; he was a food critic. In fact, he is the earliest known. Archestratus was from Syracuse in modern Sicily, part of a region that has long been famous for its cuisine. The food of the Greek cities of southern Italy was so well-known that they are credited with establishing the first patents, protecting the recipes of master chefs as intellectual property. We don’t know whether Archestratus ever trained as a chef, but he certainly would have grown up in an environment that cherished and celebrated the power of good food. Archestratus’ greatest work is the Hedypatheia or “Life of Luxury”, a poem that tells readers where to find the best food in Greece. The surviving fragments of his work reveal Archestratus as a highly educated, somewhat cantankerous man; someone with a love for hyperbole and strong opinions about everything. Just take the quote above about comparative flour-shopping, or the recipe below: “Now the kitharos [a type of fish], provided it is white and firm, I order you to stew in clean salt water with a few green leaves. If it has a reddish/yellow appearance and is not too big, then you must bake it, having pricked its body with a straight and newly sharpened knife. And anoint it with plenty of cheese and oil, for it takes pleasure in big spenders and is unchecked in extravagance.” Like many Greek writers, we don’t actually know much about Archestratus’s life, but his unique sensibilities ensured him a great but not entirely flattering legacy. To the Ancient Greeks, especially those of the mainland, diet was viewed as a signifier of character. Decent, honest Greeks ate simple, hearty meals. The Greeks of southern Italy, with their highly-developed culinary traditions, developed a reputation among other Greeks for being “soft” and unmanly. A famous joke has a native of the Italian city of Sybaris gagging at the plainness of Spartan cuisine and remarking, “now I know why the Spartans do not fear death.” Archestratus, with his love of comparing different foods and reveling in “unchecked extravagance”, was often regarded as a morally suspect glutton, on par with the worst stereotypes of his native city and even foreign “barbarians” like the Carthaginians or the Persians, who were also mocked by the Greeks for their obsession with food. A stock character in Greek comic theater–the snooty professional chef whose opinions on food are as elitist as they are unshakeable–is almost certainly meant to lampoon him. Critics compared Life of Luxury with a controversial sex manual written by the courtesan Philaenis. The connection? Both texts that might corrupt readers into naughty, indulgent behavior (the Greeks were, after all, the people who invented the saying “everything in moderation“). That Archestratus should even be interested in the “best food in Greece” hints at the great diversity surrounding him. Not least among the differences between Greek cities was their taste in food. In the fish recipe quoted above, Archestratus alludes to the fact that he and other Greeks of the western colonies put melted cheese on fish; a custom which mainland Greeks lamented as ruining the flavor. These cultural divisions within Greece go back a long time, to the development of Greek cities as independent nations back in the Mycenaean Period. The constant battle for resources in the harsh environment of Bronze Age Greece led the first Greeks to turn inwards. Each city bristled against its neighbors and worked to bind its own population together, encouraging communal rituals like dining that helped the people work as a unit and support one another. From a basic need for stability grew elaborate ritualized meals, like the lively entertainments of the symposium, or the syssitia, the mandatory shared “military mess” of Spartan men. And the more the people of a Greek city ate together, the more they developed a shared culture unique to themselves. By Archestratus’ lifetime, the encroaching predations of the Persian Empire had long-since forced the Greeks to band together politically, but the old differences were still there. Well beyond the Classical Period, they are a prominent source of comedic material in a text called the Deipnosophistae (“The Philosopher’s Dinner”). In this culinary text dating some seven hundred years after Archestratus’ death, many jokes are made about the differing vocabulary across dialects and the varied culinary tastes of the Greeks. When one Greek proclaims ray the tastiest fish, another replies “yes, if you like eating a boiled cloak.” Through the lens of food culture, Archestratus captured the cultural spirit of his time.
pro healthy family A healthy diet drains anxiety Most people feel anxious at some time in their lives. However, only about five per cent of people experience severe anxiety and rarely seek professional help. Anxiety is a mixture of physical and mental symptoms. They are part of what psychologists call the “fight or flight” response. When the body is under threat it automatically prepares either to defend itself or run. Anxiety is a normal reaction to stress. Anxiety is a normal reaction to stress. It helps one deal with a tense situation in the office, study harder for an exam, or remain focused on an important speech. In general, it helps one cope with the tasks and demands of everyday life. But when anxiety becomes an excessive, irrational dread of everyday situations, it can become a disabling disorder. Fortunately, effective treatments for anxiety disorders are available, and research is yielding new and improved therapies that can help most people with anxiety disorders lead productive and fulfilling lives. However, studies have shown that having a healthy diet may reduce signs and symptoms of anxiety. Although food can’t cure an anxiety disorder, consider some diet changes and that would benefit a severely anxious person: • Avoid or limit caffeine intake as much as possible • Avoid too much alcohol • Eat complex carbohydrates also known as carbs During anxious times, turn to comforting carbs. These foods act as a mild tranquilizer by increasing the amount of serotonin, a calming neurotransmitter in the brain. Complex carbs such as potatoes, wholewheat bread, and pasta take longer to digest than sugary simple carbs like white bread. That way, one can stay fuller longer and blood sugar is likely to stay steady, eliminating stress and anxiety. • Be sure to drink eight or more glasses of water a day Dehydration can lead to fatigue, headaches and stress. One should be well-hydrated. Drinking lots of water a day can decrease symptoms of anxiety. • Take multivitamins and mineral supplements. Choose a daily supplement that supplies 100 percent of the daily recommendation of all vitamins and minerals. Leave a Reply %d bloggers like this:
The Mystery Of Cicero’s Lost Work “On Glory” Of the literary works of classical antiquity, only a fraction have survived to the present day. What fraction this is, we do not know; one estimate places it at one-fourth, but the true figure will never be known. The reader may wonder how it can be that literary masterpieces could have been permitted to fade into obscurity, and then oblivion; but, on further reflection, he will marvel more at the fact that anything at all survived from antiquity than rue the losses we have suffered. Printing and the mass production of books are relatively new inventions. For most of history (in Europe at least) books could only be reproduced as fast as a copyist could transcribe them. Multiplicity was the only insurance against destruction: the more copies in existence, the better the book’s chance of survival. The easy availability of papyrus during Roman times was cut off during the generations of chaos and poverty that accompanied the transformation of the Western Empire into a patchwork of barbarian kingdoms. The vellum codex replaced papyrus, but it was far more expensive and scarce. Books could only be afforded by the very wealthy or by the Church. Even more fatal to the great works of antiquity was disinterest and neglect. Theology began to displace the pagan concern with philosophical questions; faith, for a time, pushed reason and philosophy firmly to the side. There was less and less interest in copying, reading, or studying the great pagan works on a wide scale. Precious manuscripts were overwritten or expunged to make room for missals, religious works, or ledgers. This picture was not uniform, of course, but it does summarize the general spirit of the era. We must not condemn the Church too much in this regard, for without its stewardship and protection of the works of Greece and Rome, we would today have nothing left at all. When the Renaissance dawned during the life of Petrarch, this dismal picture began to improve. The spirit of the times was changing; new vibrations were in the air, and thoughtful men were seeking new ways of looking at the world. The age of the manuscript hunters had begun. The first true humanists–men like Petrach, Poggio Bracciolini, Leonardi Bruni, Lorenzo Valla, and many others–combed the ecclesiastical libraries of Germany, France, and Italy to see just what had been collecting dust on the cold shelves for so long. Petrarch himself was personally responsible for recovering many new writings of Cicero, as well as hundreds of examples of his personal correspondence to friends and associates. In one of Petrarch’s letters, written to a papal secretary named Luca da Penne around 1374, the scholar describes his early love for Cicero and his works. He mentions that one of his early teachers, Raimondo Subirani, had kindly lent him many books from his personal collection. Books were expensive rarities in the fourteenth century, and were often jealously guarded. Petrarch tantalizingly mentions that among the books he was exposed to was a copy of Cicero’s now lost treatise De Gloria (On Glory). It was apparently a short work, comprising only two books. By way of comparison, De Officiis (On Duties) is three books, and De Finibus (On Moral Ends) is composed of five. He was aware of its extraordinary rarity, for he describes it as singulares libri duo De gloria, meaning “two books of the precious De Gloria.” But On Glory, if Petrarch indeed ever did have it, slipped through his fingers. Petrarch tells us that after his father died, he felt obligated to help one of his teachers who had fallen on hard economic times. At one point, we are told, this teacher was in such dire straits that he either absconded with, or was given, the manuscript of On Glory; the teacher claimed he needed the book for his own research. Once lent, the book never came back; every time Petrarch would ask for it, he was put off by one excuse or another. He would eventually find out that the priceless manuscript had been pawned; and when he pressed the man to reveal who had bought it, the teacher tearfully protested that he could not reveal the secret for shame. The teacher eventually moved to Tuscany, and there died without ever revealing what had happened to the book. Petrarch bitterly lamented, And so in the end I was unable to discover, with any due diligence, the faintest clue about this lost work of Cicero; I could not have cared about anything else. Thus, at the same time, I lost both my instructor and my books. No scholar or man of letters can read these words without feeling the acutest pain. For if Petrarch’s story is true, then we must accept that a priceless work by one of the most famous of all Latin authors survived the Middle Ages, only to be lost in the fourteenth century through the callous stupidity of some private tutor. It is a bitter pill to swallow. If this teacher actually pawned the unique manuscript, it would have been an unforgivable crime. But is the story accurate? Is it possible that Petrarch was mistaken, and that his account (written just before his death) confused De Gloria with fragments of another Ciceronian treatise? Cicero himself stated (On Duties II.9) that he had written a treatise called De Gloria in two books. So we know that such a work did exist. An 1893 article by Robinson Ellis that appeared in The Classical Review (Vol. VII) entitled “De Nolhac on Petrarch and the Humanists” discusses competing theories about the book’s fate. Traces of De Gloria may have appeared here and there in the following two centuries after Petrarch’s death. According to this theory, two Renaissance scholars (Philelfus and Pietro Alcionio) used it in their own writings. Several of Alcionio’s contemporaries went even further, accusing him of plagiarizing whole sections of the only extant copy of De Gloria, and then destroying the sole original manuscript to cover his tracks. This accusation has not stood the test of time; it is beyond belief that any scholar, no matter how malevolent, would ever do such a thing; and in fact the 18th century humanist Girolamo Tiraboschi demonstrated that the accusation was spurious. Historian Pierre de Nolhac believes that neither Alcionio nor Philelfus actually had the book: for if they did have it, they would certainly have made such a momentous discovery known. This view is certainly a rational one, but gnawing doubts remain. In a 1908 article in The Athenaeum Journal (No. 4197, April 4, 1908) the question of the lost De Gloria again was raised. The editors had this to say about De Nolhac’s findings: Petrarch claimed to have possessed in his youth the lost De Gloria of Cicero, which disappeared through the dishonesty of his tutor; but M. de Nolhac (in our opinion, on insufficient grounds) disallows the claim. In an age when the frontiers of the remains of Roman literature were still unmapped, it is likely enough that a young scholar might meet with a unique MS, the value of which he would only subsequently discover. This to me seems logical and reasonable. Why should we question Petrarch’s claim to have once had De Gloria? He had an unrivaled knowledge of Cicero in his day, and there is no evidence that he lost his faculties in his later years. As I see it, it is just as easy to believe that the manuscript is still out there, possibly buried among the vast holding of, say, the Vatican Library, some private collection, or some national museum. It is not unknown for such things to happen. Readers of my Stoic Paradoxes will recall that we noted (in the introduction to the Dream of Scipio) the full text of Cicero’s De Re Publica was finally located on a palimpsest in the Vatican Library in the eighteenth century, long after it had been thought to be irretrievably lost. Some classical authors have survived on the basis of a single manuscript. The work of Velleius Paterculus, who authored a Roman history in two books, was considered lost until its text was unearthed in 1515 by Beatus Rhenanus in the monastery of Murbach in Alsace. This manuscript was described by Beatus as almost hopelessly corrupt, but diligent work by him and others restored it to a condition of reasonable legibility. Copies were made, but the originally discovered manuscript somehow disappeared again. New manuscripts, or fragments of manuscripts, of writers both ancient and modern are constantly being unearthed in out-of-the-way places around the globe. It is a sobering fact to remember that the converse