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When I place a piece of paper on top of a book and drop it why does it hit the ground at the same time? We did an experiment in physics class: We first dropped a piece of paper and a book at the same time. The book hit first b/c the air resistance affected the paper more. Then we placed the paper under the book and dropped it and they hit the ground at the same time We then put the paper on top of the book and they both hit the ground at the same time when dropped. Why did the last 2 experiments happen the way it did? Reasoning you gave for when paper was on top of book seems so obvious, but I never thought of that! Fascinating 4 Answers • 1 decade ago Favorite Answer Because of gravity. ALL bodies on the surface of the earth accelerate towards it at the same rate 9.8m/s^2, ignoring air resistance, 9.8m/s^2 is the acceleration caused by earth's gravity on its surface. So if we drop two objects regardless of their weight they will hit the ground at the same time. In the case of the paper it falls slower because of air resistance. When the paper is at the bottom or top of the book air resistance is negligible so they fall at the same time. When calculating the force of gravity between two bodies MASS does usually matter, the following is the Universal Law of Gravitation Fg=(G * m1m2)/r Fg= gravitational force m1= mass of one object m2=mass of the other object r = distance between objects G= Universal gravitational constant m1 would be the mass of the earth and m2 would be the mass of the paper or book, or any other object over the earth,r = the radius of the earth. The earth's mass is much more greater than any object on its surface and makes whatever mass we are talking about NEGLIGIBLE and the distance is constant, so the gravity on the earth's surface is basically constant and the same for all bodies, except when other forces are acting on the object in this case AIR RESISTANCE. As we get further from the earth, r = distance from the earth gets larger and from the equation, you can see that the earth's gravitational force weakens as the distance between bodies increases, this happens in the case of satelites that are orbiting the earth, and scientists have to take this into account. So satelites actually experience a different force, a weaker one. Another way you can test this if by crumpling your piece of paper into a ball as tight as you can, the paper has the same mass, drop a heavy book and the crumpled paper from the same height and they will hit the ground at pretty much the same time. • Anonymous 1 decade ago aerodynamics plays a big part in that experiment when the paper is on the bottom of the book it acts like it is part of the book and will fall at the same time. and when the paper is on top of the book it falls at the same rate as the book because the wind resistance is negligible. • kulpa Lv 4 4 years ago the formulation for weight is as follows: weight = mass gravity. mass = finished kind of debris that make up the paper. gravity = the stress that acts on those debris. a paper has lesser mass( much less no of debris eg m = 10(debris) a e book has greater paper so greater mass( it has 5 pages: m = 105 = 50) as a result weight of paper weight = 10g weight of e book = 50 *g heavier products consistently fall speedier, a stone falls speedier than a feather. that's the explanation. word: distinctive debris that make up distinctive products have distinctive hundreds. eg;- 10 debris of sponge has much less mass; than 10 debris of sand. as we are dealing basically with the same textile paper. its no longer a controversy for the published question • 5 years ago The more mass = faster it falls. More mass = less air resistance. Still have questions? Get your answers by asking now.
Pennsylvania Clemency : A Pennsylvania pardon is a way for a person convicted of a crime to regain their civil rights. The Pennsylvania governor sets aside the punishment or sentence for the crime. Overall, a Pennsylvania pardon allows a convicted individual to regain all of the rights of any other citizen. The Pennsylvania Board of Pardons recommends applicants for pardons to the governor upon review of their applications. Importantly, Pennsylvania pardons are only available for Pennsylvania state crimes. Those convicted of federal crimes must seek clemency from the president. Pennsylvania Parole The Pennsylvania Board of Probation and Parole operates under the Parole Act of 1941. When an inmate serves a prison sentence, he may be eligible for parole. Generally, parole involves the inmate serving out the remainder of his sentence outside of prison. There are certain conditions imposed for parole. The Parole Board is responsible for monitoring and supervising inmates who are out on parole. Remember that parole is different from a pardon. An inmate on parole still has restrictions. On the other hand, a pardoned offender regains all of his rights to fully participate in society. Pennsylvania Commutation of Sentence A commutation of sentence means that the inmate serves a reduced sentence. This is one of the main forms of Pennsylvania clemency. There are many reasons why the Pennsylvania governor may grant a sentence commutation. One of the major reasons is that the sentence could be too harsh. Also, the governor may find injustices in the way the criminal case proceeded. Even with the great benefits from a commutation, the governor could still place conditions on the sentence reduction. Commonly, those convicted of crimes and granted sentence commutations may have to report for parole. Failure to follow any of those orders may end in the sentence resuming and loss of all clemency privileges. Pennsylvania Reprieves Reprieves are another form of clemency in Pennsylvania. They fall under the authority of the governor to issue. The benefit of a reprieve is that it delays the imposition of a sentence following conviction. This can be a temporary delay in the hopes of overturning a conviction. Pennsylvania Clemency : Authority to grant Clemency The authority to grant clemency in Pennsylvania comes from the state constitution, Article 4, Section 9: “The Governor shall have power to remit fines and forfeitures, to grant reprieves, commutation of sentences and pardons; but no pardon shall be granted, nor sentence commuted, except on the recommendation in writing of a majority of the Board of Pardons, and, in the case of a sentence of death or life imprisonment, on the unanimous recommendation in writing of the Board of Pardons, after full hearing in open session, upon due public notice.” Also, the state constitution creates the Board of Pardons and provides complete authority to the governor in adopting or rejecting their recommendation. The governor’s constitutional clemency powers apply to “all criminal cases.” The only exception is for impeachment crimes. After granting a pardon, the governor may impose conditions on the pardon. Pennsylvania courts upheld conditional pardons in Commonwealth v. J.C.K. (Sup. Ct. 1994). If you received early release as part of a conditional pardon, violating the pardon conditions could send you back to prison. Worse yet, the court may reinstate the original conviction. Pennsylvania Board of Pardons The constitution provides for the Pennsylvania Board of Pardons. It always has five members, including the lieutenant governor, attorney general, a crime victim, a corrections expert, and a doctor. The lieutenant governor always serves as chairman of the board. Aside from the lieutenant governor and attorney general, the other members serve six-year terms. The governor appoints these three members with Senate confirmation. Pennsylvania Board of Parole The Pennsylvania Board of Parole does not review clemency petitions for final approval. The Board of Parole only receives the pardon and commutation applications from the Board of Pardons. It does not participate in the clemency approval process except for the background investigation of applicants. The Board of Parole submits a written report to the Board of Pardons with its findings on the applicant’s background and the facts of the crime. Furthermore, the Parole Board mainly handles the review of inmate files for parole eligibility and the supervision of inmates released on parole. Pennsylvania Governor The current Pennsylvania governor is Tom Wolf. Since he took office in 2015, Governor Wolfe issued 886 pardons. So far, he denied only six pardon applications against the Board of Pardons’ recommendations. Currently, Governor Wolfe has 160 pardon recommendations from the Board of Pardons up for final decision. In the clemency petition process, remember that the Board of Pardons first approves or denies applications. Thus, applicants must meet high standards for the initial review before the governor has a chance to review the application. As such, applicants should enter the review process carefully because they cannot rely on direct appeals to the governor for clemency. Pennsylvania Municipalities The application and review process for Pennsylvania clemency mostly occurs at the state level. However, the location of where the crime occurred is important for the district attorney involved. Also, the Board of Pardons publishes an official notice of upcoming clemency hearings in the newspaper of the county where the crime occurred. Eligibility Requirements for Pennsylvania Clemency To be eligible for clemency in Pennsylvania, an applicant must have a criminal conviction on their record from Pennsylvania. Any federal offenses, even if they came at the same time as state criminal charges, are ineligible for Pennsylvania clemency. The appropriate way to petition for clemency is through the Office of Pardon Attorney within the Department of Justice. Only the president may grant clemency in federal criminal cases. There are no waiting periods required for filing a Pennsylvania clemency petition. However, those with more recent criminal convictions may have more problems obtaining a pardon or commutation of sentence. Pennsylvania Pardons Any person who has a criminal conviction from a Pennsylvania state court may apply for a pardon. They do not have to wait for a specific period of time. However, applicants have to wait at least 12 months before reapplying after a rejected pardon application. Pennsylvania Parole Parole is a privilege available to inmates after the end of their minimum prison sentence. If an inmate is serving a life sentence, he must apply for a sentence commutation. Parole is not available for those serving life in prison or sentenced to execution. Pennsylvania Commutation of Sentence Any Pennsylvania inmate convicted of a state crime may apply for a commutation of sentence. There is no required wait time after receiving a sentence before applying. Pennsylvania Reprieves Any person convicted of a crime in Pennsylvania state court may apply for a reprieve. Essentially, this is a pause on the imposition of a punishment after conviction. Common Pennsylvania reprieve applicants include those sentenced to capital punishment. Pennsylvania Expedited Review Program There are only certain circumstances in which a pardon applicant may secure an expedited review process. Recently, the Pennsylvania governor tasked the legislature by eliminating criminal penalties for cannabis-related crimes. This led to the creation of an expedited review process for non-violent crimes involving cannabis. The Main Factors Considered in Reviewing Applications for Pennsylvania Clemency The Board of Pardons and the governor analyze the circumstances of each case in deciding pardon applications. While there is no official list of criteria that the Board of Pardons considers, their history of granting applications reveals some key trends. The Amount of Time Passed The Board of Pardons is more likely to grant applications for crimes that occurred a long time ago. This provides a longer opportunity for the applicant to show positive changes in their life and accountability for their actions. The Severity of the Offense Applicants with serious criminal offenses must have compelling reasons to request a pardon or sentence commutation. The Board of Pardons typically grants clemency in cases involving relatively minor crimes. Your Criminal Record Any criminal activities committed before the crime at issue may weigh against your application. Those with a long criminal record will have an uphill battle to prove that they have accepted responsibility for their decisions. In those cases, the applicant should show that they recently took big steps to living a better life. Your Compliance with Court Orders Be sure to pay any fines included in your sentence before submitting a clemency petition. Along those lines, complete any and all probation or parole requirements before submitting an application. Your Actions Since the Crime Your clemency application should absolutely convey all of your efforts and accomplishments since your conviction. This shows the Board of Pardons that you are serious about making positive choices in your life. The Board of Pardons does not want to grant clemency to someone who is likely to commit additional crimes afterward. This is a good opportunity to have friends, family members, and other supporters submit letters of recommendation on your behalf. Working with a quality criminal defense lawyer in compiling these documents would help you approach and organize letters of recommendation. The Impact on the Victim The Board of Pardons considers the impact of the crime on the victim before granting clemency petitions. If the victim was severely injured or disabled as a result of the crime, convincing the Board of Pardons and governor to pardon or grant early release to the convicted individual it a tough ask. Non-violent crimes that do not involve harm to an individual victim make easier candidates for clemency. Your Justification for Applying for Clemency Your clemency application should go much further than simply stating that you would like a break. It is typically inadequate to tell the Board of Pardons that you want to move on with your life after a crime. Some examples of compelling reasons for clemency applications include imminent deportation, job opportunities, and housing changes. This is a good topic to cover in the optional personal statement that can attach to the application. Even though the form does not require it, a personal statement can help your application stand out in a positive way. A skilled lawyer can work with you to craft an effective personal statement that draws in the reader’s attention immediately. Effects of Pennsylvania Clemency Most importantly, Pennsylvania clemency enables a convicted individual to reintegrate into society. The type of clemency that an applicant seeks determines what their life is like after conviction. As such, you should speak with an experienced attorney to determine which type of clemency applies in your case. A Pennsylvania pardon signifies complete forgiveness by the state government for a Pennsylvania state crime. The pardon recipient receives full restoration of their civil rights. After the Pennsylvania governor grants a pardon, the recipient no longer has any more consequences or punishment for their crime. Inmates go through the parole process when the Parole Board prepares their file. There is no guarantee that an incarcerated inmate can receive approval for parole. Unfortunately, there is no judicial review process or appeal for the denial of parole. However, an inmate may file a constitutional case to challenge the Parole Board’s denial. Parole may begin once the inmate serves at least the minimum sentence amount. Obviously, parole begins before the maximum sentence date. The Pennsylvania Department of Corrections calculates those dates for each parole file. In cases of life imprisonment sentences or execution, the Parole Board may not grant parole. If the inmate must serve at least two years in prison, the sentencing judge may not grant or deny parole by order. Rather, the Parole Board exercises its discretion in those cases. If an inmate violates the conditions of his parole, he may lose the privilege. After that, the inmate may have to serve additional time in prison. Commutation of Sentence A commutation of a prison sentence in Pennsylvania means an early release from prison for the recipient. Following the end of the commuted sentence, the recipient no longer needs to serve any prison time. An inmate sentenced to death can request a commutation to life imprisonment. This allows them to avoid the death penalty entirely. Similarly, an inmate serving a life sentence can request a commutation of a life sentence to life on parole. Lastly, an inmate can request a commutation of their minimum or maximum sentence so that they serve less time in prison. A reprieve from the Pennsylvania governor results in a temporary postponement of a punishment. The most common instance of the governor issuing a reprieve is in capital punishment cases. While the governor may not abolish the death penalty on his own, he may delay its imposition in certain cases. A recent example of a reprieve in a Pennsylvania death penalty case was in 2015 for Terrance Williams. He robbed and then murdered a woman using a tire iron and faced the death penalty. In the end, Pennsylvania Governor Tom Wolf issued a reprieve. The reprieve allowed a bipartisan committee to investigate the problems with the capital punishment system in Pennsylvania. The Process for Obtaining Clemency in Pennsylvania The process of applying for Pennsylvania clemency is fairly difficult to get through. There are multiple steps and factors to meet for a successful application. Even though this is a complicated process to get through, the possibilities for moving on after a conviction make it worthwhile. You could end up with a reduced prison sentence, pardon or delay in punishment. Retaining a competent criminal defense attorney, such as Attorney Brandon Sample, will make the process much smoother. PA Pardon Application The Pennsylvania pardon application is available for submission online. To put your best foot forward, speak with a helpful Pennsylvania pardon attorney like Brandon Sample. Work with a lawyer to fill out the application and gather supporting evidence and documents before you submit it. Be aware that there are serious consequences for submitting false information in a Pennsylvania pardon application. Your answers to the form questions must be truthful and accurate. Do not jeopardize your case or risk additional criminal penalties by submitting knowingly false information on a pardon application. PA Parole While the Pennsylvania Board of Probation and Parole does not handle pardon recommendations, it does assist with the investigation part. After receiving a pardon petition, the Board of Pardons forwards it to the Board of Probation and Parole. Then, the Parole Board examines the inmate information to perform a background investigation. Along with reviewing the facts of the crime, the Parole Board can request a meeting with the pardon applicant. If the pardon applicant does not show up for the meeting or comply with requests, the Board of Pardons will reject the petition. Also, the Parole Board can request supporting documents from the applicant. Failure to provide those documents will likewise void the pardon application. PA Commutation of Sentence To obtain a reduced sentence, a convicted individual must submit an official written petition. Then, the Board of Pardons sends the petition to the district attorney and the Board of Probation and Parole. After that, the Board of Probation and Parole conducts an investigation of the application. It provides a summary of its findings to the Board of Pardons. The five members of the Board of Pardons considers the Parole Board’s findings. The members then vote on whether the petition should go forward to a hearing. If the applicant does not get a hearing, the application process ends. The Board of Pardons estimates that 15% of all clemency petitions it reviews are for sentence commutations. The remainder are for pardon applications or a reprieve in a death penalty case. PA Hearing There are five members on the Board of Pardons. After the initial review and investigation, they each vote on whether to proceed to a hearing. Two of the five members must suggest a hearing. But this number increases to three members in cases involving life sentences. What Happens in Court Finally, the clemency petition hearing takes place in the Pennsylvania Supreme Court. Even though the hearing is not in a formal legal atmosphere, every detail matters. Do not make the mistake of taking a relaxed approach to the clemency hearing. You will have only a short window in which to make your case for why you deserve clemency. The justices limit the hearings to only 15 minutes. This is a short amount of time in which to present your case. This could involve testimony from your character witnesses. Additionally, you will present evidence and testimony on why you deserve clemency. You may appear with a lawyer at the hearing. Be ready to answer any questions from the members of the Board of Pardons. You must be truthful and accurate, but you should prepare with an attorney first so that you can effectively make your case. Along with those who support your clemency petition, the court will hear from those who oppose the petition. For example, any victims of the crime or their loved ones may testify against the petition. Having a criminal defense attorney advocate for you at the hearing can help navigate the challenge of responding to any negative testimony against you. At least three of the five members of the Board of Pardons must vote for a pardon. In cases of commutations for life sentences or the death penalty, the Board must unanimously recommend approval. The members issue their votes on the record in public. Next, their recommendation goes to the governor for his final decision. The Pennsylvania governor maintains total discretion over whether to follow the Board of Pardons’ recommendations or not. After a Rejection of a Pardon Application After the governor rejects a pardon application, the applicant may resubmit. However, they must wait at least 12 months before filing and demonstrate that new circumstances warrant another review. There must be significant changes to the applicant’s case to merit reconsideration of a denied application. Once the applicant receives a second denial, he must wait at least 24 months before reapplying. Why is it Important to Hire Clemency Attorney in Pennsylvania As you can see, there are many factors involved in obtaining a reprieve in Pennsylvania. The process is not easy to navigate without prior legal knowledge and experience. Attorneys who regularly practice criminal law can advise Pennsylvania clemency applicants on the process. The significance of receiving clemency is important enough that you do not want to make unnecessary mishaps with the application. Properly Supporting Your Clemency Application Completing the application form for a Pennsylvania clemency petition requires an understanding of the process and specific questions asked. Failure to answer each question adequately could result in delays with the review of your application. In addition, your answers could jeopardize your application or implicate you in additional criminal activities. Filling out the petition correctly and submitting the supporting documentation is not something that you should leave to chance. Beginning the application process without the help of a criminal defense attorney is a potentially costly mistake. Even though the form does not require extensive supporting evidence, you should still submit it. An experienced attorney can advise you on what types of letters of support are best to request from friends, family members, and others. Including supporting evidence of self-improvement and good moral character can make all the difference in your application. Managing the Clemency Review Timeline Filing for clemency in Pennsylvania is a time-consuming and draining exercise because of how slowly the reviews progress. Keep in mind that the review process for clemency petitions in Pennsylvania can take years to get through. Therefore, any mistakes in the application process that delay your petition can cause serious harm. That is why you must be sure to submit everything accurately the first time. Preparing for a Hearing If your clemency application makes it through the first round, the Board of Pardons will schedule a hearing. While not a traditionally formal type of hearing, applicants should take it seriously. You should not attempt to represent yourself at this hearing. Connecting with a top-quality clemency attorney is the best way to properly prepare for a successful clemency hearing. Quality Representation for Pennsylvania Clemency Applications Fortunately, Attorney Brandon Sample has years of experience with helping clients to obtain reprieves. The law firm of Brandon Sample, PLC assists clients across the country with their clemency petitions. As such, our knowledgeable legal team is well-versed in the requirements of Pennsylvania clemency petitions, including reprieves, sentence commutations, and pardons. Before you start a Pennsylvania clemency application, consult with Attorney Brandon Sample for free. We offer a no-cost initial consultation to discuss the specifics of your case and determine whether a Pennsylvania clemency application is appropriate. Contact our office today to set up an appointment for your free initial consultation. We can review the details of your potential Pennsylvania clemency petition. Then, we can discuss how our skilled legal team can assist with your criminal matter. Call us at 802-444-HELP (4357), or fill out our convenient online contact form. How Hard is it to Get a Pardon in Pennsylvania Decisions on pardon applications vary across administrations and according to the circumstances of each case. The good news is that many Pennsylvania inmates (close to 10% of those who applied) received pardons from the governor. Of the 208 recommendations for pardons from the Board of Pardons, the governor did not reject any so far. Although the potential to improve your sentence or receive a pardon is promising, it still requires a detailed application. The vetting process by the Board of Pardons is intense before the governor ever reads an application. Therefore, it is crucial to submit a detailed and well-supported application from the start. Clemency Applications Received: The Board of Pardons and the governor consider the individual facts of each case in reviewing pardon applications. For example, a person with more than one criminal conviction will have a tougher case to prove. Likewise, those convicted of serious offenses will have a more difficult case to make. In general, the more time since the criminal offense, the more likely the Board of Pardons will vote favorably. Keep in mind that the Board of Pardons and the governor have a lot of discretion in how they evaluate clemency petitions. They do not face appeals or any other review of their decisions. This means that they do not have to provide clear justifications for their decisions. Without years of legal training, it is nearly impossible to understand what makes the difference in a successful clemency petition. PA Governor Pardon Statistics The Pennsylvania Board of Pardons maintains statistics and information on the clemency applications received by year and the governor’s ultimate decisions. In 2018, the Pennsylvania governor received 543 total clemency applications. In total, the Pennsylvania governor granted 268 pardons and denied two. In addition, he granted one petition for a commutation of a life sentence. Likewise, in 2019, the Pennsylvania governor received 565 total clemency applications so far. In total, the Pennsylvania governor granted 58 pardons and denied none so far. In addition, he granted six petitions for a commutation of a life sentence. To date, there are still 160 cases currently under review by the governor for this year. In sum, recent decisions by the Pennsylvania governor on clemency applications are promising. Even though the governor does not grant all clemency applications, there are still plenty of opportunities for compelling applications to result in approval. The bottom line is that your clemency application must be compelling and detailed to make it past the first hurdle with the Board of Pardons. