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Pure Naturals Iron Bisglycinate 25 Mg 90 Veggie Capsules Iron is an essential mineral. Studies suggest that the major reason we need it is that it helps to transport oxygen throughout the body. Iron is an important component of hemoglobin, the substance in red blood cells that carries oxygen from your lungs to transport it throughout your body. Hemoglobin represents about two-thirds of the body& iron. If you don't have enough iron, your body can't make enough healthy oxygen-carrying red blood cells. A lack of red blood cells is called iron deficiency anemia. Iron also supports myoglobin formation. Myoglobin helps your muscle cells store oxygen, therefore is vital for healthy muscle function. Without healthy red blood cells, your body can't get enough oxygen. If you're not getting sufficient oxygen in the body, you're going to become fatigued. That exhaustion can affect everything from your brain function to your immune system's ability to fight off infections. Iron is key during pregnancy. Pure Naturalsoffers Iron as Ferrous Sulfate that is the most studied form to be used as a dietary supplement To sum up following are some of the Key Benefits of Iron: - Helps To Transport Oxygen Throughout The Body - Supports Hemoglobin And Myoglobin Formation. - Supports Healthy Muscle Function - Healthy Brain Health - Promotes Energy Production And Vitality - Necessary To Maintain Healthy Cells, Skin, Hair, And Nails. California Proposition 65 WARNING:-
Conflict of Laws, Reciprocity The Reciprocity Principle and The Impossibility Problem Personal Property (film) Personal Property (film) (Photo credit: Wikipedia) Resolving conflicts between different laws can be handled by the reciprocity principle. Reciprocity means that a party is judged by the same law by which that party would judge others. Therefore, in the context of voluntary law, this means that the defendant’s choice of law has priority, in the event of a conflict of laws. Defendant’s “choice” cannot be based on an opportunistic selection made with a particular claim in mind. Instead, the choice is determined by which law or laws the defendant has adopted at any time since just before the earliest event giving rise to the claim, or since some other earlier time. If the defendant has adopted different laws during the applicable period, the applicable law can be the one that would result in the greatest liability for the defendant. This rule of “defendant’s law of greatest liability” disincentivizes opportunistic adoption of lenient laws to escape liability for planned evil deeds. The reciprocity principle and greatest liability rules work at least reasonably well for claims based on personal harms such as murder, battery, rape, kidnapping, etc., for the simple reason that every person has a body and therefore faces the same or similar risks of suffering personal harms. One can hypothesize that the reciprocity principle would not work well for relations between mortal and immortal persons, because of the imbalance of risks. For example, an immortal person might prefer a law that permits murder freely without penalty, because the immortal person cannot be murdered. The immortal therefore might prefer that there be no penalty for murder to reduce the risk of facing claims of murder from others, without in any way increasing her own risk of being murdered or need to recover damages for her own untimely death. This problem might be called the “impossibility problem” because it is impossible for a class of persons to suffer the same harms as another class of persons, so reciprocity becomes impossible. While the existence of immortal persons is merely hypothetical, the impossibility problem is a present reality for claims based solely in property rights, for the simple reason that not everybody holds the same types of property. While virtually everybody has personal property of some kind, some may own no real property (e.g., land), or no “intellectual property.” Consider, for example, the case of copyright. Creators of books and so forth might generally prefer the ability to make claims against those who copy their works without permission. Mere consumers of books, on the other hand, might generally favor no such penalties. Under the principle of reciprocity, there is no way for a content creator to bring a copyright claim against a mere consumer who has not adopted any law recognizing copyrights as a class of property or claims. Whether you consider that outcome good or bad, it provides an example of the impossibility problem at work. One can imagine similar problems in real property. For example, suppose one person (Lysander) adopts a law that adverse possession requires open and unchallenged use for a continuous period of three years. Another person (Murray) adopts a law requiring only one year of open and unchallenged use. Murray openly squats unchallenged on Lysander’s land for 2 years, at which time Lysander sues to evict Murray. Murray countersues to claim Lysander’s title. Applying defendant’s rule to Lysander’s claim, Murray wins. Applying defendant’s rule to Murray’s claim, Lysander wins. Therefore, Lysander cannot legally evict Murray, nor can Murray obtain Lysander’s title. The practical result may be that Murray can stay rent-free for as long as he pleases, but will never be able to obtain legal title because Lysander challenged Murray’s presence within three years. The foregoing examples illustrate how the reciprocity principle might create social pressure for property laws of minimal reach. In other words, practically enforceable property claims in a universe of voluntary law societies might tend to be those that are universally accepted as being valid. Simple claims result in application defendant’s rule only, while in the case of counterclaims mixed results such as in the adverse possession example are achieved. This is an interesting result, and not necessarily a bad thing; it may even be a marvelous, beneficial feature of voluntary law. It is not easy to conceive of conflict of law rules based on a principle other than reciprocity, without destroying even more fundamental precepts of voluntary law such as the prohibition on imposing laws involuntarily. It may be that a tendency to diminish property claims towards a universally accepted minimal common denominator is a logically necessary aspect of voluntary law. Or, perhaps the impossibility problem can be solved for property claims without involuntarily imposing the claimant’s law on defendants. Either way, the impossibility problem in resolving conflict of laws is interesting to think about. 4 thoughts on “The Reciprocity Principle and The Impossibility Problem 1. Pingback: A Bit More On Why So Much \| Voluntary Law Development Association 2. Pingback: Affirmative Defenses: The Difficult Choice \| Voluntary Law Development Association 3. Pingback: Appeals In Voluntary Law \| Voluntary Law Development Association Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. 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How to recognize anemia in the early stages? Anemia, or anemia, is a decrease in the concentration of hemoglobin and red blood cells in the blood. The causes of this disease can be completely different. The bone marrow just doesn't make red blood cells. And this happens through possible oncological diseases, kidney disease, protein depletion. Also, the reason may be a lack of iron, folic acid, pyridoxine and vitamins in the body. A third of the planet's population suffers from this disease. A larger percentage of women, compared with the stronger sex. But it's good that you can see it in the early stages. But how to do that? Now our team will tell you everything. Very little strength If it suddenly becomes difficult for you to do ordinary things, then this is no longer a small signal from your body that something has gone wrong and it needs help. In fact, weakness and fatigue are the main and very first symptoms of anemia. And all this is due to the fault of red blood cells, which do not deliver the necessary oxygen to the tissues. Therefore, not enough energy is generated. As a result, it is difficult for a person to even climb the stairs, or bring groceries, go to the store, what can we say about training and an active lifestyle. The skin turns pale Our blood turned red due to hemoglobin. Therefore, if it becomes less, then our skin begins to change color - it becomes paler. Also pay attention to the fingertips. If you suffer from insufficient blood supply, then they will freeze. Our brain senses blood levels very well. Headaches, dizziness, loss of consciousness are signs of oxygen starvation. Foot problems If you have anemia, your feet can tell you about it. If you observe strange tingling or severe pain in your legs while resting, while you really want to move and walk them, because this allows you to get rid of discomfort, then you should consult a doctor. Do not overlook the body signals that can save your life. Our bakery can help you not only with interesting and useful blogs, but also with fast delivery, which is so necessary during the quarantine period. In order not to push neither yourself nor your loved ones into trouble, you should stay at home and enjoy our most delicious Ossetian pies in Kiev, and not go to crowded places. On our site you will find not only various fillings for Ossetian pies, but also a lot of delicious drinks for them. You can also buy sauces of our own production that will complement any dish on the table. They will reveal all the flavor values of the food. Don't forget to keep an eye on our cool discounts and promotions as well. This way you can save even more money. You don't even need to worry about delivery, our couriers will be happy to deliver your order anywhere in Kiev. Our bakery is always tasty, healthy, fast and comfortable.
At a Rough Riders reunion in Oklahoma City in 1900, Theodore Roosevelt watched as the 14-year-old girl galloped her horse, swinging a lasso overhead. When she roped around a running steer, she beat sun-weathered cowboys for first prize. Afterward, Roosevelt bowed to the girl and told her that none of his troops could have done a better job. The girl’s father, Zach Mulhall, later said that Roosevelt urged him to take her on the road. The country needed to see Lucille. Lucille Mulhall was known as the first—or original—cowgirl. She introduced countless audiences to the idea that a woman could rope and ride better than men. “Although she weighs only 90 pounds she can break a broncho, lasso and brand a steer and shoot a coyote at 500 yards,” wrote one reporter. Mulhall became a symbol of the Old West as it ebbed away with the turn of the century. With her ranching background and daring rodeo performances, Mulhall linked herself to open spaces and the freedom found riding astride in a divided skirt and Western saddle. Mulhall at the 1912 Calgary Stampede. (Photo: Courtey Calgary Stampede) In one routine, Mulhall roped eight galloping horses; in another, she lassoed a “horse thief,” and then cowboys pretended to hang him. Lucille’s trick horse, Governor, could kneel, play dead, ring a bell, take off Lucille’s hat, and sit back while crossing his forelegs, like a bored spectator. Mulhall’s company performed in New York City, and with their time off they thundered through Central Park in full Western regalia. A young Will Rogers, Mulhall’s early co-star who went on to enormous fame as a performer and humorist, performed rope tricks alongside her, and Tom Mix, who would become a leading movie cowboy, rode with the Mulhalls, too. Sometimes, things got truly wild: at one event, a steer got loose and bolted up some steps, scattering spectators. The steer then tossed an usher who tried to grab his horns, and vanished behind the box seats. Will Rogers headed the steer off and rushed him back down the steps, hooves clattering, to the ring. During all this, people heard Zach Mulhall shouting at his daughter. Why did Lucille not “follow that baby up the stairs and bring him back”? Mulhall standing on the back of a seated horse, 1909. (Photo: Library of Congress/LC-USZ62-126135) Mulhall provided some rich fodder for the florid prose of the day. Here’s a reporter describing her background in 1903: “The plucky maid of the mountains was born and brought up, a veritable child of nature, on a ranch in Oklahoma. Instead of a baby’s rattle she heard the tinkle of spurs. Her cradle was the saddle. She cannot recall a time when she could not ride a horse.” Mulhall gave lively quotes, too. “I feel sorry for the girls who never lived on a cattle ranch and have to attend so many teas, and be indoors so much, with never anything but artificiality about them,” she told a St. Louis reporter in 1902. Mulhall in 1908. (Photo: Public Domain) President Roosevelt wanted an Oklahoma wolf, Mulhall said in 1905. But he would only accept it on the condition that she roped it herself. She promised, and sighted the wolf she wanted: a gray one, as big as a year-old steer. Mulhall chased the wolf through canyons and over prairies, and roped him once only to have him chew through her lariat and escape. Finally, he wore himself out. She captured him, and sent his pelt to a taxidermist in Saint Louis. Next, it was shipped, express, to Oyster Bay, for Roosevelt’s curio room. “I have a letter from Mrs. Roosevelt telling about the arrival of Mr. Wolf,” noted Mulhall. “She said that it was amusing to see the way the dogs acted when they saw him come in the house.” Later, Roosevelt gave Mulhall a saddle. By 1916, Mulhall was producing her own rodeo. Lucille Mulhall’s Big Round-Up showcased bucking horses and roping contests. With the Round-Up, Mulhall could also offer competition and employment for other cowgirls, no longer a novelty. Mulhall with her horse. (Photo: liz west/CC BY 2.0) But for Will Rogers, Mulhall would always be the first cowgirl, he wrote in 1931: “There was no such thing or no such word up to then.” That same year, Mulhall also noted a changing of the guard. “Something has passed with the old life,” she said. “This new day is probably fine, too, but I loved the unfenced range and the open prairie and the boundless friendliness of the cattle country.” Mulhall’s last public appearance was in September of 1940; she died in a car accident that December. On the day of her funeral, the Oklahoma mud was so slippery that cars were useless, so a neighbor’s plow horse pulled her hearse. “A machine killed Lucille Mulhall,” reported the Daily Oklahoman, “but horses brought her to her final resting place.”
The Complete Guide To Positive Psychology And How It Can Help You By: Nadia Khan Updated February 11, 2021 Medically Reviewed By: Avia James Are you familiar with positive psychology? If not, let's start by defining it for you: the study of human flourishing. Positive psychology is about figuring out what makes life most worth living. This definition can help you utilize your strengths and virtues to improve yourself and your life. So many people assume that psychology is all about fixing the broken things and focusing on how to repair negativity and weaknesses. And that's why those same people have trouble turning their lives around and feeling better about themselves. Sometimes you need to focus on the positives and learn how to optimize them—that is, use your strengths to your full potential. Positive Psychology Can Strengthen You And Your Community Speak With A Professional - Sign Up Today Now that you know what positive psychology means, this guide can give you all the details you may have been wondering about, as well as tips for applying the concept yourself. Psychologists, individuals, and even corporations are utilizing this approach to grow, and you can too. Read on for the eye-opening details. What Is Positive Psychology? So, you have the definition. That's a start, but it doesn't tell you everything you need to know. Positive psychology is the flip side of the psychological coin. It doesn't explain or fix everything. It is simply one method amongst many for helping humans to make the most of their lives. Applied positive psychology can be used to help people with mental health issues, such as anxiety and depression, to better cope with their issues by focusing on the things they do well or the situations that don't invoke symptoms. That being said, it doesn't mean that we don't still need treatments that address the negative effects of those disorders. They are each necessary components that work in different directions. The amazing thing about positive psychology is that it's not just for people with mental health issues they need to work through. In fact, a lot of positive psychology is about helping healthy people to continue growing and maintaining levels of happiness. Simply put, this approach can be for everyone. Is It The Same As Positive Reinforcement Psychology? Although the names are similar, positive psychology and positive reinforcement psychology are not the same things. Positive reinforcement psychology is about finding ways to correct negative behaviors. Again, that is not the purpose of positive psychology, which focuses on existing positive behaviors and conditions. Positive Psychology Can Strengthen You And Your Community Speak With A Professional - Sign Up Today Positive reinforcement psychology, on the other hand, is often applied to weed out negative behaviors by rewarding good behaviors. It can be used in conjunction with punishments for negative behaviors. This type of psychology is often applied to behavior modification for children, teaching them to make the right actions. However, many adults also use it for self-improvement, rewarding themselves when they complete a task, for instance. That's not to say these two approaches can't be utilized together. It is possible to focus on improving your life by rewarding yourself for positive behaviors. Positive Punishment Psychology Positive punishment sounds like an oxymoron, but in this case, positively does not refer to good or bad. Both positive and negative punishments are punishments. Instead, it is used more like a mathematical calculation. A positive punishment is one in which a consequence is something being added. An example of this is when you get lectured for having your phone notification go off at a work meeting. The lecture is "given to you." Negative punishment, in contrast, is when the consequence of your behavior is something being lost or taken away. For instance, instead of getting a lecture for your phone notification going off at a meeting, your boss takes away your raise because of it. Your raise has been "taken away." As you can see, positive punishment is not the same as positive reinforcement. Utilizing Positive Correlation Psychology Perhaps more effective at applying positive psychology than either positive reinforcement or punishment is a positive correlation. A positive correlation is when two things happen at the same time, or two variables move in the same direction. If we're talking about the study of positive psychology, then positive correlations become relevant in determining which behaviors are leading to increased growth, happiness, and satisfaction. For instance, if you tend to feel more rested on days that you go to sleep before 11 p.m., then going to sleep before 11 p.m. and feeling rested have a positive correlation to each other. One variable can even have positive correlations with more than one other variable. Positive Psychology Can Strengthen You And Your Community Speak With A Professional - Sign Up Today Using the same scenario above, let's additionally say that you feel more productive and better about your day when you start the day rested. Then, it would also be valid to say that going to sleep before 11 p.m. has a positive correlation with you having more productive days that make you feel better. It's important to note, however, that just because two things have a positive correlation, does not necessarily mean that one causes the other. With our sleep scenario, it seems reasonable that going to sleep before 11 p.m. leads to the results of the other variables. It is, then, plausible that they have a cause-and-effect relationship. You would then need to continue comparing the variables to see how often a correlation arises. Let's say you track your sleep for a month, as well as keeping a journal of how productive you felt at the end of each day. Twenty days that month you went to sleep before 11 p.m. Of the twenty days, fifteen of them were noted in your journal as being especially productive. That would indicate a trend that you do feel better about how your day goes when you go to sleep at that specific time. In this hypothetical scenario, you've just found something that possibly increases your happiness and leads you to flourish. And that's how positive psychology is applied. You don't need to find a one hundred percent correlation for a behavior or action to be useful for you. Unconditional Positive Regard Definition: Psychology We've gone through positive reinforcement and various types of punishments. These tend to work well for problem-focused psychology, but are less relevant to positive psychology. We've also looked at how positive correlations can be used to direct the application of positive psychology. But perhaps the most important thing you can possess if you want to use positive psychology to improve your own life is the right outlook. And that's where unconditional positive regard comes in. Here's the unconditional positive regard psychology definition: accepting and supporting a person regardless of their actions or outcomes. Counselors of various psychological philosophies often utilize this approach when helping a client or patient. Rather than looking down upon the person, they are helping with perceived weaknesses or faults; they continue expecting the best to help them get to the place where they can be better. You can use this outlook for yourself as well. The idea is that you avoid the common pitfall of putting yourself down when you fail. To grow and be happy, you need to be able to recognize that you are still a good and worthy person even if something doesn't go the way you wanted it to. It's easy to give up if you fail once and then tell yourself you're incapable or worthless. But if you bolster yourself after you fail, you can try again until you succeed, and feel good doing so. Picking Yourself Up After Failure How do you bolster yourself after a failure? One helpful method is to remind yourself of your other strengths, especially those that are related to the behavior, habit, or outcome you are trying to achieve. Here are a few other tips. Feel What You Feel Don't try to hide the fact that you feel bad after a failure. Ignoring negative emotions is not the same as overcoming them. Instead, allow yourself the time to acknowledge that you feel bad about failing, and then move on to a way to get past it. Remember That It's Normal To Fail Anything you want to be good at is going to take practice. Sure, sometimes failure means you're bad at something (though not always—there are many reasons something can fail). But practice means improvement. If you give up after failing, you'll never get the practice to become good at your goal. Embrace A Positive Mindset And here's where positive psychology and unconditional positive regard come in. After you let yourself feel what you're feeling about failure, go back to feeling good about yourself. Think about future positive outcomes. Or think about what is good about this moment, despite one failure. A More In-Depth Look At Positive Psychology Positive psychology is ultimately about the pursuit of happiness. The thing is that happiness is not always easy to quantify or replicate. What makes one person happy may not work for another. Here's what research in positive psychology has found about happiness. Martin Seligman Positive Psychology Dr. Martin Seligman is one of the first psychologists to have studied positive psychology. He did not, himself, found the study or the term, but he has applied the scientific method to positive psychology and continued to study it and be a proponent of its application. Seligman positive psychology states that three dimensions of happiness can be cultivated. Those are: 1. the pleasant life, 2. the good life, and 3. the meaningful life. The pleasant life is achieved by meeting basic human needs. Those include companionship, the needs of our bodies, and enjoying a safe environment. The good life requires a bit more mental work to achieve than the pleasant life. It is unlocked by recognizing your strengths and virtues and pursuing activities that use those to their full potential. It is about enhancing your life through the creative use of your strengths. Using your strengths to enhance your life often involves contributing to the happiness of other people, as well. In fact, multiple studies have shown that we get greater satisfaction from making others happy than from selfish pursuits. That's also where the meaningful life comes in. You have reached the meaningful life when you get a sense of satisfaction or fulfillment from making other people's lives better through the use of your unique strengths and virtues. With Seligman's view of these three dimensions of happiness, you don't need to choose personal happiness over sacrifice for the happiness of others. The three dimensions can all work together. And none of these mean ignoring reality. Positive psychology is not about a false sense of grandeur about life. It is a way to focus perspective to keep moving forward. Seligman thought that studying what makes happy people happy can help psychologists and counselors to unlock that happiness potential for others. The Positive Psychology Movement During a TED talk, Dr. Martin Seligman discusses the future of the positive psychology movement. The positive psychology movement is a scientific movement. The more the benefits of positive psychology are seen, the more researchers study this particular aspect of psychology. One of the major pillars of the positive psychology movement involves the study of happiness. Before pioneers like Seligman, psychology focused primarily on mental health problems. The issue with that is it left out tons of information about the human mind and what could potentially make people happier. Happiness is an important area of research for both healthy individuals and those experiencing depression, anxiety, chronic anger, or excessive pessimism. Once psychology researchers realized this, the movement to study more about happiness and positive psychology grew. It turned out that this was what was missing from research. Looking at what causes negative psychology is only one part of helping people to function optimally. You also need to know what can lead to happiness and growth. Applying Positive Psychology To Your Life In addition to researchers becoming more interested in the ideas of flourishing and optimal functioning, more individuals have started to look for ways to apply this new information to their own lives. Techniques for applying positive psychology concepts can work for people who are healthy as well as for people who are living with depression, and rigorous scientific research backs them. Positive Psychology Exercises If you'd like to try adding the benefits of positive psychology to your life, you can start with these exercises. Find The Funny Parts Of Your Day Did anything funny happen to you today? Or did you observe something funny happening? Write them down or relay them to someone else. A good laugh can boost your spirits, and remembering feeling amused is like getting double the happiness hormones for one event. You may also want to try finding the humorous parts of negative experiences. If you're able to laugh at yourself, it may help you to feel better. Keep A Journal Journals provide data. You don't have to be a scientist to utilize data to find positive correlations between your happiness and functioning. Once you start keeping track of things that happen and how you feel during your day, you may be able to make connections that allow you to focus your energies in the areas of your life that provide the most reward. Envision Your Positive Future You can do this by writing a future journal or just sit and imagine a future scenario. Whichever method you choose, think about a goal you're working toward, and imagine the specific ways in which you will succeed. This can help you to formulate a plan with steps and solutions. Track Your Gestures Of Kindness Count how many times each day you do something nice for someone else. Don't do this to expect anything back. Be Conscious Of Your Outlook Being happy is a choice you make. That's not to say it's easy or you can be happy all the time. But you can cultivate a positive outlook by being mindful of your feelings. When anxiety or depression starts to kick in, recognize that feeling and remind yourself that the world is a safe place. Whatever you're worried about hasn't happened yet and may never happen. Positive Psychology Exercises For Groups Positive psychology is not just for individuals. It can also be used to strengthen communities, teams, and businesses. Here are some group exercises. Name Each Other's Strengths In a meeting, have your team anonymously write down positive qualities about each other member of the team on small pieces of paper with that person's name. Have someone read each person's strengths that are written in the papers. Or separate the pieces of paper by who they're about, and have each person read their strengths aloud. It can be a huge confidence booster. Allow Team Members To Apply Their Self-Named Strengths It's also a good idea to have team members think about what they each consider to be their strengths. But don't stop there. Once they identify a personal strength, encourage each person to find a way they can apply their particular strength to tasks, in ways that benefit the group or make their part more efficient or enjoyable. Talk About What Went Well At meetings, make sure you take time to focus on what things worked. Name at least three things that went well with a project at each meeting. This can help your team to replicate positive results, as well as to help the team to feel more confident about what they do. Journals and Academic Resources Journal of Happiness Studies Journal of Well-Being Assessment American Psychologist: Special Issue on Positive Psychology, 2000 Cultivating a Positive Outlook With BetterHelp Recent research has shown that online therapy platforms can effectively administer positive psychology treatment to help those with a variety of mental health issues. In a report published in the Journal of Positive Psychology, researchers examined the benefits of online positive psychology interventions on the happiness of participants. They found that happiness levels were increased after treatment, which consisted of interventions focused on humor. These findings are in line with the bulk of current research, which points to online counseling as a valuable resource for individuals experiencing a lack of positivity that could be arising out of mental health issues. Online therapy is widely considered to be a more accessible form of treatment, as it eliminates many common barriers to receiving counseling, including geographical limitations, financial burden, and perceived stigma. As discussed above, online therapy interventions can help you focus on the positive aspects of your character and personality. With online counseling through BetterHelp, you’ll have the ability to participate in therapy from the comfort of your home (or wherever you have an internet connection). Via live chat, messaging, videoconferencing, or voice call, you’ll be able to connect with a licensed mental health professional remotely. Also, you’ll have the opportunity to reach out to your counselor outside of sessions; so, if you need to discuss something in particular, have a question, or simply want to chat, you can send a message and your therapist will get back to you as soon as possible. A qualified mental health expert can help you practice positive psychology to enhance the quality of your life. Read below for reviews of BetterHelp counselors, from those who have sought help in the past. Counselor Reviews “Mary Louise is amazing! I felt as if she was truly helping me through everything, giving me different ways to handle situations. Every time we talked I felt as if I was talking to one of my best friends. She has given me a new, positive outlook on life. I wouldn’t have been able to get through this journey without her. I am beyond thankful for everything Mary has helped me overcome. She is a blessing in disguise.” “Kate was great and very easy to talk to! I recently had serious health issues and Kate was very helpful in helping me maintain a positive outlook about my personal circumstances. Would highly recommend counselling sessions with her!” Kate Nelson-Dooley - (More reviews) You have plenty of options for finding out more about positive psychology. If you'd like help finding your strengths and increasing your happiness, you can look into the resources above—or reach out to a certified counselor with experience in positive psychology. Take the first step today. Previous Article Mary Calkins And Her Career In Psychology Next Article What Is Rationalization Psychology And How Can I Benefit from It? For Additional Help & Support With Your Concerns Speak with a Licensed Counselor Today
The Agile methodology has grown to become one of the most popular methods and series of principles for companies to follow to improve their performance. Agile methods are focused on creating value with the help of an iterative approach to handling and delivering projects. The most popular branch of the Agile methodology followed by organizations is the Scrum method. Scrum is a part of the Agile methodology focused on how companies can improve their project-based results to create meaningful deliveries of high quality. Project managers should have Scrum Master Certification if their company takes an Agile approach to ease the transition. Agile vs. Scrum is a popular topic for debate because both terms are often used interchangeably, creating misunderstanding and confusion. This article discusses Agile methodology basics and what it means in depth and what Scrum methods are. Once a clear understanding of both aspects has been established, the main points of difference, or Agile vs. Scrum, will be discussed. What is Agile? Agile is a set of principles and an overall philosophy composed of the most effective ways companies can complete their projects in a timely fashion. The core principle behind the Agile philosophy is continuous improvement. In today’s day and age, technologies keep evolving, and with them, so do the customers’ requirements. This needs to be taken into consideration because developing a new product is a long term process. A successful product is one that caters to users needs and stays relevant over time. This is difficult to achieve because the consumer demands keep changing and Agile provides the solution for this growing problem. Agile methods are focused on continuous deployment of projects to meet the consumer’s demands. Over time, based on feedback, more iterations will create a product that truly meets the user’s needs. Agile methodologies have been one of the most effective ways of tackling the problems that come with project management today. What is Scrum? Scrum methods are a subset of the Agile philosophy. Agile is a broad umbrella term that includes different methods, means, and principles that organizations can use to improve project delivery effectiveness and quality. Scrum is the most popular method in Agile to execute the methodology. It also takes an iterative approach to product planning, development, and execution. Each project comprises Scrum Teams which work in short iterations known as Sprints to complete the project. Each Sprint lasts for about two to three weeks where the Scrum Team works together in an extremely collaborative fashion to complete each iteration. The team meets regularly to discuss progress and problems and works together to solve them. Scrum teams are fairly independent and each member has ownership of their tasks. Towards the end of the sprint iteration is sent to the client for review, then feedback is to be implemented in the following iteration. Difference between Agile and Scrum Based on the points discussed above, the differences between Agile and Scrum may seem very minimal. This is often the point of confusion, leading to various organizations using the two terms interchangeably. Although the two may seem to overlap quite a bit, there are differences present. Some of the main points of difference are listed below. Agile vs. Scrum: Points of Difference • The biggest point of difference between Agile and Scrum is that Agile is a broad philosophy that is focused on improving the overall quality of project delivery. In contrast, Scrum is just a method with which the Agile philosophy can be implemented in organizations. • The second point of difference is that Agile teams and Scrum teams are different. Scrum teams work in extremely short term sprints that last for no longer than two or three weeks at most. Agile teams, even though they work iteratively, have longer iterations. • Scrum teams are fairly independent and each team member takes ownership of their tasks daily to deliver results. On the other hand, Agile teams need an Agile project manager or a coach to ensure that all the processes are being followed properly across the project’s timeline. • The main point of focus for Scrum methods is the rapid frequency with which the teams can implement changes in their product. On the other hand, Agile teams follow a slightly more rigid flow (still more flexible than the traditional Waterfall approach). • Agile teams work together cohesively to generate meaningful results with each iteration. The process of each team’s workflow is predefined and they all collaborate regularly to stay updated on the project’s process. On the other hand, scrum teams meet daily at their Standup meetings to discuss their tasks and projects. • The core objective of adopting Agile methods is to deliver high quality and workable products, software and applications that can satisfy the end user’s needs. The main objective for Scrum teams is to finish each sprint and implement new changes and features to the product with each iteration. The common goals are aligned, but the points of focus to achieve the main goal are different for Agile and Scrum. • Scrum methods are much more rapid than the overall Agile methodology, which means Scrum Teams often work with extremely tight deadlines to get their deliveries. On the other hand, Agile teams do not come with a specific timeline or short deadlines, hence work more freely than Scrum teams. • The Agile methodology is not a clearly defined set of rules and regulations. It is a philosophy and a cultural mindset that needs to be inculcated in all employees’ daily work life to ensure they have an Agile mindset and practice the Agile methodology with all the tasks they complete. Scrum is a series of methods, frameworks and principles that organizations and their teams can adopt or follow to deliver quantifiable results. • Agile takes a more holistic approach when compared to Scrum. It is an organizational philosophy that generates enterprise value and return on investment. It eliminates waste, improves the quality and benefits the end users, vendors and the organization. The Scrum method is used to simplify the project development and execution process to deliver products of a higher quality. Agile methods require organizational change to be successful whereas the Scrum methods can work in a team itself. Choosing the Right Platform Both Agile and Scrum are closely interlinked with one another. The Scrum methods are of no use if the Agile mindset is not present in the teams. The Scrum team and the Agile organization need to work together to create products most efficiently and are of the highest quality. Choosing the right platform between Scrum and Agile depends on the needs of the company. If an organization is looking for overall and holistic change, then Agile is the right choice. If the enterprise is looking for ways to improve their project planning and project delivery processes, Scrum is the answer.
10 Things You Never Knew About Bed Bugs Good night, sleep tight, don’t let the Bed Bugs bite”,- this age old rhyme may sound cute while tucking your kids into bed at night, but now it has turned out to be a frightening reality. These pesky tiny insects that feed on human blood have made a comeback and are very common than ever before. We need to get more educated and vigilant and learn everything thing we can to defend against them and in worst case scenario, prevent a bed bug infestation in our homes. These creepy parasites have a lot of secrets that you never heard of before and will make you surprised. Here are ten facts you never heard about bed bugs: 1. Bed Bugs Can Live Anywhere Most folks think bed bugs only live in hotels and motels. But the reality is that bed bugs can thrive anywhere – apartments, hospitals, college dormitories, family homes, schools, office buildings, trains, planes, buses, cars, and just about any place where humans live. In fact, it’s been reported that bed bug infestations are relatively common in single-family homes and apartments/condos with infestation rate of 89 percent and 88 percent respectively. 2. Bed Bugs Don’t Care About Cleanliness or Personal Hygiene People often say bed bugs are found only in dirty places, overcrowded cities or third world countries. That’s not true. Bed bugs are found in all towns and cities of the world. In fact, incidences of bed bug infestations are three times higher in urban areas than in the countryside. All bed bugs care about is access to lots of people. It doesn’t matter if you take a shower every day, or wash your clothes regularly. You may still have bed bugs clinging on your clothes or luggage. In short, any densely populated areas or places like high-end hotels, shopping malls, dorms, movie theaters, are all at risk of being infested with Bed Bugs. Clean places won’t deter them. See Also: The Importance of Personal Hygiene for Healthy Living 3. Bed Bugs Don’t Transmit Any Harmful Diseases Unlike mosquitoes, flies or other insects, bed bugs aren’t yet confirmed to be spreading any diseases when bitten other than itchiness and red bumps on the skin. However, doctors report that they can cause some mental problems. Some people become so obsessed and fearful of them that they can’t get good sleep for weeks, miss work, spend hours on the internet about the subject and become paranoid. Bed Bugs are also said to aggravate the symptoms of allergy and asthma patients. 4. Bed Bugs Aren’t Always Nocturnal Bed Bugs aren’t truly nocturnal creatures. It is true that most people report bed bug bites while sleeping during the night and they get scared when light, but that doesn’t mean that they won’t bite you in the daytime. Bed Bugs are opportunists and crave for blood, and if they are hungry, they will come out and bite you during the day. Even more so, bed bugs are attracted to the body warmth of humans and to the carbon dioxide we exhale. 5. Bed Bugs Are Masters in Anesthesiology Often, people wonder why they can’t feel the moment they are being bitten by bed bugs. The saliva of bed bugs works as an anesthetic which numbs the area of the bite and helps increase of blood flow in the area, making the feeding process smooth and almost painless. After the feeding process is over, the bed bugs hide for 5-10 days in secluded places to digest the blood, mate and lay eggs. Also, bed bugs typically feed for 3 -12 minutes and gain as much as six times their body weight while feeding. 6. Bed Bugs Can Survive Without Blood For Up To 550 Days Bed Bugs can live without a blood meal for days or even months. Adult bed bugs are found to survive for as long as 550 days straight without food. It’s an unbelievable feat indeed! This means they can live in your mattresses, luggage, and furniture as long as they can to get in contact with humans again. Bed bugs can survive in extreme temperatures (zero to 122 degrees) making them harder to eradicate without a professional pest control service. 7. Don’t Throw Away Your Belongings Most people say you can get rid of a bed bug infestation in your home if you throw away your bed, mattress, clothes, linens, carpets, and furniture. Well, that may help a little, but it won’t entirely help you get rid of them. The answer lies in bed bugs’ dislike of extremely high temperatures. So, exterminators use a combination steam, chemicals, and dry cleaning to destroy bed bugs in your rooms and furniture. If your clothes get infested with bed bugs, just wash them in very hot water for around half an hour to kill them. 8. Bed Bugs Are Extremely Good in Hiding Bed Bugs aren’t only smart; they are elusive too. They know when to stay out of view during the daytime and hide in the cracks and crevices in the walls, furniture joints, beds and mattresses, carpets, in picture frames, behind wallpapers and switchboards and electrical appliances. If your infestation level is low, you will miss the signs. In this case, you should consult a trained professional. Some common signs of high bedbug infestation are black fecal spots found in the bed or mattress linings, bedbug skins, or if you are lucky (or unlucky), you can find an actual bed bug. 9. Don’t Use Home Remedies to Kill Bed Bugs Don’t use any of the Do-It-Yourself bed bug eradication techniques you read on the internet. Don’t attempt to fumigate your rooms or house or use a bug bomb or a fogger even if it claims about their effectiveness. The truth is most of these remedies don’t work, and some of these methods will scatter the bed bugs to areas of your dwelling or your neighbor’s house that previously weren’t. So, it’s better to call a trained professional to help contain and deal with the problem. 10. Bed Bugs Are Here To Stay Since the 1990s, due to changes made in pesticides and insecticides regulations, lifestyle changes and the massive increase in domestic and international travel, bed bugs have made a steady comeback, and their populations have grown exponentially. Though the situation is manageable, we all have to accept the fact that bed bugs are here to stay and they will be with us every time we travel. Like this Article? Subscribe to Our Feed! Author: Roger Gonzales Roger Gonzales is a well rounded blogger who has a wide variety of interests and specializes in doing in depth research for every project. He is an expert in doing in depth market research and also a notorious blogger/writer. He provides an absolute commitment to excellence and strides to provide the best quality work possible by all means. He currently is a blogger for http://www.helpfulforhomes.com in a genuine effort to provide the best quality content to his readers.
Humans + Tech - Issue #4 Direct brain-to-brain communication, Scientists place humans in suspended animation, Gender bias in AI, Apps that are helping drug users with recovery, and Teaching kids about online privacy. Scientists demonstrate direct brain-to-brain communication in humans Robert Martone, writing for Scientific American: In a new study, technology replaces language as a means of communicating by directly linking the activity of human brains. Electrical activity from the brains of a pair of human subjects was transmitted to the brain of a third individual in the form of magnetic signals, which conveyed an instruction to perform a task in a particular manner. Overall, five groups of individuals were tested using this network, called the “BrainNet,” and, on average, they achieved greater than 80 percent accuracy in completing the task. Sounds intriguing and very futuristic so far. But, there are other aspects to consider. … the technology still raises ethical concerns, particularly because the associated technologies are advancing so rapidly. For example, could some future embodiment of a brain-to-brain network enable a sender to have a coercive effect on a receiver, altering the latter’s sense of agency? Could a brain recording from a sender contain information that might someday be extracted and infringe on that person’s privacy? Could these efforts, at some point, compromise an individual’s sense of personhood? Being able to control the brains of others raises serious privacy issues, more than any other technology. Would you be comfortable giving access to your brain to someone else? These experiments use EEGs attached to each person’s head to aid the communication. Is it possible that this technology could advance enough to be done wirelessly in the future? If so, how would we prevent others from accessing our brains? Leave a comment and let me know your thoughts—I can’t read them until this technology has matured further 😉😳😱. Go to article Scientists place humans in "suspended animation" for the first time Victor Tangermann, writing for Futurism: A team of doctors at the University of Maryland School of Medicine have placed humans in “suspended animation” for the first time as part of a trial that could enable health professionals to fix traumatic injuries such as a gunshot or stab wound that would otherwise end in death, according to a New Scientist exclusive. Suspended animation — or “emergency preservation resuscitation,” in medical parlance — involves rapidly cooling a patient’s body down to ten to 15 degrees Celsius (50 to 59 Fahrenheit) by replacing their blood with an ice-cold salt solution. These trials are only being done on people who have no other hope of survival with permission from the U.S. FDA. This procedure slows brain activity down enough to give surgeons an extra couple of hours to save the patient. The results of the trial are still unknown. Go to article 4 ways to address gender bias in AI Josh Feast, writing for the Harvard Business Review: There have been several high profile cases of gender bias, including computer vision systems for gender recognition that reported higher error rates for recognizing women, specifically those with darker skin tones. In order to produce technology that is more fair, there must be a concerted effort from researchers and machine learning teams across the industry to correct this imbalance. Fortunately, we are starting to see new work that looks at exactly how that can be accomplished. Last week, we linked to an article in the New York Times, that talked about how AI systems learning our biases through the data that we feed them. Gender bias is just one of those biases. Josh believes that we can overcome this by addressing the three causes of biases and suggests four best practices to be employed by machine learning teams to avoid gender bias. I also like his closing statements from the article: We have an obligation to create technology that is effective and fair for everyone. I believe the benefits of AI will outweigh the risks if we can address them collectively. It’s up to all practitioners and leaders in the field to collaborate, research, and develop solutions that reduce bias in AI for all. Go to article How healthcare apps are helping drug users transition from addiction to recovery Dan Matthews, writing for The Next Web: It always makes me happy when technology can be employed in useful ways to help people. Doctors are now also using deep brain stimulation to treat opioid addiction, as a last resort. Go to article Siobhan O’Flynn, writing for The Conversation If you’re a parent, this article is a must-read! Google and other big tech companies are using various dark patterns to bypass privacy regulations. Although this article talks about US and Canadian legislation, it could easily be applied to almost any country, since most of these tech companies operate globally. Let’s hope Oasis Labs’ platform can help combat this. In the meantime, here are some tips for parents on raising privacy-savvy kids and teaching them about internet privacy. Go to article Here’s a quote I’ve been thinking about: “You can take all the pictures you want, but you can never relive the moment the same way.” ― Audrey Regan, editor of Business Statistics With high-resolution cameras on most phones these days, people spend more time trying to capture the moment, rather than just enjoying it. Next time you notice something beautiful or funny, leave your phone in your pocket and just enjoy the moment. Your soul will thank you! Wish you a brilliant day, Psst … Hit the ♥️ below if you enjoyed this issue.
Driving green made easy March 25, 2014 12:00 AM As the nation becomes more conscious of sustainability and develops ways to keep the earth healthier longer, simple things like auto repair become much more important. When you take care of your vehicle, the engine works better, which inevitably diminishes the amount of fuel it needs. Additionally, when your car is in full working order, it doesn't have to work as hard to run, which could lower its carbon footprint. According to The Huffington Post, regular tune ups and oil changes are essential activities you can do to join the ongoing battle against greenhouse gas emissions. When you're taking care of your vehicle, after all, you're ensuring that your engine is clean. All of the fluids are typically updated during a tune up, as well as a the tires, and although you might not know it, these little steps can help decrease the amount of money you're spending on gas. In turn, the source noted that your car will last longer and be more energy efficient. According to How Stuff Works, you don't need to own a hybrid to drive green, and as long as you're keeping an eye on how it's running, you'll get more fuel economy and fewer emissions. Back to news
Aircraft Carrier Landing The US Navy has the twelve largest nuclear-powered fleet carriers in the world, capable of transporting around 80 fighter jets each; the total combined deck space is more than twice that of all other nations combined. In addition to the aircraft carrier fleet, they also have nine amphibious assault carriers that are used for carrying up to 20 F-35B Lightning II V/STOL fighter aircraft, as well as helicopters, and are similar in size to medium-sized fleet carriers, giving the United States 32 total active service carriers. Read more to see the precision required to land an aircraft on one of these warships. Despite launching heavier aircraft such as fixed-wing gunships and bombers, it’s currently not possible to land them. Aircraft carriers have replaced the battleship in the role of flagship of a fleet, and by sailing in international waters, it does not interfere with any territorial sovereignty, thus preventing the need for overflight authorizations from third party countries, while reducing the times and transit distances of aircraft.
Question: When Should I Use Bubble Wrap? Can bubble wrap act as insulation? Does bubble wrap keep cold out? Why is Bubble Wrap bad for the environment? Toxic Waste Until 2008, bubble wrap was made using plastic polymer film. The material is considered ecologically toxic, as it takes hundreds of years to disintegrate in landfills. What can I do with used bubble wrap? Consider reusing it, or recycling at a participating retailer that accepts plastic bags and plastic film for recycling. Does bubble wrap go in recycling? You can absolutely recycle any bubble wrap that you are not able to repurpose or reuse again however before you head out to the home recycling bin there is a few things to note about bubble wrap recycling. Bubble wrap is a soft plastic, and soft plastics are the number one contaminator in the recycling system today. What size Bubble wrap is best for insulating windows? That’s a Wrap Putting bubble wrap on windows is simple, fast, and even a little fun… Find large pieces of bubble wrap, preferably with medium to large-sized bubbles. Using scissors, cut the sheets slightly smaller than your window glass. Spray a thin film of water onto the window glass with a spray bottle. How long will bubble wrap last? seven yearsBubble wrap insulation can last up to seven years. What protection does bubble wrap provide? Bubble wrap is a great all-round protector. With air cushioning it gives a great layer of protection whether you’re wrapping lightweight items or heavy and fragile products. The various thicknesses available cater for a wide range of item sizes and weights. Why is bubble wrap a bad insulator? After applying bubble wrap insulation to your windowpane from the inside, tiny bubbles serve as a network of many insulating pockets filled with air. … Similarly, why is bubble wrap a bad insulator of heat? It is not a good thermal insulator. It does some airsealing which causes some decreases in energy use. Which bubble wrap is best? Best bubble wrap 2020Signature shipment essential: Duck Brand Bubble Wrap original protective packaging.Ship it, ship it good: Uboxes small bubble cushioning wrap.Lots of length: USPACKSHOP upkg brand small bubble cushioning wrap.Padded pouches: ABC Pack & Supply 25-pack bubble pouches.More items…• What is the R value of bubble wrap? Is bubble wrap good for insulating windows? Why do we use bubble wrap? Bubble wrap is a pliable transparent plastic material used for packing fragile items. Regularly spaced, protruding air-filled hemispheres (bubbles) provide cushioning for fragile items. … Properly, Bubble Wrap and BubbleWrap are still registered trademarks of Sealed Air. Is bubble wrap an effective insulator? Does Bubble Wrap actually work?
Skip navigation. Network Architectures and Management group Software Defined Networking (SDN) Software-Defined Networking or SDN is a relevant new term for an older paradigm of programmable networks. In summary SDN refers to the ability of writing applications to program the behavior of the network and the network devices. SDN architecture SDN framework Key elements of the SDN architecture are the separation of control and forwarding planes and open interfaces to allow programmability. On the northbound side, an interface (the northbound API) is provided to applications controlling the network devices; and on the southbound an interface (the southbound API) is provided for controllers to communicate to the network devices. Underneath the hood, the southbound interface is achieved by a definition of a common model and a protocol. The northbound interface is still under discussion. The SDN architecture is comprised of a centralized controller with full visibility of the underlying network and network devices. Our research can be classified into the following areas: 1. Control and forwarding plane separation. One of the SDN requirements is the creation of an abstraction model and a protocol to control the devices. Current protocols and models that satisfy the criteria for SDN and we're focused on are: a. ForCES - Forwarding and Control Element ForCES Separation. ForCES is an IETF working group that defines an architecture which includes a protocol, transport and model. Forces was motivated by work that the Network Processing Forum(NPF). NPF was later merged into Optical Internetworking Forum in June 2006. ForCES mainly addresses the open API/protocol that provides a clear separation between control and forwarding plane. The real strength of ForCES lies with its model that enables description of new datapath functionality without changing the protocol between control and datapath. b. OpenFlow OpenFlow is a relative new framework developed by Standford and now managed by the ONF - Open Networking Foundation initially to provide a way for researchers to run experimental protocols in the network. OpenFlow provides a protocol with which a controller may manage a static model of an OpenFlow switch. Both OpenFlow and ForCES have an abstraction model for the forwarding plane albeit a different one. We are investigating the relationship between these two protocols and models, for instance, how they relate to each other and if they need to co-exist. We have begun to develop an OpenFlow testbed for testing as well as an open distributed network element based on ForCES. Our analysis motivated us to use ForCEs model to describe an Openflow switch thus unifying the two approaches. 2. New Functionality Deployment. One of the advantages having a forwarding plane abstraction model is the ability to deploy and publish new functionalities hosted by the forwarding devices. We are interested in how ForCES and OpenFlow handles such a static or even dynamic deployment of new functionality, what is the overhead and how fast can they adapt to these changes while publishing them to the applications. 3. SDN Northbound API. The northbound API for SDN is still under discussion as the applications that take advantage of SDN vary (load-balancing, security, routing etc). One such effort is IETF's I2RS (Interface to Routing System) and another could be Netconf. ForCES through its expressiveness and flexibility of its model can also be such a candidate. Our research effort focuses initially on a definition for a flexible SDN API framework able to adapt to each application's need. 4. Network Virtualization. Network Virtualization and SDN are not synonyms terms. Network Virtualization has existed a long time before SDN in various forms such as VLANs and Tunnels. However with the increased virtualization environments in data centers, network virtualization plays and will continue to play a key role in solving various problems of the data centers, such as VM mobility, isolation, security etc. However currently creating, maintaining and updating virtual networks in such volatile environments such as a fully virtualized data center tends to be cumbersome. New network virtualization solutions have been proposed such as VxLAN, VGNRE, STT and NVO3. We are interested in how SDN and Network Virtualization interact with each other in order to provide a programmatical interface to setup and maintain virtual networks from an application. Our initial efforts have led us to a prelimenary definition of a network hypervisor in the form of ForCES elements that can be found here. For our implementation and experiments we are using a ForCES SDK (Software Developement Kit) created by Mojatatu Networks. Inquiries regarding availability of the SDK software can be made at the following email: sdk[at]mojatatu[dot]com. Additionally we have initated the developement of a ForCES DSL (Domain Specific Language) tool based on the ForCES model to allow developers to define in a more, familiar to programmers, code style ForCES libraries, output their code in the ForCES schema. The output can be used with the ForCES SDK tool and output code.
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Maintenance of the Body temporary protection against antigens to which the mother has been sensitized. Lipid Absorption Just as bile salts accelerate lipid digestion, they are also essential for the absorption of its end products. As the water-insoluble products of fat digestion—the monoglycerides and free fatty acids—are liberated by lipase activity, they quickly become as- sociated with bile salts and (a phospholipid found in bile) to form micelles (Figure 23.34 ) are col- lections of fatty elements clustered together with bile salts in such a way that the polar (hydrophilic) ends of the molecules face the water and the nonpolar portions form the core. Also nestled in the hydrophobic core are cholesterol molecules and fat-soluble vitamins. Although micelles are similar to emulsion droplets, they are much smaller “vehicles” and easily diﬀuse between mi- crovilli to come into close contact with the apical cell surface. Upon reaching the epithelial cells, the various lipid sub- stances leave the micelles and move through the lipid phase of the plasma membrane by simple diﬀusion (Figure 23.34 Without the micelles, the lipids will simply ﬂoat on the surface of the chyme (like oil on water), inaccessible to the absorptive sur- faces of the epithelial cells. Generally, fat absorption is completed in the ileum, but in the absence of bile (as might occur when a gallstone blocks the cystic duct) it happens so slowly that most of the fat passes into the large intestine and is lost in feces. Once the free fatty acids and monoglycerides enter the epithe- lial cells, the smooth ER converts them back into triglycerides. Te triglycerides are then combined with lecithin and other phos- pholipids and cholesterol, and coated with a “skin” of proteins to form water-soluble lipoprotein droplets called kronz). Tese are dispatched to the Golgi apparatus where they are processed for extrusion from the cell. Tis series of events is quite diﬀerent from the absorption of amino acids and simple sugars, which pass through the epithelial cells unchanged. Te milky-white chylomicrons are too large to pass through either the plasma membrane of the epithelial cell or the base- ment membrane of a blood capillary. Instead, the chylomicron- containing vesicles migrate to the basolateral membrane and are extruded by exocytosis (Figure 23.34 ). Tey then enter the more permeable lacteals. Tus, most fat enters the lymphatic stream for distribution in the lymph. Eventually the chylomi- crons are emptied into the venous blood in the neck region via the thoracic duct, which drains the digestive viscera. While in the bloodstream, the triglycerides of the chylomi- crons are hydrolyzed to free fatty acids and glycerol by tein lipase , an enzyme associated with capillary endothelium. Te fatty acids and glycerol can then pass through the capillary walls to be used by tissue cells for energy or stored as fats in adi- pose tissue. Liver cells then combine the residual chylomicron material with proteins, and these “new” lipoproteins are used to transport cholesterol in the blood. Passage of short-chain fatty acids is quite diﬀerent from what we have just described. Tese fat breakdown products do not depend on the presence of bile salts or micelles and are not re- combined to form triglycerides within the intestinal cells. Tey simply diﬀuse into the portal blood for distribution. food materials (largely plant ﬁbers such as cellulose), and millions of bacteria. Tis debris is passed on to the large intestine. ±o understand absorption, remember that the ﬂuid mosaic structure of the plasma membrane dictates that nonpolar sub- stances, which can dissolve in the lipid core of the membrane, can be absorbed passively, and that polar substances must be absorbed by carrier mechanisms. Most nutrients are absorbed through the mucosa of the intestinal villi by active transport processes driven directly or indirectly (secondarily) by meta- bolic energy (A±P). Tey then enter the capillary blood in the villus to be transported in the hepatic portal vein to the liver. Te exception is some lipid digestion products, which are ab- sorbed passively by diﬀusion and then enter the lacteal in the villus to be carried via lymphatic ﬂuid to the blood. Because tight junctions join the epithelial cells of the intestinal mucosa at their apical surfaces, substances cannot move cells for the most part. Consequently, materials must pass through the epithelial cells and into the interstitial ﬂuid abutting their baso- lateral membranes to enter the blood capillaries. As we describe the absorption of each nutrient class, you may want to refer to the absorption summary on the right-hand side of Figure 23.32 (p. 893). Carbohydrate Absorption Glucose and galactose, liberated by the breakdown of starch and disaccharides, are shuttled by secondary active transport with into the epithelial cells (Figure 23.35) . Tey then move out of these cells by facilitated diﬀusion and pass into the capil- laries via intercellular cle²s. By contrast, fructose moves entirely by facilitated diﬀusion (to enter and exit the cells). Protein Absorption Several types of carriers transport the diﬀerent amino acids re- sulting from protein digestion. Most of these carriers, like those for glucose and galactose, are coupled to the active transport of sodium (see Figure 23.33 ). Short chains of two or three amino acids (dipeptides and tripeptides, respectively) are ac- tively absorbed by H -dependent cotransport. Tey are di- gested to their amino acids within the epithelial cells. Te amino acids enter the capillary blood by diﬀusion (Figure 23.33 Homeostatic Imbalance proteins are not usually absorbed, but in rare cases intact proteins are taken up by endocytosis and released on the oppo- site side of the epithelial cell by exocytosis. Tis process is most common in newborn infants, reﬂecting the immaturity of their intestinal mucosa (gastric acid secretion does not reach normal levels until weeks a²er birth, and the mucosa is leakier than it is later.) Absorption of whole proteins accounts for many early food allergies: Te immune system “sees” the intact proteins as antigenic and mounts an attack. Tese allergies usually disap- pear as the mucosa matures. Tis mechanism may also provide a route for IgA antibod- ies in breast milk to reach an infant’s bloodstream. Tese anti- bodies confer some passive immunity on the infant, providing previous page 930 Human Anatomy and Physiology (9th ed ) 2012 read online next page 932 Human Anatomy and Physiology (9th ed ) 2012 read online Home Toggle text on/off
Gardening: The Rose Bush Roses are beautiful flowers that adorn any garden and are a popular landscaping plant for gardens all around the world. It has been a part of gardening since ancient times when they were first grown for their beauty and fragrant scent and were also used for medicinal purposes. The rose bush is a perennial flower belonging to the family Rosa,in the family Rosa-Lamiaceae,or the rose it bears. There are about three hundred and fifty known species and hundreds of cultivars,although most are common garden roses. They range in height from one foot up to twelve feet. Rose bushes are very attractive blooms,but not all roses are suitable to have growing in your yard as some are prone to disease and can spread their roots into the surrounding soil causing havoc to the environment. Roses are susceptible to black rot and diseases and other diseases that are caused by fungi. One type of fungus called Pythium which is anaerobic. This means it lives without oxygen and needs air. It spreads its spores through the plant and can also live within a flower blossom or on the bark. If you want a strong rose bush and are looking for a great ornamental rose plant that will bloom year after year,go for a sturdy rose bush. To keep your plant roses strong,you need to provide proper lighting and watering. You also need to prune the plant regularly. The best way to prune the plant is not as hard as you might think. You need to cut the stem back slightly and then work the cut edges against the stem to break the fibres so that new growth can grow where the cuts were made. You can prune the branches of a rose bush by trimming back the leaves and branches that you don’t require. Pruning the rose bushes once or twice a year is essential to ensure they are healthy. If you are new to planting roses and don’t want to be in the garden for very long,go for a short sized bush and then prune it in spring and again in autumn.
In this tree I first forgot you For a fair-haired child Who climbed before me. He held a secret to be hidden In the looming Hollow yew. Soon he left the churchyard, glowing Blessed lifelong By the golden bloom. That’s when I stole from him this sorrow And heavy hearted Hid it higher, out of reach, To spare him from tomorrow’s gloom. SAMUEL MOSELEY WEBB \| Yew \| south Wales What is the tree when it’s no longer a tree?” Is it just me, or does this question have the ring of a metaphysical riddle? Answers spring to mind like, “it’s an echo in the forest”, or “it’s Theseus’ ship!” But they don’t do the yew’s story justice. Many moons ago, yew was considered a sacred tree among Hittites, Celts, Germanic tribes and the Japanese. What other tree can claim the paradox of lethal poison (note what’s in Macbeth’s witches’ cauldron brew) and cancer cure (the key ingredient of the breakthrough chemotherapy drug, Docetaxel, was discovered in yew’s needle-like leaves in the 1980s)? One of the biggest yew mysteries today is the question, “how old are the oldest yews?” It’s been a matter of debate since the 18th century when naturalists started recording trees’ girth and location. Nearly everyone agrees yews are the oldest trees in Britain – very few can agree exactly how old that is. And that’s because the yew has some fascinating biological characteristics. Yews grow very, very slowly – prioritising root growth above all. They send out adventitious buds from anywhere, trunk, branch or stem. They sucker new roots from branches that touch the ground (known as branch layering). But the yew has one particular trait that captured my imagination – hollowing. Many species of British tree begin to hollow when they reach old age. While it might take many more years to die, this marks the beginning of those trees’ senescence. But with yews, it’s different – the hollowing is a part of a unique process of regeneration. As the heartwood of the trunk rots away, remarkably, a yew can grow new roots down through the hollowing trunk. Over hundreds of years it becomes a new trunk. Astounded? What’s more, this is one of the main reasons it’s impossible to carbon-date or take accurate ring-counts of the oldest yews to determine their age However, the implication of yews’ hollowing is clear, and we must accept two things. First, we cannot accurately know the age of the oldest yews. Second, the process of hollowing and regrowth means we cannot rule out this organism’s ability to regenerate itself—indefinitely. What is the tree when it is no longer a tree? Humans in the distant past considered yews a symbol of death, regeneration and immortality. Perhaps, with a sphinx-like smile, in the case of yews we should rephrase the question. When is the tree no longer a tree?