is true as well: precious manuscripts and other works of art are being constantly misplaced. Knowledge is highly perishable. Its survival must be constantly fought for and safeguarded, and must never be taken for granted. For now the mystery of De Gloria remains unsolved, but we should not rule out the possibility that one day it will be found. Until that time, we must console ourselves with the thoughts of other writers on the subjects of fame and glory. I like these thoughts on the subject of earthly fame, taken from the writings of Dr. Samuel Johnson. The comments display his usual blend of wit and wisdom: Those who are oppressed by their own reputation will, perhaps, not be comforted by hearing that their cares are unnecessary. But the truth is that no man is much regarded by the rest of the world. He that considers how little he dwells upon the condition of others will learn how little the attention of others is attracted by himself. While we see multitudes passing before us, of whom, perhaps, not one appears to deserve our notice or excite our sympathy, we should remember that we likewise are lost in the same throng; that the eye which appears to glance upon us is turned in a moment on him that follows us, and that the utmost which we can reasonably hope or fear is, to fill a vacant hour with prattle and be forgotten. [Macaulay’s Essay on Johnson, Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 1924, p. 128] Read more in Pathways: 7 thoughts on “The Mystery Of Cicero’s Lost Work “On Glory” 1. I’d say we’re still in danger of losing books, despite the fact (maybe because?) that Google et al are digitizing many books, which means libraries would be less likely to keep a physical copy. But how long will Google be around?If Google vanished tomorrow, where does their “library” go? And how can we trust that Google won’t alter the texts once digitized? Liked by 1 person 2. I read that our only copy of Catullus was discovered from a single manuscript in the 1300s by a person from Verona, catuluss’s own home town! But for that, we might have no knowledge of such a key Roman poet. Nevertheless, I wonder if there was a sort of natural selection process at work on classical writings. The best works were probably recopied much more often than works of little interest. For example, I have read that we have more copies of homer than anything else, as expected from his central position in Greek culture. We can sort of infer what was important from what the other authors cited and talked about. There may be a few tantalizing gaps, but I wager we have most of it. More tantalizing to me are the works of old English lost. Did Beowulf have brothers? Liked by 1 person • You have a great point about the “natural selection” process: for example, all of Plato’s writings survived. But this is not always true! Of the 107 or so plays that Sophocles wrote, I think we only have 7. Without doubt, some precious works were irretrievably lost. Imagine if we only had 3 or 4 works by William Shakespeare, but we had “heard” that he wrote some great plays, that are now lost. • Also, much of the Satyricon of Petronius is lost. I wish we had more of him! This riddle identifies the discoverer of the Catullus manuscript: An exile, I come to my country from distant lands. A fellow countrymen was the cause of my return, A man whom France assigned a name from the reeds, and one marks the journey of the passing crowd. With all your Might celebrate your Catullus, Whose light had been hidden under a bushel Liked by 1 person 3. Somehow that Johnsonion musing you concluded with made me think of Addison & Steele’s Spectator. IIRC the first issue of it had Addison introducing himself as an anonymous man about town and unnoticed observer of life. It’s been years since first read him in a second-hand bookstore volume. I’m off to go dig up Sir Roger de Coverley and once more visit Westminster Abbey with him. Liked by 1 person Leave a Reply to andyinsdca (@andyinsdca) Cancel reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
The Origin of Easter The Origin of Easter Riley Slikker , Journalist Easter is approaching and we are all getting ready for our traditional egg hunt on Sunday. Easter is a tradition we all know and love, but do you actually know anything of its origin? Sure, most of us know about the Bible story but do you know when the first Easter was celebrated. Also, what if I told you that Greek Easter is on a completely different day. The Greek Orthodox Easter falls on Sunday, May 2, 2021, this year. Eastern Christianity recognizes a different day for Easter simply because they follow the Julian calendar, as opposed to the Gregorian calendar. They also dye their Easter eggs red to symbolize the blood and sacrifice of Christ, and the egg symbolizes rebirth. The earliest recorded observance of Easter comes from the second century. However, the commemoration of Jesus’ Resurrection probably occurred earlier. The English word Easter is uncertain of origin. One idea from the eighth century was that it derived from Eostre, or Eostrae, the Anglo-Saxon goddess of spring and fertility. So, why the Easter bunny though? The story of the Easter Bunny is thought to have come from the 19th Century. Rabbits usually give birth to a big litter of babies, called kittens, so they became a symbol of new life. Legend has it that the Easter Bunny lays, decorates and hides eggs as they are also a symbol of new life. This is why some children might enjoy Easter egg hunts as part of the festival. Easter is a fun and family-friendly holiday that everyone seems to enjoy. Though, it is a religious holiday so not everyone celebrates it. Children always seem to enjoy hunting for brightly colored eggs and stuffing themselves full of candy. Do you enjoy Easter? View Results Loading ... Loading ...
A Streetcar Named Desire: Summary and Analysis Lesson Transcript Instructor: Lindsey Madison-Dunn Lindsey has taught a variety of English courses in both secondary and post-secondary classrooms, and has a master's degree in Rhetoric. Learn about the controversial play 'A Streetcar Named Desire,' why it was so controversial, and why it is still considered a classic piece of American literature. Updated: 12/27/2019 A Streetcar Named Desire Tennessee Williams presented controversial topics in his plays. Tennessee Williams Portrait In this lesson, we will examine A Streetcar Named Desire. We'll look at when it came out, identify the main characters and basic elements of the plot, and examine how it is an example of both social and psychological realism. At the end of its premiere on Broadway, the audience of A Streetcar Named Desire sat quiet - apparently they were a little shocked. But after the shock wore off, they went wild, applauding for thirty minutes straight. What could be so controversial, so shocking, and worth applauding for thirty minutes straight? In order to understand the phenomena of A Streetcar Named Desire, we need to take a look at the cultural scene at the time. In 1947, when Streetcar came on the scene, people were entertained by lighthearted productions, and musical comedies were hugely popular. It was a time after World War II, and people were in a state of happy complacency, enjoying a carefree life free from the burdens of being at war. But Tennessee Williams had something new in store: some deep and slightly dark portrayals of human existence. He had just produced his first big success, The Glass Menagerie, a play about the inner turmoil experienced by a brother and sister who struggle to fill the expectations of their overbearing mother. While The Glass Menagerie was definitely a little controversial at the time for its portrayal of a dysfunctional family life, A Streetcar Named Desire completely broke down the door of convention with its portrayal of sexuality, violence, and a slow, rather tragic demise into insanity. Elements like these weren't talked about in public, and they certainly weren't shown on public stages, so people were taken aback at first. In the end, Williams' portrayals were so real that audiences fell in love with this play. It went on to win the Pulitzer Prize for best drama and to later become an American film classic. An error occurred trying to load this video. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. Coming up next: The Glass Menagerie: Summary and Analysis You're on a roll. Keep up the good work! Take Quiz Watch Next Lesson Your next lesson will play in 10 seconds • 0:05 A Streetcar Named Desire • 2:01 Characters and Setting • 4:13 The Plot • 6:45 Social Realism • 8:03 Psychological Realism • 9:42 Lesson Summary Save Save Save Want to watch this again later? Log in or Sign up Speed Speed Characters and Setting Looking at a breakdown of the play, A Streetcar Named Desire takes place in a run-down section of New Orleans, where jazz and booze flow constantly, where different cultures intermingle, and where street fights are common. It starts off on a streetcar named - you guessed it - 'Desire,' where Blanche DuBois, the main character, steps off into this steamy and volatile setting. The trouble begins when Blanche moves in with her sister and brother-in-law. Blanche Stays with Sister For the record, Blanche is a highly emotional, flamboyant sort of Southern belle fleeing from the loss of her ancestral plantation Belle Reve. I say 'sort of a Southern belle' because this is the image she tries to portray, wearing super-frilly dresses and constantly flirting when, in fact, her beauty is fading and she is really an out-of-work schoolteacher with a shady past. She does try to uphold the fantasy, though, and she is always reminiscing about better times in a very poetic and dreamy kind of way. Blanche uses her poetic speech to create this fantasy image of herself in order to cover up a rather shady past, which is understandable. She's dealing with guilt from her husband committing suicide, which took place after she discovered him in bed with another man. And then, having trouble coping with the loss of her husband and loss of her estate, she ended up sleeping with one of her students, which causes her to lose her job. When Blanche arrives with this haunted sort of past, she comes to stay with her sister Stella and her brother-in-law Stanley Kowalski. Stella is pregnant and they are both living in a run-down, tiny apartment, but they seem pretty happy. The drama starts in right away as Blanche flirts about the apartment like an old-school Southern belle while Stanley interrogates her about losing his wife's estate. Stanley Kowalski is a crude, straight-to-the-point, brawling factory parts salesman who doesn't buy any of Blanche's romantic fantasies. Stanley is often called 'primitive,' compared to an animal in the play, and dominates this scene physically, acting according to his wants and desires - not exactly the well-behaved citizen who follows the rules and expectations of society. The Plot Blanche and Stanley have some pretty serious sexual tension, but mostly they just bicker, with Blanche calling him 'a drunk, animal thing' and Stanley stomping around the apartment trying to reclaim his territory and maintain his position as man of the house. From Stanley's perspective, Blanche is maybe the worst roommate ever, constantly complaining about the apartment and bad-mouthing him and then drinking all of the booze and making it hard for him to sleep with his wife. At one point, the argument goes so far that violence ensues. Stanley becomes enraged by Blanche's and Stella's lack of respect for him, and he ends up beating his pregnant wife, Stella. Afterward, when he realizes that she has left him, he becomes remorseful, and in a famous scene, he stumbles out into the street calling 'STELLA!' He reminds me of a whiny toddler at this point. To Blanche's horror, however, Stella is touched by his desperation and walks back down to embrace Stanley. After this traumatic event, in an effort to keep Stella, Stanley tries to tolerate her sister Blanche - not that Blanche wants to be there. She would love for a handsome and wealthy gentleman to come and sweep her off her feet, but since there are no handsome or wealthy gentlemen around, she ends up settling for Mitch, one of Stanley's fellow factory workers. But just when she's charmed Mitch into marrying her, Stanley tells him all about the scandals of her past, which breaks up the couple for good. This causes Blanche to sink even deeper into insanity. She actually dresses up in even more gaudy costumes, puts on a tiara and starts talking full-time to Shep Huntleigh, who she keeps saying is going to send for her to come and stay with him on his yacht in the Caribbean. It's hard not to feel sorry for Blanche at this point; if she hasn't completely lost her marbles, she is definitely on the path to do so. Certainly she is not stable enough to handle being sexually assaulted, but that's what happens. To unlock this lesson you must be a Member. Create your account Register to view this lesson Are you a student or a teacher? 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To get large file from one place to another what is faster cutting or copying a file ? What factors can influence the result? I've heard it matters if they are on the same drive and the speed of the drive, but don't know for sure. It depends on some factors. If you're moving the file on the same drive and partition it will be faster to cut/paste than to copy since it's not actually moving the data. If it's across partition or drive boundries it will always be a copy or copy+erase so the difference is minimal. On the same disk, cutting, by a considerable margin. On different disks, Copying, by virtue of cutting would require the original to be deleted, which would take a tiny amount of time. If we are cutting(moving) within a same disk, then it will be faster than copying because only the file path is modified, actual data is on the disk. On the other hand, if the data is moved(cut) from one disk to another, it does 2 things, copying files to another partition, also deleting the main data from source. So time taken will be (copy+delete) If the data is copied from one disk to another, it will be relatively faster than cutting because it is doing only COPY operation. There's nothing faster than nothing. Same drive > Moving is instant Copying is slower Different drive > Moving is Copying + Erase original data Copying is Copying The fact is that erasing a bigger file takes little time to be deleted. Your Answer