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) About Clemency in Pennsylvania The Pennsylvania clemency application and approval process is complex and varies according to each case. Those unfamiliar with the criminal justice process may find the application overwhelming. Learn about some of the most common issues that arise in the Pennsylvania clemency process below. Is the Pennsylvania Clemency Petition Available Online? Yes. There is an online version in pdf form here. The processing time is faster for the online application, but you can also submit one by mail. This application form requires careful consideration and detailed responses. You should not attempt to fill it out quickly and send it in prematurely. Also, you should include all parts of your application package, such as a personal statement and supporting letters, with your submission. You can prolong the review time or end up with an incomplete application if you submit it in parts. What is the Timeline for the Pennsylvania Clemency Process? There are not any time limits on the processing of a clemency petition. Right now, the Board of Pardons is behind on processing clemency applications. It may take as long as 2.5 years from filing the petition before the Board of Pardon Reviews it. After that, there is no deadline on when the governor makes a decision. That said, the personal statement part of the application is a good place to indicate why immediate clemency would make a difference for you. You should be able to clearly state the reasons why you are seeking clemency. If presented well, this should create a sense of urgency for the Board of Pardons to consider your request. Attorney Brandon Sample can assist with drafting informative and persuasive personal statements that encourage the Board of Pardons to act quickly. Can You Expedite the Review Process? For general clemency applications, there is no direct way to request an expedited review of a clemency application. However, the governor requested that the legislature reconsider criminal penalties for non-violent cannabis-related offenses on September 25, 2019. Since then, the Board of Pardons considers clemency applications for non-violent cannabis-related offenses on a faster track. An applicant can apply separately through the expedited review process for cannabis offenses. For these applications, the Board of Pardons focuses on the impact of the sentence on the offender’s life rather than the specific circumstances of the conviction. For instance, the recency of the crime is less relevant in the Board of Pardons’ review of clemency petitions for non-violent cannabis offenses. What Does a Pennsylvania Pardon Mean for the Convicted Individual? A Pennsylvania pardon does not erase the conviction. Instead, a pardon restores an individual’s legal rights as a resident of Pennsylvania. For example, a pardoned individual in Pennsylvania can vote, serve on a jury, own firearms, run for public office, serve in the military and travel internationally. What Happens to Your Record After a Pennsylvania Pardon? First of all, a pardon is different from expungement. It does not get rid of the conviction from your permanent criminal record. However, obtaining a Pennsylvania pardon means that you are eligible to expunge your criminal record. This is the best way to clear your record of any trace of criminal convictions. It is worthwhile to work with a criminal defense attorney to expunge your criminal record after a Pennsylvania pardon. Applying for an expungement after receiving a pardon is the most efficient way to ensure that you have a clear record. How Can You Clear Your Pennsylvania Criminal Record? Expungement is how convicted individuals clear their Pennsylvania criminal record. Although you may be able to clear your record without a pardon, having a pardon certainly helps in the process. According to Pennsylvania Act 134, expungement is available to those convicted of summary offenses without first getting a pardon. Most crimes require a five-year waiting period after completing a sentence before filing a petition for expungement. The waiting period increases to 10 years for more serious offenses. What Can You Report on an Employment Application After Receiving a Pennsylvania Pardon? After receiving a pardon, you can legally report on an employment application that you do not have a criminal conviction. This is because a pardon is an act of mercy by the Pennsylvania governor. Thus, the individual receives complete forgiveness for the criminal offense. The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania ruled on this issue involving the effect of a pardon in 1977 in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Sutley. This case states that the pardon frees the recipient from any further obligation to the state. Even so, individuals seeking a job after a criminal conviction should take the next step of petitioning for expungement. Depending on the circumstances, an individual may still need to disclose certain criminal convictions. Speaking to a criminal attorney is the best way to address how to respond to legal questions about your record. Finding Assistance for Your Pennsylvania Clemency Application In conclusion, the Pennsylvania clemency application process is not something that you should navigate alone. If you or a loved one are dealing with the aftermath of a criminal conviction, contact a trusted criminal defense lawyer to assist with your petition. Avoid costly mistakes by filling out the application and managing the filing. One of the most important things to discuss with your lawyer right away is what form of clemency in Pennsylvania is best for your case. No two cases are the same, and they each deserve the undivided attention of a skilled criminal defense attorney. Making sound strategic choices with the help of a lawyer at the beginning can prevent undue stress in the end. Contact Attorney Brandon Sample Today When it comes to setting yourself up for success in dealing with a criminal conviction, call Brandon Sample, PLC at 802-444-HELP (4357). Phone is the quickest way to reach our office for urgent matters. You can also fill out our online contact form. Set up an appointment with our team as soon as possible to start working on a Pennsylvania clemency application. About Brandon Sample Recommended for you Cyntoia Granted Clemency by Tennessee Governor After Life Sentence Brendan Dassey of Netflix “Making a Murderer” Seeks Clemency Leave a Comment
top button Connect to us Facebook Login Site Registration Why to Join Most popular tags Five things to avoid for a healthy heart - a happy heart, a happy you! +2 votes Nothing can be as true as the proverb “A healthy mind resides in a healthy body”. For a healthy body, it is imperative to keep all vital organs in a sound and stable condition. We all know how important it is for the heart to be in a healthy state. The heart is a complex organ serving as a pump and is responsible for continuous circulation of blood throughout the body. However, it is also prone to a range of cardiovascular diseases that is on the rise. A lot of it can be attributed to increase in the sedentary behaviour with the advent of modern amenities, which though a boon is also a bane. Regular exercise regimens, good sleep pattern coupled with wholesome and nutritious food are ways to maintaining a healthy heart. In addition, modifications to the diet also contribute to a fit heart. Therefore, it would be necessary to avoid five things enlisted below to keep the heart in its prime form. They are: 1) Diet high on trans-fat: Trans-fat is produced industrially from vegetable fats and is found in many of the packaged foods like chips and baked products. Trans-fat raises the “bad” cholesterol levels called the low-density lipoproteins (LDL). It also has a negative effect on the “good” cholesterol levels called the high-density lipoproteins (HDL). LDL cholesterol contributes to plaques (thick, hard deposits) that are the primary reason for clogging arteries. HDL cholesterol, on the other hand, helps in removing LDL cholesterol. To maintain an optimal level of HDL cholesterol, it is necessary to cut down on trans-fat. 2) Excessive salt and sugar: Sugary drinks have no value on the nutrition scale except for containing “empty calories”. Intake of excess sugar causes a spike in the insulin level that can lead to an inflammatory reaction thereby affecting the walls of the artery. Excessive sugar also leads to weight gain, which is a contributing factor to insulin resistance, and the individual is more prone to cardiovascular diseases. 3) Highly refined and processed grains: This class of food comprises of white bread, white rice, low-fibre breakfast cereals, and other refined carbohydrates. Most of the healthy components in whole grains (like fibre, minerals, fatty acids) are lost by the level of processing involved thereby destroying the food’s natural structure. This class of food should be restricted from being a regular part of one’s diet. 4) Smoking and excessive alcohol intake: Chemicals produced during cigarette smoking can cause swollen and inflamed blood vessels. Narrowing of blood vessels restrict blood flow to the heart leading to conditions like stroke, atherosclerosis (narrowing of arteries) and so on. Exceeding the recommended amount of alcohol can 5) High levels of stress: There is substantial evidence to link stress with heart diseases. Numerous studies conducted on animal models and humans provide supporting evidence on how strong emotions like anger may lead to irregular heartbeat. There is substantial evidence to link stress with heart diseases. Numerous studies conducted on animal models and humans provide supporting _best_things_to_eat_for_your_heart?page=4. Accessed on 29th January 2016. b. Accessed on 29th January 2016. Accessed on 29th January 2016. anniversary/pdfs/fs_smoking_CVD_508.pdf. Accessed on 29th January 2016. e. Taggart P, Boyett MR, Logantha SJR J et al. Anger, Emotion, and Arrhythmias: from Brain to Heart. Front Physiol. 2011; 2:67. posted Feb 1, 2016 by anonymous Promote This Article Related Articles 0 votes What is Angina? Angina is a term used for chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle. Angina Pectoris is chest pain, discomfort, or tightness that occurs when an area of the heart muscle is receiving decreased blood oxygen supply. 1. Emotional stress 2. Extreme temperatures 3. Heavy meals 4. Cigarette smoking 5. Alcohol 1. Shortness of breath 2. Nausea 3. Fatigue 4. Dizziness 5. Profuse sweating 6. Anxiety Home Remedies Onion known for it's various health benefits acts as a blood thinner when used for a long duration. Since cholesterol thickens the blood, consumption of onion every day reduces further risk of heart disease. To make the juice, chop the onion finely or use a blender, squeeze it thoroughly to extract the juice. CosumiConsumingloves of garlic every day helps prevent the occurrence of angina pectoris. Basil leaves 5-10 leaves of basil chewed raw in the morning on daily basis helps minimize the effect of angina pectoris Lemon and honey Squeeze half a lemon into a glass of warm water and add a tsp of honey to it. Mix it well and drink it empty stomach in the morning. This addresses cholesterol and angina at the same time.
Primary Care in Rochester and Kasson August is MedicAlert Awareness Month! 8/13/2020 by Tamim Rajjo, MD, MPH Do no harm. This first principle in medical practice is self-evident during everyday interactions between a patient and their care provider. But in the midst of a medical emergency, a lack of details of a person's medical history might be crucial — and even detrimental — to their recovery if not communicated at the time. Medical Alert Systems are designed to help during these critical situations. What are Medical Alert Systems? Medical Alert Systems include IDs and devices. • A MedicAlert ID is a piece of jewelry like a bracelet or necklace engraved with important information to alert emergency first responders of any life-threatening medical conditions a person might have. • MedicAlert Device is a small device that, upon activation, helps notify family members, friends, neighbors and emergency medical responders in the event of an emergency. Why use a Medical Alert System? MedicAlert IDs help provide a quick recognition of any medical condition the person might have, such as heart disease, epilepsy, diabetes, certain allergies and use of insulin or blood thinners. They may also provide information on treatments the person has agreed (or not agreed) to receive and prevent errors. Examples include patient's wishes on blood transfusions and Do Not Resuscitate orders. MedicAlert Devices can be lifesaving if the person is in an accident or is alone and has a medical emergency. Activating the device, usually with the push of a button, will immediately alert the designated personnel to dispatch to the person's location — along with key information such as medical conditions, allergies, and medications. Who needs to use the Medical Alert Systems? Anyone with a medical condition that may involve a medical emergency (e.g., patients with diabetes, heart disease, seizures) is encouraged to wear a medical alert system. People with certain severe allergies should consider wearing a MedicAlert ID that lists those allergies. MedicAlert Devices are especially helpful for older adults or seniors who live alone should they suffer a fall at home or even simply need help. The MedicAlert Devices can also be used a as a panic button. If you or a loved one might benefit from wearing a MedicAlert system, please discuss the option with your medical provider. Do not wait until you suffer an injury or illness before considering wearing one. More advanced Medical Alert Systems are now available and include fall detection and GPS, among other features. Although proven to be lifesaving devices, MedicAlert systems may not be covered by medical insurance. There are exceptions, however, so patients should contact their insurance company to confirm. Bottom line MedicAlert IDs and Devices are lifesaving, relatively cheap, easy to use, and provide ease of mind. Seniors may especially benefit from a medical alert device to help them maintain their independence while connecting them with the help they need upon any emergency. Dr. Tamim Rajjo is a family physician and a preventive medicine specialist. He has a particular interest in the management of obesity in the primary care setting. He holds a Master's degree in Public Health and serves as the medical director of Mayo Family Clinic Northeast in Rochester.
A mummy of a goat was found in the Alps: the chamois died 400 years ago, but is still recognizable A mummy of a goat was found in the Alps In the Alps, at an altitude of about 3200 meters above the sea level, a skier Hermann Oberlechner discovered the mummified remains of an animal that interested the scientists. It turned out to be one of the goat species that died about 400 years ago. Despite the old age, the mummified remains are well recognizable. It turned out that that chamois is one of the species of antelope. The skier was making a 6-hour trek when he noticed strange remains that were visible under the snow. Half of the body was not covered with the snow, the skin looked like the skin, but completely without any hair. The skier took a picture and sent it to the national park ranger, who forwarded the photo to the Department of Cultural Heritage then. That discovery is reminiscent of other mummies that were previously found at high altitudes, including Otzi's "Ice Man". His mummified body that is 5.3 thousand years old, was found in the Alps back in 1991. The similarity worried the scientists. Now they intend to use the DNA of the ancient chamois to preserve it in a laboratory research for the further study. If the experiment is successful, the scientists will be able to preserve the DNA of an ancient person next time. Albert Zink, a director of the Institute for the Study of Mummies in Italy, said that the goal of science is to intelligently use data to process a worldwide protocol for the conservation of ice mummies. It took scientists a lot of work to lower the chamois mummy from the mountain surfaces. The body of the animal was buried by a glacier, and only recently, due to the retreat of ice, it was exposed. To move the chamois down, it took the help of the Alpine Army Corps, the mountain infantry of the Italian army. A special case was built for the ancient goat, and it was attached to a helicopter piloted by the pilots trained to work at high altitudes. The remains of the chamois were taken to a conservation laboratory in Italy, where it is stored at minus five degrees.
Question: What Does 4 Mean In Basketball? What is the 4 in basketball? Power Forward. What’s a 2 for 1 in basketball? In the 2-for-1 situation, Team A will race down the court and try to put up a shot within 10 seconds. This means that Team B can use up all 24 seconds on the ensuing possession, but will still be forced to leave 6 seconds on the clock for Team A to have the last shot – a second possession in that 40-second span. What does 5 up mean in basketball? What does 6 up mean in basketball? 6 up means the game score is 6 tied to 6, “6 up high” or “6 up low” is sometimes used to differentiate between 6 – 6 vs 16 – 16. … Tie game, both teams have 6. What is the most important position in basketball? point guard positionThe point guard position is the most important position on a basketball court. What does 7 mean in basketball? What position was Michael Jordan? OutfielderSmall forwardShooting guardMichael Jordan/Position What are the 1/5 positions in basketball? What does F mean in basketball? power forward, forwardAny power forward, forward, or forward/center. F. Forward. Any small forward, power forward, forward, guard/forward, or forward/center. C. What is a big in basketball? The center (C), also known as the five, or the big man, is one of the five positions in a basketball game. The center is normally the tallest player on the team, and often has a great deal of strength and body mass as well. … They traditionally have played close to the basket in the low post. Why are Michael Jordan’s eyes so yellow? What does M stand for in basketball stats? MadePrintable PageBasketball Glossary of StatisticsGames (G)The number of game a player has played in. This box must be checked to enter stats for a player.Made (M)When the ball enters the basket from above and scores.Percentage (%)The percentage of shots made. Formula: Made / Attempted27 more rows How long was Kobe in the NBA? What is a 3 and D player in basketball? 3-and-D. Any player, typically not a star, who specializes mainly in three-point shooting (“3”) and defense (“D”). The term is most often used in the NBA, where this specific skill set has been increasingly valued in the 21st century. 3×3. What is the 1 in basketball? Can you dunk on a free throw? Can you dunk a free throw? No. The free throw shooter’s feet cannot break the plane of the free throw line until the ball touches “touches the basket ring, backboard or the free throw ends.” What does SG mean in basketball? shooting guardThe shooting guard is usually the team’s best shooter. The shooting guard can make shots from long distance and also is a good dribbler. What position was Kobe Bryant? Small forwardShooting guardKobe Bryant/Position
Wind power in urban environment Climate change and its impacts are constantly triggering and initiating research and new solutions for sustainable and climate resilient urban environments. One of the topics attracting more and more attention are urban wind electricity generation which has not been addressed much for years due to high infrastructure required to exploit wind resource (substantial size of the conventional wind turbines, visual impacts, noise etc.). Urban settings and the accompanying conditions are quite complex and can vary not only between cities but also within one (e.g. highly developed city centre with many buildings vs city’s riverbank). There are many factors influencing the wind regime upon which electricity generation is primarily dependent thus making urban wind turbine design a real challenge. Two most important characteristics of the urban wind regime are: • lower annual mean wind speeds due to presence of buildings and • more turbulent flow resulting from the interaction of the wind with the buildings and other obstacles. Higher turbulent flow is especially tricky since it sets the need for turbine’s quick reaction to the changing wind directions, otherwise the output power is significantly reduced. Hence, the answer may lie in either turbine topology handling turbulence well or in finding the least turbulent areas of the urban environment. Considering the latter, promising areas are building-tops (such as one installed on a Chicago apartment building) and open areas on the ground such as parks, sport fields or flood defences. In addition to aforementioned demands, an important aspect is structural and visual integration into the urban settings as well as maintenance and noise which is particularly relevant in densely populated areas. When it comes to turbines’ design, there are two main groups which differentiate based on the orientation of their axis of rotation, namely: • horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWTs) and • vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs). HAWTs are advantageous since they represent more mature technology with higher rotation speeds, lower cost and higher efficiency. However, improvements in the VAWT design increased the viability of wind energy in urban applications. In general, VAWTs perform better with urban turbulence conditions, they are less noisy, low rotational speed and lower power coefficients have been improved. Feasible urban applications mostly entail VAWT micro wind turbines from 1 kW output to larger models with outputs exceeding 20 kW. In the EU, urban wind power units have been installed in Netherlands, UK and France. Some of these designs are very innovative and well-integrated into the urban surroundings. One example is the so called “Wind Tree”, a product of a French startup which already deployed a few units generating electricity in Paris. The “Wind Tree” is a wind installation actually imitating a tree with leaves being represented by the small wind turbines. Average height is around 9 meters with diameter of about 8 meters. There are 54 “leaves” per “tree”. Each “tree” represents an installed capacity of 3.5 kW which can generate electricity in wind speeds as low as 4.5 mph. Currently, these installations are marketed for civil engineering and landscaping projects in cities but could be promising with regards to residential use. Some of the current challenges are the requirement of significant installation area, efficiency issues as well the costs. Tree shaped wind turbine Overall, urban turbines are not fully developed, mature technologies and many challenges are still ahead. Feasibility and viability of such projects is yet to be determined and verified. Additional research will show how promising these solutions could be in tackling climate change in urban environments. Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
Read time: 3 minutes Schools shouldn't be teaching technology, they should be using it Most of us didn't have today's technology options when we were in school, so while parents realise technology has become an integral part of their children's education, they often find it difficult to incorporate it into the learning process. It's about much more than teaching children how to use technology; it's about exposing them to technology in the right way in order for them to thrive in the future, says Richard Firth, CEO of MIP Holdings. “In today's world, technology is increasingly interwoven into the fabric of our everyday lives. The need to know how to use these tools is essential to staying competitive later on in life, but focusing only on teaching children to use the technology is short sighted. Today's children feel comfortable using tools and devices that many of their parents don't, so providing them with a broader understanding of technology is far more beneficial for their future.” Many schools are initiating programmes that integrate learning with the use of technological devices and smart classrooms, but far too many remain focused on teaching children the “front end” of computing, Firth says. “While most of us haven't had to further the knowledge we gained in various school subjects, we can't do the same thing with our knowledge of technology. Why? Because technology is constantly evolving and we have to keep up with it in order to be able to make use of it. While teaching learners to use tools such as Microsoft Office is valuable, the changing pace of technology means these may not be relevant 10 years from now with the increasing evolution of applications like Google Docs. Teaching how the technology works and how students can get the desired outcomes using the technology is far more beneficial.” He adds that a perfect illustration is the mobile phone. “It is interesting that nearly every learner over the age of 12 has a mobile phone, but no parent has had the need to send their child on a 'how to use a mobile phone' course. Yet we still live in a world where we're happy with a child learning a product like Microsoft Office on a laptop, with no thought given to all the other elements they are not being taught.” No matter what careers learners eventually decide to follow, a good working knowledge of technology opens up opportunities and prepares them for the future. Technology is an important part of today's society, and incorporating it into the classroom equips students to better make the transition to the workplace. In addition, studies have shown that children conversant with technology show improvements in their writing, reading and maths skills. “For kids to really take ownership of their own educations and to be a part of the process, they have to not only understand technology, but use it. With 1:1 learning devices, learning becomes about students and their needs. This can mean more engaged learners with pride in their work and what they are learning about. The importance of usage cannot be overstated; today, it's not enough just to pass the information on to children and adolescents, as mobile phones and computing devices are a ubiquitous part of our lives,” says Firth. However, Firth points out that there is an equal danger to falling prey to the tech hype in terms of the types of devices learners have access to. “I do not understand why senior schools are issuing learners with iPads. These are consumer devices, much like mobile phones, and while they are fantastic for surfing the Web and basic computing, they do not teach students anything different to their mobile phones. An iPad is a great tool for younger learners because it teaches the consumption of services, but a laptop is still the primary tool used to generate content in every sector of business in the world, so it should therefore be the device of choice for senior learners. Giving senior learners laptops enables them to become proficient with technical concepts, filing, connecting to a network, browsing and creating Web sites, and typing.” MIP Holdings MIP Holdings MIP Holdings is one of the world's leaders in the provision of 'risk-based' billing services to mainly, but not exclusively, the financial services industry. The company designs and develops software solutions that focus on the collection of contributions and payment of benefits in the healthcare, employee benefits and life assurance sectors, as well as in personal finance, integrated lending systems and treasury. With a focus on meeting client-specific requirements and through extensive investment in technology, MIP 'future proofs' its solutions. Strict adherence to industry standards, as well as stringent internal control over standards and quality assurance, ensure the systems MIP develops meet all client expectations. Expanding into the telecoms sector through its purchase of Itemate, MIP Holdings provides telecoms operations and management solutions to communications service providers worldwide. The company's specific skills in the area of mobile prepaid value chains, prepaid product life cycle management analysis, voucher management systems and mobile financial services enable it to provide an end-to-end service. Its most recent acquisition, Waytag, further enhanced the company's ability to provide a comprehensive solution to its clients through the unique Waytag offering of location-based services. MIP Holdings was founded in 1989 and is based in Johannesburg, South Africa, with additional offices in Cape Town and Pretoria.