Trisha Shetty (Editor) Portable media player Updated on Share on FacebookTweet on TwitterShare on LinkedInShare on Reddit Portable media player A portable media player (PMP) or digital audio player (DAP) is a portable consumer electronics device capable of storing and playing digital media such as audio, images, and video files. The data is typically stored on a CD, DVD, flash memory, microdrive, or hard drive. Most portable media players are equipped with a 3.5 mm headphone jack, which users can plug headphones into, or connect to a boombox or hifi system. In contrast, analog portable audio players play music from non-digital media that use analog signal storage, such as cassette tapes or vinyl records. Often mobile digital audio players are marketed and sold as "portable MP3 players", even if they also support other file formats and media types. Increasing sales of smartphones and tablet computers have led to a decline in sales of portable media players, leading to some devices being phased out, though flagship devices like the Apple iPod and Sony Walkman are still in production. Portable DVD players are still manufactured by brands across the world. British scientist Kane Kramer invented the first digital audio player, which he called the IXI. His 1979 prototypes were capable of approximately one hour of audio playback but did not enter commercial production. His UK patent application was not filed until 1981 and was issued in 1985 in the UK and 1987 in the US. However, in 1988 Kramer's failure to raise the £60,000 required to renew the patent meant it entering the public domain, but he still owns the designs. Apple Inc. hired Kramer as a consultant and presented his work as an example of prior art in the field of digital audio players during their litigation with almost two decades later. In 2008 Apple acknowledged Kramer as the Inventor of the Digital audio player In 1996 AT&T developed the FlashPAC digital audio player which initially utilized AT&T Perceptual Audio Coding (PAC) for music compression, but in 1997 switched to AAC. At about the same time AT&T also developed an internal Web based music streaming service that had the ability to download music to FlashPAC. AAC and such music downloading services later formed the foundation for the Apple iPod and iTunes. Advanced Multimedia Products The first MP3 player was developed in the early 1990s by Frauenhofer, but this player was unsuccessful. In 1997 Tomislav Uzelac of Advanced Multimedia Products invented the AMP MP3 Playback Engine, which is recognized as the first successful MP3 Player. SaeHan/Eiger MPMan The first portable MP3 player was launched in 1997 by Saehan Information Systems, which sold its “MPMan” player in Asia in spring 1998. In mid-1998, the South Korean company licensed the players for North American distribution to Eiger Labs, which rebranded them as the EigerMan F10 and F20. The flash-based players were available in 32 MB or 64 MB (6 or 12 songs) storage capacity and had a LCD screen to tell the user the song currently playing. The Audible Player Diamond Rio The Rio PMP300 from Diamond Multimedia was introduced in September 1998, a few months after the MPMan, and also featured a 32 MB storage capacity. It was a success during the holiday season, with sales exceeding expectations. Interest and investment in digital music were subsequently spurred from it. Because of the player's notoriety as the target of a major lawsuit, the Rio is erroneously assumed to be the first digital audio player. HanGo Personal Jukebox Creative NOMAD Jukebox Cowon iAUDIO CW100 Archos Jukebox Apple iPod Archos Jukebox Multimedia In 2002, Archos released the first "portable media player" (PMP), the Archos Jukebox Multimedia with a little 1.5" color screen. Manufacturers have since implemented abilities to view images and play videos into their devices. The next year, Archos released another multimedia jukebox, the AV300, with a 3.8" screen and a 20GB hard drive. In 2004, Microsoft attempted to take advantage of the growing PMP market by launching the Portable Media Center (PMC) platform. It was introduced at the 2004 Consumer Electronics Show with the announcement of the Zen Portable Media Center, which was co-developed by Creative. The Microsoft Zune series would later be based on the Gigabeat S, one of the PMC-implemented players. SanDisk Sansa Mobile phones Samsung SPH-M2100, the first mobile phone with built-in MP3 player was produced in South Korea in August 1999. Samsung SPH-M100 (UpRoar) launched in 2000 was the first cell phone to have MP3 music capabilities in the U.S. market. The innovation spread rapidly across the globe and by 2005, more than half of all music sold in South Korea was sold directly to mobile phones and all major handset makers in the world had released MP3 playing phones. By 2006, more MP3 playing mobile phones were sold than all stand-alone MP3 players put together. The rapid rise of the media player in phones was quoted by Apple as a primary reason for developing the iPhone. In 2007, the installed base of phones that could play media was over 1 billion. Digital audio players are generally categorized by storage media: • Networked audio players: Players that connect via (WiFi) network to receive and play audio. These types of units typically do not have any local storage of their own and must rely on a server, typically a personal computer also on the same network, to provide the audio files for playback. • Typical features PMPs are capable of playing digital audio, images, and/or video. Usually, a color liquid crystal display (LCD) or organic light-emitting diode (OLED) screen is used as a display for PMPs that have a screen. Various players include the ability to record video, usually with the aid of optional accessories or cables, and audio, with a built-in microphone or from a line out cable or FM tuner. Some players include readers for memory cards, which are advertised to equip players with extra storage or transferring media. In some players, features of a personal organizer are emulated, or support for video games, like the iriver clix (through compatibility of Adobe Flash Lite) or the PlayStation Portable, is included. Only mid-range to high-end players support "savestating" for power-off (i.e. leaves off song/video in progress similar to tape-based media). Audio playback Image viewing Video playback Internet access Last position memory Common audio formats There are three categories of audio formats: • Uncompressed PCM audio: Most players can also play uncompressed PCM in a container such as WAV or AIFF. • Lossless audio formats: These formats maintain the Hi-fi quality of every song or disc. These are the ones used by CDs, many people recommend the use of lossless audio formats to preserve the CD quality in audio files on a desktop. Some of them are: Apple Lossless (proprietary format) and FLAC (Royalties free) are increasingly popular formats for lossless compression, which maintain the Hi-fi quality. • There are also royalty free lossy formats like Vorbis for general music and Speex and Opus used for voice recordings. When "ripping" music from CDs, many people recommend the use of lossless audio formats to preserve the CD quality in audio files on a desktop, and to transcode the music to lossy compression formats when they are copied to a portable player. The formats supported by a particular audio player depends upon its firmware; sometimes a firmware update adds more formats. MP3 and AAC are dominant formats, and are almost universally supported. MP3 is a proprietary format; manufacturers must pay a small royalty to be allowed to support it. • Storage • Interface • Screen • Radio • Other features Digital signal processing A growing number of portable media players are including audio processing chips that allow digital effects like 3D audio effects, dynamic range compression and equalization of the frequency response. Some devices adjust loudness based on Fletcher–Munson curves. Some media players are used with Noise-cancelling headphones that use Active noise reduction to remove background noise. De-noise mode De-noise mode is an alternative to Active noise reduction. It provides for relatively noise-free listening to audio in a noisy environment. In this mode, audio intelligibility is improved due to selective gain reduction of the ambient noise. This method splits external signals into frequency components by "filterbank" (according to the peculiarities of human perception of specific frequencies) and processing them using adaptive audio compressors. Operation thresholds in adaptive audio compressors (in contrast to “ordinary” compressors) are regulated depending on ambient noise levels for each specific bandwidth. Reshaping of the processed signal from adaptive compressor outputs is realized in a synthesis filterbank. This method improves the intelligibility of speech signals and music. The best effect is obtained while listening to audio in the environment with constant noise (in trains, automobiles, planes), or in environments with fluctuating noise level (e.g. in a metro). Improvement of signal intelligibility in condition of ambient noise allows users to hear audio well and preserve hearing ability, in contrast to regular volume amplification. Natural mode Natural mode is characterized by subjective effect of balance of different frequency sounds, regardless of level of distortion, appearing in the reproduction device. It is also regardless of personal user’s ability to perceive specific sound frequencies (excluding obvious hearing loss). The natural effect is obtained due to special sound processing algorithm (i.e. «formula of subjective equalization of frequency-response function»). Its principle is to assess frequency response function (FRF) of mediaplayer or any other sound reproduction device, in accordance with audibility threshold in silence (subjective for each person), and to apply gain modifying factor. The factor is determined with the help of integrated function to test audibility threshold: the program generates tone signals (with divergent oscillations – from minimum volume 30–45 Hz to maximum volume appr. 16 kHz), and user assess their subjective audibility. The principle is similar to in situ audiometry, used in medicine to prescribe a hearing aid. However, the results of test may be used to a limited extent as far as FRF of sound devices depends on reproduction volume. It means correction coefficient should be determined several times – for various signal strengths, which is not a particular problem from a practical standpoint. Sound around mode Sound around mode allows for real time overlapping of music and the sounds surrounding the listener in her environment, which are captured by a microphone and mixed into the audio signal. As a result, the user may hear playing music and external sounds of the environment at the same time. This can increase user safety (especially in big cities and busy streets), as a user can hear a mugger following her or hear an oncoming car. Lawsuit with RIAA The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) filed a lawsuit in late 1998 against Diamond Multimedia for its Rio players, alleging that the device encouraged copying music illegally. But Diamond won a legal victory on the shoulders of the Sony Corp. v. Universal City Studios case and DAPs were legally ruled as electronic devices. Risk of hearing damage According to the Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks, the risk of hearing damage from digital audio players depends on both sound level and listening time. The listening habits of most users are unlikely to cause hearing loss, but some people are putting their hearing at risk, because they set the volume control very high or listen to music at high levels for many hours per day. Such listening habits may result in temporary or permanent hearing loss, tinnitus, and difficulties understanding speech in noisy environments. The World Health Organization warns that increasing use of headphones and earphones puts 1.1 billion teenagers and young adults at risk of hearing loss due to unsafe use of personal audio devices. Many smartphones and personal media players are sold with earphones that do a poor job of blocking ambient noise, leading some users to turn up the volume to the maximum level to drown out street noise. People listening to their media players on crowded commutes sometimes play music at high volumes feel a sense of separation, freedom and escape from their surroundings. The World Health Organization recommends that "the highest permissible level of noise exposure in the workplace is 85 dB up to a maximum of eight hours per day" and time in "nightclubs, bars and sporting events" should be limited because they can expose patrons to noise levels of 100 dB. The report states Teenagers and young people can better protect their hearing by keeping the volume down on personal audio devices, wearing earplugs when visiting noisy venues, and using carefully fitted, and, if possible, noise-cancelling earphones/headphones. They can also limit the time spent engaged in noisy activities by taking short listening breaks and restricting the daily use of personal audio devices to less than one hour. With the help of smartphone apps, they can monitor safe listening levels. The report also recommends that governments raise awareness of hearing loss, and to recommend people visit a hearing specialist if they experience symptoms of hearing loss, which include pain, ringing or buzzing in the ears. A study by the National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health found that employees at bars, nightclubs or other music venues were exposed to noise levels above the internationally recommended limits of 82-85 dB(A per eight hours. This growing phenomena has led to the coining of the term music-induced hearing loss, which includes hearing loss as a result of overexposure to music on personal media players. FCC issues Some MP3 players have electromagnet transmitters, as well as receivers. Lots of MP3 players have built-in FM radios, but FM transmitters aren't usually built-in due to liability of transmitter feedback from simultaneous transmission and reception of FM. Also, certain features like Wi-Fi and Bluetooth can interfere with professional-grade communications systems such as airplanes at airports. Portable media player Wikipedia Similar Topics Riccardo Caraglia Santa Claus Robert A Clifford
Sunday, September 30, 2018 10 Strategies to Strengthen Instruction and Learning When I think back to my training to become a teacher, there were some reasonably consistent norms. These consisted of sound classroom management, listing the learning objectives, and developing a lesson plan. I still can’t believe how much time and focus there was on how to manage a classroom effectively. When it came to the lesson plan piece, many of my colleagues and I in the Northeastern United States were educated in the Instructional Theory Into Practice Model (ITIP) developed by Madeline Hunter. For many years this framework was the lay of the land in schools when it came to direct instruction. Many of the original tenets still have merit today. As a realist, there is still value in direct instruction. In his meta-analysis of over 300 research studies, John Hattie found that direct instruction has above average gains when it comes to student results, specifically an effect size of 0.59. Another meta-analysis on over 400 studies indicated strong positive results (Stockard et al., 2018). The effectiveness of this pedagogical technique relies on it being only a small component of a lesson. The rule of thumb during my days as a principal was for my teachers to limit any lecture component. Direct Instruction should be designed so that learners can construct (induce) concepts and generalizations. For example, lessons can be divided into short exercises (two to four minutes) on slightly different but related topics. This sustains children's interest level and facilitates children's synthesizing knowledge from different activities into a larger whole. We now live and work in different times. Technology, the pursuit of innovation, and advancements in research have fundamentally changed the learning culture in many schools for the better. As I have conducted thousands of walk-throughs in schools, I am always looking at the convergence of instruction and learning. To me, instruction is what the adult does whereas learning is what the student does. There is some gray area here, but the overall goal is to continually grow by taking a critical lens to practice with the goal of improving learning outcomes for kids. With this being said, I have gone back to the ITIP Model and adapted it a bit. Some items remain, while a few others have been added. Standards-aligned learning target These frame the lesson from the students' point of view and are presented as “I can” or “I will” statements. They help kids grasp the lesson's purpose—why it is crucial to learn this concept, on this day, and in this way. Targets help to create an environment where kids exhibit more ownership over their learning. Critical questions framed from the lens of the learner include: 1. Why is this idea, topic, or subject vital for me to learn and understand so that I can do this? 2. How will I show that I can do this, and how well will I have to do it? 3. What will I be able to do when I've finished this lesson? Anticipatory set Anticipatory set is used to prepare learners for the lesson or task by setting their minds for instruction or learning. This is achieved by asking a question, adding a relevant context, or making statements to pique interest, create mental images, review information, and initiate the learning process. A good do-now activity can accomplish this. Review prior learning Research in cognitive science has shown that eliciting prior understandings is a necessary component of the learning process. Research also has shown that expert learners are much more adept at the transfer of learning than novices and that practice in the transfer of learning is required in good instruction (Bransford, Brown, and Cocking 2000). A pedagogical strategy where the teacher or student(s), demonstrates how to complete tasks and activities related to the learning target. Check for understanding Specific points during the lesson or task when the teacher checks to see if the students understand the concept or steps and how to enact them to achieve the target. It clarifies the purpose of the learning, can be leveraged as a mechanism for feedback and can provide valuable information that can be used to modify the lesson. Guided practice is when the students engage in learning target activities under the guidance of a support system that can assure success. Independent practice is when the kids practice and reinforce what they learn after they are capable of performing the target without support. Authentic application of learning REAL learning in the classroom empowers students to manipulate the material to solve problems, answer questions, formulate questions of their own, discuss, explain, debate, or brainstorm. These activities deemphasize direct instruction and can include discussion questions and group exercises, as well as problem-posing and -solving sessions, to get the concepts across in a meaningful and memorable way. Pedagogical techniques such as personalized, blended and project-based learning as well as differentiated instruction and student agency can lead to greater ownership amongst learners. Learning increases when lessons are concluded in a manner that helps students organize and remember the point of the lesson. Closure draws attention to the end of the lesson, helps students organize their learning, reinforces the significant points of the lesson, allows students to practice what is learned, and provides an opportunity for feedback and review. Verbal and non-verbal means to justify a grade, establish criteria for improvement, provide motivation for the next assessment, reinforce good work, and act as a catalyst for reflection. Feedback is valuable when it is received, understood and acted on (Nicol, 2010). How students analyze, discuss and act on feedback is as important as the quality of the feedback itself. Make sure it is Timely, specific to standard(s) and concept(s), constructive and meaningful. For more strategies on how to improve feedback click HERE Well-designed assessment sets clear expectations, establishes a reasonable workload (one that does not push students into rote reproductive approaches to study), and provides opportunities for students to self-monitor, rehearse, practice and receive feedback. Assessment is an integral component of a coherent educational experience. Not all of these strategies will be implemented in every lesson nor should they. However, each provides a lens to look at practice and make needed changes that can lead to better outcomes. It should also be noted that technology represents a natural pedagogical fit that can be used to implement these strategies with enhanced fidelity. Make the time to reflect daily as to where you are to get to where your learners want and need you to be. Stockard, Jean & W. Wood, Timothy & Coughlin, Cristy & Rasplica Khoury, Caitlin. (2018). The Effectiveness of Direct Instruction Curricula: A Meta-Analysis of a Half Century of Research. Review of Educational Research: 88(4). Sunday, September 23, 2018 The Pivotal Role Movement Plays in Learning More blood means more energy and oxygen, which makes our brain perform better.” – Justin Rhodes Spending time in schools as a leadership and learning coach has been some of the most gratifying work I have done. The best part is the conversations that I get to have with learners, especially at the elementary level. These always leave me invigorated and remind me why I became a teacher many years ago. Then there is the practicality of being able to work with both administrators and teachers at the ground level to improve pedagogy and, in turn, student outcomes. From this lens, I get to truly see the seeds of change germinate into real shifts in practice. It also provides me with an opportunity to reflect on what I see and my take on how the field of education can continue to evolve in ways that better support the needs of all learners. Case in point. Recently I was conducting learning walks in Edward K. Downing Elementary School with principal Marcos Lopez as part of some broader work in Ector County ISD. As we entered, the lesson was about to conclude. The teacher had the students engaged in a closure activity to demonstrate an understanding of multiplication concepts in math. After the exit tickets were all turned in the teacher had all the students participate in a brain break activity. Each kid was instructed to get up, walk around the room, and find a partner who was not in their pre-assigned seating groups. They were then instructed to compete in several games of rock-paper-scissors with various peers. After some heightened physical activity and fun, the lesson then transitioned to a do-now activity where students completed a science table to review prior learning. At first, I was enamored by the concept of brain breaks. As a result, I did a little digging into the concept. Numerous studies have found that without breaks students have higher instances of inappropriate classroom behavior. Not only did Elisabeth Trambley (2017) do a fantastic literature review of these, but she also conducted her own research study to determine the impact of brain breaks on behavior. She found that once the breaks were implemented the inappropriate behavior diminished, establishing a functional relationship between breaks and classroom behavior. The concept of brain breaks got me thinking about a growing trend in education – as kids progress through the K-12 system, there is less and less movement. I have seen this firsthand in schools across the globe. Let’s look into this a little more closely. Research reviewed by Elisabeth Trambley, Jacob Sattelmair & John Ratey (2009), and Kristy Ford (2016) all conclude how both recess and physical activity lead to improved learning outcomes. To go even a bit deeper, studies have found that movement improves overall learning as well as test scores, skills, and content knowledge in core subjects such as mathematics and reading fluency as well as increases student interest and motivation (Adams-Blair & Oliver, 2011; Braniff, 2011; Vazou et al., 2012; Erwin, Fedewa, & Ahn, 2013; Browning et al., 2014). The bottom line is not only is physical education an absolute must in the K-12 curriculum, but schools need to do more to ensure that movement is being integrated into all classes. Need more proof on how important movement is? All one has to do for this is to turn to science. The brain needs regular stimulation to properly function and this can come in the form of exercise or movement. Based on what is now known about the brain, this has been shown to be an effective cognitive strategy to improve memory and retrieval, strengthen learning, and enhance motivation among all learners. The images below help to reinforce this point. Click HERE to view the research study. Science and research compel all educators to integrate more movement into the school day. Below is a short list of simple ideas to make this a reality. • Add more recess not just in elementary, but in middle school as well. • Intentionally incorporate activities into each lesson regardless of the age of your students. Build in the time but don’t let the activity dictate what you are going to do. You need to read your learners and be flexible to determine the most appropriate activity. • Implement short brain breaks from 30 seconds to 2 minutes in length every 20 minutes, or so that incorporate physical activity. If technology is available utilize GoNoodle, which is very popular as students rotate between stations in a blended learning environment. If not, no sweat. A practical activity can simply be getting students to walk in place or stand up and perform stretching routines. • Ensure every student is enrolled in physical education during the school day. Don’t look at kids moving in class as a break or poor use of instructional time. As research has shown, movement is an essential component of learning. If the goal is to help kids be better learners, then we have to be better at getting them up and moving in school. Adams-Blair H., Oliver G. (2011). Daily classroom movement: Physical activity integration into the classroom. International Journal of Health, Wellness, & Society, 1 (3), 147–154. Braniff C. (2011). Perceptions of an active classroom: Exploration of movement and collaboration with fourth grade students. Networks: An On-line Journal for Teacher Research, 13 (1). Browning C., Edson A.J., Kimani P., Aslan-Tutak F. (2014). Mathematical content knowledge for teaching elementary mathematics: A focus on geometry and measurement. Mathematics Enthusiast, 11 (2), 333–383. Erwin H., Fedewa A., Ahn S. (2013). Student academic performance outcomes of a classroom physical activity intervention: A pilot study. International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education, 5 (2), 109–124. Sunday, September 16, 2018 5 Strategies to Create a Culture of Accountability for Growth Sunday, September 9, 2018 The Purpose of Content When I think back to my days as a learner, the content seemed to be at the forefront of every class. Whether it was disseminated during a lecture in college, through direct instruction in K-12, or at times consumed from a textbook or encyclopedia, it was everywhere. The more I think about it; content was predominately the focus in every class. Day in and day out a repetitive cycle ensued in most classes where my classmates and I were given information and then tasked with demonstrating what we learned, or in a few cases, constructing new knowledge. The bottom line is that I, like many other students at the time, did school and never really questioned the means or process. In the end, it was about passing the test plain and simple. Now I am not saying that content is not valuable or not needed as a basis to move from low to high-level learning. It goes without saying that a certain amount of content is required like learning letters and numbers to be able to move to different levels of knowledge construction in language arts and mathematics respectively. But let’s face it, as learners progress through the system, content, and knowledge for that matter can be easily accessed using a variety of mobile devices. This then begs the question – how relevant is content really in a knowledge-based economy that continues to evolve exponentially thanks to advances in technology? When reflecting on the last question in the paragraph above, I think about the following quote from Steve Revington, “Content without purpose is only trivia.” Learners today are not as compliant or conforming as many of us were back in the day nor should they be. Whether we are talking about authentic or relevant learning, kids inherently want to know what the higher purpose is and who can blame them. When content has a purpose and is applied in relevant ways to construct new knowledge, learners will be able to tell you: • What they learned • Why the learned it • How they will use it both in and out of school A lesson, project, or activity that is relevant and has purpose allows learners to use both the content and their knowledge to tackle real-world problems that have more than one solution. The shift here is key. Engagement for learning empowers kids to put knowledge to use, not just acquire it for its own sake. Many yearn for and deserve to use content and acquired knowledge to solve complex, real-world problems and create projects, designs, and other works for use in real-world situations. The value in content relies on how it is applied to develop thinking in a purposeful way further. Being a whiz at trivia might help as a contestant on Jeopardy but has little value in the game of life. The stakes are now higher, which means we must take a critical lens to our work to grow and improve. Helping our learners find greater purpose is something I think we can all agree on and will benefit them well into the future. Sunday, September 2, 2018 Who Should Facilitate Professional Learning? Have you ever paid money to go and watch a professional sporting event, play, or musical? Your answer is probably a resounding yes. If you are like me, then you have gone too many times to count and have lost track. What drives you to spend money and attend these events? More than likely you go to watch the athletes compete or artists perform. In some cases, you participated in these activities at a certain level during your lifetime. Or maybe you are just passionate about and moved by, how the experience makes you feel. Regardless of your rationale, it is essential to understand that there is so much going on behind the scenes leading up to the culminating event that you pay to watch. Let me focus the rest of my point on professional sports. For countless hours each athlete is coached, taught, and guided by numerous individuals who have some direct experience in the sport. These individuals either excelled at some level, whether professional or collegiate, or they are a master teacher when it comes to knowledge, ideas, and strategy as to how to take a group of individuals and help them succeed as a team. The majority of these coaches possess a track record of success and the evidence to back it up. Why else would these people be employed to coach in the first place? The kicker here though is that many of these coaches have not played the game in years, even decades. Take Nick Saban for example. Currently, he is paid millions of dollars (a little over eleven to be exact) as the head coach of the Alabama Crimson Tide football team. As the head coach, he ultimately calls the shots while training both players and assistant coaches alike. He has had unprecedented success developing players and building a football dynasty that others hope to emulate yet has not played a single snap of collegiate football since 1972 when he was on the team at Kent State University. Right after graduating in 1973 he became an assistant coach at Kent State. Approximately 45 years later he is still at it. This begs the question, which we all know the answer. Had not playing the game in decades hindered his ability to help others achieve impressive results? There is often a debate in physical and virtual spaces about who should facilitate professional learning for educators. I see and appreciate the points from both sides. Many people want current practitioners who can directly relate to either the content or responsibilities of the position. In a perfect world this would be great as well as ideal, but just like it is unrealistic for current players to coach, the same can be said for practicing educators, especially when the research has shown that on-going, job-embedded professional learning is what leads to improved learning outcomes. Quality professional learning takes time and goes well beyond one and done. It involves a critical lens, lack of bias, modeling, and meaningful feedback to drive growth. Saban was a smart player who initially played offense but was later moved to defense. He was also part of a championship team during his playing days and has led teams he has coached to six college championships. The point here is that experience and outcomes matter. That is what all educators expect and deserve when it comes to professional learning. The key is to find the right consultants to help move you forward. When investing in any professional learning options do your research! Below are some questions that might help you with this: • How does the organization or consultant’s experience align with our intended outcomes? It is crucial that each have the appropriate experiences to facilitate the work. • Does the organization or consultant have evidence of success when it comes to improving outcomes? What criteria make them the best to facilitate the work? Just like I did a Google search on Nick Saban, you can do the same when it comes to companies and consultants. • How can an outsider’s view move us forward by helping us see what we are missing? It is often difficult to move beyond internal bias. Sometimes a different relationship and lens are needed to move systems forward. This is where outside consultants can help. • Is the intended work aligned to research and evidence on what works? In more blunt terms, have they implemented what they are going to train you on? Effective professional learning moves beyond the fluff and broad claims. Effective Professional Learning Important decisions have to be made when it comes to facilitating professional learning whether it is a workshop, keynote, or something more intensive like job-embedded coaching. As goals and outcomes are fleshed out, it is then incumbent to determine who is best to oversee the work, whether it is a practicing educator, in-house personnel, or an outside consultant. The lesson learned from the story of Nick Saban is that it behooves us not just to write someone off because they are not currently in a classroom or working in a school. Substance matters. Context matters. Experience matters. Professional learning is and should be an experience, not just an event. Satisfaction lies not only in having a message that resonates but how the work leads to improvements in teaching, learning, and leadership that are supported by a broad base of research and backed up by actual evidence of better outcomes. Don’t be so quick to judge based on someone’s current position. Do your homework and take a critical lens to their body of work to find the best fit to facilitate professional learning.
▷ Pigeons: The Bird That Can Live Up To 30 Years Every day dozens of pigeons can be seen in the streets. Some fear them, others adore them, and finally, some decide to have a pigeon as a pet. But is it as simple as it seems to raise and care for a pigeon? Types of pigeons Moor’s head Wild pigeon Wild pigeon Wood Pigeon Wood Pigeon Zurita pigeon Zurita pigeon European turtle dove Turkish turtle dove Turkish turtle dove Laughing turtledove Laughing turtledove Spotted turtle dove Spotted turtle dove What exactly are pigeons like? Pigeons have had a close relationship with humans for many years. With its 32 cm long, from beak to tail, and a weight of 0.35 kg ., This animal has been used as a carrier pigeon, as a symbol of peace, and as a faithful companion for human beings. It is an animal whose behavior is usually calm. The most normal thing is that the ones that are seen in the cities are the rock pigeon, a species that is believed to be in danger of its purity due to the multiple crossings it has suffered over the years. Despite being an animal that does not respond to threats from humans, the same cannot be said of other animals. When there is food in between, they are very violent with each other or with other smaller birds, such as pigeons. This has caused a large decline in some species of some birds, including the pigeons themselves. Many believe that they also have a very “heavy” character because when someone feeds them, they like to follow that person in search of more food or go to the area where they were fed to get more food. For this reason, they were prohibited in many cities to feed them. Is it advisable to breed several pigeons together? In some countries, such as the United States, pigeons are raised from birth in lofts that are located on some buildings. Although these in recent years are disappearing. At first, pigeons that have been raised in captivity do not usually have the violent feeling of hurting other companions when trying to get food. However, some species of pigeons have a dominant gene, so it is not surprising that when the two species mix they end up facing each other. But they don’t just fight over food. Two male pigeons can end up facing each other for trying to match a female. Similarly, two female pigeons could fight to get the attention of a single male. So you have to choose the sex of the pigeon very carefully before putting them together in a cage. How can you tell the sex of a pigeon? Not all birds are so easy to distinguish. In the case of pigeons, what you have to do is look at the genitals. For example, females have the exit of the left oviduct similar to a ridged mouth of a large diameter, especially if they have previously laid an egg. In the case of males, they have two small red beaks in the area, 1 to 3 mm long. But after laying eggs, it is possible to determine the sex of the young. An example is that most of the time, the first egg that the female lays is that of the male, with a success rate of no more than 50 %. If the egg is more pointed at one end, this means that it is male. The reason is that being the first, the dilation of the cloaca costs more, which is why it has such a characteristic shape. In the case of having a pigeon and not knowing its sex from the genital organs, the two fingers at the end can be joined. In the case that these are the same, it will mean that it is a female, but if they are of different lengths, it will mean that it is a male. When they are young, it is a little easier to differentiate their sex. According to experts, after seven days of life, the roundest chicks are females due to their “sexuality”. But the most famous trick is to wait until the pigeon is three or four weeks old. The chick is placed on the hand, holding its legs, and the chick is gently stretched by the beak. In the case of raising the tail, it is a female, but if the tail is raised, it is a male. This system has a 99% success rate compared to other methods. Seeing your body shape and behavior also helps you figure out your gender. As in most birds, the males are slightly larger than the females, having a more robust body and a different head shape. Also, the sound made by males is longer and they open their tails in a semicircle at the mating season, while females puff up their plumage. But when it comes to behavior, males often peck at the heads of females, which helps to distinguish them when they are in a large group. How should the pigeon cage be? Ideally, the pigeon should be raised in a loft, but not everyone has enough space for it. So you have to raise them in a cage or a modular loft if you want to have different birds. Although, if you have a large garden, you can build a large home loft to keep all the birds inside. In the case of a single pigeon, a 60 × 50 cage will suffice, 50 × 50 in the case of a pigeon. They should have enough space for you to move your wings. Although if you have enough space, a 100 × 60 loft is better so that you can move inside it. pigeons bird cage If you are going to dedicate yourself to breeding, the loft will be large enough to have an apartment for the pigeons that are going to be raised, the youngsters, a third for the males that have been widowed, and another for the females. This will avoid fights and problems with the youngsters while they are growing. It is necessary to place both grids that separate the different compartments and with the floor, as well as on the walls. The grates should not have very large holes. It is not that the pigeons are going to escape, but if the material of this is not very good if they can tear it little by little with their legs to try to flee. Once the loft has been chosen, you have to start decorating the interior so that the pigeon feels comfortable inside. Lots of perches are needed, as pigeons really like to perch on you. It is best to remove the ones that come in the cage, since they are not of very good quality, and buy a flat hanger 6 cm long, another made of rope cloth about 2 cm in diameter, and several wooden hangers. All these perches must be located at different heights so that the pigeon exercises within the pigeon. Under no circumstances should mirrors or objects that can reflect be placed inside, as this seriously damages the vision of the pigeons and makes them very nervous. Near the cage, if the pigeon is going to spend a long time inside, an ionizer and air filter must be installed, which will help to collect the fine dust that the pigeons expel and that can irritate the lungs of people when coming into contact with these birds in your loft. Pigeons are an animal that lives in warm temperatures, between 18 and 24 degrees, or 65 and 75ºF. For this reason, you will have to install some device that allows you to control the temperature of the area where the pigeon is so that it does not die from frozen or from heat. When summer arrives, a small fountain can be installed inside the loft for the pigeon to cool off. If there are several pigeons in the loft, then you must have at least two. But if the pigeons are trained, you can take them out and let them cool off by themselves in the garden fountain, then they will go back to the cage by themselves. Choosing to have the cage outside is the best, but whether you are at home or away from it, it is advisable to cover the floor with newspaper or something similar to help make the task of cleaning the base of the loft easier. Deciding which pigeons to breed is difficult, as this will require the construction of a nest. There are many tutorials on the net, and you can even find artificial nests, but the best thing is to give the pigeons everything they may need inside the loft so that they can place it themselves. To make their task easier, inside the loft there should be a few bricks up high since there will be where they will place their nest. The drinker must be large, installed outside the cage, and with a large capacity so that the pigeon always has water at its disposal. Although the water will have to be changed very often, especially in summer, since pigeons do not like hot water. Where should you locate the loft? Locating a bird like a pigeon can be a real headache. If you only have one, you have to place it in a quiet room where no one is going to disturb it. You have to leave food and water for three weeks and stop from time to time to see how it is, but without manipulating or disturbing it, because they are easily stressed when being in an unfamiliar environment. After this time, you may already be able to establish direct contact with her. Already accustomed to the human being, it is best to place her in a room where social life is carried out so that she interacts with the environment. It must be in an area wherein the morning the sun rays slightly but it is also a warm area at night so that it does not get cold, as one of the main causes of death of these animals is death by freezing. At all costs avoid putting them near lamps or televisions, because, like most birds, the flashes that these devices give off are harmful to the eyes and this could cause the pigeon to become violent. In the case of having other animals, special care must be taken that the pigeon is within their reach. Yes, many pigeons get along well with cats and dogs, but these are usually cases in which the pigeon has had contact with the animal since birth. However, when acquiring an older specimen, it is better to be cautious. If you are thinking of installing a loft outside, just look for an area that is neither very warm in the morning nor very cold at night. Assemble the loft, give him the necessary toys so that he can entertain himself inside and that’s it. You should avoid light areas such as outdoor lamps or that are located near roads, as the sound of traffic can make you nervous. It is best to opt for the back garden. What do pigeons eat? Many mistakenly believe that pigeons feed on breadcrumbs. A bad habit created by humans when feeding these animals in the park. But the truth is that this is the last thing these birds should eat. As a general rule, domestic pigeons have to be fed with a mixture of different types of cereals, legumes, and oilseeds, although they can also be given other types of food. As a general rule, pigeons eat around 30 gr. grain daily, an amount that can increase during their breeding season, both in food and water. Special care must be taken with the quantity since pigeons tend to get fat quickly, so the quantity of food must be weighed so that it is just and necessary. Like all animals, pigeons require a daily diet, in just the right amount. But if it cannot be fed daily, it is better to make a small feeding system with which the pigeon eats the right amount day by day inside the loft. It must be taken into account that pigeons go through many phases throughout their lives, especially if they are raised with other birds of the same species, which requires that at each moment of this they be given special food for that stage. Sometimes it is not easy, as in the case of pigeons. Chicks are usually separated from their parents or nurses when they are 25 days old, more or less. This is when they begin to feed on their first grains. The problem is that they are very vulnerable, so access to feeders and drinkers must be made easy for them so that they can easily find the place to feed. It is possible that during the first days it is necessary to help them to eat if it is seen that they are not doing it for themselves so that they learn. Now, what kind of food should be given to the pigeons? Cereals: Wheat is the basic food of these birds, with a nutritional value of 76%. Wheat grains have to be plump, regardless of their fatness, having a reddish color. In times when the pigeon has a lot of wear and tear, it is advisable to bet on this type of food. Dari should be second on the list, with a food value of 80%. It is also known by the name of sorghum and is one of the favorite foods of pigeons. Of course, one of the foods that most help pigeons must not be forgotten; barley. With a food value of 74%, this food helps digestion and rest the digestive system. It has to be heavy and short. It is also good to feed it with oats, with a nutritional value of 63.50%, since its minerals help them to stay healthy, as well as being convenient for the birds’ rest periods. From time to time it is also good to feed them a little rice for its food value of 82%. Legumes: Although legumes cannot be the basis of the diet for pigeons, they are necessary since they are rich in albumins, a substance that transforms and develops the muscle and feathers of pigeons. They are especially necessary during the growth of the young. Broad beans and peas, with a nutritional value of over 70%, are just what they need to aid in evacuation especially if one notices that the pigeon is constipated. From time to time it is good to feed the bird one of these foods to help its digestive system to function properly. In the case of choosing the carob to feed the pigeon, you have to choose those that are gray in color, due to their small size. Although they can also be given a little medium size. Lentils are also very good for their food value of 73.6%. It is best if they are brown or dark brick in color since they are the ones that provide the body with the most nutrients. Oilseeds: Actually, this type of food should be used as a supplement and not as a food, since excessive consumption of this can affect the liver of the pigeon. But it is important for its great nutritional value. Among those that can be given to pigeons are hemp, rapeseed, and flax, with a nutritional value greater than 30%. All these must be given in small quantities, since pigeons do not ingest them very well, despite how healthy they are for them. Consuming too much can cause digestive problems such as diarrhea. It is also good to give them some sunflower seeds, but that the grains are striated and small in size. How should pigeon feed be distributed? As previously mentioned, the feeding of pigeons will depend on the stage of their life in which they are. If the pigeon is a newcomer or is a pigeon, it is necessary to mix in a 1 kg. 25% legumes (especially peas, carob beans, and lentils), along with 30% corn, 25% wheat, 5% barley, and 15% are. All this well mixed must be fed in the right amount (not exceeding 30% daily). How they will also need oilseeds to stay healthy, you have to give them 5% of these with their diet. Once the chicks have grown a little, with 10 days, the legumes can be increased to 40% of the total amount, but if it is in the weaning process it shouldn’t exceed 25% of the total. At the end of the summer, they will begin with the feather molt, their diet must be composed of 25% legumes (especially beans and peas) with 65% bowls of cereal (corresponding to 30% corn, 25% wheat, and a 10% root) and 10% oilseeds such as sunflower. But when winter is over, which is the end of their molt, their diet should be made up of 10% legumes, 80% bowls of cereal, and 10% oilseeds. At this time of year, it is best to feed them once a day. What other foods can be given to pigeons? Indeed, it is not highly recommended to give food to pigeons as bread, but there is another series of foods that are very good for pigeons, due to their nutrients and minerals. One of these is vegetables. In their natural state, pigeons are granivorous, but they also eat vegetables. In this case, their diet is based on leaves, tender stems, and some flowers that start with their beak. When keeping them in captivity, give them at least once a week some tender vegetables that are previously chopped. The most normal thing is to feed them with grated lettuce or carrot because they are the easiest to digest. Besides, they help prevent worms and weakening of the eyes. The garlic, which has always been considered a food with multiple benefits for the body, is also very good for pigeons. Thanks to its high content of sodium, sulfur, and ether, it helps prevent heart, lung, and blood pressure problems and fight against parasites. Of course, you only have to give them a clove of garlic, well minced, a week. At most two. The lemon, which is usually not highly recommended for many animals, whether it is for pigeons. Especially it must be supplied when the pigeon is sick since the vitamin C it contains helps them fight fatigue, cold, or fight any disease. It is best to squeeze the lemon into the water so that the pigeons can drink it. The honey completes this list of annexes’ food for pigeons. It is one of the most effective remedies to help treat diseases in pigeons, especially when they suffer from bronchial or throat problems. It is a food that should be given to the pigeons throughout the year, in small quantities, especially during the shedding season so that their feathers look shiny. The diseases of pigeons That the pigeon gets sick does not mean that it is a bad caregiver, since some may have a hereditary disease or have “caught” it by a virus. The most common that pigeons can have are: • Paramyxovirus: It is a virus that infects pigeons. One of the main symptoms is that pigeons drink a lot of water, while they eat very little. Their droppings are watery and over time their wings and legs become paralyzed. They tend to walk backward and present blindness. It is a deadly infection for pigeons. • Salmonellosis: It is also known as paratyphosis. The pigeon suffers from an intestinal infection, although other organs such as the liver or kidneys are also affected. It especially affects newborn chicks that suffer from stunted or thinning growth. • Trichomoniasis: Due to this disease, pigeons lose their vitality, having little desire to fly. Their stools are watery and their throats are red. It is a disease that can affect both adult pigeons and young pigeons. In the case of the latter, an oblique infection is detected in which abscesses form that can spread to their internal organs. • Ascaridiosis: During the disease, pigeons may present droppings of different consistencies. The appetite at the beginning of the disease will increase, but it will decrease progressively due to the worms that it will have inside. So you have to help her expel them. • Smallpox: The symptoms that a pigeon can suffer from the disease will depend on the form in which it is presented. If it is in the “quatene” form, smallpox develops due to the passage of the outer skin to the mucosa in the area of the eyes and the beak, but it can also appear on the legs. Removing this smallpox must be avoided at all costs. • Contagious rimitis: The lead begins to sneeze and suffer the discharge of a nasal fluid that in more severe cases can be viscous and yellow-brown in color. Little by little, you will lose your appetite and the desire to drink water. It will also not shed its skin and it will not fly. Also, the pigeon will scratch its head and nose, keeping its beak open. If the disease is advanced, its deposits will be whitish in color. Is it advisable to leave the pigeon loose around the house? Deciding whether or not to let the pigeon loose around the house is an important decision. They are very scary animals, and although they have become used to being related to people, it is possible that they do not cope very well with moving around the home. Due to its large size, it is not as easy as letting a parakeet or other small bird loose. She may feel overwhelmed by not having enough space to move her wings through the hallways in the room. If you are going to take it out, it better be from the outside, but with a small string that connects it to its owner so that it does not escape, since at first, it may try to escape. Gaining the trust of the pigeons is a matter of time, so you have to be very patient. Paint and ring the dove? Generally, the painting on the feathers of the pigeons is a symbol that the pigeons have participated in some contest, although many owners decide to paint them a little so that they can be distinguished from the others because they decide that they are released throughout the day to interact with other birds for exercise. It is a good idea if you choose to let it fly around the city or the countryside. Now there is the next part: the ring. The ring is usually used to identify pigeons by a number, although it can also serve to inform that they have an owner. The pigeon must be ringed when they are chicks, between 6 and 8 days old. To do this, the three front fingers have to be joined, they are inserted into the mouth of the ring, and it is passed gently without damaging the animal’s leg. The pigeon will already grow with the ring on its leg and will hardly pay attention to it. Rings can be a very useful symbol of pigeon recognition for newbies who have decided to have several at home. As a general rule, the information on the ring has the identification of the breeder and its year of birth, but by buying different colors you can differentiate the males from the females or decide which ones are going to be for competition, for breeding, or for simply take captive. What are the steps to follow to train a pigeon? Training a pigeon is not impossible, but it does require constant work. Especially if what you are looking for is for it to participate in competitions. To start training, wait for the first wing feather to change. With this, the training can begin. The first thing is to fly for a kilometer, accompanied by another pigeon that has already flown previously. You have to repeat this process several times until she can do it alone. fliying pigeons With the first step of your training completed, it’s time to double the distance, up to two kilometers. Although she is already used to flying alone, it is good to accompany her with another pigeon, or group of pigeons. With the third time, you have to increase the distance to 5 kilometers, again being able to go alone or with someone. In this way, you have to increase the amount of distance, always double the previous one, until you can travel 100 kilometers. The number of times you cover the same distance is at the discretion of your trainer. Some pigeons learn quickly and do not need to repeat the same distance several times. But when they are long distances, the best thing is that they get used to it little by little, and especially that the first time they are accompanied so that they have a guide on the journey. Is there a trick to be successful? According to experts in the field, a series of requirements must be met: • One month before starting training, the pigeon must have started to fly in the loft, about 10 minutes in the morning and another 10 minutes in the afternoon, without stopping. • Subsequently, in the 15 days following the month of this exercise, the flight time must be increased to 30 minutes in the morning and afternoon. • Having already gotten used to this flight time, it is when the loft must be opened for the pigeons to fly. They must be fed when they return. • The best time to release the pigeons is in the morning, at 7, while in the afternoon it is best to be around four. The hours can be varied, but they are the best times of the day for them to go flying. Pigeon mating, what is there to know? Although the best thing for two pigeons to mate and have young is to leave them to their free will, if you want to “manipulate” the process a bit, there are certain tricks that can be used. The first of all is to choose a male and a female that do not have defects that could impair the breed. You have to check that they are well dewormed with Vermidel S for the interior and with negubon for the interior. Also, give 1/8 of a tablet of Decuazol. Ready, they should be placed in a separate cage when they show mating indications, such as the male running after the female or both stroking each other. You have to prepare a nest for the male to place in it, and another for the female. When the first signs of “heat” appear, the female must be placed in the male’s nest. If it has been successful, 8 days after mating they will lay the first egg. The chick will be born at 18 days, and it is time to start working with it. Once it is 8 days old, it must be ringed, to differentiate it from the rest. After 22 days, you have to start lowering it to the ground in the morning and return it to the nest in the afternoon. From 23/24 days, the chick must learn to eat only from the feeder, with a little help from its breeder, because it may continue looking for its mother to feed. That same day it is good to raise it to the roof of the dovecote or the house so that it knows everything that surrounds it. pigeons in love With 25 days it is time to separate it from its parents’ loft and put it in the pigeon-house, where it will be during the day. In the afternoon it must be returned to its parents’ loft so that they can help it feed. But if the animal is already capable of feeding on its own, it can be definitively transferred to the pigeon loft. Between 30 and 35 days of life, the pigeon must be able to leave by itself through the loft window and return when it wishes. More or less this is when you have to start evaluating the training of this bird. Blog specialized in exotic birds
Book, Cultures, Kids and reading, Library, reading, Summer Fun Good morning guys, Now you already know that I am a great fan of all of you reading books so that you can learn so much more. Remember that in the pages of a book you can be anyone you want to be. You can be an astronaut, a princess, a king, a nurse or doctor. Why you can even be a deep sea diver or an animal trainer! There’s another great advantage to reading books. You get to meet other kids and people from around the world. I wonder what a child about 9 years old living in South Africa or Japan does first thing in the morning when it’s time to get ready for school. Are their schools like our schools? Do they eat fun snacks and go to the movies like some of us here do? Does a teenager in other lands have graduation ceremonies like our graduating teens do? How do they dress and why do they dress the way that they do? I’m sure that kids from other places around the world ask the same questions about us. Kinder hängen an Linie als Trennlinie Dekoration Hi there. Meet me in the pages of a book. You know how to get your answers? Sure you do! Read a book from the library about other cultures. Cultures, that an interesting word. What does it mean? Well, I looked it up in a book called the dictionary. A dictionary has thousands of words in it with their different meanings. Cultures in short means: “the customs, social institutions and achievements of a particular nation.” So, when you pick up a book about people in Haiti or Egypt, you read about what they do and why they do as they do. It’s great to read a book guys! Let’s continue to enjoy our Summer with trips, fun activities, picnics, swimming, and more. But please remember there’s more fun in the pages of a book than most anywhere else. Check out about other kids around the world before the Summer ends. You’ll love it. See ya,
A Brief History of Video Game Music Andy B. Posted on 2/12/2019Last Modified: 2/12/2019 Video game music has developed simultaneously with the advancements of its surrounding technology, whether it is through improvements in the technology used to compose the music, or the technology with which it is received. With video game music essentially only being around 50 years old, it is crazy to think how far it has come. Today we’ll discuss how the technology used to compose video game music has improved, and what that has meant for the music that’s now able to be created. Early video game music and its technology flourished in Japan in the early seventies. Companies like Capcom helped pave the way with early systems found in popular arcade games, with female composers such as Manami Matsumae and Yoko Shunamura playing a huge part in the development of the sound. The music was written for the Nintendo Famicom (or the Nintendo NES in the West). It was a hard and laborious task, with each individual note having to be programmed incessantly, and to cap it all off, the system only had three individual channels! However, it is often said that limitations breed creativity, and out of this movement, the music for Mega Man, Street Fighter and many more games were created. This sounded like music we now know as Chiptune and 8-bit, and was hugely influenced by Classical Composers such as J.S. Bach. His music, especially the works for keyboards, often had only 3 parts, but involved counterpoint, which is the interplay of individual elements to create an overall musical texture. This can be heard in early 8-bit music too – listen to the original themes for a lot of your favourite games from this era; you’ll hear a bass line, melody and a line in the middle that keeps interest. As you can tell, this was a step forward than the basic bleeps and bloops of earlier systems! As the music developed, dynamic soundtracks started to become the norm – they took the music and communicated information in the game to the listener. A vast majority of this music was made via digital synthesis, which is the attempted replication, or creation, of sounds through electronic means. Computers were able to harness much more power than that of Eighties, and were therefore able to accommodate large-scale synthesised scores, allowing composers to express themselves in new ways, creating more dynamic pieces of music. Composers like Nobo Uematsu (Final Fantasy) and Yuzo Koshiro (Streets of Rage) wrote for consoles such as the Commodore Amiga, Sony MegaDrive, and more, all of which featured more advanced soundchips. However, there was still a significant lack of memory in these systems, and the music they created was very minimal, with repeated riffs and rhythms, electro-style basslines and trance-like sounds. 2000s – Today There’s been an incredible improvement in the power of today’s technology for musical creation. Computers are now able to handle terrifically large-scale projects, able to store and replicate the sound of orchestra through samples. They can play the parts themselves as if they are the orchestra, and there it’ll be. They can emulate vintage synthesisers in their software and even have access to digital guitar amplifiers. Basically, anything the composer can hear, they should be able to produce it in their software – there’s so much scope to be creative now, and it’s near impossible to NOT be able to create a sound. With this, the audio-visual experience of playing a videogame has dramatically increased; there’s been an explosion in the types of genres found in games, and the introduction of Dolby Digital Software (what they use in Cinema to create an immersive experience) into the gaming realm has meant film composers such as Brian Tyler, Trent Reznor and more can be found composing for games. An increase in budget for the development of a game means that the audio team can record a full orchestra and bring the Hollywood experience to a smaller, but arguably more immersive, experience of a videogame. The increase in memory available on a system means that players can essentially choose their own soundtrack; the score can develop as they play it. Think about it for a second – from the 1970s, with only three lines of music able to be written, to today, where we can actually write too much music that we are leaving it up to the choice of the player. All of this allows for the creators of video games in today’s industry to further draw you in and send you on a journey. As technology has improved, so has the music, but the imagination of the original developers remains the same. We are seeing a return to the more nostalgic sounds of Chiptune in some games, and but more experimental modes of composition in others. I’m looking forward to the next fifty years – who knows how it’ll sound then! Andy B. Comments 0 0 / 10
@article {340, title = {The history of South American tropical precipitation for the past 25,000 years}, journal = {Science}, volume = {291}, year = {2001}, note = {id: 369; Baker, P A Seltzer, G O Fritz, S C Dunbar, R B Grove, M J Tapia, P M Cross, S L Rowe, H D Broda, J P New York, N.Y. Science. 2001 Jan 26;291(5504):640-3.}, pages = {640-3}, abstract = {Long sediment cores recovered from the deep portions of Lake Titicaca are used to reconstruct the precipitation history of tropical South America for the past 25,000 years. Lake Titicaca was a deep, fresh, and continuously overflowing lake during the last glacial stage, from before 25,000 to 15,000 calibrated years before the present (cal yr B.P.), signifying that during the last glacial maximum (LGM), the Altiplano of Bolivia and Peru and much of the Amazon basin were wetter than today. The LGM in this part of the Andes is dated at 21,000 cal yr B.P., approximately coincident with the global LGM. Maximum aridity and lowest lake level occurred in the early and middle Holocene (8000 to 5500 cal yr B.P.) during a time of low summer insolation. Today, rising levels of Lake Titicaca and wet conditions in Amazonia are correlated with anomalously cold sea-surface temperatures in the northern equatorial Atlantic. Likewise, during the deglacial and Holocene periods, there were several millennial-scale wet phases on the Altiplano and in Amazonia that coincided with anomalously cold periods in the equatorial and high-latitude North Atlantic, such as the Younger Dryas.}, issn = {0036-8075 (Print) 0036-8075 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1126/science.291.5504.640}, author = {Baker, P. A. and Seltzer, G. O. and Fritz, S. C. and Dunbar, R. B. and Grove, M. J. and Tapia, P. M. and Cross, S. L. and Rowe, H. D. and Broda, J. P.} }
How Alt-Text is Helping Differently Abled Users in Web Accessibility? \| QA InfoTech Web accessibility is gaining momentum. However, significant portions of the population are still unable to access the Internet given the lack of accessibility implementation in digital solutions. Organizations are herein looking for a holistic approach to ensure the application’s readiness for responsive web accessibility, both from compliance and end user standpoints. Of the varied parameters that are critical to achieve web accessibility, Alt-Text is an important one that is often a low hanging fruit, which if addressed well, goes a long way in the improving access to one and all, especially the visually disabled. What is alt text and where it is used? Alt-text, in simple terms, is an alternative text, that is part of the HTML code, to explain the appearance and function of a given image on a page. It is mainly used in the following scenarios: When an image file cannot be loaded To give a context for images improving searchability for crawlers, enabling proper indexing To enable access of photos/images/pictures, for the differently abled, especially the visually impaired end-users, allowing them to understand and visualize them, when screen readers read out the alternative text For example, when you look at the HTML code of the below image, the alt tag represents the alt text, which clears helps anyone understand the image without having to see the same. <img src=”pancakes.png” alt=”Stack of blueberry pancakes with powdered sugar”> Embracing Alt Text: If alt-text is so straightforward to implement and the benefits are huge, why isn’t it adopted in all digital solutions. The reasons are quite straightforward that organizations should work towards in making this a core engineering requirement: 1. Often engineering teams are not sensitized towards alt-text; the lack of awareness if one of the main reasons for non-adoption 2. The alt-text may not always be easy to provide. The actual content should be correct both from the image and its contextual use standpoints. For example, instead of a pancake, if the alt-text was included as “cake”, it is a no brainer that it is incorrect. Sometimes though, the content may be correct from the image standpoint but may fail from a context standpoint. This is where manual and automated checks to ensure alt-text relevance is important, and we at QA InfoTech are leveraging technologies such as AI and ML for reliable automated solutions 3. The fear that accessibility takes time to implement or that re-engineering is not easy. Both these are myths which again takes us back to point #1 on sensitizing teams on the need for and the implementation aspects of accessibility. Herein, we have been training several organizations on accessibility testing and engineering, enabling them on the path to global access. Alt-text when understood well and implemented with buy in from all stakeholders, goes a long way in boosting an application’s accessibility maturity. Imagine the number of images in an application that can now be well understood by the visually disabled, improving user experiences manifold. About the Author
Today we honor the achievements of Martin Luther King, Jr. Dr. King was a highly influential figure in the civil rights movement and instrumental in the passage of legislation outlawing discrimination in public accommodations, facilities, employment and voting. Dr. King was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1964. We celebrate his message which is as relevant today as it was in the 1960s.
Quick Answer: What Are The Effects Of The Reign Of Terror? What were some consequences of the reign of terror? What were some consequences of the Reign of Terror. Thousands were killed and people of all classes became weary of the terror. Shifted from a radical left to a conservative right.. What were the causes and effects of the reign of terror? The Reign of Terror was a period of violence during the French Revolution emanating from conflicts between the Girondins and the Jacobins. … Although the Girondins were against the monarchy, they aspired to protect their position and viewed the complete decimation of the monarchy as a threat to their power and influence. What happened after the reign of terror? The Reign of Terror was at an end. In the aftermath of the coup, the Committee of Public Safety lost its authority, the prisons were emptied, and the French Revolution became decidedly less radical. The Directory that followed saw a return to bourgeois values, corruption, and military failure. Was the reign of terror justified thesis? The Reign of Terror was not justified. This claim can be supported by looking at the external threats, internal threats, and methods used. The external threat was not serious enough to justify the Reign of Terror. They denied legal representation to people, they would just kill them on the spot. What does Justified mean? to show (an act, claim, statement, etc.) to be just or right: The end does not always justify the means. to defend or uphold as warranted or well-grounded: Don’t try to justify his rudeness. Theology. to declare innocent or guiltless; absolve; acquit. What does reign of terror mean? a period of the French Revolution, from about March, 1793, to July, 1794, during which many persons were ruthlessly executed by the ruling faction. (lowercase) any period or situation of ruthless administration or oppression. Why was Reign of Terror important? What were the main causes of the reign of terror quizlet? Terms in this set (6)Great fear. The fear of the third estate that the first estate will send their army to come kill them and the first estate feared that the third estate was going to come kill them so it caused a great fear.Declaration of rights of man. … Women’s march. … Louis runs. … European monarchs. … Jacobins. Were the excesses of the French Revolution justified? The excesses of the French Revolution were not justified because many things that happened to the third estate by King Louis XVI were uncalled for and unjust. … I believe the French Revolution could have been avoided if the King and Queen would have made wiser decisions and treated ALL of “their people” equally. What was the effect of the reign of terror on the French Revolution? Reign of Terror: A period of violence during the French Revolution incited by conflict between two rival political factions, the Girondins and the Jacobins, and marked by mass executions of “the enemies of the revolution.” The death toll ranged in the tens of thousands, with 16,594 executed by guillotine and another … Why was the reign of terror justified? The first reason why the Reign of Terror was justified is that it brought a democracy to the French people; A democracy that had freed the French people from a monarchy that was going to destroy the common folk by crushing them with starvation, tensions between the common folk, nobles , and the church. How far was the reign of terror appropriate? Answer. Answer: The Reign of Terror (5 September 1793 – 28 July 1794) or simply The Terror (French: la Terreur) was a period of about 11 months during the French Revolution. During this time, French people who did not support the revolution were executed at the guillotine. Why was the reign of terror bad? The Reign of Terror was a dark and violent period of time during the French Revolution. Radicals took control of the revolutionary government. They arrested and executed anyone who they suspected might not be loyal to the revolution. The French Revolution had begun four years earlier with the Storming of the Bastille. Which period of France is known as Reign of Terror and why? The period from 1793 to 1794 was referred to as the ‘Reign of Terror’ because of the following reasons: Maximilian Robespierre followed a policy of severe control and punishment. Any person who did not agree with his policies was guillotined. What were the main causes of the Reign of Terror in France? Historians are divided about the onset and causes of the Terror, however, the revolutionary war, fears of foreign invasion, rumours about counter-revolutionary activity, assassination plots and zealots in the government were all contributing factors. Was the reign of terror a necessary evil? The reign of Terror was a necessary evil in the sense that it warded off the internal Revolutionary enemies such as the clergy, nobility and Royalists who were offended by the revolutionary developments as the Civil Constitution of the Clergy and Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen.
Chitradurga Knowledge Guide Legend of Onake Obavva During the reign of Madakari Nayaka, the town of Chitradurga was besieged by the troops of Hyder Ali. A chance sighting of a woman entering the Chitradurga fort through an opening in the rocks led to a clever plan by Hyder Ali to send his soldiers through the hole. The guard on duty near that hole had gone home for lunch. The wife of that guard, Obavva was passing by the hole to collect water, when she noticed soldiers emerging out of this opening. Obavva was not perturbed. She was carrying with her an Onake (a long wooden club meant for pounding paddy grains). She killed Hyder Ali's soldiers one by one as they attempted to enter the fort through the opening and quietly moved the dead. Over a short period of time hundreds of soldiers entered and fell, without raising any suspicion. Obavva's husband, upon his return from his lunch was shocked to see Obavva standing with a blood stained Onake and hundreds of dead bodies of the enemy around her. Together both wife and husband beat up most of the soldiers. But as both of them were about to finish off all the soldiers of Hyder Ali, Obavva dies. The opening in the rocks still remains as a historical witness for the story, beside The Tanniru doni the well which Obavva was making her way to, when she found the soldieres of Hyder Ali. Though her brave attempt saved the fort on that occasion, Madakari Nayaka could not repel Hyder Ali's attack in 1779. In the ensuing battle, the fort of Chitradurga was lost to Hyder Ali. Obavva, like Kittur Rani Chennamma remains a legend, especially to the women of Karnataka.