Food Adulteration Paragraph For SSC and HSC Exam 2021 By Hafsa - 4 February 2021 Dear students, today I am going to share the paragraph on Food Adulteration in Bangladesh. Food is called human fuel. Human consumption is the most sensitive aspect of the body. Food adulteration is basically changing the true quality of pure foods by adding chemical additives. Here we provide a food adulteration paragraph for SSC and HSC Exam 2021. Food Adulteration Paragraph Write a paragraph on food adulteration by answering the following questions. 1. How is food adulteration? 2. Why is food adulterated? 3. Where is food adulterated? 4. Who is responsible for that? 5. What steps have been taken by the govt? to prevent food adulteration? Food Adulteration Paragraph For SSC Exam 2021 Man cannot live without food. It is essential for health and life. But this food must pure, clean and fresh. Nowadays foods are often adulterated. In hotels and restaurants, stale and rotten foods are mixed with fresh food and served to the customers. In order to look them fresh, chemicals and preservatives poisonous are mixed with fishes and vegetables. Bakery and confectionery products are also prepared by using toxic substances and thus they get adulterated. Junk food contains harmful chemicals. Even fruits, milk, and beverages are also adulterated. In fact, dishonest and greedy businessmen and shopkeepers for quick and unearned profit adulterate all kinds of foods and food articles. Adulterated foods are a serious health hazard. They cause many fatal diseases and even death. Food adulteration has become an alarming problem in our country. Dealing with adulterated food is a great crime. The criminals have to be identified and punished. Public awareness should be created so that they become careful about buying foods and food articles. People should see to it that dishonest and greedy food dealers are looked down upon in society. The relevant departments of the government should remain ever vigilant against adulteration and gear up their activities. It is encouraging that our government has taken appropriate measures to remove this problem, punish the criminals, and save the people from this dreadful scourge. Food Adulteration Paragraph For HSC Exam 2021 Food is one of the basic needs of human life. By taking foods we get heat and energy. It helps to survive on the earth. But our food is being adulterated. Food adulteration means the process of making food by mixing another substance or chemical which makes the food less pure and harmful for the human body. Chemicals are mixed with food to make the food attractive. Food loses its purity and standard in this way. By taking these foods, we become ill. It destroys the disease preventive power of the human body. Every man is the victim of food adulteration. But children are the worst victims of it. Recently we find melamin a poisonous chemical in milk powder. The dishonest businessmen are solely responsible for adulteration. Recently the government set up mobile courts to punish them. The government should take more necessary steps to stop food adulteration. View all posts Add a Comment 1. Good job. Thanks for your support. 2. Thanks. But you have to write at least 200 words( Food adulteration) Leave a Reply
Why the US Census Matters Graphic via Desirée Tapia for Courier The results determine funding that impacts everything from the number of teachers at your child’s school to your ability to see a doctor or go to a hospital. Starting on Thursday, March 12, residents across the country will begin receiving an important piece of mail, inviting them to play a role in determining not just the future of United States, but the future of their own state, city, and neighborhood. No, we’re not talking about the 2020 election (though that’s important too!). We’re talking about the 2020 United States Census Wait, what is the Census? The census is a once-a-decade, constitutionally mandated headcount of every single person living in the 50 states, Washington D.C., and five U.S. territories. Imagine a school teacher counting every student on a school trip to make sure everyone’s present—but for all of America. Everyone living in the U.S. or its territories, including non-citizens, is required by law to participate in the census. Why does the U.S. do this? Why does the census matter? Census results determine how many billions of dollars of federal funding flow into states and communities each year. This funding affects everything from the number of teachers and guidance counselors at your child’s school to your ability to see a doctor or go to a hospital to the quality of the roads you drive on or the public transportation you take. The census also plays a huge role in political representation. Census results determine how many seats each state receives in the U.S. House of Representatives and are used to draw congressional and state legislative districts, which can determine who represents you and what sorts of laws are passed on the state or federal level. What questions are on this year’s census? There are 12 questions on the 2020 Census. They include questions asking your name, age, sex, gender, race, and the number of people living in your household. The Census will not include a question asking whether you are an American citizen. I’m worried about giving the government my information. Will it be safe? Yes. The Census Bureau is required by law to protect your answers and cannot release any identifiable information about you, your home, or your business. Your responses are used only to produce statistics, which determine funding and political representation. The Census Bureau does not disclose any personal information or share it with law enforcement or other government agencies. Census bureau employees even take a lifetime oath to protect your personal information for life and any violation comes with a penalty of up to $250,000 and/or up to five years in prison. How do I participate? There are three ways to respond to the Census: online, by mail, and by phone. Between Mar. 12-20, you should receive official Census Bureau mail with detailed information on how to respond to the census. By April 1, which is Census Day, you will receive an invitation to officially participate in the 2020 Census and you should respond for everyone living in your household as of April 1, including children, roommates, family members, or friends. If you haven’t responded by May, the Census Bureau will begin following up and census takers will start visiting homes that have yet to respond to ensure an accurate count. Will the Census be available in other languages? Yes. Online and phone responses can be completed in 13 languages: English, Spanish, Chinese, Vietnamese, Korean, Russian, Arabic, Tagalog, Polish, French, Haitian Creole, Portuguese, and Japanese. What if I’m a college student or live in a nursing home or correctional facility? If you live or stay in group quarters, such as a college dormitory, military barracks, or nursing home, the Census Bureau will identify a group quarters administrator at your location to ensure you are counted in the 2020 Census. What if I live in an RV park, campground, or hotel? Census takers will visit transitory locations such as RV parks and hotels at scheduled times between April 9 and May 4, to conduct census interviews with individuals in occupied units using a paper questionnaire. I’m still not convinced. Why should I participate? We’re going to let Rebecca DeHart, CEO of the Georgia-based nonprofit Fair Count, answer that question. “Our entire democracy is so dependent on the outcome of the census. Everything—more than 300 federal programs, $1.5 trillion dollars, how we re-proportion congress, how we do redistricting, how school zones are decided, how we decide where to open up businesses, grocery stores—is so dependent on this count,” DeHart told COURIER. “It is really the only thing that can make decisions for a community a decade at a time,” DeHart said. “We get one chance to get this right and if we don’t get it right, then communities will be suffering for a decade to come.”
A Walkout for the Future by the Future By Coco Hill and Ariella Moses On September 20, 2019, passionate students, inspired parents, and dedicated teachers all took to the streets to make a statement and support their brave counterparts. Greta Thunberg, a Swedish and now universally-recognized climate change activist reaching just sixteen years old had sailed all the way from Plymouth, England, to New York City to further her dedication towards the fight against climate injustice in legislation. Over three million people showed support. At 12:00 pm, students from all five boroughs of New York City gathered in Foley Square to start an impactful day. After speeches and performances from a few notable activists, including Chirlane McCray, the First Lady of New York, students, parents, and teachers raised their signs and ventured to city hall park awaiting performances from popular musicians Jayden and Willow Smith. Despite the high turnout of eager students and teachers, some students chose not to miss the school day. Many students across the country decided that their schoolwork seemed more important than a walkout which they didn’t find effective. A senior at Beacon who chose to remain in school argued that the walkout would not make a difference with the support of the school because “the whole point of a walkout is that you’re doing it against the will of your administrators.” The administration at Beacon was in full support of the walkout, centering the first half of the school day around the issue of climate change and relieving students of absences on their official transcripts. Many students who opted not to attend the march have the same belief. They believe that at schools like Beacon remove the significance of the walkout. Not only did these students find the walkout ineffective due to the administrative input, but the support from government officials who the walkout was intended to affect as well. Support is not influential when action isn’t being taken to help. The goal of a walkout is to leave school for a cause which cannot afford to be ignored, despite the consequences it could entail. By having permission, this goal is diminished. Not only were certain students who walked out put off by the march, but those who attended were discomforted by what took place. Students reported that the presence of pop music performances overshadowed the overarching goal of the march. While chanting “climate change is not a lie, do not let our planet die”, desperate students’ voices were drowned out by the Smith siblings performing their latest hits to a crowd too excited by their presence to maintain their strong spirits. However, even if the walkout does not resemble a traditional one, it is still a protest. The voices of the youth can be heard in a mass fashion. Additionally, the idea of a walkout motivates more students to attend. Students who would not otherwise attend a protest feel more of an incentive to attend when they know their peers will be there. The common fear that they will have to act alone is no longer. Protest in any shape or form is effective in change, and could not be possible without the contribution of the youth, whether they act against the will of their administration or not. While a sense of objection towards the walkout was present, there were many factors that the Beacon School administration worked on in order to morph make students more compelled to participate for the right reasons. Often times, it has been said that the administration feels as though it is challenging for them to remain assured that students are walking out because they genuinely care, not simply to join the bandwagon or project themselves a specific way. Noting this, the administration actively implemented workshops centered around climate change in place of typical school for the day of the scheduled walkout. When interviewed about these informative workshops, an eleventh grade student who prefers to remain anonymous stated “I think that these workshops were a step in the right direction… the way things are looking now, climate change is unavoidable and impending… therefore we should be exposed to knowledge and workshops regarding it as that.” The attitude that he expresses seems to wholistically encapsulate a general theme of Beacon students reactions to this new concept. In contrast, when prompted with the question of how impactful they felt partaking in the march, an eleventh grade Brooklyn Tech student stated, “I don’t really know… I took part in this march because I wanted to feel like I was impacting something that I know impacts me.. But sometimes in situations like this I just feel like there is a present high energy attitude that only peaks in the moment, you know… it doesn’t seem to carry out beyond the march itself.” These opinions raise an interesting question: Being that the protest was tailored to represent the students protesting, would it have been more effective if the events were geared towards the politicians and lawmakers on the receiving end? Leave a Reply WordPress.com Logo Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
• Fruits and Vegetables Why are watermelons sweetest in the middle? User Avatar Wiki User 2007-09-01 20:00:29 Best Answer watermelons are sweetest in the middle because that's where most of the juice is. Alternative answer: watermelons are sweetest in the middle because they need the birds to eat through the whole melon, so that the seeds would be swallowed by birds and carried away to grow up somewhere else. 2007-09-01 20:00:29 This answer is: User Avatar Your Answer Related Questions Where is the sweetest part of the watermelon? The sweetest part of a watermelon (when it's not cut or sliced) is the middle of the fruit. How do you use sweetest in a sentence? That is the SWEETEST thing. You are the sweetest. etc. What is a sentence for sweetest? This is the sweetest cake I'd even eaten. My mother is the sweetest person I've ever met in my life. Awww. He is so sweet. Are watermelons living things? yes, watermelons are living things. you see we eat watermelons and they 're also in our world. So yes watermelons are living things. How are watermelons processed? Why do watermelons have a lot of seeds? To make more watermelons Can watermelons grow in England? yes we can get watermelons inEngland Why are watermelons organic? watermelons arent always organic Do elephants eat watermelons? No, there are no watermelons where elephants live Are watermelons vascular or nonvascular? Watermelons are vascular plants How do you say sweetest sin in latin? When were seedless watermelons developed? Seedless watermelons were developed in 1939. Where do watermelons mostly grow? In the desert Watermelons grow in the sand What is the mass of 10 watermelons? the mass of 10 watermelons is 90kg What is sweetest sugar? the sweetest natural sugar is Fructose. Are unripe watermelons safe to eat? Yes, unripe watermelons are safe to eat, they just don't taste as good as ripe watermelons. How do watermelons reproduce? Watermelons reproduce from seeds, like most plants. Who sings the sweetest thing? U2 sings the sweetest thing What is the sweetest thing in the world? In my opinion anything sugary is the sweetest What is the ISBN of The Sweetest Dream? The ISBN of The Sweetest Dream is 0006552307. Is sweetest an adverb? yes example: he ran is the sweetest way Which is the sweetest language of the world? Italian is the Sweetest language in the world. When is Sweetest Day 2010? Sweetest Day is celebrated on the third Saturday in October. The 2010 Sweetest Day is on October 16. What Oregon city is famous for watermelons? The city of Hermiston, Oregon is famous for their watermelons. Do watermelons have vitamins? yes, watermelons do have vitamins. they have vitamin A and C for eysight and the brain.