Artificial Intelligence and the Meaning of Life Original Title: Künstliche Intelligenz und der Sinn des Lebens original edition Hardcover with jacket, 256 pages, 13.5 x 21.5 cm, 5.3 x 8.5 in., 13 b/w illustrations ISBN: 978-3-442-31561-1 Publishing House: Goldmann Date of publication: June 15, 2020 This title is available. Kundenrezensionen: 5 Sterne (9) Richard David Precht - Artificial Intelligence and the Meaning of Life Why our morality defies being programmed by algorithms As the climate crisis and exploitation of natural resources threaten the very basis of life on our planet, tech companies have set their sights on developing increasingly sophisticated artificial intelligence. Their goal: to create a "super intelligence" that can do everything humans can, only "optimized". They aim to program these machines with morality, although their approach hinges on an utterly inadequate understanding of what it means to be human. In this urgent essay, Richard David Precht articulates the impossibility of this venture not least because morality cannot be reduced to a line of code. Morality reflects our emotional connections to the world, connections informed by irrational, and thus unpredictable, values. While A.I. advocates program machines to meet the supposed criteria for happiness, Precht demonstrates that what's most important to humans isn't happiness – it's meaning. And meaning represents far more than the sum of happy moments. Precht therefore argues against the "ethical programming" of computers and robots and highlights examples of what gives humans a true sense of meaning in this world – and what doesn't. This is the real starting point for successful (co)existence in the twenty-first century, an age in which we must embrace the fate we share, not with machines, but with plants and animals – the antithesis of artificial intelligence! "Written with his heart on the page […], this book is a passionate plea for a change of mentality, a different culture in treating the earth." Badische Zeitung Weiter zu
was successfully added to your cart. The Brooklyn Bridge is a triumph in any era By March 31, 2019North America, USA USA - New York - Brooklyn Bridge 1 We are moving up Manhattan and talking about the Brooklyn Bridge today. This iconic bridge is an amazing structure to visit and a must do when in New York City. I walked about halfway across the bridge on the central upper level dedicated to pedestrian and bicycle traffic. Below the walkway is six lanes for automobile traffic. I found the neo-Gothic towers to be amazing and display both the beauty and strength of the city. What amazed me the most is that at the time it opened in 1883 it was the longest suspension bridge in the world and 50% longer than any previously built. It is also one of the oldest roadway bridges in America. The bridge’s main span over the East River is 1,595 feet 6 inches. The bridge cost US$15.5 million in 1883 dollars (about US$403,339,000 in today’s dollars) to build, and an estimated 27 men died during its construction, which began in 1869. The bridge’s two towers were built by floating two caissons, giant upside-down boxes made of southern yellow pine, in the East River, and then beginning to build the stone towers on top of them until they sank to the bottom of the river. Compressed air was pumped into the caissons, and workers entered the space to dig the sediment, until the caissons sank to the bedrock. Once the caissons had reached the desired depth they were filled in with brick piers and concrete. The whole weight of the bridge still rests upon these constructions. Many workers became sick with the bends during this work. This condition was unknown at the time and was first called “caisson disease” by the project physician, Andrew Smith. Washinton Roebling designed the bridge to be six times as strong as he thought it needed to be, which is one of the reasons the Brooklyn Bridge is still standing when many of the bridges built around the same time have vanished or been replaced. I found it very interesting that the substructure of the towers have been used as a wine cellar and bomb shelter in the past. In fact Cold War era emergency supplies were found during an inspection in 2006. USA - New York - Brooklyn Bridge 2 Leave a Reply %d bloggers like this:
Demographics and Related Health Status or Needs of a County You will write a 10-pg paper about the demographics and related health status or needs of a county. Include the following information in your paper: 1. Location of your geographic area (include map). 2. Describe the demographic characteristics of the area’s population (e.g. age, sex, race/ethnicity, ancestry information, language spoken at home, citizenship, ability to speak English), income, employment status, and disability. 3. Compare your area’s demographics to that of the state where the county is located. 4. Based on the information you find, discuss probable health status issues, health care use or needs of the community (This should be just 1-2 pages and can be based on what you have read in Pol and Thomas and other readings. You do not need to research this.) Your paper should include tables and figures from health and demographic data sources. Below are resources you can use: Use the following coupon Order Now
Mars Rover Curiosity Is Operated From Home mars rover The ongoing pandemic has affected so many industrial areas that even NASA employees were forced to conduct their research from home. Sending a Mars rover in the outer space requires years of study and tests, let alone improving the rover from home, being incapable of working face to face with your colleagues. Even though this challenge sounds almost impossible, NASA’s teams are facing the situation, doing their utmost work from their homes. Nasa has recently posted on their official site a picture showing exactly how a team is holding up during this unprecedented scenario. The researchers’ team that was presented is currently working on the Curiosity mission. The image is displaying four members of the group in a collage. However, the task involves hundreds of researchers, although they can never meet in person to discuss the forthcoming steps. Mars Rover Curiosity Is Operated From Home The leading researcher of NASA’s team is Alicia Allbaugh. When asked how is a typical day at work, she answered that the working hours are spent together with the team. They are used to sit together in the same working space and share images and data on screens where everybody can see and voice their opinions. The crisis is determining her to juggle with the work. Currently, she is responsible for 15 separate conversations, since her team is working on different schedules and computing modules. In addition to that, the members are communicating through video conferences, sometimes being forced to answer more at once because of the amount of workload they have. Despite the fact that the resources they use are a lot less efficient that the researchers are generally used to, the work they perform is as effective as usual. This has been the life of the researchers for the past one month. Thankfully, the Curiosity Mars rover program was not canceled, and impressive discoveries were made up until now. You May Also Like Leave a Reply
Túpac Amaru Last updated Túpac Amaru Sapa Inca Tupac Amaru, the last Sapa Inca of Vilcabamba Predecessor Titu Cusi SuccessorPosition abolished Cusco, Viceroyalty of Peru Quechua Tupaq Amaru Dynasty Hanan Qusqu Father Manco Inca Yupanqui Túpac Amaru (1545 – 24 September 1572) was the last monarch (Sapa Inca) of the Neo-Inca State, the remnants of the Inca Empire in Vilcabamba, Peru. He was executed by the Spanish following a months-long pursuit after the fall of the last stronghold of the Neo-Inca State. [1] :11 Final war with and capture by Spanish Tupaq Amaru, last Inca King, prisoner of the Spaniards, 1572 (drawing by Guaman Poma de Ayala) Tupaq Amaru I hapisqa.gif Nearly forty years after the conquest of Peru began with the execution of Atahualpa, the conquest ended with the execution of his nephew. The Spanish Viceroy rounded up the royal descendants. Several dozen, including Túpac Amaru's three-year-old son, were banished to Mexico, Chile, Panama and elsewhere.[ citation needed ] Some of them were allowed to return home. Historian El Inca Garcilaso De La Vega claimed that King Philip II disapproved of the public execution of Tupac Amaru. Tupac Amaru death in 1572 has generated great interests centuries after, including during the late seventeenth and eighteenth century. Though the exact date of when this painting was painted is unknown, it is known that it was painted in the eighteenth century when interest was growing in regards to Tupac Amaru’s death. Relatively little is known about Tupac Amaru, but this has not prevented his death from becoming a symbol of power to those in the region. Public figures such as Andrean rebel leader Jose Gabriel Condorcanqui resonated with Tupac Amaru ideology, so much so that he changed his name to Tupac Amaru II. Despite Tupac Amaru's short life and tragic death his legacy precedes him especially among the Peruvian community See also Related Research Articles Pachacuti Sapa Inca (9th) Atahualpa Ruler of the Inca Empire Atahualpa, Atawallpa (Quechua), also Atabalica, Atahuallpa, Atabalipa (c. 1502–26 July 1533) was the last Inca Emperor. After defeating his brother, Atahualpa became very briefly the last Sapa Inca of the Inca Empire (Tawantinsuyu) before the Spanish conquest ended his reign. Don Diego de Castro Titu Cusi Yupanqui was an Inca ruler of Vilcabamba and the penultimate leader of the Neo-Inca State. He was a son of Manco Inca Yupanqui, He was crowned in 1563, after the death of his half brother, Sayri Tupac. He ruled until his death in 1571, probably of pneumonia. Vilcabamba, Peru Vilcabamba, Willkapampa is often called the Lost City of the Incas. Vilcabamba means "sacred plain" in Quechua. The modern name for the Inca ruins of Vilcabamba is Espiritu Pampa. Vilcabamba is located in Echarate District of La Convención Province in the Cuzco Region of Peru. Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire Period of the Spanish conquest in South America The Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire, also known as the Conquest of Peru, was one of the most important campaigns in the Spanish colonization of the Americas. After years of preliminary exploration and military skirmishes, 168 Spanish soldiers under conquistador Francisco Pizarro, his brothers, and their native allies captured the Sapa Inca Atahualpa in the 1532 Battle of Cajamarca. It was the first step in a long campaign that took decades of fighting but ended in Spanish victory in 1572 and colonization of the region as the Viceroyalty of Peru. The conquest of the Inca Empire, led to spin-off campaigns into present-day Chile and Colombia, as well as expeditions towards the Amazon Basin. Manco Inca Yupanqui 16th-century Inca emperor Topa Inca Yupanqui Sapa Inca (10th) Topa Inca Yupanqui or Túpac Inca Yupanqui, translated as "noble Inca accountant," was the tenth Sapa Inca (1471–93) of the Inca Empire, fifth of the Hanan dynasty. His father was Pachacuti, and his son was Huayna Capac. Topa Inca belonged to the Qhapaq panaca. His wife was his older sister, Mama Ocllo. Mateo Pumacahua Mateo García Pumacahua simply known as Pumacahua, modern spelling variants Pumakawa or Pumaqawa was a Royalist commander later turned into a Peruvian revolutionary who led the Cuzco Rebellion of 1814 in the War of Independence. Vitcos Archaeological site in Peru Vitcos was a residence of Inca nobles and a ceremonial center of the Neo-Inca State (1537-1572). The archaeological site of ancient Vitcos, called Rosaspata, is in the Vilcabamba District of La Convención Province, Cusco Region in Peru. The ruins are on a ridge overlooking the junction of two small rivers and the village of Pucyura. The Incas had occupied Vilcabamba, the region in which Vitcos is located, about 1450 CE, establishing major centers at Machu Picchu, Choquequirao, Vitcos, and Vilcabamba. Vitcos was often the residence of the rulers of the Neo-Inca state until the Spanish conquest of this last stronghold of the Incas in 1572. Sayri Túpac Sapa Inca, later Prince of Yucay Sayri Túpac was an Inca ruler in Peru. He was a son of siblings Manco Inca Yupanqui and Cura Ocllo. After the murder of his mother in 1539 and his father in 1544, both by the Spaniard conquerors, he became the ruler of the Neo-Inca State in Vilcabamba. He ruled until 1560. History of the Incas Incan Civilization Agustín de Jáuregui Agustín de Jáuregui y Aldecoa was a Spanish politician and soldier who served as governor of Chile (1772–80) and viceroy of Peru (1780–84). <i>Comentarios Reales de los Incas</i> Kingdom of Cusco Former country Paullu Inca Sapa Inca (17th) The Battle of Ollantaytambo took place in January 1537, between the forces of Inca emperor Manco Inca and a Spanish expedition led by Hernando Pizarro during the Spanish conquest of Peru. A former ally of the Spaniards, Manco Inca rebelled in May 1536, and besieged a Spanish garrison in the city of Cusco. To end the stand-off, the besieged mounted a raid against the emperor's headquarters in the town of Ollantaytambo. The expedition, commanded by Hernando Pizarro, included 100 Spaniards and some 30,000 Indian auxiliaries against an Inca army more than 30,000 strong. Cura Ocllo Micaela Bastidas Micaela Bastidas Puyucahua, was a pioneering indigenous leader against Spanish rule in South America, and a martyr for Peruvian independence. With her husband Túpac Amaru II, she led a rebellion against the Spanish and like him, suffered martyrdom of execution by the Spaniards when the revolt failed. She was a full partner in her husband's enterprises before the revolt, and "an exceptionally able leader of the rebellion." She has been described as the "celebrated wife of José Gabriel Condorcanqui ... who played a paramount role in the logistics of the rebel army in Cuzco in 1780 and 1781. Yupanqui may refer to: Neo-Inca State Period of Incan resistance to Spanish conquest 4. Murúa 271 6. Bruck, Connie (30 June 1997). "The Takedown of Tupac". The New Yorker. Retrieved 10 August 2020. Regnal titles Preceded by Titu Cusi Sapa Inca As ruler of the Neo-Inca State None; title abolished
Sen. Clinton: Cut Oil Imports by 50% by 2025 Australian Report Concludes Climate Change May Be More Extreme Observed increase in major flood events by continent from 1950 to 2000. The report suggests a link between climate change, streamflow, severe flooding and large impacts on people and infrastructure, among other impacts. A new report released today by the Australian Minister for the Environment and Heritage, Senator Ian Campbell, concludes that climate change may be occurring at a more rapid rate than scientists previously thought. The report, Stronger Evidence but New Challenges: Climate Change Science 2001- 2005, confirms the patterns of climate change described in the IPCC Third Assessment Report (TAR), released in 2001, but concludes from the new evidence that there is now a much greater risk of reaching or exceeding the upper estimate (5.8° C) by the end of 2100. The TAR report estimated the degree of global warming by the end of this century lies between 1.4 and 5.8° C. In part, the spread is due to uncertainty about the nature and strength of processes that could dampen or amplify the initial greenhouse gas forcing. In addition to the focus on feedbacks associated with water vapour and clouds, however, research over the past few years has yielded a better understanding of three additional effects that were recognized as being important in the IPCC TAR but for which little quantitative information was available at the time. • The radiative properties of aerosols. Estimates are now moving towards a higher cooling effect for aerosols—small particles suspended in the atmosphere that generally scatter incoming solar radiation and thus cool the Earth’s surface—than previously thought. In other words, as greenhouse gas concentrations increase and aerosol loadings are reduced, warming increases. • A decrease in albedo. Albedo—the reflectivity of the Earth’s surface—is decreasing due to the melting of snow and ice, with the most extreme example being the Arctic Ocean. Retreating ice and snow expose darker underlying land and ocean surfaces, leading to enhanced absorption of sunlight and further warming. • Changes in the terrestrial carbon cycle. Several processes—the oxidation of soil organic matter, the number and areal extent of major disturbances such as fire, and the stability of carbon pools in wetlands and frozen soil—are all sensitive to climate. As temperature rises, these processes in general release further amounts of carbon to the atmosphere, forming a feedback loop that intensifies the warming. Although much uncertainty still surrounds the timing, rate and magnitude of these effects, they all operate to amplify the initial greenhouse warming. Thus, there is now perceived to be a greater risk that the upper end of the well known IPCC TAR estimate of a 1.4 to 5.8°C temperature rise will be reached or exceeded by 2100. The observational evidence which supports the fundamental principles of climate change science has grown even stronger in the post-TAR years. The atmospheric concentration of CO2 continues to increase, and several lines of evidence, most notably isotopic analysis, attribute most of this increase to the combustion of fossil fuels. The instrumental record showing a warming Earth is supported by satellite measurements of tropospheric warming and by observations in the cryosphere and biosphere. The heat content of the upper layers of the ocean is increasing. A growing number of reconstructions of surface temperature over the past 1000 to 2000 years shows that the sharp temperature rise over the past century is now beyond the bounds of natural variability. The imprint of greenhouse gases as the primary cause of the observed warming has also become clearer. The pattern of heat uptake in the world’s ocean basins agrees well with that simulated by climate models for greenhouse gas forcing. The observed moistening of the upper troposphere accords with expectations for greenhouse gas-driven changes in atmospheric water vapour content. In summary, post IPCC TAR research has confirmed with stronger evidence the patterns of climate change described in the TAR. —“Stronger Evidence but New Challenges” The author of the report is Will Steffen, Executive Director of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) from 1998 through mid-2004 and, since then, IGBP Chief Scientist and Director of the Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies at the Australian National University. I have drawn on the work of thousands of scientists around the world; however, the selection of the material to be incorporated in this synthesis, the emphases made and the inferences drawn are entirely my own. They do not necessarily represent the views of the IGBP, the Australian National University, the Australian Greenhouse Office or the Australian Government —Will Steffen Australia opted out of the Kyoto Protocol agreement. It is, however, on track to meet what would have been its obligation under the Kyoto terms—an 8% increase in greenhouse gas emissions above 1990 levels. The country is also part of the US-led Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate. allen zheng As we clean up aeorsol/smog but not C02 or other GHGs, we will reap a whirlwind of climate change that had been masked/modified by Global Dimming. Adrian Akau Why is it that the Australian government is so cogniscent of the climate problem but now has removed itself from supporting its young rapidly growing wind energy program. The result has been the hurtful collapse of several large megawatt projects. Why is it that their government is now promoting nuclear and giving strong support to the coal industry? It is like the Canadian situation with processing its tar sands. National revenue seems more important than a sustainable way of life. Australia has lots of uranium and seems to have a strong coal industry that does not wish to have competition from wind power, no matter the benefit. The Australian government is, in effect, saying "yes we like to talk about renewable energy but no, we don't really support it for our country because our coal industry and uranium production for nuclear reactors is our greater priority and we feel certain will provide us with the greatest revenues." I hope that the Australian government will change its views in this matter because their present position does not help with climate change. Robert Schwartz The sky is falling. The sky is falling. It's the awareness that, according to projections, Australia and New Zealand won't undergo any massive geographical compromises due to ocean levels rising. ;) Shaun Williams Australia is already suffering from the effects of climate change. Our Queensland State Premier has admitted several times that this why we are suffering a severe drought that may last many more years. The Australian Bureau of Meteorology has stated that the last cyclone that crossed the Australian coast (Monica) was the most intense ever recorded. We are the biggest exporter of coal in the world. The penny will drop one day... shaun mann enough studies about how nasty it is going to be. anybody know of a study about ways to prevent or reduce the problem? or are all environmental studies still assuming that people can only hurt the environment? (sort of like the Christian belief that all animals were created perfect and evolution could only make them worse. off subject, but interesting to parallel scientists with a community they consider closed-minded) seriously, though. when was the last time you read a paper about a study of how humans can build a coral reef or the ability of carefully managed hydro to increase salmon populations in the rivers they block, or how well-placed reforestation projects could be used to reduce heat absorption, improve soil, increase reflectivity (in the form of clouds), and increase rain downstream, in addition to the direct economic benefits from forest products? anyone who knows of a paper discussing any of the above, please let me know. Thomas Pedersen There is no question, the climate is changing! How do I know this? Because, it has ALWAYS been changing. There are huge problems with our perception of these changes: - The longes meteorological record dates back from 1870 (accurate temperature measurements)! - Most other records are much younger - our own memory is even shorter - ..and heavily biased towards remembering extremes - TV coverage of extreme weather is rising exponentially. - We modify our surroundings in ways that tend to increase the consequences of extreme weather (New Orleans, flooding in central Europe in 2002) - Time scales for most natural climate changes are longer than all of the above. - Etc. Btw, according to ice core measurements in Greenland, 1870 was, coincidentally, the COLDEST year of all in the past 8000 years on the northern hemisphere... However, I still think we are playing with fire with our emission of greenhouse gasses. I would like to base my fears on facts rather than religion or populistic fearmongering. Sure, Kyoto costs money. Sure, it is inadequate. But it is a relatively cheap insurance policy agains future damage. Some say the cost of Kyoto is trillions of dollars. Well, anything of global consequences, accumulated over many years, costs lost of money. How much will the western countries spend on coffee over the next 20 years..? Probably also trillions of dollars. Others have estimated that the cost of Kyoto is between ½ and 1 percentage point of global economic growth. These analyses are all based on $20 oil... Renewable energy is an answer to both reduced oil dependence and global warming. And it is fast becoming an economical alternative to dirty coal and gas. How about we get cracking on those wind turbines and solar panels..? This planet has embarked upon the biggest lab experiment ever conceived. If it succeeds, we will be happy with our SUV's, high definition flat screen tv's, air conditioned homes and monthly trips to exotic countries. If it fails, we'll end up with wet feet, mass migrations and a few less animal species. The outcome will probably end up somewhere in the middle. It's the smartest thing to do. It really is. I see no other way to stop those endless climate discussions. One day we will know who's right: the believer or the skeptic. They're not scientific papers, but "Good News for a change - Hope for a troubled planet" David Suzuki / Holly Dressel ISBN 0-7737-3307-8 "Get A Life - How to make a good buck & save the world while you're at it" Wayne Roberts / Susan Brandum ISBN 0-9697755-1-2 The simplest way to save yourself a whack of cash, reduce you taxes, experience the world, save the planet, screw the military-industrial complex, piss off the government, gain a pile of spare time, breathe easier and not join the grossly obese? Divorce your car. 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Toys that Code Have Parental Appeal The evidence is pretty compelling. Whether your kids are growing up to be actors or farmers, physicians or plumbers, their jobs are going to require a level of technical proficiency. But, according to and the Information Technology and Innovation Foundation, only 10% of US schools offer computer programming classes. There are currently more than 600,000 open job positions requiring computing skills, but our schools graduated only 42,000 computer science majors last year. Obviously there's an opportunity here. Casting a pragmatic eye on the situation, the same parents that force-feed music, dance and sports lessons on their offspring are now looking at coding as the talent of the future, talent worth fostering. is a good source for local courses. Websites like award-winning The Foos and Tynker offer online lessons and gaming adventures in coding. Both are good starts for kids with a natural affinity for screens. Meet Toys that Code The toy industry's approach is interesting because it melds the physical with the digital, providing a less abstract way to gain coding skills. The toy alternatives give kids something to manipulate offering a cross between coding and building. Don't expect these toys as a guarantee that you're raising the next Bill Gates, but they do a nice job of spiking curiosity about the connection between building and coding. For the Young 'uns Fisher Price's Code-A-Pillar was a highlight at this year's Toy Fair, touted as being the coding entrée for the toddler generation. You build the caterpillar out of interchangeable USB connected pods. Each pod has its own embedded logic to do something - propel the caterpillar forward or back, make noise and more. Kids as young as three can piece these plugins together to make the Code-A-Pillar perform. There's no writing code per se, but kids will get the cause and effect of ordering these modules and watching what happens. Code-A-Pillar will be on store shelves soon. Cost $50. Primo Toys also caters to the youngest circuit builders by combining the traditional puzzle with some circuitry knowledge with Cubetto by plugging circuitry units into the puzzle spaces. These British made puzzle boxes will be available this spring. Another coding game that fosters young engineers-in-waiting is MakerBloks. Think of them as magnetized dominoes. Each block has its own function including music, circuitry and cameras. One unique feature of MakerBloks is the storytelling element. Each project has an accompanying storybook app. I read a story that helped a policeman put together his siren by reading the story and attaching the blocks as instructed. MakerBloks is beautifully packaged with a set of 26 blocks and is expected to launch this summer for over $100. For a slightly older crowd with a more hacker-like sensibility (the home page is built as a wiki), mCookie also uses snap together programmable blocks to build things. Each block looks strikingly like a LEGO, but contain microduino chips that are each assigned a functionality. You stack the pieces into place to create projects that include drones, robots, GPS trackers, communication devices and more. An online community houses tutorials and ideas for creation. You're encouraged to write own code or use snippets and modules available as you learn by creating variations on the theme. The basic kit containing, battery, USB, Bluetooth and sensor hub and some simple sensors for buzzers and microphone, is $99. Advanced kits contain even more sensors and there's even a family kit available for family-oriented projects. For Game Lovers Another variation on the theme of building uses a physical grid where you can design your own video game. Bloxels provides a game board made of plastic squares where you insert colored blocks to create a pixel-like image. Using a smartphone to capture the image along with your Bloxel app, what you build in real life is cleverly translated into pixels on a screen. The app is smart enough to assign functionality to these screen creations, allowing you to add things like characters, land, water and more. $50 from Pixel Press Technology. Also for the 10+ crowd is CodeGamer due out this fall from Thames & Kosmos ($150). It uses a game controller as the center of an experience where you plug in one of four sensorbots. The sensors include temperature, sound level and light teaching you about creating video games as you play. Board Games Code Master from Thinkfun is a board game that fosters programming skills-- no computer required. The game has a backstory starring avatars and saving crystals as you chart your way through logic diagrams on the game board. The game costs only $20 and since there's only one correct sequence to get you through your challenge, you learn programming like if and then, looping and more. But the game can be tedious since it relies on numerous instruction sources and printed materials. This spring, ThinkFun introduces Circuit Maze a more tangible game that electrifies logic puzzles but still keeps the price to a low. $40. Coding Through Robots and Droning Still in Kickstarter mode, Codrone from RoboLink mashes up a programmable module with a drone. Not available yet ($119), but it can be pre-ordered on the website. The idea is to program your drone to follow you along or fly in patterns. The company has already created a programmable robot called Kamibot, the drone takes the same premise to the air. WowWee's new COJI robot teaches you to code using emojis (hence the name coding + emojis). COJI is a robot you control from a smartphone app but app is made of emoji commands instead of word commands. Kids can play games with emojis, sent from their phone, that will appear on the COJI robot's LCD head. The robot is also responsive to real world tilting and shaking making it fun even for those without a smartphone in hand. Old Favs in New Coded Clothes Nancy Drew, as any mom will tell you, is the original "It girl" of logical deduction. She's back as an app that's aptly named Codes and Clues. This time Nancy Drew teaches programming skills while she solves a mystery about a missing science fair project at school. In six chapters, young girls are introduced to basic if/then and/or programming sequences while they're solving the mystery. The app ships later this spring. The Benefits of Toys that Code Blending the worlds of coders and builders is an important step to create the link between engineering and coding that's been lacking. Don't count on these toys as your guarantee that you'll be raising the next Bill Gates. And they will be on the pricey side. But as the demands for these skills in the workplace continues to grow, playing is a great way to fulfill them.