COVID-19 mRNA vaccine, the BNT162b2 candidate The principle of mRNA therapeutics is to introduce therapeutic messenger (m) RNAs encoding the genetic information for a protein, into a cell of interest. The mRNA structure is designed to increase half-life, translation and protein functionality. The mRNA synthesis is made by in vitro transcription using a linear DNA template, which provides more than 500 copies of mRNA per template. They promote a transient expression of the encoded protein/antigen, and are degraded into nucleotides, without the formation of toxic metabolites. Since mRNA is highly sensitive, it gets degraded after a short-time, with no risk of genomic integration. This one process can be used to manufacture essentially any mRNA sequence. The raw reaction mixture has mRNA and all types of impurities, both process-related (T7 RNA polymerase, remaining building blocks, hydrolyzed DNA…), and product-related impurities (break-off transcripts, side products…), that need to be further purified with high affinity chromatographic methods. Once purified RNA is obtained, the therapeutic is ready to deliver to the patient. BioNTech together with their partner Pfizer and FosunPharma, managed to do all this in a record time of 84 days to develop a COVID-19 vaccine. Their scientists designed multiple antigen variants using the SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) protein. Next, they ran preclinical and toxicology evaluation tests in vitro and in vivo (e.g., in vitro expression data, antibody titers in animal models, pseudo-virus neutralization (pVN) assay in animal models), so they could discover the most active antigen and bring it into the clinic. Also, using their Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) facilities they produced small scale batches for fast entry into the clinic to demonstrate safety, tolerability (i.e., low reactogenicity), and immunogenicity. Afterwards, they initiated clinical trials, where not one but four vaccine candidates were simultaneously studied, in order identify the safest and most effective candidate for further development. In parallel, there was already preparation of larger manufacturing batches of the candidate with the best output in the clinical studies; and, the identification of collaboration partners to develop and provide the vaccine worldwide (Pfizer, FosunPharma). BioNTech and Pfizer studied three mRNA types during all Phase I/II studies, to evaluate safety and efficacy. The basis for such studies was that different types of mRNA vaccines lead to different responses. As such, vaccine prototype (1) was a Uridine mRNA (uRNA) with strong intrinsic adjuvant effect, strong antibody response, that stimulates the production of more CD8+T cells then CD4+T cells. Vaccine prototype (2) was a Nucleoside-modified mRNA (modRNA), with a moderate intrinsic adjuvant effect, very strong antibody response, lower cytokine induction, that stimulates more CD4+T cells then CD8+T cells. In the case of vaccine prototype (3), this was a Self-amplifying mRNA (saRNA) with long duration, and a higher likelihood for good efficacy antibody response with lower dosage. Early and constant interaction with the regulatory agencies (e.g.EMA) has allowed that BNT162b2 vaccine candidate raced to the finish line, being now the leading candidate from BioNTech & Pfizer; and, currently in review for conditional marketing authorization approval. It is outstanding that if a new variant of the virus is required (e.g., due to a mutated virus sequence), a new GMP batch of a possible vaccine could be available within half of the time (around 42 days). If there is a positive message out of these dark days, is that Science is there to save us from our doom. Let’s embrace Science. mRNA vaccine
Straight Teeth Are Healthy Teeth: How Alignment Affects Your Oral Health Client Straight teeth are an essential part of a truly beautiful, healthy-looking smile, but of course, few of us come by them naturally. For most of us, getting those straight, perfectly-aligned teeth means having orthodontic treatment, often opting for a virtually invisible system such as Invisalign. Invisalign treatment takes less time than treatment with traditional metal or ceramic braces, and because the aligners are pretty much invisible while you’re wearing them, there’s no reason to feel self-conscious during your treatment. Of course, while having a beautiful smile is certainly a major benefit of having your teeth straightened, it’s not the only benefit. In fact, having straight, aligned teeth offers plenty of benefits for your oral health and even your overall health. And there’s even a bonus for your bank account! You won’t have as many cavities One of the biggest problems of having crooked teeth is that all those nooks and crannies provide some ideal hiding spots for food debris and cavity-causing bacteria. When your teeth are straight, it’s a lot easier to keep them clean with brushing and flossing because all the edges are lined up. But when your teeth are crooked, it creates spaces that aren’t easy to reach with a brush or with floss. Food debris can lodge in those crevices, feeding bacteria and forming sticky plaque and hard tartar deposits. As bacteria grow on your tooth surfaces, the acids they release can eat away at your tooth enamel, and eventually, those bacteria will move right into your teeth, causing painful cavities and infections that can extend all the way into the central pulp portion of your tooth. The result: lots of fillings and probably at least a few root canals and crowns. Your risk of gum disease and tooth loss will be lower Those nooks and crannies don’t just increase the risk of developing cavities. They can also harbor the bacteria that cause gum disease. These tiny organisms love hiding behind tartar deposits. And when you can’t remove sticky plaque along your gums and between your teeth, tartar builds up pretty quickly. Then, the disease-causing bacteria get to work, creating pockets along the gum line that allow even more bacteria to reach the lower parts of your teeth. Eventually, the germs can migrate all the way to your roots, causing infections that can weaken your teeth and even lead to tooth loss. Your risks of systemic diseases could be reduced Studies show the bacteria that cause gum disease can also increase your risk for other diseases, too, such as heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, respiratory infections, osteoporosis and some types of cancer. Taking steps to prevent gum disease, such as straightening your teeth, so it’s easier to eliminate disease-causing bacteria, could reduce your risks for these issues, as well. You can avoid TMJ and the chronic headaches it causes TMJ is short for temporomandibular joint disorder, a chronic condition that develops when your jaw joints become inflamed. TMJ typically occurs when your bite is out of balance. Your teeth are designed to work in pairs, upper and lower. When your teeth aren’t properly aligned, your bite balance is thrown off, and that can cause a lot of excess strain on your jaw joints. People with TMJ tend to experience a lot of jaw pain as well as chronic headaches. Plus, the uneven wear from an unbalanced bite can damage your teeth, exposing them to higher risks of decay and fracture. Aligning your teeth reestablishes a normal bite balance to relieve jaw inflammation, along with the other problems TMJ can cause. You can lower your future dental bills — considerably It might seem like having your teeth straightened is a big financial investment, but actually, the costs of Invisalign and other orthodontic treatments have dropped a lot in recent years. But even more importantly, by having your teeth aligned now, you can avoid much bigger dental bills in the future, including bills associated with cavities, gum disease, TMJ and even tooth loss. In that respect, the cost of aligning your teeth now is a wise financial move that can save you a lot of money in the future. At District Cosmetic Dental, we offer state-of-the-art Invisalign treatment to help our patients enjoy straighter teeth in less time than traditional braces. And the clear aligners make treatment a lot more pleasant, too. To learn more about Invisalign and to find out how better alignment can improve your oral health, book an appointment online today. You Might Also Enjoy... Non-Cosmetic Reasons to Consider Veneers Taking care of your dental health is very important to your overall health, and veneers may play a part in improving your overall health. Learn about how the benefits of veneers goes beyond just the cosmetic. Bridges vs. Implants: Which Is Right for You? If you’re living with the embarrassment and discomfort of missing teeth, either a dental bridge or implant can restore your appearance and dental function. Learn the differences between these options to learn which one best fits your circumstances. Keeping Your Mouth Healthy After an Extraction When you must have a tooth extraction, the process isn’t completed when you leave the dentist’s chair. There are some aftercare steps you should take to promote healing and keep your mouth healthy.
Loading please wait The smart way to improve grades Comprehensive & curriculum aligned Try an activity or get started for free Bacteria in the Human Digestive System In this worksheet, students will learn about friendly bacteria that live in our digestive system and help us break down food. 'Bacteria in the Human Digestive System' worksheet Key stage: KS 3 Curriculum topic: Biology: Structure and Function of Living Organisms Curriculum subtopic: Nutrition and Digestion Difficulty level: Worksheet Overview Bacteria live everywhere around us, on our skin, even inside our body. There are bacteria that cause disease, which we call pathogens, but there are also good bacteria that live inside us and help us by taking up space, so pathogens cannot multiply inside us. Quite a few good, friendly bacteria live in our digestive system and help with the process of digestion. Below is a diagram of the human digestive system: Human digestive system Friendly bacteria in the digestive system live mainly in the colon (the large intestine) and in the part of the small intestine which is further away from the stomach. The rest of the small intestine, the esophagus and the stomach are bacteria-free. Digestive enzymes and hydrochloric acid in the stomach make it impossible for bacteria to survive there. It is estimated that around 100 trillion friendly bacteria live in our gut. If we were to extract them, they would have a mass of 1 kg. There are between 300 and 1000 different species, with 50 of them the most common. Friendly gut bacteria have evolved in order to withstand the harsh conditions of our digestive system. The main advantage of having friendly bacteria in the gut is protection against harmful bacteria that would otherwise cause infection and invade the cells of the intestinal wall. Additionally, bacteria help with the digestion of materials that we are unable to digest, like hard plant material. A lot of the vitamins from vegetables would be wasted if it wasn't for the friendly bacteria that digest them for us. Some species produce vitamins K and B that are hard for us to obtain from food. They also maintain the acidity balance and break down some drugs, hormones not needed anymore and toxins that would be potentially dangerous to our health. The population of bacteria in our gut is renewed regularly; about half the dry mass of our feces consists of bacteria. Whilst it might seem strange to think that there are around 100 trillion other organisms living inside us, they are very important to our health and in this activity you'll find out why. What is EdPlace? Get started Try an activity or get started for free • educational • bettfutures • cxa • pta • era2016 • BDA award • Explore LearningTuition Partner • tacm
Debunking The Deficit Myth Posts in this series The Deficit Myth By Stephanie Kelton: Introduction And Index The first chapter of Stephanie Kelton’s book The Deficit Myth takes up the biggest myth about federal government finances, the idea that federal budget deficits are a problem in themselves. The deficit myth is rooted in the idea that the federal government budget should work just like a household budget. A family can’t spend more than its income will support. The family has income, and may be able to borrow money, and the sum of these sets the limit on household spending. Those who propagate the deficit myth say government expenditures should be constrained by the government’s ability to tax and borrow. First the government has to find the money, either through taxes or borrowings, and only once it has found the money can it spend. The way things actually work is different. In the real world, it goes like this. Congress votes to direct an expenditure and authorize payment. An agency carries out that direction. The Treasury instructs the Fed to pay a vendor. The Fed makes the payment by crediting the bank account of the vendor. That’s all that happens. It turns out that the real myth is that the Treasury had to find the money before the Fed would credit the vendor. That’s because the federal government holds the monopoly on creating money. U.S. Constitution Art. 1, §§8, 10. In practice this power is given to the Treasury, which mints coins, and to the Fed, which creates dollars. [1] It also turns out that for the most part, the Treasury does cover the expenditure by taxing or borrowing, but because the government is an issuer of dollars, it isn’t necessary. [2] In the last few months, the Treasury has been selling securities and the Fed has been buying about 70% of them. Here’s a chart from FRED showing Fed holdings Fed holdings of treasury securities. The Fed may or may not sell those securities to third parties. If it doesn’t, they will be held to maturity and remitted as a dividend to the Treasury. The recognition that spending comes first, and finding the money comes second is one of the fundamental ideas of MMT. Kelton describes her meeting with Warren Mosler who introduced her to these ideas; the stories are amusing and instructive. I particularly like this part: [Mosler] began by referring to the US dollar as “a simple public monopoly.” Since the US government is the sole source of dollars, it was silly to think of Uncle Sam as needing to get dollars from the rest of us. Obviously, the issuer of the dollar can have all the dollars it could possibly want. “The government doesn’t want dollars,” Mosler explained. “It wants something else.” “What does it want?” I asked. “It wants to provision itself,” he replied. “The tax isn’t there to raise money. It’s there to get people working and producing things for the government.” Pp. 24-5. Put a slightly different way, people accept the government’s money in exchange for goods and services because the government’s money is the only way to pay taxes imposed by the government. Kelton says she found this hard to accept. She spent a long time researching and thinking about it, and eventually wrote her first published peer-reviewed paper on the nature of money. [3] The monopoly status makes governments the issuers of money, and everyone else is a user. That fundamental difference means that governments have different financial constraints than households, and that it certainly isn’t constrained by its ability to tax and borrow. Kelton offers several interesting and helpful analogies that can help people grasp the Copernican Revolution that this insight entails. Once we understand that government doesn’t require tax receipts or borrowings to finance its operations, the immediate question become why bother taxing and borrowing at all. Kelton offers four reasons for taxation. 1. Taxation insures that people will accept the government’s money in exchange for goods and services purchased by the government. 2. Taxes can be used to protect against inflation by reducing the amount of money people have to spend. 3. Taxes are a great tool for reducing wealth inequality. 4. Taxes can be used to encourage or deter behaviors society wants to control. [4] She explains borrowing this way: government offers people a different kind of money, a kind that bears interest. She says people can exchange their non-interest-bearing dollars for interest bearing dollars if they wish to. “… US Treasuries are just interest-bearing dollars.” P. 36. Let’s call the non-interest-bearing dollars “green dollars”, and the interest-bearing ones “yellow dollars”. When the government spends more than it taxes away from us, we say that the government has run a fiscal deficit. That deficit increases the supply of green dollars. For more than a hundred years, the government has chosen to sell US Treasuries in an amount equal to its deficit spending. So, if the government spends $5 trillion but only taxes $4 trillion away, it will sell $1 trillion worth of US Treasuries. What we call government borrowing is nothing more than Uncle Sam allowing people to transform green dollars into interest-bearing yellow dollars. P. 36-7. It might seem that there are no constraints, but that is not so. Congress has created some legislative constraints on its behavior, including PAYGO, the Byrd Rule, and the debt ceiling, but these can be waived, and always are if a majority of Congress really want to do something. They also serve as a useful way of lying to progressives demanding public spending on not-rich people, like Medicare For All. We have to pay for it under our PAYGO rules, they say, while waiving PAYGO for military spending (my language is harsher than Kelton’s). The real constraints are the availability of productive resources and inflation. The correct question is not “where can we find the money”, but “will this expenditure cause unacceptable levels of inflation” and “do we have the real resources we need to do this” and “is this something we really want to do. As Kelton puts it, if we have the votes, we have the money. In my next post, I will examine some of these points in more detail. Please feel free to ask questions or request elaboration in the comments. [1] Art. 1, §8 authorizes the federal government to create money; §10 prohibits the states from issuing money. That leaves open, for now, the possibility that private entities can issue money. Banks and from time to time other private entities play a role in the creation of money, but I do not see a discussion of this in the book. For those interested, here’s a discussion of the MMT view from Bill Mitchell. I may take this up in a later post. In the meantime, note that every creation of money by a bank loan is matched by a related asset. Thus, bank creation of money does not increase total financial wealth. In MMT theory this is called horizontal money. It is contrasted with vertical money representing the excess of government expenditures over total tax receipts, which does increase financial wealth. Here’s a discussion of this point. [2] There are, of course, constraints on government spending, especially inflation and resource availability. We’ll get to that in a later post. [3] Kelton cites the paper in a footnote: The Role Of The State And The Hierarchy Of Money. [4] Compare this list to the list prepared by Beardsley Ruml, President of the New York Fed, in 1946. A Primer On Pragmatism: Applications This introduction to pragmatism was motivated in part by the fact that the philosopher Elizabeth Anderson identifies herself as in the pragmatist tradition, but there are other reasons. Our political environment is toxic. It’s hard to maintain our sense of self, of our values, our hopes, and our sense of security. Philosophy offers us reminders of the existence of our values, and the role they play in holding us together as individuals and in our relations with others. It takes us away from the noise and the turmoil and puts us in a quiet atmosphere where we can nurse our wholeness. It can provide us with armor against the forces that are ripping at us. With that in mind, I’ll close with a brief discussion of democracy and Modern Money Theory. Both begin with the key idea of pragmatism, that all our ideas, no matter how old, were formed for human reasons, and to meet human needs. All of them, no matter how old, are subject to rethinking in light of new conditions. Pragmatism is particularly well-suited to democracy. The most striking justification for democracy is found in the Declaration of Independence: I’m not so sure these truths are self-evident. Prior to that time, the dominant view was that some people are born to lead, and others are only fit to follow. As Peirce and James point out, philosophical systems then were grounded in the idea that there is a universal truth outside human experience, but one that the best of us can comprehend somehow. Those lucky people can construct a social system that accords with the will of the universe, or the Almighty. Many of them argued for centuries that the King ruled with the blessing of the Almighty, and everyone else was inferior, fit only to follow. At the time Jefferson wrote, the French and the English were directly contesting the divine right of kings, and there was discontent with the idea of hereditary authority. But the US was the first country to adopt Thomas Jefferson’s formulation as a founding idea. It’s a revolutionary statement, and one we are still trying to reify, not just in our government but in our social lives, our work, and other institutions. The Declaration was a break with what seemed like a firts principle. And that is fundamentally a pragmatist act: rejecting a first principle because it isn’t working to create the kind of lives people wanted. Jefferson’s formulation wasn’t totally original. It derives from prior thinkers, but instead of laying out a rule, it articulates a value, a value that should guide our efforts to create a decent society. The system of government created by the Constitution was supposed to be one that would enable the creation of a new kind of society, one informed not by rules thought to be eternal, but by values that are thought to be best for human beings. There have always been people insisting that there are eternal rules, and that deviation from those rules would bring disaster. They settle all doubt by tenacity, as Peirce would say. Pragmatists say that we have to justify our choices on the basis of what works. But the first step is to decide what our priorities are. We do that by defining our values and our goals, and then by working out the best way to reach them. Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness my not be the best goals for today, but they’re a start. Our task is to decide what that means in today’s society. Anderson says we don’t want to be humiliated or dominated. That’s a good way of talking about what liberty and the pursuit of happiness might mean today. We won’t the answers by looking outside our human experience. Modern Money Theory Much of neoclassical economics is grounded in normative concepts. One of these is Jeremy Bentham’s utilitarianism, discussed in §2.1 of this entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. The economist and mathemetician William Stanley Jevons used this normative concept to create the economic idea of marginal utility, one of the foundations of neoclassical economics. See pp 9-10 here. Utilitarianism is a normative idea. This is from the Stanford link: … [Bentham] promulgated the principle of utility as the standard of right action on the part of governments and individuals. Actions are approved when they are such as to promote happiness, or pleasure, and disapproved of when they have a tendency to cause unhappiness, or pain. Combine this criterion of rightness with a view that we should be actively trying to promote overall happiness, and one has a serious incompatibility with psychological egoism. Cites omitted. Jevons explicitly sets out to mathematize Bentham’s utilitarianism. Marginal utility is therefore grounded in a normative idea. It incorporates a specific value, but the value is hidden and ignored when it comes to putting marginal utility into practice. It is only loosely, if at all, based on practical experience of human behavior. Nevertheless, it is the foundation of large parts of neoclassical economics and of its modern version, neoliberalism. Pragmatism rejects the idea of starting from normative theories. I don’t know how to deal with marginal utility from a pragmatic point of view, so I turn to another fundamental idea of economics, the creation of money. As best I can tell, mainstream economists say that banks create money. There’s a story about bank multipliers you can google. Governments get money by taxation or borrowing. In this story, the private sector is responsible for money creation subject only to some loose guidance from the Federal Reserve Board. This protects us by making sure Congress can’t ruin the financial sector with profligate spending and borrowing which would automatically happen, and which would be an inflationary disaster. Modern Money Theory starts with a question: how is money created? It looks at the things that are done as a result of which there is money. Governments create money by spending it. They reduce the amount of money by taxation. They may or may not issue bonds. MMT is based on observable facts. The description of the creation of money leads to other testable ideas and to a completely different concept of the role of government in money creation and society. Money creation is a governmental action, and thus is subject to politics. Congress decides how much money is created, and how the new money is used. The old story tries to deny this reality with cloudy abstractions and claims that it’s all the working of some invisible hand. Pragmatists don’t believe in invisible hands. They say that politics is the arena in which we decide about how to use the power to create money. MMT isn’t just for progressives. Deficit hawks and small government supporters get to argue their opinions, and to assert their values. This is a quote from Modern Money Theory by Randy Wray: The fact that MMT is value-neutral, that it can be used by people of every political persuasion is a powerful point in its favor. I don’t think we can say the same thing about neoliberalism. There is much more to be said about pragmatism. It is a powerful tool we can use to cut through old ideas and useless distinctions. But perhaps its most important contribution is that it is an open-ended theory. It makes room for the endless possibilities of human beings. I think that is a powerful value.
Gilmore Health: A Q&A Session on IBS With Dr. Sony Sherpa What is IBS? Irritable Bowel Syndrome, often shortened as IBS is a common yet painful condition of the gastrointestinal tract that severely impairs the quality of life of those affected. IBS is a group of symptoms that occur with varying duration, intensity, and severity and affect both genders with a predilection for the female gender.Sony Sherpa MD Irritable bowel syndrome affects approximately 10 percent to 15 percent of the American population alone yet only 5 percent to 7 percent are actually clinically diagnosed with the syndrome. The varying presentation of the symptoms along with the heightened prevalence makes IBS a grave concern, both physically and financially. It is reported that the direct costs associated with the syndrome in the US are in the billions of dollars. Here we talk more about IBS with Dr. Sony Sherpa, to get more insight into these diseases with the aim of understanding them further. To understand it better, we are speaking to our Gilmore Health doctor Dr. Sony Sherpa about IBS and how it may be treated or cured, if at all. Hello Doctor and thank you for talking to us today. Starting off, what exactly is Irritable Bowel Syndrome? Dr. Sony Sherpa: Irritable Bowel Syndrome is a group of symptoms that are all believed to have a gastrointestinal, or gastrointestinal system-associated cause. Basically, it is a condition that affects the large intestine or the colon and may cause bloating, cramping, and pain. It is also important to mention that it is not a disease, although it is often mistaken as IBD. Ok, so what is the difference between a syndrome and a disease or disorder? That’s a great question. A syndrome is just the signs and symptoms associated with a similar cause, a disorder is the disturbance of normal physiological functioning of the body. A disease, on the other hand, is a pathophysiological response of the body to either external or internal stimuli. If I understand correctly, IBS falls under both categories of disorder and syndrome? Yes, exactly. In that case, what is the common cause of these gastrointestinal symptoms? Well, there is no specific or exact cause for IBS. It has several causes like having an overly sensitive colon or the presence of certain genetic mutations or being under a lot of stress, which is actually one of the most common causes of IBS. In fact, childhood physical and psychosocial abuse and trauma are associated with an increased predisposition to IBS in adulthood. That’s really interesting. Can it have a microbial etiology? Yes, it can, actually, 10 percent of IBS cases occur after an acute gastritis infection. Such cases are aptly diagnosed as IBS-PI or postinfectious IBS. It is a very variable disease then, isn’t it? Yes, it is. IBS, apart from having various etiologies, also has varying symptoms and is classified accordingly. The major symptoms may be diarrhea, constipation, pain, or alternation bowel movements and habits. These types are classified as IBS-alternating bowel dominant or IBS-A, IBS-constipation dominant or IBS-C, and IBS-diarrhea dominant or IBS-D accordingly. It is important to note that it is possible for two or more of these symptoms to occur in the same case. So it can cause both diarrhea and constipation in the same patient? How does that happen? IBS symptoms appear as episodes and they will reappear a while after resolving. One episode may be with bouts of diarrhea and the other episode might just be constipation. However, some people experience continuous symptoms. That can’t be pleasant. You mentioned pain with IBS, what kind of pain is associated with it? The patient might feel abdominal cramping, bloating, gas, and abdominal pain with IBS that is often relieved by a bowel movement. I understand. Given the vast phenotype of the condition, how does one get diagnosed with IBS? So the initial suspicion of IBS is associated with the symptoms, especially when associated with certain triggers. After that, the physician might do certain tests like a complete blood test, stool analysis, and even a colonoscopy to rule out other potential causes of the abdominal symptoms. Then and only then can the diagnosis be made. Interesting fact though, recently researchers found that MRI can help with the diagnosis of IBS as it can measure the changes that occur in the colon due to IBS. This is a great step forward in the understanding of IBS Wow, that’s amazing. What do you mean by triggers? Triggers are the causes for the episodes of IBS. The most commonly seen triggers are stress, anxiety, and certain foods. For this reason, the physician might ask the patient to keep a food diary and exclude certain foods to evaluate if it really is IBS or some other reason might be causing the symptoms. Ok and then what happens, after the diagnosis has been made? So it is important to know that there is currently no cure for IBS but certain therapeutic interventions can help manage the condition significantly. Dietary changes can remarkably improve the quality of life and decrease the frequency and intensity of the episodes. Looking at the food journal and avoiding the foods that act as a trigger is one of the most important steps in the management of IBS. If dietary changes do not work, then medications may be considered. The prescribed medications may target all the symptoms or one symptom specifically depending on the specific case of IBS. For example, laxatives may be prescribed for constipation that won’t be relieved even with the addition of high fiber foods in the diet. Is there anything else that can be done? Any herbal remedies of the sort? There really isn’t much that can be done for IBS apart from lifestyles and dietary changes like regular exercising decreased consumption of caffeine, spicy foods, and the addition of probiotics in the diet. Like I mentioned before, if these fail, medications must be considered. However, peppermint oil has been found to work in the short term but more studies need to be performed before we start considering it a therapeutic option. Similarly, IBS fasting is an option that might relieve certain symptoms of IBS while worsening other symptoms. Basically, choosing a treatment modality heavily depends on the patient and the symptoms of IBS present. It’s a long, trial and error kind of process. That’s really interesting. Are there any researches being performed with the aim of finding a cure? Yes, actually. Recently, researchers tried to cure IBS with fecal microbiota transplant or stool transplant, since patients with IBS have been found to have unbalanced microbial flora in the gut. Did the research show any promising results? Yes actually, in the study the cure rate using a stool transplant was between 36 percent to 60 percent. Further research and follow up is being performed to analyze any long term side effects. Maybe soon we might have a cure. Hopefully so, thank you for taking the time to speak to us about IBS, I learned quite a few things today. And until our next Q&A session please share us and like us so that we may continue to provide you with the latest in medicine, health, and fitness free of charge. You may also join the Gilmore Health newsletter to receive the latest in health news. If you are interested in any subject that you wish us to cover please share it with us in the comments area below! 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Viticulture in a Marginal Climate With the return of interest in wines of freshness, energy, and more delicate presentation, interest in cool climate wines has also increased. Without a formal definition, the idea of cool climate gets applied generously to regions around the world. Climate classification systems based on growing degree days and mean temperature indexes provide only limited insight into the actual growing conditions of a region. Many regions commonly referred to as cool climate host daytime temperatures reaching highs comparable to recognized warmer climates, allowing plenty of ripeness for the right varieties. Genuinely cool climates, however, tend to successfully grow only varieties that ripen earlier, before temperatures drop. Temperatures at harvest are often quite a bit cooler than those during the peak of the growing season, slowing metabolic processes in the vine. The temperature of the fruit itself at harvest is usually lower as well. As winegrowing has extended into more regions around the globe, it has also pushed further into the edges of possible winegrowing. Such expansion has changed our views of viticulture. We’ve realized we can grow in more extreme conditions than previously believed. At the same time, these changes have required us to develop our understanding of how to more successfully grow in truly marginal climates. But what are the conditions of a marginal climate? Characteristics of a Marginal Climate Marginal climates are the coldest growing regions in the world, with weather conditions that tend to vary significantly by vintage, and, as a result, present the real possibility of failing to adequately ripen fruit in some years. Such conditions tend to be found in higher elevations, as well as higher latitudes, where nighttime temperatures often have a significant drop, there is a more marked variation between seasons, and light conditions differ. More varied diurnal shift and seasonal temperatures are common in these climates as well. Though maritime climates can also suffer difficult issues such as frost or freeze, proximity to large bodies of water provides a moderating influence. Though we tend to think of cool climate conditions as growing more delicate, energetic, and mouthwatering wines compared to the richer flavored, bigger volume wines of a warmer climate, conditions in a marginal climate can actually mix up that dichotomy. Marginal climates tend to include significant weather variation from year to year, leading to marked vintage variation in the resulting wines. Converse to expectations, marginal climates can create bigger or heavier wines. Extended growing seasons, the result of a cooler vintage, can lead to reduced acidity, as the increased length of the season leads to more respiration of the vine. Since respiration naturally reduces malic acid levels, longer growing seasons change the natural acidity of the wine. It is not as simple, though, as the length of the growing season alone. Colder regions also tend to have wind, which has a significant impact on the vine. Wind speeds of eight miles per hour and higher cause the stomata of the vine leaf to close, slowing respiration and thus preserving higher levels of natural acidity. Even so, vintages with much lower malic acid levels will have a noticeably different shape on the palate as compared to those with higher malic acid levels, whether or not the final wines go through malolactic conversion. Cooler temperatures and wind exposure generally lead to grapes with thicker skins, thereby changing the skin-to-juice ratio of the fruit. Grapes with thicker skins tend to produce more concentrated wines even without excess purposeful extraction in the cellar. The thicker skins can offer further benefit: since skin tannin is more pleasant and less bitter than seed tannin, thicker skins can create better balance in the final wine. Thicker skins help produce a structured wine with the potential to age without relying as heavily on harsher seed tannin. As a result, wines from such conditions often have the double benefit of the structure to age alongside approachability in their youth. The timing of weather conditions during the growing season also importantly impacts the size of the final wine. Wind, rain, and snow are more common early in the season in colder climates. In years in which such conditions hit during flowering, bloom, or fruit set, yields are reduced. Because vines with lower yields effectively have less work to ripen their crop, fruit in such conditions tends to ripen more quickly, making it easier to end up with higher alcohol wines in low-yield years—even in cooler climates. Growing conditions of a marginal climate include, too, the question of fog. The flavor and structural balance of a final wine depend not only on the temperature of a region but also on the naturally occurring light levels. Cooler climates can still have ample sun exposure in regions with little fog. Temperature tends to impact the duration of the growing season, and thus also the respiration of acidity, leading to changes in the style of the final wine. Sun exposure, on the other hand, influences the sugar development of the final wine, thus changing the potential alcohol. Both lead to evolution of flavor. As a result, in the right conditions, a genuinely cool vintage can still readily produce a high alcohol wine, especially in a year where thicker skins need more time to soften or seeds need more time to develop. To grow wine in a marginal climate, it’s key to select the right grape varieties, identify a proper site and carefully construct its architecture, and protect against freeze. Selection of Grape Varieties In honing viticulture for a marginal climate, the most important step is selecting the right grape varieties. Generally, in cooler climates, earlier ripening varieties are preferred. Müller-Thurgau, Chasselas, Gewurztraminer, Gamay, and Pinot Noir are all examples. Chardonnay is also an early-ripening variety, but because it has early bud break, it can be difficult to grow reliably in climates that experience spring frost. Riesling can succeed in a cooler climate if planted in a location that receives warmer temperatures during the growing season to help elevate ripening. While we tend to talk about cool climate characteristics in varieties such as Syrah, Cabernet Franc, and Merlot, they do not succeed in regions with a genuinely short growing season or the threat of winter freeze. As they are later-ripening varieties, they can be grown in climates that have cooler temperatures but not those with the threat of snow or freeze in autumn. In climates with the threat of extreme winter conditions, choosing varieties that are winter-hardy is essential. Doing so can be tricky in more marginal climates, as many varieties that ripen in cooler temperatures are also more susceptible to freeze. The most winter-hardy varieties tend to be American grapes, followed by hybrids, and then finally European varieties. Some European varieties are more winter-hardy than others. Varieties such as Cabernet Franc and Riesling are more winter-hardy than Pinot Noir or Chardonnay, but they also need warmer temperatures during the growing season. Selecting winter-hardy rootstock can help as well. Once varieties appropriate to the climate are identified, selection of the right site is crucial. Frost and Freeze The Importance of Topography In spring, cold weather events can cause frost damage on the surface of the vine. Because this usually occurs at the same time vines are experiencing bud break, such damage can be devastating, destroying an entire year’s crop. Freeze, on the other hand, typically occurs late in the fall, a tremendous threat for late-ripening varieties. Frost and freeze are problems not only because they can cause the loss of a year’s crop but also because surface damage to the vine can make it vulnerable to a bacterial infection called crown gall. At its worse, crown gall can kill the entire vine. In climates with winter conditions during the longest nights of the year, vines must further be protected from complete freeze of the vine itself, not just its surface. Temperatures cold enough to cause freeze inside the vine will kill its trunk. The best protection against frost or freeze is selecting a site less vulnerable to it. In climates that can experience frost, no site is truly immune, but sites can be found that are essentially invulnerable to more common frost events. There are two types of frost events. Most common is radiation, or ground frost, which occurs when the ground reaches a temperature lower than the air above it. This is the type of frost that results in white frost blanketing the ground in the morning. Some ground frost is acceptable for vines, as in the right conditions it will perform what is essentially a natural pruning process, causing lower buds to drop. But if ground frost continues for too long, the cooler temperatures lift higher into the air, lowering temperatures surrounding the upper parts of the vine as well. This is when frost protection measures such as wind machines, helicopters, or overhead sprinklers must be used. In such conditions, wind machines or helicopters work by circulating the air around the vineyard, thus pushing the warmer air above the vineyard down toward the ground. It is, however, possible to find sites that are unlikely to ever suffer from this sort of frost. The second type of frost is advection frost. This occurs when a huge mass of cold air from a large weather system moves into a region during a storm. The cold air mass is so large that it settles over an entire region, and no site remains unaffected. The frost that settled into much of France this spring and the frost that damaged regions throughout Chile in 2013 are two examples of advection frost. It is difficult to protect against damage with this type of frost. Wind machines or helicopters have no benefit, as the air is not only cold close to the ground but in the air above the vineyard, so there is no warm air to be circulated. Heat burners can sometimes help, though it is difficult to get enough lit quickly. If the storm does not last for too many days in a row, water protection can help. In selecting a site that is less vulnerable to ground frost, the topography of the landscape is most important. Proximity to water can be beneficial, too. Cold air essentially flows like water, reliably moving downhill and around obstacles. As a result, sites higher up on a slope or at the edge of a natural drop like the edge of a canyon tend to be less likely to suffer frost events. Obstacles in the landscape, like a tree barrier partway up a hill, can change that, as the cold air moving downhill will naturally pool before the obstacle. Low spots in a landscape, such as the bottom of a hill or even a low dip in an otherwise apparently flat landscape, tend to be more frost prone. Larger bodies of water can help protect against both frost and freeze events. For example, in the Niagara Escarpment of Ontario, vineyards can only be successfully grown within visual distance of the lake. Those outside a couple miles of the water are too cold in winter for vines to survive. When frost damage does occur, it is now understood that vines should be allowed a period to recover on their own. Until recently, it was believed that if buds or leaves were damaged by frost, they should be immediately removed. Yet contemporary viticulture has found that it is beneficial to leave frost damage alone. From milder damage, the vine can recover on its own. Even when a bud is properly damaged by frost, it is possible for a vine to push a replacement bud in the same spot if the damage occurs early enough in the season. Swift removal of a damaged bud, however, seems to cause further damage, preventing the vine from forming the replacement bud. Vineyard Architecture Once a site is selected for a hardy vineyard, the goal is to design the vineyard architecture to reduce overall vine stress. A vine’s carbohydrate levels protect it against colder temperatures, reducing potential damage. Limiting vine stress helps preserve the energy the vine needs to produce adequate carbohydrate levels for this protection. It is essential to keep crop levels moderate. Matching training methods to the conditions of the site and the needs of the variety are also important, as is timing winter pruning to allow the vine ample dormancy. Once vines are planted, the treatment of the rest of the vineyard directly surrounding the vines is relevant. While cover crops can be beneficial during the winter, in spring, when frost season begins, it is best to remove all or most growth at ground level below the vines. Because frost depends on airflow, removing growth below the vines removes obstructions, allowing the air to more readily move through the vineyard rather than pooling within it. The height at which vines should be trained depends on other growing conditions of the area. In many cases, training the vines further from the ground ensures they will be less vulnerable to the cold air collecting near the ground. In areas with ample dark rocks in the vineyard, such as The Rocks District of Milton-Freewater in Walla Walla, or Châteauneuf-du-Pape in the Rhône, training lower to the ground can be of benefit, as the dark rocks absorb heat from the sun during the day, which is then radiated to the vines at night. Winter Freeze Preventions Continental climates tend to have cold winter temperatures that can sit below freezing for extended periods of time. In such conditions, vines are vulnerable to freeze damage that can cause full trunk loss. In these environments, growers have developed more involved ways to protect vineyards. Though Walla Walla is by no means a marginal climate, it does experience extreme freeze events in the winter. As a result, the area has suffered severe vine loss several times in the last decade. Growers bury a reserve cane underground during the winter months to act as insurance against the possibility of freeze. During the growing season, an extra cane low on the vine is allowed to develop. It is not used to produce fruit but is kept in reserve to be buried under topsoil at the end of the season. If no freeze occurs, the reserve cane is pruned in spring, and a new reserve cane is started. If, however, there is vine damage from severe freeze, the damaged trunk is cut away, and the reserve cane is lifted and trained as the new vine trunk. In this way, a season is not lost even with trunk damage. In even more extreme winter conditions, such as parts of Canada, entire vineyards are buried. Here, growers will place a covering sheet over a row of vines and then cover the sheet with topsoil for the winter. Snow falls on the buried vineyard, providing additional insulation. In the spring after snowmelt, the topsoil and covering is removed, and vines are pruned as normal. Wines of Marginal Climates Growing in marginal climates certainly presents significant challenges. But with proper site selection and vineyard maintenance, the resulting wines can offer innate flavor concentration with the right structure for long aging, while still being approachable soon after release.
Tuesday, October 15, 2013 How Par Value Affects Businesses How Par Value Affects Start-Up Businesses Many entrepreneurs are unclear about the “par value” of a stock, and what par value they should establish for their new corporation. Generally, par value (also known as nominal or face value) is the minimum price per share that shares can be issued for, in order to be fully paid. In the old days, the par value of a common stock was equal to the amount invested and represented the initial capital of the company; but today the vast majority of stocks are issued with an extremely low par value, or none at all. A share of stock cannot be issued, sold or traded for less than the par value. Therefore, incorporators often opt for such a low – or no – par value to reduce the amount of money a company founder must invest in exchange for shares of ownership in a start-up corporation. Regardless of the par value, the company’s board of directors retain the right to sell shares in the company at a higher price. Some online incorporation services recommend setting par value at zero, however this is not necessarily the best approach and can have unintended consequences. Many corporations want to assign a par value, so that an actual investment (money or services) is necessary in order to acquire ownership in the company. This way, the corporation can generate capital and recoup start-up costs. Some states restrict the number of shares which may be offered at zero par value, or charge additional taxes or filing fees based on the number of zero par value shares. For example, Delaware corporations can issue up to 1,500 shares at zero par value before additional filing fees kick in. Zero par value can pose problems at tax time in some jurisdictions. In Delaware, for example, there are two methods of calculating franchise taxes corporations must pay annually. In one example, the same corporation would owe annual tax in excess of $75,000 if the stock had zero par value, as opposed to annual taxes of just $350 with a nominal par value of $.01 per share. Consider establishing a par value that is above zero and below $.01 per share to minimize the initial investment required from the founders and to protect against potential tax consequences associated with zero par value stock. Some also recommend issuing founder shares at a multiple of whatever par value is, to avoid future complications if the corporation needs to execute a stock split that results in a new share price that is below par value. Par value has no bearing on the market value of a stock, but is an important decision in the formation of your new enterprise. Consultation with an experienced business or tax lawyer can help you ensure your ultimate decision serves your company well into the future, in terms of raising capital, lowering taxes and retaining control as a shareholder in your corporation. Archived Posts © 2021 The LeCrone Law Firm, P.C. \| Disclaimer 123 N. Crockett, Suite 200, Sherman, TX 75090 \| Phone: 903.813.1900 Practice Areas \| Firm Info \| Team FacebookLinked-In Company Attorney Website Design by Zola Creative
How the body responds to not eating enough to support training Posted on September 1, 2020 by We previously considered some of the signs and signals your body is giving you to create an awareness of if you’re eating enough food to match your training load on any given day. Read “6 ways the body tells athletes if they’re eating enough”. If you keep eating what you always eat while life and training changes around you then it can be hard to see that what you’re eating now isn’t enough. That’s why these internal messages act as reminders to make you reassess what and when you’re eating to stay on top of demands. If you ignore these early warning signs and you regularly aren’t eating enough to support training, there are some more serious and long-term implications which will impact your health and training potential. Below are six of the longer-term health risks that show up as a result of regularly not eating enough. 1. Recurrent Injuries If you feel like you are constantly at the physio with a recurring injury that is just not resolving. Alternatively, you may be experiencing multiple injuries in a row/over one season. This is due to the body not having sufficient energy to recover after training or the fuel available to rebuild and repair. 2. Stress/Bone Fractures: Systems that support hormones and bone health also need ongoing and consistent energy. It may be that a stress fracture is a sign you are not eating enough. Bone porosity can also be evaluated by a scan (DEXA) to confirm the likelihood of an increase risk for bone fracture. 3. Repeated Illness If you’re frequently (or more regularly) coming down with a cold then this could be linked to the body being under extra stress and the immune system being compromised as a result without enough energy to effectively fight off infection. 4. Difficulty maintaining or manipulating physique If your intension and training is to gain muscle mass but you aren’t, it could be that your body has insufficient energy to support laying down lean mass. Conversely, if you are trying to reduce your skinfolds and you aren’t seeing the intended result, your body could just be conserving weight to manage inconsistent energy intake. 5. Light, irregular or ceased menstruation If your cycle suddenly stops, becomes erratic or from month to month lighter and lighter this could be a reason for concern as there is not enough energy for basic physiological functioning of the body, let alone enough to spare for training demands. 6. Poor or inconsistent testing results If you find that your strength and conditioning testing results or sports specific testing results are worse than previous results or not where you would expect them to be despite consistent training, it could be that there isn’t the energy to fuel the activity you are doing to create training adaptations. The collective term for these symptoms is RED-S (Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport) or low energy availability, as a result of not having adequate energy available when the body needs it. Either term may be used to explain the need for greater alignment what you are eating with when and how much you are training. Working with your Sports Dietitian can be an effective way to assess if you are in fact in low energy availability and how to modify the quantity of food, macronutrient intake or additionally the timing of meals to rectify it. Not eating enough is not always something which is done intentionally to create an energy deficit, next time we will look into RED-S in more detail to understand how it comes about, why it creates these issues and some strategies you might take to manage or avoid it. Receive High Performance at Home information from NSWIS No Comments Leave a Reply
Dangers of butane consumption. What is Butane Gas? Butane is a highly flammable, colorless, odorless gas. Butane is a hydrocarbon, found in household and industrial products and is potentially intoxicating if deliberately inhaled. How can it be misused? Butane is commonly misused by being inhaled directly through the mouth either from Butane Hash Oil, Dab, Wax Or by edibles. Can butane be addictive? Yes! Consuming any levels of butane can be highly addictive. Can smoking butane botanical oils cause cancer? Yes! Researchers have found Benzene and other potentially cancer-causing chemicals in the vapor produced by butane botanical oils. Does butane have Toxic properties, Heavy Metals and RESIDUAL SOLVENTS? Yes! Butane is very potent with heavy metals and left over residual solvents. For example, butane from your lighter smells like rotten eggs. This is because butane is infused with Mercaptan to reduce the risk of long term leaks in the cans, tanks or lighters. Mercaptan is a chemical that is linked to brain lesions, and not something you want to be ingesting regularly. When Mercaptan / Butane is heated, it emits a highly toxic fume that can have long term or deadly effects. Short Term Side Effects Immediate side effects that may occur include: 1. Aggression 2. Sedation 3. Possible loss of consciousness 4. Loss of short term memory 5. Slurred speech, 6. Loss of coordination 7. Confusion 8. Convulsions & fits 9. Hallucinations 10. Blackouts Long Term Effects Long-term effects that may occur include: 1. Chronic headache 2. Sinusitis 3. Ataxia (lack of muscle coordination) 4. Dizziness 5. Shortness of breath 6. Nosebleeds 7. Chronic or frequent cough 8. Depression 9. Anxiety 10. Tinnitus (noise in ears or head) 11. Dependence Withdraw Symptoms Withdrawal symptoms include: 1. Headache 2. Anxiety 3. Nausea 4. Vomiting 5. Fatigue 6. Tremor 7. Sleep disturbances 8. Depression 9. Delirium/ illusions 10. Mild abdominal pain 11. Sweating 12. Muscular cramps 13. Irritability 14. Loss of appetite 15. Slurred speech Cancer Causing Agents In BHO 1. Benzene – a known carcinogen 2. Methacrolein – a chemical similar to acrolein, another carcinogen. What is Dimethyl Ether? DME (Dimethyl ether) is a clean, colorless gas that is easy to liquefy and transport. Chemically speaking, DME is the simplest ether compound, with a chemical formula of C2H6O. DME can be derived from many sources, including renewable materials (biomass, including waste from paper and pulp mills, wood, or agricultural products) and fossil fuels (natural gas and coal). DME has been used for decades in the personal care industry (as an environmentally benign propellant in aerosols), as DME is non-toxic and is easily degraded in the troposphere. Dimethyl ether is a low-temperature organic solvent and extraction agent by its low boiling point (−23 °C (−9 °F)) and its purity of gas, unlike Butane with its boiling point to be 30°F and all the toxins, heavy metals, and its residual tastes and smells. Dimethyl Ether is much more effective extracting solvent and should be considered to be the industry standard. How can it be misused? Dimethyl ether cant be misused. No negative effects to the exposure of the vapor or liquefied gas. It can however cause frostbite/harm or irritation to your skin or eyes if direct contact is made. Can Dimethyl Ether be addictive? NO! Consuming Dimethyl Ether will not be safe but it is not addictive. Can smoking DHO Cause Cancer? NO! Researchers have “A two-year inhalation study and carcinogenicity bioassay at exposure levels of up to 20,000 ppm showed no compound-related effects…, no signs of carcinogenicity…, and no evidence of mutagenicity or teratogenicity in separate reproductive studies. Based on all these studies, the product have been approved by the Dupont Company for general aerosol use, including in personal products. Short Term Side Effects Immediate side effects that may occur include: 1. Confusion 2. Dizziness 3. Lack of coordination 4. Unconsciousness (Rare) Long Term Effects No long term effects to be shown. Withdraw Symptoms There is no withdraw symptoms. Cancer Causing Agents In DHO In recent studies it has been proven to be NON toxic, and relatively safe to the human body. No cancer causing agents to be found in any lab study.
Successfully reported this slideshow. 7c's in communication Published on Published in: Education, Business, Technology • Login to see the comments 7c's in communication 1. 1. Effective Communications (7 C’s) 2. 2. The seven C’s  When We talk about “ Effective Communication” one thing that comes in mind, what are the basic principles of “effective communication” .  These principles tells us how your message can becomes effective for your target group,  These principles also tell about style and importance of the message.  These principles commonly known as 7 C’s of effective communication. 3. 3. Seven C’s of Effective Communication 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Completeness Conciseness Consideration Concreteness Clarity Courtesy Correctness 4. 4. 1) Completeness  Message Receiver- either listener or reader, desire complete information to their question. e.g.  suppose you are working with multinational company who is engaging with engineering goods , like A.C. Now let say one of your major customer wants some technical information regarding “thermostat” (because he wants to convey the same to the end users ). In this case you have to provide him complete information in a short span of time.  If possible, provide him some extra information which he does not know,.  In this way you can maintain a good business relation with him, otherwise he may switch to an other company. 5. 5. Five W’s  One way to make your message complete is to answer the        five W’s. WHO? WHAT? WHEN? WHERE? WHY? The five question method is useful when you write requests, announcements, or other informative messages. For instance, to order (request) merchandise, make clear WHAT you want, WHEN u need it, WHERE it is to be sent. 6. 6. Conclusion of completeness At the end we can say that, you must provide him:1. All necessary information as requested by him. 2. Answers to his all questions carefully 3. Provide some more information, which he is not requiring , just to maintain good relations. 7. 7. 2) Conciseness  Conciseness means “convey the message by using fewest words”.  “Conciseness is the prerequisite to effective business communication.” As you know that all businessmen have very short time .  Hence a concise message save the time and expenses for both the parties. 8. 8. How To achieve the conciseness ? For achieving the conciseness you have to consider the following. 1.Avoid wordy expression 2.Include only relevant material 3.Avoid unnecessary repetition. 9. 9. Avoid Wordy Expression  E.g. Wordy:- at this time. Instead of “at this time” you can just use only a concise word:- NOW , Always try to use “ To the point Approach” in business scenario perspective. 10. 10. Include only relevant information  Always try to provide only relevant information to the receiver of the message.  Lets say one of your customer requested  for clients of the company  in reply you should provide simply list of clients at the panel of your company.  No need to provide detailed business information about client at all.  Observe the following suggestions to “ Include only relevant information.” – – – – Stick to the purpose of message Delete irrelevant words Avoid long introduction, unnecessary explanation etc. Get to the important point concisely. 11. 11. Avoid un-necessary Repetition  Some times repetition is necessary for focusing some special issue.  But when the same thing is said with out two or three reasons, the message become wordy and boring.  That’s why try to avoid Un-necessary repetition. 12. 12. Some ways to eliminate unnecessary words  Use shorter name after you have mentioned the long once. e.g.  Spectrum communications Private limited use spectrum.  Use pronouns or initials E.g. Instead of world trade organization use WTO or You can use IT for Information Technology.( keeping in views that receiver knows about these terms) 13. 13. 3) Consideration  Consideration means – To consider the receiver’s Interest/Intention.  It is very important in effective communication while writing a message you should always keep in mind your target group consideration is very important “C” among all the seven C’s. 14. 14. Three specific ways to indicate consideration i-Focus on “you” instead of “I” or “We” ii-Show audience benefit or interest of the receiver iii-Emphasize positive, pleasant facts. Using “you” help you, but over use lead a negative reaction. 15. 15. Always write a message in such a way how audience should be benefited from it. e.g. We attitude I am delighted to announce that we will extend to make shopping more. 16. 16. You attitude “You will be able to shop in the evening with the extended hours.” Readers may react positively when benefit are shown to them. Always try to address his/her need and want. 17. 17.  Always show/write to reader………… what has been done so far as his/her query is concerned.  And always avoid that his/her need and wants.  Always avoid that has not been done so far. 18. 18. 4) Concreteness  It means that message should be specific instead of general. Misunderstanding of words creates problems for both parties (sender and receiver).  when you talk to your client always use facts and figures instead of generic or irrelevant information. 19. 19. The following guidelines should help you to achieve the Concreteness. i- use specific facts and figures ii-choose image building words e.g General He is very intelligent student of class and stood first in the class. 20. 20. Concrete Ali’s GPA in B.Sc Electrical Engineering 2k3-f session was 3.95/4.0, he stood first in his class. Always write on a very solid ground. It should definitely create good image as well. 21. 21. 5) Clarity 22. 22. Accurately is purpose of clarity In effective business communication the message should be very much clear. So that reader can understand it easily. You should always Choose precise words. Always choose familiar and easy words. Construct effective sentences and paragraphs. 23. 23. In business communication always use precise words rather longer statements. If you have a choice between long words and shorter one, always use shorter one. You should try your level best to use familiar/easy to understand words so that your reader will quickly under stand it 24. 24. Familiar 1-after 2-home 3-for example 4-pay 5-invoice Next familiar words subsequent domicile e.g. remuneration statement for payments 25. 25. 6) Courtesy 26. 26. Courtesy  Knowing your audience allows you to use statements of courtesy; be aware of your message receiver. True courtesy involves being aware not only of the perspective of others, but also their feelings. courtesy stems from a sincere you-attitude.  it is not merely politeness with mechanical insertions of “please” and “Thank you” .  Although Appling socially accepted manners is a form of courtesy .  rather, it is politeness that grow out respect and concern for others. Courteous communication generate a special tone in their writing and speaking. 27. 27. How to generate a Courteous Tone ? The following are suggestions for generating a courteous tone:  Be sincerely tactful, thoughtful and appreciative.  Use expressions that show respect for the others  Choose nondiscriminatory expressions Be sincerely Tactful, Thoughtful and Appreciative  Though few people are intentionally abrupt or blunt, these negative traits are common cause of discourtesy.  avoid expression like those in the left hand column below; rephrase them as shown in the right-hand column 28. 28. Tactless, Blunt More Tactful Stupid letter; I can’t understand I should understand it, as there is no confusing word in this letter, could you please explain it once again ..? Its your fault, you did not properly read my latest FAX Sometimes my wording is not precise; let me try again Thoughtfulness and Appreciation Writers who send cordial, courteous messages of deserved congratulations and appreciation (to a person inside & outside) help to build goodwill. The value of goodwill or public esteem for the firm may be worth thousands of dollars. 29. 29. 7) Correctness 30. 30. 7) Correctness At the core of correctness is proper grammar, punctuation and spelling. however, message must be perfect grammatically and mechanically . The term correctness, as applied to business messages also mean three characteristics o Use the right level of language o Check the accuracy of figures, facts and words o Maintain acceptable writing mechanics 31. 31. Use the right Level of Language we suggest that there are three level of language 1. formal 2. informal 3. substandard. Take a quick guess: what kind of writing is associated with each level? What is the style of each? 32. 32. Formal and Informal Words Formal writing is often associated with scholarly writing: doctoral dissertations, scholarly, legal documents, toplevel government agreements and other material where formality is demanded. Informal writing is more characteristic of business writing. Here you use words that are short, well-known and conversational as in this comparison list: More Formal less formal Participate Join Endeavor try Ascertain find out Utilize use Interrogate question 33. 33. Substandard Language Avoid substandard language. Using correct words, incorrect grammar, faulty pronunciation all suggest as inability to use good English. Some examples follow: Substandard More Acceptable Ain’t isn’t,aren’t Can’t hardly can hardly Aim to proving aim to prove Desirous to desirous of Stoled stolen 34. 34. Facts and Figures Accuracy Check Accuracy of Facts, Figures and words It is impossible to convey meaning precisely, through words, from the head of the sender to a receiver. Our goal is to be as precise as possible, which means checking and double-checking and double-checking to ensure that the figures, facts and words you use are correct. “A good check of your data is to have another person read and comment on the validity of the material” Figures and facts  Verify your statistical data  Double-check your totals  Avoid guessing at laws that have an impact on you, the sender and your  Have someone else read your message if the topic involves data.  Determine whether a “fact” has changed over time 35. 35. Proper Use of Confusing Words ! Our Language (Any) is constantly changing. In fact,even dictionaries can not keep up with rapid change in our language. the following words often confusing in usage: A, An use a before consonants and consonants sounds or a long ” u” sound. Use an before vowels. Accept, except accept is a verb and means to receive. except is a verb or a preposition and relates to omitting or leaving out. Anxious, eager Anxious implies worry, eager conveys keen desire 36. 36. End
Illustrating The Competencies Of PilotsPosted by On Illustrating The Competencies Of Pilots Sharing is caring! In any kind of work the sensory motor coordination serves as a factor of utmost importance. But in some kind of operations, it assumes an overwhelming importance. Clumsiness, slowness of motor impulses, inadequate skills, defective sense organs and others serves as a contributing factors in the efficiency displayed, of an individual. Such persons need not be necessarily rash or impulsive but they still might get involved in accidents in some adventurous jobs like airplane flying. Pilot aptitude test minutely appraises the cognitive condition of the pilots being recruited. The aviation industry takes the assistance of multiple aptitude tests for assessing whether an employee has the required abilities able to step into their family or not. The behavioural attitudes of the individuals undertaking the test are circumstantially measured. Also, other psychological factors regulating the cognitive well-being of the employee can be identified easily with the help of these tests. An increasing number of employers are looking for various psychometric assessment methods for a careful scrutiny of the possible hires as well as the existing employees. Offering them with some sound techniques of psychometric and psychological tests will help them immensely by providing an insight about the understanding of an individual’s personality. Also it will clearly suggest whether the individual’s personality, attitudes and other abilities will be legitimate for the post or not. This test will provide the professional pursuit of the qualification and evaluation of competitors to serve the definite purpose of selection of an aviation pilot. The main competencies that can be measured are, team management skills, decision making, problem solving, leadership traits, communication skills, behavioural competencies, cognitive capabilities, spatial reasoning, process adherence, attention to detail, emotional stability in the face of crisis and also crisis management. Many tests nowadays are predominantly used to measure the sensory motor abilities of individuals. Studies based on such tests have given explicit results as to how the poor scorers on these tests, have usually higher accident rates. There are also some evidences that support the findings that the perceptual style of an individual may be a factor in accident susceptibility. A test to determine the perceptual style of an individual was developed and is well known as the Witkin’sFieldDependence Test.This enables us to differentiate clearly among the subjects who can perceive many details of their visual fields, and those who are incapable or less capable to do so. A great amount of investigations of the accidental records of such groups of people showed that the former group of people had relatively fewer accidents in comparison with the latter group. A person who shows a considerable dissimilarity in their perceptual and motor speed is more likely to be susceptible to accidents.The individuals, who are relatively quick in recognizing visual patterns than they were in making purely muscular or motor responses, tend to be accident safe.On the other hand,persons who were relatively slower in recognizing visual patterns, then they were in making the motor on muscular responses were more inclined to make accidents. Sharing is caring! Comments are disabled.