The Cavalier Daily Serving the University Community Since 1890 The science behind social media addictiveness and its consequences The rise in social media use in students, particularly during the pandemic, generates concerns over mental health toll and wider ethical repercussions With the pandemic forcing people to stay in their own homes for extended periods of time, social media use has been at an all-time high. Between late March and early May, the Harris Poll found that between 46 percent and 51 percent of U.S. adults were using social media more since the outbreak began, with 60 percent of those who responded being ages 18 to 34. College students have often been characterized as excessive social media users, but now students’ overuse has led to questions over whether they have developed an “addiction” to social media and what the repercussions may be. While the term, “social media addiction” is heavily used, Jennifer Penberthy, psychiatry and neurobehavioral sciences doctor and professor, clarified that social media does not quite reach the diagnostic criteria for addiction in the DSM-5, the official diagnostic guide by the American Psychiatrist Association. However, this is primarily due to the fact that there are not enough studies on the overuse of social media to reach the diagnostic criteria, which consists of mood modification, tolerance and withdrawal. Nevertheless, the Addiction Center states that 5 to 10 percent of Americans may meet the criteria where social media use can be considered an addiction — when one’s excessive use impairs other important life areas. The reward system for both social media and other substances involve dopamine, a type of neurotransmitter or a chemical messenger released by neurons to stimulate neighboring neurons, that is responsible for the pleasure feeling. There are several pathways by which dopamine can be released and activated when anticipating or experiencing rewarding events. Each works to reinforce the association between a reward and its corresponding action, and each time an action results in a reward, the intensity by which the neurons respond to the reward also grows. Similar to addictive substances, rewarding social stimuli, such as likes on a post, activate these pathways to release dopamine. The pathways then reinforce the association between the response and the behavior that caused it. Many students may feel familiar with the dopamine-seeking behavior, as it can come in the form of mindlessly scrolling through TikTok to keep being entertained or constantly checking your phone for a notification to see who liked your Instagram post. However, the intensity with which different people’s brains respond to this pathway can affect their mental health in different ways. As an example, Penberthy noted that social media influencers may use their apps excessively but won’t necessarily become addicted. “Not everyone who excessively uses social media can get addicted while others can be more prone to addiction,” Penberthy said. Currently, some studies show a correlation between excessive or addictive social media use and increases in depression. While the cause of this correlation is unknown, Penberthy mentioned that “it does seem to be mediated by low self esteem”, meaning that users with existing low self esteem who then use social media excessively, are at a higher risk for depression and anxiety. Second-year College student Nina Ferenc currently runs three different accounts on Instagram — her personal, her food account and her hiking account. As a result, Ferenc has been able to see the pros and cons of social media use. When speaking about Instagram, she said that it involves “picking the best image of what you look like,” which, she added, can all be changed by the ability to pose in a certain way or by adding a filter to hide or accentuate certain features. Having had her own rocky history with Instagram, Ferenc has become familiar with the unhealthy effect that social media can have on its users. Throughout high school, one of her main struggles was comparing herself to others on the app. “What helped me stray away from this [was] finding a balance with my schoolwork and my life,” Ferenc said. Now, instead of solely focusing on school and using social media in her free time, she has tried to practice more life experiences, such as learning the ukulele and going hiking, and encourages others to find their own hobbies and to go on adventures to get off of social media. Ferenc and Penberthy both acknowledged the positive impact that social media can have when posting with a purpose. Due to the negative impact that social media has on its users, especially as it relates to comparing individuals, Penberthy said that users should be deliberate in their social media use. “[Social media users should] interact for a reason … or else they’re not actually interacting, just observing how wonderful everyone else’s life is,” said Penberthy. Ferenc has used this method, hopping on social media only to post to her food and hiking account, so that she doesn’t succumb to an endless cycle of scrolling. While social media’s damage to one’s mental health can vary from person to person, excessive social media use has universal ethical consequences that deal with the loss of individual control, as social media companies purposely exploit the addictive behavior of their apps. The Netflix docudrama “The Social Dilemma” provides an account of this problem, exposing how dangerous social media is. Through interviews with ex-social media executives of big companies, such as Facebook, Google and Pinterest, as well as scripted scenes of social-media obsessed teenagers whose use resembles that of many teenagers today, the movie shows the power imbalance that social media companies have over its users. Because these companies make a profit off of advertising revenue, they purposely input persuasive psychology into algorithms to compete for users’ attention. The documentary also shows how social media users should be increasingly cautious about how they allow themselves to be affected by what they see and also wary of what information they share as these sites aggregate it to make advertising more tailored. Philosophy Prof. Paul Humphreys currently teaches PHIL 2330, “Philosophy and Artificial Intelligence.” He pointed out that the tradeoff between users and social media companies is actually misleading, as shown in the documentary. Although seemingly reasonable, as the user gets to use the app freely while the social media companies receive their data, the user gets virtually no say over how that data is used and whether it can be sold to big advertising companies. “One thing that I think a lot of users don’t realize is that de-anonymizing data is relatively easy,” Humphreys said. De-anonymizing data is a technique used to re-identify the individual or account associated with encrypted or obscured data. This can be especially dangerous if any company releases anonymized data to the public and the act is considered invasion of privacy on both the traditional basis and a violation of the law. As a reminder for students on social media, Humphreys advised students to be cognizant in what they allow on their laptops rather than simply accepting the terms and conditions. “If you think you have privacy on the internet, then you’re almost certainly mistaken,” Humphreys said.
• DBMS Global Harnessing AI To Reset The Future: How To Channel AI For Social Good? As the Fourth Industrial Revolution evolves, frontier technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) are reshaping our economies, societies and the environment. AI is opening up economic opportunities with companies large and small empowered to grow their businesses. From a social perspective, AI provides a host of benefits. Machine learning algorithms power cost-effective healthcare diagnostics for rural communities who previously had no access to doctors. AI allows teachers to spend more time on actually teaching students while automating their administrative functions. And from an environmental perspective, AI-powered intelligent transport systems are making our cities smarter and greener. However, the wave of optimism surrounding the transformative potential of AI has been tempered by increasing concerns about potential negative impacts including an evolving digital divide, ethical concerns, and the future of work. So, what should we do to harness AI for social good? Connectivity is key Digital connectivity is the precursor for AI development. However, half of Asia’s four billion plus people still do not have access to the internet. If this issue is not addressed, there is a risk of a new AI divide being built on top of the already existing digital divide. Ensuring inclusivity is essential for equitable future growth. In this respect, last mile internet connectivity should be a policy priority for governments and the private sector alike. Read More 2 views0 comments
You are looking at 1 - 2 of 2 items • Author or Editor: William L. Andreen x Clear All Modify Search You do not have access to this content William L. Andreen The Clean Water Act is an excellent example of a statute that utilizes overlapping and intertwined federal and state roles. In adopting this model, Congress expressed its frustration with a prior program that had relied almost exclusively upon state agencies to adopt and implement water quality standards. In Congress’s view, that earlier approach had failed due to the reluctance of many states to adopt acceptable standards notwithstanding years of federal assistance. In its place, Congress turned to the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to promulgate technology-based effluent limitations, which would be implemented through a new permit program for point source discharges of water pollutants. States, however, retained important roles, subject to federal oversight. The state water quality standard program was not discarded, but strengthened to supplement technology-based limitations in cases where the uniform approach proved inadequate to meet water quality objectives. States, moreover, have obtained approval, in most instances, to administer the permit program. They also enjoy the freedom to establish regulatory requirements that are more protective of the environment than EPA would require. This dynamic strategy has produced a tremendous amount of progress. Nevertheless, more work remains to be done, and the biggest problems lie in two areas where the Clean Water Act left control primarily within state prerogative: the management of nonpoint source pollution and the establishment of adequate and variable instream flows to meet the needs of aquatic ecosystems. Nonpoint source pollution, as a result, has become our most significant source of water quality impairment while flow alterations place second on the list for impairing the quality of our rivers and streams. This chapter explores a number of ways in which EPA’s authority could be enhanced in both areas to enable the states and EPA, working as partners, to better protect the nation’s waters. You do not have access to this content William L Andreen A common policy question confronting federal systems is how best to apportion environmental regulatory authority between the federal government and states. Whilst that power could theoretically be committed exclusively to one level of government, a common approach is a system of shared regulatory authority, often referred to as cooperative federalism. That term can apply to a wide variety of arrangements. One example would be a predominantly state-based system in which federal authority is limited to narrowly delineated areas, providing technical or financial support, or publishing non-binding guidelines to encourage harmonization. Another ‘classical’ form would encompass centrally enacted or promulgated standards, with permitting and enforcement left entirely to state authority. A more dynamic approach recognizes the strengths in a system in which authority is more closely intertwined and overlapping rather than kept within largely separate spheres. This chapter compares federal systems utilizing approaches that span the spectrum from classical to more dynamic, with a focus on regulation of water pollution as the organizing mechanism for exploring different forms of cooperative federalism.