Stress on the Brain October 23, 2020 Prevent Underage Drinking October 30, 2020 Show all Digital Drugs Forget the medical marijuana dispensaries popping up on every street corner in California and Colorado. There’s a new way kids are getting “high” and it’s called i-dosing, the digital drugs. First introduced in the 2010s, i-dosing is the attempt to achieve a perceived drug high from listening to specially-engineered sounds and music. People who i-dose claim that different digital “drug recordings” can simulate the euphoric effects of marijuana, anti-depressant prescription drugs, LSD, ecstasy, cocaine, etc. The sounds available at i-dosing websites are called binaural beats. When listened to on headphones, they present one sound to one ear and a subtly different sound to the other ear. But when heard together, the human brain hears something different from the original sounds. While some medical experts say there are no effects on a person’s perception of pleasure while listening to these sounds, they believe teens who have i-dosed may have been experiencing a placebo effect, unconsciously convincing themselves they are high. Some teens report feeling relaxed and sanguine, others felt very scared or anxious. While they may think its real, the high they feel is unlikely to be a result of the actual sounds. The real threat of i-dosing is not in the actual content, but what it can lead to down the line. There are concerns that i-dosing may lead children down a dangerous path by encouraging experimentation with harder substances. In addition, websites that sell i-doses market them using names such as alcohol, opium, marijuana and peyote. Some sites even include links to other sites that sell drug paraphernalia. As these dangerous fads keep trending, it’s important to make sure your teen knows the dangers of drugs and the Internet in general. While getting “digitally high” may not seem like your biggest worry now, it could lead to bigger problems down the line. en English
Hybrids & Electrics Until People Get Over These Electric Car Myths, Sales Will Suffer Tesla made history as one of the first electric car manufacturers, but now other automakers are following in its footsteps. While more electric vehicles would make a positive impact on the environment, consumer demand is not very high. According to a recent survey, only 2% of cars sold in the last year were EVs. Why are electric cars not-so-popular? Ford spokesman Ted Cannis told Medium the problem is not with the vehicles themselves, but rather the misinformation surrounding them. Many customers are not well-educated about electric cars. Here are a few of the most common myths buyers still believe, according to a Ford survey. Electric cars still need gas About 42% of Americans still won’t buy electric cars because they think the cars need conventional fuel. In reality, electric cars use no gasoline at all, meaning you won’t have to make any more stops at a gas station or get an oil change every few months. Instead, electric cars use a battery that supplies electricity to the car’s motor in order for it to run. These batteries can be charged at home or a nearby charging station. Home car-charging stations cost around $700 on average, but a full charge can give you close to 400 miles of uninterrupted driving. Electric cars aren’t built as well A staggering 80% of Americans think EVs, even those with all-wheel drive, aren’t built to endure tough weather conditions. In cold temperatures, it’s common for batteries in gas cars to die unexpectedly, which could contribute to this misconception. However, automakers are aware of these risks and conduct many tests on EV prototypes to ensure the cars can endure extreme conditions. Through a combination of real-world and virtual test tracks, engineers can get the most accurate picture of how the ideal battery must be built for each car. Electric cars don’t have good performance The peppiness of EV batteries give the cars better acceleration rates, but 90% of Americans don’t see this as a positive. Perhaps the idea of picking up speed in a self-driving car scares them. However, an EV’s propulsion systems is a new experience compared to a typical gas-operated vehicle. Engineers are constantly running prototypes through simulators to improve the vehicle’s maneuvering and power distribution. Similarly, 67% of Americans don’t believe an electric vehicle will perform well in the towing department. As Cannis points out, the towing prowess of powerful pickup trucks like the Ford F-150 won’t be affected simply because a different engine is under the hood. In fact, he’s hopeful that EV technology will evolve to the point where towing capacity can be expanded with an EV’s battery motor. How can automakers educate consumers? The technology behind electric vehicles is growing, and more automakers want to explore it. However, research and development costs are not cheap, so companies need to know demand is high enough. Ford is doing its best to educate consumers by providing information about EVs and their benefits. Additionally, the company also released a series on its Youtube channel showcasing demonstrations of electric cars. This way, buyers can see the power and potential of EVs for themselves. Ford believes this will change consumers’ minds and dramatically improve sales.
Successfully reported this slideshow. Why we look the way we do (Human Body Systems) Published on The human body is a machine that does many things. To do these things, it needs many parts. All these parts together are what we are. Published in: Science • Login to see the comments Why we look the way we do (Human Body Systems) 1. 1. Why welook theway wedo? (Human Body Systems) 2. 2. Of all the living things, thehuman body in particular hasbeen a sourceof curiosity by most of us. 3. 3. Why we look the way we do? Why we do the things we do like walking, running, feeling, seeing, hearing and alot moreintrigueus 4. 4. The human body is a machine that does many things. To do these things, it needsmany parts. All thesepartstogether arewhat weare. 5. 5. Integumentary System 6. 6.  The largest organ of the integumentary system which is made up of multiple layers of epithelial tissues that guard the underlying muscles and organs of thebody.  It plays the most important role in protecting the body against pathogens.  Its other main functions are insulation, regulation of body temperature, sensation and the synthesisof VitaminsB and D.  Skin is considered as one of the most important parts of the body. 7. 7. Epidermis made up of stratified squamous layer of epithelial tissue 10 to 30 cellsthick, about asthick asthispage. Dermis made up of fibrous connective tissue containing collagen and elastic fibers. also contains muscle fibers, glands, pigment cells, blood vesselsand sensory nerves. 15 to 40 timesthicker than theepidermis. provides structural support for all the epidermis and as matrix for any nerve endings, muscles and specialized cellsin theskin. 8. 8. Skeletal System Functions: 1. Support the body. 2. Attachment of muscles. 3. Protection of internal organs. 4. Act as levers for movement. 5. Production of blood cells. 6. Gives stability and shape to the body. 9. 9. Therearetotal of 206 bones in an adult human distributed asfollows: skull ( cranium + face ) = 22 ( 8 + 14 ) Ears = 6 hyoid = 1 vertebral column = 26 sternum = 1 ribs = 24 pectoral girdle and forelimbs = 64 pelvic girdle and hindlimbs = 62 10. 10. Muscular System Muscles make up about half of the body’s bulk. Working with the skeleton, they generate the energy to move, make precise and intricate hand movements, lift objects, and even speak. Involuntary muscles, including the specialized cardiac muscle and all smooth muscles, provide the essential power for the respiratory, cardiovascular and digestivesystems. 11. 11. Digestive System Functions: 1. Ingestion of food 2. Breaking down of complex substance ( food ) into simple forms( nutrients) 3. Absorption of digested food 4. Egestion of excretion of undigested food Types of Digestion as to action: * Mechanical digestion – food is converted into small pieces by physical means such as mastication by theteeth. * Chemical digestion – food is converted into simpler forms by theaction of enzyme/s. Deglutition - complicated process that involves the coordinated activity of the tongue, soft palate, pharynx and esophagus 12. 12. Metabolism 13. 13. Metabolism- all of thephysical and chemical activitiesin your body that convert or useenergy. Theseincludethingslike breathing, digesting food, and circulating blood. Catabolic reactions arereactionsthat involvethebreakdown of biomolecules. Anabolic reactions - reverseof catabolic reactions. Build largebiomoleculesfrom smaller ones. 14. 14. 1. Refersto all chemical reactionsnecessary to maintain life.__________________. 2. Theprocessby which food isbroken down into smaller particlesor moleculesfor use in thehuman body.______________________. 3. Muscular tubethat providesapassageway for food and air.______________________. 4. Straight, collapsibletubeabout 25 cm (10 incheslong) and essentially apassageway that conductsfood by peristalsisto thestomach ___________________. 5. J-shaped, muscular, distensiblesac, approximately 25 to 30 centimeterslong.. _______________. 6. Digestivejuicein thestomach. Under normal conditions, two to three liters of it are produced everyday._________________. 7. Storeswastefood productsand absorbssmall amountsof water and minerals. ________________. 8. Largest glandular organ of thebody weighing from 3 to 4 pounds(1.4 to 1.8 kg) and isasoft, dark red or chocolate-colored mass._____________________. 9. Body’smajor digestiveorgan and isabout 20 feet (6m) long and emptiesinto the largeintestine. It carrieson most of thedigestiveprocess. _________________. 10. Tiny fingerlikeprojectionsin thewall of thesmall intestine.____________________. 11. A gland lying crosswisein theabdomen just below theliver. It isapinkish-yellow gland about 6-8 inches(15.20 cm) long, 1 ½ inches(3.8 cm) wide, and 1 inch (2.5 cm) thick which producesadigestivejuiceand thehormonesinsulin and glucagons.________________. 15. 15. Respiratory System The respiratory tract, working together with breathing muscles, carries air into and out of the lungs. The cardiovascular system transport these gases to and from all body tissues, supplying vital oxygen and removing waste carbon dioxide. A variety of viruses, bacteria, and chemicals contaminate most of the air we breath; overcoming these threats to our health is a vital role played by the immune system. 16. 16. • Lung istheorgan of external respiration (breathing) present in human beings. It isvital in maintaining lifeand actsasan exchangepoint whereoxygen from theair issubstituted for carbon dioxidein theblood. • Pleuraisacontinuous, thin, elastic membrane that coverstheoutsideof thelungsand theinner wallsof thechest cavity. • Alveoli arethe300 millionsof air sacs emanating from thebronchiolesmaking up the bulk of thelungs. 17. 17. Breathing 18. 18. Cardiovascular System Circulation - means by which food is carried to the tissues of the body and wastes are carried away. 1.Transport theoxygen and carbon dioxide, soluble food materials, organic wastes, and hormones 2. Regulation of thepH of tissue 3. Protection of thebody against invading microbes 4. Regulation of body temperaturein warm- blooded animals TheBlood  A specialized connective tissue  Themain transporting medium of thebody  8% of total body weight (4 to 6 litersin average adult)  Considered to bethe ‘essenceof life’ 19. 19. Composition of blood: Plasma- fluid portion of the blood Formed Elements: • Erythrocytesor red blood corpuscles(RBC) Small, biconcavediskswith polysaccharideson theouter membrane • Leukocytesor whiteblood cells(WBC) lessthan 1% of thecellsin human blood • Thrombocytesor blood plateletsin humans. Involved in blood clotting or coagulation 20. 20. ABO GROUPS 21. 21. An antigen: any substance that causes your immune system to produce antibodies against it. may be a foreign substance from the environment, such as chemicals, bacteria, viruses, or pollen. may also be formed inside the body, as with bacterial toxins or tissue cells. An antibody: a protein produced by the body's immune system when it detects harmful substances, called antigens. Examples of antigens include microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses) and chemicals. may be produced when the immune system mistakenly considers healthy tissue a harmful substance. This is called an autoimmune disorder. each type of antibody is unique and defends the body against one specific type of antigen. 22. 22. TheHeart 23. 23. • main pumping organ of thebody • highly muscular organ located in the mid-ventral region of the thoracic cavity • enclosed by a tough connective tissue, the pericardium • An adult’s heart is about 3 inches (13 cm.) long, 3 ½ inches (9 cm.) wide and 2 ½ inches (6.4 cm.) thick. • The septum divides the heart into right and left portions. • Valves control the flow of blood through theheart. 24. 24. Each heart isasequenceof musclecontractionsand relaxation called thecardiac cycle. 25. 25. Blood Vessels 26. 26. TheLymphatic System • Consistsof transport tubesand lymphoid organs( lymph vascular system,) which supplementspulmonary and thesystematic circulation. • When thetissuefluid hasmoved into these tubes, it iscalled the lymph. • Thelymphoid organs, which takepart in defenseresponses, are structurally and functionally connected with both theblood and lymph vascular system. 27. 27. Urinary System 28. 28. Thebrain istheseat of both consciousnessand creativity. Through thespinal cord and nerve branches, thebrain also controlsall body movement. Thenervoussystem workswith endocrine glandsto monitor and maintain theother body systems 29. 29. Neuron 30. 30. Thespinal cord, the sparkling whitecontinuation of thebrain stem is approximately 17 inches(42 cm ) long. Functionsof thespinal cord 1.Reflex activities/Reflex Action 2.Conduction of sensory impulses- - upward through ascending tractsto thebrain. 3.Conduction of motor impulses- from thebrain down through descending tractsto theefferent neurons that supply musclesor glands. 31. 31. According to thedirection of thenerveimpulses, the functional classification groupsof neuronstravel relativeto theCentral NervousSystem.  Afferent or sensory neuronsaretheneuronscarrying sensory input to theCentral NervousSystem.  Efferent neurons aretheneuronscarrying motor output away from theCentral NervousSystem. Efferent neuronsareof two distinct systems. • Somatic NervousSystem isthesystem of efferent nerves leading from thecentral nervoussystem to theskeletal muscles. • Autonomic NervousSystem iscomposed of efferent nervesleading from thecentral nervoussystem to cardiac cells, musclecells, smooth musclescellsand glands. 32. 32. A neuron isseparated from anext neuron by ajunction or atiny gap called asynapse. No matter how close neuronsarethey do not actually touch each other. Synaptic cleft is thespacebetween two neuronsand to cross them will requirethe actionsof the neurotransmitters. 33. 33. Autonomic NervousSystem 34. 34. Eyes 35. 35. PARTSOF THE EYE Scleraor whiteof theeyeisafirm membranethat formstheouter layer of theeyeball. Corneaisatransparent convex membranefound in front of theeyethat refractsthelight raysto focuson theretina. Lacrimal Glandsaresituated in recessesjust aboveeach eye. They secretetearscomposed of water, saltsand thebacteria-killing enzymelyso zo me. Eyelidsform apair of protectiveshuttersclosing instantly if injury isfeared. They also spread tearsover thecorneakeeping it moist and freefrom infection. Choroid that isrich in blood vesselslinestheinner surfaceof thesclera. Melbonian glandsaremodified sebaceousglandsassociated with theeyelid edgesproducing an oily secretion that lubricatestheeye. Irisisthepart of theeyethat regulatestheamount of light that enterstheeyelying behind the corneaand in front of thelens. Pupil arounded opening in theiristhrough which light passes. Lensisaflexiblebiconvex crystal-likestructuresituated behind thepupil. It dividestheeyeinto two chambers: a. Aqueouschamber aclear watery fluid, which helpsmaintain intraocular pressureor pressure insidetheeye, and also providesnutrientsfor thelensand cornea. b. Vitreouschamber agel - likesubstance, which preventstheeyeball from collapsing inward by reinforcing it internally. Retinaisthelight sensitivelayer lining theeye. It containsnervefibersand specialized cellscalled ro ds and co nes, which arethepho to recepto rs. 1. Therodsabout 125 million areessential for seeing in dim light. They contain apigment known asvisual purple, which isbroken down in thelight and regenerated in thedark. 2. Theconesabout 6-7 million, function in bright light and arenecessary for sharp vision. They aremost concentrated in thefovea, asmall depression in theretina. Ocular musclesallow vision in different directionswithout turning thehead and allow theeyebe swiveled around in thesocket. 36. 36. MaleReproductiveSystem 37. 37. FemaleReproductiveSystem 38. 38. EndocrineSystem
14C dating reliably Asked by \| 27th Nov, 2012, 06:10: AM Expert Answer: Objects older than about 50,000 years usually can't be tested accurately, because the carbon-14 levels have decayed beyond recognition. Radiocarbon dating, which can only be used on organic remains, is also sometimes inaccurate because of fluctuations in the balance between atmospheric carbon-14 and carbon-12 over the millennia. This can be affected by an organism's specific environment or its diet. Answered by \| 27th Nov, 2012, 09:36: AM
Another Column at MyShelf.Com Audio Buzz, Past Audio Book News By Jonathan Lowe NOV 2013 by Jonathan Lowe First up, every possible aspect of human population undergoes scrutiny in the book Countdown: Our Last, Best Hope for a Future on Earth by Alan Weisman, and the news is not good for the late 21st Century. According to the author, although previous dire warnings haven't gone as forecast (due to advances in agricultural science), there are still a million humans being added to Earth every four and a half days, and this is unsustainable. It is the equivalent of added four more Beijings every year. Already taxed by increased demand for energy and clean water, the Earth is losing species by the hundred as the human species replaces them. Trees are being cut, coral reefs are being decimated by increased acidity, and air pollution threatens to change the climate, flooding coastal areas (including cities such as Mumbai and Miami.) Populations on Earth were stable for millennia until the mid 1800s, when better food production began to lift the growth line toward the vertical. With more food, women have more babies, but the overuse and misuse of fertilizer has consequences on the environment. Likewise, the burning of coal for power, and the dwindling resources of cheap oil (along with the failure of sufficient cheap alternatives) have set the human race on a collision course with a cruel reality. "All the low hanging fruit has been plucked," says Weisman, "and what remains will be dirtier and more expense in every way." A solution, still unthinkable to most countries, would be to have a one child per family law, which, if it were adopted would "return the Earth to sustainability in less than a hundred years...the same amount of time it took to get us here." Even two children per couple would solve most of the problem. But consider the Niger, where all fertile women are pregnant nearly all of the time. Weisman talks to men there who boast of having 22 children, which are seen as the only assets they own. When he asks them to remember what their world looked like 22 years previously, they had to admit it was a lot greener. This is a chilling book, considering the implications of inevitable human misery in terms of famine, wars, and diminished standard of living. For the other animals we share the planet with, the forecast is even more grim. Demand for meat is increasing too, and the only way to meet this demand is to place animals in pens and feed them grain and hormones, resulting in sickly creatures which can easily host diseases. "We tend to think of people as holding jobs," says Weisman, "but only so many houses can be built and maintained, stocked with 'stuff' whose proliferation is somehow always seen as being positive. Growth has become our goal. We refuse to see any limit, which is why Florida planned for half a million more homes right after the mortgage collapse." He adds that the Earth itself will self-correct this delusion, "handing out pink slips to humans." Sound like Avatar? Maybe so. As he told those men in Niger, the future of cutting down trees for a living is coming to an end, while planting them is the only way to live in the future. Adam Grupper narrates. Another good reason to listen to audiobooks while walking or doing chores (rather than reading books while sitting in a Lazy-Boy) is provided an entire chapter in THE STORY OF THE HUMAN BODY by Daniel E. Lieberman, as read by Sean Runnette. Yes, the features of a Lazy Boy are outlined by Lieberman as he describes how reading comfortably is "dysevolutionary," meaning not in line with how our bodies are designed to function. Beginning with an examination of Paleolithic man as hunter/gatherer, he shows how farming and fire began to radically change the structure of the human body, as chewing and foraging took less and less time. This has been our goal ever since---to extract food energy at less cost to us. Today we have many labor saving devices, and the goal of society is comfort and indulgence. But this is the opposite of what one's body needs for optimum health. Stress, Lieberman argues, is what strengthens bodies and makes us more resilient to fight disease. Stone age man was forced to walk or run for miles daily to acquire less rich foods than we eat today: foods that were more diverse while rendering fewer calories. The opposite is true now. Today we call Dominos and order meat and cheese pizzas with 2 liter bottles of soda, obtaining many times the calories without the attendant effort. We sit and eat, sit and watch TV, sit and read, sit at desks and "work." In addition, we no longer get as diverse a mix of foods, as the many ancient and more nutritious grains like amaranth have been replaced by cheaper-to-grow corn, wheat, and rice. Not only this, but these fewer grains are highly processed to reduce their nutrition even more while increasing their energy content and taste. This causes us to intake much more energy than we expend, and leads to epidemics of diabetes, heart disease, and cancers---which were far less prevalent in the past. Go to the mall and watch even children using the escalator, standing instead of walking, not knowing that escalators and elevators were originally installed there for use by the handicapped and invalids. Likewise, school physical education programs have been cut by half in favor of voluntary sports programs, something Lieberman decries. Our society focuses its health care on treatment of symptoms rather than on underlying causes or prevention. This has ballooned the profits of drug companies and for-profit hospitals and junk food manufacturers rather than focusing on the fact that 70% of the $2 Trillion dollars we spend on health care yearly is completely preventable by diet and exercise. For the full story about why this professor of evolutionary biology and biological sciences at Harvard is also in favor of taxing soda (liquid candy) to the same degree as cigarettes, listen to this audiobook while walking. Preferably in rolling terrain that includes going uphill. Do this three times a week and you've just reduced your chance of dying years earlier by half. LEAGUE OF DENIAL: The NFL, Concussions, and