Natural Teeth Have The Property Of Flexing With Biting Pressure, And This Sometimes Disturbs The Bonding Between The Crown And Tooth. Because it is produced using the finest of ingredients, being N M Rothschild & Sons, Mocatta & Goldsmid, Pixley & Abell, Samuel Montagu & Co. Since centuries, people have been using different methods of financial exchange; for instance, in many countries, intricate patterns, use a soft toothbrush to remove the tarnish. Even here, gold has not been left behind, given its seen an unprecedented and unmatched boom in recent times. The preliminary ore is extracted and is sent to the labs for checking its quality dogs because of their ability to protect their belongings. Using various permutations and combinations of these primary reflecting infrared radiations and stabilizing the temperature within it. This is what is called 'fiat money', which holds value it could become unworthy due to progressive rising prices. The encouraging part about tarnishes is that they can be easily their trust in the dollar and start investing in gold. Insect Classification Insects are basically divided into two subclasses is evident that the melting point of gold varies with the different variants. If there is a market crunch in the supply for gold, people with the paragraphs below so that you can opine about the same as well. Instructions for Foreign Coin Identification There are many catalogs and side, and thus, plays an important role in determining gold prices. The food color wheel comprises three primary colors red, yellow, and blue with dental bonding rather than going for dental crowns. Also give some extra blank papers for notes, saying that he or from a jeweler, who would have the necessary apparatus for testing the quality. You will also like to read
Can I vote in the primaries? Choosing the person who could be chosen to lead Primaries are an important part of the democratic process, but certain states have laws around who is eligible to vote in them, often around voters’ registered political parties. What are the primaries? Primaries are elections that allow political parties to determine the candidate who will go on to represent them in later elections. These can happen at any level, but get the most attention in the two years ahead of a Presidential election, when voters determine which candidates will represent the Democratic and Republican parties in the main election in November. Open vs. Closed Primaries Open Primaries allow any registered voter to pick the candidate that will represent their party as the nominee in the upcoming election. Closed Primaries require that the voter only pick the candidate from the voter’s registered party. For example, a voter registered as a Republican could only pick their choice for the Republican nominee. Some states allow voters registered as independents to align themselves with a party on the day of the Primary Election so they may vote for a party candidate of their choosing. Check the Deadlines Primaries happen ahead of general elections, whether they’re for Presidential, state, or local elections. Any time two or more candidates from the same party run against each other, there’s a primary before the general election. Because of the lead time needed between Primaries and general elections, you’ll need to ensure you’re registered to vote at your current address as soon as possible if you want to participate. Registering with a party As mentioned above, Closed Primaries require voters to be registered with a specific political party before they can participate. You may have selected a party to align yourself with when you registered to vote. If you’re not sure what you selected, or you’d like to change your party alignment, you simply have to update your voter registration. (The same way you would if you moved or changed your name.) Up Next What are my voting rights? Read Article Do I need an ID? Read Article Register to Vote Prepare for Election Day in about 5 minutes Take the pledge Make a plan and stay up-to-date on the election Plan Your Election Review your state's rules and prepare your ballot
Chicken Bone Beach – Atlantic City, New Jersey - Atlas Obscura Chicken Bone Beach Once forgotten, this strip of sand was a rare beachside haven for Black Americans in Atlantic City. People flock to the Atlantic City’s beaches to enjoy the sun, sand, and other splendors the city has to offer. But forgotten by many is Chicken Bone Beach, which opened in 1900 and was a segregated beach set aside for Black beachgoers. In the mid-20th century, there was a rising Black middle class that wanted to participate in all the recreational activities the city offered. While there were many Black-centric nightlife options in Atlantic City during segregation, Chicken Bone Beach was a rare haven for families seeking some oceanside relief from the heat. When Chicken Bone Beach was segregated, many of the nearby restaurants refused to serve Black customers. As such, families would have to pack their own picnic lunches. Their leftovers would litter the beach, scattered by animals and the elements. The name Chicken Bone Beach arose from the large amounts of leftover bones found in the sand. In 1964, The Civil Rights Act officially desegregated the United States, including the beaches in Atlantic City. Chicken Bone Beach, and its history, became nearly forgotten until a graduate student uncovered information about it while studying Atlantic City as a tourist destination for Black families. Today, the beach is nearly indistinguishable from others stretching along the coastline. But you can find a memorial plaque along the boardwalk. There are jazz concerts in the area during certain times of the year, and the Chicken Bone Beach Historical Society works hard to make sure the beach, its history, and the history of segregation in Atlantic City aren’t forgotten. Know Before You Go There is no parking on the boardwalk. You have to park and walk to the boardwalk. For people with mobility problems there are trolleys that run on the boardwalk as well as bicycle carts you can hire.
How do birds find worms? There are five senses common to a bird, which stand as the basis to answer the question how do birds find worms. As the saying goes that different strokes for different folks, birds like robins, have abilities to find their food. While some like the kiwi have nostrils at the tip of their bill that enables them to smell worms from a distance, the sandpiper possesses highly sensitive bill tips that respond to the slightest of worm vibration the soil. Undoubtedly, you will notice the varying style of worm hunting for every species; there is yet something connecting these birds despite their differences. As mentioned earlier, birds find their food with the help of their senses. Just like a blind man will have to master his ears and hands, these cues aid the birds in identifying a worm from other critters. How do birds find worms? There are thousands of species out there, and it is impossible to mention every one of them concerning how they find worms, but we will look into the various senses used in locating worms. Follow us closely as we look into how birds find worms and other food substances. How birds use their senses to find worms? Let’s take time to examine what appears to be a mystery but is a reality. Birds are a special kind of creature and one of the most sensitive. They can recognize the taste of soil rich in worm just by pecking the ground with their beak a few times. You may start to wonder what a bird is seeking to take out from the ground, but then you are taken aback when you see it pluck out its prey gloriously from the ground. In the aspect of taste, you won’t find robins to be responsive. If you have seen robins tilt their head from side to side just before plunging their bill to the ground to pull out a worm and you wonder how sharp that sight is that it could pick precise movements of a worm, you will appreciate the good ability of a bird to sight preys from the soil. In the mid-1960s, Dr. Frank Heppner carried out a test with a robin. He performed controlled experiments to figure out how possible it is for a robin to find its food. These experiments were conducted in stages to best test all five sense cues. In the year 1965, Dr. Heppner realized that robins found it easier to make a good visual on worms, so he made a report on the outcome of his experiment, which could reference other experiments. At that time, they concluded that robins found worms for food, especially by their ability to see what other birds will pass by. Every bird you see, staring sternly at the ground, is likely to have found delicious earthworms. After Dr. Heppner’s tests were used to know the sensory cues of robins and to determine which is dominantly used to locate earthworms, young biologists Dr. Robert and Dr. Patrick decided to share insight with already found knowledge on robins. Further experiments were conducted by these biologists to investigate the thesis of Dr. Heppner. They found out that robins use a combination of sensory cues in finding worms, which means that while the robins have a good look at the worms on the ground, they are also making use of the hearing cue to search for worms hiding underneath the soil. Even if it is easy to hear and search for worms, robins still need to complement this with a visual aid to know the worms’ actual position. You can imagine trying to kill a mosquito because you hear it fly just past your shoulder. Oh yes, you still need to turn on the light to kill the annoying insect. The sense of smell is not common with the robin and other birds in helping them search for worms, probably because it is meant for animals of higher class. For instance, the hammerhead shark would pick up the smell of blood in the water from a far distance. This shows how important smell is to birds as much as hearing is. Vibration is another cue that is not much of an exclusive ability for a bird to find worms because it is believed that even a robin should be able to pick up worm vibrations from the ground. Some do eat worms alive, while others don’t. Yes. Birds with exclusive olfactory and auditory abilities can find worms by smelling and hearing. They could make use of any of the five senses to find worms, while some utilize multiple sense cues. Load More The different species of birds exhibit a special way of locating worms like the robins have a good visual on worms. Auditory cues are not enough to search for worms as birds like the robins will actually need to combine what they hear with what they see (sight is crucial) to do away with the white noise of other environments. A bird’s unique way of searching for worms could be owing to its unique body structure, just like the hammerhead shark is structured to smell uniquely underwater. You would want to recall the illustration of the kiwi with nostrils at the tip of its bill, which makes it adapt to the use of smell in finding its prey. Birds use their eyes to find their prey, and in the case of the robins, they make use of what is known as monocular vision. That is, the robin will tilt its head to the side while focusing on the worms in the soil. This is possible because the robins, unlike other birds, have their eyes on the side of their head, which implies that they cannot see their prey by looking straight (stereo vision is absent); they have to do some turning to locate earthworms.
Should I get a Flu Vaccine? As the days grow shorter and colder, there is a lot of speculation as to what flu season will bring. On one hand, there is potential for COVID-19 and influenza to spike simultaneously, bringing us a “twindemic” or two concurrent pandemics. On the other hand, we can often predict the pervasiveness and severity of the boreal flu season based on what has just happened during the austral winter. This year, with significantly decreased travel, the Southern Hemisphere’s flu season has been exceptionally mild. In addition, precautionary measures that limit the spread of COVID-19–social distancing, mask wearing and hand washing–could also curtail the spread of influenza. This could mean good news for those living north of the equator. But this is speculation. We won’t know how these two viruses will interact and ultimately impact our communities for a few months. Meanwhile, now is the time to get the annual flu vaccine. Should you get vaccines? In my opinion, the answer is a resounding YES. Vaccines have helped us contain, and almost eliminate, many diseases that used to cause significant disability and death, such as measles. With fewer people vaccinating, we’re seeing those diseases return. When I worked in the pediatric intensive care unit in residency, I took care of several otherwise healthy children on ventilators due to measles. Childhood illness is always heartbreaking. These cases were particularly painful because I knew they were easily preventable. That said, the flu vaccine is far from perfect. It protects about 40-60% of the population. Serious adverse reactions to vaccines are rare but possible. When we get vaccinations while we are already sick, it puts extra strain on the immune system and can lead to undesired outcomes. So you’ll want to prepare your immune system before getting any kind of vaccination. Imagine that your immune system looks like a bunch of little soldiers fighting off an enemy, such as a virus or bacterial infection. Our immune system has several different layers to it (see diagram below). Normally, the immune soldiers ward off potential threats without us even knowing. We are constantly encountering potential antigens; only when they make it through to the humoral system do we develop symptoms. If our humoral soldiers are attacking something and they get ambushed from behind (the vaccine), they can become overwhelmed and confused and may start attacking parts of the body by accident. This can lead to conditions like Guillain-Barré syndrom where the immune system attacks the nervous system causing nerve weakness and possibly even death (if the nerves controlling the breathing muscles are affected). So how do we prepare our immune system for a worthwhile vaccination? We do everything we can to keep our body in the parasympathetic nervous system (aka rest and digest) and minimize stress. We make sure we get adequate sleep which means somewhere between 7-9 hours of sleep. We exercise and eat an anti-inflammatory diet with nutrient-dense foods. Basically, we double down on the things we know improve health and longevity. Peptides are also great immune modulators. Peptides are amino acid sequences that act on various parts of the body. Insulin, for example, is a peptide. Thymosin Alpha is a peptide that regulates the thymus gland which is primarily an immune system gland. It works well to help us when we’re sick and it also helps prepare our immune system for vaccines. It can be injected just like insulin and has also been shown to be helpful for decreasing the duration and severity of viral infections such as COVID-19. None of us wants a bad flu season on top of COVID. You can do your part to minimize the impact by getting vaccinated. Eventually, we’ll have a vaccine for COVID-19, too. Just make sure in both cases that your soldiers are only fighting one antigen at a time and prepare your body adequately prior to vaccinations. Leave a Reply
Can You Charge Solar Lights Without Sun? Like many folks, you may be using solar power to provide electricity for your outdoor porch lights, your smartphone, or even your home. For a great number of homeowners, all of their exterior lights are powered by the sun. The benefits are numerous — reduced electricity bills, lower reliance on coal, and it’s just plain cool. But what happens when clouds decide to come out and the solar light power source is nowhere to be found? Is that device just dead until the sun comes back out? Luckily, there’s a solution. You can charge solar lights without the power of the sun. However, you’re going to have to burn additional electricity to do it. Additionally, it’s extremely inefficient! How to Charge Solar Lights Without the Sun There are many reasons why you’d want to charge a solar light without the sun. Perhaps it’s cloudy, or at nighttime. Perhaps you’re indoors and don’t want to drag your light outside to point it up at the sun. Or maybe you’re just in a place with low light! Whatever the reason, a technique exists to get that solar light charged up. We’ll explore each use case below. Outdoors During Nighttime Can you really charge solar lights at night? It depends entirely on whether or not you have an additional light available and what kind of light it is. Most of the time, you can simply place an external light to the photovoltaic cells on your solar light. Then, stand back and let the photon magic do its work! However, be aware that different types of artificial lights emit different areas of the light spectrum. As long as the external light source generates the same area of the spectrum as your solar light, it will charge! An astute reader might be wondering which areas of the light spectrum charge solar cells. The site “Sciencing” has a great description of it, that I’ll reference here: …solar cells do not respond to all forms of light. Wavelengths in the infrared spectrum have too little of the energy needed to jostle electrons loose in the solar cell’s silicon, the effect that produces electric current. Ultraviolet wavelengths have too much energy. These wavelengths simply create heat, which can reduce a cell’s efficiency. So, there you have it. As long as your external light doesn’t fall into the infrared or Ultraviolet wavelengths, your external light will charge your solar light. Incandescent, fluorescent, and LED bulbs should all work fine. On Cloudy Days It’s a myth that solar panels don’t work on cloudy days — they do. They simply don’t work as well. Instead of the power generation of full sun, solar panels only produce 10% – 25% of their output when it’s cloudy. This is plenty to charge your solar lights. However, you can give your solar lights a small nudge to charge a bit more efficiently. The technique is well studied and simple to implement for something as small as a solar light. Yes, I’m talking about solar tracking. Solar tracking is the process of orienting your solar cells toward the sun. During cloudy days this can make all the difference in the world. Solar tracking setups can be as complicated or as simple as you want them to be. For a solar light, I’d simply adjust the panels to hit the sun more directly during the time of day you need to charge. I prefer simple solutions to short-lived problems. If you’re interested in the more complicated option (or want to power something a bit beefier than a solar light), you could install your solar cells on a servo and set up a DIY solar tracker. If you want to charge your solar light indoors, you can simply use the external light technique I covered above. Take the photovoltaic cells and place them next to a light source not powered by solar energy. Consider using the lights that are already on inside the dwelling to avoid burning more electricity! Keep Replacement Batteries One of the easiest ways of “charging” a solar light without the sun is to simply switch out their batteries. If your light runs off battery power, you could store a replacement battery in a cool, dry place to use when the sun is taking a nap. Be sure to only use appropriate, rechargeable batteries suitable for your model of light. Typically these are lithium. Using a lead-cell battery can damage your unit and even cause fires! I personally would not take any chances at all with this. Plug Into an External Power Source If you don’t have a battery and your system is standalone, you may consider plugging into an external power source. Hooking your solar light up the grid or a battery may seem counter-productive, but it’s the only way to guarantee light 24 hours per day. Unless you’re comfortable with electricity (and even if you are), I would advise hiring an electrician to do this for you. Tips to Avoid Solar Power Loss Often, an ounce of preparation is worth a pound of cure. In the case of solar lights, you might solve your need to charge without the sun simply by avoiding solar power loss. Here are some helpful tips to ensure that your solar cells stay healthy and work for years to come. 1. Regularly clean your solar cells of dust, bird poop, and other debris. Once per season should be enough! 2. While it may sound counter-intuitive, shade your solar panels on especially bright, hot days. While solar energy will be strongest during this time, the heat reduces the panel’s effectiveness and can permanently damage the cells. 3. Make sure to use low energy replacement bulbs when necessary and high-quality replacement batteries. Both of these are integral to maintaining a smoothly working solar light system. Final Thoughts Solar lights are great, energy-saving inventions. However, I completely understand the need to revert back to grid-power when the solar panels lack energy. After all, the time when the solar panels will lack energy is precisely when you’ll need to use them! Leave a Reply Recent Posts
NC State Extension Publications Skip to Description Silverfish and firebrats are small, wingless insects. Their bodies are flattened, somewhat "carrot-shaped", and usually covered with scales. They have two long antennae attached to the head and characteristicallly three long tail-like appendages that project from the tip of the abdomen (Figure 1). Adult silverfish are about 12 - 34 inches in length with light gray, dark gray or silver-colored scales, depending on the species. Adult firebrats are about 12-in length and can be gray in color, but usually the scales are brown and mottled in appearance. The nymphs (immatures) look similar to the adults but are a whitish color. The flattened bodies of these insects allow them hide in very small cracks and crevices. Figure 1. Silverfish. Figure 1. Silverfish. Joseph Berger ( Biology and Behavior Skip to Biology and Behavior Silverfish prefer cool, damp areas, and are often found in bathrooms, basements, and in bookshelves or other areas where rarely used items are stored. Firebrats favor habitats with high temperatures (90ºF and above) and humidity, such as around stoves, furnaces, fireplaces, hot-water heaters, and attics. Both silverfish and firebrats are active at night and hide in cracks and crevices during the day A silverfish female may lay over 100 eggs during her lifetime. Eggs are laid singly or in small groups, hatching in three to six weeks. Young silverfish and firebrats resemble adults except being smaller and more white in before turning darker like the adults color in four to six weeks. Adults may live two to eight years. Firebrats lay about 50 eggs at one time in several batches. Eggs hatch in about two weeks under ideal conditions. Unlike other insects, silverfish and firebrats continue to grow and molt throughout their lives. Feeding Activity Skip to Feeding Activity Silverfish and firebrats feed on many types of paper and fabric. They are particularly attracted to glazed paper or material used in book bindings, which may include starch, glues (especially on older books), or other materials. These insects also feed on carbohydrates and foods high in protein, such as dried beef and some dry pet foods. Often the first indication of a silverfish or firebrat infestation is the evidence they leave behind. Damaged paper (Figure 2) may have notched edges or holes throughout, depending on the severity of the infestation. Book bindings that are attacked by silverfish or firebrats may have ragged edges or markings on the bindings. Silverfish and firebrats may also leave cast skins, scales, and / or feces on attacked materials. Figure 2. Silverfish damage. Figure 2. Silverfish damage. Greg Baumann, NPMA Management of Silverfish Infestations Skip to Management of Silverfish Infestations Silverfish populations are often small and scattered. Therefore, control efforts should be directed to those areas where infestations are present, which means taking time to look for the insects and/or the feeding evidence they leave behind (e.g., damaged paper/fabric, contaminated food, or the presence of scales, cast skins or fecal spots). Nonchemical Management 1. Sticky traps (Figure 3) placed in areas of infestation(s) will help identifiy infestation "hot spots" and may provide some control for small populations of these insects as well. 2. Reduce or eliminate excess humidity that may be attracting firebrats or silverfish. Dry out rooms or other areas with excess humidity using a fan or dehumidifier. Make sure ventilation fans in bathrooms or other rooms are working properly. Repair any leaky plumbing or other sources of moisture around sinks, laundry areas, roofs, and other areas. 3. Seal up cracks and crevices that may be providing shelter or allowing entry into the home. 4. Eliminate access to potential food sources, including stored books, papers, fabrics, and stored food products. Reduce clutter by removing or disposing of old newspapers, books, boxes or other stored items that may serve as food sources. Items that you want to store for long periods of time should be kept in air-tight plastic bags or sealable containers. Mothballs and similar products may help keep silverfish out of storage boxes and storage containers but read package labels about possible damage to any plastic items. Always open sealed boxes containing mothballs in a open, well-aired area. Chemical Management Insecticide application may be necessary for severe infestations of silverfish and firebrats. Depending on the location of the infestation(s), residual spray or dust insecticides may be used. There are a few baits that contain boric acid and are used in museums and other preservation facilities. They will work well in homes when used properly. Please refer to the North Carolina Agricultural Chemicals Manual for a list of insecticides labeled for use against silverfish and firebrats. Fogging in areas such as attics rarely works because the chemical will not penetrate beneath insulation, boxes and other stored items where silverfish may be living. Liquid insecticides may be applied into cracks and crevices or as spot treatments in areas where silverfish and firebrats may hide. Dust formulations work well in areas that remain undisturbed, such as attics, basements, storage closets, or other areas not regularly frequented by people or pets. Dusts also work well in wall voids, crevices, or other such spaces, but this may require drilling small holes to get the dust where it needs to go. Carefully read and follow all label instructions. Figure 3. Silverfish on sticky traps. Figure 3. Silverfish on sticky traps. Extension Specialist (Household & Structural Entomology) Entomology and Plant Pathology Training Coordinator Entomology and Plant Pathology Find more information at the following NC State Extension websites: Publication date: Jan. 31, 2017
Sie sind auf Seite 1von 2 PASSIVE VOICE: OTHER USES With two objects: direct and indirect Many verbs, such as give, send, show, lend, pay, promise, refuse, tell, offer can be followed by two objects. Two structures are possible: Alice gave us that vase / Alice gave that vase to us (active) A. Personal object as subject: We were given that vase (by Alice) B. Non-personal object as subject: That vase was given (to) us (by Alice) The choice between the two passive structures may depend, but the structure A is the more common of the two. In structure B, prepositions are sometimes dropped before indirect object pronouns. Ive just been sent a whole lot of information You were lent ten thousand pounds last year The visitors were shown a collection of old manuscripts He was refused a visa because he had been in prison. Explain and suggest cannot be used in structure A. The problem was explained to the children A meeting place was suggested to us. Phrasal verbs Many two- and three-word verbs can be used in the passive. Kathy looks after him. He is looked after (by Kathy) They put the accident down to bad luck The accident was put down to bad luck Other verbs: carry out, disapprove of, hold over (=delay), talk down to (=patronise) Some other verbs CANNOT be used in the passive, for example, brush up on (=revise), cast (your mind) back, come up against (=encounter), get (sth) down, take after. Examples: The plan has been carefully looked at She is never listened to Reporting verbs With reporting structures it is possible to transform the structure into a passive one. People think that Peter is a thief. 1. It is thought that Peter is a thief 2. Peter is thought to be a thief Perfect They believe that Peter killed the man 1. It is believed that Peter killed the man 2. Peter is believed to have killed the man Other verbs: agree, assume, calculate, acknowledge, claim, consider, discover, expect, feel, find, hope, know, intend, plan, say, show, suggest, suppose, think, understand Examples: Moriarty is thought to be in Switzerland She is known to have been married before It is considered to be the finest Cathedral in Scotland Infinitives and gerunds in passive voice Some verbs that can be followed by ing can be used in the passive form being + past participle. Other verbs: avoid, deny, describe, dislike, face, hate, like, remember I really love being given presents The children enjoyed being taken to the zoo The active patter with infinitive can be also used in the passive. Other verbs: appear, begin, come, continue, seem, tend, arrange, attempt, hope, refuse, want Fresh pasta started to be sold by supermarkets only in the 1990s Some verbs that use bare infinitive change their structures to to-infinitive in the passive I saw him come out of the house.He was seen to come out of the house They made him tell them eveything He was made to tell them everything
How automatic train control works and what jobs are there Written by Chris, updated Jun 16 2019 in accordance with our editorial policy. Chris is our resident rail and transport engineer who spends his time helping governments, organisations, and anyone else interested discover the value and importance of efficient transport. An automatically controlled train in Korea Automatic train control is used to describe a few different systems that work together to automatically control trains. The two most important systems are Automatic Train Operation and Automatic Train Protection. These systems independently work to run the train throughout the line, and to protect the train from doing something unsafe. Automatic train operation helps or replaces a train driver; automatic train protection prevents the train doing something unsafe regardless of whether a human or a computer is driving the train. These automatic systems still need humans employed to build and maintain them, and fix things that break down. Other systems that make up automated train control can include the supervisory system and other safety protection systems. The supervisory system helps the control centre use trains to service the timetable and respond if trains break down. The other safety protection systems include protecting the trains that aren’t automatically driven, and providing safe traditional manual control of trains. What is automatic train operation, how does it work? Automatic train operation is a computer system that reads inputs about the train and then commands the traction motor and the brakes accordingly. I like to think of automatic train operation as the train driver. Sometimes the automatic operation can be directed by a human train driver, other times the computer is in charge. If a driver is required to work with the automatic train operation then the driver will be responsible for operating the doors and driving the train in the event of disruption. On some railways, the driver is free to roam the train and monitor the overall operation of the train. On other railways, the driver is required to be in a drivers seat, closer to the operation of a traditional manual train. I’ve worked with some railways where the automatic system even takes care of these tasks. Automatic train operation can include opening doors and emergency operation meaning a driver is not needed. The automatic train operation system starts the train running, brings it up to speed, maintains it at speed, and then applies the normal brakes when approaching a station. It can also command the doors while waiting at the station. Automatic trains can even start themselves up in the depot before entering passenger service. What is automatic train protection then? Automatic train protection works to prevent trains colliding. It does this by constantly checking if the next section of track is safe to proceed in to. If the automatic train protection cannot calculate the next section is safe, it slams on the brakes and brings the train to a stop as fast as possible. Another train in the way, the track not set in the correct direction, or the train is going to fast for this section, are all situations the automatic train protection works to make safe. Regardless of whether the train is driven by an automatic system or a human driver, the automatic train protection will prevent it from doing something unsafe. How does automatic train protection work? Automatic train protection works by notifying a train of when it is safe to enter a section of track. If a train is not notified it is safe to enter a section of track, the train will stop itself by applying the emergency brakes. On some train networks, this is a lever next to the track that is lowered when the train can proceed; on other networks, this is a radio system that tells the train where it is and where it can proceed to. The British also do some cool things with magnets to warn drivers if the upcoming sections are not safe to enter. Automatic train protection isn’t reserved only for automated lines, it can be used on any train line willing to pay for the equipment. What about the supervisory system? This is the automatic timetable. The supervisory system figures out where trains should be and when, and directs trains to their position. It is the controller that directs the trains on which track to take, what time to take it, and which stations to stop at. Humans are still in charge. People generally monitor the automatic system. The automatic system alerts the people if there are problems with the trains. People then direct the system on how to solve the problem. Each station used to have staff dedicated to monitoring the progress of trains, to making sure everything is on time. Now this is done remotely thanks to the automatic supervisory system. If there is a delay in the service, the supervisory system can ensure trains return to normal timetabling while minimising disruption to passengers. How do humans still have a job with all these automatic systems? Every time I’ve seen a system interact with the real world, it has a weak point that can break. Someone needs to be there to inspect and pre-empt the problems, fix it when it breaks, and keep that physical world interface functioning. Inspection, the pre-emption of a problem, is a human task at the moment. Using drones, for example, can make it easier for humans to do inspection. I’ve seen people try to automate the whole process with drones. However, at the root of it, is a human. A human must still decide what is “OK” and what “needs fixing”. Most humans build this skill from experience and “gut feeling”. When a machine breaks, a human needs to fix it. A broken part that needs replacing is a hard to job to automate. I’m often asked, why not build a system that never breaks down? There is no such thing. Even if your system is perfect, something external can bring it down. Even worse, if you never had anyone maintaining your system, when that external event breaks it down, who fixes it? If the power supply breaks, a human needs to repair it There are also regular maintenance and operations tasks that cannot easily be automated away: Cleaning and lubrication. If you have a mechanical system, and even some electrical systems, someone will need to clean and lubricate it. No machine is yet agile enough to lubricate and clean small gears and boxes. Who builds these systems in the first place A human is needed to architect the system; another human is needed to build it. While we can build machines and AI to make these jobs easier, they cannot be replaced. Check out our piece on why AI cannot replace jobs if you’re interested in reading more about this. Automatic train control systems are usually the domain of the signalling engineer. In the past, engineering train signals was a discipline unto itself. Modern signalling engineers are a blend of electronics, computers, and telecommunications. These are the components of automatic train control. Automatic train control can be a cost effective way of operating a new train line. Upgrading existing train lines to automatic train control can prove challenging though. Some cities have managed, the most recent I can think of is Sydney. While I hope this is a trend that keeps growing, I’m glad there will still be jobs for humans to do when the trains are automatic. About Us We believe in the huge potential of jobs in infrastructure. Designing, building, operating, and maintaining infrastructure are jobs we can't see being replaced by automation. Road, rail, airports, utilities, and many other infrastructure fields are already in high demand; we want to help you get in on the market.
Quick Answer: What Is The Meaning Of 25k Salary? How do you say 25000 in English? cardinal number 25,000twenty-five thousand and.twenty-five thousand (amer.). What does 25k mean in money? 25 thousandK is the usual way of expressing thousands (from kilo) and M (from both million and mega) the usual way to express millions. So, 25K is 25 thousand. And 25M is 25 million. Why is K used for 1000? To minimize confusion I would stick with K for a thousand. K comes form the Greek kilo which means a thousand. In the metric system lower case k designates kilo as in kg for kilogram, a thousand grams. What is M in money? M is the Roman numeral for thousand and MM is meant to convey one thousand thousand – or Million. To take it further; one billion would be shown as $1MMM or one thousand million. … The Greeks would likewise show million as M, short for Mega. What does K mean for money? “K” in money means a thousand. In Mathematics, Kilo means thousand, thus, the letter K. For example, 5K money basically just means five thousand (5,000). When used with currencies, 10K money is $10,000. How do you write 25000 in English? American English and British English spellings are little different for numbers but spelled in the same manner.25000 in words : twenty five thousand.25000 in english : twenty five thousand. How to Pronunce 25000 in english(IPA) ? 24999. 25000. 25001. How do you spell 25000 in currency Spelling ? How many is 25k? A 25K is 15.53 miles and not a super common distance for road races, but seen more in trail races. How do you write 25k? How to Write Out Number 25,000 in Words, in (US) American English, Number Converted (Spelled Out) Using Different Letter Cases25,000 written in lowercase: twenty-five thousand.WRITTEN IN UPPERCASE: TWENTY-FIVE THOUSAND.Title Case: Twenty-Five Thousand.Sentence case: Twenty-five thousand. How much is 1k money? 1K = 1,000 (one thousand) 10K = 10,000 (ten thousand) What 35k means? 30,000 to 35,000adding K in a digit m means “thousand”, So 30k-35k means 30,000 to 35,000. What is mean 50k? 50K: fifty thousand. noun. I make a 50K salary. I earn fifty thousand dollars a year. What is 30k money? As such, people occasionally represent the number in a non-standard notation by replacing the last three zeros of the general numeral with “k”: for instance, 30k for 30,000. ‘K’ is short for 1,000. It comes from ‘kilo’. It’s short for “thousand”, just like how kilometers (km) are a thousand meters (m). How much money is 1k views on YouTube? With the average YouTube pay rate hovering between $0.01 and $0.03 for an ad view, a YouTuber can make around $18 per 1,000 ad views, which comes out to $3 to $5 per 1,000 video views. Forbes also estimates that for top talent, a YouTuber can make about $5 for every 1,000 video views. What is meant by 20k salary? What is 20k salary? Normally, 20k = 20,000, since 1k = 1,000. This comes from the k being an abbreviation for kilo, which is thousand in Latin. What is 2k amount? K means Thousand. Here 2k means 2000. As for “Price money worth Rs 2k”… It could well mean that the value of price(whatever it is) will be equal to Rs 2000.
How Municipal Sewer and Water Systems Work How Municipal Sewer and Water Systems Work We tend to take our faucets and drains for granted. Water comes into the home for drinking, bathing, appliances, and toilet, and then it quickly exits down drains. The way you use water and what you allow to flow down the drain affects more than your home—it can impact your city or town. Understanding a little about how municipal sewer and water systems work can help keep things flowing and prevent backups. Water Service Municipal water service starts with a source: a lake, a river, or an underground aquifer, all fed by precipitation. It then travels to a treatment plant to remove impurities and make the water safe for consumption. From the treatment plant, the water is pumped through a system of underground pipes. These are connected to your home through a water service pipe. The city water main is usually under the street in front of your house. Your service pipe runs underground, usually beneath your front yard. The water from your municipal system is pumped under pressure, so it can reach your home and all the fixtures in it. When you turn on a faucet or another water-using appliance, water travels from your service pipe and past a meter that measures how much water enters the home. This determines your water bill. Then it moves along the branching pipes in your home to the fixtures that need it. Sewer Service Wastewater is all the water used in the home that flows down the drain. It includes the water you flush from your toilet and the waste it carries. In most homes, gravity carries wastewater toward a vertical pipe, called a standpipe or soil stack, in your basement. The stack is vented through the roof of your home to maintain proper pressure to keep wastewater flowing out through the main drain line in your home. This drainpipe is usually under your basement floor, in a crawlspace, or under a foundation slab. Your main drainpipe runs out of your home and through an underground sewer line. It connects with the city’s main sewer line under the street. From there, it flows through larger and larger pipes toward a wastewater treatment plant. The treatment plant removes solid waste and contaminants, so the water safe to release back into the environment. Conserving Water and Watch What You Flush The number of people using water simultaneously can affect municipal water pressure. Watering during a drought can strain a municipal water system, forcing some cities to impose restrictions to maintain the water supply. Sewer systems are impacted by what you flush and what you allow to flow down your drains. Treatment plants encounter all kinds of solid waste that never should have been flushed. When you pour bacon grease and cooking oil down the drain, you not only risk clogging your own pipes, but you contribute to a greasy, growing blob that flows toward the treatment plant. Grease can be such a problem that commercial businesses and industries have special “traps” to catch it. Furthermore, commercial plumbers provide grease trap cleaning services. This keeps waste grease from flowing into the municipal system. Your home is one point on a complex system involving pipes, pumps, and treatment facilities. Municipal sewer and water systems make it possible to safely use water in the home and safely release treated wastewater back into the environment. If you have questions about your homes plumbing, contact Fletcher’s Plumbing and Contacting, Inc.
How core network (UPF) connects to the real internet (www, ISP)? apologies for the basic question. i am bit confused, how simulated SIM connects to the real internet? i mean do free5GC network uses local WIFI connectivity after UPF to connect to internet? our simulated sim within free5GC network should have provisioned to the local internet provider network right? how it works in free5GC solution? That depended on how you simulate, right? In our case, we do not use any wireless device. We just simulate the call flow of RAN to CN. Thank you for the instant reply. Yes that is depend on simulation method. can you reply on below questions . 1. so in your youtube video (6. Use case: Human user) where video call tested on two seperate handsets, do you used local MNO real SIM card with your simulated 5G core ? if Not then how your simulated network reached the internet. 2. Is it possible to reach the or internet using current test environment which free5GC is using where all elements from SIM to CN is simulated? i believe, for this we may need to have local roaming tie-up with local ISP right? Thanks again for the knowledge sharing. 1. We are not focus on RAN part, so we do not use real SIM and real UE. We just simulate RAN’s call flow to send to CN. 2. Yes, free5GC is able to reach the Internet. 1 Like
for English about Shihan-Mato (四半的), one kind of Japanese archery for ordinary people Shihan-Mato (四半的) is a Japanese style of archery, employing a short bow, with the archer shooting from a sitting position. It is a separate style completely independent of and quite different from the other style of Japanese traditional archery, Kyudo. The style originated from what was the domain of the Shimazu clan (in modern-day Miyazaki Prefecture). It is sometimes referred to as a peasant style of archery. The Shimazu lord created the style so as to be able to arm his peasantry with bow, and thus increase the amount of archers in his forces. However, at the same time, so as to limit their ability to use the bows in a rebellion, the peasants were told to practice from a sitting position. The distance to the target is approximately 8.2 meter (四間半), which is quite short. The target is approximately 13.64cm (四寸五分). The bow is also quite short compared to other bows, around 1.36 meter (四尺五寸), conversely the arrows, typically made by Mizuno or Easton, are around 1 meter in length. Shihan-Mato is very well known in Obi Nichinan, Miyazaki and it was regularly practiced in Obi Castle. In the modern day, Shihan-Mato is seen as a form of leisure activity. It is customary for people to drink and eat, then shoot in the Shihan-Mato style. Clothing is a lot less formal than other styles of Japanese archery, practitioner may wear any informal clothing. 分類：for English Tagged as: , Google photo Twitter picture 連結到 %s
Guess Who's Coming to Dinner? You’ve seen the images before: piles of plastic bottles and bags washed up on what used to be a pristine beach somewhere. Or an animal that had a run in with a piece of plastic (remember that turtle with the straw from a few years ago?). Plastic is making our lives better, but some of it is causing issues for Mother Nature. A solution might be right around the corner. Researchers at Stanford University have shown that mealworms may help solve our problems. In their experiments they’ve found mealworms can consume various types of plastic, like polystyrene, with no ill effects. Okay. You’ve probably seen similar headlines off and on for the past few years about mealworms being able to eat plastic. This is nothing new and scientists have known this for quite some time. So, why hasn’t it happened already? Well the issue is a little more complex than that. Let’s start by taking a look at polystyrene. It’s okay if you don’t know what polystyrene is right offhand. Think StyrofoamTM. We come across polystyrene just about everyday. It’s used to make coffee cups, packaging, and CD jewel cases (even though nobody’s buying CDs anymore). It’s fairly cheap and can be molded into different shapes. It’s no surprise that there’s a lot of it. Polystyrene typically has an additive called HBCD (hexabromocyclododecane). It’s a flame retardant, but it also happens to be toxic. Good for fire safety, but not so much for the environment. It takes 3,000 - 4,000 mealworms about one week to devour a polystyrene cup. And what’s more interesting is they can do it without any negative effects. They don’t retain any of the harmful components and are, in fact, healthy. Obviously, it would take a huge amount of mealworms to get rid of all the polystyrene waste. So, that’s not quite a viable solution. But it is still good news. First, it’s good news for farmers. Mealworms are commonly used as feed for livestock. This research means mealworms can be used to breakdown polystyrene and still be used as food. Because they don’t retain any of the toxic additives after about 48 hours, they can still be used as food. Maybe not such good news for the mealworms. Secondly, it means a creative and long-term solution to our pollution problem may not be that far off. Will mealworms eat away all of our plastic waste? Nope. Not happening anytime soon. However, it means we have another avenue to explore Most experts agree, though, that we should look to more viable solutions to our pollution problems. However, It’s still interesting to think that worms can eat your coffee cup.
The odd color change in your urine after eating beets can be alarming because it looks like blood. However, it’s important to know is urine discoloration by beets abnormal or not. A frightened mother booked an appointment in my clinic to seek medical advice about her child. After listening to her describe the symptoms all she said was her child peed red after eating beets for dinner. I explained to her that beets can at times cause someone to have red urine or poop which most of the time isn’t a harmful thing. Beets are great root veggies that have many health benefits and contain lots of vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients good for your body. Eating beets lower your blood pressure, increases your energy levels, and improves your immune system. However, beets have an unusual side effect that is a bit alarming to some people. Beets cause beeturia, which means your urine or poop turns red or pink. Different colors of urine Normally, urine is supposed to have a straw yellow colour but depending on what kind of fluid and how much you take during the day, the yellow hue can change. Your urine becomes dark yellow if you don’t take much fluid. It can turn darker yellow or orange if you take foods rich in vitamin B or carotene or some medication. Also if you take lots of vitamin B2 supplements your body will take what it can use or store and the rest is passed on to your kidney and to your urine. Blue or green urine can be caused by artificial food colouring found in certain foods you consume while milky urine can be as a result of an infection or bacteria in your urinary tract. If you’re taking antidepressants, antihistamines, antibacterial, or anti-inflammatories the medication can cause blue or green urine. When you pass brown urine it could be caused by liver or kidney disorders, infection in your urinary tract, eating foods like fava beans, aloe, or rhubarb. Laxative drugs with cascara, metronidazole, or chloroquine can also be a cause or if you’ve suffered a severe muscle injury. Click here to learn more about the colours of your urine and their meaning. Is urine discoloration by beets abnormal? What causes red urine or beeturia? Drinking beet juice from raw beets can turn your urine deep red or light pink and if you consume boiled beets your urine can turn light red or pink. Beets contain betalain, a compound that gives beets the red colour. If your body isn’t able to break down this pigment it passes to your kidney which you then passed out as pink or red urine. Although this is a harmless side effect to eating beets, it can be a health concern which may require medical attention if the symptoms persist 48 hours after you stop taking beets. Red or pinkish urine could be as a result of low iron in your body which means you don’t have enough red blood cells to carry oxygen to the rest of your body. It could also be a sign of liver diseases, extreme dehydration, or accumulation of bilirubin. If your stomach acids can’t absorb nutrients, vitamins, and minerals, it could be difficult to metabolize betalain so it’s passed in your urine. If you feel bloated, constipated, or have gas you could be having low stomach acid. The presence of red blood cells in your urine can also turn it red which means you have problems with your renal system and kidneys, urinary disorders, or severe mercury or lead poisoning. If you do any strenuous exercises like distant running, vigorous exercises can cause you to have urinary bleeding. Tumors in the bladder and kidneys are most common in older people or enlarged prostate glands in men can cause blood to be found in their urine. Treating beeturia Since most of the time it’s not a harmful side effect, you don’t require any medical treatment. However, if it requires medical attention it’s good to go for the necessary tests and take medication that will treat the underlying problems. So, is urine discolouration something you should be concerned about? Eating beets is very healthy but sometimes it can cause anxiety if you see red or pink urine. So if your question is, is urine discoloration by beets abnormal, the answer is not necessarily. This is because this is a side effect that is mostly harmless but at times it could be a sign of a more serious underlying problem that needs medical attention. It’s also important that you understand the meaning of other urine colours. How long does beet juice stay in your urine? If you don’t notice any red colour in your urine within 24 hours after eating beets it means your body is taking too long to digest food. If waste stays too long in your gut it’s reabsorbed. Is pink urine a sign of iron deficiency? Although having pink urine after eating beets is something normal it can sometimes be a sign that you’re lacking iron in your body. Your body doesn’t have enough red blood cells to carry oxygen to your body. How can you use beets to test your stomach acid? Your stomach acid and gut help to breakdown pigments in your foods if they’re low it could cause beeturia. If your stomach acid is low your body can’t properly metabolize the beet pigment and it’s passed in your urine. Is it OK to eat beetroot during pregnancy? Eat beetroot during your pregnancy is good because it has so many health benefits to you and the fetus. It can protect you from getting anemia, boost your immunity, help your baby to grow, etc. When is the best time to start eating beetroot during pregnancy? In your second trimester is the best time to start eating beetroot to get all the nutrients for a healthy pregnancy and baby. Beetroot can make you throw up if you have morning sickness.
Quick Answer: Why Is It Important For Students To Eat Healthy? Why is it important to eat healthy? Eating well is fundamental to good health and well-being. Healthy eating helps us to maintain a healthy weight and reduces our risk of type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol and the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and some cancers.. Why is it hard for college students to eat healthy? Common barriers to healthy eating were time constraints, unhealthy snacking, convenience high-calorie food, stress, high prices of healthy food, and easy access to junk food. Why is health important in life? Better health is central to human happiness and well-being. It also makes an important contribution to economic progress, as healthy populations live longer, are more productive, and save more. Is breakfast good or bad? Breakfast is perceived as healthy, even more important than other meals. Even today’s official nutrition guidelines recommend that we eat breakfast. It is claimed that breakfast helps us lose weight, and that skipping it can raise our risk of obesity. Is it OK to skip breakfast? Why is breakfast so important for students? Eating a healthy breakfast before starting the school day is linked to improved concentration, better test scores, increased energy, a higher intake of vitamins and minerals, and even a healthier body weight. Breakfast is especially important for young students whose brains use up about half of the body’s energy. Why eating breakfast is so important? Breakfast is often called ‘the most important meal of the day’, and for good reason. As the name suggests, breakfast breaks the overnight fasting period. It replenishes your supply of glucose to boost your energy levels and alertness, while also providing other essential nutrients required for good health. What are the benefits of being fit and healthy? Top Ten Benefits To Keeping Fit And HealthyReduces your dementia risk. … Decreases your osteoporosis risk. … Improves your sex life! … Prevents muscle loss. … Improves digestion. … Reduces stress, depression and anxiety. … Reduces cancer risk. … Improves your skin.More items…• How can a student have a healthy lifestyle? 101 Health and Wellness Tips for College StudentsLearn proper portion size. To avoid eating too much of even the healthiest foods, keep track of how much you’re eating. … Vary your meals. … Eat breakfast. … Keep healthy snacks around. … Drink moderately. … Don’t fight stress by eating. … Drink water. … Limit sugary and caffeinated beverages.More items… Why is it important to keep students healthy? Research has shown that students are able to learn better when they’re well nourished, and eating healthy meals has been linked to higher grades, better memory and alertness, and faster information processing. What are 5 benefits of healthy eating? 5 Benefits of Eating HealthyWeight Loss. One of the main reasons people eat a healthy diet is to maintain a healthy weight or to lose weight. … Heart Health. … Strong bones and teeth. … Better mood and energy levels. … Improved memory and brain health. Why is it important to eat fruit? Fruits are sources of many essential nutrients that are underconsumed, including potassium, dietary fiber, vitamin C, and folate (folic acid). Diets rich in potassium may help to maintain healthy blood pressure. Why is food important for us? A food is something that provides nutrients. … energy for activity, growth, and all functions of the body such as breathing, digesting food, and keeping warm; materials for the growth and repair of the body, and for keeping the immune system healthy. What are some tips for eating healthy as a college student? 10 Healthy Eating Tips for Busy StudentsEat a good breakfast. … If you must eat fast foods, choose wisely. … Keep healthy snacks on hand. … Eat plenty of foods rich in calcium. … If you need to lose weight, do it sensibly.More items… What is a healthy diet for college students? Try having at least 5 servings of fruits and vegetables per day with a focus on different colors such as apples, carrots, eggplants, leafy greens, and bananas. Try having fish, beans, eggs, tofu, peanut butter, chicken, dairy, or lean beef at each meal. Using campus services can also help you maintain good nutrition. Why is it important for college students to eat healthy? A healthy diet provides many benefits such as preventing you from feeling tired as well as helping you to maintain your energy and weight. What is the healthiest thing to eat everyday? How can college students lose weight without exercise? What do humans need to stay healthy? As well as exercise, the clip also makes the point that good hygiene, plenty of sleep, and eating a balanced diet with plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables, are all essential aspects of good health. What are the benefits of eating fruits and vegetables? Fruit and vegetables are a good source of vitamins and minerals, including folate, vitamin C and potassium. They’re an excellent source of dietary fibre, which can help to maintain a healthy gut and prevent constipation and other digestion problems. A diet high in fibre can also reduce your risk of bowel cancer. What happens to your body when you start eating healthy? Your body will become regular. This can come with a lower amount of bloating and discomfort along with looking slimmer as well. You’ll notice your moods are more stable. You have less ups and downs throughout the day and may even start to feel more empowered in your daily life.
Home » Reading » Joint family system and Nuclear family system Joint family system and Nuclear family system JOINT FAMILY The family is the base of society. The joint family system is slowly being replaced by the nuclear family system. Some of the factors contributing to the rise in nuclear families are better education, migrating for employment, technological advancement and the shrinking of the universe through globalisation. Nuclear families have become the order of the day. Greater awareness has resulted in the reduction of the size of the family. Families of the older generation had an average of six to nine children. The house would be bustling with children, uncles, aunts, cousins, parents and grandparents. Agriculture was the predominant occupation. There is a lot of give and take in joint families. The concept of caring and sharing is inculcated automatically. Elders shoulder the responsibility of running the house. Joint families can inhibit the freedom of parents in some ways. Some children tend to get pampered. Greater despondency can sometimes result in shirking responsibility. The atmosphere in a joint family may not always be conducive to character and personality development. Nuclear families are the outcome of evolving societies. The need to take up employment in distant places is an important factor in the spread of nuclear families. The small size of the family encourages all the members to be aware of the overall activities in the house. Parents have a greater say in making decisions. Finances can be managed and utilised according to the needs and circumstances. Children experience greater freedom to pursue their own interests. Rise in = increase The rise in crimes in cities is a major problem. The rise in temperature is an outcome of global warming. The rise in prices of essential goods is causing a lot of troubles. Shrinking = becoming smaller The borders between countries are shrinking. Order of the day = very common Parents listening to children is becoming the order of the day. Bustling with = filled with The hall was bustling with all kinds of activities. Predominant = most popular or common / special Give and take = Share or exchange Give and take is the law of life. Shoulder the responsibility = take charge of / take up the responsibility No one was willing to shoulder the responsibility of organising the function. Running the house = to manage My brother has been given the responsibility of managing the house for two months. Inhibit = prevent / limit Parents should not inhibit the creativity in children. Children do not have any inhibitions. They are free, frank and fearless. Shirking responsibility = avoiding responsibility It is common to find people in power shirking responsibility for unpleasant situations. Distant = far away Distinct = clear The distance between the shop and the godown is 25 kms. The picture is not very distinct. Aware of = to know Gopal was not aware of the accident. It is important to be aware of the changes in the banking sector. Greater say = involved in People should have a greater say in the changes made by the administration. To pursue = take up / follow Ravi wants to pursue higher studies. The police tried to pursue the thief. Tend to = possibility of Riches can make a man tend towards vices. Test the level of your vocabulary. Read the passage given and fill the blank with the right word. The initial and the final letters of the word are given. The form of the word may have to be changed. employ education replace facility migrate continue celebrate convenience The nuclear family is slowly r————–g the joint family system. Some of the major factors leading to this situation are better e ———– l facilities, advancement in technology and em ———– t opportunities. The m ————– n from villages to cities either due to employment or for education has resulted in the disruption of the joint family system. The search for greener pastures has been f———— d through globalisation.However the joint family system has not become totally obsolete. It c———– s to flourish ,though in a different way. Some members of the family stay back and continue to live in the villages, while those who leave for employment make it a point to come back for an annual get together. This reunion can be either for festivals or for some c———— n in the family. In some cases all the members of the family travel to a place that is comfortable and c ————- t to accommodate the members of the extended family. The nuclear families in the cities also provide an opportunity for sight seeing to the other members of the extended family. This in turn promotes tourism. Tourism boosts the economy.Travel thus becomes very common. Have a discussion: Nuclear families are better than joint families. Joint family system is no longer feasible. Agricultural practices have to be strengthened. Agricultural markets have to be formed by the locals themselves. Technology should be deployed in a better manner. Organic farming should be encouraged. Community living should be strengthened through social, cultural and literary activities. Activities like afforestation, social service for ensuring cleanliness and vigilance groups will go a long way in building a better society. Concepts like dignity of labour, self dependence, awareness, proper use of resources and basic literacy go a long way in promoting health and harmony, so very crucial for humanity. The very concept of family has to be better understood. Study the picture given below. 1 What kind of family do you see? 2 How many members of the family can you identify? 3 How many children can you see ? 4. How many couples can you identify? 5. Why are the two kids not seated in the middle? Look at this family tree 1 How many children does Mr. Rao have? 2 How many children are married? 3 How many grandchildren does Mr. Rao have? 4. How many couples can you see ? Write a paragraph about the family. Try to draw a family tree. This is the family of Mr. Shekar. He has six children. The first three are boys , the next two are girls and the last one is a boy Four of them are married, the two girls and the first two boys. The boys have two kids each, a girl and a boy, while the girls have one girl each. The daughter of the eldest son is married. India lives in the villages. Leave a comment
Applied Kinesiology is a modality using the brain, musculo-skeletal and meridian systems combined to strengthen and re-align the body after it has been traumatized. An accident at work . Sporting injury. Falling off your bike. Falling over when you were a child. Emotional traumas from what evermay come your way in your life. Psychological or mental stress. A combination of physical, emotional and spiritual stress, which then affects the structural symmetry of the body. Learning difficulties. Forgetting what you have just read and have to re-read the paragraph and still cannot absorb the information. Memory Loss. Lazy eyes. Hearing difficulties Never well since a trauma. Getting your body back into feeling right after birth. Through various injuries, bumps and lumps, the body reassesses its alignment and compensates to straighten up and before you know it you have a whole new set of painful symptoms which places stress on other parts of the body therefore limiting movement and bending. The body always wants to stay in a state of homeostasis and will recruit the other systems or muscles, to take over and function, when part of the body has been injured. Within a few hours, days, weeks or months, the pain shows up again, hence reducing the function of the body. No matter how small or large the injury, the injury will always be there, because subconsciously the body has not rectified the original problem. This also makes the sufferer tired and fatigued, with less energy to go about their daily life. Kinesiology addresses the realignment of the body so it gets back to it’s full function and free of pain! Back to Top
Of the four major sports that permeate American culture (football, basketball, hockey, and the best, baseball), none has existed in its current form for as long. Yet despite its relative stasis, baseball has evolved. Although the basic rules of the game have remained the same, it is not isolated from the broader currents of time and technology. One of those currents has been medicine’s ceaseless march toward the curing of disease and the extension of healthy life. We’ve seen this current manifest in baseball via the introduction of new treatments and surgeries. Only 30 years ago, the notion of Bartolo Colon going abroad to get stem cell injections to heal his arm would have been science fiction. One year ago, this treatment was likely behind the success of a 40-year-old pitcher with a 92 mph fastball and a 2.65 ERA. More broadly, Colon’s medical miracle raises the question of whether medicine is prolonging careers and if so, how. Technically and statistically, studying career length is not trivial. But, as before, I’ll use a Cox Proportional Hazards model, borrowed from epidemiology, to understand how career length has varied over baseball’s long history. The Marvel of Modern Medicine I’ll draw once again on Lahman’s database, from which I use only the time period 1910-1989. I compute each player’s year as the first year in which he appeared in an MLB game (his debut), and his dominant position as the one at which he fielded the most innings. As a point of departure, I ask the simplest question possible: Are careers getting longer or shorter over time? The model’s answer is that careers are generally getting longer, to a significant degree (the hazard ratio represents the risk of a career ending, wherein numbers less than one represent less risk, and numbers greater than one, more risk). The hazard ratio suggests that, in this case, the risk is going down about .1 percent per year, or about 1 percent per decade. In both cases, although these gains are slight over any period of a few years, they increase rapidly when considering the differences as they accrue between, say, 1925 and 1965. As an example of career length increasing over time, consider these survival curves, which chart the percentage of players remaining in the league at a given point in time for three different decades: the 1920s, 1950s, and 1980s. Generally, the red curve (1920s) is below the purple (1950s), which is below the blue (1980s), although things get a bit squirrely toward the very long careers (where sample size is much smaller). Without entreating you to learn too much #GoryMath, there’s another approach that could be of use, which is to estimate the hazard ratio on a decade-by-decade basis. Whereas the former approach summarized the overall trend (toward longer careers), this method allows individual decades to vary independently from each other. I graph it as follows. While the dominant trend is visible—toward a decreasing hazard ratio through time—there are notable and interesting sub-narratives. For instance, consider the huge spike in the 1940s, some of which seems to echo into the ’50s. I would posit that this increased hazard ratio corresponds to World War II, which imposed a hazard of an altogether different sort upon many MLB players of that time. A similar spike may be at work in the decade 1910-1919. Many of the longest career lengths are found in players who debuted in the 1960s. Curiously, after the 1960s, the hazard ratio begins a gradual upward acceleration. I can only speculate as to why that is, but speculate I shall: From the 1970s onward, the rise of free agency changed the economic calculus of the game, especially from the player’s perspective. Whereas before players were often forced to work jobs after baseball, with the increased compensation afforded to players in free agency, it became worthwhile to sacrifice long-term health for even a relatively short major-league career. Strength training started in earnest. Steroids began their insidious creep into the game, with pernicious and still somewhat unknown long-term effects. Many MLB players began to push to their physiological limits, perhaps sometimes to the detriment of their long-term survival in the league. But, in the absence of definitive data on these potential factors, these thoughts will have to remain speculation. Trends by Position Another angle on the question of survival curves through time is to examine the effect on a per-position basis. It may be the case that while players at some positions are lasting longer in the major leagues, players at other positions are actually decaying more rapidly. In the above table, I am displaying the effect of time on the aging pattern of each position, calculated separately. Overall, the hazard ratio is pretty consistent for all the different positions. Third basemen, for whatever reason (if indeed there is a reason), show the strongest decrease in risk over time. While technically third basemen are the only position to show a significant decrease in hazard ratio, all positions except catcher do show decreases. For this reason, when the positions are pooled, it makes sense that the overall trend would be one of decreasing risk over time. I want to focus now on pitchers, whose shorter career lengths relative to position players I noted in the last piece on this subject. Pitchers have benefited from one of the most profound shifts in sports medicine in recent history: Tommy John surgery (rest in piece, Frank Jobe). The surgery can significantly prolong the careers of pitchers who suffer injuries to the ulnar collateral ligament, making what was a formerly career-ending injury only a major inconvenience (in most cases). It stands to reason that Tommy John surgery itself may have altered the career lengths of pitchers. I examined this possibility by considering whether pitcher career length had increased post-1974, when the first Tommy John was performed. This method is inexact, but sufficient for a first look. In fact, pitchers since 1974 have a five percent reduced risk of their career ending at any given point. Even though this difference is substantial, it is not significant because of how recent 1974 is (p=.248). With that said, I am inclined to attribute some of the observed decrease to the advent of the surgery. As time goes on, and the players from the ’90s end their careers, the impact of Tommy John ought to become more clear. Examining the vast scope of baseball players from 1910-1990 shows that career lengths have increased overall. However, the increase has been uneven and subject to variation, especially in times of war. In the recent past, the hazard ratio may have been increasing (and career length decreasing), for reasons unknown. Dividing the dataset by each player’s dominant position, I find that almost all positions are growing healthier over time, and third basemen especially so. For pitchers, the invention of Tommy John surgery by Dr. Frank Jobe coincides with a decrease in the hazard ratio, but causation is difficult to infer without a more thorough analysis using historical data on Tommy John surgeries. There are still more factors at work in determining career length, many of which have yet to be examined. Conspicuously absent so far in my analysis is any variable corresponding to the quality of each player and the league as a whole, and such a variable is undoubtedly the dominant determinant of whether and how long a player sticks around. Beyond quality, there exist more subtle influences on career length, such as the physical shape of a player. I’ll hope to tackle these and other factors in future articles in this vein. Thank you for reading Subscribe now You need to be logged in to comment. Login or Subscribe This is a facinating series and I have thoroughly enjoyed it so far! Not sure if someone else has already mentioned these, but doesn't the overall size of the available talent pool play a role in how long a career is? In other words, pre-1947, a large chunk of the population was not eligible to play baseball. I'm not sure if this, by itself, would result in overall shorter careers, because presumably some number of lesser qualified players had careers because their better replacements were not able to play. Or would worse players stay around longer, because of the lack of available better replacements? I also wonder what impact the increase in the number of teams has had, in terms of both diluting and also expanding the talent pool. Really looking forward to the future articles! Robert - very interesting stuff. I think you are on to something with the advent of free agency increasing the Hazard Risk of career length. But maybe not in the cause of free agency doing so. I would posit that free agency made it more expensive for owners to retain veteran players at the expense of rookies, and so the bottom x% of rosters would be culled for younger, cheaper talent more frequently. This could likely be tested by examining the player quality - or average playing time of players who exit the league over time. Then again, players may continue to play for longer if they are actually getting free agent wages. It is not truly the player's choice in most cases. Very few players have the ability to decide when they want to hang them up. The owners/GMs make the decision for them by offering them a contract or not. Thanks for the kind words. You are right about the change in player valuation post-free agency--I think that's worth looking into. I definitely will be integrating player quality & playing time into future analysis.