Ce document au format PDF 1.5 a été généré par Microsoft® Office Word 2007, et a été envoyé sur fichier-pdf.fr le 26/05/2013 à 12:33, depuis l'adresse IP 90.37.x.x. La présente page de téléchargement du fichier a été vue 15225 fois. Taille du document: 205 Ko (2 pages). Confidentialité: fichier public Aperçu du document Here is an article that talks about the different types of advertising. Read on and you'll be amazed that there are kinds you never even thought were advertising. Advertising is the promotion of a company's products and services carried out primarily to drive up sales of the products and services. It is also done to build a brand identity and communicate changes in old products or introduce new product/services to the customers. Advertising has become an essential element of the corporate world and hence companies allot a considerable amount of resources towards their advertising budget. There are several reasons for advertising, some of which are as follows:  Increasing the sales of the product/service.  Creating and maintaining a brand identity or brand image.  Communicating a change in the existing product line.  Introduction of a new product or service.  Increasing the buzz-value of the brand or the company. Thus, there are several reasons for advertising. Similarly, there exist various media which can be effectively used for advertising. Mentioned below are the various categories or types of advertising. Have a look. Print media has always been a popular advertising option. Advertising products via newspapers or magazines is a common practice. In addition to this, the print media also offers options like promotional brochures and fliers for advertising purposes. Often, newspapers and magazines sell the advertising space according to the area occupied by the advertisement, the position of the advertisement in the publication (front page/middle page, above/below the fold), as well as the readership of the publications. For instance, an advertisement in a relatively new and less popular newspaper will cost far less than an advertisement in an established newspaper that has a high readership. The price of print ads may also depend on quality of the paper and the supplement in which they appear. For example, an advertisement in the glossy (and popular) supplement of a newspaper costs more than one in a supplement which uses mediocre quality Outdoor advertising is also a very popular form of advertising. It makes use of several tools and techniques to attract the customers outdoors. The most common examples of outdoor advertising are billboards, kiosks, and also events and trade-shows organized by the company. Billboard advertising is very popular. However it has to be really terse and catchy in order to grab the attention of the passersby. Kiosks not only provide an easy outlet for the company's products but also make for an effective advertising tool to promote the company's products. Organizing special events or sponsoring them makes for an excellent advertising opportunity and strategy. The company can organize trade fairs, or even exhibitions for advertising their products. If not this, the company can organize several events that are closely associated with their field. For instance a company that manufactures sports utilities can sponsor a sports tournament to advertise its products. Broadcast advertising is a very popular advertising medium that constitutes several branches like television, radio or the Internet. Television advertisements have been very popular ever since they were introduced. The cost of television advertising often depends on the duration of the advertisement, the time of broadcast (prime time/lull time), sometimes the show on which it will be broadcast, and of course, the popularity of the television channel itself. The radio might have lost its charm owing to new age media. However it remains the choice of small-scale advertisers. Radio jingles have been very a popular advertising medium and have a large impact on the audience, which is evident in the fact that many people still remember and enjoy old popular radio jingles. Covert advertising is a unique kind of advertising in which a product or a particular brand is incorporated in some entertainment and media channels like movies, television shows or even sports. There is no commercial advertising as such in the entertainment but the brand or the product is subtly (or sometimes evidently) showcased in the entertainment show. Some of the famous examples for this sort of advertising have to be the appearance of brand Nokia which is displayed on Tom Cruise's phone in the movie Minority Report, or the use of Cadillac cars in the movie Matrix Reloaded. Pay attention next time, you're sure to come across a lot of such examples. Surrogate advertising is prominently seen in cases where advertising a particular product is banned by law. Advertisements for products like cigarettes or alcohol which are injurious to health are prohibited by law in several countries. Hence these companies come up with several other products that have the same brand name and indirectly remind people of the cigarettes or alcohol of the same brand by advertising the other products. Common examples include Fosters and Kingfisher beer brands, which are often seen to promote their brand with the help of surrogate advertising. Public service advertising is a technique that makes use of advertising as an effective communication medium to convey socially relevant messages about important matters and social causes like AIDS, energy conservation, political integrity, deforestation, illiteracy, poverty and so on. David Oglivy who is considered to be one of the pioneers of advertising and marketing concepts had reportedly encouraged the use of the advertising field for a social cause. Oglivy once said, "Advertising justifies its existence when used in the public interest - it is much too powerful a tool to use solely for commercial purposes.". Today, public service advertising has been increasingly used in a non-commercial fashion in several countries across the world in order to promote various social causes. In the United States, radio and television stations are granted to bidders on the basis of a fixed amount of public service advertisements aired by the channel. Although the audience is getting smarter and smarter and the modern-day consumer is getting immune to the exaggerated claims made in a majority of advertisements, there exists a section of advertisers that still bank upon celebrities and their popularity for advertising their products. Using celebrities for advertising involves signing up celebrities for advertising campaigns, which consist of all sorts of advertising including, television ads or even print advertisements. How effective these ads are, is something that each consumer himself can determine. So, those were the most popular kinds of advertising used today. Each of the advertisement types mentioned has its own sub-types and rates of effectiveness. It is the job of advertising department to figure out which type of which medium is the best and the most feasible for the company. 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York University Logo Considering that obesity and diabetes often go hand in hand, a suitable source to keep a check on both is more than welcome. York University researchers have unfolded a protein that may monitor both, appetite and blood sugar. The scientists examined the metabolic influences of a protein called nesfatin-1, which exists in the brain in large proportions. They found that when rats received nesfatin-1, they apparently consumed less food, utilized more of preserved fat and became more active. Additionally, the proteins seemed to accelerate insulin secretion from the beta cells in the pancreas of rats and mice. “[The rats] actually ate more frequently but in lesser amounts. In addition, they were more active and we found that their fatty acid oxidization was increased. In other words, the energy reserve being preferably used during nesfatin-1 treatment was fat. This suggests more fat loss, which could eventually result in body weight loss,” affirmed Suraj Unniappan, associate professor in York’s Department of Biology, Faculty of Science & Engineering. The aforesaid protein was uncovered by a research team from Japan in 2006. It was initially known to control appetite and creation of body fat when administered in the brain of rats and mice. Unniappan’s findings suggest that the protein instigates insulin secretion from the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. This analysis was conducted in the Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, and aimed on spotting and inspecting the biological influences of gut and brain-derived appetite-regulatory and metabolic hormones in fish and mammals. The investigators have named it the gut-brain axis. They believe that the gut seems to play a role in many neural and endocrine signals that adjust hunger, satiety and blood sugar levels. In the same way, the brain is involved in the regulation of energy balance. The team was trying to gauge the way these peptides interact with other peptides in the endocrine pathway. They believe that this process to maintain consistent levels of glucose and body mass is complicated. A deeper insight into the gut-brain axis may help in developing suitable pharmacological medications for obesity and diabetes. According to Unniappan, this research tends to comprehend the therapeutic effects of nesfatin-1 for complicated metabolic conditions. The findings were published in the Journal of Endocrinology in March and are now reported in Endocrinology.
When you compose a paper, you check out a lot of material about the topic. This assists you to examine the different elements of a subject to comprehend it. how to avoid plagiarism Find out the principles of good writing so you have the necessary abilities to express your suggestions with your very own words. Poor writing abilities usually lead to unintentional plagiarism. Your values is greatly improved when you cite your sources. Doing so proves that you are well notified regarding the subject and that your work can be depended be exact. Best Methods For Preventing Plagiarism Ed White’s quote above discusses the distinction in between a research paper and a patch-quilt paper. For longer documents in various other areas, literary works testimonials supply the intellectual context for comprehending our payment to that continuous conversation regarding concepts. For records in any type of field, quotes supply evidence for our assertions and also concepts for us to refute. Citations reveal our determination to have our analyses of those other works confirmed. You will certainly include authority to what you compose by mentioning resources. You will involve with the concepts and thus grow your own critical thinking and also creating skills. https://www.tripboba.com. Attribute with an in-text citation; most citation designs request that you offer a page or paragraph number when straight mentioning. Have to be identical to the initial, using a narrow segment of the resource. Resources Title Even the sudden understandings that show up at first glance to show up out of no place come tangled in other individuals’s reasoning. What we call originality is in fact the cutting-edge combining, changing, or prolonging of material from that pool. Developed by the Vaughan Memorial Library at Acadia College, this tutorial suggests that investigating ethically is additionally researching effectively. Click the up coming website page how to avoid plagiarism when podcasting here. You’ll discover exactly how to avoid plagiarism and additionally get some great study ideas. Citeevery source of info you utilize in your paper unless it prevails understanding or the results of your own research. Take clear notes, using quotation marks when replicating someone else’s words. See the video clip listed below to learn about ways you can stay clear of plagiarism in your writing. how to avoid plagiarism Changing a couple of words of the initial sentences does NOT make your creating a reputable paraphrase. Try what he says how to avoid plagiarism while writing thesis here. You have to transform both words and also the syntax of the original, without transforming the web content. Additionally, you ought to keep in mind that paraphrased passages still need citation due to the fact that the ideas came from one more resource, despite the fact that you are putting them in your own words. Help Just How To Avoid Unintended Plagiarism? Additionally, it takes credit rating or profit far from the initial creator of the job which might mean extra problem if the resource takes lawsuit against you. In our tech-forward culture, the basic act of copy-and-paste can appear safe, but it has serious consequences in academic and specialist setups. If you do not recognize a project, talk with your teacher. Don’t take the “simple way” out by asking your roomie or good friends for copies of old projects. Team tasks are very popular in some courses on school, yet not all. If its not possible to revise it, after that make use of a specific quote with quotation marks. The primary way to prevent plagiarism is to mention your resources. Actions To Staying Clear Of Plagiarism You might additionally wish to mention the initial writer’s name and/or the name of the internet site to help your readers tell at a glance where you’re obtaining your info. It’s much easier to stay clear of plagiarism if you concentrate on developing an one-of-a-kind factor or point of view, rather than counting on your sources to make all of your points for you.
Browsing category A way of living of individuals, families (households), and societies, which they manifest in coping with their physical, psychological, social, and economic environments on a day-to-day basis. Lifestyle is expressed in both work and leisure behavior patterns and (on an individual basis) in activities, attitudes, interests, opinions, values, and allocation of income. It also reflects people’s self image or self concept; the way they see themselves and believe they are seen by the others. Lifestyle is a composite of motivations, needs, and wants and is influenced by factors such as culture, family, reference groups, and social class. The analysis of consumer life styles (called psychographics) is an important factor in determining how consumers make their purchase decisions. See also values, attitudes, and lifestyles system (VALS-2). The term lifestyle can denote the interests, opinions, behaviours, and behavioural orientations of an individual, group, or culture.
Updated: Jun 22, 2018 Degaussing & Solid State Drives Degaussing is a popular method of data destruction for traditional hard drives. A degausser works by generating a powerful magnetic field that alters the magnetic charges that store data on the drive. This will completely erase or randomize the data. Degaussing can be an effective method of data destruction on traditional electromagnetic drives, but it has drawbacks, especially when it comes to Solid State Drives (SSD). Degaussing Won't Work For SSDs Solid State Drives use an electric charge to store data. Since an SSD does not store data magnetically, degaussing will have virtually no effect. This leaves you with two other options for drive sanitization; physical destruction or sanitization with software. Physical Destruction - Pros & Cons When properly shredded to a very small particle size, no data will be recoverable from an SSD. However, if the particle size is too large (and they often are), data can still be recovered. As SSD technology improves, the chips are getting smaller and smaller. Many times these chips can escape the shredder intact. To ensure physical destruction is done effectively, it is best to use a professional IT Asset company. This can become expensive. Disposing of destroyed drives usually means they end up in a landfill, which has an adverse environmental impact. Another drawback of physical destruction is the lack of proof and tracking of the drive's sanitization in case of an audit. As the drive changes hands multiple times before it is finally destroyed, it can be difficult to ensure the drive's data was not compromised somewhere along the way. Software Sanitization With WipeDrive - Pros & Cons Software sanitization with WipeDrive can wipe all data from an SSD for a fraction of the cost of physical destruction. WipeDrive uses the drive's native commands (including ATA, SCSI and NVMe) to ensure all parts of the solid state drive are accessed and securely wiped. SSDs can be wiped without being sent out to a third party, reducing the time and number of people with access to sensitive data. With each wipe a report is created to give you a record of the drive being wiped. Sanitized drives can then be re-allocated or donated. Contact [email protected] today to find out more about how WipeDrive can benefit you!