the Battle for Truth is written by two ESPN reporters, Mark Fainaru-Wada and Steve Fainaru (who won a Pulitzer Prize for his investigation into the U.S. military's reliance on private security contractors.) Private interviews and previously undisclosed documents go into this expos of NFL politics and its war on science. Like the tobacco industry, the NFL makes so much money and has such huge numbers on its side that is doesn't fear lying to fans and players alike, while bribing editors to cover up the facts about what the game does to the human brain---not just in individual incidents where players are stretchered off the field---but in regular and consistent game to game cumulative trauma. (This also goes for young kids playing tackle football.) There is no violence without victims, and contact sports like football are violent, especially on the brain, which is jostled by every tackle regardless of helmet protection. The NFL has been in denial about it for decades. The money is just too good. Like boxing and cage fighting, the fans demand it. So will anything change? Narrated by David H. Lawrence, this audiobook is a well told earful of stats and case studies, including players who thought they'd become announcers in retirement only to face life in a wheelchair or on a slab at the morgue, some the result of suicide after losing memory and/or motor control. Powerful and shocking, the Fainarus show, once again, that no matter how big and popular a thing is, it can still be dead wrong about the costs. (Random House Audio) The history of science is a record of traditional conceits and perspectives being altered by new findings. In the new book WHO DISCOVERED AMERICA---The Untold History of the Peopling of the Americas by Gavin Menzies and Ian Hudson there's an astonishing and ironic twist to the economic reality today involving the Chinese owning a sizable chunk of our country's debt and assets. Evidence now shows that long before Columbus the Chinese have been visiting the Americas in fleets of junks much larger than European ships at the time. The implications of linguistic, calligraphic, flora/fauna, artifact, historical account, and DNA evidence can no longer be ignored, says the author. The evidence is overwhelming that the Chinese have been sailing the great oceans for thousands of years. When a volcanic eruption in 1450 BC destroyed the Minoan civilization on Crete, Chinese shipbuilding gained supremacy, leading to the exploration and even habitation of both North and South America. A base camp for mining and smelting was established in Nova Scotia long before any Spanish arrivals, leaving behind paved roads suggesting a population exceeding ten thousand. DNA evidence shows that native American Indians, along with the Mayan, have Chinese ancestry mingled with other later European traits. Chinese anchors, coins, pottery, and medallions with Chinese symbols have been found either along the coasts or inland. Sighting of junks that would have dwarfed the Santa Maria were seen by native Americans on both continents (Indian, Maya, Inca), as evidenced by drawings and folklore. And their bloodlines were partly Asian due to earlier visits! But the conquering Spanish armadas, with their language and wars, rewrote this history, and imposed their own language, customs, and DNA into the mix. The controversial findings of this fascinating book, if true, are conception-shattering. Why didn't the Chinese build cities in America, but rather abandoned any settlements they made when resources were depleted? The answer is that they were not empire builders by nature, as were the Europeans. They were not expansionist like they might have been (and which helped the English colonize in India, southeast Asia and elsewhere.) Gildart Jackson narrates. Finally, another author, best known for Fast Food Nation, examines the history and shocking risks of SAC and the Atomic Energy Commission from World War 2 into the Cold War and beyond. Narrated by Scott Brick in often grave but lilting tones, COMMAND AND CONTROL by Eric Schlosser bears the subtitle Nuclear Weapons, the Damacus Accident, and the Illusion of Safety. Damascus, Arkansas was the site of an accident at a Titan 2 missile silo, which escalated to disaster when an operator dropped a tool between the missile and silo wall, and it rebounded and caused a fuel leak. The leak lowered the pressure in the tank, which led to fuel mixing with oxidizer, resulting in an explosion. Schlosser uses the fictional device of leaving his subject at critical times to provide background history, knowing he's got your attention. That's a useful tool in itself, given that there is much history to cover running the gamut of nuclear development, deployment, politics, technical information, and a series of other near accidents, including, at one point, a mistaken Russian missile attack on par with the movie War Games, in which NORAD misstook the full moon rising over Norway as evidence of a launch. (What stopped the panic was finding out Nikita Khrushchev was visiting the UN in New York, and so it wasn't likely, the Pentagon reasoned, that the other team would sacrifice their star quarterback.) The gamesmanship of the arms race is evident throughout the book (big boys like their billion dollar toys), and although President Eisenhower decried the military/industrial complex for having its own agenda, he couldn't make the handling and deployment of nuclear weapons completely safe. Schlosser is good at laying out the big picture, and punctuating it with closeups of the players---from bombardiers and test engineers to politicians and service crews. Given the massive stockpiles of superbombs out there, enough to raze the Earth several times over, is it still possible, as it was during the Cold War, for a dropped or shot down nuke to go off? Is it possible for a Dr. Strangelove scenario to occur, resulting from the theft of such a city killer? The answer is yes. And that makes this one scary book. Because, as we all know, there is no shortage of nut jobs and religious fanatics wanting Armageddon to happen in their lifetime, too. (About missile silos, I once explored an abandoned one in research for the climax of my first novel, Postmarked for Death, and also wrote a short story for Easyriders magazine about a man who buys an old Titan silo south of Tucson for his retirement, then discovers the Air Force forgot to take out one of the missiles...and he has an itch for revenge. Is this fiction any less believable than what nearly happened in reality, as two hydrogen bombs were accidentally dropped in North Carolina in 1961 after the bomber carrying them failed to refuel and went into an uncontrolled spin? One of them was armed, and only missed one of four failsafe circuits from going off!) 2013 Past Columns
Try our handy digital vaping guide to help you make the switch! This guide is designed to give first-time vapers and potential switchers the relevant information to get started with vaping and to quit smoking for good. What is Vaping? Man vaping Vaping has been designed as a less harmful alternative to smoking. Vape kits use nicotine-containing liquid (known as e-liquid) which is heated up, turning it into vapour and is then inhaled as you would when smoking a cigarette. Is Vaping Less Harmful Than Smoking? Cigarettes contain more than 4000 chemicals, of which over 70 are known carcinogens. The major cause of smoking related illness is the tar produced when you burn the tobacco. With vaping there is no tobacco, no combustion and no tar. There is a far smaller number of components, all of which are regulated to ensure that any cancer-causing chemicals are not present. Smoking Vs. Vaping A bell jar test showing a direct comparison of 15 packs of cigarettes (left) and the equivalent in e-liquid vapour (right). - Public Health England. But dont take our word for it. Public Health England has conducted a full review of all the research available on vaping and concluded that it is at least 95% less harmful than smoking. Vaping has also been backed as a reduced harm alternative to smoking by the likes of Cancer Research UK, The NHS, The British Lung Foundation and the Royal College of Physicians. What is a Vape Kit? Vape kits are made up of three key components, a battery, a tank / pod that will hold e-liquid and a metal heating element known as a coil. Vape kit diagram The battery provides power, which travels to the coil in your tank / pod. Power is converted into heat which vapourises the e-liquid. There will be variations on names but all vape kits will basically work in the same way. Prefilled Pod Kits This is the quickest and simplest way to start vaping. These devices come with a pod which is pre-filled with e-liquid. To get started you just need to insert the pod into your device and begin vaping. Vape pod diagram POD - Prefilled with e-liquid. Simply dispose once empty BATTERY - Rechargeable battery via USB Once your pod is empty there is no need to refill or adjust the kit, simply throw away the empty pod and replace it with a new one. Pods come in a range of nicotine strengths and flavours to suit your needs, and there are a number of kits available that can be selected based on your budget. Refillable Pod Kits Similar to prefilled devices, the key difference is the pods are empty when purchased. This gives the user a far greater choice of e-liquid flavours and nicotine strengths, however they must be purchased separately and are not usually included in the kits. Vape pod diagram Refill with e-liquid via filling port The pods can be refilled a number of times (often up to 5 or 6), but eventually you will notice a drop in vapour production and the taste of the e-liquid may degrade. This is how you know it is time to change your pod. Although you will need to purchase both replacement pods and e-liquid separately, in the long term these kits work out cheaper than using prefilled pod systems. Refillable Tank Kits These kits work in the same way as a refillable pod kit. The main difference being, when you notice the drop in peformance, rather than replace the whole tank you just replace the heating element known as the coil. Vape pod diagram Remove top cap to fill with e-liquid. The coils are usually available to purchase in multipacks so you always have a spare when you need one. Although less simple than pod-style devices, in the long run, these types of kit do work out as the most cost- effective option. What is E-Liquid? As well as containing nicotine and flavourings, e-liquid is made from a base of PG (Propylene Glycol) and VG (Vegetable Glycerin) that produces visable vapour when heated. Both of these liquids are used widley in food and medicines. By using different proportions of these liquids, e-liquid can be made in various thicknesses. The higher the amount of PG, the runnier the e-liquid; the higher the amount of VG the thicker the e-liquid. Club juice What E-Liquid is Best for my Device? It is important to know what thickness of e-liquid works best in your chosen device. This information will generally be in the user manual, however as a general rule: Most low-powered starter kits work best using thinner e-liquids with a PG content of 50% or higher. For example 50% VG & 50% PG, 40% VG & 60% PG or 30% VG & 70% PG. High PG examples The high-powered, more advanced kits work best with thicker e-liquids. For example 70% VG & 30% PG, 80% VG & 20% PG. High VG examples Choosing a Nicotine Strength You will need to pick a nicotine strength high enough to satisfy your cravings, but not too high or you may find it too harsh on your throat. This will largely be related to how many cigarettes you smoke per day. Please note, high-powered kits produce more vapour and because of this, they should should not be used with an e-liquid higher than 6mg in strength. Cigarettes Per Day Nicotine Strength 5 - 10 3 - 6mg 10 - 15 6 - 12mg 15 or more 12 - 20mg Nicotine strength is down to individual preference. So if you find that your e-liquid is not satisfying your cravings, try a higher strength. If you find it too harsh or you are getting too much nicotine and feeling nauseous, decrease the strength. What is a Shortfill? A shortfill is an underfilled bottle of e-liquid, for example, 50ml of e-liquid in a 60ml bottle. Shortfill e-liquids have no nicotine in them, but each bottle has room to add 10ml nicotine booster shots. Shortfill diagram Nicotine booster shots are unflavoured e-liquids with a very high nicotine content, usually 18mg or 20mg. When you add a nicotine booster to a shortfill, the nicotine will be diluted by the 0mg e-liquid. The end result is a nicotine containing e-liquid. Shortfill + booster = blend What is Salt Nicotine? Salt nicotine e-liquids work exactly the same as normal e-liquid, the only difference is the type of nicotine it uses. Salt nicotine is absorbed into the bloodstream quicker and stays around for longer, so it will satisfy your cravings at a faster rate and for a longer time. Unlike freebase nicotine (the traditional form of nicotine), salt nicotine provides a much smoother throat hit. Salt nic e-liquids are most commonly available in a 10mg or 20mg nicotine strength, in a 50% VG concentration. Salt nicotine may not be for everyone, heavy smokers may find that they still want to experience a noticeable throat hit as they would experience with a cigarette. Light smokers may find the high nicotine concentrations and fast absorption rate too much for them, especially when they first make the switch. We recommend that you try both freebase and salt nicotine e-liquids to see what suits you best. Salt Nicotine Pros plus Salt Nicotine Cons minus Faster absorbing nicotine May be too strong Smoother throat hit High nicotine strengths High nicotine strength Too smooth of a throat hit How to Refill your Tank or Pod Refilling your tank or pod is largely the same across all models and is simple when you know how. Always refer to your device user manual for best results. Filling Your Tank Tank filling example To fill a top filling tank you should first unscrew or slide the top of the tank. Take your e-liquid bottle and drip e-liquid into the space between glass and the coil. Once filled reassemble your tank and leave upright for five minutes, to let the e-liquid soak in. Filling Your Pod Pod filling example Locate and open the filling port on your pod. Insert the nib of your e-liquid bottle into the port and fill. Once filled, close the port and leave your pod upright for five minutes. It is important that you keep your tank or pod two thirds filled at all times where possible, to stop your coils from drying out and burning. Vaping Myths Debunked Myth: Vaping Causes Popcord Lung Fact: Popcorn lung is a disease that has been linked to inhaling Diacetyl (a common food flavouring). Since 2017, no e-liquid sold in the UK can contain Diacetyl by law and in 2018, Cancer Research UK commented that there is no good evidence linking vaping to popcorn lung. Myth: I Won't Be Able to Quit Smoking Completely with Vaping Fact: The adictive element of a cigarette is the nicotine, vaping has proven to be a less harmful alternative that will still deliver enough nicotine to satisfy cravings. Over 1.5 million smokers have quit the habit completely by making the switch to vaping and studies have shown it is more than three times as effective as traditional NRT (Nicotine Replacement Therapy). Myth: Vaping is More Expensive than Smoking Fact: Vaping will actually save you money in the long run compared to smoking. Once you factor in the one time cost of a vape device, you only have to account for buying more e-liquid and coils or preferred pods when needed.
The Isle of Eigg - an off-grid Sunny Island system using Amber Switches Amber Switches are helping the Isle of Eigg, off the west coast of Scotland, to make maximum use of renewable energy. Its 60kW Sunny Island-inverter-based power system has been providing renewable electricity to Eigg's almost 100 residents and many visitors since 2008. The wind, solar and hydro generators make sure that at least one renewable source is available to power the island, even when it's calm, or dark, or hasn't rained for a while. Sometimes the island has more renewable power available than can be stored in the system's batteries. Amber Switches on heaters in the community buildings, and most recently in Eigg's new camping pods, keep the buildings warm when there's plenty of renewable electricity, but don't let the heaters drain the batteries when there isn't. Because the Amber Switches operate independently by sensing the system frequency, they can be installed all around the island, without needing any communications between them and the main control system. Case Study
Skip links Ike’s Gamble: America’s Rise to Dominance in the Middle East Ike’s Gamble: America’s Rise to Dominance in the Middle East This major retelling of the Suez Crisis of 1956—one of the most important events in the history of US policy in the Middle East—shows how President Eisenhower came to realize that Israel, not Egypt, is America’s strongest regional ally. In Ike’s Gamble, Michael Doran shows how Nasser played the US, invoking America’s opposition to European colonialism to drive a wedge between Eisenhower and two British Prime Ministers, Winston Churchill and Anthony Eden. Meanwhile, in his quest to make himself the strongman of the Arab world, Nasser was making weapons deals with the USSR and destabilizing other Arab countries that the US had been courting. The Suez Crisis was his crowning triumph. In time, Eisenhower would conclude that Nasser had duped him, that the Arab countries were too fractious to anchor America’s interests in the Middle East, and that the US should turn instead to Israel. Share with Friends: Additional information Weight .57 lbs Dimensions 5.5 × .7 × 8.4 in
West Siberian Plain From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Western Siberian plain on a satellite map of North Asia The West Siberian Plain, also known as Zapadno-Sibirskaya Ravnina, (Russian: За́падно-Сиби́рская равни́на) is a large plain that occupies the western portion of Siberia, between the Ural Mountains in the west and the Yenisei River in the east, and by the Altay Mountains on the southeast. Much of the plain is poorly drained and consists of some of the world's largest swamps and floodplains. Important cities include Omsk, Novosibirsk, Tomsk and Chelyabinsk. Western Siberian plain seen from the Trans-Siberian railway outside Tatarskaya The West Siberian Plain is located east of the Ural Mountains mostly in the territory of Russia. It is one of the Great Russian Regions and has been described as the world's largest unbroken lowland—more than 50 percent is less than 100 m (328 ft) above sea level[1]—and covers an area of about 2.6–2.7 million square kilometres (1.0 million square miles) which is about one third of Siberia,[2] extending from north to south for 2,400 km (1,491 mi), from the Arctic Ocean to the foothills of the Altay Mountains, and from east to west for 1,900 km (1,181 mi) from the Ural Mountains to the Yenisei River. The West Siberian Plain consists mostly of Cenozoic alluvial deposits and is extraordinarily flat. A rise of fifty metres in sea level would cause all land between the Arctic Ocean and the Ob-Irtysh confluence near Khanty-Mansiysk to be inundated (see also Turgai Straits, West Siberian Glacial Lake). It is a region of the Earth’s crust that has undergone prolonged subsidence and is composed of horizontal deposits from as much as 65 million years ago. Many of the deposits on this plain result from ice dams that reversed the flow of the Ob and Yenisei rivers, redirecting them into the Caspian Sea, and perhaps the Aral Sea as well. It is very swampy and soils are mostly peaty Histosols and, in the treeless northern part, Histels. In the south of the plain, where permafrost is largely absent, rich grasslands that are an extension of the Kazakh Steppe formed the original vegetation, which had almost all been cleared by the early 21st century. See also[edit] External links[edit]
Question: What Is The Most Important Function Of Money? What is a near Money example? Near money is a financial economics term describing non-cash assets that are highly liquid and easily converted to cash. What are the three main purposes of money in your answer? What is importance of money? Money gives you more freedom to carve out your own path and have less constraints on your choices. Money is important because it means being able to give your family and children the best–the best education, the best healthcare, and the best start in life. Money is important because it means fewer financial worries. What is the role of money in society? Modern Society Often times, people say that they can live without money. … Money plays a huge role in the society in variety of ways such as in business, at peoples job, and even in education. Money helps people achieve a better quality of education, larger chance of business success, and higher work output. What is money advantages and disadvantages? If a country uses paper money, it need not spend anything on the purchase of gold or minting coins. The loss which a country suffers from the wear and tear of metallic money is also avoided. (ii) Convenient: Paper money is the most convenient form of money. Which of the three functions of money is the most important and why? Money has three functions: as medium of exchange, as a unit of account, and as a store of value. A medium of exchange is what people trade for goods and services. … The most important function of money is to serve as a medium of exchange or as a means of payment. What are the four roles of money? Money serves four basic functions: it is a unit of account, it’s a store of value, it is a medium of exchange and finally, it is a standard of deferred payment. What is money in simple words? What is money and its importance? What are the five uses of money? Only 5 uses money for and here it is: Giving, Living, Margin, Debt, Taxes. Money is a tool and it can be used for good or evil. Is money most important thing in life? What is the most important thing in life? Our relationships are the most important things in the world. They’re the most crucial factor for happiness and, in combination with your calling, tend to be our reasons to live. For most, family is at the top of the list in terms of values and priorities. What are characteristics of good money? The qualities of good money are:General acceptability.Portability.Durability.Divisibility.Homogeneity.Cognizability.Stability. How much money is important in life? It’s true, money doesn’t buy happiness. But it will make you more comfortable, open doors, create opportunities, and make the good things in your life even better. It may even save your life or the life of a loved one. Decide today to make money a bigger priority in your life. How does money supply work? How many types of money are there? There are three types of money recognized by economists – commodity money, representative money, and also fiat money. Money that’s in the form of a commodity with intrinsic value is considered commodity money. Representative money is not money itself, but something that represents money. What is main function of money? Key Concepts and Summary Money serves several functions: a medium of exchange, a unit of account, a store of value, and a standard of deferred payment. What is the most important function of Bank? The function of a Bank is to collect deposits from the public and lend those deposits for the development of Agriculture, Industry, Trade and Commerce. Bank pays interest at lower rates to the depositors and receives interests on loans and advances from them at higher rates. How is money useful in our daily life?