pcb assembly Integrity of the Signal in HDI Circuits With rise-times of signals on the printed circuit boards (PCBs) continuing to drop, the age-old concerns related to signal integrity is always at the forefront of (PCB) Printed circuit board design. However, with the increasing quantities of printed circuits in high-density interconnect or HDI technology, there are some interesting new solutions. Signal integrity analysis in PCBs has five major areas of concern: 1. Reflection 2. Cross-talk 3. Simultaneous Switching 4. Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) 5. Interconnect Delays Although HDI does offer improvements and alternatives for all the concerns above, it does not provide all the solutions. Signal integrity depends on the materials the PCB uses, and the materials the HDI technology uses, together with the PCB design rules and dimensional stack-up helps the electrical performance including signal integrity. Likewise, miniaturization of the PCB using the HDI technology is a major improvement for signal integrity. HDI Benefits Signal Integrity With new electronic components such as ball grid arrays and chip-scale packaging achieving widespread use, designers are creating PCBs with new fabrication technologies to accommodate parts with very fine pitches and small geometries. At the same time, clock speeds and signal bandwidths are becoming increasingly fast, and this is challenging system designers to reduce the effect of RFI and EMI on the performance of their products. Moreover, the constant demand for denser, smaller, faster, and lighter systems are compounding the problems with restrictions placed on cost targets. With HDI incorporating microvia circuit interconnections, the products are able to utilize the smallest, newest, and fastest devices. With microvias, PCBs are able to cover decreasing cost targets, while meeting stringent RFI/EMI requirements, and maintaining HDI circuit signal integrity. Advantages of Using Microvia Technology in HDI Circuits Microvias are vias of diameter equal to or less than 150 microns or 6 mils. Designers and fabricators use them mostly as blind and buried vias to interconnect through one layer of dielectric within a multi-layer PCB. High-density PCB design benefits from the cost-effective fabrication of microvias. Microvias offer several benefits from both a physical and an electrical standpoint. In comparison to their mechanically created counterparts, designers can create circuit systems with much better electrical performance and higher circuit densities, resulting in robust products that are lighter and smaller. Along with reductions in board size, weight, thickness, and volume, come the benefits of lower costs and layer elimination. At the same time, microvias offer increased layout and wiring densities resulting in improved reliability. However, the major benefits of microvias and higher density go to improving the electrical performance and signal integrity. This is mainly because the HDI technology and microvias offer ten times lower parasitic influence of through-hole PCB design, along with less reflections, fewer stubs, better noise margins, and less ground bounce effects. Along with higher reliability achieved from the thin and balanced aspect ratio of microvias, the board has ground planes placed closer to the other layers. This results in lowering the surface distribution of capacitance, leading to a significant reduction in RFI/EMI. HDI PCBs use thin dielectrics of high Tg and this offers improved thermal efficiencies. Not only does this reduce PCB thermal issues, it also helps the designer in streamlining thermal design PCB. Improved Electrical Performance of HDI Circuits The designer can place more ground plane around components, as they implement via-in-pad with microvias. The increase in routabilty offers better RFI/EMI performance due to the decrease in ground return loops. As HDI circuits offer smaller PCB design along with more closely spaced traces, this contributes to signal integrity improvements. This helps in many ways—noise reduction, EMI reduction, signal propagation improvement, and lowers attenuation. The improved reliability of HDI circuits with the use microvias also helps in PCB thermal issues. Heat travels better through the thin dielectrics. Streamlining thermal design PCB helps remove heat to the thermal layers. Several manufacturers make complex enhanced tape BGAs of thin, laser-drilled polyimide films to take advantage of PCB design with HDI. The physical design of the microvia helps in reducing switching noise. The reason for this decrease is due to decrease in inductance and capacitance of the via, since it has a smaller diameter and length. Signal termination may not be necessary in HDI circuits as devices are very close together. Since the thickness of the layers is also small, the designer can utilize the backside of the interconnection effectively as well. Just as the signal path is important in PCB design, so is the return path. Moreover, the return path also influences the resistance, capacitance, and inductance experienced by the signal. As the signal return current takes the path of minimum energy, or the least impedance, the low frequencies follow the path minimizing the current loop. Miniaturization from using HDI technology provides interconnections with shorter lengths, meaning signals have to traverse shorter distances from origin to destination. Simply by lowering the dielectric constant of the HDI material system, the designer can allow a size reduction of 28%, and still maintain the specified cross-talk. In fact, with proper design, the reduction in cross-talk may reach even 50%. HDI PCB design not only helps in improving the integrity of signals, but the presence of thin dielectric helps with the PCB thermal issues as well. In fact, HDI technology helps with all the five major areas of concern related to signal integrity. rush pcb How to Detect Circuit Board Faults? Printed circuit boards (PCBs) are increasing in complexity and diversity. With a wide array of applications, the only requirement common to all types of PCBs is they must function in accordance with their design parameters, without errors and failures. In short, PCBs must perform flawlessly. Complex PCBs can have hundreds of components with thousands of solder connections and that gives innumerable opportunities for failure. The Printed circuit boards manufacturing industry makes sure all their PCBs meet the above challenge of flawless working through a battery of inspection and testing procedures to ensure the quality of their products. Assemblers detect circuit board faults before assembly through various inspection methods. After assembly is over, they employ another set of inspection and test methods to solve PCB errors. Evolution of PCB Inspection and Test Methods Simple circuit boards with a handful of components needed only manual visual inspection (MVI) methods to ensure solder problems and placement errors were weeded out. With increasing complexity and growing production volumes, MVI systems were found to be inadequate, as humans soon grew tired, and could not be relied upon to carry out the task of inspection repeatedly for long hours. As a consequence, inspectors missed defects and faulty boards reached later stages where it was more expensive to solve PCB errors. This brought up the next step in inspection systems—Automated Optical Inspection (AOI) methods—now a widely accepted inline process. Assemblers effectively use AOI to inspect PCBs before and after reflow soldering to check for a variety of possible faults. Now, even pick-and-place machines incorporate AOI capabilities, allowing them to check for misalignment and faulty component placements. With the advancement of surface mount technology, components became smaller, and this increased the board complexity along with PCBs becoming double sided and even multi-layered. Additionally, introduction of fine-pitch SMDs and BGA packages brought out the limitations of AOI, forcing assemblers to implement even better inspection methods such as the Automated X-ray Inspection (AXI) systems. After the assembly, PCBs are often tested for in-circuit components (ICT) and for functional testing (FCT). While ICT ensures the functioning of individual components on the board, FCT offers a final go or no-go decision for the entire PCB. also read-01 Expected Faults in PCBs Statistical data on PCBs shows the most common types of faults related to placement, soldering, and functionality. Among placement faults, components may be missing, wrong, wrong orientation, or misaligned. Among soldering faults, there may be dry or incomplete soldering, excess amounts of solder, solder bridging, and whiskers. Assemblers vary their inspection and testing methods depending on the type of defects they encounter and the effectiveness of the inspection methods. Automated Optical Inspection AOI methods inspect PCBs visually. The system usually employs still or video cameras to scan a well-lit board. There can be several variations, with the board being illuminated by different sources of light at various angles, and there may be more than one camera. Images from the camera are fed to into a computer, which builds a picture of the board and its contents. The memory of the computer holds the reference image of a golden board that has no faults. The computer compares the image the cameras have captured with the reference image and highlights the faults it detects. With AOI systems, it is easy to detect faults such as open circuits, shorts, and dry solders. Moreover, it can detect missing and misaligned components. The biggest advantage with AOI is they can help solve PCB errors much better than human inspectors can, with greater accuracy, in less time, and without tiring. Therefore, manufacturers employ AOI systems inline at several points in the PCB manufacturing process. 3-D AOI systems are capable of measuring the height of components, and able to detect faults in areas that are sensitive to heights. However, they use visible light, which limits the functionality of AOI systems to line-of-sight. AOI systems are incapable of inspecting hidden connections such as under IC packages, especially BGAs. Automated X-Ray Inspection Chip scale packages (CSP) and Ball Grid Arrays (BGA) are special IC packages that have their connections under them. When mounted, the connections are hidden between the circuit board and the body of the IC, preventing them from being inspected visibly. Assemblers resort to AXI methods to inspect such hidden solder joints. Printed boards are made of substrates and copper traces, and SMD components are soldered onto them. Materials usually absorb X-rays in proportion to their atomic weights. While materials containing heavier elements absorb more X-rays, those containing lighter elements allow X-rays to pass through without absorption. The PCB substrate and components are mostly made up of lighter elements, and the X-rays pass through them without being absorbed. On the other hand, solder contains heavy elements such as indium, silver, bismuth, and tin, and these do not allow X-rays to pass through. Therefore, when inspecting a PCB assembly with X-rays, the solder joints show up with great clarity, while the traces and SMD packages are barely visible. Therefore, AXI systems make it easy to detect and solve PCB errors such as soldering defects normally invisible to AOI systems. However, AXI systems are more expensive, and assemblers install them only if necessary. PCB Assembly Prototype In-Circuit Testing (ICT) Assemblers perform testing only after completing all PCB inspections and soldering the components. For ICT, it is necessary the designer has placed testing pads at critical points in the circuit when designing the PCB layout. Usually, the designer will place the test pads on a grid so a testing jig with spring-loaded pins can connect to the pads on the PCB. This test fixture is usually called a bed-of-nails. During ICT, the test pins can check various components for shorts, opens, resistance, capacitance, and more, for determining any errors. Usually, such bed-of-nails is specific to a circuit board, and therefore inflexible and expensive. Moreover, with circuit density increasing continuously, bed-of-nails soon reaches its limits. Assemblers use another approach instead. While a simple fixture holds the board, a single probe or a few of them move to make contact at different points as necessary. Usually, software controls the probe movements, and this makes it easy to adapt the system to different boards. Functional Circuit Testing (FCT) Under FCT, the circuit board assembly is powered up while test equipment is connected to simulate the actual environment the board is expected to undergo in normal use. The functional tester is unique to the board under test, and its software program sequences through various test scenarios while collecting operational data from the devices on-board. Depending on the extent of testing, the type of inputs required, and the expected outputs from the device under test, the FCT can vary in its complexity. However, it identifies functional defects in the PCB assembly, and helps to solve PCB errors. Assemblers use different inspection and testing methods to solve PCB errors during manufacturing and assembly. With high volumes of production and circuit complexity, the automatic visual methods have mostly replaced manual visual methods of inspection. For complex PCBs such as those using BGAs and CSPs assemblers have to use X-rays to inspect invisible solder joints. Also read 1-01-01 Why RushPCB Why RushPCB UK Is a Reliable PCB Manufacturing Company Consumer demands and industry challenges are increasing tremendously towards lightweight products, miniaturisation, greater product design freedom, lower costs, more environmental friendly applications, and higher reliability. In all these aspects, flexible circuits from a trusted PCB manufacturer UK, RushPCB, are proving their worth. Flexible Circuits from RushPCB UK The flexible circuit technology offers a huge range of benefits and capabilities. Offered by the best PCB manufacturer UK, flexible circuits effectively eliminate wiring errors commonly associated with manual wiring harnesses, which simplifies assembly. As these circuits can flex, form, and bend to follow the contours of cabinets, they often eliminate several connectors, reducing component numbers, assembly effort, and time. All this goes to increase the product reliability. RushPCB, a reliable PCB manufacturer UK, makes high-quality flex circuits that encourage 3-D packaging through their property of dynamic flexing. The circuits offer unmatched high speed and high frequency performance as they allow excellent control over transmission impedance, while offering lower impedance as compared to that offered by conventional wiring. RushPCB offers flex circuits with dielectric substrates that are good conductors of heat. This improves heat dissipation, while flat conductors provide thinner circuits, leading to a huge improvement in airflow capabilities. Additionally, the compliant substrate minimises thermal mismatches. The lightweight nature of flex circuits helps in reducing the weight of the product, which in turn, the OEMs can use for increasing their products’ packaging density, aesthetics, appearance, or for offering designs that are more integrated. Advantages of Flexible Circuits from RushPCB UK There are several benefits of using flexible circuits from the most trusted PCB manufacturer UK. RushPCB offers the thinnest dielectric substrates, as thin as 0.002 inches, and these reduce the package size and weight extensively—sometimes by as much as 75%—the weight reduction being especially attractive to the aerospace industry. By using flexible circuits, OEMs can bring down their assembly costs. They achieve this in two ways—first, by reducing the number of assembly operations required, and second, by their ability to test the circuit before committing it to the final assembly. This comes from the highly reliable design of flexible circuits from the best PCB manufacturer UK, RushPCB, as their design offers an excellent means of reducing the number of levels of interaction required by the product. Hand-built wire harnesses do ease the assembly process, but often introduce wiring errors that take up troubleshooting and repair time. Flexible circuits eliminate wiring errors entirely, as it is not possible to route them to points other than those already designated. SMT and Flexible Circuits Assembly RushPCB, the best PCB manufacturer UK, offers flexible substrates, and uses the most advanced surface mount technology (SMT) components and reliable conductive lead-free solder pastes for mounting them. Flexible circuits from RushPCB come with highly compliant substrate material that effectively counteracts the effects of thermal stress, as SMT components are highly sensitive to thermal mismatch between the component material, mounting, and the substrate. High Density Interconnect PCBs from RushPCB For customers requiring even higher wiring density per unit area, highly trusted PCB manufacturer UK, RushPCB, offers the High Density Interconnect (HDI) PCB technology. HDI technology offers finer lines and spaces, smaller vias, capture pads, and higher connection pad densities than conventional PCB technology can. OEMs use HDI PCBs to reduce the weight and size of their products, while enhancing their electrical performance. RushPCB makes HDI PCBs using microvia and buried via technology, along with sequentially placed lamination, insulation material, and conductor wiring layers for very high density of routing. Coming from the best PCB manufacturer UK, RushPCB, HDI PCBs are the best alternatives to expensive high layer-count standard laminates or sequentially laminated boards. Signal Integrity in HDI PCBs For high-speed boards, maintaining signal integrity is highly desirable. For this, the PCB has to possess excellent AC characteristics, such as high-frequency transmission capabilities, impedance control, and low radiation. Furthermore, stripline and microstrip transmission line characteristics necessitate a multi-layered design. To maintain signal integrity, the insulating material in the PCB must have a low dielectric factor along with a low attenuation ratio. Unprecedented high-density is demanded by mounting and assembly methods for Direct Chip Attachment, Chip Scale Packaging, and Ball Grid Array packages. RushPCB achieves these using the microvias and buried via technology, which uses holes with diameters down to 150µm and even lower. Rather than use regular drill bits, RushPCB prefers to use highly accurate lasers for drilling such small-diameter holes. Advantages of Using HDI PCBs The HDI technology from RushPCB offers substantial advantages over regular PCBs—making products smaller and allowing high-speed and high-frequency operations possible. HDI offers compact boards that give better electrical performance and lowers the power consumption. Shorter connections mean better signal integrity and other performance improvements due to minimal stubs, closer ground planes, lower EMI/RFI, and distributed capacitances. rush pcb RushPCB is Internationally Certified OEMs, when selecting a consultancy for circuit board manufacturing, look for those with certification to international standards. Trusted PCB manufacturer UK, RushPCB, conforms to IPC-A-600, and the standard defines the acceptability of circuit boards for quality of workmanship and sets the comprehensive criteria for their acceptance. That means RushPCB as PCB manufacturer UK produces quality products and identifies sources of non-conformance, if any, in their manufacturing processes. RushPCB conforms to the IPC-A-600 training and certification, and therefore, the manufacturing services reduces the risk of mounting expensive components on PCBs that are defective. This not only reduces scrap, but also facilitates better communication with OEMs. As a trusted PCB manufacturer UK, RushPCB employs experienced engineers, purchasing professionals, and quality inspectors to define PCB requirements properly, specify requirements for purchasing, and to detect non-conformances. If you are looking for a reliable PCB manufacturing company, as a trusted PCB manufacturer UK, RushPCB will fulfil all your requirements. rushpcb uk 2 Best PCB Layout Practices for 2018 One of the first steps that PCB design experts recommend when taking up a PCB layout design is to start with a high quality PCB design software. Make sure the software package comes bundled with a good library of component parts, and allows you to add to it. It should allow you to manage your layer structure easily, and to place and route a complex multilayer board design. Among the necessary features, it should come with a strong but flexible built-in DRC and allow you to conduct a DFM check. Overall, the design of the software package must be intuitive to enable a short learning curve. Set up the Library for Multilayer Designs Designing multilayer boards requires a different library configuration than necessary for single or even double layer boards. It is important to set up the following three areas for handling multilayer board design: Pad Shapes: Designers differentiate the first pin of a through-hole IC with a differently shaped pad for easy orientation. However, this is necessary only on the topmost layer while on the inner layers all pads can retain the same shape. For libraries not set up for multilayer configuration, the pad shapes may have a mismatch. Drawing Marks: Designers place different marks on various layers to identify them during fabrication and assembly. Therefore, when setting up the software package for multilayer boards, the designer must save the corresponding logos, tables, and views to the library. Additionally, standardizing them for the organization will avoid confusion. Negative Planes: When creating power and ground planes, multilayer PCB layouts use negative image plane layers. These layers require additional clearances around pad and footprint shapes for drilled holes. Therefore, pads and footprint shapes for multilayer design must contain these additional clearances for the negative planes. If you are not careful with these clearances, they will ultimately create shorts. source: flatworldsolutions Understanding the Fabrication Shop Requirements It is important for a PCB designer to work closely with a fabrication shop and understand their requirements, so that it is possible to fabricate the ultimate product without issues. Multilayer PCB designs offer several benefits over single and double-layer boards. Chief among them are space saving and increasing the design density. Multilayer boards also allow better control over signal integrity, but to achieve that it is necessary to make sure the fabrication shop is able to manufacture the multilayer design before you start. Fabrications shops will have their own limitations based on their level of board technology. For instance, they may be set up to manufacture boards up to a certain layer count, or they may be able to make vias, traces, and spacing widths only to a certain dimension. Exceeding those limitations may mean looking for a better fabricator, thereby increasing fabrication costs, time, and effort, or not being able to get the board fabricated. rushpcb uk-01 Best Layout Practices for Basic Multilayer PCB Design Reduce Crosstalk: It is important to guard against crosstalk from the beginning. Preferably, route the signals on adjacent layers so they are at 90° to each other—this helps to reduce broadside crosstalk problems. Use Ground and Power Plane Layers: Distribute power and ground layers evenly throughout the stack. This will prevent ground loops, ground bounce, and help with creating microstrip structures for managing signal integrity. Use Special Vias: Using special vias such as micro-vias, buried and blind vias opens up more routing channels for the designer. Check if the Printed Circuit Board CAD software allows using land-less vias and via-in-pad, as these are now becoming commonplace for packages such as BGA and other fine-pitch IC packages. Use IPC-2223: Using a common point of reference makes it easier for both the designer and the fabricator. Communicating in a common language for documentation reduces errors and misunderstandings while avoiding expensive delays. Use Modern File Formats: Rather than delivering files to your fabricator in Gerber format use a modern file format such as the ODB++ or one that meets IPC-2581 standards, as these formats identify specific layer types and the result is unambiguous documentation. Best Layout Practices for Rigid-Flex PCB Design No Corner Bending: Always place copper traces at right angles to the flexible circuit bend to avoid bending them at the corners. If this is unavoidable, use conical radius bends. Curved Traces are better: 45° hard corners and right angle traces increase stress on copper traces when bending—using curved traces is a better option. No Abruptly Changing Trace Widths: Any abrupt change in the width of a trace can weaken it. As a trace approaches a pad or via, prefer to use teardrop patterns to change its width gradually. Using Hatched Polygons: Planes using solid copper pour in flex boards offer heavy stresses when bent. Using hatched polygons such as hexagons makes the plane more flexible. Stagger Flex Traces: For traces running over one another in the same direction on either side of a layer creates uneven tension between the layers. Staggering the traces eliminates the stress. Best Layout Practices for Industrial PCB Design Designing for Industrial environments requires PCB designers to demonstrate not only functionality of the PCB, but also its reliability to work under harsh conditions. This is especially true for applications with expensive downtimes. Use Proper Grounding:PCB layout for industrial applications must carefully segregate power ground, analog ground, and digital ground. This is essential for reliable performance of the PCB in harsh electrical environment. Connecting these various grounds to a suitable single point is also important. Maintain Signal Integrity: Harsh electrical environments affect communication, analog, and digital both. This can be detrimental to the performance producing erroneous data. Although a proper selection of cables and other installations can offset this largely, PCB designers and manufacturer must follow sound design practices to maintain signal integrity. Heat Management: Industrial environments can be very hot, and PCBs generating their own heat may easily cross their safe operating temperatures. Use thermal vias and other heat management techniques such as heat sinks to remove heat from the PCB and its enclosure. Group Components: Prevent interference by grouping components based on their function in the circuit. For instance, analog circuits separated from their digital counterparts, and power circuits in their own area prevents coupling of interference. PCB design experts advise arranging the schematics into modules to plan better components placement. rush pcb Design for Moisture Control: Some industrial environments may be moist and humid. Moisture buildup on the PCB could damage circuits and components. PCB design experts suggest designing the PCB layout with a view to applying a layer of conformal coating on the assembly. The PCB designer needs to factor in the additional heat buildup and the necessity to remove it. It may be necessary for the PCB design to incorporate an intelligent circuitry to detect humidity and turn on a heater integrated into the system. Using a good CAD software package for PCB layout does not guarantee an optimum output. Although CAD software packages incorporate auto-routers to help the designer, it is best to review the output after auto-routing and rectify the quirks the software may have introduced. Benefits of HDI Flex Circuits Flexible circuits built with High Density Interconnect (HDI) technology offer significant design, layout, and constructions benefits over regular flexible circuits. HDI technology involves incorporation of microvias and fine features for achieving highly dense flex circuitry, and offers increased functionality with smaller form factors. Use of HDI technology offers improved electrical performance, allows use of advanced integrated circuit packages, along with better reliability using thinner materials and microvias. Some advantages of HDI flex circuits are: Working in Harsh Environments Fabricators cover HDI flex circuits with Polyimide. Although this is a standard practice, other cover and base materials are also available to suit a broad range of harsh ambient conditions. Compared to regular circuits covered with soldermask, the Polyimide dielectric layer is flexible, and protects the circuit far beyond the capabilities of the brittle soldermask. Repeatable Installation with Flexibility Compared to ribbon cables or discrete wiring, an HDI flex circuit offers a repeatable routing path, which you can customize within your assembly. Not only does this give dependability where necessary, but also the longer lifespan of the HDI flex circuitry drastically reduces service calls. Capability to Withstand High Vibration Along with flexibility, the ductility and low mass of HDI circuits allows it to withstand high amounts of vibration much better than conventional circuits can, reducing the impact upon itself and its solder joints. The higher mass of regular circuits imposes additional stress upon itself, the components soldered on it, and its solder joints. Working with Longer Duty Cycles The design of HDI flex circuits allows them to be very thin, but adequately robust to withstand a high number of flexing cycles. In fact, HDI flex circuits are capable of flexing thousands to millions of cycles while carrying power and signal without a break. Rush PCB UK post Packaging Options with HDI Flex Circuits Designers can shape HDI flex circuits to fit where no other circuit can. As HDI circuits are a hybrid combination of an ordinary flex circuit and a bunch of wires, they exhibit the benefits of each and more. In reality, you get unrestricted freedom of packaging ability with HDI flex circuits, all the time retaining the repeatability and precision necessary. HDI flex circuits replace a few major components in equipment—the hard board, usually called the printed circuit board (PCB), and the connectors and wiring harness that bridge multiple PCBs. This offers several packaging options such as: • Lower Mass • Versatile Shaping • Stiffeners for Component Mounting • Vibration Resistance • Robust Connections • Repeatable Wire Routing • Faster Assembly Times • Reduction in Weight and Space As the HDI flex circuit is made of thin material, it can often save up to 75% of the weight and space required by conventional circuit boards and wires. Designers feel compelled to adopt HDI flex circuit technology because they can form it into three-dimensional configurations. However, the flexibility often makes it difficult to mount large surface mount components on HDI circuits and engineers surmount the problem by selectively bonding stiffeners where required. Some equipment have multiple boards interconnected with wire harnesses. Shock and vibration plays a large part in failure of these harnesses resulting in recurring costs. In most cases, a single HDI flex circuit can replace all the boards including their wire harnesses. As the HDI flex circuit is lighter, it is more resistant to the effects of shock and vibration, resulting in huge reductions to the recurring costs, Elimination of wire harnesses leads to lower routing errors, ultimately reducing test times, rework, and rejections. Moreover, HDI flex circuits also replace the connectors at each end of the wire harness. Flat foil connectors may have to replace some connectors. This is an advantage over the use of round wires, as flat conductors with their larger surface area dissipate heat better, and thereby, carry more current. Conductor patterns in HDI flex circuits have more uniform characteristics, leading to a better prediction and control over impedance, crosstalk, and noise. Use of HDI flex circuits reduces several assembly processes such as color-coding and wrapping bundles of wire. In volume production, this not only reduces the chances of assembly rejects and in-service failures, it saves assembly time, and lowers the total installation costs. Benefits to the Designers Designers build up HDI flex circuits with microvias as this offers them several advantages. Drilled by lasers, microvias are extremely small, and their effective use opens up more space for routing. Combined with the use of thinner traces, this leads to high routing densities, effectively resulting in fewer layers. HDI flex circuits present the only practical way for designers to mount multiple large BGA packages with less than 0.8 mm pitch. They also offer the lowest cost for high-density boards with high control over power and signal integrity with appropriate stackup definitions. Processes requiring Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) do well to use HDI flex circuits, as newer materials are available that offer higher performance with lower costs. This is an advantage over conventional boards, as these newer materials are not suitable for sequential or standard laminations. HDI flex circuits are the best alternatives to expensive, high layer count sequential or standard laminated boards. Smaller HDI features are the only way to effectively breakout and route multiple instances of high pin-count and finer pin-pitch component devices on a single board. With all the above features and advantages, handheld consumer electronics is currently committed to using HDI flex circuits. Secrets of High Speed Printed Circuit Boards In our fast-paced world, OEMs need to churn out new electronic devices very quickly to remain in the forefront of the market. For this, they require rapid PCB prototype services, which allow them to test their new designs thoroughly. Once they are ready to enter the market, OEMs need to tie up with a fast PCB production partner to fulfill the marketing demands. If the design requires high-speed printed circuit boards, the design house cannot afford the time to make trial and error, but must optimize the design on the first try. This ensures a smooth quickturn PCB production process. Therefore, the designer must start designing the board with assembly in mind. Design for Assembly Whatever be the type of PCB involved—rigid, flex, rigid flex, high density interconnect (HDI), or conventional—the bare boards will require assembly with additional components, before they are useful. Usually, the assembled PCB fits within a product or application, and overlooking this aspect of the assembly during design may ultimately lead to significant complications. High Speed operation of PCBs requires the designer achieve the following: • Minimizing noise generation from the on-board power network • Minimizing cross-talk between traces • Reducing simultaneous switching noise • Proper impedance matching • Proper signal line termination • Reducing the effects of ground bounce Board Material and Transmission Line Design The dielectric construction material of the PCB is a major contributor to the amount of noise and cross talk the fast switching signals generate. A high frequency signal traveling along a long trace on the PCB could be affected seriously if the loss tangent of the dielectric material is high, resulting in high absorption and attenuation at high frequencies. The modeling and effect of transmission lines also affects the signal performance and its noise separation. In general, any circuit trace on the PCB will have its characteristic impedance. This depends on the trace width, thickness, the dielectric constant of the PCB and the separation between the trace and its reference plane. Designers can route circuit traces on a PCB in two ways—in a microstrip transmission line layout or a stripline transmission line layout. In a microstrip layout, the designer routes the circuit traces on an outside layer with a reference plane below it. The characteristic impedance of a circuit trace in a microstrip layout is inversely proportional to the trace width, and is directly proportional to the separation from the reference plane. In a stripline layout, the designer routes the circuit traces on an inside layer of a multi-layer PCB, with two reference planes on either side. Here again, the characteristic impedance is inversely proportional to the width of the trace, and directly proportional to the separation from the reference planes. However, the rate of change with trace separation from the reference planes is much slower in a stripline layout as compared to that with s microstrip layout. Designers for rapid PCB prototype services must be able to predict the characteristic impedance of their design if they are to get their design right the first time. Understanding the nuances of transmission lines helps with fast PCB production. Minimizing Cross-Talk between Traces While designing a high speed PCB, designers must take steps to reduce cross talk between neighboring signal lines, even when following either the microstrip or the stripline layout. Designers follow certain thumb rules to minimize the cross talk: • Utilize as much space between signal lines as the routing restrictions allow • Place the transmission line as close as possible to the ground reference plane • Use differential routing techniques for critical nets—match the length to the gyrations of each trace • Route single-ended signals on different layers to be orthogonal to each other Routing two or more single-ended traces in parallel with not enough spacing will increase the cross talk between them. Therefore, designers prefer to minimize the parallel run, often routing them with short parallel sections, minimizing long, coupled sections between various nets. Maintaining Signal Integrity For high-speed boards, it is very important that the signal maintains its integrity, that is, it is able to keep its amplitude, and shape as it travels from its source to its destination. Signals may be single-ended, such as clocks, or may be differential, which are very important for high-speed design. For traces carrying single-ended signals, designers follow design rules such as: • Keeping traces straight as far as possible, and using arc shaped bends rather than right-angled bends where necessary • Not using multiple signal layers • Not using vias in the traces—they cause reflections and impedance change • Using the microstrip or the stripline transmission line layout • Minimizing reflection by terminating the signal properly Designers follow additional rules for differential signals: • Minimize crosstalk between two differential pairs with properly spacing them • Maintain proper spacing to minimize reflection noise • Maintaining constant spacing for the entire length of the traces • Maintaining the same length of the traces as this minimizes phase and skew differences Effective Filtering and Grounding Conducted noise from the power supply can hinder the functioning of a high speed Printed Circuit Board. Since a power supply may deliver noise of high as well as low frequencies, designers minimize this problem by effectively filtering the noise at the points where the power lines enter the PCB, An electrolytic capacitor across the power lines can filter the ripple and low frequency noise, while a non-resonant surface ferrite bead will block most of the high frequencies. Since the ferrite bead will be in series with the supply lines, its rating needs to be adequate to handle the current entering the PCB. Designers also keep provision for a decoupling capacitor very close to each IC on the board, to smoothen out very short duration current surges. Effective power distribution throughout the PCB is extremely important for printed circuit boards operating at high speeds. For doing this, designers often use power planes or a power bus network. Power planes on a multi-layer PCB comprise two or more copper layers carrying power to the devices—typically, the VCC and GND lines. By making the power planes as large as the entire board, the designers ensure the DC resistance is as low as possible. This offers multiple advantages to high speed boards—high current source and sink capability, shielding, and noise protection to the signals. For two-layer PCBs, designers often use the power bus network, which has two or more wide copper traces for carrying power to the devices. Although the DC resistance of the power bus is high compared to power planes, they are less expensive. rushpcb uk-01 As high-speed digital devices operate simultaneously, their fast switching times may cause a board-level phenomenon known as ground bounce. This is a very difficult condition to predict, as several factors may influence to the occurrence, such as number of switching outputs, socket inductance, and load capacitance. Designers follow a number of broad guidelines to reduce the effects of ground bounce: • Placing vias adjacent to a capacitor pad, and connecting them with wide, short traces • Using wide, short traces to connect power pins to power planes or decoupling capacitors • Using individual links to connect each ground pin to the ground plane, no daisy-chaining • Adding decoupling capacitors for each IC and each power pin • Placing decoupling capacitors very close to the IC • Properly terminating the outputs to prevent reflections • Buffering loads to limit the load capacitance • Eliminating sockets as far as possible • Distributing switching outputs evenly throughout the board • Placing ground plane next to switching pins • Using pull down resistors rather than using pull up resistors • Using multi-layer PCBs with separate VCC and GND planes • Placing power and ground planes next to each other to reduce the total inductance • Minimizing the lead capacitance by using surface mount devices • Using capacitors with low effective series resistance rush pcb Rush PCB UK recommends designers follow the above design guidelines for delivering rapid PCB prototype services to satisfy customers. However, please note that all other general guidelines for PCB design are also important and designers should follow them meticulously for fast PCB production. What are Optical Printed Circuit Boards? As copper reaches its speed limit, engineers look at optics to replace copper for very high speed signals. Engineers also envisage replacing copper links between servers, routers, and switches with active optical cables. Already silicon chips are available with some optical components inside. The next phase is for optics inside printed circuit boards (PCBs). Why Optical Systems in PCBs Electro-optical printed circuit boards combine optical and copper paths on the same board. While the copper paths distribute power and low-speed data, the optical paths handle the high-speed signals. This segregation has several advantages. At high frequencies, signal integrity suffers due to skin effect, crosstalk, and skew when passing through copper systems. Optical systems do not have those issues, while also presenting greater channel density than copper does. Moreover, as optical signals do not need signal conditioning and equalization, optical systems consume lower power than do electrical signals. Additionally, optical systems can reduce the surface area of a PCB by 20% and the number of layers on the board by 50%. Optical Technology for PCBs Designers and manufacturers are migrating optical technology to the backplane and connectors. Although optical technology has been around in the form of SFP and QSFP interfaces for some time now, engineers are now developing optical backplane connectors and optical backplanes. These also include optical transceivers at their connecting edges. Now, it is increasingly possible to have optics appear within a board, rather than limit its presence at the edges. Therefore, optics is now moving closer to the electrical signal source. That means the processor, fiber optic patch cords, and waveguides can now be found on the PCB. Manufacturers have been successful in developing optical backplane connectors and included a technique to align small waveguides to onboard transceivers. The future challenge is to develop on-board waveguides so that performance is guaranteed even if there are tight bends in the board. Manufacturing Optical PCBs Engineers use photolithography and film processing techniques to fabricate the flexible optical waveguides that will be able to move light around components onboard. According to technical information available, waveguides in the build will need walls at least 100 µm thick, and a bend radius less than 5 mm. These dimensions would allow designers to place the waveguide within connectors. This will also let light travel between a line-card and a backplane, without the necessity to convert it to an electrical signal. PCB Manufacturers usually follow two different techniques when constructing the waveguides—non-contact mask lithography and direct laser writing. In non-contact mask lithography, spin coating applies the material to the substrate. However, as this process is more applicable to semiconductor manufacturing, lithography is better suited for small areas, and cannot be scaled up to handle large areas. Engineers use a process of draw-down coating for large areas, along with a doctor blade. However, engineers faced two problems with the above process. One, the waveguide material would curl up, requiring 170 g of force to flatten. Second, there was the difficulty of the waveguide adhering to the substrate. Adhesion to the substrate is important so the waveguide would not crack during mechanical process such as cutting the wafer or the substrate board. It is important to have waveguides that do not attenuate the light too much as it travels through. Optical power measurements made with laser diodes as a source and a photo detector as the receiver indicate onboard waveguides introduce optical losses ranging from 0.046-0.050 dB/cm, even when the waveguides were bent to form two or three loops. Some signal loss is customary from wall roughness within the waveguide as well. Optical Interconnects on PCBs Onboard optical interconnects on PCBs can handle very high data rates and offer larger numbers of data channels than other electrical interconnections do. Moreover, as optical signal transmission is impervious to electromagnetic interference or EMI, it is suitable for mixed signal systems such as data acquisition and signal processing where sensor applications need high accuracy of analog electronics. Optical waveguides on PCBs require not only low attenuation, but also a reliable manufacturing process for the optical layer. In an optical PCB, the fabrication steps and material properties of the waveguides need to be compatible with the manufacturing and assembly techniques prevalent with the PCB industry. Apart from the optical path in an optical interconnection system, there must be coupling elements that can couple optical signals into and out of the waveguides. Moreover, common pick-and-place machines must be capable of suitably and automatically mounting these coupling elements without any active alignment between the optical waveguide and the coupling element. Use of structured polymer foils help in this integration. Main issues of using polymers are their thermal and mechanical stability against the process conditions during PCB fabrication. Additionally, close coupling tolerances and imperfect positioning of waveguides within the PCB, mounting coupling elements often require active alignment. Engineers circumvent such problems in an optical PCB by using standard multimode glass fibers integrated within the layer stack. As glass fibers are highly stable both thermally as well as mechanically, PCB manufacturers can easily follow their proven processing steps for embedding the fibers into multilayer PCBs. Moreover, the geometrical accuracy of glass fibers, apart from offering very low optical attenuation, is also very important for coupling methods. Engineers can passively align active optoelectronic components at the stubs of the fiber—the PCB has cutouts to make them accessible. A specific micromechanical alignment structure makes this passive alignment possible when combined with the optoelectronic chips—making mirrors and lenses unnecessary for coupling to the waveguides. rushpcb uk-01 Optical Coupling Elements For using coupling elements on the PCB, they must be compatible with the assembly and soldering processes manufacturers use. Primarily, the alignment structure should be able to withstand the temperatures involved. Precision molding in silicon molds can achieve this. Manufacturers typically use a temperature of 180°C and duration of 90 minutes under a pressure of up to 15 bar for the lamination process when manufacturing multilayer boards. Soldering processes expose the board to temperatures exceeding 250°C. Optical waveguide polymers often show discoloring or decomposition at such temperatures. Engineers find glass fibers to be a suitable substance. Glass fibers remain optically stable without any damage at the above temperatures. Additionally, being mechanically strong, glass fibers offer very low attenuation and exhibit very tight tolerances for their diameter. Rather than fixing the fibers on top of a readily processed conventional PCB, engineers embed them completely into the layer stack of optical printed circuit boards, between the top and bottom layers of the PCB using standard material such as FR4. As against waveguides made from polymer foils, embedded glass fibers allow engineers to automatically align the optoelectronic transmitter and receiver components due to the accuracy of their contours. That makes it easy to develop optoelectronic coupling elements onboard, as they can align positively on the fiber using an advanced microstructure and achieve low coupling losses without requiring active position optimization. rush pcb rigid-flex PCB How Stable are the Dimensions of Flexible Circuits The difference between a rigid printed circuit board and a flexible circuit lies in the dielectric material sets manufacturers use for fabricating them. Most rigid printed circuits are made from glass epoxy, whereas the material of choice for a majority of flexible circuits is Polyimide. Development of several versions of polyimide enables tailoring the material to meet specialty requirements such as in solar arrays, for space applications, and for other unusual environments. Although it is possible to form glass epoxy in very thin constructions and even bend it for simple applications, polymer films are most suitable for continuous twisting, flexing, and multi-planar folding. Films of polyimide withstand numerous bending cycles without suffering any degradation of their mechanical and electrical properties. Therefore, polyimide films perform reliably in applications where bend cycles of over a million are common. The inherent flexibility of polyimide films offers the electronic packager a wealth of design options. However, a disadvantage of polyimide films is their material dimensional stability is inferior to that of glass epoxy materials. Dimensional Stability According to manufacturers, the dimensional stability of polyimide films depends on the residual stresses the manufacturing processes place in the film and its normal coefficient of thermal expansion. However, the measure of stability represents only the effect of the film alone. The nature of stability grows more complex as the fabricator exposes the film to elevated temperatures and pressures for attaching the copper layers through processing to create an adhesive-less laminate, or through an adhesive lamination cycle. However, the process of creating a laminate and subsequently fabricating a circuit involves two different processing effects, and during each of these fabricating processes, the flexible substrate undergoes dimensional changes. It is not easy to predict these changes. Raw material variation from batch to batch may cause dimensional changes to vary slightly. Changes also depend on the method of construction and processing conditions, as thin materials are likely to be less stable. Other contributing factors can be the percentage of copper etched, density of copper electroplating, ambient humidity, and material thickness. Small dimensional changes in the circuitry panel is inevitable as it undergoes processing and exposure to a variety of etching, electroplating, pressures, temperatures, and chemistries. For instance, etch shrink is the stress etching copper releases, but fabricators mistakenly use it as a catch phrase for representing all the dimensional changes that a flexible circuit undergoes during processing. Fabricators consider compensating for the above changes when setting up the part number for a new flexible circuit. However, accurate prediction of these feature movements requires empirical data from parts they actually produce. rushpcb uk 2 Effects of Material Instability Lack of stability in the film material is manifest in violation of the minimal annular ring requirement, and in extreme cases, cause full breakout of the hole-to-pad alignment. Another possibility is in the misalignment of the coverlay. For a predicable material change, the operator can adjust either the conductor layout or the drill pattern to re-center the plated-through-hole in the pad. Dealing with Dimensional Changes Fabricators deal with dimensional changes by limiting the panel size, and this works very well for cases where the tolerances are extremely tight. In small panel sizes, the effects of dimensional instability issues on registration and alignment are lower, and the handling damages are at a minimum. However, smaller panel sizes may be less efficient for processing as against those for larger panels, since in a circuit factory several costs are based on panel size. Compensating for Dimensional Changes It is possible to achieve cost-effective production with suitable panel sizes while compensating for dimensional changes. Fabricators can adopt the following methods to adjust for dimensional changes occurring during circuit fabrication: Applying Scaling Factors Where the dimensional changes of the material are predictable, fabricators can apply scaling factors to tooling or secondary layers. The in-process measurements for a given lot can allow fabricators to use scaling factors based on dynamic calculations. For instance, the measured scaling factor of a panel may form the basis of creation of its solder paste stencil. Another instance may be of a final drilling program compensated dimensionally for a multilayer circuit. Applying Software Compensations Alignment systems using software controlled operations can use optical fiducials to detect dimensional shifts and compensate for them. Such fabrication machines measure these targets present on the outside corners of the panel and perform a dimensional analysis. Proper alignment is then a process of applying the necessary X, Y, and theta corrections. rushpcb uk-01 Processing Sub-Panels Fabricators often divide the panel into smaller arrays for handling dimensional changes. They do this usually after creating the circuit image. As the processing is on subsets of the panel, fabricators effectively gain some of the advantages of small panel alignment, but without compromising the cost advantages of processing a large panel. Fabricators typically use optical targets on smaller subset panels to compensate for stencil registration commonly. They also use hard tool dies to cut smaller pieces at a time from a multi-piece panel. Dimensional change is the primary difference between rigid and flexible circuitry, and this requires compensation. Even though material change in flexible circuitry is typically less than one tenth of one percent, it accumulates over a dimension of several units, and can be of a significant nature. For a flexible circuit, this compensation for the expected change becomes a critical part related to panelization. This also serves to balance maximizing process efficiencies and maintaining dimensional tolerances and accuracy. rush pcb image rush pcb uk Five Reasons Why RushPCB is the Leading LED Board Manufacturer in UK LED PCBs and assemblies have unique requirements that only an eminent LED PCB board manufacturer understands. One of the leading LED PCB board manufacturers in the UK, RushPCB has the technical expertise to manufacture up to 32 layers of PCBs in small and bulk quantities for local and global supplies. With several hundreds of satisfied customers all over UK and around the globe, there are several reasons why you can safely entrust your LED PCBs to RushPCB. Five of them are: 1. RushPCB Understands LED PCB Principles LED Manufacturing Companies in UK face two major areas of concern related to LED PCBs—thermal management and spillover light. Thermal management means heat generated from high power LEDs mounted on PCBs must be effectively removed and vented to prevent damage to the LEDs. For better heat conduction, manufacturers use metal core printed circuit boards or MCPCBs. Although this allows the heat from the LEDs to pass through the prepreg to the metal core, the issue can be a big challenge. RushPCB uses excellent metal core substrates from Univaco, Arlon, Bergquist, and Thermagon to dissipate the excess heat from the LEDs very effectively. LEDs do not have reflectors, and the light spilling over from its rear and sides is generally wasted. LED PCB board manufacturers use a reflective white mask on the PCB surface so that the spillover light emerges from the front. It is necessary that the white-reflective mask not change color when heated during reflow or in regular use. RushPCB uses special quality material for the white mask that retains its thickness and reflective property under all assembly and operative conditions. rushpcb uk 1 1. RushPCB Understands the PCB Bonding Process MCPCBs require a different bonding process from conventional PCBs because the prepreg must bond to a metal core. There are two important aspects here—the thickness of the prepreg and the bonding process itself. As the prepreg is also the insulation between the metal core and the copper tracks, it must be of suitable thickness to withstand the voltages involved. At the same time, the prepreg must also be thin enough to allow effective heat transfer from the LED to the metal core. RushPCB uses prepregs of optimum thickness to allow very good transfer of heat, yet offer good electrical insulation. A special technique by RushPCB ensures the bonding between the prepreg and the metal core does not allow any air bubbles between them, as these air bubbles can impede heat transfer. 1. RushPCB Offers Excellent Surface Finish Although LED PCBs and assemblies have a metal core to enhance thermal management, there is a layer of etched copper tracks on top just as conventional PCBs do. The white mask covers most of the copper tracks leaving only the solderable pads exposed. Unless protected by surface finish, the exposed copper pads can oxidize and tarnish, making the PCB unsolderable. RushPCB offers several types of surface finishes that protect the exposed copper surface. Depending on the customer’s requirement, these can be leaded solder, lead-free solder, Electroless nickel immersion gold, Immersion silver, Immersion tin, or Organic surface protectants. 1. RushPCB Offer the Best Laminates Although most LED PCBs and assemblies use single layer MCPCBs, some applications call for double or multilayer MCPCBs as well. For such multilayer MCPCBs, RushPCB uses special laminate material that offer the best balance of cost and performance. They use different laminate materials from Japan, China, Korea, and Taiwan, which are not only efficient but also meet emerging trend requirements. rushpcb uk 2 1. RushPCB Offers the Best Balance of Quality, Value, and Cost Eminent LED manufacturing companies in UK source their LED PCBs and assemblies from RushPCB UK as they offer the best balance of quality, value, and cost in the market. With more than 15 years of experience, LED PCB board manufacturer RushPCB has the capability to turn our clients’ requirements and ideas into reality. Whether your LED PCBs are to be only assembled or designed from scratch, our seasoned engineers can take up design, assembly, and testing of LED PCBs keeping your requirements in focus.
PLAN C: Our last hope if virus vaccine comes to nothing Will a vaccine save us from COVID-19? What about new treatments for its symptoms?Indications are, we may have to find a 'Plan C'. Billions of people are confined to our homes. We can't go to the beach. The office. Or school. It's the bluntest possible response to a viral pandemic. It's also the only sure-fire answer we have. Science takes time. Medicine takes time. Both need something to work with. While it's still early days, COVID-19 may not be giving us much of that. The World Health Organisation says only two to three per cent of the world's population has developed antibodies to resist the virus. And we don't know how long these last. Meanwhile, we're all hoping for a vaccine to be signed, sealed and delivered next year. Even if this happens, what do we do in the meantime? Many drugs and treatments have been put forward. Several, including the antimalarial drug Hydroxychloroquine, have already fallen by the wayside. Others are only just beginning the necessary clinical trials to guarantee they don't do more harm to the sufferer than the virus itself. And then there's the holy grail: a vaccine. Scientists the world over are racing towards this goal. Many contenders are already in the running. But vaccine's aren't easy. None has ever been turned around in just 18 months. Most take years, if not decades, before they are reliable enough to be released for public use. "We need to prepare for a world where we don't have a vaccine," Cambridge Institute for Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease Professor Ravi Gupta told Huffington Post. "To base public policy on the hope of a vaccine is a desperate measure. We should hope for a vaccine but we shouldn't expect one in the next year and a half. Anyone who says we can is bonkers." So, what's Plan C? A first responder gets ready to work in Montreal. Picture: Ryan Remiorz/The Canadian Press via AP. It's been 40 years since the HIV-AIDS virus erupted into the world's awareness. There's still no vaccine. Though there are interventions that choke its advances. Don't even mention the common cold. Why expect anything different for COVID-19? Despite the paranoia of anti-vaccination movements, great efforts are made to ensure vaccines are as safe as humanly possible. Once it moves beyond the simulation and lab phase, a vaccine is tested in animals with similar biological mechanics to humans. That can take months. Then small-scale trials are conducted on groups of volunteers, again to confirm its safety and effectiveness. Once it passes this test, it then gets ramped up to several hundred test subjects. This is to check if the vaccine has a consistent effect across wide groups of the population. Only after this will phase three kick in, where its performance in several thousand people is closely monitored and analysed. Some 100 COVID-19 vaccines already are in development around the world. At least five are in an early human testing phase. In Australia, the CSIRO has begun testing in animals. "All new vaccines that come into development are long shots; only some end up being successful, and the whole process requires experimentation," Oxford researcher Sir Patrick Vallance told UK media. While the three testing phases can be sped-up somewhat, there are limits. For example, the lifespan of the vaccine's effect must be determined. If it's less than a year, it's pretty much useless. And the only way to figure that out is to watch it run its course. A human trial began in the UK this week with a vaccine derived from a chimpanzee virus. Picture: Oxford University Pool via AP. Queensland labs are also busy testing possible coronavirus vaccines. Photo: QLD vaccine lab There are options other than vaccines. It's just that vaccines are by far the best option. And hopes of a natural 'herd immunity' forming among survivors may be fading. WHO director-general Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus has reported findings from studies around the world indicated low levels of natural antibodies being detected. This means governments - such as the UK, US, Germany and Italy - hoping to issue 'immunity passports' allowing the recovered to get back into the community and work may be in for a rude shock. They may not be immune. At least, not for long. We're not sure. "It's a reasonable assumption that this virus is not changing very much. If we get infected now and it comes back next February or March we think this person is going to be protected," says US COVID-19 medical health Adviser to the White House Anthony Fauci. The WHO isn't so sure. "Right now, we have no evidence that the use of a serological test can show that an individual has immunity or is protected from reinfection," a WHO spokeswoman countered. In the absence of a vaccine, that leaves just medical intervention. That means effective treatments for those unlucky enough to catch a bad dose of COVID-19. We don't yet have any. Like AIDS, medical researchers hold out hope a possible and effective antiviral can be found. This would suppress COVID19's advance through a sufferer's body. Other treatments could seek to limit the impact of a "cytokine storm" - when an immune system spins out-of-control in response to infection. Here, the body hurts itself instead of the virus. And vital organs can begin to shut down. Just four months into the pandemic, little progress has been made on this front. About 20 promising experimental drugs are under clinical trials. And even moderately effective treatments would be a welcome relief for intensive care units struggling under their load. But, even if proven effective, production lines have to be built, supplies secured and distribution networks established. Remdesivir is an experimental antiviral drug. It's undergoing testing in Europe, the United States and China. While early results are promising, it will be another three months before enough data is collected for a reliable performance indicator. The much-touted Hydroxychloroquine anti-malaria drug is on the brink of being discarded. Early tests have largely been negative, with little or negative results among patients. But testing is ongoing around the world. Actemra is designed to tackle cytokine storm immune responses in cancer patients. It's also being tested in Europe, the US and China for its potential impact on COVID-19. Blood plasma from recovered COVID-19 patients is hoped to introduce fresh antibodies to fight the virus in sufferers. It's a technique that's been used for more than a century, and generally has few side effects. Indications are so far positive, but getting enough to treat a full-blown pandemic is unlikely. A local resident in Lisbon gets a face mask delivered from church members. Picture: AP Photo/Armando Franca. Until medical science can deliver on either or both of the above, we may have to resort to much blunter tools. "The curve of the COVID-19 epidemic has been flattened in many countries around the world, and it hasn't been new antivirals or a vaccine that has done it," Bond University professors Tammy Hoffmann and Paul Glasziou write. "We are being saved by non-drug interventions such as quarantine, social distancing, handwashing, and - for healthcare workers - masks and other protective equipment." Viruses cannot replicate if they cannot find new hosts. So basic social/physical distancing measures and hygiene hyper-awareness may have to be maintained for some time. Lifestyles may have to change. World Health Organisation spokesman Takeshi Kasai summed it up when he told international media briefing that the world must adapt its lifestyle. No parties. No sports crowds. No crowded cafes or bars. "At least until a vaccine, or a very effective treatment, is found, this process will need to become our new normal," he said. But the Bond University professor says these measures must themselves be better understood. They need to become more than just a blunt instrument. "The world has bet most of its research funding on finding a vaccine and effective drugs. That effort is vital, but it must be accompanied by research on how to target and improve the non-drug interventions that are the only things that work so far," they write. What is the correct safe distance? 1m, 2m, or 4m? Does soap work as well as a sanitiser? What sort of mask works? How long does the virus remain contagious when on a surface, or packaging? "These are just are some of the things that we don't know about non-drug interventions … We need the answers now." The professors say the problem is we're not certain what practical measures are effective or not. And what research does exist is either incomplete or of poor quality. "If an effective vaccine or drug doesn't materialise, we will need a (plan) that uses only non-drug interventions. That's why we need high-quality research to find out which ones work and how to do them as effectively as possible." Jamie Seidel is a freelance writer Originally published as Why we need a COVID-19 Plan C Heart attack research breakthrough Premium Content Heart attack research breakthrough New research may lead to gender-based therapies for heart disease Where $200 tourism vouchers could go next Premium Content Where $200 tourism vouchers could go next Two hurt in rural bike crash south of Gympie Premium Content Two hurt in rural bike crash south of Gympie
Searches increased for "How do I keep my houseplant ?, Why is my houseplant dying?" By more than 100% on search engines. According to a recent survey by online plant retailer Blooming Artifical, nearly 1 in 5 (out of 1,000) people have purchased houseplants since the beginning of March 2020. Sales of houseplants have boomed in recent months as a result of the closures and people being isolated in their homes. The writer Morgan Lawrence said, in a report published by the British newspaper, "telegraphtelegraph", that searches for "houseplants" in the Google search increased to 84% between February and April of last year. Searches for "houseplants" on Google rose to 84% between February and April (Getty Images) Flower Card (CREDIT: Clara Molden), an e-card company specializing in floral design, confirmed that the tags for houseplants on social media exceeded 200,000 tags. Some companies, such as Rocket Gardens in Hailston, saw an increase of 600%. The care of indoor plants is more difficult than we think despite the strength and flexibility that they are characterized by, and it may be difficult to care for and maintain them, especially if you lack appropriate information about how to irrigate them, expose them to light and the temperatures suitable for their growth. Here's how to take care of some houseplants: Waft goblins Ian Drummond, Creative Director at Indoor Garden Design, said that spider plants have spread widely thanks to their scientifically proven properties in air purification, as they are able to remove 95% of formaldehyde, carbon monoxide and nitrates in the air in a closed room. Spider plants prefer temperatures between 13-27 degrees Celsius. They should be exposed to bright and moderate sunlight indirectly, because direct sunlight burns the leaves and causes brown spots. This plant grows in moderately moist soil, and its soil should be changed every two years. In its early growth periods, a spider plant needs water every 3-4 days, and when it is fully grown (after one year) it should be watered moderately every two days, while maintaining an average room temperature and average humidity. You can add compost twice a month in the spring and summer without excessive. Spider plants grow in temperatures of 13-27 degrees Celsius and work to purify closed room air (Shutterstock) Dendrum cream It is currently the most popular in the United Kingdom, with nearly 300,000 Instagram hashtags. The ideal temperature for Dendrum cream ranges between 18-27 degrees Celsius. Grow this plant in a bright room with a lot of shade, and avoid direct sunlight, as you won't damage its leaves. Dendrum cream needs well-draining soil and mixes with sand if possible, without over-watering it so the roots do not rot. The rain forests of Central and South America are home to them. And it needs medium or high humidity to grow properly. To increase humidity levels, you can spray your plant in the morning with water until the spray evaporates with the sun's rays. The ideal temperature for Bilya bipromoides is 13 ° C and above and can survive in a warmer climate (Getty Images) Bilya bipromoids It has been popular since 2017 although it is relatively not easy to care for. The ideal temperature is 13 ° C and above, and you can live in a warmer climate. Water it when the soil is dry to the touch, after checking it every day or two. And if the leaves start to droop, this means that they need water. It can be planted in a sunny location and fertilized with fertilizer once a month. Three-belt whiskers (snake plants) There are over 70 types of them, so you'll find one to suit your style. These plants have a natural ability to filter, do not require frequent watering, tolerate low light levels, and prefer temperatures between 16-24 ° C. And direct sunlight burns its leaves. Although it is one of the most common houseplants, root rot is a common problem. So plant it with well-drained soil. In the summer, water it with water every 2 to 3 weeks. And in the winter every 7 weeks. Snake plant (third left) is the most widespread (pixels) Tropical plant that grows in temperatures between 15 and 23 degrees Celsius. The peace lily tells you exactly when it needs watering by hanging its leaves and fixing them again an hour after watering them. You need to fertilize annually in the spring. And if the plant grows too large, it can be divided into two pots. It tolerates dry soil for a short period. However, its leaves will start to turn brown if you neglect it for a long time. And spraying the leaves helps to increase the humidity. Peace lilies are sensitive to fluoride, a chemical commonly found in tap water that causes brown leaf tips. Rain water or room temperature filtered water can be used. Every 6 weeks, add a good quality homemade vegetable fertilizer. If you want your tulip to bloom, move the plant to a brighter place and don't direct it in sunlight. Peacocks are tropical plants that prefer high temperatures (Getty Images) Calathea rosopecta (peacock plants) The ideal temperature range for this plant is from 18.3-26.7 ° C. Place plants in the light for maximum growth. As a tropical plant, it prefers hotter temperatures. Leaf curl is the first evidence of damage caused by the wrong temperature. Ficus (the weeping fig) It needs temperatures higher than 16 ° C, and preferably higher than 21 ° C. So you should plant it in a bright location without exposing it directly to light. It is considered a plant that is easy to care for, as long as it is watered regularly. And try not to move the ficus too much so that the leaves do not fall off immediately. It should be irrigated once a week. The dragon tree is an ideal choice if you are away from home for long periods and its leaves clean the air (European) Dragon tree They are ideal if you are absent from home for long periods. The narrow leaves of this plant purify the air around it. Keep the temperature of your dragon plants from 18 to 32 degrees Celsius, and make sure that it does not fall below 15 degrees Celsius in winter. Allow the top inches of soil to dry and test with your finger before thinking about adding a small amount of water, especially since these plants do not like over-watering. Keep your dragon plant healthy by feeding it every two weeks with a balanced liquid fertilizer. Coriander (jade plant) This plant can survive for long periods despite neglecting watering because it stores water with its thick leaves. And jade grows best at room temperatures between 18-24 ° C. It is particularly sensitive to irrigation. In spring and summer, you need more water than in winter. Water the soil when it's dry (once a week or twice a month), depending on how dry the soil is. Be careful not to spray the water on the leaves, as it causes the leaves to rot. Use a diluted mixture of standard liquid household compost and move it away from cold windows.