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© 2021 WYSO Our Community. Our Nation. Our World. Play Live Radio Next Up: Available On Air Stations WYSO Names New Music Director (click here for more) How The Oral Polio Vaccine Can Cause Polio Just last month, the World Health Organization announced that two of three strains of polio had been eradicated. It's been one of the great success stories of modern medicine. The disease, which, of course, can lead to paralysis, has been reduced to just a handful of cases around the world. But now scientists say there's been a troubling setback. One of the vaccines used to prevent polio has actually been causing some people to get polio. NPR's Jason Beaubien joins us now. Jason, thanks for being with us. JASON BEAUBIEN, BYLINE: Hey. Good morning. SIMON: I understand the problem begins with what's called a live vaccine, which has little bits of weakened polio virus in it, given to children around the world. What seems to have gone wrong? BEAUBIEN: Yeah, that is the crux of it - that this - the oral polio vaccine that's used primarily in low- and middle-income countries - it's been the workhorse of this global effort to eradicate polio. But it is a live vaccine. It's cheap. It's easy to administer. However, this live vaccine is continued to be used worldwide. And while you're doing that, some of that vaccine has gotten out into the world. And it's mutated. It starts circulating again, just like regular polio. But early on, it's just - it's still a vaccine. It's not dangerous. And then slowly, it sort of regains strength. And they're finding they can actually genetically see this - that scientists can actually trace it back directly to the vaccine. And now these vaccine-linked cases are actually causing more cases of paralysis each year than actual traditional - what scientists call wild polio. SIMON: Now, we should underscore, Jason, this is not the version of the vaccine that's given to youngsters in the United States. SIMON: Why are other countries still using it? BEAUBIEN: Right. So in the United States and in Europe and other countries like that, it - we're using an injectable vaccine, which is a dead vaccine. It is not a live virus, and it cannot cause polio. So that should not at all be a concern. The issue, however, is that it's an injection that has to be given. It's given four times between the ages of 2 months and 7 years. So just administering it is difficult. And just frankly, there is not enough global stockpile of that vaccine to vaccinate all of the children around the world, you know, four times over the course of their childhood. So there's some real problems with that. That, ultimately, would be the goal - is to eventually get to the point where you're not using oral polio vaccine, but it's not logistically possible at this point. SIMON: You learned this week the Centers for Disease Control takes this problem so seriously they're actually sending dozens of experts to these countries affected. What do they plan to do? BEAUBIEN: Yeah. They're calling it the surge. And they're going to be deploying between 75 and 100 extra staff from the CDC out primarily into Africa to try to just address these vaccine-derived outbreaks and just clamp them down as soon as they can because the idea is that if you can stop them then you will stop that virus from continuing to spread and really try to strengthen these systems so that they can get control of this and hopefully, you know, get rid of this other source of polio at a time when they're tantalizingly close to actually wiping out the disease. SIMON: NPR's Jason Beaubien, thanks so much.
Blog Masthead How can I help my child stop picking her nose? Summer Camp Outside As a child grows up, many parents and caregivers start noticing weird habits or behavioral tendencies in their children. Some of these are typical for kids of all ages, such as biting their nails, sticking their fingers in the ear and smelling the wax and so on. But picking the nose seems to be the grossest and most disturbing childhood habit of them all. Not only is it unappealing to see, this particular habit can help spread germs. In fact, a 2018 study in the European Respiratory Journal notes that nose picking can spread the bacteria responsible for pneumonia. Why do kids pick their nose? As distasteful as it is, nose picking is actually a pretty common childhood habit—especially for preschoolers. Some of the reasons a child may pick their nose include: a sense of discomfort in the nasal cavity formed by allergies/dried mucus; a nervous habit, like thumb sucking or hair twisting; stress; or boredom. The problem with nose picking Nose picking is not only an unsightly habit, but it can actually cause trauma to a child’s nasal passages, resulting in nosebleeds, infections, and hard-to-heal sores. And, there’s the issue of germs. Germs on the fingers can lead to small skin infections inside the nose as well as a way to spread colds and flu. If the habit isn’t stopped in preschool, it may become harder to break as a child gets older. How do I get my child to stop nose picking? As soon as a child starts to pick his nose, a parent or caregiver should call immediate attention to it. Some children may not even realize they are picking their nose because it’s an absent-minded habit. But once you do make a child aware of what they are doing, have him or her wash their hands immediately afterwards. Besides gentle reminders to stop picking their nose, also take the time to explain that nose picking is an unclean habit that can cause infection and spread germs that lead to illness for the child and those around them. Other ways to help a child stop nose picking • Allergy intervention: As mentioned before, a child may pick his or her nose due to allergies. The most common causes of allergies include dust mites, animal dander, pollen and molds. Check with a primary physician or allergist for help. For other tips on reducing allergies, click here. • Keep them hydrated: If you live in a dry climate or if heating or air conditioning seems to dry out your child’s nasal passages, be sure to offer lots of fluids during the day. You can also use a humidifier at night to help moisten a child’s nasal passages. • Try a hanky: Encourage your child to use a handkerchief and blow into it—in private. • Keep hands busy: Because some kids pick their nose because of boredom, parents and caregivers can suggest ways to keep little hands busy. From making craft projects to solving jigsaw puzzles or playing with building blocks, keeping a child’s fingers out of their nose and on other projects may help end the nose picking habit for good. • Talk to a professional: If a child is picking their nose so much that it causes nosebleeds or nose picking is part of other nervous habits (like thumb sucking or excessive bedwetting at night), you may want to consult a pediatrician or a children’s therapist. Nose picking could be a sign of an anxiety disorder or other emotional problem that requires professional help. • Band-aids: Some parents and caregivers have helped their children stop nose picking by simply placing an adhesive bandage on a child’s finger—especially for those children who are subconsciously picking their nose. But if you choose to do so, explain to a child why you are doing it so they can connect the bandage to the bad habit. • Ignore it: Some parents and caregivers try everything to stop a child from picking their nose—only for the habit to continue. If you choose to simply ignore the problem, make sure your child washes their hands frequently and keeps their fingernails trimmed short and not sharp to avoid any injury. The good news is that, typically, a child will outgrow the habit all on their own By ABC Quality Team on May 25, 2021
The Dangers of Vaping – What You Need to Know The Dangers of Vaping – What You Need to Know With the recent passage of a landmark act in the nation, the dangers of vaping have received many attention. The Give up smoking bill made cigarettes illegal to market and manufacture for the general public. Electronic cigarettes, or e-cigs, are a new innovation to the smoking culture which has bought out many traditional businesses. But exactly what are the dangers of vaporing? On this page we will check out the dangers of vaporing, both for the smoker and the non-smoker. dangers of vaping First off, let’s take a closer look at the new electronic cigarettes which are currently out there. These electronic cigarettes do not contain any tobacco at all. Instead, they use nicotine gums and smaller amounts of propylene glycol (the same stuff that is used to create hydraulic fluid). Propylene glycol is considered to mimic the effects of the nicotine within cigarettes. But how does it work? Propylene glycol vaporizes at a very high temperature, similar to what happens when you light a cigarette. These vapors produce the same addictive properties of actual cigarettes. Actually, some studies have shown that long term exposure to these vapors can lead to increased cravings for cigarettes. Because of this many smokers are turning away from vapor cigarettes and only more natural oral substitutes such as for example gum, lozenges, and sprays. One of the dangers of vaping is the quantity of toxins and contaminants that are being inhaled in to the lungs by users. It’s important to understand that propylene glycol is really a petroleum product that is widely used in antifreeze and automobile fluids. Inhaling vapors from electronic cigarettes can equal the amount of pollutants found in a whole cup of antifreeze. This is especially true if the user is actually doing multiple exposures over an extended time period. The electronic cigarettes that are manufactured aren’t designed in such a way concerning trap the toxins in the vapors. However, the usage of thinner airbrushing on screen units and the usage of newer technology allows them to do just that. To give you an idea of how thin the mist could be, it is usually several inches in diameter. Inhaling these vapors can result in serious health risks such as for example lung cancer. A different one of the dangers of vaping is that it reduces the beneficial ramifications of quitting smoking. Because electric cigarettes mimic the effect of smoking, smokers who do not wish to undertake the associated risks of quitting can find yourself putting themselves at risk of relapse. If you are someone who wants to give up smoking but is afraid of the withdrawal symptoms that may come with it, then using vapor products can be very helpful. Withdrawal from smoking is no easy feat and will involve weeks of cravings and negative emotions. The last danger of vaping is that they have absolutely no influence on the flavoring within real cigarettes. Real cigarettes contain a huge selection of chemicals that can be harmful to your body. Although there will not be any serious health dangers involved, these chemicals can still cause unpleasant aftertastes and odors. Because the ingredients in real cigarettes may also be irritating to the nose, lips, eyes, and throat, using vapor products can actually make your breath smell a whole lot worse than it would if you smoked a normal cigarette. This is mostly of the disadvantages that’s not often discussed when individuals are discussing the dangers of vaping, though it is a very essential aspect to consider. While the disadvantages mentioned above do not necessarily mean that electric cigarettes should never be used, they are able to definitely help explain why they are so much more dangerous than traditional cigarettes. When you are someone who is considering using this product to stop smoking, you should be aware of all of the possible dangers that are connected with using them. If you wish to quit, you then should choose new product that will not involve any chemicals or toxins at all. Vaping is merely not worth it when you are trying to stop smoking.
Skip to main content Engineering LibreTexts 1.1: Syntax and Correctness for Encryption • Page ID • The cryptographic approach to secure communication is a tool known as encryption. Before discussing the specifics of one-time pad, we will first define what pieces comprise an encryption scheme in general. Definition $\PageIndex{1}$ : Encryption Syntax A symmetric-key encryption (SKE) scheme consists of the following algorithms: • KeyGen: a randomized algorithm that outputs a key $k\space\in$ ? • Enc: a (possibly randomized) algorithm that takes a key $k\space\in$ ? and plaintext $m\space\in$ ? as input, and outputs a ciphertext $c\space\in$? • Dec: a deterministic algorithm that takes a key $k\space\in$ ? and ciphertext $c\space\in$? as input, and outputs a plaintext $m\space\in$ ? We call ? the key space, ? the message space, and ? the ciphertext space of the scheme. When we use a single variable — say, $\Sigma$ — to refer to the scheme as a whole and distinguish one scheme from another, we write $\Sigma$.KeyGen, $\Sigma$, Enc, $\Sigma$.Dec, $\Sigma$.? , $\Sigma$, ?, and $\Sigma$.? to refer to its components. The scheme satisfies correctness if for all $k\space\in$ ? and all $m\space\in$ ?, \[\text{Pr[Dec(}k,\text{Enc(}k,m)) = m] = 1,\nonumber\] where the probability is over the random choices (if any) made by Enc. Encryption addresses the problem of secure communication in a very natural way: • We imagine a sender and a receiver who wish to communicate. The sender encrypts the desired message/plaintext m using the encryption algorithm Enc and a key $k$ that was chosen according to a the key generation algorithm KeyGen. The result is a ciphertext $c$, which is sent to the receiver. The receiver can then use the decryption algorithm Dec with the same key $k$ to recover $m$. Screen Shot 2019-02-11 at 10.19.08 AM.png • Because the same key is used for encryption and decryption, we refer to this style of encryption scheme as symmetric-key. It’s also sometimes referred to as secret-key or private-keyencryption; these terms are somewhat confusing because even other styles of encryption involve things that are called secret/private keys. • The definition does not specify how the sender and receiver come to know a common key $k$. That problem is considered out of scope for encryption (it is known as key distribution). Rather, we are only concerned with what to do once the sender and receiver establish a shared key. • The definition does not specify what it means to be secure. It is a syntax definition that specifies only what the honest parties (sender and receiver) are supposed to do, whereas security refers to a guarantee that holds in the presence of an adversary. We will actually spend a considerable amount of time in this course building up a good definition of encryption security, step by step. • Was this article helpful?