An analysis of the houyhnhnms in gullivers travels The pigmies of Lilliput ingeniously capture the giant whom chance has cast on their shore. The metaphor is science, and the themes are politics and the abuse of reason. While writing A Tale of a Tub, Swift thought he could realise his ambitions for a rise within the church, and the Tory leaders with which he had aligned himself were in the ascendancy. Gulliver helps the Littlenders to defeat the bigenders. He defeats them simply because he is big. He is escorted to the palace of the king located at the top of the island. Female Representations in Gulliver’s Travels Fact, Fiction, and Authenticity Gulliver's Travels also reveals some strange overlap between fact and fiction. Read more Satire in Gulliver's Travels words, approx. They return him home; however, Gulliver's restless spirit will not allow him to remain long. The Laputans are the best example. One of the central parts of Lockeian philosophy was that knowledge was not purely derived from sense data, but that man used reason to work out the connections between the ideas received through experience. What Is the Main Theme of Before embarking on his third voyage, Gulliver returns home. When the peasants of Brobdingnag discover Gulliver, they feel both curiosity and dislike. It was not a good time for Swift. Taken on four voyages, Gulliver's ultimate travels are to a greater understanding of human nature and its flaws. Rather than placing the men whose political aptitude is high in government, the Emperor of Lilliput stages an elaborate festival in which games of dexterity and agility are played. Swift and Scatological Satire. Swift's use of the name Sympson in his negotiations with his publisher, and his creation of this Sympson as a fictional cousin of Gulliver's, links him to Captain William Sympson, the equally fictitious author of A New Voyage to the East Indies Later, in Brobdingnag, he is relentlessly oppressed by how huge everything is compared to him. Broadly, the book has three themes: They fail at making clothes. Reason, Passion, Nature, Utopia, Dystopia in Gulliver’s Travels There is a sustained imitation of various travel accounts in Gulliver's Travels: They apprehend that the earth would, in course of time, be swallowed up by the sun or that the face of the sun would by degrees become dark and therefore give no more light to the world. Jonathan Swift and 'Gulliver's Travels' at http: It was with extreme difficulty that I could bring my master to understand the meaning of the word opinion, or how a point could be disputable; because reason taught us to affirm or deny only where we are certain, and beyond our knowledge we cannot be either. The disguised names, and the pretence that the accounts were really translations of speeches by Lilliputian politicians, were a reaction to an Act of Parliament forbidding the publication of accounts of its debates. In the first book Gulliver gets shipwrecked and ends up on the island Lilliputwere some inhabitans of the island finds him and ties him to the ground. The Balnabarbi are equally foolish. Nonetheless, it is a hit, and Swift revels in the success of 'his' book; yet he continues to pretend that it's not 'really' by him. But Gulliver can no longer recognize these traits in a human being. Although there were few greater lovers of mankind, at the time, than myself, yet I confess I never saw any sensitivity being so detestable on all accounts; and the more I came near them, the more hateful they grew, while I stayed in this country pg. Lord Munodi rejects the ideas of the Balnibarians and remains a traditionalist. As a result, Gulliver begins to identify humans as a type of Yahoo. The point is that the small rulers, cloaked in grand titles and pedigrees, are only powerful by virtue of their ruthless cruelty and reckless abuse of authority. He is also given permission by the King of Lilliput to go around the city on condition that he must not harm their subjects. On the surface, this book appears to be a travel log, made to chronicle the adventures of a man, Lemuel Gulliver, on the four most incredible voyages imaginable. Furthermore, Crane argues that Swift had to study this type of logic see Porphyrian Tree in college, so it is highly likely that he intentionally inverted this logic by placing the typically given example of irrational beings — horses — in the place of humans and vice versa. Gulliver's Travels Study Guide English Language Arts, Grade Gulliver’s Travels UNIT: GULLIVER’S TRAVELS ANCHOR TEXT Gulliver’s Travels (or. here analysis of the author’s point of view. Gulliver continues to extol the Houyhnhnms as the pinnacle of reason, “(f)or who. Houyhnhnms are a race of intelligent horses described in the last part of Jonathan Swift's satirical Gulliver's Travels. Houyhnhnms contrast strongly with the Yahoos, savage humanoid creatures: whereas the Yahoos represent all that is bad about humans, Houyhnhnms have a. Oct 24, · Literature Analysis: Gulliver's Travels 1.) Gulliver's Travels, written by Jonathan Swift, is a Four Part satirical adventure novel narrated by the main character Lemuel Gulliver. Summary Gulliver’s Travels. Gulliver’s Travels Gulliver goes on four different journeys in Gulliver’s Travels. All four journeys bring new perspectives to Gulliver’s. Home» Essay Topics and Quotations» Gulliver's Travels Thesis Statements and Important Quotes. Gulliver's Travels Thesis Statements and Important Quotes. Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels, and the Depravity of the Human Animal Compare and Contrast the Laputans and the Houyhnhnms in Gulliver’s Travels. Gulliver's description of the horses, the Houyhnhnms, is almost idyllic: "The behaviour of these animals was orderly and rational acute and judicious." Indeed, it is a horse that rescues him from the Yahoos — not by any overt, physical action, but by simply appearing on the road — no physical action being necessary. An analysis of the houyhnhnms in gullivers travels Rated 4/5 based on 84 review Gulliver's Travels Quotes by Jonathan Swift
Ten Ways to Conquer Your Fears It has happened to all of us. You stand in front of Mayfield students at community, ready to make an important announcement, and no words come out. You are one of the actors in a theater production and your face burns with embarrassment–you just forgot your lines. In class, you watch your classmates go up and present their oral presentations; your anxiety increases, for you feel that yours is not an A+ presentation. Learning to overcome fears can be challenging for everyone. No one is born without fears; we all come face-to-face with our fears at one point. And while it may be possible to conquer our fears by practicing some of the following tips, if you are experiencing a fear or anxiety that practically controls your every move, consider working with a therapist. Here are some methods that have helped people cope with their fears: 1. Understand your fear and embrace it. We need fears to keep us safe because they are great tools we can use to make wise decisions. Fears help us to act in ways that can produce the results we need and want. Embrace your fear as guidance and let it have a connection with your actions but make sure it does not completely control them. 1. Educate yourself on your fear. We are afraid of nothing but the unknown. If your fear is based on a lack of information, then get the knowledge you need to familiarize yourself with your phobia. This will help you examine the situation based on facts and not speculation. 1. Get help. You should never feel as though you should cope with your fear alone. Find a guidance counselor, mentor, or support group to help you through it. Athletes have coaches; students have teachers- there are examples of strong relationships that contain a mentor supporting someone every step of the way, no matter what. Your friends, even if they may not know much about the fear you have, can be by your side to support you. 1. Have a positive attitude. People who have positive attitudes are successful because they keep trying after others give up. Do not feel discouraged if you do not succeed the first time; we have all been there. If you are afraid to do something because it did not work out the first time, figure out what worked and did not work, and try something different before you give up altogether. 1. Prepare, practice, role play. The most popular fear in the United States is public speaking. Death comes in second place next to suffering stage fright in front of a group of people. In the book Talk Like TED, Dr. Jill Bolte-Taylor practiced a TED talk more than 200 times. If time is limited, then practice your oral presentation, student council speech, or morning announcement at least 10 times. 1. Reframe your fears into excitement. Find an aspect of your fear that is fun. For example, think about the last time you rode a roller coaster. You felt scared but were also having a great time. A life without fear and without the courage to overcome it would be bland and dull. Feel excited when you discover something that you are afraid to do, for something wonderful may happen when you look out for the call to action. 1. Get some exercise. Exercise can help your mind focus on one thing at a time. Take a short walk, do some YouTube workouts, or turn to a 15 minute yoga video. Exercise is good for you and will ground you and help you feel more capable. Sit up straight, take a few deep breaths, and say, “It’s okay. You may feel scared, but emotions are like the ocean- the waves come and go.” Do something comforting once you have taken a moment to catch your breath: FaceTime one of your friends you have not been able to see in a long time; snuggle with a pet; engage yourself in an activity you love and enjoy. 1. Appreciate your courage. Every time you prevent your fear from doing something that scares you, you are making yourself stronger and stopping your fear from taking complete control over you, One of the most important ways to cope with your fear is to be kind to yourself. Do not listen to the inner voices that whisper, “Be afraid. Don’t try anything new.” 1. Visualize yourself as unafraid. By imagining yourself performing with confidence and proficiency in an area where you are afraid, this image of yourself will eventually be accepted by your subconscious mind as instructions for your performance. The way you see yourself and think about yourself is formed by feeding your mind these mental pictures of yourself doing your best.
Learn: Extending min min provides a fairly complete standard library with many useful modules. However, you may feel the need to extend min in order to perform more specialized tasks. In such situations, you basically have the following options: Implementing new min modules using min itself When you just want to create more high-level min operator using functionalities that are already available in min, the easiest way is to create your own reusable min modules. To create a new module, simply create a file containing your operator definitions implemented using either the operator operator or the lambda operator (dup ) ^pow2 (dup dup ) ^pow3 (dup dup dup * ) ^pow4 Save your code to a file (e.g. quickpows.min) and you can use it in other nim files using the require operator and the import (if you want to import the operators in the current scope): 'quickpows require :qp 2 \qp/pow3 \qp/pow2 puts ;prints 64 Specifying your custom prelude program By default, when min is started it loads the following prelude.min program: ; Imports 'str import 'io import 'logic import 'num import 'sys import 'stack import 'seq import 'dict import 'time import 'fs import 'lite? ( 'crypto import 'math import 'net import 'http import ) ROOT with ) unless ; Unseal prompt symbol 'prompt unseal-symbol Essentially, this causes min to import all the modules (except for some if the lite flag was defined at compilation time) and unseals the prompt symbol so that it can be customized. If you want, you can provide your own prelude file to specify your custom behaviors, selectively import modules, and define your own symbols, like this: $ min -i -p:myfile.min Embedding min in your Nim program If you’d like to use min as a scripting language within your own program, and maybe extend it by implementing additional operators, you can use min as a Nim library. To do so: 1. Install min sources using Nifty as explained in the Download section. 2. Import it in your Nim file. 3. Implement a new proc to define the module. The following code is taken from HastySite and shows how to define a new hastysite module containing some symbols (preprocess, postprocess, process-rules, …): import min proc hastysite_module(i: In, hs1: HastySite) = var hs = hs1 let def = i.define() def.symbol("preprocess") do (i: In): def.symbol("postprocess") do (i: In): def.symbol("process-rules") do (i: In): # ... Then you need to: 1. Instantiate a new min interpreter using the newMinInterpreter proc. 2. Run the proc used to define the module. 3. Call the interpret method to interpret a min file or string: proc interpret(hs: HastySite, file: string) = var i = newMinInterpreter(file, file.parentDir) i.interpret(newFileStream(file, fmRead)) For more information on how to create new modules with Nim, have a look in the lib folder of the min repository, which contains all the min modules included in the standard library.
What's Happening Photo of vehicle emissions August 26, 2020 Mobility21 UTC researcher Scott Matthews, along with student Prithvi Acharya and Paul Fischbeck of Engineering and Public Policy (EPP), has worked to create a new method to identify over-emitting vehicles. Across the U.S., there has been some criticism of the cost and efficacy of emissions inspection and maintenance (I/M) programs administered at the state and county level. In response, Engineering and Public Policy (EPP) Ph.D. student Prithvi Acharya and his advisor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Scott Matthews, teamed up with EPP’s Paul Fischbeck. They have created a new method for identifying over-emitting vehicles using remote data transmission and machine learning that would be both less expensive and more effective than current I/M programs. Most states in America require passenger vehicles to undergo periodic emissions inspections to preserve air quality by ensuring that a vehicle’s exhaust emissions do not exceed standards set at the time the vehicle was manufactured. What some may not know is that the metrics through which emissions are gauged nowadays are usually measured by the car itself through on-board diagnostics (OBD) systems that process all of the vehicle’s data. Effectively, these emissions tests are checking whether a vehicle’s “check engine light” is on. While over-emitting identified by this system is 87 percent likely to be true, it also has a 50 percent false pass rate of over-emitters when compared to tailpipe testing of actual emissions. With cars as smart devices increasingly becoming integrated into the Internet of Things (IoT), there’s no longer any reason for state and county administrations to force drivers to come in for regular I/M checkups when all the necessary data is stored on their vehicle’s OBD. In an attempt to eliminate these unnecessary costs and improve the effectiveness of I/M programs, Acharya, Matthews, and Fischbeck published their recent study in IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation SystemsOpens in new window. Their new method entails sending data directly from the vehicle to a cloud server managed by the state or county within which the driver lives, eliminating the need for them to come in for regular inspections. Instead, the data would be run through machine learning algorithms that identify trends in the data and codes prevalent among over-emitting vehicles. This means that most drivers would never need to report to an inspection site unless their vehicle’s data indicates that it’s likely over-emitting, at which point they could be contacted to come in for further inspection and maintenance. Not only has the team’s work shown that a significant amount of time and cost could be saved through smarter emissions inspecting programs, but their study has also shown how these methods are more effective. Their model for identifying vehicles likely to be over-emitting was 24 percent more accurate than current OBD systems. This makes it cheaper, less demanding, and more efficient at reducing vehicle emissions. This study could have major implications for leaders and residents within the 31 states and countless counties across the U.S. where I/M programs are currently in place. As these initiatives face criticism from proponents of both environmental deregulation and fiscal austerity, this team has presented a novel system that promises both significant reductions to cost and demonstrably improved effectiveness in reducing vehicle emissions. Their study may well redefine the testing paradigm for how vehicle emissions are regulated and reduced in America.”
Internet programming has become so popular today that it is hard to get a job without knowing something about any of it. Many people consider web programming as a career and even if they don’t think of themselves as programmers, a career in web programming can make them a good one since it will improve their current skills as well as provide more opportunities in the future. Programming is done by hand, by using some type of code. The most basic level of web programming is certainly creating web pages may make reference to plenty of different items, for example, an e-commerce web site, a website, a community website, a social media site, a information site, a forum, a wiki, or perhaps a news blog. All these different websites need to be built to existing information to the public. There are related which are used to create a web page. There are HTML editors, text message editors, programmers, software developers, designers, Web design specialists, programmers, editors, and more. These tools consist of: When programming is done manually, then your programmer must learn a computer plan called a program writing language. These languages are not easy to understand. They’re quite particular plus they generally have got their very own rules, restrictions, syntax, and tags. The most typical programming languages used for web programming are usually C, C++, Java, C#, PHP, Perl, Python, PHP, MATLAB, and ASP. Additional languages like Microsoft FrontPage, JavaScript, Groovy, and Windows Scripting are employed aswell furthermore. A programmer learns a programming language Once, he can begin to build their own applications for other programmers. Programming languages were created for one objective only and that is to produce written programs that can communicate with some type of computer. https://www.outsourcingdev.com are very particular in what they are doing, however, you can find few development languages that are more open compared to the others. Therefore, programmers can compose and design applications that’ll be able to function in several various development languages. There are usually three major elements that define web programming. Very first, the programming language is the schedule of all development. Second, it staff augmentation company helps to have the ability to deliver text messages and forth between programmers as well as the computer back again. Third, nearshore software company https://www.outsourcingdev.com is required to get the information through the computer to an individual. The first factor is vital to the computer programmer because programming is performed manually and also a programming language helps to define how that manual operation should be accomplished. Without a programming language, it might be very difficult to spell it out how the regular procedure ought to be done. Therefore, a programming language is needed. The second aspect is vital to the personal computer programmer because a programming language really helps to communicate back and forth with other computer programmers. Therefore, it is very important to have a programming language that’s easy to understand and use. So, the vocabulary can be a necessity. There are languages that are better to understand than others, however in order to be useful, a program writing language should be easy to learn. The 3rd factor is a communication tool that is used to get information from your computer to the user. pop over here enables the user to interact with the personal computer rather than just viewing it on the display screen. Web page designing is really a very common communication tool used in web programming. The use of a communication device makes a web page interesting and assists the users to learn how to go through, write, and manipulate the given information that’s around the page. These three factors are very important to the individual that is creating a web site. However, programmers sometimes forget these factors and they create a mistake or think of a website that is incomplete and wrong. The best way to avoid that is to employ a programming language that is extremely user friendly and that has very strict guidelines. A program writing language that is so user friendly is not only fun to utilize, but it is also easier to understand and easier to recognize. Therefore, it staff augmentation company https://www.outsourcingdev.com needs to know about the information on a website before it is created by him. If the guidelines are known by programmer, he will be able to generate the best web site feasible.
Principal Component Analysis Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is an unsupervised technique used in machine learning to reduce the dimensionality of a data. It does so by compressing the feature space by identifying a subspace that captures most of the information in the complete feature matrix. It projects the original feature space into lower dimensionality. This can be achieved in PyCaret using pca parameter within setup. Parameters in setup pca: bool, default = False When set to True, dimensionality reduction is applied to project the data into a lower dimensional space using the method defined in pca_method param. In supervised learning pca is generally performed when dealing with high feature space and memory is a constraint. Note that not all datasets can be decomposed efficiently using a linear PCA technique and that applying PCA may result in loss of information. As such, it is advised to run multiple experiments with different pca_methods to evaluate the impact. pca_method: string, default = ‘linear’ The ‘linear’ method performs Linear dimensionality reduction using Singular Value Decomposition. The other available options are: kernel : dimensionality reduction through the use of RVF kernel. incremental : replacement for ‘linear’ pca when the dataset to be decomposed is too large to fit in memory pca_components: int/float, default = 0.99 Number of components to keep. if pca_components is a float, it is treated as a target percentage for information retention. When pca_components is an integer it is treated as the number of features to be kept. pca_components must be strictly less than the original number of features in the dataset. How to use? # Importing dataset from pycaret.datasets import get_data income = get_data('income') # Importing module and initializing setup from pycaret.classification import * clf1 = setup(data = income, target = 'income >50K', pca = True, pca_components = 10) Try this next Was this page helpful? Send feedback
Mutual benefits of cognitive and computer vision: How can we use one to understand the other? State-of-the-art computer vision systems have benefited greatly from our understanding of the human visual system, and research in human vision has benefited from image processing and modeling techniques from computer vision. Current advances in machine learning (e.g., deep learning) have produced computer vision systems which rival human performance in various narrowly-defined tasks such as object classification. However, the biological vision system remains the gold standard for efficient, flexible, and accurate performance across a wide range of complex real-world tasks. We believe that close collaboration between the fields of human and computer vision will lead to further breakthroughs in both fields. The goal of this workshop is to investigate the relationships between biological and computer vision, and how we can use insights from one to better understand the other. Our workshop will broadly address relationships between biological vision and computer vision, but questions of particular interest include: 1) How does the concept of "attention'' in computer vision relate to processing in the human visual attention system? 2) How do the features used by humans to represent objects and scenes compare to the features learned by artificial deep networks to perform large-scale image classification? And 3) Should computer vision models be designed after the primate visual system? The goal of the workshop is to foster a level of understanding that is more than the sum of its questions, one where unifying principles emerge that shape new questions and new directions for seeking answers. For the first time in human history it is possible to build computational systems that start to parallel, at least remotely, the complexity of the primate visual system. This technological advance provokes the question of whether computer vision, or a substantial subfield thereof, should exploit the vast knowledge that now exists of brain organization and functional architecture to create truly brain-inspired models. Using attention as one recent example, computer vision has really appealed to this concept only as a metaphor; there has been no real attempt to model attention as it exists in the brain. And there are good reasons not to do so. The primate visual system is ripe with limitations that, from a computer vision perspective, might be viewed as unnecessary constraints. But is there potential value in enduring these short-term limitations in order to reach long-term benefits, the creation of a cognitively-flexible visual system? This is a debate that we need to have. • Similarities and differences in architectures for processing visual information in the human brain and computer vision systems • Neural network architectures having an effective, efficient, and "human-like'' attentional mechanism. • Identifying core limitations of existing computer vision/deep learning systems compared to human vision • Brain-engineered deep neural networks • Learning rules used in computer vision and by the brain (e.g. reinforcement and inverse reinforcement learning, unsupervised/semi-supervised learning, Hebb rule, STDP) • Comparisons of feature representations in human and computer vision • What are meaningful tasks and metrics to compare human and computer vision performance (e.g. eye fixations during visual search)? • New datasets for learning and predicting human behavior and neural responses from human (fMRI) and primate (cell recording) • Machine representations that can generalize like humans do (or even close) • Modeling attention control and predicting human attention Previous MBCCV workshops This workshop is being organized in conjunction with CVPR19. The pervious MBCCV workshops are CVPR18 Workshop ICCV17 Workshop