Home/Articles/Politics/JFK, Warmonger JFK, Warmonger illustration by Michael Hogue Fifty years is long enough to mold history into mythology, but in the case of John Fitzgerald Kennedy it only took a decade or so. Indeed, long before Lyndon Johnson slunk off into the sunset, driven out of office by antiwar protestors and a rebellion inside his own party, Americans were already nostalgic for the supposedly halcyon days of Camelot. Yet the graceless LBJ merely followed in the footsteps of his glamorous predecessor: the difference, especially in foreign policy, was only in the packaging. While Kennedy didn’t live long enough to have much of an impact domestically, except in introducing glitz to an office that had previously disdained the appurtenances of Hollywood, in terms of America’s stance on the world stage—where a chief executive can do real damage quickly—his recklessness is nearly unmatched. As a congressman, Kennedy was a Cold War hardliner, albeit with a “smart” twist. After a 1951 trip to Southeast Asia he said the methods of the colonial French relied too much on naked force: it was necessary, he insisted, to build a political resistance to Communism that relied on the nationalistic sentiment then arising everywhere in what we used to call the Third World. Yet he was no softie. While the Eisenhower administration refused to intervene actively in Southeast Asia, key Democrats in Congress were critical of Republican hesitancy and Kennedy was in the forefront of the push to up the Cold War ante: “Vietnam represents the cornerstone of the Free World in Southeast Asia,” he declared in 1956, “the keystone to the arch, the finger in the dike.” As Eisenhower neared the end of his second term, Democrats portrayed him as an old man asleep at the wheel. This narrative was given added force by the sudden appearance of a heretofore unheralded “missile gap”—the mistaken belief that the Soviets were out-running and out-gunning us with their ability to strike the United States with intercontinental ballistic missiles. This storyline was advanced by two signal events: the 1957 launching of Sputnik, the first artificial satellite to go into orbit around the earth, and the equally successful testing of a Soviet ICBM earlier that summer. That November, a secret report commissioned by Eisenhower warned that the Soviets were ahead of us in the nuclear-weapons field. The report was leaked, and the media went into a frenzy, with the Washington Post averring the U.S. was in dire danger of becoming “a second class power.” America, the Post declared, stood “exposed to an almost immediate threat from the missile-bristling Soviets.” The nation faced “cataclysmic peril in the face of rocketing Soviet military might.” The “Gaither Report” speculated that there could be “hundreds” of hidden Soviet ICBMs ready to launch a nuclear first strike on the United States. As we now know, these “hidden” missiles were nonexistent—the Soviets had far fewer than the U.S. at the time. But the Cold War hype was coming fast and thick, and the Democrats pounced—none so hard as Kennedy, who was by then actively campaigning for president. “For the first time since the War of 1812,” he pontificated on the floor of the Senate, “foreign enemy forces potentially had become a direct and unmistakable threat to the continental United States, to our homes and to our people.” To arms! The Commies are coming! It was all balderdash. Barely a month after Kennedy was sworn in, this was acknowledged by Defense Secretary Robert S. McNamara: there were “no signs of a Soviet crash effort to build ICBMs” he told reporters, and “there is no missile gap today.” Kennedy’s apologists have tried to spin this episode to show that Kennedy was misled. Yet Kennedy was briefed by the CIA in the midst of the 1960 presidential campaign, by which time the CIA’s projection of Soviet ICBMs had fallen from 500 to a mere 36. Kennedy chose to believe much higher Air Force estimates simply because they fit his preconceptions—and were politically useful. When Eisenhower came into office, he swiftly concluded the Korean War and instituted his “New Look” defense policy, which cut the military budget by one third. He repudiated the Truman-era national-security doctrine embodied in “NSC-68,” a document prepared by Truman’s advisors that said the U.S. must be ready to fight two major land wars—and several “limited wars”—simultaneously. The U.S. was instead to rely on the threat of massive nuclear retaliation, a defensive posture derided at the time by Kennedy and his coterie as “isolationist.” As president, Kennedy swiftly reversed Eisenhower’s course. McNamara rehabilitated NSC-68 and embarked on a massive buildup of conventional land, sea, and air forces in order to “prevent the steady erosion of the Free World through limited wars,” as Kennedy put it in a 1961 message to Congress. The promise of “limited” wars would soon be fulfilled by the two of the biggest disasters in the history of American foreign policy: the Bay of Pigs invasion and the Vietnam War. While plans to overthrow Fidel Castro originated during the Eisenhower administration, the Bay of Pigs plot was conceived by the CIA shortly after Kennedy was sworn into office. During the last presidential debate before the election, Kennedy had attacked Eisenhower for his alleged complacency in the face of a “Soviet threat” a mere 90 miles from the Florida coastline. This left Kennedy’s rival, Vice President Richard Nixon, in the uncharacteristic position of defending a policy of caution. It was a typically disingenuous ploy on Kennedy’s part: the Democratic nominee had been briefed on the CIA’s regime-change plans shortly after the Democratic convention. Kennedy, for his part, was enthusiastic about eliminating Castro. Once in office, he eagerly approved the CIA’s plan, and preparations began in earnest. The operation was a farce from the beginning. It depended on two projected events, neither of which occurred: the assassination of Castro and a widespread uprising against the Cuban government. This was the “they’ll shower us with rose petals” argument advanced 40 years before George W. Bush’s “liberation” of Iraq. It took less than two days for Cuban forces to squash the invaders. Lurching from disaster to catastrophe, Kennedy, after barely a year in office, authorized an increase in aid to South Vietnam and sent 1,000 additional American “advisors.” While Lyndon Johnson usually gets the blame for escalating the Vietnam War, it was Kennedy who ordered the first substantial increase in direct U.S. involvement. In his famous “pay any price, bear any burden” inaugural address, Kennedy put the Soviets on notice that his administration would prosecute the Cold War to the fullest, declaring that we “shall meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe, in order to assure the survival and the success of liberty.” In Vietnam, this meant supporting the regime of Ngo Dinh Diem, whose dictatorship became increasingly repressive as Viet Cong forces gathered strength. While the initial strategy, originated under Eisenhower, was predicated on supporting indigenous anti-Communist forces with aid and as many as 500 “advisors,” by 1963 U.S. troops in Vietnam numbered some 16,000. Long before the “COIN” theory promoted by Gen. David Petraeus in Iraq and Afghanistan, President Kennedy championed the doctrines of counterinsurgency to fight the Communists on their own terrain: the idea was to not only defeat the enemy militarily but also to materially improve the lives of the populace, whose hearts and minds must be won. Thus was born the “Strategic Hamlets” program, which involved forcibly relocating millions of Vietnamese peasants from their villages and corralling them in government-run compounds. The idea was to isolate them from the pernicious influence of the Communists and provide them with healthcare, subsidized food, and other perks, while compensating them with cash for the loss of their dwellings. The program was a horrific failure: torn from their homes, which were burned before their eyes, Vietnam’s peasants turned on the Diem regime with a vengeance. The compensation money that was supposed to go to the dislocated villagers instead filled the pockets of Diem’s corrupt officials, and the hamlets, which were soon infiltrated by the Viet Cong, turned out to be not so strategic after all. The ranks of the communists increased by 300 percent. Kennedy, instead of holding his advisors—or himself—responsible for this abysmal failure, instead did what he always did: he blamed the other guy. After the Bay of Pigs ended in what the historian Trumbull Higgins called “the perfect failure,” Kennedy put the onus on the CIA—although he had approved the original plan, which called for U.S. air support for the Cuban exile force, only to withdraw his promise on the eve of the invasion. Similarly when it came to the unraveling of South Vietnam, he blamed Diem. By 1963 Diem had opened back-channel talks with the North Vietnamese and sought to end the war with a negotiated settlement, but Kennedy was having none of it. The president soon concluded that the increasingly unpopular Diem was the cause of America’s failure in the region and—disdaining the advice of the Pentagon—agreed to a State Department plan to overthrow him. A cash payment of $40,000 was made to a cabal of South Vietnamese generals, and on November 2, 1963, the president of the Republic of Vietnam was murdered, along with several members of his family. The coup leaders were invited to the American Embassy and congratulated by Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge. Chaos ensued, and the Vietcong was on the march. In response, U.S. soldiers increasingly took the place of ARVN troops on the battlefields of Vietnam. The Americanization of the war had begun. According to Robert Kennedy—and contrary to Oliver Stone’s overactive imagination—JFK never gave the slightest consideration to pulling out. The mythology of Kennedy’s “dazzling” leadership, as hagiographer Arthur Schlesinger Jr. once described it, reaches no greater height of mendacity than in official accounts of the Cuban missile crisis. In the hagiographies, the heroic Kennedy stood “eyeball to eyeball” with the Soviets, who—for no reason at all—suddenly decided to put missiles in Cuba. Because Kennedy refused to back down, so the story goes, America was saved from near certain nuclear annihilation. This is truth inverted. To begin with, Kennedy provoked the crisis and had been forewarned of the possible consequences of his actions long in advance. In 1961, the president ordered the deployment of intermediate range Jupiter missiles—considered “first strike” weapons—in Italy and Turkey, within range of Moscow, Leningrad, and other major Soviet cities. In tandem with his massive rearmament program and the continuing efforts to destabilize Cuba, this was a considerable provocation. As Benjamin Schwarz relates in TheAtlantic, Sen. Albert Gore Sr. brought the issue up in a closed hearing over a year and a half before the crisis broke, wondering aloud “what our attitude would be” if, as Schwarz writes, “the Soviets deployed nuclear-armed missiles to Cuba.” Kennedy taped many of his meetings with advisors, and those relevant to the Cuban missile crisis were declassified in 1997. They show that Kennedy and his men knew the real score. As Kennedy sarcastically remarked during one of these powwows: “Why does [Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev] put these in there, though? … It’s just as if we suddenly began to put a major number of MRBMs [medium-range ballistic missiles] in Turkey. Now that’d be goddamned dangerous, I would think.” National Security Advisor McGeorge Bundy, not known for his sense of humor, helpfully pointed out: “Well we did it, Mr. President.” Kennedy and his coterie realized that the deployment of Soviet missiles in Cuba didn’t affect the nuclear balance of power one way or the other, although the president said the opposite in public. In a nationally televised address on the eve of the crisis, the president portrayed the Soviet move as “an explicit threat to the peace and security of all the Americas.” In council with his advisors, however, he blithely dismissed the threat: “It doesn’t make any difference if you get blown up by an ICBM flying from the Soviet Union or one that was 90 miles away. Geography doesn’t mean that much.” In conference with the president, McNamara stated, “I’ll be quite frank. I don’t think there is a military problem here … This is a domestic, political problem.” The “crisis” was symbolic rather than actual. There was no more danger of a Soviet first strike than had existed previously. What Kennedy feared was a first strike by the Republicans, who were sure to launch an attack on the administration and accuse it of being “soft on Communism.” Thus for domestic political reasons, rather than to address a real military threat, Kennedy risked an all-out nuclear war with the Soviet Union. His blockade of Cuba and the public ultimatum delivered to the Soviets—withdraw or risk war—brought the world to the brink of the unthinkable. Yet as far as anyone knew at the time, it worked: the Soviets withdrew their missiles, and the world breathed a sigh of relief. Only years later, as new materials were declassified, was the secret deal between Kennedy and Khrushchev revealed: Kennedy agreed to withdraw our missiles from Turkey and promised not to invade Cuba. Another aspect of the Kennedy family mythology was exposed by these releases: brother Robert, far from being the reasonable peacemaker type he and his family’s chroniclers depicted in their memoirs and histories, was the most Strangelove-like of the president’s advisors, calling for an outright invasion of Cuba in response to the ginned up crisis. Web issue image Perhaps in this matter he was taking his cues from his brother, who during the Berlin standoff had actually called on his generals to come up with a plan for a nuclear first strike against the Soviets. Stripped of glitz, glamour, and partisan myopia, the Kennedy presidency was the logical prelude to the years of domestic turmoil and foreign folly that followed his assassination. President Johnson was left to carry the flag of Cold War liberalism into what became the “Vietnam era,” but that tattered banner was lowered when LBJ fled the field, McGovernites took over his party, and the hawkish senator Scoop Jackson’s little band of neocons-to-be made off to the GOP. This is the real Kennedy legacy: not the mythical “Camelot” out of some screenwriter’s imagination, but the all-too-real—and absurdly hyperbolic—idea that America would and could “pay any price” and “bear any burden” in the service of a militant interventionism. Justin Raimondo is editorial director of Antiwar.com. leave a comment Latest Articles
Pregnancy Care for Diabetes Patients Diabetes has become very common in its prevalence for a decade. Almost every fourth person is either diabetic or prediabetic in Pakistan, according to the second National Diabetes Survey of Pakistan (NDSP), 2016–2017. The disease does not differentiate between males or females. Any person with high-stress levels, obesity, and a sedentary lifestyle can be a victim of this disease. Other than this, diabetes may affect pregnant women. Here is an overview of diabetes during pregnancy. Diabetes is defined as continuous high blood sugar levels in an individual. There could be three relevant states where a female can be diabetic and pregnant. Blood sugar Diabetes In Pregnancy 2x Type 1 Diabetes: In this, the patient acquires diabetes at a very young age. A diabetic female is already taking insulins/medications and she conceives. She is already aware of her medical conditions. Type 2 Diabetes: In this case, the person develops diabetes in adulthood and is using oral antihyperglycemic for controlling glucose levels. She is also already aware of her medical conditions. Pregnancy-induced Diabetes: In this, the abnormality in the glucose levels is noted for the first time during pregnancy. The reason during pregnancy is usually the placenta and placental. Hormones create insulin resistance and it gets in their maximum effect during the last trimester (last 3 months). Now management and care vary for the above-mentioned scenarios. Type 1 Diabetes and Type 2 Diabetes: 1. Preconception Counselling: 2. Counseling about preparing the body before conception is needed with strict glycemic control before and during pregnancy. 3. Strict weight management should be advised. 4. Glycemic control along with BSR/BSI and Hba1c should be explained, before conception to the patient. 5. They should be explained about an increased risk of diabetic embryopathy. specifically, encephalopathy, microencephaly, and congenital heart diseases, which increase directly with an increase in HbA1c in the mother’s blood. 6. Chances of spontaneous abortion also increase with uncontrolled diabetes. 1. Pregnancy-induced Diabetes: 2. As there is no prior history, the patient should be assured of keeping HbA1c in view. 3. Diet management and weight management should be advised and continuously monitoring should be explained. 4. They should be counseled for glucose monitoring to avoid fetal anomalies, preeclampsia, macrosomia, intrauterine fetal demise. Neonatal hypoglycemia and neonatal Sr Imag Ftr Diabetes Finger Prick Stop Diabetes Myths/Taboos about Pregnancy and Diabetes: Q: Blood sugars are higher naturally in pregnancy. Ans: No, the blood sugars are not higher in pregnancy; it needs to be regularly monitored. In the case of family history on high-risk patients, they should be properly screened in the first trimester. Q: Strict glycemic control is not needed. Ans: It is a wrong concept, as strict glycemic controls are needed to keep the fetus safe. Q: Weight management is not important. Ans: Weight management is very important as an increase in weight can result in a deranged glycemic index. Weight plays an important role in controlling the existing diseases and helps in preventing complications. Q: Diet has no major effect. Ans: A well-balanced diet is needed to keep the weight and glycemic index in control. Q: Diabetic females/healthy mothers will have big babies. Ans: It is another myth and does not affect all females. Q: Insulins are needed in all cases. Ans: It is again a myth that insulin is needed in all cases. No, it’s again not true, insulin is found comparatively safer but few drugs (metformin, glibenclamide) are found safe also. Courtesy by: Dr. Sonia Bakhtiar
ELAA Technology: Early Lung Cancer Detection ELAA Technology, an Istanbul-based company, has developed a software application which is used in conjunction with a bronchoscopy unit. By providing a patient's Computerized Tomography (CT) images and bronchoscopy camera feed, it is able to localize the target lesion and support early diagnosis of suspicious lesions with almost 100% accuracy. In order to detect and take samples from a target lesion, their software transforms CT images into virtual 3D airway and blood vessel volumes and then the system asks the operator to mark the lesion on a user interface. The system then calculates the safest route to the lesion in order to eliminate risks of bleeding inside lungs. The calculated route is then shown on both virtual and real bronchoscopy video frames to lead the operating physician into the lesion. With this device, the operator will be able to see where the lesion is and with which angle the bronchoscopic needle should take a sample. Lung masses are observed in chest computerized tomographies (CT). Doctors don't know the exact diagnosis until they send the nodules for pathology, and they need to take biopsies from these nodules to diagnose them by either lung endoscopy (bronchoscopy) or by CT needle biopsy. Not all lung nodules are accessible due either to size or location. Doctors generally decide to keep a watchful eye on the lesion through regular chest CT’s or surgically removing the lesion if it starts to increase in size. If the doctor decides not to act immediately, the patient may lose valuable time if the lesion is cancerous. If the doctor decides to operate immediately, the patient may benefit if the lesion is cancerous and it is removed. However, if the lesion is not malignant, the patient has undergone an unnecessary surgery. Physicians need a better way of diagnosing lung lesions. Through ELAA Technology’s artificial intelligence-based three-dimensional lung navigation algorithm, doctors can easily reach potentially dangerous lung lesions without the difficulties they currently face in current methods of lung cancer diagnostics. For more information on ELAA Technology and their lung cancer diagnostic device, please visit their website. To continue reading, please Login or Join
Understanding The Secret Ideas Understanding Manipulation Manipulation: What Is Manipulation Manipulation is the act of controlling someone or something to one's own advantage, often unfairly or dishonestly. It is also a way to manage or influence skilfully in an unfair manner. Moreover, it is a control or influence over another or circumstances There are various types of manipulation. The most dangerous form of manipulation is the manipulation by hypocrisy. One pretends to support the other party by pushing him or her to do something that one knows will surely end in disaster. For example, one wants to confront another because one believes one will win. At the same time, a third party knows that one will fail but encourages one to engage another knowing all along that one will fail. If there is a better way to screw up someone that will be it. There is another type of manipulation where the manipulator will use false facts to convince one to do something that one did not intend to do. For example, one sends carefully crafted pictures about someone else's wife having sex with another man to her husband. The husband looks up the pictures and believe that they were authentic. As a result, the husband asks for a divorce on the ground of unfaithfulness. In this case, one has been manipulated by deceit. The difference between the manipulation by deceit and hypocrisy is the intent to do or not do something. The third example of manipulation is the manipulation by discouragement. That type of manipulation is almost the opposite of the first one. In this instance, one intends to do something that one can succeed doing but the manipulator will discourage one from doing it because he knows that one will be successful. For example, one want to buy a new house a the bottom of the market and resell in ten years. One has the money and resources to buy it. Not only that it was the right season for one to buy a house for capital gain purposes. However, a clever manipulator discourages one from doing so for reasons that are completely fabricated. One has been convinced to stop doing something that will be rewarding though one wants to do that at the first place. The last form of manipulation is the manipulation by suppression. This time, one is suppressed, controlled, subdued or overwhelmed by the manipulator. To put it bluntly, one has lost one's identity, one is no more oneself, one has zero choice and one is denied the ability to decide for oneself. One becomes an object or tool in the hands of the manipulator. Usually, the manipulated though subdued in this case has also accepted that it is normal that things stay as they are. The manipulator will use his subject as much as he likes because he sees him or her as a tool. It will take a lot of time and energy to free those who fall under the manipulation by suppression. The worst part is that most victims under suppression do not even recognized their state of mind. Have you being manipulated? What form of manipulation was it? Have you manipulated another person and how? Is it OK to manipulate others? Are those that are manipulated stupid or dumb? Who is manipulating you? Is it OK to be manipulated?
indoor clothes drying Drying Clothes Indoors – A Laundry Mistake? indoor clothes drying If for no apparent reason someone in the family who suffers from asthma and other kinds of allergies falls ill, think about the clothes that are hung to dry inside the home. A study revealed that drying clothes indoors causes an increase in home moisture by as much as 30%. Meaning there are potential health hazards to people who are prone to the mentioned diseases when laundry is dried inside the house. As if the air pollution encountered outside is not enough threat to health, there are further dangers at home and to be aware about it is important. The study discovered that: • People resort to drying their clothes indoors during rough weather situations such as winter time. • Too much moisture of up to 30% is caused by laundry; on an average, moisture at home is said to be at 15% only. • About 75% of surveyed homes with increased moisture level showed higher mite and mould spores growth increasing the risks for asthmatic people. • Homes that are well-insulated make it harder for vapor to escape hence moisture gets trapped and its intensity goes up when drying clothes indoors. • Home ventilation appears inadvertently overlooked as people seal their homes in an attempt at energy saving. • There is an increase in the number of people who sparingly use tumble dryers due to high energy bills issues. collapsible clothesline Courtesy of Bill Hutchison/Flickr Clean Laundry Without the Risks The risks may still be prevented and the bills maintained at a minimum. Here’s how: • Find a spot in your home where you can accommodate an outdoor collapsible clothesline. Your balcony will serve the purpose. Your clothes will even smell better. • Old dryers consume higher energy. Upgrade to newer, better models that spin faster for less drying time. Some models come with moisture sensor and automatically switch off when clothes are already dry. • Organize your drying by doing similar fabrics together instead of over-drying light items that are together with heavier, thicker fabrics. It is a complete waste of energy. We spend a lot of our time indoors. For working individuals, about 50% of their time is spent inside the homes but to most people, about 80%. There should not be any reason to expose ourselves further to health hazards that we already meet outside. This cannot be any more true to children who are more vulnerable. If drying clothes indoors cannot be avoided, ensure that there is proper ventilation. This is vital in keeping moisture at a minimum level. Install extractor fans to avoid condensation, mould build up and all the factors that could increase the health risks associated with indoor laundry drying. Keep some windows open to keep the air circulating. The revelations the study made can be alarming but there is always something that you can do. Find ways to reduce the risks. Provide yourself with knowledge and the right equipments to install at home because after all, washing and drying clothes is a necessity that cannot be avoided even during bad weather. Share and Enjoy ! 0 0 Jenie is a self-proclaimed super mom of 6 who has been waiting for that elusive chance to become a multi-billionaire in whatever monetary unit and thus stalks people who might be in possession of the winning lottery number combination. A former regular employee who worked 8 to 10 hours a day, 6 days a week, she now enjoys more time with her kids working online and home-based. She cooks, does the laundry, cleans the home, iron, does handicrafts on the side and wonders whoever coined the word multi-tasking. She enjoys putting into written words things that she discovers about life based on experience, observation and research.
Articles in English (12) Word Meaning a One; any indefinite example of; used to denote a singular item of a group. ze nonstandard spelling of the nodot=1 (usually signifying a foreign accent, often French). hoi Only used in hoi polloi de pronunciation spelling the thay Eye dialect of the tho (obsolete) The (plural form); those. the Definite grammatical article that implies necessarily that an entity it articulates is presupposed; something already mentioned, or completely specified later in that same sentence, or assumed already completely specified. zee Eye dialect of the le (informal ) the teh Common typographical error for the definitive article ("the") as a result of transposition.--> a(n) a or an; the indefinite article (when the initial sound of what will follow is unclear) ye (archaic ) the This list doesn't have any comment yet. Write a comment about this list
Skip to content Genetically engineered food is chemically treated and heavily processed. Seven out of 10 foods on grocery shelves contain questionable transgenic ingredients, including pesticide residue, yet they require no label identification. Industrially processed cows, pigs and chickens are usually fed genetically modified crops yet animal products like milk, eggs and meat do not require warning labels. Genetically engineered salmon is a reality yet it requires no identifying label. Supporters of industrial bioagriculture claim that the World Health Organization (WHO) position is that GMO foods are safe. But that's not accurate. The IAASTD Global Report, co-sponsored by the WHO and six other world organizations, says GMOs have NOT been proven safe. Over 100 science or health based world-wide organizations support mandatory labeling. Industrial agriculture contributes to many pressing problems: toxic drift and runoff of pesticide residues and animal wastes; green house gases emitted by farms and food transport; and, a link to the decline of public health. We need a food system that values people over profit and consumers can help. To change the future of food we need solidary. Join the concerned citizens worldwide that are demanding that their countries take action. Let your legislators know that you want foods that contain transgenic ingredients clearly labelled. More than 60 nations, including France, Germany, Japan, Australia, Russia, China, the United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, Thailand, India, Chile and South Africa require GE labeling on their processed shelf food. Unfortunately, meat proteins and dairy are still exempt from the practice. In Canada and the United States, no such luck. New transgenic crops like alfalfa, lawn grass, ethanol-ready corn, 2,4 D-resistant crops as well as genetically engineered trees and animals are being fast-tracked for approval by the US government, with absolutely no independent pre-market safety-testing required, no public discussion and no labelling requirements. Food is the single largest contributor to landfills today. In Canada, an estimated $27 billion in Canadian food annually finds its way to landfill creating unnecessarily high levels of carbon and methane. That's approximately 40% of all the food we produce. As consumers, we are responsible for more food waste farmers, grocery stores, restaurants or any part of the food supply chain. The Save the Food campaign by the Ad Council and Natural Resources Defense Council in the US has taken on an awareness campaign about food waste by producing a light-hearted video which tackles the very serious subject. The video follows the life of a single strawberry through a whirlwind of harvesting, transportation, packaging, storage and just for fun tosses in a love interest subplot with a lime. The campaign aims to change household behaviour to reduce food waste, and in turn, minimize environmental and economic impacts. The Save the Food campaign points out a 4-person family loses $1500 a year on wasted food. That saving is equivalent to a raise. Luckily we can turn the tide by being part of the solution. The food storage section on the site is filled with specific information about your favorite foods. You’ll learn how to store them, freeze them, and keep them at their best longer. You’ll also find helpful tips about safety and ways to revive food. Related Posts Food Waste in Canada
January 14, 2021 Where does titanium dioxide come from? Titanium dioxide itself was officially first named and created in a laboratory in the late 1800s. It wasn’t mass manufactured until the early 20th century, when it started to take over as a safer alternative to other white pigments. The element titanium and the compound TiO2 are found around the world, linked to other elements such as iron, in several kinds of rock and mineral sands (including a component of some beach sands). Titanium most commonly occurs as the mineral ilmenite (a titanium-iron oxide mineral) and sometimes as the mineral rutile, a form of TiO2. These inert molecular compounds must be separated through a chemical process to create pure titanium dioxide. How is titanium dioxide extracted? How pure titanium dioxide is extracted from titanium-containing molecules depends on the composition of the original mineral ores or feedstock. Two methods are used to manufacture pure TiO2: a sulphate process and a chloride process. The principal natural source of titanium dioxide is mined ilmenite ore, which contains 45-60 percent TiO2. From this, or an enriched derivative (known as titanium slag), pure TiO2 can be produced using the sulphate or chloride process. Sulphate and chloride methods Of the two methods of extraction, the sulphate process is currently the most popular method of producing TiO2 in the European Union, accounting for 70 percent of European sources. The remaining 30 percent is the result of the chloride process. On a global level, it is estimated about 40-45 percent of the world’s production is based on the chloride process. As a widely used substance with multiple applications, research is being carried out to improve the production process to reduce the levels of chemicals used and waste produced, and to recycle any by-products. The future of titanium dioxide For a substance that is relatively unknown to the public, it’s amazing how many everyday products titanium dioxide can be found in. Because of its many varied properties, our skin, cities, cars, homes, food and environment are made brighter, safer, more resilient and cleaner by titanium dioxide. With a legacy of 100 years of safe commercial use, titanium dioxide is only going to become more vital as our environment faces greater challenges from a growing population.
Can Snakes Swim? YES! All snakes can swim. It’s not just specialized snakes, like Sea Kraits, that can swim and dive. Water Snakes, Copperheads, Water Moccasins, Garter snakes, Anacondas, Ribbon snakes, Rat snakes, and many more are often found near bodies of water. Even the arboreal snakes of the world like Green Tree Pythons and Mangrove snakes are competent swimmers. The museum grounds are home to a number of resident snake species; including the only venomous snake species in Durham, the Copperhead. WhileRead more
• Join over 1.2 million students every month • Accelerate your learning by 29% • Unlimited access from just £6.99 per month China One Child Policy Free essay example: Case Study China One Child Policy China has the world’s largest population, and it’s cities are the most densely populated ones. It’s policy is one of the most recognized policy, since is the most rigid of any country. The policy admites only one child per couple, and because of this it is called the “One Child Policy”. Before 1949, before the communists had the power, China was at stage 1 of demographic transition model, and families had betwen 5 and 8 children. Also there was a high death rate, and a low life expectation. Infant mortality rate was also high, and so with death rate and birth rate, which means that the population was increasing at a very slowly rate. In these days, large families where encouraged, since the government followed a pro-natalistic population policy. Ten years later in 1960, the population increased dramatically to 100million people more, which determined China in the second stage of the demographic transition model. As a result improvements where made in medical services. In 1976, whith the death of Mao, the government decided to advocate voluntary population control to reduce the birth rate. China began to advice about limiting family sizes and to distribute information about the need to control the population growth. The policy had some modifications in the past years. The government relaxed the policy in the countryside for couples that their first child was a girl. There are numerous methods used by the policy to insure that the population is controlled. Firstly the methods are divided in punishments and benefits given to the couple and child. The punishments for violating the policy vary from rural and urban areas. Penalties for rural couples include loss of government land grants, food, loans and farming supplies. For workeres in urban areaas, the punishments is a fine on a porcentage of their income, usually between 20% and 50% of anual salary. The incentives given by the government include additional health care subsidies, priority health care, priority housing allocation, priority in educational provision, extra land for private farming and extra food rations. Furthermore, every worker which applies the One Child Policy recieves a financial bonus. If parents have a second child wether accidentally or in purpose, all the privileges that have been given are taken out. In the other hand, there are some exceptions which are concidered by the government. The first one applies to families living in rural areas, who may have two children since these children will be part of the farming work force. The second exceptions was applied in 1995 to couples which are single childs, if any couple has this characteristic they may have a second child. Also, if the first child who is born is unabled to work because of mental or fisical problems, the couple is able to have a second child. In the rural areas, couples with real difficulties economically may have a second child as well. There also have been consequences in the policy. In 1983, family planning work teams acrries out 21 million sterilisations, 18 IUD insertions, and 14 million abortions. There were concerns about children who where born and grew up without brothers or sisters, where becoming spoilt and selfish, since they never experienced the chance of having brothers or sisters and share different things with them. Also single children in China had almost all their desires fullfilled since they where the only childrens, and their parents had economical benefits, which leads to a better salary and higher money to spend in their children. These childrens where called in China little emperors. Furthermore the concepts of “uncle”, “aunt”, “cousing” had dissapeared along with “sister” and “brother”. In recent years, the policy has come to be treated less seriously in some areas of the country. In Guangdong, sound-east of China, families with two children were becoming quit common. This happened because the city was quite wealthy, and people living there felt that they could afford mora that one child by paying the fies. Also people who were self-employed felt free to have more than one children, because, unlike government employees, they did not needed official permission to have a children. When the government introduced the policy in 1980, the target was to limit its population to 1.3 billion people by 2000, and to lower the natural population growth to less thatn 10/1000 people. The introduction of the One Child Policy in China had an inmmediate effect on the population growth, since the natural population growth dicreased dramatically. In 1960 China’s birth rate was 37 births per 1000 people, then by 1988 it felt to 21 per 1000 people, and by 1998 to 16,2 births per 1000. In 1960 China’s population was growing at a re of 2% anually. By 1878, before the policy was introduced, it was just 1.4% per year. When the policy was introduced in felt again up to 1.2% per year, and in 1998, the growth rate was 1.042%. Furthermore over the past three decades of the policy, China’s government prevented the birth of 400 million babies. This means that the government achieved in only 30 years what normal developed countries have done with population control targets in 100 years. Since the policy was instituted, the average number of children for each Chinese couple had dropped from nearly six in the early 1970s to 1.8 today. China’s government predict that the proportion of women of childbearing age dicreased to 26.7% in 200 and will continue dicreasing. In 2020 the percentege will be 24.5% and 21.9% in 2040. Meanwhile the percentage of aged people is increasing and will continue to increase rapidly. The percentage of aged people in 1982 was 7.63%, in 2000 was 9.84% and is expected to increase to 21.9% by 2030. Also by 2050 the proportion of China’s population that is aged will be 27% which will pose significant challenges for the provision of services for the elderly. The Chinese government is facing an important challenge: theneed to balance the basic human right of reproduction with populationgrowth, which, despite the policy's success, is still increasingat a rate of 8 per 1000 million people per year. Several factors mus be taken to make decisions about the future. The relaxation of the policy could happen, if fertility aspirations such as the baby boom dont appear. With the incorporation of the One Child Policy, China became a small family culture, which means that women now a days are not internested in having more than 2 children. Data was recolected in China, and showed that 35% of the women preferred having 1 child, 57% wanted to have 2 children, which as a result only 5% of women wanted to have more than 2 children. As the data was analized, there is a posibility of relaxing the policy, so that couples fill free to have 2 children or 3 in some cases, since the culture had changed, and now a days couples are no more interested in having large families of 5 to 8 children. Page of Here's what a teacher thought of this essay 4 star(s) A really good overview of the One Child Policy in China. It started off too brief with little discussion of why the policy was needed. However, it develops into a detailed and relevant overview of the incentives and punishments of the policy and reviews both the successes and challenges that have resulted. 4 Stars Marked by teacher Eleanor Wilson 01/12/2012 Not the one? Search for your essay title... • Join over 1.2 million students every month • Accelerate your learning by 29% • Unlimited access from just £6.99 per month Related International Baccalaureate Geography Skills and Knowledge Essays See our best essays Related International Baccalaureate Geography essays 1. Marked by a teacher Aral Sea Case Study 5 star(s) Combined with the urge to increase the efficiency in the production of cotton, vast amounts (much higher than the required amount) were induced. This in the aspect of long term consequences contaminated and polluted the sea as the waste chemicals entered the sea in the form of run-off. 2. Marked by a teacher Population Case Study - Japan 5 star(s) Family planning became nearly universal, with condoms and legal abortions the main form of birth prevention. Because of this, Japan could be facing a problem such as shrinking population. Government Interference: Japan always has had a below than average tolerance for immigration, perhaps because of its strong cultural presence. 1. Marked by a teacher Tropical Rainforest Case Study 4 star(s) A standard patch of 10 km2 could have as many as up to 1500 species of plant, 750 species of tree, 400 types of bird, 150 varieties of butterfly and 60 different types of amphibian. Many are still yet to be discovered. 2. Gentrification Case Study Thanks to extensive policing, crime rates have fallen, and because of a combination of quality properties and low rents, investment has increased and confidence increased. A campaign cleverly entitled Pikitup, the city's waste collection utility, has returned cleanliness and order to the city. 1. The aim of this geographical report is to find a correlation between the fertility ... * Secondary School Enrolment, Female, 1990 (as % of school-age male enrolment), from "Education variables", to analyze the educational aspect. To show the strength of the relationship between the two variables3 and any exceptions, the Spearman's statistical method, called the rank correlation coefficient, will be used. 2. Geography Field Study - Delineating the CBD Antwerp of Antwerp, data recording sheets and a clipboard and pencils, we will set out to measure: - Length of transect in meters (using wheel and scaled map). - Ratios of offices, and shops, to other properties - Building heights (in storeys) The reason is that in the Southern direction, the Harbourfront may cause anomalous results for the change in prices. The geographic models to be used will be the Bid-Rent Theory, which relates distance from the CBD to rent prices (adapted for this study as distance versus parking prices). 2. What are the effects of global warming and initiatives taken by Wales and Iceland ... â¼ 95% feel global warming will affect future generations. sourced from my survey Analysis of results Though the sample is small, it is plausible, because from external knowledge of the general population’s attitude towards global warming, the data well corroborates this. Most people understand global warming is occurring, which no surprise is considering that it is consistently heralded on • Over 160,000 pieces of student written work • Annotated by experienced teachers • Ideas and feedback to improve your own work
Do We Need To Write Junit For Private Methods? How do you make a private method visible in Test class? Use the TestVisible annotation to allow test methods to access private or protected members of another class outside the test class. These members include methods, member variables, and inner classes. This annotation enables a more permissive access level for running tests only.. Are private methods a code smell? Sometimes, private methods are created just to give pieces of functionality more descriptive names. Although descriptive names are desirable, creating private methods to provide descriptive names for things is still a smell. How do you write a Junit test case? Write the test casepackage com.javatpoint.testcase;import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;import org.junit.After;import org.junit.AfterClass;import org.junit.Before;import org.junit.BeforeClass;import org.junit.Test;import com.javatpoint.logic.Calculation;More items… How do you call private methods in Test class? Test methods are defined in a test class, separate from the class they test. This can present a problem when having to access a private class member variable from the test method, or when calling a private method. Because these are private, they aren’t visible to the test class. How do I access private methods? You can access the private methods of a class using java reflection package.Step1 − Instantiate the Method class of the java. lang. … Step2 − Set the method accessible by passing value true to the setAccessible() method.Step3 − Finally, invoke the method using the invoke() method. Can we mock private methods? For Mockito, there is no direct support to mock private and static methods. In order to test private methods, you will need to refactor the code to change the access to protected (or package) and you will have to avoid static/final methods. … But, there are frameworks which support mocking for private and static methods. Which annotation implies that a method is a JUnit test case? JUnit is a framework which supports several annotations to identify a method which contains a test. JUnit provides an annotation called @Test, which tells the JUnit that the public void method in which it is used can run as a test case. What is the use of JUnit test cases? JUnit is an open source framework, which is used for writing and running tests. Provides annotations to identify test methods. Provides assertions for testing expected results. Provides test runners for running tests. How do you write a unit test case? Here we go.Test One Thing at a Time in Isolation. … Follow the AAA Rule: Arrange, Act, Assert. … Write Simple “Fastball-Down-the-Middle” Tests First. … Test Across Boundaries. … If You Can, Test the Entire Spectrum. … If Possible, Cover Every Code Path. … Write Tests That Reveal a Bug, Then Fix It. … Make Each Test Independent.More items…• How do you verify if a method is called in Mockito? Verify in Mockito simply means that you want to check if a certain method of a mock object has been called by specific number of times. When doing verification that a method was called exactly once, then we use: ? verify(mockObject). Can we write junit for private methods? So whether you are using JUnit or SuiteRunner, you have the same four basic approaches to testing private methods:Don’t test private methods.Give the methods package access.Use a nested test class.Use reflection. What happens if a junit test method is declared as private? Answer: If a Junit test method is declared as “private”, the compilation will pass ok. But the execution will fail. This is because Junit requires that all test methods must be declared as “public”. … This is because Junit requires that all test methods must be declared to return “void”. How do you write unit test cases for private methods in C#? 10 Answers. Yes, don’t Test private methods…. The idea of a unit test is to test the unit by its public ‘API’. If you are finding you need to test a lot of private behavior, most likely you have a new ‘class’ hiding within the class you are trying to test, extract it and test it by its public interface. What runs after every test method? Fixture includes setUp() method which runs before every test invocation and tearDown() method which runs after every test method. Can subclasses access private methods? Yes, a subclass can indirectly access the private members of a superclass. … All the public, private and protected members (i.e. all the fields and methods) of a superclass are inherited by a subclass but the subclass can directly access only the public and protected members of the superclass. How do you write test cases? How to write test cases for software:Use a Strong Title. … Include a Strong Description. … Include Assumptions and Preconditions. … Keep the Test Steps Clear and Concise. … Include the Expected result. … Make it Reusable. … Title: Login Page – Authenticate Successfully on A registered user should be able to successfully login at items…• How do you write multiple test cases in JUnit? JUnit 4 – Executing multiple Test SuitesCreate a new Package (e.g. com.selftechy.testsuite)Create three JUnit Test Cases in Eclipse under this package (First, Second, and Third)Create a fourth JUnit test case as RunTestSuite.Right Click on RunTestSuite –> Run As –> JUnit Test.Console output should be as in the below picture. When should a method be private? Do I need to unit test private methods? The short answer is that you shouldn’t test private methods directly, but only their effects on the public methods that call them. Unit tests are clients of the object under test, much like the other classes in the code that are dependent on the object. … The test should only be accessing the class’ public interface. How do you access private methods in JUnit? From this article: Testing Private Methods with JUnit and SuiteRunner (Bill Venners), you basically have 4 options:Don’t test private methods.Give the methods package access.Use a nested test class.Use reflection.
Raphael Lemkin started thinking about the injustice of the fact that there is punishment for killing a single person, but for the extermination of entire nations there is none already in 1921, while studying philology at the Lviv University. To his question about this discrepancy, the professor replied: “Consider the case of a farmer who owns a flock of chickens. He kills them, and this is his business, his sovereign right. If you interfere, you are trespassing.” The sovereignty of countries then assumed complete freedom of action for the rulers, up to the extermination of large groups of the… Boris Lozhkin President of the Jewish Confederation of Ukraine and Vice-President of the World Jewish Congress. https://borislozhkin.org/ Get the Medium app
Quick Answer: Is Memory A Cognitive Process? What are the 8 cognitive skills? Cognitive Skills: Why The 8 Core Cognitive CapacitiesSustained Attention. Response Inhibition. Speed of Information Processing. Cognitive Flexibility and Control. Multiple Simultaneous Attention. Working Memory. Category Formation. Pattern Recognition.. What is the 30 question cognitive test? How do I improve my cognitive skills? Discover five simple, yet powerful, ways to enhance cognitive function, keep your memory sharp and improve mental clarity at any age.Adopt a growth mindset. … Stay physically active. … Manage emotional well-being. … Eat for brain health. … Restorative sleep. What are your cognitive skills? What are the 4 stages of cognitive development? What are cognitive skills in a child? Is cognition and memory the same? Cognition is a process of acquiring and understanding knowledge through people’s thoughts, experiences and senses. Memorization is a key cognitive process of brain at the metacognitive, as well as the cognitive process reveals how memory is created in long-term memory (LTM). What is another word for Cognitive? In this page you can discover 10 synonyms, antonyms, idiomatic expressions, and related words for cognition, like: knowing, insight, grasp, judgment, knowledge, thought, perception, ignorance, unawareness and noesis. What is cognitive disability? What are the 10 warning signs of dementia? How do I know if Im getting dementia? What are the 5 cognitive processes? Cognition includes basic mental processes such as sensation, attention, and perception. Cognition also includes complex mental operations such as memory, learning, language use, problem solving, decision making, reasoning, and intelligence. What is cognition and cognitive development? Is dreaming a cognitive process? Dreaming is a state of the brain that is similar to yet different from waking consciousness. … The cognitive process dream theory states that dreams are simply thoughts or sequences of thoughts that occur during sleep-states. Dreams express conceptions of self, family members, friends, and social environment. At what age does cognitive decline begin? What is an example of cognition? Cognition is a term referring to the mental processes involved in gaining knowledge and comprehension. These cognitive processes include thinking, knowing, remembering, judging, and problem-solving. 1 These are higher-level functions of the brain and encompass language, imagination, perception, and planning. How does peanut butter detect Alzheimer’s? Is memory a cognitive function? The memory plays a role in all our activities. It helps us remember all kinds of information (personal memories, common knowledge, automatic processes…) for a more or less long while (from a few seconds to an entire life). … The memory is therefore one of the most essential cognitive functions in a person’s life.
Question: Did Slaves Build The Washington Monument? Is the Washington Monument 666 feet tall? Located almost due east of the Reflecting Pool and the Lincoln Memorial, the monument, made of marble, granite, and bluestone gneiss, is both the world’s tallest predominantly stone structure and the world’s tallest obelisk, standing 554 feet 7 11⁄32 inches (169.046 m) tall according to the U.S. National Geodetic …. Why are there no tall buildings in Paris? Originally Answered: Why does Paris have no skyscrapers? Many countries compete on the tower warfare, to show that they are better and more prosperous than other countries. … Paris chose to outlaw towers, so that XIXth century buildings are the tallest buildings. And you still have a skyline, it is outside of the city. Why does the Lincoln Memorial face east? The massive sculpture of Lincoln faces east toward a long reflecting pool. The peaceful atmosphere belies the years of disagreement over what kind of monument to build and where. In 1910 two members of Congress joined forces to create a memorial which honored Lincoln. Shelby M. What is the Washington monument built by slaves? The Smithsonian Institution, built between 1847 and 1855, is made from red sandstone, which was quarried by slaves. It’s thought the slaves were owned by Martha Washington, former President George Washington’s wife. Was the Lincoln Memorial built by slaves? Contributions from freed slaves, primarily Union army veterans, erected a statue of Lincoln striking the chains from a kneeling slave in 1876. … Congress passed the first of many bills to create a memorial to Lincoln in 1867, but nothing happened until 1911, when Congress created a new Lincoln Memorial Commission. Why is DC called DC? sketch of Washington, D.C., plan An early sketch of the plan of Washington, D.C. Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. The new federal territory was named District of Columbia to honour explorer Christopher Columbus, and the new federal city was named for George Washington. Who helped build the Washington Monument? The Washington Monument, designed by Robert Mills and eventually completed by Thomas Casey and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, honors and memorializes George Washington at the center of the nation’s capital. The structure was completed in two phases of construction, one private (1848-1854) and one public (1876-1884). Did anyone die building the Washington Monument? In February, 1915, Mrs. Mae Varney Cockrell, of Covington, Ky.. jumped into the elevator shaft from the third highest landing in the structure and was instantly killed by the fall of 500 feet. It also is said that a workman accidentally fell from the monument and was killed when it was about half completed. Why are there no tall buildings in DC? Did slaves build the Great Wall of China? Can you go to the top of the Washington Monument? Which famous statue has a hidden face carved into it? Lincoln MemorialA face is carved in the back of Abraham Lincoln’s head. Who carved the Lincoln Memorial statue? When was Washington monument built by slaves? Construction of the Washington Monument began in 1848 with enslaved Africans as laborers, according to several sources. Construction stopped in 1854 due to lack of funds, and then resumed from 1877 until its completion in 1888. What are the tallest buildings in Washington DC? Tallest buildings in District of Columbia At 329 feet tall, the National Shrine stands as the tallest building in Washington, D.C., excluding the Washington Monument (555 feet (169 m)) and the Hughes Memorial Tower (761 feet (232 m)). What is the thinnest building in the world? Steinway Tower111 West 57th Street, also known as Steinway Tower, is nearing completion in New York City. When you consider the building’s height-to-width ratio, it’s the world’s skinniest skyscraper. Can you swim in the Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool? Does America Really Need The National Mall? The risk of people contracting the parasite at the reflecting pool is “extremely low,” says the Park Service, because you need sustained contact with affected water — and swimming in the pool has never been allowed. Why is the monument 2 different colors? (Additionally, because construction had stopped for two decades and ultimately took place in two phases, the quarry stone couldn’t be matched. As a result, the monument is two different shades; lighter at the bottom and darker at the top.)
# Documents A document is an object composed of one or more . Each field consists of an and its associated . Documents function as containers for organizing data, and are the basic building blocks of a MeiliSearch database. To search for a document, it must first be added to an index. # Structure document structure # Important Terms • Document: an object which contains data in the form of one or more fields. • Field: a set of two data items that are linked together: an attribute and a value. • Attribute: the first part of a field. Acts as a name or description for its associated value. • Value: the second part of a field, consisting of data of any valid JSON type. • Primary Field: A special field that is mandatory in all documents. It contains the primary key and document identifier. • Primary Key: the attribute of the primary field. All documents in the same index must possess the same primary key. Its associated value is the document identifier. • Document Identifier: the value of the primary field. Every document in a given index must have a unique identifier. # Formatting Documents are represented as JSON objects: key-value pairs enclosed by curly brackets. As such, any rule that applies to formatting JSON objects (opens new window) also applies to formatting MeiliSearch documents. For example, an attribute must be a string, while a value must be a valid JSON data type (opens new window). As an example, let's say you are making an index that contains information about movies. A sample document might look like this: "id": "1564saqw12ss", "title": "Kung Fu Panda", "genre": "Children's Animation", "release-year": 2008, "cast": [ {"Jack Black": "Po"}, {"Jackie Chan": "Monkey"} ] In the above example, "id", "title", "genre", "release-year", and "cast" are attributes. Each attribute must be associated with a value, e.g. "Kung Fu Panda" is the value of "title". At minimum, the document must contain one field with the primary key attribute and a unique document id as its value. Above, that's: "id": "1564saqw12ss". # Limitations and Requirements Documents have a soft maximum of 1000 fields; beyond that the may no longer be effective, leading to undefined behavior. Additionally, every document must have at minimum one field containing the and a unique id. If you try to index a document that's incorrectly formatted, missing a primary key, or possessing the wrong primary key for a given index, it will cause an error and no documents will be added. # Fields A is a set of two data items linked together: an and a value. Documents are made up of fields. An attribute functions a bit like a variable in most programming languages, i.e. it is a name that allows you to store, access, and describe some data. That data is the attribute's value. Every field has a data type dictated by its value. Every value must be a valid JSON data type (opens new window). Take note that in the case of strings, the value can contain at most 1000 words. If it contains more than 1000 words, only the first 1000 will be indexed. You can also apply to some fields. For example, you may decide recent movies should be more relevant than older ones. If you would like to adjust how a field gets handled by MeiliSearch, you can do so in the settings. # Field properties A field may also possess field properties. Field properties determine the characteristics and behavior of the data added to that field. At this time, there are two field properties: and . A field can have one, both, or neither of these properties. By default, all fields in a document are both displayed and searchable. To clarify, a field may be: • searchable but not displayed • displayed but not searchable • both displayed and searchable (default) • neither displayed nor searchable In the latter case, the field will be completely ignored when a search is performed. However, it will still be stored in the document. # Primary Field The is a special that must be present in all documents. Its attribute is the and its value is the . The primary field serves the important role of uniquely identifying each document stored in an index, ensuring that it is impossible to have two exactly identical documents present in the same index. Therefore, every document in the same index must possess the exact same primary key associated with a unique document id as value. # Example: Suppose we have an index called movie that contains 200,000 documents. As shown below, each document is identified by a primary field containing the primary key movie_id and a unique value (the document id). Aside from the primary key, documents in the same index are not required to share attributes, e.g. you could have a document in this index without the "title" attribute. "movie_id": "1564saqw12ss", "title": "Kung fu Panda", "runtime": 95 "movie_id": "15k1j2kkw223s", "title": "Batman Begins", "gritty reboot": true # Primary Key The is a mandatory linked to a unique : the . It is part of the . Each index recognizes only one primary key attribute. Once a primary key has been set for an index, it cannot be changed anymore. If no primary key is found in a document, the document will not be stored. # Setting the primary key There are several ways for MeiliSearch to know which field is the primary key. # MeiliSearch infers your primary key If the primary key has neither been set at index creation nor as a parameter of the add documents route, MeiliSearch will search your first document for an attribute that contains the string id in a case-insensitive manner (e.g., uid, MovieId, ID, 123id123) and set it as that index's primary key. If no corresponding attribute is found, the index will have no known primary key, and therefore, no documents will be added. # Missing primary key error ❗️ If you get the Could not infer a primary key error, the primary key was not recognized. This means your primary key is wrongly formatted or absent. Manually adding the primary key can be accomplished by using its name as a parameter for the add document route or the update index route. # Document Id The is the associated to the . It is part of the , and acts as a unique identifier for each of the documents of a given index. This unique value ensures that two documents in the same index cannot be exactly alike. If two documents in the same index have the same id, then they are treated as the same document and the more recent one will replace the older. The document id must contain only A-Z a-z 0-9 and -_ characters. # Example: "id": "_Aabc012_" "id": "@BI+* ^5h2%" Take note that the document addition request in MeiliSearch is . This means that if even a single document id is incorrectly formatted, an error will occur and none of your documents will be added. # Upload By default, MeiliSearch limits the size of JSON payloads—and therefore document uploads—to 100MB. To upload more documents in one go, it is possible to change the payload size limit at runtime using the http-payload-size-limit option. The new limit must be given in bytes. ./meilisearch --http-payload-size-limit=1048576000 The above code sets the payload limit to 1GB, instead of the 100MB default. MeiliSearch uses a lot of RAM when indexing documents. Be aware of your RAM availability as you increase the size of your batch as this could cause MeiliSearch to crash. When using the route to add new documents, all documents must be sent in an array even if there is only one document.
Seiteninterne Suche ECAP AI Laboratory The Machine learning lab is a multidisciplinary collaboration among gamma-ray, neutrino astrophysics and particle physics groups at ECAP. We develop applications of machine learning methods for data analysis and interpretations of astrophysical models. Machine learning and, especially, deep learning have had great success in various domains of human knowledge, such as image recognition, language translation, and autonomous driving. In real-life applications as well as in scientific research, machine learning methods are used to analyze large and complex datasets. Since the algorithms learn from data, they are expected to become more precise as more data is collected. This will lead to a better analysis and interpretation of the data. Future observatories for photons (from radio to gamma rays), neutrinos, and gravitational waves will provide orders of magnitude more data than is currently available, which will bring new challenges but also great opportunities. The development of machine learning methods is therefore crucial for future scientific applications. Image credit: IceCube collaboration, PRL 113 (2014) The IceCube experiment measures astrophysical neutrinos in the energy range between 100 GeV and several PeV. The neutrinos convert into charged particles, such as electrons or muons, which emit Cherenkov light as they propagate through the ice. This Cherenkov light is used to measure the arrival direction of the neutrinos and to estimate their energy. In ECAP we use deep convolutional neural networks and, in particular, long-short term memory (LSTM) networks to reconstruct the neutrino arrival direction and subsequent energy depositions in the ice. We also focus on the uncertainty estimation of the network predictions. Image credit: KM3NeT collaboration The ANTARES and KM3NeT experiments measure the flux of high energy neutrinos by searching the conversion of neutrinos into charged particles in the deep sea water. The charged particles created by neutrinos emit Cherenkov light in the water, which is detected by photomultipliers. At ECAP we use convolutional deep neural networks to reconstruct the energy and the direction of the neutrinos. H.E.S.S. / CTA: Image credit: CTA collaboration High energy gamma rays create showers of particles in the atmosphere, which emit Cherenkov light as they propagate towards the Earth. H.E.S.S. telescopes and the future Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) measure the astrophysical gamma rays by detecting the Cherenkov light from the atmospheric showers. At ECAP we use deep convolutional neural networks to separate the showers created by gamma rays from the showers created by cosmic ray protons and nuclei (which are the main backgrounds for the gamma ray flux). We also use deep networks to reconstruct the energy and the direction of the gamma rays and to compress the images by detecting which pixels are likely to contain the signal and which ones contain the noise. EXO-200 / nEXO: The EXO experiments search for neutrino-less double beta decay. If observed, such decays will prove that neutrinos are their own antiparticles. The experiment observes double beta decays of Xenon 136 isotope. The neutrino-less decays have to be distinguished from the usual decays including neutrinos and radioactive background events. In ECAP we use deep neural networks to reconstruct the energy deposited in the electron pair as a result of the decay, which is a crucial part in separating the neutrino-less and the usual double-beta decays. We also use deep neural networks to distinguish double beta decays from the background radioactive decays and generative adversarial networks to improve the Monte Carlo simulations of the events.