Stacey is writing a literary analysis essay on a play On The Agenda From: Lucas M. Category: mary shelley Added: 07.04.2021 Share this post: A character analysis essay is a challenging type of essay students usually write for literature or English courses. In this article, we will explain what a character analysis is and how to approach it. We will also touch on how to analyze a certain character and will guide you through writing a character analysis essay. Typically, this kind of essay requires students to describe the character in the context of the story. This can be fulfilled by analyzing the relationship between the character in question and other characters. Although, sometimes it is also appropriate to give your personal opinion and analysis of a certain character. uoft sgs thesishow to write a letter of affirmation A Swim in a Pond in the Rain essay akademik adalahresearch paper on inflation pdfesl expository essay ghostwriter site for mbapopular dissertation introduction editing for hire for phd Purdue OWL // Purdue Writing Lab What Esswy this kind of Analysis apart from other types, and what must you Liteerary when you write your own analytical essay? In this guide, we break down the process of writing an analytical essay by explaining the key factors your essay needs to have, providing you with an outline to help you structure your essay, and Literary a complete analytical essay Writing so you can see Literary a finished essay looks like. Analysis Is an Analytical Essay? Before you begin writing an analytical essay, you Essay know what this type of essay is and what Essay includes. In schools and colleges, students Analysis assigned analytical essay writing work in order to enhance reading, understanding and analytical skills. If you want Essay become a pro essay writer, do not skip any line of Writing article. help me write world literature articlebiographies bestfistula case study Humor injected study guides and study tools that make learning easier schreyer honors college essay prompts theoretical framework thesis in smokingessay ang pangarap ko sa buhaybest homework editing sites for collegemy passion for photography essay Both struggle with darkness in their lives, from drugs to bottling up emotions. Flibbert, Joseph. The main character, Sonny is whom Baldwin centers his story. Sonny is a depressed young man who uses music to escape from his problems. One of the exciting things about the story is how Baldwin captures the art of jazz during this time period. hvac planning engineer resume Popular Essays: Write a comment Click on the image to refresh the code if it is illegible Assina S. 18.04.2021 Though I submitted the paper on time it still came after my ordered deadline. Martin N. V. 19.04.2021 They have done a marvellous job. Andy D. 19.04.2021 I am absolutely happy with the job done. Jax B. 19.04.2021 I am satisfied with the service I received for that money! Alberto G. 20.04.2021 The necessity to persuade the reader.
Fruit flies Featured Photo: Other Photos: R. C. Copeland, icipe Is this a Minor Pest?: Minor Pest Title: Fruit flies (Bactrocera cucurbitae and Ceratitis capitata) Minor Pest Description: Fruit flies that feed on passion fruit in Africa include the melon fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae) and the Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata). Pierced young fruit shrivels and falls; later injuries cause damage that lowers the market value of the fruit. However, the incidence of fruit flies on passion fruit is low, and usually of not economic importance. So control may not be necessary. Minor Pest What to do.: • Collect and destroy all fallen fruits at least twice a week during the fruit season. • Do not put collected damaged fruits into compost heaps. Instead, burn them or bury them at least 50 cm deep, so that the fruit flies cannot reach the soil surface. • Remove fruits with dimples and those that ooze clear sap. This method is more laborious than picking the rotten fruits from the ground, but it is also more effective. • Whenever possible, wrap fruit in newspaper or paper bags to prevent fruit flies from laying eggs on the fruit. This has to be done well before the fruit matures. • Pick overripe fruits, as they attract fruit flies. • Physical methods include fruit fly traps and fruit bagging, see on fruit-fly datasheet Minor Pest Position: Minor Pest Firstcontent: Pest Type: Other Crops: Host Plants: Passion fruit
At some point, you’ve heard the name of assisted suicide. It’s a legal form of suicide, that is performed with the help of medical professionals. Most places in the world have banned it, for ethical or religious reasons. But there is one country where assisted suicide is legal and that’s Switzerland. Currently, Switzerland has 6 different right-to-die organizations, 4 of which willingly accept patients who live outside the country. One of those organizations is called “Dignitas” to live with dignity, to die with dignity. It was founded in 1988, and since then, it has helped assist in the suicides of over 1,000 people in Zurich. But as far as assisted suicide goes, it’s relatively new-the practice has been legal in Switzerland since 1942. In Switzerland, assisted suicide is considered a legitimate way to end your life. Many foreigners travel to Switzerland to take their own lives with the assistance of an organization. Few states in the US do legally allow physician-assisted suicide including Oregon, Washington, Montana, New Mexico, Vermont, and California but Switzerland is unique because it's one of the few countries with no national laws against it. Many citizens from other countries cross over into Switzerland to end their lives. In 2011, a proposed ban of this practice of "suicide tourism" was rejected by popular vote in the canton of Zürich with a 78% majority. In Switzerland assisting suicide is not a crime. For a Swiss doctor to support assisted suicide by providing a prescription for a lethal medication, the person must be suffering intolerably from a severe illness, and have a medical diagnosis which is documented by doctors and/or clinicians reports. However, there is no requirement for the illness to be “terminal”, nor for any life expectancy limit such as being expected to die within 6 months. The average age of someone seeking assisted suicide, was 69 years old, ranging from 23 up to 97.and women, they found were 40% more likely to choose assisted suicide than men. A total of 742 assisted suicides (320 men, 422 women) had been recorded, or 1.2% of deaths in the resident population of Switzerland. This amounts to an increase of more than 250% compared to 2009; while the total suicide rate has been declining since the 1980s, assisted suicides have increased significantly since 2000. In 94% of cases, the people opting for assisted suicide were above 55 years of age, and in the majority of cases, they were suffering from a terminal disease (42% cancer, 14% neurodegeneration (e.g. Parkinson's), 11% cardiovascular diseases, 10% musculoskeletal disorders). The rate was highest in the canton of Zürich (1.4% of deaths), followed by Geneva (1.3%).
Tax is the amount of money demanded by governments to support services and facilities to run a country. The government pays its employees while tax levies support government projects like police activities and firefighters. You might have heard and read so much about taxes, which is why we analyze which of these statements about taxes is false. which of the following statements about taxes is false? Paying taxes is not voluntary and evading the payment is illegal. Some people evade these requirements by not disclosing their actual income. The Internal Revenue Service(IRS) has regulations that allow eligible taxpayers to get deductions and adjustments to their income. Through these levies, the government maintains infrastructures like roads, public amenities like libraries, and government hospitals. Which of the following statements about taxes is FALSE? A)Taxes are collected at the local, state, and federal level B)Some states don’t collect income tax C)Some states don’t collect sales tax. D)Local, state and federal taxes are equal. The last statement is incorrect (D). Taxes at the local, state, and federal level are different from the local taxes being the lowest while federal is highest. In what circumstances can you complete 1040 instead of a 1040ez? a. You own a home b. You make less than $100,000 C. You don’t claim any dependents D. None of the above a. You own a home – Owning a home does not attract more taxes. When can one receive a tax refund from the IRS? a). When previous payments and applicable credits are higher than the tax owed. b). The total of previous payments and applicable credits is lower tax owed. c). The total of previous payments and applicable credits is the same as the tax owed. d). none of the above. The first statement is true. Paying tax in excess attracts a refund from the IRS. Confirm this by comparing your total previous payments and any applicable credits to the total income tax that is due. If your submissions are higher than what is owed, then you are eligible for a refund. The other two statements are incorrect because the second one(B) is the opposite of the real situation. When you owe taxes, it means the government expects you to pay. The third statement (C) is incorrect because there are no overpayments; thus, no refund! What does the government do with taxes? a). Assert and remind citizens of its power. b). Add more expenses to burden citizens. c). Finance services and infrastructure to enable the smooth running of the nation. d). None of the above. A government does not need to assert its power on citizens through taxes; neither is it looking to add a financial burden to its citizens through tax collection, as demonstrated in statements A and B. However, through tax collection, a government runs all public services, builds and maintains infrastructure, and pays salaries to government employees. which of the following statements about taxes is false? Which of these exercises both sales and excise tax? A) Income B) Wealth C) Consumption D) Property Both Excise taxes and Sales taxes apply to specific products, but they take a small part of state revenues compared to income and property taxes. They lack a base because they are levied on particular products like tobacco, alcohol, and gasoline. What is the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) responsible for? A) Reducing unemployment rates B) Making tax laws C) Filling out tax forms for taxpayers D) Collecting tax and enforcing tax laws The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) has three main functions: enforcing tax laws, processing tax returns, and taxpayer services. They also conduct criminal investigations on tax malpractices. Statements A and B are false. Tax is a mandatory levy paid to the government by an individual or a legal entity. As you fathom which of the following statements about taxes is false, keep in mind all the above insights. The finances are used to run or fund government functions, services, and expenditures. Evading taxes or failure to pay taxes is illegal, and one can be prosecuted for it. Also, paying for taxes in excess warrants a refund by the IRS, which regulates the tax laws in a country. READ MORE: – Credit Card Login Give a Comment
Russia has developed an engine for the aerospace aircraft of the future A promising development was presented as part of the traditional annual show of technical innovations of the Russian Army. The team of military engineers of the Academy of Missile Forces has developed a combined engine of a combat aircraft, which, possibly, in the future, will have to perform a complex of tasks of a military and civilian orientation. We are talking about a unique system capable of operating (depending on the location of the aircraft) in air or rocket mode. In other words, a space plane will “feel” equally comfortable in the atmosphere and in space. The future combat aerospace complex takes off from a conventional runway, like a fighter-interceptor, which, for example, having received a task to eliminate warheads of ballistic missiles, will rush into near space, and, having completed the task, will return to the "airplane" mode to your base. At the initial and final stages, the engine runs on kerosene, and in space it switches to methane and gaseous oxygen. Two enterprises of the Russian military-industrial complex and NPO Molniya responded to the offer of military rocket engineers to take part in the project of the future aircraft.