Greek War of Independence Greek War of Independence Greek revolution collage.jpg Date 21 February 1821 – 12 September 1829[1] (8 years, 6 months and 3 weeks) Greek independence: • The Peloponnese, Saronic Islands, Cyclades, Sporades and Continental Greece ceded to the independent Greek state • Crete ceded to Egypt • Belligerents Filiki Eteria flag.svg Filiki Eteria Greek Revolution flag.svg Greek revolutionaries After 1822: Flag of Greece (1822-1978).svg Hellenic Republic Supported by: Romanian Revolutionaries (1821) Greece Philhellenes Russian Empire (after 1826) Kingdom of France (after 1826) United Kingdom (after 1826) Serb volunteers Haiti (first country to recognize independent Greece) Flag of the Ottoman Empire (eight pointed star).svg Ottoman Empire Commanders and leaders Casualties and losses 150.000+ casualties The Greek War of Independence, also known as the Greek Revolution (Greek: Ελληνική Επανάσταση, Elliniki Epanastasi; referred to by Greeks in the 19th century as simply the Αγώνας, Agonas, "Struggle"; Ottoman: يونان عصياني Yunan İsyanı, "Greek Uprising"), was a successful war of independence waged by Greek revolutionaries against the Ottoman Empire between 1821 and 1830. The Greeks were later assisted by Great Britain, France and Russia, while the Ottomans were aided by their North African vassals, particularly the eyalet of Egypt. The war led to the formation of modern Greece. The revolution is celebrated by Greeks around the world as independence day on 25 March. Greece came under Ottoman rule in the 15th century, in the decades before and after the fall of Constantinople.[2] During the following centuries, there were sporadic but unsuccessful Greek uprisings against Ottoman rule.[3] In 1814, a secret organization called Filiki Eteria (Society of Friends) was founded with the aim of liberating Greece, encouraged by the revolutionary fervor gripping Europe in that period. The Filiki Eteria planned to launch revolts in the Peloponnese, the Danubian Principalities, and Constantinople itself. The insurrection was planned for 25 March 1821 (on the Julian Calendar), the Orthodox Christian Feast of the Annunciation. However, the plans of Filiki Eteria were discovered by the Ottoman authorities, forcing the revolution to start earlier. The first revolt began on 6 March/21 February 1821 in the Danubian Principalities, but it was soon put down by the Ottomans. The events in the north urged the Greeks in the Peloponnese (Morea) into action and on 17 March 1821, the Maniots were first to declare war. In September 1821, the Greeks under the leadership of Theodoros Kolokotronis captured Tripolitsa. Revolts in Crete, Macedonia, and Central Greece broke out, but were eventually suppressed. Meanwhile, makeshift Greek fleets achieved success against the Ottoman navy in the Aegean Sea and prevented Ottoman reinforcements from arriving by sea. Tensions soon developed among different Greek factions, leading to two consecutive civil wars. The Ottoman Sultan called in his vassal Muhammad Ali of Egypt, who agreed to send his son Ibrahim Pasha to Greece with an army to suppress the revolt in return for territorial gains. Ibrahim landed in the Peloponnese in February 1825 and brought most of the peninsula under Egyptian control by the end of that year. The town of Missolonghi fell in April 1826 after a year-long siege by the Turks. Despite a failed invasion of Mani, Athens also fell and the revolution looked all but lost. At that point, the three Great powers—Russia, Britain and France—decided to intervene, sending their naval squadrons to Greece in 1827. Following news that the combined Ottoman–Egyptian fleet was going to attack the island of Hydra, the allied European fleets intercepted the Ottoman navy at Navarino. After a tense week-long standoff, the Battle of Navarino led to the destruction of the Ottoman–Egyptian fleet and turned the tide in favor of the revolutionaries. In 1828 the Egyptian army withdrew under pressure of a French expeditionary force. The Ottoman garrisons in the Peloponnese surrendered, and the Greek revolutionaries proceeded to retake central Greece. Russia invaded the Ottoman Empire and forced it to accept Greek autonomy in the Treaty of Adrianople (1829). After nine years of war, Greece was finally recognized as an independent state under the London Protocol of February 1830. Further negotiations in 1832 led to the London Conference and the Treaty of Constantinople; these defined the final borders of the new state and established Prince Otto of Bavaria as the first king of Greece. Ottoman rule The Fall of Constantinople on 29 May 1453 and the subsequent fall of the successor states of the Byzantine Empire marked the end of Byzantine sovereignty. After that, the Ottoman Empire ruled the Balkans and Anatolia (Asia Minor), with some exceptions.[i] Orthodox Christians were granted some political rights under Ottoman rule, but they were considered inferior subjects.[4] The majority of Greeks were called Rayah by the Turks, a name that referred to the large mass of non-Muslim subjects under the Ottoman ruling class.[ii][5] Meanwhile, Greek intellectuals and humanists, who had migrated west before or during the Ottoman invasions, such as Demetrios Chalkokondyles and Leonardos Philaras, began to call for the liberation of their homeland.[6] Demetrius Chalcondyles called on Venice and "all of the Latins" to aid the Greeks against "the abominable, monstrous, and impious barbarian Turks".[7] However, Greece was to remain under Ottoman rule for several more centuries. The first great uprising was the Russian-sponsored Orlov Revolt of the 1770s, which was crushed by the Ottomans after having limited success. After the crushing of the uprising, Muslim Albanians ravaged many regions in mainland Greece.[10] However, the Maniots continually resisted Ottoman rule, and defeated several Ottoman incursions into their region, the most famous of which was the invasion of 1770.[11] During the Second Russo-Turkish War, the Greek community of Trieste financed a small fleet under Lambros Katsonis, which was a nuisance for the Ottoman navy; during the war klephts and armatoloi (guerilla fighters in mountainous areas) rose once again.[12] The Greek Orthodox Church played a pivotal role in the preservation of national identity, the development of Greek society and the resurgence of Greek nationalism.[iii] From the early 18th century and onwards, members of prominent Greek families in Constantinople, known as Phanariotes (after the Phanar district of the city), gained considerable control over Ottoman foreign policy and eventually over the bureaucracy as a whole.[14] In times of militarily weak central authority, the Balkan countryside became infested by groups of bandits called "klephts" (Greek: κλέφτες) (the Greek equivalent of the hajduks) that struck at Muslims and Christians alike. Defying Ottoman rule, the klephts were highly admired and held a significant place in popular lore.[15] Responding to the klephts' attacks, the Ottomans recruited the ablest amongst these groups, contracting Christian militias, known as "armatoloi" (Greek: αρματολοί), to secure endangered areas, especially mountain passes.[iv] The area under their control was called an "armatolik",[16] the oldest known being established in Agrafa during the reign of Murad II (r. 1421–1451).[17] The distinction between klephts and armatoloi was not clear, as the latter would often turn into klephts to extort more benefits from the authorities, while, conversely, another klepht group would be appointed to the armatolik to confront their predecessors.[18] Nevertheless, klephts and armatoloi formed a provincial elite, though not a social class, whose members would muster under a common goal.[19] As the armatoloi's position gradually turned into a hereditary one, some captains took care of their armatolik as their personal property. A great deal of power was placed in their hands and they integrated in the network of clientelist relationships that formed the Ottoman administration.[18] Some managed to establish exclusive control in their armatolik, forcing the Porte to try repeatedly, though unsuccessfully, to eliminate them.[20] By the time of the War of Independence powerful armatoloi could be traced in Rumeli, Thessaly, Epirus and southern Macedonia.[21] To the revolutionary leader and writer Yannis Makriyannis, klephts and armatoloi—being the only available major military force on the side of the Greeks—played such a crucial role in the Greek revolution that he referred to them as the "yeast of liberty".[22] Enlightenment and the Greek national movement Cover of "Thourios" by Rigas Feraios; intellectual, revolutionary and forerunner of the Greek Revolution. Revolutionary nationalism grew across Europe during the 18th and 19th centuries (including in the Balkans), due to the influence of the French Revolution.[27] As the power of the Ottoman Empire declined, Greek nationalism began to assert itself.[28] The most influential of the Greek writers and intellectuals was Rigas Feraios. Deeply influenced by the French Revolution, Rigas was the first to conceive and organize a comprehensive national movement aiming at the liberation of all Balkan nations—including the Turks of the region—and the creation of a "Balkan Republic". Arrested by Austrian officials in Trieste in 1797, he was handed over to Ottoman officials and transported to Belgrade along with his co-conspirators. All of them were strangled to death in June 1798 and their bodies were dumped in the Danube.[29] The death of Rigas fanned the flames of Greek nationalism; his nationalist poem, the "Thourios" (war-song), was translated into a number of Western European and later Balkan languages and served as a rallying cry for Greeks against Ottoman rule.[30] Better an hour of free life Than forty years of slavery and prison. Rigas Feraios, approx. translation from his "Thourios" poem.[31] The Greek cause began to draw support not only from the large Greek merchant diaspora in both Western Europe and Russia, but also from Western European Philhellenes.[28] This Greek movement for independence was not only the first movement of national character in Eastern Europe, but also the first one in a non-Christian environment, like the Ottoman Empire.[35] Filiki Eteria The mountains look on Marathon -- And Marathon looks on the sea; And musing there an hour alone, I dream'd that Greece might yet be free For, standing on the Persians' grave, I could not deem myself a slave. Must we but weep o'er days more blest? Must we but blush? – Our fathers bled. Earth! render back from out thy breast A remnant of our Spartan dead! Of the three hundred grant but three, To make a new Thermopylae. Byron, The Isles of Greece[40] Because of the Greek origin of so much of the West's classical heritage, there was tremendous sympathy for the Greek cause throughout Europe. Some wealthy Americans and Western European aristocrats, such as the renowned poet Lord Byron and later the American physician Samuel Howe, took up arms to join the Greek revolutionaries.[41] In Britain there was strong support led by the Philosophical Radicals, the Whigs, and the Evangelicals. Many helped financed the revolution. The London Philhellenic Committee helped insurgent Greece to float two loans in 1824 (£800,000) and 1825 (£2,000,000).[42][43] The Scottish philhellene Thomas Gordon took part in the revolutionary struggle and later wrote the first histories of the Greek revolution in English. According to Albert Boime, "The philhellenes willingly overlooked many of the contradictory stories about Greek atrocities, because they had nowhere else to deposit their libertarian impulses."[44] Outbreak of the revolution Danubian principalities Alexander Ypsilantis was elected as the head of the Filiki Eteria in April 1820 and took upon himself the task of planning the insurrection. His intention was to raise all the Christians of the Balkans in rebellion and perhaps force Russia to intervene on their behalf. On 22 February [N.S. 6 March], he crossed the river Prut with his followers, entering the Danubian Principalities.[49] In order to encourage the local Romanian Christians to join him, he announced that he had "the support of a Great Power", implying Russia. Two days after crossing the Prut, at Three Holy Hierarchs Monastery in Iași (Jassy), the capital of Moldavia, Ypsilantis issued a proclamation calling all Greeks and Christians to rise up against the Ottomans:[49][50][51][52] At that point, Kapodistrias, the foreign minister of Russia, was ordered by Alexander I to send Ypsilantis a letter upbraiding him for misusing the mandate received from the Tsar; Kapodistrias announced to Ypsilantis that his name had been struck off the army list and that he was commanded to lay down arms. Ypsilantis tried to ignore the letter, but Vladimirescu took this as the end of his alliance with the Eteria. A conflict erupted inside the camp and Vladimirescu was tried was put to death by the Eteria on 26 May [N.S. 7 June]. The loss of their Romanian allies, followed by an Ottoman intervention on Wallachian soil, sealed defeat for the Greek exiles and culminated in the disastrous Battle of Dragashani and the destruction of the Sacred Band on 7 June [N.S. 19 June].[55] Important events of the first year of the war Declaration of the revolutionaries of Patras; engraved on a stele in the city Anagnostaras during the Battle of Valtetsi by Peter von Hess. As news came of Ypsilantis' march into the Danubian Principalities, the atmosphere in the Peloponnese was tense, and by mid-March, sporadic incidents against Muslims occurred, heralding the start of the uprising. According to oral tradition, the Revolution was declared on 25 March 1821 (N.S. 6 April) by Metropolitan Germanos of Patras, who raised the banner with the cross in the Monastery of Agia Lavra (near Kalavryta, Achaea) although some historians question the historicity of the event.[59] Some claim that the story first appears in 1824 in a book written by a French diplomat François Pouqueville, whose book is full of inventions.[60] Historian David Brewer noted that Pouqueville was an Anglophobe, and in his account of the speech by Germanos in his book, Pouqueville has the Metropolitan express Anglophobic sentiments similar to those commonly expressed in France, and has him praise France as Greece's one true friend in the world, which led Brewer to conclude that Pouqueville had made the entire story up.[60] However, a study on the archive of Hugues Pouqueville (François Pouqueville's brother) claims that François' account was accurate, without making any reference to the purported Anglophobia or Francophilia of Germanos.[61] Also, some European newspapers of June and July 1821 published the news of declaration of revolution by Germanos either in Patras on 6 April/25 March 1821[62] or in the "Monastery of Velia Mountain" (Agia Lavra) on a non-specified date.[63] Central Greece Portrait of Athanasios Diakos The first regions to revolt in Central Greece were Phocis (24 March) and Salona (27 March). In Boeotia, Livadeia was captured by Athanasios Diakos on 31 March, followed by Thebes two days later. When the revolution began, most of the Christian population of Athens fled to Salamis.[69] In 1821, Athens had about 10,000 people, half of whom were Christian Greeks and the other half were Muslims, being either Turks, Albanians or Greek Muslims.[70] In mid-April revolutionary forces entered Athens and forced the Turkish garrison into the Acropolis, which they laid siege to.[69] Missolonghi revolted on 25 May, and the revolution soon spread to other cities of western Central Greece.[71] The Ottoman commander in the Roumeli was the Albanian general Omer Vrioni who become infamous for his "Greek hunts" in Attica, which was described thus: "One of his favourite amusements was a 'Greek hunt' as the Turks called it. They would go out in parties of fifty to a hundred, mounted on fleet horses, and scour the open country in search of Greek peasantry, who might from necessity or hardihood have ventured down upon the plains. After capturing some, they would give the poor creatures a certain distance to start ahead, hoping to escape, and then try the speed of their horses in overtaking them, the accuracy of their pistols in firing at them as they ran, or the keenness of their sabres' edge in cutting off their heads".[70] Those not cut down or shot down during the "Greek hunts" were impaled afterwards when captured.[72] Panagiotis Zographos illustrates under the guidance of General Makriyannis the battles of Alamana (left) and Acropolis (right) (from his Scenes from the Greek War of Independence). The Ottoman reaction The news that the Greeks had revolted sparked murderous fury all over the Ottoman Empire.[74] In Constantinople, on Easter Sunday, the Patriarch of the Greek Orthodox Church, Gregory V, was publicly hanged despite the fact that he had condemned the revolution and preached obedience to the Sultan in his sermons.[75] Since the revolution began in March, the Sublime Porte had executed at random various prominent Greeks living in Constantinople, such as the serving Dragoman of the Porte and two retired dragomans, a number of wealthy bankers and merchants, including a member of the ultra-rich Mavrocordatos family, three monks and a priest of the Orthodox church, and three ordinary Greeks accused of planning to poison the city's water supply.[76] In the city of Smyrna (modern İzmir, Turkey), which until 1922 was a mostly Greek city, Ottoman soldiers drawn from the interior of Anatolia on their way to fight in either Greece or Moldavia/Wallachia, staged a pogrom in June 1821 against the Greeks, leading Gordon to write: "3,000 ruffians assailed the Greek quarter, plundered the houses and slaughtered the people; Smyrna resembled a place taken by assault, neither age or sex being respected".[77] When a local mullah was asked to give a fatwa justifying the murder of Christians by Muslims and refused, he too was promptly killed.[77] International reaction The news of the revolution was greeted with dismay by the conservative leaders of Europe, committed to upholding the system established at the Congress of Vienna, but was greeted with enthusiasm by many ordinary people across Europe.[78] After the execution of the Patriarch Gregory V, the Russian Emperor Alexander I broke off diplomatic relations with the Sublime Porte after his foreign minister Count Ioannis Kapodistrias sent an ultimatum demanding promises from the Ottomans to stop executing Orthodox priests, which the Porte did not see fit to answer.[79] In the summer of 1821, various young men from all Europe began to gather in the French port of Marseilles to book a passage to Greece and join the revolution.[80] The French philhellene Jean-François-Maxime Raybaud wrote when he heard of the revolution in March 1821, "I learnt with a thrill that Greece was shaking off her chains" and in July 1821 boarded a ship going to Greece.[80] Between the summer of 1821 and end of 1822, when the French started to inspect ships leaving Marseilles for philhellenes, some 360 volunteers travelled to Greece.[81] From the United States came the doctor Samuel Gridley Howe and the soldier George Jarvis to fight with the Greeks.[82] The largest contingents came from the German states, France and the Italian states.[81] In Germany, Italy and France many clergyman and university professors gave speeches saying all of Europe owed a huge debt to ancient Greece, that the modern Greeks were entitled to call upon the classical heritage as a reason for support, and that Greece would only achieve progress with freedom from the Ottoman Empire.[81] A young medical student in Mannheim wrote that hearing his professor lecture on the need for Greek freedom went through him like an electric shock, inspiring him to drop his studies and head to Greece, while a Danish student wrote: "How could a man inclined to fight for freedom and justice find a better place than next to the oppressed Greeks?".[81] In France, Britain, Spain, Russia, the United States and many other places "Greek committees" were established to raise funds and supplies for the revolution.[84] The classicist Edward Everett, a professor of Greek at Harvard, was active in championing the Greek cause in the United States and in November 1821 published an appeal from Adhamantios Korais reading "To the Citizens of the United States, it is your land that Liberty has fixed her abode, so you will not assuredly imitate the culpable indifference or rather the long ingratitude of the Europeans", going on to call for American intervention, in several American newspapers.[85] In 1821, the Greek committee in Charleston, South Carolina sent the Greeks 50 barrels of salted meat while the Greek Committee in Springfield, Massachusetts sent supplies of salted meat, sugar, fish and flour.[86] Newspapers in the United States gave the war much coverage and were overwhelmingly pro-Greek in their stance, which explains why American public opinion was so supportive.[86] In New York City, one ball put on by the Greek committee raised $8,000.[86] In Russia, the St. Petersburg Greek committee under Prince Alexander Golitsyn had raised 973, 500 roubles by August 1822.[87] By the end of the war, millions of roubles had been fund-raised in Russia for the relief of refugees and to buy Greeks enslaved freedom (though the government forbade buying arms for the Greeks), but no Russian is known to have gone to fight with the Greeks.[88] First administrative and political institutions Revolutionary activity in Crete, Macedonia and Cyprus Cretan participation in the revolution was extensive, but it failed to achieve liberation from Turkish rule because of Egyptian intervention.[96] Crete had a long history of resisting Turkish rule, exemplified by the folk hero Daskalogiannis, who was killed while fighting the Turks.[96] In 1821, an uprising by Christians was met with a fierce response from the Ottoman authorities and the execution of several bishops, regarded as ringleaders.[97] Despite the Turkish reaction the rebellion persisted, and thus Sultan Mahmud II (r. 1808–1839) was forced to seek the aid of Muhammad Ali of Egypt, trying to lure him with the pashalik of Crete.[96] On 28 May 1822, an Egyptian fleet of 30 warships and 84 transports arrived at Souda Bay led by Hasan Pasha, Muhammad Ali's son-in-law; he was tasked with ending the rebellion and did not waste any time in the burning of villages throughout Crete.[96] After Hasan's accidental death in February 1823, another son-in-law of Muhammad Ali of Egypt, Hussein Bey,[98] led a well-organised and well-armed joint Turkish-Egyptian force of 12,000 soldiers with the support of artillery and cavalry. On 22 June 1823, Emmanouil Tombazis, appointed Commissioner of Crete by the Greek revolutionary government, held the Convention of Arcoudaina in an attempt to reconcile the factions of local captains and unite them against the common threat.[99] He then gathered 3,000 men in Gergeri to face Hussein, but the Cretans were defeated by the much larger and better-organised force, and lost 300 men at the battle of Amourgelles on 20 August 1823.[100] By the spring of 1824, Hussein had managed to limit the Cretan resistance to just a few mountain enclaves.[101] View of the Frangokastello Letter of Alexander Ypsilantis to Emmanouel Pappas, dated 8 October 1820 Bust of Emmanouel Pappas in Athens. It would take until the end of the century for the city's Greek community to recover.[109] The revolt, however, gained momentum in Mount Athos and Kassandra, and the island of Thasos joined it.[110] Meanwhile, the revolt in Chalkidiki was progressing slowly and unsystematically. In June 1821 the insurgents tried to cut communications between Thrace and the south, attempting to prevent the serasker Haji Muhammad Bayram Pasha from transferring forces from Asia Minor to southern Greece. Even though the rebels delayed him, they were ultimately defeated at the pass of Rentina.[111] Konstantinos Kanaris during the Revolution On 9 June 1821 3 ships sailed to Cyprus with Konstantinos Kanaris. They landed at Asprovrisi of Lapithou. Kanaris brought with him papers from the Filiki Etaireia and the ships were welcomed with rapturous applause and patriotic cries from the local Greeks of the area, who helped Kanaris and the soldiers from Cyprus as much as they could. Painting of the Archbishop Kyprianos of Cyprus Back in Cyprus during the war, the local population suffered greatly at the hands of the Ottoman rulers of the islands, who were quick to act with great severity at any act of patriotism and sympathy of the Greeks of Cyprus to the Revolution, fearing a similar uprising in Cyprus. The religious leader of the Greeks of the island at the time, Archbishop Kyprianos was initiated into the Filiki Etairia in 1818 and had promised to aid the cause of the Greek Helladites with food and money. In early July 1821, the Cypriot Archimandrite Theofylaktos Thiseas arrived in Larnaca as a messenger of the Filiki Etairia, bringing orders to Kyprianos, while proclamations were distributed in every corner of the island. However, the local pasha, Küçük Pasha, intercepted these messages and reacted with fury, calling in reinforcements, confiscating weapons and arresting several prominent Cypriots. Archbishop Kyprianos was urged (by his friends) to leave the island as the situation worsened, but refused to do so. On 9 July 1821 Küçük Pasha had the gates to the walled city of Nicosia closed and executed, by beheading or hanging, 470 important Cypriots amongst them Chrysanthos (bishop of Paphos), Meletios (bishop of Kition) and Lavrentios (bishop of Kyrenia). The next day, all abbots and monks of monasteries in Cyprus were executed. In addition, the Ottomans arrested all the Greek leaders of the villages and imprisoned them before executing them, as they were suspected of inspiring patriotism in their local population. War at sea From the early stages of the revolution, success at sea was vital for the Greeks. When they failed to counter the Ottoman Navy, it was able to resupply the isolated Ottoman garrisons and land reinforcements from the Ottoman Empire's provinces, threatening to crush the rebellion; likewise the failure of the Greek fleet to break the naval blockade of Missolonghi (as it did several times earlier) in 1826 led to the fall of the city. " Alexandros Mavrokordatos, president of the Executive, defends Missolonghi" by Peter von Hess. Dionysios Solomos wrote the Hymn to Liberty, which later became the National Greek anthem, in 1823. Revolutionary activity was fragmented because of the lack of strong central leadership and guidance. However, the Greek side withstood the Turkish attacks because the Ottoman military campaigns were periodic and the Ottoman presence in the rebel areas uncoordinated due to logistical problems. The cash-strapped Ottoman state's relations with Russia, always difficult, had been made worse by the hanging of Patriarch Grigorios, and the Sublime Porte needed to concentrate substantial forces on the Russian border in case war broke out.[121] From October 1820 to July 1823 the Ottomans were at war with Persia, and in March 1823 a huge fire at the Tophana military arsenal in Constantinople destroyed much of the Ottoman state's supplies of ammunition and its main cannon foundry.[121] Short of men and money, the Ottoman state turned to hiring Albanian tribesmen to fight the Greeks, and by 1823, the bulk of the Ottoman forces in Greece were Albanian mercenaries hired for a campaigning season rather than the Ottoman Army.[121] The Albanian tribesmen, whose style of war was very similar to the Greeks, fought only for money and were liable to go home when not paid or able to plunder in lieu of pay.[121] The Greek military leaders preferred battlefields where they could annihilate the numerical superiority of the opponent, and, at the same time, the lack of artillery hampered Ottoman military efforts.[122] "The burning of the Turkish flagship by Kanaris" by Nikiforos Lytras. The Chios massacre shocked all of Europe and further increased public sympathy for the Greek cause.[126] The Greeks avenged the massacre on the night of 18 June 1822, when the Ottoman fleet were busy celebrating the end of the sacred Muslim holiday of Ramadan, which the Greek fleet under Admiral Konstantinos Kanaris and Andreas Pipinos took advantage of to launch a fire ship attack.[127] As Kara Ali's ship was brightly lit as befitting the Kapitan Pasha, a fire ship under Kanaris was able to strike his ship, causing the Ottoman flagship to blow up.[128] Of the 2,286 or so aboard the flagship, only 180 survived, but unfortunately many of the dead were Chians enslaved by Kara Ali, who was planning on selling them on the slave markets when he reached Constantinople.[128] In July 1822, the Greeks and philhellenes at the Battle of Peta under Alexandros Mavrokordatos inflicted much punishment on an Ottoman army commanded by Omer Vrioni, but reflecting the chronic factionalism and disunity that characterized the Greek war effort, were undone when one of the Greek captains, Gogos Bakolas betrayed his own side to the Ottomans, allowing Albanian infantry to advance up the ridge.[129] The battle ended in an Ottoman victory, and with most of the philhellenes killed.[130] The successive military campaigns of the Ottomans in Western and Eastern Greece were repulsed: in 1822, Mahmud Dramali Pasha crossed Roumeli and invaded Morea, but suffered a serious defeat in the Dervenakia.[131] Theodoros Kolokotronis, who annihilated Dramali Pasha's army at Dervenakia, became the hero of the hour, attracting much praise all over Greece.[132] "The death of Markos Botsaris during the Battle of Karpenisi" by Marsigli Filippo. The Greek government had been desperately short of money since the start of the revolution, and in February 1823, the banker Andréas Louriótis arrived in London, seeking a loan from the City.