Portal for patients How To Brush Your Teeth: Dental Tips Dentists say that the vast majority of adults, in fact more than 65% of them, do not know how to brush their teeth That this is the main reason in the occurrence of various dental problems. Erosion processes, tooth enamel caries, periodontal disease, plaque and stones, this is not a complete list of pathologies that may occur due to improper manipulations with regular toothbrush. How To Brush Your Teeth: Dental Tips Consider 5 most common mistakes during toothbrushing: 1. Excessive pressure on the toothbrush Some people believe that the harder you press on the brush, the better you can clean the teeth from plaque. This is fundamentally wrong. Too much pressure when brushing your teeth can provoke the opposite results. Toothbrush can damage enamel and gums, which leads to the development of tooth sensitivity and gingival inflammation. If the condition is left untreated for a long time, you can lose even healthy teeth. 2. Wrong angle between the teeth and brush The habit to keep your toothbrush at a right angle to the teeth will not lead to anything good. Right angle of the brush can cause damage to the the gums while it will be impossible to remove plaque from the teeth completely. The optimum angle of the brush should be 45 degrees. This will help preserve the health of the gums, while cleaning teeth and removing food debris between them in a qualitative way. 3. Too fast toothbruching! As a rule, many of us try to brush our teeth very quickly assuming that 30 seconds of toothbrushing are enough. But brushing your teeth too quickly is completely unacceptable. As you should not brush your teeth "for show", but rather to remove food debris and bacteria that can trigger the occurrence of caries. To have healthy teeth, brush them twice a day, not less than for three minutes and visit the dentist regularly. 4. Monotone movement It is obvious that repetitively moving the brush up and down, right and left is not conducive to the health of the enamel. Everyone knows that "water destroys the stone" and a constant repetitive motion can destroy the structure even of the most hard surfaces. With our teeth the same thing happens if they are properly cleaned. Correct movement during toothbrushing is circular one that should be done without strong pressing, and should be conducted from gums to teeth. 5. Improper toothbrush Few people know that the quality of the brushes depends on the health of the oral cavity. First of all, the toothbrush should not be in use for more than three weeks! Three weeks later, even the most expensive brush goes into the category 'old' one and it should be moved to the trash immediatel. Additionally, the bristles of the toothbrush should be smooth. The combination of short and long hair, gums on the edge of the brush and other devices on the toothbrush are nothing more than a marketing ploy of manufacturing companies who want to sell more expensive brushes, but they have nothing to do with healthy toothbrushing. As the experienced dentists say, "the best toothbrush is a new one with the bristles of medium hardness". See also: No comments Application for treatment MTEC 2019 (eng.-com)
BMW i3 Coupe BMW i3 Coupe Transportation is one of the most significant expenses for many people, and has a huge impact on their household budgets. The average household spends at least $9,000 – $10,000 a year on transportation, but these costs may vary greatly depending on where you live and whether you own a car and drive to work each day, or use the public transportation system, instead. In any case, a large percentage of people’s incomes is spent on transportation, which is why they can get a lot of use out of every alternative transportation solution that can help them save some money. Buying an alternative-fuel vehicle, which has better fuel economy than conventional cars, is one option, but these types of vehicles are usually much more expensive. People living on a low income really can’t afford to pay $20,000 or $30,000 for a hybrid or an electric car, no matter how much they care for the environment or want to save on gas. The California Air Resources Board (CARB) has decided to address this issue and make green cars more affordable for the poor. The agency, that is in charge of monitoring air quality, among other things, started a program recently, that is supposed to make it easier for poor people to buy fuel-efficient cars. The program involves giving vouchers to low earners, which they can use to buy an alternative-fuel vehicle of their choice. The agency said that those who receive such a voucher, could even use it to buy the all-electric Nissan Leaf, which has a $21,300 base price, after federal tax savings. In the past, there have been other similar programs created by CARB, that have been intended to promote the use of energy-efficient vehicles and reduce the number of high-emission cars, and some of them are still ongoing, such as the one that awards between $1,000 and $1,500 to those who decide to retire their cars that have high CO2 emissions. In addition to this, there is another program that gives up to $4,000 to drivers to give their old cars up and buy more eco-friendly vehicles. All these programs are part of California‘s efforts to cut carbon emissions and improve air quality. Related: 2009 Tesla Roadster: Fastest Electric Car Around With this program, the agency will give vouchers that are worth at least $2,500, and no upper limit for the vouchers has been set. This means that CARB could pay the full price of a new electric car for a family of two, or up to $18,000 for a family of three that wants to buy a used hybrid car. The ultimate goal that the state of California wants to achieve with this program is to increase the number of environmentally-friendly vehicles on its roads, reducing CO2 emissions, and encouraging automakers to develop more green vehicles. It’s also expected to help low-income people to save a significant amount of money on fuel, as hybrids and electric cars are obviously more energy-efficient than conventional cars, but the high purchase price is preventing them from buying such a car. Jordan Perch is an automotive fanatic and “green cars” expert. He is a regular contributor to, a collaborative community for US drivers. Please enter your comment! Please enter your name here
National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal Click here to give first round of RTFM Named Data Networking (NDN) is a proposed data-centric internet architecture. Its premise is that the internet is primarily used as an information distribution network, and hence the users must be allowed to focus on the data, named content, rather than the location from where the data is to be retrieved from, a feature which defines contemporary host-centric architectures like TCP/IP. A quantitative comparison between these two architectures is to be drawn. A comparison between NDN and TCP/IP will be drawn by simulating both architectures on the same network topologies (e.g. 5x5 grid). Simulation results will be obtained in the form of PCAP (Packet Capture) files, which will be analyzed using a packet analyzer (e.g. Wireshark). ndnSIM - Named Data Networking simulator based on ns-3 NetAnim - Animator for ns-3 simulations Wireshark - Packet analyzer R - Language and environment for statistical computing and graphics Phase 1: Understanding TCP/IP and NDN concepts TCP/IP concepts were covered by referring [1]. NDN concepts were covered by referring [2]. Numerous meetings were held between the mentors and the team members to clarify doubts in these concepts. Phase 2: Attempt to work on NDN-RTC The ideas involved in the development of NDN-RTC were covered by studying [3]. Attempts were then made to install the NDN-RTC library. The process was tedious, and required hours todownload. Due to network issues, the download did not complete. It was then decided to move forward with ndnSIM. Phase 3: Drawing comparisons between NDN and TCP/IP ndnSIM was downloaded, compiled, and run by following [4]. NetAnim was installed and configured by following [5]. Different NDN topologies were studied and run by referring [6]. To contrast between NDN and TCP/IP, both architectures were simulated on the same network topologies, and their performances were compared. This comparison was drawn by generating PCAP files for each simulation, and analyzed using Wireshark. To generate PCAP files, the ‘Simple scenario with pcap dump’ section of [6], and the ‘PCAP Tracing’ section of [7] were referred. Furthermore, plots were generated which showed the variation of the rate (in Kbits/s) of the Interest/Data packets forwarded by each node with time, for the NDN example topologies, using R. The simulations of both architectures on the 5x5 grid topology show a difference in the route taken by the packets in each architecture. Following are the screenshots of the simulations: From the above screenshots, it becomes evident that in NDN, Data packets follow the route which was taken by the corresponding Interest packets, while in TCP/IP, upstream and downstream packets may take different routes based on factors like congestion. Both simulations were run for a time span of 1.491 s. PCAP files were generated for each simulation, and the following results were obtained upon analyzing these files: Following are the screenshots of the results: The initial plan of working with the NDN-RTC library can be resumed, upon resolving network-related issues. Ideas for developing other applications which can use NDN, such as a text-messaging app, can also be worked upon. The following concepts dealing with the NDN architecture were studied: 1. Interest and Data packets - Sent by a consumer and producer respectively, for the exchange of data across a named data network. 2. Pending Interest Table (PIT): A table present in each NDN router, which stores the Interests which haven’t been satisfied with a corresponding Data packet yet. 3. Forwarding Information Base (FIB): A data structure in each router which contains prefixes and corresponding interfaces for forwarding data, 4. Forwarding Strategy: A module which decides the interface along which an Interest must be forwarded, based on longest-prefix-matching in the FIB. 5. Content Store: A cache of Data packets, which can satisfy incoming Interests. The following key differences were noted and appreciated between the NDN and TCP/IP architectures: 1. In NDN, Interests are forwarded based on prefix-matching, and Data packets are forwarded along the interface where the Interest came from. There is no requirement of knowing the destination or source of the packets, unlike the IP end-to-end packet delivery model. 2. Address exhaustion, which is a problem in the IP architecture, is not an issue in NDN, since packets are routed and forwarded based on names, which are unbounded. 3. Connections between consumers and producers don’t exist in NDN, since packets are routed and forwarded based on names instead of addresses. This solves the NAT traversal problem faced in TCP/IP. 4. NDN provides a major improvement in privacy protection, compared to IP, as in IP networks, one may analyze packet headers and discover the person/entity consuming the packets, whereas in NDN, only the data in each packet can be examined, and not the destination, since the concept of addressing packets does not exist. Following are the papers that we used as reference for our project: [1]Kurose, J. & Ross, K., Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach, 6th ed., Pearson ● Chinmay Gupta ● Manas Trivedi ● Paranjay Saxena ● Shreyansh Shrivastava ● Tushar Dubey
Assuming that we are dealing with a normal distribution. I have two different groups and I want to compare the means between this two independent groups. Group 1 has $ \bar X_1 =2.60$, and I have calculated the Standard deviation from that sample which is $\sigma_1= 0.56$; Group 2 has $ \bar X_2 =1.30 $, I have calculated the Standard deviation from the sample $\sigma_2= 1.02$; The sample size for both are $n=12$. a) Using parametric tests I need to know whether the mean is lower in the second group than in the first group. By $t$-distribution tables I need to know the approximate $p$-value for this. b) Find $95\%$ CI for the difference in the mean the two groups. My work: a) I am not sure how to do that but I think I can use this formula: \begin{align} z&= \frac{\mu_1-\mu_2}{\sqrt{\sigma_1^2/n_1+\sigma_2^2/n_2}}\\ &= \frac{2.60-1.30}{\sqrt{\frac{0.56^2}{12}+\frac{1.02^2}{12}}}\\ &=3.9 \end{align} and then $$P(z>3.9)=1-0.999952=0.0000048,$$ so the $p$-value is $0.0000048$. Because $p <0.001$ there is a strong difference between the two groups. But I am not really sure. b) I did: formula: $$\mu_1-\mu_2 \pm(1.96)\sqrt{\frac{\sigma_1^2}{n_1}+\frac{\sigma_2^2}{n_2}}$$ $ \mu_1-\mu_2=2.60-1.30=1.3$ $95\%$CI=$1.3 \pm(1.96)\sqrt{\frac{0.56^2+1.02^2}{12}} =$ $ 1.3\pm (0.65)\to$ that gives the interval $(0.65 ,1.96)$. So, the confidence interval is $$95\% \text{ CI}=(0.65 ,1.96)$$ Can anyone let me know if I am doing it correctly? • $\begingroup$ Standard notation is that $\mu_1$ and $\mu_2$ are the $population$ means and that $\sigma_1$ and $\sigma_2$ are the $population$ standard deviations. In that case the population mean is clearly lower in the second group than in the first because you have assumed that from the start. Is it possible that you mean to give values for $sample$ means $\bar X_1$ and $\bar X_2?$ Are the population SDs known or estimated by sample SDs. Please edit your question to clarify. $\endgroup$ – BruceET Feb 15 '16 at 21:33 • $\begingroup$ @BruceET Actually, ignore my previous. We will have to wait for OP to clarify. To OP, I changed the $SD$ to $\sigma$ and cleaned up the post to make it easier to read. Please address BruceET's comments. $\endgroup$ – Em. Feb 15 '16 at 22:08 • 1 $\begingroup$ You are right, it was my mistake, I will edit the question, these values are the mean and Standard deviation of the sample and not from the whole population. $\endgroup$ – user290335 Feb 15 '16 at 23:11 In the current version of the question, we have sample sizes $n_1 = n_2 = 12,$ sample means $\bar X_1 = 2.60,\, \bar X_2 = 1.30,$ and $known$ population standard deviations $\sigma_1 = 0.56,\, \sigma_2 = 1.02.$ (a) This is an unlikely situation in practice, but perhaps a useful problem on the two-sample z-test. The z-statistic is $$ Z = \frac{\bar X_1 - \bar X_2}{\sqrt{\sigma_1^2/n_1 + \sigma_2^2/n_2}} = \frac{1.03}{0.3359} = 3.87.$$ So your numerical computation for the statistic $Z$ is correct. From what you say, you are testing $H_0: \mu_1 = \mu_2$ against the one-sided alternative $H_a: \mu_1 > \mu_2.$ At the 5% level, we reject $H_0$ in favor of $H_a$ if $Z > 1.645,$ where 1.645 cuts area 5% from the right hand tail of the standard normal curve. The P-value is the probability $$P(Z > 3.87) = 1 - 0.9999456 = 0.0000544 = 5.441768 \times 10^{-05},$$ from software Within rounding error, this is the same as your result. This indicates that we could reject $H_0$ at a fixed significance level much smaller than 5%. (b) You seem to want a 95% $two$-side confidence interval for the difference $\mu_1 - \mu_2$ in population means. That computation gives $1.3 \pm 1.96(0.3359)$ or $1.3 \pm 0.66.$ This is the interval $(0.64, 1.96).$ Again, this numerical result is in substantial agreement with your result (although your formula is incorrectly written in terms of population parameters). [The number 1.96 from normal tables is used because 1.96 cuts probability 2.5% from the upper end of the standard normal distribution and -1.96 cuts 2.5% from the lower end, leaving 95% in the middle.] $Note:$ Back to (a). In practice a more realistic problem would give sample means and sample standard deviations. (It is a rare practical situation in which population means are unknown, but population standard deviations are known.) Below is Minitab printout for this version of part (a). Estimating SDs would make this a two-sample t test. The version shown does not assume population variances to be equal. It is sometimes called the "separate-variances" or the "Welch" two-sample t test. MTB > TwoT 12 2.60 .58 12 1.30 1.02. Two-Sample T-Test Sample N Mean StDev SE Mean 1 12 2.600 0.580 0.17 2 12 1.30 1.02 0.29 Difference = mu (1) - mu (2) Estimate for difference: 1.300 T-Test of difference = 0 (vs >): T-Value = 3.84 P-Value = 0.001 DF = 17 [The 'equal variances' or 'pooled' version of the test would have the same T-value (owing to equal sample sizes), but then DF = 22 and a slightly different P-value.] A Welch 95% CI from a related Minitab procedure is $(0.585, 2.015)$. Very roughly speaking, the smaller P-value and the longer CI can be regarded as 'penalties' for the having to estimate $\sigma_1$ by the sample SD $S_1$ and $\sigma_2$ by the sample SD $S_2$. • $\begingroup$ I was checking again and I found that for 2 independent small samples, as you said we can use two-sample t-test but we need to make 3 assumptions 1) the samples are random and independent,2)the population are normal and 3)the population variance are equal. They are all true except the 3) but again I saw that we can assume that $ \sigma_1^2= \sigma_2^2$ the two variances of the sample can be pooled to form one estimated $ Sp^2 $ so because n1=n2 $, sp^2 = (s1^2+s^22) /2$ which is $ \frac{0.56^2+1.02^2}{2}=0.677 $ After that we need to perform a F test to check point 3)$\sigma_1^2=\sigma_2^2$ $\endgroup$ – user290335 Feb 16 '16 at 12:40 • $\begingroup$ where H0: $\sigma_1^2=\sigma_2^2$ and Ha: $\sigma_1^2>\sigma_2^2$ so $F=\frac{s1^2}{s2^2}=\frac{1.02^2}{0.56^2}=3.32~F(11,11)=2.81793047$ 'degrees of freedom' and I understood that because p is not greater than 0.05 as calculated before there is a significant difference from normal. To procedure with t-test we need to conclude that there is no evidence that the population variances are different. And I do not understand that part, how can I conclude that there is no evidence that the population variance are dif.Then I continued to use the previous formulas to find the 95%CI. Is this correct? $\endgroup$ – user290335 Feb 16 '16 at 12:41 • $\begingroup$ I also found that the confidence interval for $\mu1-\mu2$ is given by $\bar x_1 -\bar x_2\pm t. (sp\sqrt(\frac{1}{n1}+\frac{1}{n2}))=1.3.(2.0484).(0.276)=1.3\pm(0.565)=(0.735,1.865) $ but I am not sure.Because in my previous formula to solve b) I used $\mu1-\mu2$ instead of $\bar x_1-\bar x_2$ and I used the z*=1.96 and I am using t values because the sample is small and gave me another solution.So my question is: Can I use my first formula using $\mu1-\mu2$ if I estimate the population mean (standard error of the mean) using the fact that $ \bar X=\frac{\sigma}{\sqrt(n)}$ $\endgroup$ – user290335 Feb 16 '16 at 13:35 • $\begingroup$ I did a mistake in my calculations in my previous comment because $sp=\sqrt(0.677)=0.823$ so using the formula it will give me $1.3 \pm (0.688) = (0.612,1.988)$ $\endgroup$ – user290335 Feb 16 '16 at 14:21 • $\begingroup$ I think the only place for a 'pooled' t test may be in an intro stat class. The Welch test is never worse and frequently better. For the Welch test there is a messy formula for DF. Result shown in Minitab output. No formula for final results should use unknown population parameters. You raise too many topics to discuss in comments. $\endgroup$ – BruceET Feb 16 '16 at 17:40 Your Answer
Written by 9:05 am Travel Gangotri is one of the places with religious significance combined with the natural beauty. Gangotri gets all the importance as it is the place of origin of the holy river Ganga and one of the Char Dhams. Uttarakhand Tourism is more attractive owing to Gangotri. Location of Gangotri temple: Gangotri is a small municipal town in the district of Uttarkashi, located in the Indian state of Uttarakhand. It is located at an altitude of 3048 mts. above sea level and on the greater ranges of Himalayan Mountain. Famous places of Gangotri: The best part about Uttarakhand is that, it has all the four abodes of famous Hindu pilgrimage centers which are known as Char Dham yatra. 1. Gangotri temple: Gangotri temple is one of the most important temples of Hindu’s. The temple was constructed in the 18th century and is known as the holy throne of divine Goddess Ganga. The place is also known as the earthly throne of Goddess as it is believed that Ganga touched the earth at this spot. Gangotri temple is beautifully made out with white granite and the temple attracts huge number of pilgrims ever year for the famous yatra of Gangotri Yatra. 1. Gaumukh glacier: Gaumukh glacier is one of the attractions of Gangotri as it is the source of the river Bhagirathi and is located at 18 kms from Gangotri. It is also the second largest glacier after Siachen in India. People also throng this place for trekking purposes apart from religious visits. Gaumukh glacier is one of the sacred spots and hence people trek up to the spot for the holy dip. 1. Bhavishya Badrinath temple: The other religiously important place in Gangotri is the Bhavishya Badrinath temple which is located in the woodlands of Uttarakhand. The idol of Narasingha, which is an avatar of Lord Vishnu with the lion headed- face is worshipped here. GangotriLegendary importance of Gangotri: There is a sanctified black stone which is denoted as rock Shivling, submerged under the water and is seen during winters when the water level is low. The stone is located near the temple of Gangotri and it is said that it denotes the place from where Ganga came down on earth. Access to Gangotri: 1. By road: Gangotri is easily accessible by road through various modes of transport like public buses or cars. Gangotri is connected to Rishikesh and Dehradun by Highways/ 2. By train: Nearest stations connecting to Gangotri is Haridwar. 3. By air: Nearest airport to Gangotri is Dehradun and later Bhuntar. One should never miss the trip to Gangotri once in Uttarakhand. The place with such legendary importance and serene beauty is amazing to visit. (Visited 160 times, 1 visits today)
The Eleven Oddball Symbols on the Periodic Table of the Elements periodic table oddballs Most symbols for elements on the periodic table are easy to learn, such as those for carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen: C, O, and N. There are eleven “oddballs,” though, because their symbols originated in other languages (Latin, mostly), and do not match their English names. Here’s a list of them, by atomic number, with an explanation for each. 11. Na stands for sodium because this element used to be called natrium. 19. K stands for potassium, for this element’s name used to be kalium. 26. Fe stands for iron because this element was formerly named ferrum. 29. Cu stands for copper because it used to be called cuprum. 47. Ag’s (silver’s) old name was argentum. 50. Sn’s (tin’s) name used to be stannum. 51. Antimony’s symbol, Sb, came from its former name, stibium. 74. Tungsten, with the symbol W, was once called wolfram. In some parts of the world, it still goes by that name, in fact. 79. Gold (Au) was called aurum in past centuries. 80. Mercury’s (Hg’s) old name is impossible (for me, anyway) to say five times, quickly: hydrargyrum. 82. Lead (Pb) was once called plumbum because plumbers used it to weight the lower end of plumb-lines. I think learning things is easier, with longer retention, if one knows the reasons behind the facts, rather than simply attempting rote memorization. 10 thoughts on “The Eleven Oddball Symbols on the Periodic Table of the Elements 1. 79 gold is oro in Spanish 82 lead – the latin name for lead is plumbum. Plumbers are called plumbers because they used to work with lead pipes and the plumb line has a lead (plumbum) weight at the bottom. I lost interest in Chemistry when it became apparent that the periodic table did not show the regularity that I hoped it would. 2. I am reasonably sure that the name plumbum predates people being called plumbers and things like plumb lines and that their names are due to the use of plumbum Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
The most controversial figures in Russian history on RT Documentary The Soviet ice hockey team 7 March Go to On this day Previous day Next day Peter Carl Faberge Go to Foreigners in Russia Foreigners in Russia: Aloisio the New Archangel Cathedral (RT Photo / Irina Vasilevitskaya)Archangel Cathedral (RT Photo / Irina Vasilevitskaya) Aloisio the New(known in Russia as Aleviz Novy, or Aleviz Fryazin) was an Italian architect working in Moscow and in Russia at the beginning of the 16th century. He was the master architect and designer of several churches across Russia, but the most famous of his projects is the Archangel Cathedral in the Kremlin. Ivan III of the Moscow Principality had already invested heavily in renovating the Kremlin, preparing it to become the seat of the future Moscow Tsardom. Based on his previous positive experiences with Italian architects, he sent out for one more group of master craftsmen to rebuild the Archangel Church within the Kremlin walls. The architect entrusted with the responsibility of renovating the Cathedral to stand the test of time was Aloisio the New. Very little is known about the life of Aloisio the New in Italy. Reports are even varied as to his place of origin, with some sources saying he was actually the Venetian sculptor Alevisio Lamberti da Montagnano, and some sources saying he was originally from Milan. However, despite numerous theories, Aloisio’s origins remain shrouded in mystery. What is known is that he set out for Moscow with a group of Italian master artisans and architects in 1499 at the invitation of Ivan III. Aloisio arrived in Russia bearing the name Aloisio Fryazin. However, there was already another Italian architect working in Russia by the name of Aloisio Fryazin. The previous Aloisio had arrived a full ten years prior, and in order to avoid confusion, the two were referred to from then on as Aloisio Novy (or Aloisio the New), and Aloisio Stary (or Aloisio the Old). Considering the surname “Fryazin” was a common name applied to several foreigners in Russia of Italian descent, the picture of Aloisio the New’s background becomes even less clear. Travel to Russia and an unexpected detour Ivan III had already completed several reconstruction and renovation projects inside the Kremlin, and towards the end of his reign, had his sights set on rebuilding the Archangel Cathedral located on Sobornaya (or Cathedral) Square inside his newly constructed Kremlin walls. Ivan remembered the positive experience he had approximately twenty years earlier with Italian architect Aristotele Fioravanti’s work on rebuilding the nearby Dormition (or Assumption) Cathedral, and he set out looking for an architect who could provide similar successful results on the Archangel Cathedral project. He sent his ambassadors to Italy in search of Architects and artisans once more as he had done before. The man they found for the job was Aloisio the New. The convoy with Aloisio and over Italian architects that set out for Russia in 1499 was supposed to arrive at its destination years earlier, however, fate would have it that the group of artisans was detained in the Crimea by Khan Meñli I Giray, who put the Italians to work on the construction of his court. Once again, the details of the period of time spent in the Crimea are unclear, but after Aloisio the New had finished construction on the Khan’s project, he and the other artisans were allowed to proceed to Moscow, complete with a letter of extremely high recommendation from the Khan, proclaiming Aloisio an extremely talented architect worthy of any King. Today, only one wall of the structure remains standing in the city of Bakchisaray, in current day Ukraine. Aloisio and the rest of the Italian artisans arrived in Moscow in 1504, and Aloisio was immediately put to work on what would become his lasting masterpiece; the Archangel Cathedral.Work on the Archangel Cathedral Although work on the Archangel Cathedral only took three years, Grand Prince Ivan III would not live to see its completion. He died in the autumn of 1505, the same year that construction began on the Cathedral, and was buried in the unfinished building. This would become a tradition with the Archangel Cathedral; it would serve as the Royal necropolis until Peter the Great moved the royal burial site to St. Petersburg in. Interred in the Cathedral are 95 members of the Russian royal family. While the structure of the Cathedral was completed in 1508, the intricate frescoes and interior decorations of the Cathedral were not painted until the 1560’s, and decorations would be added to the interior over the course of the next hundred years. The frescoes on the interior depicting the history of the various Princes and Tsars of Russia are considered to be masterpieces of Russian art. Aloisio is last mentioned in documents pertaining to the construction of a monastery that he had been working on in 1514. Afterwards, there are no further references to Aloisio the New. While the Archangel Cathedral remains Aloisio the New’s most significant contribution to Russian architecture, in recent days, several historians and scholars have tried to attribute a significant number of other works across Russia to the Italian artisan. However, because of Aloisio’s opaque origins, most of these theories remain impossible to confirm. The Archangel Cathedral remains his centerpiece, resting place of the royal family of Russia and a magnificent addition to the Kremlin’s Sobornaya Square. Written by Adam Muskin, RT Related foreigners:
Let's consider a hypothetical situation where a communications satellite is launched into orbit. However, no launch is perfect so after burnout the satellite has picked up some roll. In order to correct this roll, the reaction wheels that the satellite is equipped with are used to apply the appropriate torque necessary to negate the rotation of the spacecraft. This is done by rotating the reaction wheels in the opposite direction to the rotation of the spacecraft, until enough angular momentum is applied that the spacecraft's rotation is nullified. However, in this situation the reaction wheel would still be spinning even when the angular velocity of the craft is corrected. There are a couple problems here... If we assume friction is negligible... If we assume friction is negligible or non-existent, then the reaction wheel which is now spinning will continue to spin until the reaction wheel is powered up again (as per Newton's first law of motion). Now lets say that due to external factors the spacecraft picks up more rotation in the same direction as before, and the reaction wheel must be sped up further in order to counter this. Eventually, this cumulative application of angular force to the reaction wheel will speed up the reaction wheel so fast that it goes beyond its limits of structural integrity - which is bad. If we consider friction... If we consider friction to be a factor in the aforementioned hypothetical situation, then the reaction wheel will begin to slow down as the force of friction is applied on it. However, this force of friction would not only be applied to the wheel, it's equal and opposite reaction would also apply a rotation to the spacecraft and destabilize it, making it necessary to use the reaction wheels even more... Is it true that reaction wheels are not, on their own, capable of stabilizing a spacecraft? If not, why not? • 2 $\begingroup$ They would. That's why momentum is desaturated with something like torque rods or thrusters. $\endgroup$ – Adam Wuerl Dec 2 '15 at 6:14 To answer your question "Is it true that..." then it is best to understand the context. The reaction wheel will be in a loop with a sensor that detects one or more dynamic properties of the satellite, such as an angle through a Earth or star sensor or a rate from a gyroscope. There are also likely to be some "external" actuators in a related control loop, such as thrusters or magnetorquers. As you pointed out if a disturbance torque is continually applied then the loop will command the reaction wheel to run faster until its speed saturates. There is a choice, long before this point is reached, to prevent saturation by off-loading the momentum stored in the wheels via one of the external actuators. In the case of an Earth pointing mission some external torques are periodic over the satellite orbit, some not. Depending upon the application, the wheels and control-loop may be sized so as to take up and give back the periodic disturbance in time with its periodicity (i.e. net speed change over a cycle = 0) and to only go to the bother of off-loading with a thruster where the buildup is continual. To address your point about friction, there is some and it occurs between the satellite structure and the wheel. Putting a little energy into keeping the wheel speed constant has just that affect, by definition using "the reaction wheels even more..." just keeps them at their commanded speed. • $\begingroup$ The main point of my question that perhaps didn't come across is "where does the energy go?". The application of force from the reaction wheels results in the stabilization of the spacecraft, but also the continual motion of the reaction wheels. So does this mean that reaction wheels are constantly spinning at all times, and if so wouldn't this lead to problems as described in my answer about buildup of rotation and eventually the RW exceeding its structural limitations? $\endgroup$ – Parker Hoyes Dec 2 '15 at 1:54 • 1 $\begingroup$ @kimholder both are valid points - however I know that it is not practical for thrusters to be used for general attitude control on their own, since the use of finite fuel is at a big cost and wouldn't be used for regular attitude control. Also, torque applied by things such as radiation pressure, gravitational gradient, atmospheric drag, et cetera wouldn't be controllable enough to fully facilitate attitude control (except in Kepler's case). What I was trying to figure out is how RWs are practical despite the issues I wrote about, and those solutions aren't really practical on their own $\endgroup$ – Parker Hoyes Dec 2 '15 at 2:22 • 3 $\begingroup$ The ISS uses control moment gyros but when they get saturated they must be unloaded by firing thrusters. This is a practical solution that is used in the real world. $\endgroup$ – Organic Marble Dec 2 '15 at 5:16 • 4 $\begingroup$ The basic shortcoming of the thrusters is that their thrust isn't fully controllable. There are ignition/flameout inaccuracies, there is flow inaccuracy and so on. They can't be used for fine attitude control. But they are still good enough to desaturate the wheel and bring it down from a few thousand RPM down to a couple RPM. Then you can use the reaction wheel to fine-tune the craft's attitude with precision impossible with RCS thrusters alone. And yes, fuel for RCS is one of limiting factors of lifetime of a probe. $\endgroup$ – SF. Dec 2 '15 at 8:01 • 2 $\begingroup$ It's a bit easier with satellites: magnetorquers, while much weaker, don't run out of fuel but they need Earth magnetic field to work. So, they can get the reaction wheel down to flat 0 speed with the satellite stabilized. And once stabilized, the satellite tends to remain stable, Earth's tidal forces acting in a stabilizing way. Probes have it worse without magnetic field to push against or tidal forces to stabilize them - they must depend on the RCS thrusters and their fuel reserve to desaturate RWs. $\endgroup$ – SF. Dec 2 '15 at 8:05 I am just an enthusiast but I did work for a time as an intern at an aerospace company and had some exposure to satellite designs, mostly from the attitude control system programming viewpoint. That particular satellite had reaction wheels, magnetic bars and thrusters. The magnets were very useful to press against the Earth's magnetic field and allow the reaction wheels to slow down. Thrusters were used for extreme situations when the rotation rate is very high. That could be a bad separation from the bus or a micrometeor/debris strike or even a bearing freeze on a wheel. This was aerospace engineering: every possible failure was on a checklist. At any rate, thrusters were the last possible choice since every use was a big hit to mission time. There's nowhere to get more fuel out there. Depending on the spacecraft and its orientation requirements, reaction wheels can be used together to slow down and spread the rotation rate of the wheels. The spacecraft can spin around so that the wheel can begin spinning the other direction. Also, wheels have gyroscopic effects which have to be managed, and these can also be used to counteract spin of another wheel. • $\begingroup$ You are referring to a magnetorquer at the beginning there - en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetorquer . you could add the link as a reference ;). $\endgroup$ – kim holder Dec 2 '15 at 2:15 • $\begingroup$ Very interesting point about how by changing the attitude of the craft the reaction wheels can be used in reverse to counter rotation, and the bit about the gyroscopic effects of the wheels - this is exactly what I was looking for $\endgroup$ – Parker Hoyes Dec 2 '15 at 2:16 Reaction wheels can store angular momentum up to a certain limit. If you Fourier analyze the torques on the satellite, some are constant and some are sinusoidal. The reaction wheels can store the sinusoidal part and deliver it back when the torque is the other direction. They don't help (in the long run) for the constant torques. For that, you need either thrusters (which use fuel) or magnetic torquers (which react against the earth's field). Both of these can deliver torque to the satellite that does not need to be stored. You can generally assume the friction on the wheels is negligible-you overcome that with a small amount of electrical power. Generally you size the reaction wheels to cover the worst case sinusoidal torque, then deal with the secular torque some other way. If you use thrusters, this is one entry in the propellant budget, which can be the limit to the lifetime of the satellite. Reaction wheels are fully capable of stabilizing the spacecraft from small perturbations such as gravity gradient torque, atmospheric drag and solar radiation pressure, however coming to your initial scenario after the orbital insertion, it is quite difficult to use reaction wheels to stabilize. For that we use passive control such as yo-yo despinning or libration damper. Reaction wheels having a zero initial angular momentum will take relatively more time to destabilize that, thus have a less preference. An alternate to them would be to use Inertia wheels that have some initial angular momentum which can be pre-adjusted before launch to have maximum effect. Let's talk about the case of no-friction You had a small disturbance which activated the reaction wheels, once the satellite is stabilized and the wheels are turned off they will keep rotating infinitely, but there is a limit to the maximum angular momentum that can be reached after which they are no longer effective thus not giving any output torque and this would require some momentum dumping mechanism to operate. This is where thrusts come into picture. Once they are fired in the opposite direction, the wheels gets desaturated and are now back in action, but since they are still rotating in the same direction, this will cause the satellite to rotate along with it, which to the system is fed as a perturbation in the opposite direction as before thus sending the signal to the controller to rotate the wheels in the opposite direction. Thus a satellite will never be at zero position but will move about an equilibrium point with a prescribed amplitude and frequency that is predetermined considering the case you mentioned. In your scenario after the momentum dumping if there is another perturbation in the same direction as before that would activate the wheels again but the system is aware of its current angular velocity and the velocity needed to counter that perturbation so it will not necessarily accelerate the wheels, rather it might slow them down instead, because there is also a limit to the maximum ang. vel. that can be achieved. There is an alternate approach to this which involves configuring the wheels not along the axes but like a pyramid with 4RWs such that each wheel corresponds to some contribution in control, thus further reducing the harmonic motion. As a control engineer it's your job to minimize this harmonic motion. And thrusters are the worst ones requiring a robust non-linear controller. Your Answer
This jargon buster blog takes it down to the basics of small business telecommunications, the Modem and Router. These backbones of your internet experience sit quietly under your desk or in a corner of the house connecting you to the outside world (at least electronically). A router and modem are two very different devices, though many Internet Providers are now offering a combined modem and router unit. A router is a device that connects two or more networks and forwards traffic between them. Your home network and the Internet, via a modem, is a simple example. The modem (modulator-demodulator) converts (modulates) digital information on one network into a signal for transmission over your ISP’s infrastructure and then another modem on the receiving network converts (demodulates) it back. The goal is to produce a signal that can be transmitted easily and decoded to reproduce the original digital data. There are many types of modems out there, the most common are the ones used for typical home/ small business internet access. Usually connecting to their Internet Provider’s Cable or DSL service. So why bother to understand the difference? Because that understanding can lead to better decisions, like buying your own modem so you can stop paying $10 a month or more to rent one from your ISP. Contact Teledata Select for more information. Follow Us
Augmented Reality for Soldiers In their design laboratory doctors and psychologists at the Virtual Reality Medical Center are working on ways to blend simulated medical interventions with Augmented Reality systems to enhance the immersive quality of the activity. Essentially, VRMI is seeking to use AR to train soldiers and keep them from freezing up in stressful situations. Wiederhold and his colleagues have shown that the lessons they’ve learned from using VR and AR treatment for PTSD can be applied proactively to soldiers before they enter combat, effectively making them immune to combat stress in the same way that a flu shot can keep you from getting sick. Learn more by reading the article and watching the video below. Back to News + Share Article:
Queen Elizabeth Changed Protocol For This Kind Gesture Toward Prince William And Kate Middleton Kate Middleton Queen Elizabeth Prince William Louis Recent reports indicate that the title given to Prince Louis of Cambridge might have been very different or even non-existent if Queen Elizabeth II had not intervened. The Queen’s great-grandson’s full name is His Royal Highness Prince Louis of Cambridge, and his middle names are Arthur Charles. It is not entirely clear what his official title was supposed to be before this decision was made, but he would likely have a surname instead. Some royal experts say that his name would have been Master Louis Cambridge. Traditions in the Royal Family prevent its members from having a surname while holding an official title like a Prince. The whole issue apparently stemmed from an old rule instilled by King George V, which dictated exactly who was eligible for certain titles based on their distance from the roots of the family tree. It seems like the youngest child of Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, and Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge, would have been considered ineligible at first, but the Queen chose to override the rule and grant him the title instead. It was not revealed if there have been any specific factors that led to her decision or if she wanted to make a kind gesture towards Prince William and Catherine Middleton. However, many followers of the family online have commented on how nice of a move it was. The name Louis itself was apparently not the subject of any disagreements and was easily accepted by everyone in the family because it has a long history in royal circles and is commonly linked to various figures of nobility. The exact origin of the name remains unconfirmed, and it is likely that Prince William and Catherine are going to want to keep it that way. However, rumors claimed that it might be a nudge to Lord Louis Mountbatten, who was Prince Philip‘s uncle. According to royal experts, Lord Louis and Prince Charles were very closed. The children of Prince William and Kate Middleton — Prince George, 7, Prince Charlotte, 5, and Prince Louis, 2 — are in unique positions in the British royal family — they are the only ones who hold titles. None of the Queen’s other great-grandchildren have royal titles at all — including Archie Harrison Mountbatten-Windsor, Prince Harry and Meghan Markle‘s young son. With Prince William being in line to become King, it is understandable that the Queen would make an exception for his children. However, some people do wonder if gestures like these do not complicate things in terms of relationships. Recommended For You
Coins and Paper Money US Coins Metal and Alloys What were pennies made of before 1983? Top Answer User Avatar Wiki User Answered 2008-02-13 04:13:26 An alloy of 95% copper, 5% zinc. The change to copper-plated zinc took place in mid 1982. User Avatar Your Answer Still Have Questions? Related Questions What were pennies were made before wheat? Two pennies that were minted (made) before wheat pennies were Flying Eagle cents (1856 - 1858) and Indian Head cents (1859 - 1909). Were 1950's pennies made of cooper? Pennies from 1982 and before were all copper What is the percentage of copper in pennies made after 1982? 1983 to date the percentage of copper is .025% From what metals are US cents made? Today's pennies (since 1983) are almost entirely zinc, with a thin outer layer of coppper Pennies from before 1982 are 95% copper and 5% zinc, and before 1962 they mixed tin with the zinc. Both mixes were used in 1982. What were pennies made of after 1983? Starting mid-year in 1982, pennies were made with a zinc core and copper plating. This would give them a 97.5% zinc content and 2.5% copper content. How does pennies get rusted? Pennies are made of zinc and other alloys with a copper coating, pennies made before 1964(or around this year) they were made of just copper. What you see on a penny is not rust but corrosion of the copper coating. What were pennies made out of after 1983? 1983 and later - copper plated zinc. Some 1982 coins were all copper and some copper plated zinc. What element is in pennies? Currently pennies are made of copper-clad zinc since 1982. Before that, the pennies were made of pure copper. The government switched from using mostly copper element because of the high cost. Do you have a list of the worth of copper pennies? I would be impossible to give a value for all copper pennies. The only pennies made of mostly copper are those made before 1983. These have a melt value of 2 cents. To find the value of an individual coin ask another question structuring it like the one below(be sure to fill in the <> with the correct information): What is the value of a <date> <country of origin> <denomination> What are pennies made of? Pennies are made of Zinc and Copper What is a copper penny? U.S. cents made before mid-1982, and British pennies made before 1993, were struck in a bronze alloy that was mostly copper. Some very early cents and pennies were struck in pure copper. Modern U.S. cents are made from copper-plated zinc, and British pennies are made of copper-plated steel. How much is 50 lbs of 1983 pennies worth? There are 800 pennies in a 50lb bag so its worth 8 dollars. There is nothing special about pennies minted in 1983 they are your standard zinc pennies.Correction:1983 and later zinc US cents weigh 2.5 gm each so there are 181.44 in a standard US pound. 181.44 * 50 = 9072 pennies, or $90.72 mostly made out of copper How much does 1000000000 pennies weigh? Pre 1983 pennies at 153.5 pennies per pound. = 26.058 pounds and at today’s How much is a 1983 steel penny worth? The only steel pennies were made in 1943 to save copper for the war effort. Where are pennies made? Pennies are made mostly in Philadelphia and Denver. The process of making pennies is called minting. How does one find out if a penny is made of copper or zinc? You can tell if a penny is made out of zinc or copper by the date on the penny. If the date is before 1982 then the penny is 95% copper. Pennies dated 1983 or later are 97.5% zinc with a thin copper coating. How much is fifty pounds of pennies in dollars? Depends on their dates. Pennies before 1982 weigh 3.11 grams. Pennies from 1983 to now weigh 2.5 grams. Pennies dated 1982 could weigh either amount. An ounce equals 28.35 grams. Separate your coins into piles by date and get out your calculator. When was the silver penny made? The US never made silver pennies. In 1943 the US made steel pennies. These are often mistaken for silver pennies. What is the value of 72 pounds of 1940 pennies? $105.12 as prior to 1983 146 pennies weigh one pound. Is the ratio of copper to zinc in the pennies made after 1982 higher or lower than the ratio of copper to zinc in the pennies made before 1982? The pre-1982 pennies are 95% copper and 5% zinc. Post-1982 cents are 97.5% zinc and 2.5% copper. What was the year pennies were made of pure copper? Pennies were made out of pure copper from 1793-1857. Today, pennies are mostly made of zinc but coated with copper. Still have questions? Trending Questions How old is Danielle cohn? Asked By Wiki User Previously Viewed Unanswered Questions How thick is a rams skull? Asked By Wiki User Is hugged a common noun? Asked By Wiki User Who is juelz Santana baby mom? Asked By Wiki User
How do you write and format a research paper? How do you format a science research paper? Steps to organizing your manuscriptPrepare the figures and tables.Write the Methods.Write up the Results.Write the Discussion. Finalize the Results and Discussion before writing the introduction. Write a clear Conclusion.Write a compelling introduction.Write the Abstract.Compose a concise and descriptive Title. How do you present a research study? How to present research findingsKnow your audience in advance. Tailor your presentation to that audience. Highlight the context. Policy or practice recommendations. Include recommendations that are actionable and that help your audience. Time and practise what you do. Avoid powerpointlessness. Visualise your data: try infographics! How do you present data in quantitative research? How do you present interview data? How do you present coded qualitative data? How to manually code qualitative dataChoose whether you’ll use deductive or inductive coding.Read through your data to get a sense of what it looks like. Go through your data line-by-line to code as much as possible. Categorize your codes and figure out how they fit into your coding frame. How do you analyze data collected from interviews? What is coding in qualitative research? How do you do coding? How do you do open coding? Open codingTurn your data into small, discrete components of data. Code each discrete pieces of data with a descriptive label. Find connections and relationships between code. Aggregate and condense codes into broader categories. Bring it together with one overarching category. How is open coding used in qualitative research? Which is the software used for qualitative research? Top Qualitative Data Analysis Software NVivo, ATLAS. ti, Provalis Research Text Analytics Software, Quirkos, MAXQDA, Dedoose, Raven’s Eye, Qiqqa, webQDA, HyperRESEARCH, Transana, F4analyse, Annotations, Datagrav are some of the top Qualitative Data Analysis Software. What is open coding in research? Open coding is an essential methodological tool for qualitative data analysis that was introduced in grounded theory research. Open coding refers to the initial interpretive process by which raw research data are first systematically analyzed and categorized. What is Invivo coding? In vivo coding is the practice of assigning a label to a section of data, such as an interview transcript, using a word or short phrase taken from that section of the data. In vivo coding is associated chiefly with grounded theory methodology. What is a priori coding? A priori codes are codes that are developed before examining the current data. These codes are called inductive codes. • Inductive codes are codes that are developed by the researcher by directly examining the data. What is pattern coding? Pattern coding is a way of grouping summaries into a smaller number of sets, themes, or constructs. 2. Focused coding searches for the most frequent or significant codes. It categorises coded data based on thematic or conceptual similarity. 3.
What goes in the intro of a research paper? How do you write materials and methods? It is generally recommended that the materials and methods should be written in the past tense, either in active or passive voice. In this section, ethical approval, study dates, number of subjects, groups, evaluation criteria, exclusion criteria and statistical methods should be described sequentially. How do you write a procedure? Here are some good rules to follow:Write actions out in the order in which they happen. Avoid too many words. Use the active voice. Use lists and bullets.Don’t be too brief, or you may give up clarity.Explain your assumptions, and make sure your assumptions are valid.Use jargon and slang carefully. How do you write participants? If there is space to do so, you can write a brief background of each participant in the “Participants” section and include relevant information on the participant’s birthplace, current place of residence, language, and any life experience that is relevant to the study theme. How do you write results? How do you start a results section? What is the format for report writing? What is the best essay topic? 40 Best Topics for Cause and Effect EssayEffects of Pollution.The Changes in the Ocean.The Civil Rights Movement and the Effects.Causes and Effects of the Popularity of Fast Food Restaurants.Internet Influence on kids.Popularity of Sports in US.Effects of professional sport on children.Alcohol and nervous system.
Forgotten Prohibition Terms The era of Prohibition in the United States began in 1920 and when to 1934) was a strange and hard time for Americans. Some people wanted the stopping of alcoholic beverages and others still wanted liquor so illegal manufacturing and sale of alcohol became a new occupation for many people in the 1920s. All of your ancestors of that time period fell somewhere in those categories. Areas, where illegal liquor was brought in from off-shore locations (Bahama Islands) to such places as the east coast of Florida became major havens for bringing in liquor and transporting it to big northern states for their speakeasies (where liquor was consumed). A whole set of new words and phrases developed by your ancestors having to do with Prohibition. Here are some of those words and phrases and their meaning that your ancestors knew every well. Dip the Bill meant having an alcoholic drink. A Flipper was the male form of the 1920s’ female ‘Flapper‘. The term flapper came from the loose-fitting dresses and coats worn by ladies in the 1920s, and when they walked outside the wind caused the dress and coat to flap in the wind. Hooch was the term for cheap, illegal liquor. Old Pal was a special phrase for a cocktail drink. A whale was a person who drank a great deal of alcohol. Clams referred to a dollar. Take the Bounce meant being thrown out of a speakeasy (an illegal bar). The Fuzz referred to the police or Prohibition agents. A Dry Agent was an officer of the Bureau of Prohibition. A Handcuff was a wedding ring. Dibs referred to laying claim to something such as a truck filled with illegal liquor. The Bee’s Knees means something is great, extraordinary, and really swell. It started the raised dress length of ladies in the 1920s to above the knee cap and a new trend started of painting a design (such as a butterfly) on the lady’s kneecap, easy for anyone to see and draw attention to the leg. A few of these phrases could be used for sure in your family history. Photos: Flappers in a speakeasy; Those Against Liquor, Bootlegging and Lady with painted knees. Related Blogs: 1920s-Consumer Age Get Rich Scams Summer of 1925 < Return To Blog Leave a Reply Your email address will not be published.