Case Study: Confusion Matrix in Cyber Security(Phising Attack) Original Source Here Case Study: Confusion Matrix in Cyber Security(Phising Attack) What is Phising Attack? Phishing Detection Using Machine Learning Techniques Although many methods have been proposed to detect phishing websites, Phishers have evolved their methods to escape from these detection methods. Phishers try to deceive their victims by social engineering or creating mock-up websites to steal information such as account ID, username, password from individuals and organizations. One of the most successful methods for detecting these malicious activities is Machine Learning. This is because most Phishing attacks have some common characteristics which can be identified by machine learning methods. So after building a machine learning model and trained it on some data of Phising attacks … now what? How to evaluate the accuracy of the model? Since this model is a classifier model, one of the important metrics than can be used for evaluating the accuracy and also other things is Confusion Matrix. Confusion Matrix A confusion matrix is a table that is often used to describe the performance of a classification model (or “classifier”) on a set of test data for which the true values are known %d bloggers like this:
What Is a Cyber Protection Agency, and How Do They Protect My Computer? cyber protection agency What is a cyber protection agency? A cyber protection agency is an organization, often called a cyber security firm, that protects our computer systems from hackers and other cyber criminals. They do this by creating specialized software programs for the protection of computer systems. They also hire or contract with internal personnel (known as the “IT staff”) who have the knowledge, skill, and/or ability to secure and maintain the cyber protection system internally. Why would anyone want their computer systems protected? Most people will never think about cyber crime in terms of preventing or stopping it, but the fact is that cyber crimes occur every day, and are quickly becoming more sophisticated. With the increasing number of malicious websites on the Internet, it is likely that the number of cyber attacks will continue to increase in the future. How do I know if my computer systems are at risk? If you suspect that someone has taken control of your computer without your permission, you should take action to stop it before the situation reaches a point of crisis. The first step to take if you think that cyber attacks are happening to your computer is to contact a cyber protection agency. You can contact them through their website, through emails, or by phone. How do they keep my computer systems safe? The best way to keep your systems safe from cyber attacks is to make sure that they are always updated with the latest virus and malware definitions. Most importantly, do not publish any personally identifying information online, such as your name, address, social security number, credit card information, or other such information. Only send the information that is needed to the cyber attacks. How do I report cyber crimes? Cyber crimes can involve many different activities, including fraud, identity theft, and unauthorized computer systems access. When you suspect that cyber crime is happening to your computer system, you should first consult with a qualified law enforcement agency. Cyber law enforcement officials may be able to advise you about your rights when dealing with cyber criminals, and they can help you take measures to protect yourself from further cyber attacks. Who are qualified to contact a law enforcement agency about cyber attacks? Cyber criminals may target your system through malicious emails, instant messaging, and websites. Cyber attacks can affect your financial life, real estate investments, and personal relationships. When you become the victim of a cyber attack, you should consult a qualified, trained, and experienced cyber lawyer to investigate the matter. What are some common precautions that I can take to minimize the risk of being a victim of cyber crime? A good starting point may be to get an anti-virus software program and let it run on a daily basis, or at least regularly check for suspicious activity. It is also important to make sure that you have appropriate passwords and logins for your computer accounts. While there may be nothing that you can do to stop cyber attacks right now, you should familiarize yourself with cyber crime defense strategies. In the mean time, consider working with a reputable cyber crime defense attorney. What are some common ways that cyber crimes can be committed? Some cyber criminals may use high tech tools to break into your computer. Other cyber criminals may exploit a vulnerability in a website that is unsecured. Still other cyber criminals may use deception or persuasion to gain access to your network. If you feel that you have been a victim of cyber crime, contact a cyber crime defense attorney to discuss what measures you may have taken and to which extent.
Pakistan-Kyrgyzstan Relations : A Quick Overview After the collapse of the USSR, Kyrgyzstan gained its independence in 1991 and a new era of Pakistan-Kyrgyzstan Relations started. Pakistan immediately recognized Kyrgyzstan on the 20th of December 1991. Subsequently, formal diplomatic relations were established on 10th May 1992. In August 1995, the Ambassadorial level Diplomatic Mission of Pakistan was established in Kyrgyzstan’s capital, Bishkek. Moreover, Pakistan and Kyrgyzstan also inked a Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT) in the same year. The Muslims of sub-continent and Central Asia have long deep and historical ties with each other. The cultural, religious and economic ties between people of Kyrgyzstan and Pakistan dates centuries back. Zahir-Uddin Babur – the creator of the Moghul Empire and dynasty – born in a valley called Fergana. The Fergana valley is shared by Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. Babur’s mosque has still persevered which is located on the Suleiman Mountain in the city of Osh, Kyrgyzstan. The site is a very popular tourist attraction. Pakistan and Kyrgyzstan collaborate and cooperate with each other in several ways to strengthen economic and trade ties. One such example is the establishment of the State Bank of Pakistan branch in Kyrgyzstan’s capital, Bishkek. Furthermore, Pakistan-Kyrgyzstan relations have much improved as both support and collaborate with each other in various international platforms such as OIC, UN, ECO, SCO and others. On the sidelines of the SCO convention held in Kyrgyzstan’s capital Bishkek in June 2019, both brotherly countries concurred to boost its bilateral trade to $10 million. Pakistan-Kyrgyzstan are enjoying cordial relations and both countries exchange frequent high-level visits. Since 1991, Pakistan and Kyrgyzstan’s presidents visited each other’s countries twice. Moreover, Pakistan’s PM visited the brotherly country, Kyrgyzstan, three times. Moreover, Speaker of Kyrgyzstan parliament and Foreign Minister of Kyrgyzstan visited Islamabad several times. In 2019, during the SCO Summit, the incumbent Primer of Pakistan Imran Khan met with Kyrgyzstan’s President Soronbay Sharipovich Jeenbekov. Despite the frequent high-level active interactions with each other, the volume of trade is extremely low. The incumbent trade volume is not at par with the trade potential of the two brotherly nations. The trade volume is just $4 million right now. Since the inception of Pak-Kyrgyz relations, both countries inked more than 35 MoUs and joint documents. Because of its rich water resources, Kyrgyzstan is one of the major hydroelectricity producers of the region. Kyrgyzstan is an important member of CASA-1000 (Central Asia-South Asia Electricity Transmission and Trade Program). CASA-1000 is an energy accord between Pakistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and Afghanistan. Under CASA-1000, Pakistan was supposed to receive 1000 megawatt electricity directly from Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. However, Afghanistan backed off from the agreement by saying that they no longer have a shortage of energy, therefore, upon the completion of the project Pakistan will now receive 1300 megawatt. The groundbreaking ceremony of the project was held in 2016 and it is expected to be completed in 2023. Military relations of Pakistan-Kyrgyzstan are also in greater progress as Kyrgyzstan has shown great interest in military and security cooperation with Pakistan. They are keen to send their military officers and personnel to Pakistan for training, especially in the field of counterterrorism, English language and peacekeeping activities. Kyrgyzstan is very popular among medical students. There are more than 50 public and private universities providing a wide range of courses. Thousands of medical students from all over the world chose Kyrgyzstan for their higher studies. At present, more than 1000 Pakistani medical students are studying in Kyrgyz Universities. Pakistan-Kyrgyzstan have great potential for trade. The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is a great opportunity for the Central Asian states to import and export goods via Pakistani warm water seaports. Kyrgyzstan is an important member of the Quadrilateral Traffic in Transit Agreement (QTTA). QTTA is specifically aimed at giving access to the central Asian states and China to Pakistani warm water ports. To strengthen bilateral relations, both countries need to take more initiatives in the field of tourism, trade, people-to-people contacts, educational exchanges, building rail and road routes, defense cooperation, and cultural exchanges. If Europe can connect the entire continent through rail, roads, and air routes, why can’t we connect central Asia to South Asia or South Asia to East Asia or entire Asia? Leave a Reply
Blog Entertainment Environment News Analysis Opinion Sports World Sustainable Lifestyle: A Way Forward ‘Sustainable living’… you must have read this term, maybe on social media or in your school textbooks. The increasing global warming and equally growing concern all over the world about it make it crucial to talk about this very term. Sustainable living suggests reducing the individual and societal impact on the environment by making positive changes in your lifestyle. In other words, sustainable living focuses on minimizing our ‘carbon footprint’. It encourages people to adopt habits that would reduce the consumption of Earth’s resources. A sustainable lifestyle inspires you to take up habits that would counteract the negatives of climate change. It helps in reducing the impact of human activities on our mother earth. Climate change is real, and it is time to step up and make Earth a better place to live. A sustainable lifestyle is self-explanatory to a way towards sustaining life on this planet. The average surface temperature has risen 1.18 degrees Celsius since the late 19th century. Greenland and Antarctic glaciers are melting faster than ever. An average of 279 billion tons of ice has been lost, by Greenland between the year 1993 and 2019, and 148 billion tons of ice was lost by Antarctica every year. In the last century, the global sea level has risen about 8 inches. The acidity of surface ocean waters has gone up to about 30%. The facts above might seem numbers, but the effect can be seen over the years and is worrying. Some continental lands are feared to be submerged in a few years due to rising sea levels, extreme and unnatural temperatures are experienced, and the coral reefs are dying. Humungous amounts of carbon emissions and other human activities have brought us to this day. Therefore, it is of priority to work towards the betterment of our mother nature. Sustainable living is a means to assume personal responsibility towards planet Earth. Not only for our future generations but a better living today. A sustainable lifestyle is a way forward. A total shift to living a sustainable life might seem euphoria, but taking baby steps towards it is a prerequisite to propelling change. Small changes to your lifestyle would lead you to become sustainable. Here are some actions you can easily include in your lifestyle: The first step towards bringing a change is awareness and sensitivity regarding the issue. We’re so used to our routines and lifestyle that the idea of changing it a bit seems like a lot of work. So spreading consciousness should be our primary step. Read, Write, Speak, Support the idea. 5 R’s Towards Sustainable Living Refuse what you do not need Reduce what you do need Reuse by choosing reusable above disposable Recycle that cannot be refused, reduced, or reused Rot (compost) the rest Revamp Fashion The fashion industry is the second-largest producer of waste, after the oil industry. The fashion industry is usually, neglected when we talk about sustainable living. Revamping your old clothes and giving them a new look to fit in the trendy environment is an important step. Just adding lace or turning your denim jeans into a skirt would not only save the environment but, would be a great hobby and a chance to explore your creative side. Curtail Consumption of Fossil Fuels Fossil fuels are not only exhaustible but also burn dirty. They have a lot of contribution to carbon emission. Switch to renewable sources of energy (water, sun, wind, biomass). They are available in abundance and eco-friendly in nature. Reduce Individual Commute Sustainable living aims to reduce carbon footprints, and hence it supports human-powered modes of transportation- cycling or public transport. Avoid traveling alone instead, carpool with your colleagues or use public transport. This act would have the extra benefit of saving money. Start Composting Using waste to create a beautiful garden seems an absurd idea, right? It is possible only if vegetable waste, food waste, dry leaves are utilized to make organic compost. This organic compost can be used as fertilizers for growing new beautiful plants. Either make it in your backyard or come together to build a community compost pit. Natural Light, Best Light Rely more n more on natural light to reduce your energy consumption. Sunlight is free and would not hurt your eyes. Using sunlight during the day will decrease your reliance on energy sources. Also, sleeping on time would reduce your energy consumption as you could utilize natural light more. Say No to Single-Use Items Single-use plastic, paper towels, disposable crockery, disposable straws, the list can go on. The waste produced and the resources used in producing them are extensive. Take your carry bag while shopping, use ceramic or reusable plastic crockery, use metal straws. These are simple steps towards sustainability that, can be easily included in your lifestyle. Unplug Device when Not in Use Most electronic devices consume energy even when turned off. It is better to plug out the devices when not in use to reduce energy consumption and, saving you money on your electricity bill at the same time. Sustainable living Total sustainability is, however, not possible, but taking steps is necessary. You and I are humans, and can anything change if we do not change? These questions pop up when talked about topics like these, but remember, a bunch of, individuals make a community that can make a huge impact. Although the condition of our environment is very frightening, it is not too late to give up. Every little step would lead to a massive change. It is our responsibility to step up and save the planet Earth. Scientists are working towards life on another planet, but that doesn’t seem like a feasible option. So until then, there is no ‘planet B’. The only option is to conserve what we have. As Robert Swan said, “The biggest threat to our planet is the belief that someone else will save it.” Do your bit to save the planet, or it will destroy all of us one day. “We do not inherit the Earth from our ancestors; we borrow it from our children.” Save the planet for the generations to come. Tags: #zerowaste #sustainablity #sustainableliving #sustainablelifestyle #conserveearth Similar articles There are no similar articles yet. Leave a comment You need to login to leave a comment. Log-in

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