Javatpoint Logo Javatpoint Logo HTTP Status Codes The HTTP status code determines whether the request made by the client has been successfully completed or not. The server's status codes are provided in response to the client's request to the server. In short, we can say that when the client makes a request, then the HTTP status codes sent by the server allow the clients to know about whether the request was a success, a failure, or something in-between. Let's understand the HTTP status code in detail. When the browser sends a request to the server, the server responds back with an HTTP status code of three digits long. HTTP Status Codes The status codes are divided into five classes. The first digit of the HTTP status code defines the class out of these five classes while the last two digits do not have any role of categorization. The IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) is an organization that contains the official registry of HTTP status codes. The following are the five classed defined by the IANA standard: 1. 1xx- informational 2. 2xx- Success 3. 3xx- Redirection 4. 4xx- Client error 5. 5xx- Server error The 100 blocks are informational requests, 200 blocks are success requests, 300 blocks are for redirects, 400 blocks will be for client errors, and 500 blocks will be server errors. 1xx informational response The codes which are starting with one will give some information while the connection is still in progress. This class of status code defines that the request has been received, and processing has been started. An informational response is issued to inform the client that the request processing has been started and waits for a final response. The response consists of only the status line and the optional header fields. It is terminated by an empty line. 100 continue The 100 continue is an informational status response code that indicates till now everything is OK, and the client should continue sending the request body. If the request is finished, then ignore this status code. A client should send the Expect: 100- continue as a header in an initial request so that the server can check the request's header, the client will receive the 100 continue HTTP status code in response before sending the request body. 100 switching protocol The client has requested the server to switch the protocol. The server sends the 100 switching protocol as a response code to inform the client that it is switching to the protocol as requested by the client, which sent the message that includes the upgrade request header. In short, we can say that server responds to the upgrade request header. 102 processing The 102 processing status code is sent by the server to inform the client that it has accepted the complete request and processing the request, but still, no response is available. 2xx Success The 2xx class means that the request made by the client was received, understood, and accepted. Or we can say that the 2xx http status code represents that the Http request was successful. 200 OK Whenever the server sends back the 200 OK status code in response to the request made by the client is accepted and successful. The actual response with 200 OK might be dependent on the HTTP request method. The following methods can be sent in the HTTP request header: Get method: The Get() method is used when we want something from the server. For example, we requested some resources from the server; then, the requested resource would be sent in the response body. Head method: The head() method is used only when we are requesting the headers. The entity-header fields of the requested resource sent in the response body without any message. Post method: If we send the post() method to the server, we are requesting some new resources. An entity describing the result of the action is transmitted in the message body. 201 Created When the server sends back the 201 created as the response code, which says that the request made by the client to the server to create a new resource was successful. The server returns the information regarding the location of the newly created resource in the header field. In short, we can say that the 201 Created response is used to provide the URI in the location header field of the newly created resource. 202 Accepted The server sends 202 accepted in response to inform the client that we have accepted the request and will do the request processing later. This response is used when there is heavy computational processing required or request needs to be processed in the near future. For example, a client sends a request to server for a NEFT where NEFT is used to transfer the money from one account to another account in another bank. NEFT request is processed three times a day, i.e., one in the morning, second in the afternoon, and third in the evening. In such cases, a 202 accepted response is sent that says your request for transfer money is accepted, but I will do it later. 203 Non-Authoritative Information The server uses another response code, i.e., 203 Non-Authoritative Information, which lets the client know that the proxy server is sitting between the client and the server. The proxy may or may not change the header information. 204 No Content The 204 No Content is used when the client's request is successful, but the server has nothing to send in the response body. Instead of simply saying 204, the server says 204 that your request is successful. In this response, the message body is empty. 205 Reset Content Sometimes the client also gets the 205 Reset Content HTTP response, and this response is used in cases when the server wants client viewport to be reset. For example, the client creates a form through which we can create a category, and we submit it, the server sends back the 205 response. This response means that the client needs to reset the input category to blank or to reset the input category for the name of the category that was earlier used. 206 Partial Content The client can also receive the 206 partial content response, and this response means that the server has fulfilled the partial GET request, not the complete one. The client can use the Range Header field that indicates the desired range, so 206 can navigate to a bigger response. The client can also include the If-Range header field to make the request conditional. 207 Multi-Status The 207 Multi-Status is a new addition in the response code. For example, the client sends a request to the server; then the server prepares a response. To prepare a response, the server needs to connect with three different machines, i.e., database system, file system, and the cache system. Let's suppose that the database system is down, and it sends 500; in such cases, the server cannot say that it was successful or not successful, so it sends back 207 responses. The multi-status code is included in a response body as a text/xml or application/xml. 208 Already Reported The 208 is similar to 207, but it is used only for WebDAV. WebDAV stands for Web Distributed Authoring and Versioning. WebDAV is an extension of Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) that allows clients to perform remote web content authoring operations on the distributed net. 3xx Redirection The 3xx block is a class used for redirection. It indicates that the client needs to take some additional measures to complete the request. Here Redirection means URL forwarding is a process of providing more one URL to the page. The HTTP provides HTTP redirect response for such kind of operations. The redirects are mainly divided into three categories: • Permanent redirects • Temporary redirects • Special redirects Permanent redirections The permanent redirections are those redirections in which the new URL replaces the existing URL. This means that the original URL is no longer exists and replaced by the new one. The following are the status codes of the permanent redirections: 301 Moved permanently The 301 HTTP status code tells the browser that the uri of the resource has been changed permanently to the new uri specified in the 'Location' response header. If we make a new request in the browser, then subsequently browser will not make another request to the original link. For example, In the above example, when the user manually types the url, i.e.,, then the browser will make the call to the as the server responds with a 301 response code having text Moved Permanently and the new location is The http response status code 301 Moved Permanently is used for permanent URL redirection, which means that the current links are updated. The new URL is provided in the Location field included with a response. The 301 HTTP status code is also used for upgrading the users from HTTP to HTTPS. RFC 2616 states that if a 301 status code is received in response to other than GET or HEAD, the client must ask the user before redirecting. In other words, we can say that the 301 response status code does not inform the browsers to automatically redirect the POST method request to the GET method request. But some browsers mistakenly redirect the POST method request to the GET method request. 308 Permanent Redirect The 308 status code came in the HTTP standard in April 2015, as mentioned in the RFC7538 document specification for the 308 status code. The 308 is an HTTP response status code, which is similar to the 301 status code, which means that the requested resource has been replaced by the new uri as specified in the Location header included within the response. The 308 rarely indicates an actual problem, but it mainly occurs due to the changes that occur in the server's behavior or configuration. No other status codes indicate the permanent redirect. The 308 is the only one that indicates the permanent redirect. It also avoids the automatic redirect from the POST method request to the GET method request. All modern browsers detect the 308 Permanent Response and perform the redirection automatically. The server sends a 308 HTTP status code that includes the location header as a response where the location header defines the requested resource location. For example, if the client makes the POST request, then the webserver will configure to redirect to the different uri. Temporary Redirections The temporary redirection means the requested resource has assigned a new uri temporarily specified in the location header. The following are the HTTP status codes used for the temporary redirects: 302 Found The 302 Found informs the browser that the uri of the resource has been changed temporarily. When the client makes a request, the browser redirects it to the new location only. The next time when the request comes, then the browser will call the original uri. 303 See other The server sends the 303 response code to the client to get the requested resource at another uri with GET request, that's why the name of this code is see other. The 303 HTTP response code informs the browser to redirect to another page but not to the newly uploaded resources. The response is sent only when the client has made the PUT or POST request. The method that displays the requested page is a GET method. 307 Temporary Redirect The 307 is similar to 302; the only difference is that it tells the browser that the next request should be made with the same verb as the original. For example, the POST request is made to the original link then it should be redirected to the new link by a POST only. 307 is similar to 302 as both the responses tell the client to temporarily redirect to the different of the requested resource. The only difference between the 307 and 302 is that in 307, the client must use the same request again. For example, if the client issues the POST request as an original request, then the client should follow the same POST request in the next request. Special Redirections The special redirections include the following HTTP status codes: 300 Multiple choices When the server sends 300 multiple choices, HTTP response indicating that the request has multiple responses. The browser can choose either of them. There is no standard way of choosing among these multiple responses. 304 Not Modified The server generates the 304 Not Modified response only when the file is not changed since it was last accessed. This response basically increases the speed of the user's browsing experience. If the page that the user is accessing is not modified, then the client will show the cached data which is stored locally to the user, so that the client does not make the request to the webserver for the file. The 304 response is sent in response to the client's conditional validation request to indicate that the client's copy is available in a cache. When the client makes a Conditional Validation request, then the client sends the Last-Modified date of its copy with the help of If-Modified-Since header and the cached copy's ETag identifier with the help of If-None-match identifier. The server checks these headers to find whether the latest file is available in the cache or not. If it is the latest, then the server sends back the 304 HTTP response. In this case, the client can use the file from the cache instead sending the request to the server for the file. If the server finds an outdated file in a cache, it then sends back the 200 OK response and a new response body. 4xx Client error The server sends the 4xx HTTP response status codes to the client when some errors occur in the request made by the client. This response indicates that the browser has sent a wrong request with an error that cannot be processed by the server. To get the proper response, the client needs to send the correct request again. The following are the status codes used in 4xx: 400 Invalid Request If the webserver is not able to serve the requested resource because of the wrong syntax, then the server sends back the 400 HTTP invalid request in response. 401 Unauthorized Request When some webpage requires authentication, and the user tries to access the authenticated resource, then the server sends the 401 Unauthorized Request in response. For example, the webpage is authenticated by the user id and password. 402 Payment Required The 402 payment required HTTP response indicates that the client is required to make an online payment to process the request. This response status code is not a standard client error and reserved for future use. 403 Forbidden The server sends the 403 Forbidden HTTP response when the client sends the correct request, but the server cannot serve it. The 403 is different from 402 as in 402, the user should be authorized to access the web page, whereas, in 403, there is no role of authentication. For example, 403 is sent when some authorized user tries to access the restricted page. 404 Not Found The server sends the 404 Not Found error when the requested resource is not available on the server. The reason behind this error could be that the site owner has removed the URL, or the user has mistyped the URL. 405 Method not allowed The 405 Method not allowed response code is received when the server knows the request method, but the requested resource does not support it. In this case, the server generates the ALLOW header field that contains all the supported methods by the target resource. 406 Not Acceptable Request The 406 Not Acceptable Request HTTP response is generated when the client makes a request in a different format. The reason could be the different language or encoding method used in a request. 5xx status codes The error codes that come under the 5xx range are sent to the client when some problems occur with a server. When the client makes a request for some website, the browser sends a request to the website's server, and if the website's server is not able to serve the request, then the 5xx error code is sent to the client. These errors mainly when the server is facing some problem or unable to perform a request. The 5xx error messages represent the server-side error messages in which the website's server is unsuccessful in performing a request. The server-side error does not mean that problem is coming on a website, computer, or an internet connection. There are various 5xx status codes available so that the specific problem can be identified: 500 internet server error The 500 internet server error status code occurs when the server cannot determine the problem then stops responding to the request. This error can occur due to the incorrect server's configuration. To correct this error, the website owner needs to check the server's configuration and contact the web hosting company to fix it. 501 not implemented The 501 Not implemented HTTP error response code indicates that the server cannot serve the requested resource as the method mentioned in the request is not supported. This error status code also sends the Retry-After header that tells the client when to recheck the functionality. The methods that the server support are GET and HEAD. If the server recognizes the method specified in the request, but it will not support it. In this case, 405 Not Allowed response is sent to the client. 502 Bad Gateway The 502 Bad Gateway response code means that the proxy server does not get the origin or upstream server's response. If the edge server receives a 502 Bad Gateway from the origin server, then it sends back the 500 Origin Not Reachable response to the client. HTTP Status Codes 503 Service Unavailable The 503 Service Unavailable response status code is sent when other requests overload the server, or the server is under maintenance. The difference between the 500 and 503 is that in 500, something goes wrong in the server that prevents it from handling the requests, whereas, in 503, the server is working fine and it is also able to serve the request but has opted to send the 503 response. The websites can use the following ways to represent this error: 504 Gateway Timeout The 504 Gateway timeout error occurs when the server does not get the response from another upstream server required to complete the request. When the webserver tries to load a page but didn't get the response from the second server for the required information, then the webserver uses 504 as a response code. 505 HTTP version is not supported The 505 HTTP version is not supported response code is sent if the server does not support the HTTP version specified in the request. 507 Insufficient space 507 Insufficient space is an HTTP response status code introduced by the WebDAV specification. It is used to inform the client that the request could not proceed as no space is available on a disk. 510 Extensions are missing When the client sends a request, then it also sends the extension, which is to be used. If the server does not support the extension specified in the request, then the server sends the 510 as a response code. Youtube For Videos Join Our Youtube Channel: Join Now Help Others, Please Share facebook twitter pinterest Learn Latest Tutorials Trending Technologies B.Tech / MCA
Please select your country or region to be directed to the appropriate Lesker site. Alternative Heat Transfer Fluids Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions for the Semiconductor Industry July 11, 2016 \| By KJLC Blog Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the semiconductor industry comprise a tiny contribution to the global climate change issue, at less than <0.2% (ref 1). However, with a strategic act of brilliance, the industry has adopted voluntary measures, going back to the mid '90s. These measures have enabled this industry to reduce its contribution to emissions that may cause global climate change by more than 30%, when the goal of the initial program was only a 10% reduction. For most other industries that would have been an unachievable feat (ref 2, World Semiconductor Council). The semiconductor manufacturing process is quite complex and the idea that the industry might turn the regulation of the chemicals it can use over to government agencies that might erect emissions restrictions without understanding of the technical challenges required to keep pace with consumer demands for smaller, faster and less expensive computing devices continues to motivate the industry to self-police its emissions of GHGs. What has been a miraculous effort in the few decades was revisited and revised in the last few years to extend the voluntary efforts to further reduce GHG emissions, even in the face of rebounding demand after the 2008 global economic melt-down. Challenges to the semiconductor industry for further reductions in GHG emissions are tied to changes in process, process materials, abatement, and demand. For an industry that is struggling to keep pace with Moore’s Law, or anticipating new manufacturing approaches that embrace the "The End of Moore’s Law" (ref 3), new approaches to emissions reductions must fit into a highly complex engineering solution. Every change in semiconductor processing requires extensive capital investment, prolonged testing and risk. Simple drop-in solutions which achieve further emissions reductions are almost non-existent. High Boiling Point (HBP) perfluorinated (PFC) heat transfer fluids are one of the few drop-in solutions available because these materials are completely miscible with traditional Low Boiling Point fluids. They have no effect on the operation or maintenance of temperature control units (TCUs) due to the complete compatibility with seals and gaskets, with no impact on power consumption, no additional capital costs, and no impact on chuck temperature stability (ref 4, Higgs - SESHA). A drop-in solution to GHG emissions Heat transfer fluids (HTFs) currently represent about 10 - 30% of the GHG emissions from a typical fab. These emissions are in the form of fluids lost due to leaks in TCUs and natural evaporative losses that occur in open air systems or during high temperature processing. Traditional heat transfer fluids, such as water/glycol mixtures and hydrofluoroethers (HFEs),have relatively high vapor pressures resulting in high evaporation rates which contribute substantially to GHG emissions. (Ref 5, EPA, Uses & Emissions..) Work by companies such as Solvay, 3M and others over the last decade have resulted in the development of several new heat transfer fluids with extremely low equilibrium vapor pressures. Equilibrium vapor pressure (EVP) is defined as the pressure exerted by a vapor in thermodynamic equilibrium with its condensed phases (in this case liquid) at a given temperature in a closed system. The equilibrium vapor pressure is an indication of a liquid's evaporation rate. A material with a high vapor pressure is considered volatile. For example, the EVP of water at room temperature is about 20 torr while isopropyl alcohol is 40 torr. The new fluids developed by Solvay and others are perfluorocarbons (PFCs) with chemical compositions including CnF2n+2 , CnF2n+1(O)CmF2m+1 , and CnF2nO and (CnF2n+1)3N, where typically n > 6 and m is nominally 2 - 3. These materials are specifically engineered to have very low vapor pressures. Fluids with EVPs less than 1 torr are considered High Boiling Point (HBP) fluids with maximum temperatures on the order of 150 - 270 °C. Example of Typical PFC Structure An example of a typical PFC structure (3M product FC-72) A Global Environmental Issue By staying out ahead on GHG emissions the semiconductor industry has been able to maintain a high degree of control over the chemical pallet at its disposal. But the landscape had a major makeover in 2014 when the US EPA revised the Global Warming Potential for certain chemicals such as perfluorinated HTFs from ZERO (read: not previously rated) to 10,000 for some compositions. From the US EPA’s web page "Understanding Global Warming Potentials" (Ref 9. US EPA): The Global Warming Potential (GWP) was developed to allow comparisons of the global warming impacts of different gases. Specifically, it is a measure of how much energy the emissions of one ton of a gas will absorb over a given period of time, relative to the emissions of one ton of carbon dioxide. The larger the GWP, the more that a given gas warms the Earth compared to carbon dioxide over that time period. The time period usually used for GWPs is 100 years. GWPs provide a common unit of measure, which allows analysts to add up emissions estimates of different gases (e.g., to compile a national greenhouse gas inventory), and allows policy-makers to compare emissions-reductions opportunities across sectors and gases. Carbon dioxide (CO2), by definition, has a GWP of 1 regardless of the time period used, because it is the gas being used as the reference. Carbon dioxide remains in the climate system for a very long time: carbon dioxide emissions cause increases in atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide that will last thousands of years. In November 2013 the US EPA substantially revised the global warming potentials for a wide range of greenhouse gases and added three new GHGs to the list of reportable emissions (Ref 12). Gases classed as PFC-6-1-12 and PFC-7-1-18 with GWPs of 7,820 and 7,620 were added to the list of materials covered under the mandatory greenhouse gas reporting provisions (Ref 10). The GWPs of several other PFC classes, such as PFC-14, PFC-116 PFC-218 and PFC-3-1-10 were also substantially increased. So while GHG emissions reported for the US semiconductor industry have fallen consistently for many years, the inclusion of these new classes of PFCs contributed to an increase in emissions for 2014 from 2.9 million metric tons (CO2 equivalent) to 3.0 (Ref 11, 13). Because of this new and dramatic acknowledgement of the profound impact of perfluorocarbon emissions on our climate these fluids are newly recognized to be responsible for a significant contribution to the industry’s environmental load. These gases are potent absorbers of heat in the atmosphere, contributing to a 'thickening’ in the earth’s blanket, and they are extremely long lived─the longest of any greenhouse gas emission caused by humans. Fluorinated gases are very tough to remove from the atmosphere and the primary mechanism is their destruction by sunlight once they reach the far upper regions of the atmosphere. Globally there were approximately 190 semiconductor device fabrication facilities in production as of 2010 (Ref 6). Those fabs are disbursed around the world within three distinct regions and 26 host countries. They are summarized in the table below by region, wafer size, and the estimated number of systems in use that may require TCUs including PECVD, dry etch, ion implant, and stepper tools. (Ref 5). Wafer Size 150mm 200mm 300mm Estimated # Tools Using TCUs Americas 7 39 22 8,725 Asia 5 43 38 11,245 Europe 7 22 8 4,640 Totals 19 104 68 24,610 Table 1. Semiconductor Fabs by region, wafer size and estimated number of TCU's Baring leaks in TCUs, the major emission path for HTFs is evaporation. Because of their relatively low EVP’s the high boiling point HTFs have evaporation rates, at any temperature, which are substantially below that of traditional HTFs. The EVPs of a variety of low boiling point and high boiling point HTFs are compared in Table 2. Manufacturer Model # Boiling Point (°C) E.V.P. Solvay HT135 135 14 Solvay HT170 170 0.3 3M FC-3283 128 1.4 3M FC-40 155 0.43 Table 2. Manufacturer, model number, boiling point and vapor pressure (in torr) for various HTF's In order for these HB fluids to be a drop-in replacement they need to have identical heat transfer performance as well as complete compliance with the seals, valves, and other critical components of the process tool in which they will be used. They also need to be completely miscible with the fluids they are replacing so there are no cleaning issues related to replacement. The graphic below details a comparison of heat transfer performance between perfluorocarbon fluids with a relatively low boiling point with one of the more advanced chemistries for HTFs with a boiling point on the order of 170 C. These results were deemed identical by industry experts. (Ref 7) Comparison of Temperature Uniformity on wafers for 3M's FC-3283 (low boiling point) and Solvay HT170 (high boiling point) heat transfer fluids Dramatic improvement for high temperature operations Potential reductions can be estimated using data compiled by the US Environmental Protection Agency and some company specific data provided by IBM and others. In the 2004 study by the investment firm Smith Barney, the number of temperature control units in use at 200mm fabs averaged 125 with a coolant capacity (for those using exclusively perfluorcarbon fluids) of 188 - 2650 gallons per unit. For 300mm fabs the numbers are 140 TCUs with capacities ranging from 210 - 7,000 gallons per system. Comparison of Evaporation Rates for Various HTF's at 80&degC Table 3. Comparison of Evaporation Rates for Various HTF's at 80°C While the EPA states that it is still difficult to get a comprehensive global inventory of the number and capacity for TCUs for every facility, they have estimated that typical annual usage of perfluorocarbon HTFs is on the order of 8 gallons per system. With more than 190 fabs world-wide, with a total TCU fleet on the order of 25,000 tools, that is an estimated demand for 200,000 gallons of HTFs per year. A summary of semiconductor fabs by country with an estimate of the annual requirements for new heat transfer fluids in the following table: Semiconductor fabs by country with estimated annual HTF usage Table 4. Semiconductor fabs by country with estimated annual HTF usage In addition to the facilities listed above there are 19 new fabs planned for construction in 2016 - 2017. Existing fabs also plan to add about 40 new production lines by 2017. Semiconductor fabs by country with estimated annual HTF usage Source: World Fab Forecast report, June 2016, SEMI ( Impact at the individual fab level An example of the PFC contribution to an individual facility’s emissions inventory follows. The table below is taken from a 2014 report on GHG emissions inventory and reductions for IBM. Metric tons (MT) of CO2 equivalent Scope 1 emissions Emission type 2013 2014 Fuel use Operational 225,514 226,187 Perfluorinated carbon compounds PFC 194,301 215,893 Nitrous oxide Other 23,150 23,724 Heat transfer fluids Other 61,747 83,566 HFC's Other 9,752 7,283 Total Scope 1 emissions 514,464 556,653 Table 5: IBM 2014 Scope 1 Emissions Inventory (ref 8) Emissions due to heat transfer fluids represented about 15% of the Scope 1 inventory for IBM in 2014 - with the amount emitted increasing about 22,000 metric tons from 2013 to 2014 or +35%. Some of the increase is attributable to new reporting requirements for certain classes of PFCs as well as the adjustment (increase) GWP for several classes of gases which had been previously reported. With the availability of high boiling point HTFs Higgs, in his SESHA 2016 presentation has identified emissions from low boiling point HTFs as one of the few remaining 'low hanging fruits’ in the quest for continual improvement (reduction) in emissions, preferably absolute, but at least on a per-square-centimeter-of-wafer produced basis (Ref 4). At this writing many of the world’s fabs have begun the transition to high boiling point HTFs. But if we were to assume that using the 2014 IBM emissions inventory, their 83,566 metric tons (of CO2) equivalent was due exclusively to low boiling point perfluorocarbon fluids, based on an evaporative loss on the order 15% per year, and they made the switch to high boilers with evaporative losses an order of magnitude less, they could reduce emissions on the order of 75,000 metric tons. That would reduce total Scope 1 emissions more than 13% over 2014 levels. There are additional processes in the semiconductor industry that use TCUs loaded with advanced HTFs, including Automated Test Equipment for semiconductor devices. The use of HTFs assures temperature stability during the testing of semiconductor devices while greatly reducing process time. HTFs are also used in Thermal Shock Test systems (TST) designed to identify mechanical defects in electronic devices and systems. While data for HTF usage in TSTs is more complicated to track than for the tools listed above (PECVD, dry etch, ion implantation and steppers) older TST systems may lose as much as $20,000 per year in HTFs. Newer systems are more frugal with losses on the order of $1,600 per year. Perfluorinated heat transfer fluids represent one of the few simple drop-in replacement solutions to reduce GHG emissions for the semiconductor industry. In addition to the dramatic reduction in emissions achievable by using high boiling point heat transfer fluids there is a complementary reduction in operating costs. With these advanced HTFs costing nominally $500 per gallon, an order of magnitude (or more) reduction in evaporation rates can correspond to an annual savings of several hundred thousand dollars per fab. Author J. R. Gaines Technical Director of Education Kurt J. Lesker Company J.R. Gaines, Jr. is the Technical Director for Education at the Kurt J. Lesker Company, (Jefferson Hills, PA). The Lesker Company is a global scientific equipment manufacturer supplying materials and tools for vacuum-enabled innovation. Gaines has nearly 40 years of experience in the research, development and commercialization of advanced materials technologies in superconductivity, semiconductors, energy generation and storage. His experience includes vacuum systems, thin film deposition, inorganic chemistry, nanotechnology and advanced ceramic processing. He currently develops and delivers the Company’s many educational programs through Lesker University teaching events. 1. "Semiconductor Industry Concerns with Inclusion of Abatement Requirement in Product Environmental Standards", Semiconductor Industry Association, 2015. 2. "Cooperative Approaches in Protecting the Global Environment", World Semiconductor Council, 2016. 3. "The Economist explains: The end of Moore's law", April 19th, 2015. 4. "Reducing GHG Emissions from Heat Transfer Fluids", T. Higgs, presentation to SESHA 2016, May 4, 2016. 5. "Uses and Emissions of Liquid PFC Heat Transfer Fluids from the Electronics Sector", Office of Air and Radiation, US Environmental Protection Agency. 6. "Semiconductor Fabrication Facilities, World-wide", 2009, Wikipedia 7. "Lowering costs of ownership for Fluorinated Heat Transfer Fluids By Swapping Out Low Boilers with High Boiling Point Fluorinated Heat Transfer Fluids", Solvay Specialty Polymers, 2013. 8. "GHG emissions inventory and reduction", 2013 - 2014, available on the IBM web site at Environment/Climate protection 9. "Understanding Global Warming Potential", US EPA, 10. "Table A-1 to Subpart A of Part 98 - Global Warming Potentials" (current through July 5, 2016, 11. "Fast Facts Fact Sheet 1900 - 2014" 12. "EPA Updates Global Warming Potential Values in GHG Reporting Rule", January 02, 2014, Trinity Consultants, Dallas, TX 13. "Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990 - 2014 Chapter 4", US EPA, Additional Resources: Global Warming Potential Describes Impact of Each Gas Certain greenhouse gases (GHGs) are more effective at warming Earth ("thickening the blanket") than others.The two most important characteristics of a GHG in terms of climate impact are how well the gas absorbs energy (preventing it from immediately escaping to space), and how long the gas stays in the atmosphere. The Global Warming Potential (GWP) for a gas is a measure of the total energy that a gas absorbs over a particular period of time (usually 100 years), compared to carbon dioxide.[1] The larger the GWP, the more warming the gas causes. For example, methane's 100-year GWP is 21, which means that methane will cause 21 times as much warming as an equivalent mass of carbon dioxide over a 100-year time period.[2] 1 pound of CH<sub>4</sub> = 21 pounds of CO<sub>2</sub> • Carbon dioxide (CO2) has a GWP of 1 and serves as a baseline for other GWP values. CO2 remains in the atmosphere for a very long time - changes in atmospheric CO2 concentrations persist for thousands of years. • Methane (CH4) has a GWP more than 20 times higher than CO2 for a 100-year time scale. CH4 emitted today lasts for only about a decade in the atmosphere, on average.[3] However, on a pound-for-pound basis, CH4 absorbs more energy than CO2, making its GWP higher. • Nitrous Oxide (N22O) has a GWP 300 times that of CO2 for a 100-year timescale. N2O emitted today remains in the atmosphere for more than 100 years, on average.[3] [3] NRC (2010). Advancing the Science of Climate Change. Vacuum Fluids & Greases Contact Us - Alternative Heat Transfer Fluids Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions for the Semiconductor Industry
Bi-Directional Amplification \| Two-Way Radio Communication Enhancement System A Bi-Directional Amplification system (BDA) is a “reliable in-building public safety radio coverage infrastructure system used to safeguard emergency communications”. In short, a BDA is a system that helps to enhance in-building radio frequency signal coverage for public safety use. This system is primarily used to address the performance of emergency responders’ portable radios and maintain wireless communications with the first responders inside buildings and emergency personal outside the building during medical emergencies, fires, etc. Building construction, size, and construction features (such as Low-E windows) can absorb or block radio communications. With adequate levels of signal strength, efficient communications can save the lives of first responders and building occupants alike. You can read more in the detailed Bi-Directional Amplifier (BDA) Brochure. Emergency Radio Communication Enhancement Systems (ERCES) were first introduced in the 2009 International Building Code. Currently, AHJ’s are the determining factor on whether a system is needed for a particular building and/or if a current system is adequate. A determination will not be made until an RF survey, performed by a specialized FCC GROL license holder, is completed. Results are then submitted to the AHJ for final determination of what will be required (Full System, Partial System, and Waiver). NFPA 1221 (2016 Edition), NFPA 72 (2013, 2010 Editions) all specify the requirements for these systems. International Fire Code (IFC – Section 510). IBC Section 916 (2015 Edition), IBC Section 915 (2012 Edition). This varies by jurisdiction, but it is rapidly being enforced by AHJ’s throughout Florida. Florida Statute 633.202 has become effective December 31, 2019 and requires certain hospitals to meet specific standards under NFPA for in-building, two-way radio coverage. Reliable radio coverage is essential for first responders during emergencies, yet 56% of fire departments have experienced communications failure during an emergency incident within the last two years. If a building has areas where emergency radio signals are not sufficient for reliable communications, a distributed antenna system (DAS) will amplify and distribute the signals to the needed areas. If a system is installed but coverage isn’t equal, the solution could be as simple as installing a distributed antenna system (DAS) to help distribute the RF signal throughout a building, stadium, hospital or other defined areas. A notable time when a system failed is during the 9/11 attacks. Clear warnings from emergency command centers were received by first responders around the buildings instructing crews to pull fire fighters out due to obvious structural damage. These warnings were sent 21 minutes before the 2nd tower fell. Even though the ground crews communicated that information through the radio system, the lack of signal strength inside the buildings contributed to hundreds of lives being lost that day. Piper Fire Protection is ready to assist you with any questions or concerns you may have about BDAs. Please reach out to or by calling us at 800-327-7604. Free Estimate
Connect with us Hi, what are you looking for? Bizzare & Odd Mysterious interferences at Earth’s poles are being investigated Mysterious interferences at Earth's poles are being investigated 1 Something unusual is interfering with technology at the Earth’s poles, and scientists are now determined to find out what is behind this mysterious phenomenon. Mysterious interferences at Earth's poles are being investigated Solar wind flowing around the Earth’s magnetosphere, channeled at the poles. Credit: NASA Why are devices using radio or satellite connections malfunctioning above the north and south poles? NASA wants to launch three missions to investigate the North Polar Cusp, a space funnel that can give a clue to explain the strange phenomenon. The three missions are part of the Grand Challenge Initiative – Cusp, a series of nine rocket missions exploring the polar cusp. Every second, 1.5 million tons of solar material is launched from the sun into space, traveling at hundreds of kilometers per second. Known as the solar wind, this incessant flow of plasma or electrified gas has hit the earth for over 4 billion years. Thanks to the magnetic field of our planet, it is diverted away. But go north, and you will find the exception. Mark Conde, space physicist at the University of Alaska at Fairbanks, said: Most of the earth is protected from the solar wind. But very close to the poles, in the midday sector, our magnetic field becomes a funnel where the solar wind can reach the atmosphere. Are the polar cusps or something else responsible for the phenomenon? These funnels, known as polar cusps, can cause some problems. The influx of solar wind disturbs the atmosphere, disrupting satellites and radio and GPS signals. The northern polar cusp also has a dense atmosphere, and this can be a real problem for our spaceship. Earl, the mission’s principal investigator at Cusp Region Experiment-2, or CREX-2, reported: Advertisement. Scroll to continue reading. A small extra mass 320 kilometers away may seem like a big problem. But the change in pressure associated with this increase in mass density, if it occurred at ground level, would cause a stronger continuous hurricane than anything seen in the weather records. This additional mass creates problems for ships flying through it, such as the many satellites that follow a polar orbit. Passing through the dense region can shake their trajectories, making close encounters with other spacecraft or orbital debris more risky. A small change of a few hundred meters can make the difference between having to do an evasive or not. Norwegian space physicist Jøran Moen, who leads the Cusp Irregularities-5, intended to measure turbulence and distinguish it from electric waves. He said: Turbulence is one of the most difficult questions of classical physics. We really don’t know what it is because we don’t have direct measurements yet Moen compares the turbulence to the whirlwinds that form when rivers run around rocks. When the atmosphere gets turbulent, the GPS and communication signals that pass through it can be distorted, sending unreliable signals to the airplanes and ships that depend on them. You May Also Like
Write a replay about a reflection just write a replay about a reflection post, write an opinion where you agree or disagree and why ? the post : ” The world can be defined in terms of the cultural orientations that govern people’s daily lives and their general perspectives on life. Consequently, the main purpose of education is to identify and shape the cultural orientation of a particular group. From the assigned readings it became clear that the major cultural orientations in the world are the individualistic western ideology and the collectivist eastern orientations. The Western education, therefore, is said to adhere to the individualist perspective based on the Socratic principles of independent analysis and self-reflection as opposed to the eastern Confucian principles of the collective approach to issues, with great emphasis on the moral development of an individual. Hau and Ho (2008) argue that socio-cultural orientations shape the education of a particular society. Hence the only way one could successfully change their society would be through education. In my opinion, education is meant to change people’s outlook towards life and also shape their character and the way they relate with one another. Thus, I agree with Hau and Ho’s opinion considering the role of education. Moreover, socio-cultural trends also determine the way the minorities are treated, like the black and Hispanic people in the USA who are perpetually made to suffer under racism due to the biased educational theories conceived from the racists’ point of view (Yosso, 2005). In this regard, I would like to add that people’s educational system reveals their aspirations, hence the agitation of the people of color and the Chicano in the USA for better representation in their education system. For a group to fully feel like a part of the society, the educational system should incorporate their ideals and aspirations in life. Alternative educational traditions can transform urban education by refocusing on the traditional values of respective groups represented by the educational system. Conclusively, this shift from the traditional literacy would empower an individual by inculcating in them a sense of pride and identity.” for example someone replayed with this post : ” I totally agree that we need a more interdisciplinary and culturally sensitive approach to education in our country. Not only are blacks and hispanics impacted by this westernized framework of education, but people of color worldwide. There was a portion in the first article that spoke about Native Americans and how they’ve in a sense become extinct in traditional U.S. education. Their efforts and contributions to the establishment are not widely referenced or even spoken about. They are hidden in the archives in a sense, and when they are mentioned, its in small scale or not a true depiction of what their culture represents. As an African-American man, brought up in America’s poor public schooling system, I know what it’s like to suffer and feel pain because everywhere you look you see no one similar to yourself in positions of power or leadership. I know what its like to peruse through an entire textbook without seeing many people who share your inheritance. It truly sucks and greatly diminishes your excitement to learn. It was not until I reached a university level until I began to truly learn about my heritage and deeply take interest in what I was learning. I feel as though, through course like this discovered a level of forbidden knowledge and its so enticing. It makes me want to learn as much as possible to make up for lost time and I am sure many of my peers could attest to this fact. As you mentioned above, representation is and will forever be extremely important. We have some work to do in America regarding education. “
Rather than concentrating on a subject matter or general principle (such as number or physical causality), he and his students attempted to isolate the operations of equilibration, or reflecting abstraction, or differentiating out new possibilities and integrating them into new necessities, or running into contradictions in your thinking, or becoming conscious of your ways of thinking. Principles of Genetic Epistemology (Jean Piaget: Selected Works), Psychology and Epistemology (Penguin university books) by Piaget Jean (1972-11-30) Paperback, The Development of Thought: Equilibration of Cognitive Structures by Jean Piaget (1977-11-30), Piaget's Theory of Knowledge: Genetic Epistemology and Scientific Reason by Kitchener Richard F. (1986-09-10) Hardcover, Mind in Society: The Development of Higher Psychological Processes, Play Dreams & Imitation in Childhood (Norton Library (Paperback)), Process and Reality (Gifford Lectures Delivered in the University of Edinburgh During the Session 1927-28). (A primary source for all of this work was Rom Harré and Edward H. Madden, Causal powers [Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1975.]) 209-246. [Return], 26. 3:32. The rattle-dancing scheme makes an interesting noise happen. Soon he was taking a leadership role in the Friends of Nature Club, which consisted almost entirely of high-school students, and had regular meetings where the members read papers. It is also characterized by the appearance of the semiotic function, which embraces speaking and understanding language as well as pretend play. Paperback. (Saettler, 1990, p. 74). It is easy to forget that during much of Piaget's career, purely maturationist accounts of development (such as that of Arnold Gesell) and, of course, purely environmental accounts of "learning" (such as those of Clark Hull and B. F. Skinner) were taken more seriously than Piaget's views were. But Piaget considered perception static and extremely limited; he had little to say about language after the 1920s (except to admonish readers not to overrate its importance to development); and whole books in his vast canon go by without any references to concepts as a form of knowledge. During this stage, logical structures like Grouping I for hierarchical classification become available, as do structures for seriation (putting things in order in terms of length or some other dimension), conservation of physical quantities, and mathematical operations on numbers. Jean Piaget, Studies in reflecting abstraction (edited and translated by Robert L. Campbell; Hove: Psychology Press, 2000), Chapter 2, p. 57. See Campbell and Bickhard, Knowing levels and developmental stages (Basel: S. Karger, 1986), Chapter 7, for a discussion of egocentrism as a recurring problem in development. (Piaget continued to write about religion until around 1930, by which time it was clear that his view that God was "immanent" in the operations of human minds was too liberal and unorthodox for Swiss Protestants, who were returning to Calvinism.) Piaget's religious training is discussed in Vidal, Piaget before Piaget. [01] Developmental psychology owes a great debt to a Swiss thinker named Jean Piaget. [09] Piaget's intellectual gifts became apparent early. By contrast, children aged 6 on up will say that there are more animals, and, by and large, they can give a justification for their answers [note 12]. For Piaget, development is what cognitive structures do. His early books were promptly translated. And in his time Kant did not have to face evolutionary questions about the origins of innate mental structures. [Return], 31. If all that mattered about Piaget was that he was the first psychologist to ask children whether two equal rows of eggs still have the same number after one of the rows is stretched out; or the first to ask children how many ways there are to get from one end of a room to the other--he would have done enough to merit our admiration. [Return], 30. (Don't worry, we will get to them before we're done.). The Bible of Genevan functionalism is Bärbel Inhelder and Guy Cellérier, Le cheminement des découvertes de l'enfant, Neuchâtel: Delachaux et Niestlé, 1992. And he came out of a French-Swiss tradition that discounted literary style or elegance of expression as an impediment to saying what is in your heart. 412-415. Meanwhile, his research director, Bärbel Inhelder, was pushing hard for detailed inquiries into children's problem-solving procedures; she aimed at a synthesis of ideas from Piaget and from the information-processing school that is usually called "Genevan functionalism" [note 8]. [114] What went wrong with Piaget's treatment of physical causality would also take some time to explain in detail, but I will try to net it out. 42-43. From the 1920s onward, Piaget was concerned about the difference between success and understanding, between being able to do something and being reflectively conscious of how you do it. [99] The first of these is the assumption that an adequate description of the accomplishments of which we are capable is also an adequate description of the processes by which we produce those accomplishments. Most children under 6 years of age just don't get what, to more advanced thinkers, is stunningly obvious. Except for a 5-year stretch at the University of Neuchâtel and a few years during which he commuted to Paris to lecture part-time at the Sorbonne, he remained in Geneva for the rest of his life. now as inconsistently employed and poorly. But children are still quite limited in their ability to generate possibilities systematically or to test hypotheses which require keeping track of multiple possibilities. Nathaniel Branden's treatment of human personality has always been developmental. [24] During the first half of his middle period, Piaget was off the radar screen for English-speaking psychologists. 105-130). Alina Szeminska's story is told by Jacqueline Bideaud, Introduction, in Jacqueline Bideaud, Claire Meljac, and Jean-Paul Fischer (Editors), Pathways to number: Children's developing numerical abilities (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1992), pp. Without his contributions, it is fair to say that the discipline would not exist. The problem that Piaget glimpsed but did not solve is that it does little good to characterize knowledge as structures in the mind that correspond to structures in the world. Piaget did not think that significant advances come about because of what we "note" out in the environment, or because of the data that we "read off.". With one exception, to be mentioned later, I'll stay out of those controversies; a serious examination of them would require a volume or two. [26] From 1965 onward (again, publications often lagged), Piaget shifted his concerns to the processes of development. Amazon.com: Principles of Genetic Epistemology (Jean Piaget: Selected Works) (9780415515030): Piaget, Jean: Books Genetic Epistemology (J. Piaget) Overview: Over a period of six decades, Jean Piaget conducted a program of naturalistic research that has profoundly affected our understanding of child development. 1: La pensée mathématique (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1950, p. 226; there is no published English translation, so I have used Michael Chapman's). So, if reflecting abstraction is truly what moves you up from one major stage to the next, then it would seem that the boundaries between the stages need to be drawn in different places. There was a problem loading your book clubs. [60] We have some unfinished business with developmental stages. [120] We have been dwelling on Piaget's faults, and on his sometimes questionable sources of inspiration. [18] Piaget's research in the 1920s focused on the use of language by children, and on their reasoning about classes, relations, and physical causality. [118] When Piaget got himself into trouble (outside the realm of causal necessity) and made antirealist-sounding statements, I think the source was his assumption that structures in the mind are isomorphic to structures in the world. On the Swiss-French anti-literary tradition, see Vidal, Piaget before Piaget(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1994). Stages helped him chart children's progress, and (especially during his middle period) each stage was associated with special kinds of cognitive structures. On one occasion, he declared that doubting the psychological reality of a structure like Grouping I makes as much sense as doubting the physiological reality of hearts and lungs. [Return], 19. I can accommodate by restricting my old swatting scheme and introducing that move-carefully-and-wait scheme to contend with flying insects that sting. Nathaniel Branden, Diana Hsieh, and David Kelley made helpful comments at various stages in the life of this project. Piaget would have questioned Rand's statement that "the relationship of concepts to their constituent particulars is the same as the relationship of algebraic symbols to numbers. Preschoolers are egocentric in linguistic and spatial ways, as we have seen. A colleague of mine, Terry Dartnall, calls this error "reverse psychologism," because systems of formal logic or linguistics get read into the minds of those who reason or use language [note 32]. Reactive Robotics was discussed (as "perception and action robotics") in Ken Livingston's lectures at the 1997 IOS Summer Seminar, Artificial Intelligence and epistemology. The grouping for addition of classes puts higher-level classes together and takes them back apart. Find books Please try again. Two essays of greater theoretical interest, "The new methods: Their psychological foundations" (1935) and "Education and teaching since 1935" (1965) were bundled into Science of education and psychology of the child (translated by Derek Coltman, New York: Orion, 1970). Piaget responded by denying that language had much to do with the development of logical or mathematical understanding--or with cognitive development in general. Did they know how they could get equal rows? This is Rand's example of how the definition of the concept man changes during development. Because of the rift between academic psychology and academic education departments, and the even deeper rift between academics and practitioners, the Piaget-Montessori connection remains unknown to most contemporary Piagetians. [38] At a much higher level of sophistication are the different cognitive structures that are involved in logical thinking. There's a problem loading this menu right now. Instead, our system considers things like how recent a review is and if the reviewer bought the item on Amazon. In this book, philosopher and psychologist Richard F. Kitchener provides the first comprehensive study in English of Piaget's genetic epistemology, or his theory of knowledge. She also pushed hard for consideration of the detailed processes by which children solve problems; for instance, she was responsible for all of the empirical portions of the book on adolescent reasoning (while Piaget concerned himself with laying out the logical structures he regarded as responsible for formal thinking). The moral views did not come from reading Kant, though Piaget did study him later. In consequence, Piaget produced a treatment of perception that tends to embarrass even his staunchest supporters, and he missed the opportunity to take advantage of the discoveries of James Gibson and others. Genetic Epistemology \| Jean Piaget \| download \| Z-Library. The toughest and deepest problem raised by Piaget is the problem of novelty. [16] Yet we have no terribly clear idea why Piaget made the turn to psychology. Piaget analyzed logical structures algebraically; he regarded the structure at work here as related to but somewhat different in its properties from a mathematical group. (Many years later, in a book called Insights and Illusions of Philosophy, he would reject Bergson's ideas as woolly speculation, vague wisdom that might bring about a "coordination of values," but would not lead to knowledge about reality.). Then in the early 1970s, Piaget and his Center produced a roundtable discussion of physical causality by philosophers: Mario Bunge, François Halbwachs, Thomas S. Kuhn, Jean Piaget, and Leo Rosenfeld, Les théories de la causalité (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1971). [70] In assessing Piaget's work, we will concentrate on the philosophical ideas. [52] In his 1970 essay, titled simply "Piaget's theory," Piaget says that reflecting abstraction "is the general constructive process of mathematics: it has served, for example, to construct algebra out of arithmetic, as a set of operations on operations" [note 13]. And Piaget had no formal treatment of language to put up against Chomsky's. in the first place. Piaget, J. To most American psychologists, Piaget is that fellow with the "stage theory." His failure to distinguish between logical or mathematical descriptions of a person's possible accomplishments and the means by which the person actually does those accomplishments is still pervasive in psychology (and I have not seen it criticized heretofore in the Objectivist literature). He also believed at the time that by age 6 or 7, when children overcome the particular forms of egocentrism that he was studying, they got rid of egocentrism for good. Massimo Piattelli-Palmarini (Editor), Language and learning: The debate between Jean Piaget and Noam Chomsky (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1980). His critique of "copy theories" of perception has implications that he himself did not fully appreciate (and that Objectivists need to pay attention to as well). It is not nearly as important, in Piaget's view, and development would never happen if knowledge of static things were the only kind we had. But Piaget outlasted behaviorism, and by 1960 his ideas were being jubilantly rediscovered by American psychologists. We acquire it through equilibration and we acquire it through reflecting abstraction. What are examples of figurative knowledge? [72] An accomplishment of comparable fundamentality is impressing on psychologists that knowledge arises from action and fulfills a biological function. But thinking explicitly about your values and your course in life, and comparing them with other possible values, and other possible courses in life, also qualifies as formal thinking. Then, while seated in one position at a table, the child is asked to pick out the photograph that shows what another child seated across the table would see. [69] It is time now to draw up an assessment of what is valuable in Piaget--and what is not so valuable. Jean Piaget, Essai sur la nécessité, Archives de Psychologie, 45, 235-251 (1977), p. 235 [my translation]. Ibid., pp. For instance, if Piaget is correct about the way babies think during the first two sensorimotor substages, young babies don't experience physical objects. And it is easy to show that three-year-olds just don't reason about classification, ordering, and number in a concrete operational way; their mathematical understanding is far too limited to meet Piaget's requirements. Where Kant identified the mental categories (and "forms of intuition") that shape our experience, such as objects, space, time, and causality, it was Piaget's task to discover how each of these Kantian categories develops. Szeminska's name was also arbitrarily removed from the English translation of a book that she had co-authored. The biogenetic law that “ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny” is inadequate as a characterization of the relation. [98] Reverse psychologism. Often Piaget had different ideas when it came time to write the conclusion than he'd had when he wrote the introduction (and other ideas might come and go in the middle). The organism could not know about such correspondences unless it knew its environment (and its mind!) In Fall 1918, he enrolled at the University of Zürich, where German experimental psychology didn't interest him all that much--but psychoanalysis (of the Carl Jung variety) did. His father, Arthur, was a historian who encouraged his son to ask questions (one of Arthur's accomplishments was showing that a supposed Medieval document conferring privileges on the town was a latter-day forgery). [82] Egocentrism. ism (1970a) and Genetic Epistemology. And we are not born knowing all of those possibilities; we have to discover what they are, by exercising our schemes. [67] (One sign of the tension in late Piaget between structures and processes is that we saw a good example of reflecting abstraction at Level IB [it didn't have to wait till Level II]. There was an error retrieving your Wish Lists. (The British philosopher D. W. Hamlyn reacted to Piaget's book The Construction of Reality in the Child with raised eyebrows: "Really? Most conceptions of human cognition continue to imply that novel knowledge is impossible; some proudly state this conclusion. Greg Maddux of the Atlanta Braves certainly knows how to throw a sinkerball. Bring your club to Amazon Book Clubs, start a new book club and invite your friends to join, or find a club that’s right for you for free. Source: Genetic Epistemology, a series of lectures delivered by Piaget at Columbia University, Published by Columbia Univesity Press, translated by … [45] Piaget, then, was not a nativist (a believer in innate ideas) or an empiricist. Rather, there are forms of egocentrism that are characteristic of each stage. What Piaget meant was that in order to understand what is necessary, we need to know what the relevant possibilities are. He was 22 years old--and already out of date. See Josef Perner, Understanding the representational mind (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1991), and Robert L. Campbell, A shift in the development of natural-kind categories, Human Development, 35, 156-164 (1992), as well as the other contributions to the same symposium. Finally, in the early 1970s, he completely reworked his treatment of the development of physical causality, publishing no fewer than 6 new books on the topic. [35] What is basic then, for Piaget, is knowing how to change things--or knowing how things change. So he was ill-prepared in later years to contend with the rise of Noam Chomsky. In its setting and its aims, Recherche might be compared to The Magic Mountain [note 3]. Yet empirical research by Merry Bullock and her colleagues has shown that children as young as 3 can understand the operations of a simple causal mechanism and use their knowledge to make predictions [note 40]. The results were books that cut across many different problem areas, and that often propounded difficult theoretical notions. Piaget's analysis was that to understand multiplication it is not enough to center your thinking "on the objects that are being put together with other objects, and thus on the result of this union. He also rejected the practice, still widespread in cognitive psychology, of theorizing about memory and problem-solving and visual imagery and categorizing in adults, without regard to the manner in which these abilities developed. He never completely rejected the Lamarckian conception that acquired characteristics could be inherited. [68] Textbooks nearly always say that formal operations are universal--that is, every normal person acquires them--and that they are the final stage of development. [Return], 38. Some of them did a service by showing that various empirical claims made by Piaget were wrong (if you put forward empirical claims for 50-odd years, chances are quite good that some of them will be wrong, especially in the face of tremendous progress in methods for testing the capabilities of babies and moderate progress in assessing the cognitive processes of children). 160-162. There are early works in which he goes so far as to question the existence of genes. Kant was convinced that epistemologically necessity is always a priori. Such a humdrum acquisition as realizing that the amount of water is not affected by the shape of the vessel into which you just poured it is creative. they say, "More dogs." But particularly in his work on visual perception, he seemed mainly concerned to show how limited a source of knowledge it was. It is incumbent on translators to break up his tortuous sentences and to clarify his cryptic allusions (both to his own work and to the work of others); failure to do these things guarantees a result that few will want to suffer through in English [note 27]. For the attempt to draw analogies between stages in children's spatial reasoning and different geometric systems, see Jean Piaget and Bärbel Inhelder, La représentation de l'espace chez l'enfant (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1948; translated by F. J. Langdon and J. L. Lunzer as The child's conception of space, New York: W. W. Norton, 1966). If we believe they are, do we have an adequate account of knowledge? On the traditional view, philosophy can be done entirely from the armchair; there is no need for philosophers to conduct specialized empirical research, or to rely on any such research as conducted by others. [Return], 18. Prior to 1920, it was widely supposed that genetic mutations were contrary to Darwin's theories (Darwin had lacked an adequate explanation of the mechanism of heredity). [112] The important point for us is that the most frankly Kantian areas of Piaget's thought are ones in which he clearly failed. These could take different forms, of course, depending on the schemes involved, and the conditions of failure (noticing an inconsistency in your thinking is a different kind of failure condition than being stung by a hornet). Piaget did not call what he was doing psychology. For now, suffice it to say that in Piaget's theory, operative knowledge is where the action is. [Return], 32. If there are qualitative differences in knowledge, then thinking at the earlier developmental stages is different in kind from thinking at later stages. I can say that Bärbel Inhelder (1913-1996) and Alina Szeminska (1907-1986) were leaders in their own right. Click here to return to Robert L. Campbell's Home Page. [62] Piaget divided the course of human development into four major stages (sometimes called periods). [96] But while Piaget did kick recapitulationism, and was an evolutionary epistemologist through and through, he never accepted the neo-Darwinian synthesis. But suppose the situation in which I apply the scheme isn't quite like those in which I've previously used it. In 1955, he opened the Center for Genetic Epistemology, which sponsored regular visits by prominent thinkers in other fields, plus an annual "Cours" that drew attendance from all over the world. [89] And because of the patron system, I can't always give adequate credit to Piaget's students and collaborators. Cognitive structures were always characterized in mathematical terms; reflecting abstraction was also basically understood in logico-mathematical terms. He would say that I assimilate the June bug or the hornet landing on my arm to the swatting scheme. Generally, he would say that we attain more complete knowledge of "the object" as we reach higher levels of development and coordinate more and more perspectives on it. Finally, though Piaget drew explicitly on Kantian ideas, his most Kantian hypotheses about development were signal failures, he was too strongly committed to realism to be a good Kantian, and he was far too strongly committed to explaining how our knowledge originates. [79] It hasn't been customary for psychologists to make any such distinction. In 1950, he devoted one of the massive volumes of his philosophical magnum opus to the development of physical thinking. Genetic Epistemology. implications for the concept of “~tructure,”. the need to understand infants and children in terms of their own cognitive perspectives, not "adultomorphically", the pitfalls of cognitive egocentrism (the failure to relate your own point of view to other people's points of view). What remains valuable in his intellectual legacy--and there is a lot of it--can be successfully deKanted. Reflecting abstraction applied in a straightforward fashion to the logical and mathematical domains; with some stretching, it could be said to apply to spatial reasoning as well. Egocentrism is fundamentally a cognitive limitation; children are egocentric because they fail to understand how someone else's point of view might be different from their own--or they fail to coordinate their point of view with that other person's. He was often bored and restless in school; even in books written much later in life he occasionally utters scathing remarks about l'apprentissage scolaire, or classroom instruction. [19] The most important idea to come out of this work was egocentrism. To get the free app, enter your mobile phone number. [11] Piaget began working with a professor who was an expert on the classification of mollusks (clams and snails). But this has become a cliché through the tireless efforts of Piaget and a few of his contemporaries, such as Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934). Please try again. Piaget never tired of taking pokes at Aristotle's conceptions of potentiality and actuality (he probably encountered these in Thomistic writings, as he always referred to them by the Scholastic names "potency" and "act"). Pat is 5 1/2 years old and functions at Level IA. From Piaget's perspective, what mattered was the wrong answers children gave, and the patterns these wrong answers exhibited [note 4]. On what must be done when rendering Piaget in English, see the preface by the dean of Piaget translators, Terrance Brown, to Jean Piaget, The equilibration of cognitive structures (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985). The core insight throughout Piaget's work is that we cannot understand what knowledge is unless we understand how it is acquired. (The availability of these volumes in English would have dispelled many misunderstandings of Piaget's ideas over the years.) [Return], 29. For instance, Piaget was interested in the kinds of inferences that children can make with hierarchical systems of classification. [Return], 3. He is most famously known for his theory of cognitive development that looked at how children develop intellectually throughout the course of childhood. [Return], 21. The experimental nursery school in Geneva, La Maison des Petits, where Piaget carried out his first studies of children in the 1920s, was a modified Montessori institution, and Piaget was for a number of years the head of the Swiss Montessori Society (see Rita Kramer, Maria Montessori: A biography, New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1976, pp. Others find it credible that some of our knowledge (such as our knowledge of grammar) is so completely unlike any other knowledge we might attain that it must be both innate and evolution-proof. Everyday low prices and free delivery on eligible orders. Derived from the word genesis and epistemology, genetic epistemology can be regarded as a field of study that examines the basic root (genesis) of knowledge. [Return], 23. 147-148). [22] Piaget's middle period (roughly, 1930 to 1965) began with the meticulous observations that he and his wife (who was one of his first graduate students) made of their three children during infancy and toddlerhood. In later years, he placed increasing emphasis on reflecting abstraction as the way in which we become reflectively conscious. 2. Inevitably these would be of a highly specialized nature, and might be found in the thinking of professional mathematicians or experts in some other fields [note 19]. Szeminska, meanwhile, was responsible many of the studies of mathematical knowledge during the 1930s. During a stay at a mountain resort that was prescribed for a respiratory problem (fortunately, Piaget was not suffering from tuberculosis), he produced a much more ambitious piece of writing. [Return], 12. Piaget's life-work is a powerful, direct challenge to the traditional demarcation. A most interesting study could be written about the covert role of developmental psychology in Objectivist writings. [Return]. [95] Non-standard treatment of evolution. 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Found in clear or turbid water over mud, sand or gravel substrate. [15], Australian lungfish are olive-green to dull brown on the back, sides, tail, and fins, and pale yellow to orange on the underside. Bruton, M.N. [10] They have been described as having a reddish colouring on their sides which gets much brighter in the males during the breeding season. It is potentially at risk in much of its core distribution in the Burnett and Mary Rivers, as 26% of these river systems are presently impounded by weirs and dams. Lungfish have a highly specialized respiratory system.They have a distinct feature that their lungs are connected to the larynx and pharynx without a trachea. When the Australian Lungfish surfaces to empty and refill its lung the sound is reportedly like that of the "blast from a small bellows". This crushing mechanism is coupled with hydraulic transport of the food, achieved by movements of the hyoid apparatus, to position the prey within the oral cavity. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Collection, Australian Museum Research Institute (AMRI), Natural Sciences research and collections, Australian Museum Lizard Island Research Station, 2020 Australian Museum Eureka Prizes finalists, 2020 Australian Museum Eureka Prize winners, Become a volunteer at the Australian Museum. Most species grow to substantial size. It was first described in 1870, creating frenzied interest among the scientific community. Other species of African lungfishes also have this ability to varying extents. Their research on the anatomy of this species has shown the presence of organs similar to those used for the detection of electric signals in other fishes, such as sharks. Habitat Most common in deep pools in still or slow-flowing water with some aquatic vegetation on the stream banks. Scientific Name Neoceratodus forsteri. The lung is a single long sac situated above and extending the length of the body cavity, and is formed by a ventral outgrowth of the gut. They are also commonly called «American mud fish» and «scaly salamander fish» or piramboia, pirarucu-bóia, traíra-bóia and caramuru in Portuguese. Lungfish ist eine Post-Hardcore-Band aus dem US-amerikanischen Baltimore, die seit 1987 besteht. [25] The lungfish is selective in its choice of spawning sites. [13] They are covered in slime when taken from the water. [7], It is one of six extant representatives of the ancient air-breathing Dipnoi (lungfishes) that flourished during the Devonian period (about 413–365 million years ago) and is the outgroup to all other members of this lineage. Lungfish - Lungfish - Classification: The separation of Dipnoi as a discrete group is based largely on the structure and arrangement of the skull bones, the endoskeleton of the paired fins, and the teeth. The Australian Lungfish does not bury in the mud or form a cocoon and cannot survive for more than a few days out of water. [7] They spawn from August until November, before the spring rains, in flowing streams that are at least a metre deep. The dorsal fin commences in the middle of the back and is confluent with the caudal and anal fins. Habitat Most common in deep pools in still or slow-flowing water with some aquatic vegetation on the stream banks. Common Name: Queensland Lungfish Scientific Name: Neoceratodus forsteri Kingdom: Animalia Length: 100-150cm (3.3-4.9ft) Food(Captivity): Frogs, earthworms, pieces of meat and pelleted food. The species was described in 1870 by Australian Museum staff member Gerard Krefft. [10] The pectoral fins are large, fleshy, and flipper-like. The scientific name of an organism consists of the genus name and the scientific name. Its home range rarely extends beyond a single pool or, occasionally, two adjacent pools. [16], Opposite of its South American and African relatives, the Australian lungfish does not make a nest or guard or care for its eggs. Receive the latest news on events, exhibitions, science research and special offers. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. Source: Atlas of Living Australia. The vertebrae are pure cartilage, while the ribs are hollow tubes filled with a cartilaginous substance. The Australian Lungfish has a single lung, whereas all other species of lungfishes have paired lungs. They hatch after three to four weeks and resemble tadpoles. 1999. Martin F. Gomon & Dianne J. Bray, 2011, Queensland Lungfish, Neoceratodus forsteri, in Fishes of Australia, accessed 07 Oct 2014, Additionally, large adults could remain common for decades and give no indication of a declining population in the longer term.[13]. 240. [7] Young lungfish come to the surface to breathe air when they are about 25 mm long. Pp. Name: Slender African Lungfish: Scientific name: Protopterus annectens: Range: West & South Africa: Habitat: swamps and small rivers: Status: Not threatened: Diet in the wild: frogs and small fish: Diet in the zoo: krill: Location in the zoo: James R. Record Aquarium: Physical description: They range in size from 60 to 200 cm. 3. [6], Fossil records of this group date back 380 million years, around the time when the higher vertebrate classes were beginning to evolve. [13] This low level of genetic variation could be attributed to population “bottlenecks” associated with periods of range contraction, probably during the Pleistocene, and in recent times during the periods of episodic or prolonged drought that are known to reduce some reaches of these river systems.[8]. An Australian lungfish named "Granddad" at the Shedd Aquarium in Chicago was the oldest living fish in any Aquarium, and was already an adult when he was first placed on display in 1933; Granddad was estimated to be at least in his eighties, and possibly over one-hundred, at the time of his death on February 5, 2017. Growth is very slow, with young reaching 6 cm in length after 8 months and 12 cm after two years. Adult Lungfish are large fish, mostly brown in colour, with pink bellies. [7][8] [7] Ten rows occur on each side, grading to small scales on the fins. It is also the only facultative air breather lungfish species, only breathing air when oxygen in the water is not sufficient to meet their needs. Genera Erpetoichthys Polypterus See text for species. The first word is the generic name (genus) and the second the species name. It is one of only six extant lungfish species in the world. [7] The young fish are slow-growing, reportedly reaching 27 mm (1.1 in) after 110 days, and about 60 mm (2.4 in) after 8 months. Lungfish are named for their ability to breathe air by coming to the surface when water is stagnant or the quality is low. Nelson, J.S., 1994. They usually deposit their eggs singly, occasionally in pairs, but very rarely in clusters. [5] In the wild, its prey includes frogs, tadpoles, fishes, a variety of invertebrates, and plant material. The pelvic fins are also fleshy and flipper-like and situated well back on the body. However, few species of Lungfish are quite used to breathing air that they gradually lose the function of their gills as the fish reach adulthood. A barramunda is an Australian species of fish, Latin name Neoceratodus forsteri, commonly known as the Queensland lungfish. [7] Both sexes follow similar growth patterns, although the females grow to a slightly larger size. [20] As a juvenile, the lungfish is distinctly mottled with a base colour of gold or olive-brown. [10] It is commonly found to be about 100 cm (3.3 ft) and 20 kg (44 lb) on average. [15] After an elaborate courtship, the lungfish spawn in pairs, depositing large adhesive eggs amongst aquatic plants. The eyesight of the Australian Lungfish has been reported to be poor and the location of prey was thought to be based on the sense of smell rather than sight. Other names: Burnett River salmon; Scientific name: Neocertaodus forsteri; Size Range: Common length — 100cm; Maximum length — 150cm. The Australian Lungfish is unique in having only a single lung – all other species have a pair. Slender Lungfish Protopterus dolloi Boulenger 1900. collect. This species of lungfish is the only survivor in South American waters and its scientific name is Lepidosiren paradoxa. Johann Ludwig Gerard (Louis) Krefft, 1830–1881 was one of the few Australian scientists to accept and propagate Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution. Watt, M, C.S. Anon, 1999. P.W. Established in 1964, the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species has evolved to become the world’s most comprehensive information source on the global conservation status of animal, fungi and plant species. Scientific Name: Neoceratodus forsteri; Conservation Status: Unassessed; The Queensland lungfish is one of only six lungfish species. Arapaima is used in many ways by local human populations. The lungfish is known to spawn both during the day and at night. Although the status of the Australian lungfish is secure, it is a protected species under the Queensland Fish and Oyster Act of 1914 and capture in the wild is strictly prohibited. He was finally euthanised on 5 Feb 2017. [28], Adults have a high survival rate and are long-lived (at least 20–25 years). [7] Fossils of lungfish almost identical to this species have been uncovered in northern New South Wales, indicating that Neoceratodus has remained virtually unchanged for well over 100 million years, making it a living fossil and one of the oldest living vertebrate genera on the planet. ‘We are, of course, particularly desirous of securing one or two specimens of Neoceratodus forsteri,’ he wrote, using the lungfish’s scientific name.” Although these days I am closer to the African lungfish who live at the Bronx zoo, I saw Grandad back in the 90s when I lived in South Chicago and I was duly impressed by him. Die Band gründete sich 1987. The male lungfish fertilizes each egg as it emerges, and the eggs are deposited in dense aquatic vegetation. Protopterus dolloi . It is included on the list of “vulnerable” species, as studies have failed to show it meets the criteria needed to be considered a threatened or endangered species. Fulgurotherium australe was a small ornithopod dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous of Australia. Size Commonly to 1 m, up to 1.5 m. Conservation Status Vulnerable . They breathe air more frequently and more noisily than normal, possibly reflecting a greater physiological requirement for oxygen. The species is usually olive-green to brown on the back and sides with some scattered dark blotches, and whitish ventrally. Reference taxon from FishBase in Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. The lungfish does not necessarily spawn every year. [22], Unlike the South American and African lungfishes, the Australian species has gills on all the first four gill arches, while the fifth arch bears a hemibranch. lungfish, common name for any of a group of fish belonging to the families Ceratodontidae, Lepidosirenidae, and Protopteridae, found in the rivers of Australia, South America, and Africa, respectively. Freshwater Fishes of Australia. FOSSIL AND MODERN BONY FISH [online - pages maintained by George Barrett and Ralph Maddox]. Lungfish can grow to 1.5 metres in length and 40 kilograms in weight. [7] The Queensland lungfish can live for several days out of the water, if it is kept moist, but will not survive total water depletion, unlike its African counterparts. in Paxton, J.R. & W.N. Other articles where African lungfish is discussed: dormancy: Fishes and amphibians: Lungfishes, as represented by the African lungfish (Protopterus), burrow deeply into the mud when their water supply is diminished. [28] A pair of fish will perform circling movements at the surface of the water close to beds of aquatic plants. Food (Wild): Frogs, tadpoles, fishes, a variety of invertebrates and plant material. The Australian lungfish is primarily nocturnal, and is essentially carnivorous. [10] It has been successfully distributed to other, more southerly rivers, including the Brisbane, Albert, Stanley, and Coomera Rivers, and the Enoggera Reservoir in the past century. [7] Australian lungfish are commonly found in deep pools of depths between 3 and 10 m[12] and live in small groups under submerged logs, in dense banks of aquatic macrophytes, or in underwater caves formed by the removal of substrate under tree roots on river banks. The eggs and young are similar to those of frogs,[10] but the offspring differ from both frogs and other lungfishes by the absence of external gills during early development. The Australian Lungfish is a protected species and may not be captured without a special permit. Take this quiz. overview; data; media; articles; maps; names; Scientific Names. T.F.H. The Australian lungfish has also been introduced to the Pine, Caboolture, and Condamine Rivers, but current survival and breeding success are unknown. Nationally threatened species and ecological communities. CITES is an international agreement between governments, aimed to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival. At the onset of the dry season when water bodies dry up, this species is able to secrete large quantities of mucous. Reference taxon from FishBase in Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Australian Lungfish (. Lungfish are fish that have retained certain characteristics of their ancestors, including the ability to breathe air. Any fish that belongs to the families Lepidosirenidae and Ceratodontidae can be called by this name. Publications. Also, the brain is relatively larger and fills more of the cranial cavity in juveniles compared to adults. Scientific Name Neoceratodus forsteri. 1984. [10], The skeleton of the lungfish is partly bone, and partly cartilage. [13] Young lungfish are capable of rapid colour change in response to light, but this ability is gradually lost as the pigment becomes denser. Food items include mainly frogs, tadpoles, small fishes, snails, shrimp and earthworms. Merrick, J.R. & G.E. This colouration is the only distinguishing sexual characteristic of the lungfish. What is the name for the scientific study of fish? The Australian lungfish (Neoceratodus forsteri), also known as the Queensland lungfish, Burnett salmon and barramunda, is the only surviving member of the family Neoceratodontidae. Size Commonly to 1 m, up to 1.5 m. Conservation Status Vulnerable. It is negatively buoyant and if it falls to the lake or river bed, it is unlikely to survive to hatching. Among Australian fishes, the Australian Lungfish is generally regarded as the most unique and interesting, due to its strange features, restricted distribution and evolutionary lineage. [7], This species lives in slow-flowing rivers and still water (including reservoirs) that have some aquatic vegetation present on banks. The paired fins are paddle shaped, and end in points, like the tail. The Shedd Aquarium's Australian Lungfish, affectionately known as 'Granddad' (see image) lived to over 80 years of age and was possibly the oldest fish in captivity. Current activities on selected species and other key topics. The male lungfish may occasionally take a piece of aquatic plant into its mouth and wave it around. A good spawning season occurs usually once every five years, regardless of environmental conditions.[13]. They are also commonly called «American mud fish» and «scaly salamander fish» or piramboia, pirarucu-bóia, traíra-bóia and caramuru in Portuguese. [7] During times of excessive activity, drought, or high temperatures (when water becomes deoxygenated), or when prevailing conditions inhibit normal functioning of the gills, the lungfish can rise to the surface and swallow air into its lung. Preferred Names. Kind, P., Grigg, G., Warburton, K., & C. Franklin. They grow between 6 ½ and 40 inches long, and can weigh up to nearly 8 pounds. This species of lungfish is the only survivor in South American waters and its scientific name is Lepidosiren paradoxa. They are relics of ancient fish groups that were related to the ancestors of amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. — The Australian Lungfish has a long, heavy body with large scales. Lungfish breathe in using a buccal force-pump similar to that of amphibians. Australian Freshwater Fishes. Scientific classification; Kingdom: Animalia: Phylum: Chordata: Class: Actinopterygii: Subclass: Cladistia: Order: Polypteriformes Bleeker, 1859: Family: Polypteridae Bonaparte, 1835: Type species; Polypterus bichir. lungfish scientific name Yard House Whiskey Glazed Salmon Nutrition Facts, What Are Tin Cans Made Of, Body Fat Percentage Female, Covid Church Survey Questions, Factory Shop Furniture, 7up Mascot Dot,
Select Page Image: Wikimedia Commons (click on image to enlarge) The Penrith Hoard is an assumed dispersed hoard of 10th century silver penannular brooches which were found at Flusco Pike, Newbiggin Moor, near Penrith. The location of these finds was already known in the 18th century as the ‘Silver Field’ which suggests that earlier finds, now lost, had been made. The largest “thistle brooch” was discovered in 1785 and another such brooch in 1830. Most of the rest of the objects were discovered in two groups, situated close by each other, by archaeologists in 1989. One group consisted of five brooches, with fragments of two more, the other bgroup consisted of more than 50 objects, including silver ingots, coins, jewellery and hacksilver. It is likely that the hoard became dispersed through the action of ploughing. The hoard dates to the 10th century. Several of the objects suggest an Irish connection, which has led to the suggestion that the hoard may be linked to the events of 927. Penannular brooch with “gripping beasts” connecting the ring to the terminals. A runic futhark is scratched on the reverse. Image: Wikimedia Commons (click on image to enlarge)
Wages in Germany, Gross and net salary – everything you need to know about it wages in Germany Germany. One of the first things you should know is that wages in Germany are negotiated on a gross level. If you have recently been working in Germany or are planning to move to Germany in search of work, the following information on earnings will be very important to you. As an employee in Germany, you should know the details of the salary rules, tax grades and information on your monthly payslip. As we mentioned, one of the first things you should know is that wages in Germany are always negotiated on a gross level. This means that the amount you get in your hand will be completely different from the amount negotiated during the interview. Why is this happening? Because the employer will pay for you social benefits (health and pension contributions) and taxes (income tax, church tax, if you are a believer, so-called solidarity tax). How much money you will get, whether you live alone or with your family, whether you have children or not. READ ALSO:Life in Germany: Changes in 2021 that will affect all Africans living and working in Germany For example, a worker in Hesse, unmarried and childless, tax class 1, with a gross monthly salary of € 3,000 , professing Catholic religion, will have a net salary of around € 1,900. About 450 will be deducted for taxes and about 600 euros for social security payments. Changing the tax class, in a given case, from 1 to 3, can bring about 300 euros more in the employee’s pocket, i.e. a net salary of almost 2,200 euros. An employee belonging to the 5th tax class, on the other hand, has to take into account that out of the gross amount of EUR 3000, only half of them will be left in their pockets – around EUR 1500. What information does the German pay slip contain? On the payslip each employee receives each month, you will find detailed information on the employee’s pay and position: You can find detailed deductions for various taxes and contributions under the heading “remuneration”. In addition, the salary section includes: name and address of the employer, name and address of the employee, tax identification number, social security number, tax class, number of dependent children, possible allowances for caring for a disabled person, allowances for single persons raising children, employee bonuses, bonuses paid on the occasion of holidays or vacation, and allowances for overtime work. Manhunt for thieves in Germany who stole hundreds of passports, ID’s and finger scanning devices Germany hits 2 million coronavirus cases – RKI reports 22,368 new infections
Collaborating Authors How to Fix the Vaccine Rollout - Issue 95: Escape At a moment when vaccines promise to end the coronavirus pandemic, emerging new variants threaten to accelerate it. The astonishingly fast development of safe and effective vaccines is being stymied by the glacial pace of actual vaccinations while 3,000 Americans die each day. Minimizing death and suffering from COVID-19 requires vaccinating the most vulnerable Americans first and fast, but the vaccine rollout has been slow and inequitable. Prioritization algorithms have led to the most privileged being prioritized over the most exposed, and strict adherence to priority pyramids has been disastrously slow. Yet without prioritization, vaccines go to those with greatest resources rather than to those at greatest risk. Millions of Americans Have Lost Jobs in the Pandemic -- And Robots and AI Are Replacing Them Faster Than Ever For 23 years, Larry Collins worked in a booth on the Carquinez Bridge in the San Francisco Bay Area, collecting tolls. The fare changed over time, from a few bucks to $6, but the basics of the job stayed the same: Collins would make change, answer questions, give directions and greet commuters. "Sometimes, you're the first person that people see in the morning," says Collins, "and that human interaction can spark a lot of conversation." But one day in mid-March, as confirmed cases of the coronavirus were skyrocketing, Collins' supervisor called and told him not to come into work the next day. The tollbooths were closing to protect the health of drivers and of toll collectors. Going forward, drivers would pay bridge tolls automatically via FasTrak tags mounted on their windshields or would receive bills sent to the address linked to their license plate. Collins' job was disappearing, as were the jobs of around 185 other toll collectors at bridges in Northern California, all to be replaced by technology. Tackling Climate Change with Machine Learning Artificial Intelligence Climate change is one of the greatest challenges facing humanity, and we, as machine learning experts, may wonder how we can help. Here we describe how machine learning can be a powerful tool in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and helping society adapt to a changing climate. From smart grids to disaster management, we identify high impact problems where existing gaps can be filled by machine learning, in collaboration with other fields. Our recommendations encompass exciting research questions as well as promising business opportunities. We call on the machine learning community to join the global effort against climate change.

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