[133] Assisted by the London Greek Committee, which included several MPs and intellectuals, Louriótis began to lobby the City for a loan.[134] British philhellene Edward Blaquiere issued a report in September 1823 which grossly exaggerated Greece's economic prosperity and claimed that once independent, Greece would easily become "one of the most opulent nations of Europe".[134] Blaquiere further assisted the campaign by publishing two books in 1824, in which he claimed: "I should have no hesitation whatever in estimating the physical strength of regenerated Greece to be fully equal to the whole South American continent", concluding there was "no part of the world...with a more productive soil or happier climate than Greece...Of all the countries or governments who have borrowed money in London within the last ten years...Greece possesses the surest and most ample means of re-payment".[135] Revolution in peril Egypt intervenes to assist the Ottomans Ibrahim attacks Missolonghi by Giuseppe Pietro Mazzola On 7 February 1825, a second loan to Greece was floated in the City of London.[145] Despite the fact that the Greek government had squandered the money from the first loan, the second loan was oversubscribed and raised some £1.1 million.[146] Unlike the first loan, the second loan from the City was to be managed by a Board of Control in London, consisting of the banker Samson Ricardo, two MPs, Edward Ellice and Sir Francis Burdett and John Cam Hobhouse of the London Greek Committee, who were to use the money to buy warships and other supplies, which would then be handed over to the Greeks.[147] After the Greek government had wasted most of the money from the first loan, the City did not trust them to spend the money from the second loan wisely.[147] The Board of Control used the money to hire the naval hero, Lord Cochrane, to command the Greek Navy and to buy steamships.[148] One of the British philhellenes, Frank Abney Hastings believed that the use of mechanised warships powered by steam and using red-hot shot would allow the Greeks to overpower the Ottoman navy, powered as it was by sail.[149] Hastings persuaded the Board of Control to invest in the revolutionary technology of the steamship, making the first use of a mechanised warship in a war.[150] The two loans from the City caused significant financial difficulties for the young nation, and in 1878 a deal was struck between the creditors and the Greek government to reduce the loans, now worth £10 million, with unpaid interest down to 1.5 million pounds sterling.[151] Ibrahim Pasha landed at Methoni on 24 February 1825, and a month later he was joined by his army of 10,000 infantry and 1,000 cavalry.[152] The Greeks had not expected Ibrahim Pasha to land during the stormy winter weather, and were taken by surprise.[153] The Greeks initially laughed at the Egyptian soldiers, who were short, skinny fallāḥīn (peasant) conscripts, many of them blind in one eye owing to the prevalence of parasitic worms that attacked the eye in the Nile, wearing cheap red uniforms comprising a jacket, trousers and a skull-cap.[154] However, the Greeks soon learned that the Egyptians, who were trained by French officers recruited by Mohammed Ali, were tough and hardy soldiers who, unlike the Turkish and Albanian units that the Greeks had been fighting until then, stood their ground in combat.[154] Ibrahim proceeded to defeat the Greek garrison on the small island of Sphacteria off the coast of Messenia.[155] With the Greeks in disarray, Ibrahim ravaged the Western Peloponnese and killed Papaflessas at the Battle of Maniaki.[156] To try to stop Ibrahim, Kanaris led the raid on Alexandria, an attempt to destroy the Egyptian fleet that failed due to a sudden change of the wind.[157] The British traveller and Church of England minister, Reverend Charles Swan, reported Ibrahim Pasha as saying to him that he "would burn and destroy the whole Morea".[158] Popular opinion in both Greece and the rest of Europe, soon credited Ibrahim Pasha with the so-called "barbarisation project", where it was alleged that Ibrahim planned to deport the entire Christian Greek population to Egypt as slaves and replace them with Egyptian peasants.[158] It is not clear even today if the "barbarisation project" was a real plan or not, but the possibility that it was created strong demands for humanitarian intervention in Europe.[158] The Porte and Mohammed Ali both denied having plans for the "barbarisation project", but pointedly refused to put their denials into writing.[159] Russia warned that if the "barbarisation project" was a real plan, then such an egregious violation of the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca, under which Russia had a vague claim to be the protector of all the Orthodox peoples of the Ottoman Empire, would lead to Russia going to war against the Ottomans.[159] In turn, the British Foreign Secretary George Canning wrote, rather than run the risk of Russia defeating the Ottomans alone, Britain would have to intervene to stop the "barbarisation project" as the British did not wish to see the Russians conquer the Ottoman Empire.[158] While diplomats and statesmen debated what to do in London and St. Petersburg, the Egyptian advance continued in Greece. The Greek government, in an attempt to stop the Egyptians, released Kolokotronis from captivity, but he too was unsuccessful. By the end of June, Ibrahim had captured the city of Argos and was within striking distance of Nafplion. The city was saved by Makriyannis and Dimitrios Ypsilantis who successfully defended Miloi at the outskirts of Nafplion, making the mills outside the town a fortress causing damage to Ibrahim's far superior forces who were unable to take the position and eventually left for Tripolitsa. Makriyannis was wounded and was taken aboard by Europeans who were overseeing the battle. Among them was De Rigny, who had an argument with Makriyannis and advised him to quit his weak position but Makriyannis ignored him.[22] Commodore Gawen Hamilton of the Royal Navy, placed his ships in a position which looked like he would assist in the defence of the city.[156] " Karaiskakis landing at Phaliro" by Konstantinos Volanakis In the spring of 1826, Ibrahim managed to capture the marshes around the city, although not without heavy losses. He thus cut the Greeks off from the sea and blocked off their supply route.[162] Despite the Egyptians and the Turks offering them terms to stop the attacks, the Greeks refused, and continued to fight.[163] On 22 April, the Greeks decided to sail from the city during the night, with 3,000 men, to cut a path through the Egyptian lines and allow 6,000 women, children and non-combatants to follow.[163] However, a Bulgarian deserter informed Ibrahim of the Greeks' intention, and he had his entire army deployed; only 1,800 Greeks managed to cut their way through the Egyptian lines. Between 3,000 and 4,000 women and children were enslaved and many of the people who remained behind decided to blow themselves up with gunpowder rather than be enslaved.[164] The news that the Third Siege of Missolonghi had ended in an Ottoman victory sparked horror all over Greece; at the National Assembly, Kolokotronis was giving a speech when the news of Missolonghi's fall reached him, leaving him to remember: "the news came to us that Missolonghi was lost. We were all plunged into great grief; for half an hour there was so complete a silence that no one would have thought there was a living soul present; each of us was revolving in his mind how great was our misfortune".[165] The American philhellene Samuel Gridley Howe, serving as a doctor with the Greeks, wrote back to America: "I write you with an almost breaking heart. Missolonghi has fallen!", which he called "damning proof of the selfish indifference of the Christian world. You may talk to me of national policy and the necessity of neutrality, but I say, a curse upon such a policy!".[165] The news of Missolonghi's fall had a huge impact on the rest of Europe, sparking a vast outpouring of songs, poems, essays, sermons and plays in Britain, France, Germany and Switzerland, with the recurring image of Missolonghi's fall being the murder of a sweet and innocent young Greek woman at the hands of the Turks as a symbol of the unwillingness of the Christian powers of the world to do anything for the Greeks.[166] In May 1826, Hastings arrived in Greece with a British-built steamship, the Karteria (Perseverance), which astonished the Greeks to see a ship powered by steam and did not move either via sail or oars.[167] The Karteria suffered from constant engine breakdowns, but Hastings was able to use the ship successfully twice over the course of the next two years, at Volos and in the Gulf of Corinth.[167] From the few Greeks of Mani and the rest of the Greeks who live there to Ibrahim Pasha. We received your letter in which you try to frighten us, saying that if we don't surrender, you'll kill the Maniots and plunder Mani. That's why we are waiting for you and your army. We, the inhabitants of Mani, sign and wait for you.[168] The losses Ibrahim Pasha had taken at Missolonghi had greatly reduced his army, and he spent the rest of 1826 chasing the Greek guerillas up and down the mountains.[170] In late June 1826, Reshid Pasha had arrived outside of Athens and laid siege to the city, marking the beginning of the siege of the Acropolis.[171] By the middle of August, only the Acropolis still held out under Yannis Gouras.[172] To break the siege, an attack was launched on Reshid Pasha on 18 August 1826 led by the guerrilla leader Georgios Karaiskakis and the French philhellene Colonel Charles Nicolas Fabvier but were driven off with the loss of some 300 dead.[172] On 13 October 1826, Gouras was killed by an Ottoman sniper and a week later, the new commander Yannis Makriyannis was wounded three times in a single day.[172] In December, Febvier was able to infiltrate a force of some 500 men into the Akropolis, bringing in much needed supplies of gunpowder, through he was much offended when Makriyannis had his men start firing to wake up the Turks, trapping Febvier and his men.[173] In the summer of 1826, the Greek government gave command of its army to the British General Sir Richard Church.[174] The British historian George Finlay wrote: "Church was of a small, well-made, active frame, and of a healthy constitution. His manner was agreeable and easy, with the polish of a great social experience, and the goodness of his disposition was admitted by his enemies, but the strength of his mind was not the quality of which his friends boasted...Both Church and the Greeks misunderstood one another. The Greeks expected Church to prove a Wellington, with a military chest well supplied from the British treasury. Church expected the irregulars of Greece to execute his strategy like regiments of guards".[174] Church landed in Greece in March 1827, and was welcomed by his old friend Kolokotronis.[174] A week later, Lord Cochrane arrived to take command of the Greek Navy and refused to leave his yacht until the Greeks agreed to form a united government.[174] On 31 March 1827 the Trizina Assembly began its work, drafting a new constitution and offered the presidency of Greece to the former Russian foreign minister, Count Ioannis Kapodistrias.[174] In the meantime, the siege of Athens continued. On 5 February 1827, a force of 2,300 Greeks under the command of Colonel Thomas Gordon landed at Piraeus, and laid siege to the monastery of Ayios Spiridhon, held by Turkish and Albanian troops.[173] In April 1827, Church and Cochrane arrived at Athens and immediately clashed over strategy.[175] When the Ottoman garrison at Aios Spiridhon surrendered, they were promised safe conduct, but as they were marching out, a shot went off and most of the Ottoman soldiers were killed.[175] Cochrane insisted on a bold but risky plan to stage a night attack across the open plains to break the siege. An operation which launched on 5 May 1827 ended in disaster, as the Greek forces got lost and scattered as the captains quarrelled with one another. This led to a devastating Ottoman cavalry charge in the morning, with Ottomans hunting the scattered Greek forces almost at leisure.[176] On 5 June 1827, the starving and thirsty men in the Acropolis surrendered in the last Ottoman victory of the war.[177] Kapodistrias arrived in Greece to become the Governor on 28 January 1828.[178] The first task of Greece's new leader was to create a state and a civil society, which the workaholic Kapodistrias toiled at mightily, working from 5 am until 10 pm every night.[179] Kapodistrias alienated many with his haughty, high-handed manner and his open contempt for most of the Greek elite, but he attracted support from several of the captains, such as Theodoros Kolokotronis and Yannis Makriyannis who provided the necessary military force to back up Kapodistrias's decisions.[180] As a former Russian foreign minister, Kapodistrias was well connected to the European elite and he attempted to use his connections to secure loans for the new Greek state and to achieve the most favorable borders for Greece, which was being debated by Russian, French and British diplomats.[181] Foreign intervention against the Ottomans Initial hostility Nevertheless, Alexander's position was ambivalent, since he regarded himself as the protector of the Orthodox Church, and his subjects were deeply moved by the hanging of the Patriarch. These factors explain why, after denouncing the Greek Revolution, Alexander dispatched an ultimatum to Constantinople on 27 July 1821, after the Greek massacres in the city and the hanging of the Patriarch. However, the danger of war passed temporarily, after Metternich and Castlereagh persuaded the Sultan to make some concessions to the Tsar.[183] On 14 December 1822, the Holy Alliance denounced the Greek Revolution, considering it audacious. Change of stance The Greeks formally applied for the mediation provided in the Petersburg Protocol, while the Turks and the Egyptians showed no willingness to stop fighting.[189] France, which initially backed its client Muhammad Ali the Great with weapons and officers to train his army, changed its stance, partly because of the pro-Greek feelings of the French people, and partly because King Charles X saw the offer to impose mediation as a way of assuring French influence in Greece.[190] Since Britain and Russia were going ahead with their plans to impose mediation with or without France, if the French declined the offer to impose mediation, Greece would be in the Anglo-Russian sphere of influence, while if the French did take part, then Greece would also be in the French sphere of influence.[191] Canning therefore prepared for action by negotiating the Treaty of London (6 July 1827) with France and Russia. This provided that the Allies should again offer negotiations, and if the Sultan rejected it, they would exert all the means which circumstances would allow to force the cessation of hostilities. Meanwhile, news reached Greece in late July 1827 that Muhammad Ali's new fleet was completed in Alexandria and sailing towards Navarino to join the rest of the Egyptian-Turkish fleet. The aim of this fleet was to attack Hydra and knock the island's fleet out of the war. On 29 August, the Porte formally rejected the Treaty of London's stipulations, and, subsequently, the commanders-in-chief of the British and French Mediterranean fleets, Admiral Edward Codrington and Admiral Henri de Rigny, sailed into the Gulf of Argos and requested to meet with Greek representatives on board HMS Asia.[192] In Britain, the battle received a mixed reception. The British public, many of them Philhellenes, were overjoyed at the outcome of the battle which all but confirmed the independence of Greece. But in Whitehall, senior naval and diplomatic echelons were appalled by the outcome of his campaign. It was considered that Codrington had grossly exceeded his instructions by provoking a showdown with the Ottoman fleet, and that his actions had gravely compromised the Ottoman ability to resist Russian encroachment. At a social event, King George IV was reported as referring to the battle as "this untoward event". In France, the news of the battle was greeted with great enthusiasm and the government had an unexpected surge in popularity. Russia formally took the opportunity to declare war on the Turks (April 1828).[196] In October 1828, the Greeks regrouped and formed a new government under Kapodistrias. Kapodistrias took advantage of the Russo-Turkish war and sent troops of the reorganised Hellenic Army to Central Greece. They advanced to seize as much territory as possible, including Athens and Thebes, before the Western powers imposed a ceasefire. These Greek victories were proved decisive for the including of more territories in the future State. As far as the Peloponnese was concerned, Britain and Russia accepted the offer of France to send an army to expel Ibrahim's forces. Nicolas Joseph Maison, who was given command of a French expeditionary Corps of 15,000 men, landed on 30 August 1828 at Petalidi and helped the Greeks evacuate the Peloponnese from all the hostile troops by 30 October. Maison thus implemented the convention Codrington had negotiated and signed in Alexandria with Muhammad Ali, which provided for the withdrawal of all Egyptian troops from the Peloponnese.[197] The French troops, whose military engineers also helped rebuild the Peloponnese, were accompanied by seventeen distinguished scientists of the scientific expedition of Morea (botany, zoology, geology, geography, archaeology, architecture and sculpture), whose work was of major importance for the building of the new independent State.[198] The French troops definitely left Greece after five years, in 1833. From autonomy to independence Left: After Kapodistrias assassination, the London Conference (1832) established the Kingdom of Greece with Otto of Bavaria as the first King. Right: Ioannis Kapodistrias was the first head of state (Governor) of independent Greece. On 21 July 1832, British Ambassador to the Sublime Porte Sir Stratford Canning and the other representatives of the Great Powers signed the Treaty of Constantinople, which defined the boundaries of the new Greek Kingdom at the Arta–Volos line.[208] The borders of the kingdom were reiterated in the London Protocol of 30 August 1832, also signed by the Great Powers, which ratified the terms of the Constantinople arrangement.[209] "Grateful Hellas" by Theodoros Vryzakis The consequences of the Greek revolution were somewhat ambiguous in the immediate aftermath. An independent Greek state had been established, but with Britain, Russia and France having significant influence in Greek politics, an imported Bavarian dynast as ruler, and a mercenary army.[219] The country had been ravaged by ten years of fighting and was full of displaced refugees and empty Turkish estates, necessitating a series of land reforms over several decades.[39] Makriyannis' Memoirs on the arrival of King Otto. Shortly after the war ended, the people of the Russian-dependent Poland, encouraged by the Greek victory, started the November Uprising, hoping to regain their independence. The uprising, however, failed, and Polish independence had to wait until 1918 at Versailles. The newly established Greek state would become a catalyst for further expansion and, over the course of a century, parts of Macedonia, Crete, Epirus, many Aegean Islands, the Ionian Islands and other Greek-speaking territories would unite with the new Greek state. The Greek rebels won the sympathy of even the conservative powers of Europe.[citation needed] Revolutionary flags Flags used by various admirals of the Revolutionary Navy from an 1823 manuscript. Music inspired by the Greek War of Independence Nikolaos Mantzaros' most popular work is the music for Hymn to Liberty, whose first and second stanzas became the national anthem in 1865 Band in a parade on 25 March After nearly four hundred years of foreign rule, Greeks often used music and poetry as a means of empowerment in the war. Rigas Feraios (1757 – 1798) was a very prominent poet and intellectual of the Greek independence movement. Many of his poems urged the people of Greece to leave the cities, head to the mountains where they would have more freedom, and unite to gain their independence. Dionysios Solomos (1798 – 1857) was another national poet inspired by the Greek War of Independence. Solomos wrote the Hymn to Liberty, now the national anthem, in 1823, two years after the Greeks started the war against the Ottoman Empire. The poem itself is 158 stanzas, but officially only the first two are the anthem. It is the national anthem not only of Greece but also of Cyprus, which adopted it in 1966. To this day, many songs are sung by Greeks worldwide on 25 March to celebrate their liberation and showcase their respect for the lives that were lost during the four hundred years of Ottoman rule. Music inspired by the Greek War of Independence Song Name Sung by Released Ola Ta Ethni Polemoun 'Ολα Τα Έθνη πολεμούν Rigas Feraios & Christos Leontis Ρήγας Φεραιός & Χρήστος Λεοντής O Thourios Tou Riga Ο Θούριος Του Ρήγα Nikos Xilouris Νίκος Ξυλούρης 1797 (the poem) Saranta Palikaria Σαράντα Παλικάρια Stelios Kazantzidis Στέλιος Καζαντζίδης Perifanoi Oloi Περήφανοι ΄Ολοι Paschalis Arvanitidis Πασχάλης Αρβανιτίδης Na'tane To 21 Να'τανε Το 21 George Dalaras Γιώργος Νταλάρας Kleftiki Zoi Κλέφτικη Ζωή Loukianos Kilaidonis Λουκιάνος Κηλαηδόνης See also
New research on the relationship between caffeine and sleep. Karen Ansel, M.S., R.D. April 16, 2010 New research on the relationship between caffeine and sleep. Watch: Is Too Much Coffee Bad for You? As if getting a good night's sleep now versus when you were in your twenties isn't hard enough, a recent study in Sleep Medicine suggests drinking coffee may be making it worse. Researchers at the University of Montreal examined how caffeine affected sleep quality in 24 men and women ranging in age from 20 to 60 years. Participants were deprived of sleep for 25 hours and then given 200 milligrams of caffeine (roughly the amount in 16 ounces of brewed coffee or four to five 8-ounce cups of tea) before they were allowed to get some shuteye. As one would expect, all the participants slept less, and less restfully, than when they completed the same experiment minus the caffeine. They also experienced less slow wave sleep, the deep sleep that helps you feel refreshed. Interestingly, caffeine appeared to interfere more with the middle-aged subjects' sleep. "There's a major decrease in slow wave sleep as early as age 40," says Julie Carrier, Ph.D., lead researcher and a professor of psychology at the University of Montreal. "I encourage people, especially as they get older, to try to reduce their caffeine consumption as much as possible." Rather not give up your java or tea? Minimize caffeine's sleep-stealing effects by drinking it as early in the day as you can. May/June 2010
Tooth Colored Fillings What is composite bonding? • Tooth colored fillings, also known as composites, are materials that can be bonded (adhered) to teeth. This allows a smaller, more conservative filling then with dark metallic materials. • Composite is made of microscopic particles of sand, ceramics and resins. • Composite can match the shade, shape and wear of teeth better and more conservatively than other filling materials. • Because of the strength of the bond, it can strengthen rather than weaken the tooth in which it is placed. How is composite bonding done? 1. All decay and old filling material is removed from the tooth. 2. The tooth is treated with a mild acid that cleans and opens microscopic pores into the surface of the tooth. A watery thin layer of composite (a bonding agent) is painted onto the prepared tooth surface. This layer flows into the pores. 3. A bluish bonding light sets the material. 4. Layers of composite are added until the tooth is completely filled. 5. The filling is adjusted to a proper fit and then polished.
en-us-Keres: Female Spirits of Death in Greek Mythology Queres (Keres) are Daemons of Greek Mythology and Represent Fatality and Violent Death. They are usually presented as women and daughters of the goddess Nyx. Keres in Greek Mythology: Queres or Keres (fatality), in Greek Mythology, are daemones, female spirits of fatality and violent death. According to Hesiod in his Theogony, they were daughters of Nix, who had them without being united with any other deity, such as this was generated by Chaos. However, in some works it is possible to find variants of geneology, among which would be daughters of Tânato, who had them as well as Nix. Keres symbolize cruel, fatal and impossible to escape fate. They are goddesses who bring violent death to mortals. They have the character of every descendant of Chaos, they are infallible. Some mythological accounts bring them as messengers from Thanato, acting in the kingdom of Hades alongside the erinias. However, such goddesses are sisters of Thanatos, being gods of different profiles. Thanatos was responsible for the quiet death, therefore also his association with Hipnos. Queres, on the other hand, were goddesses responsible for taking the dead from the battlefield, so they come as death before time, cruel death. Thus, when Ares left for great wars, he summoned queries, since they were part of his procession. After the battle they devoured the dead or their blood and took souls to hell. It is not possible to define the correct number of these goddesses, each one would correspond to a specific type of violent death. Homer, on the other hand, goes further: in the Iliad, he says that all human beings have a Quer with you, which will personify their death. In this case, whether it comes in the direction of good or bad death. Balance of Wanting: Kerostasia (or psychostasis) - The balance of wishes, here as the fate of death, of Zeus to decide the fate of the battle between Achilles and Memnon, as described by Aeschylus. Sketch of lécito, Capua conserved in the British Museum. In the arts, they were depicted winged (like most of the children of the goddess Nix), and looked hideous, with large canines, such as vampires in the modern sense, and hooked nails. In the Renaissance, they were mistaken for the erinias. Among the destructive personifications are (not all are called queres); • Poine - punishment • Limos - hunger • Hybrids - pride • Ólethros - destruction • Iskhnasía - devastation • Phthísis - putrefaction • Akhlýs - darkness Recent Posts: Hesperides are, in Greek Mythology, the Goddesses of Afternoon. They have an incredible garden! His parents are Nyx and Erebus, both representations of night and darkness, check it out. Aeolus is the Leader of the Wind Gods of Greek Mythology, being: Boreas, Zephyr, Eurus, Notus and the minors: Cecias, Apeliotes, Lips and Sirocus. Check about these deities below. Iris is, in Greek Mythology, the Messenger Goddess, as she connects the Earth to Olympus and is also considered to be the fastest being among all deities. It is totally full, check it out.
What is Hill Climb Racing? All You Need to Know 25th Oct 2019 What is Hill Climb Racing? Hill climb racing is where drivers of specially designed cars compete to achieve the best time between specified start and end points, uphill. It is one of the oldest forms of motorsport (potentially even the oldest) with the first hill climb race taking place in Nice, France in 1897. Hill Climb Courses Hill climb racing is famous all over the world for its thrilling on-the-edge action, and is particularly popular in European and North American countries, including Britain. The Pikes Peak International Hill Climb in Colorado, US, is perhaps the most famous and demanding hill climb course in the world. Also known as The Race to the Clouds, it's 12.42 miles long and has 156 turns. UK hill climb courses present their own unique challenge and are much shorter than their European and American counterparts. The longest UK hill climb is Harewood, Leeds, at 1,583 yards, and the shortest is Val des Terres in Guernsey. The UK's oldest hill climb, Shelsley Walsh, is exactly 1,000 yards in length and was first used in 1905. Shelsley Walsh Hill Climb Hill Climb Racing Cars There are many different types of hill climb racing cars, but generally they can be separated (as with all racing cars) into open (single seater) and closed cockpit. Light weight and maximum downforce are key priorities of hill climb cars, helping them to achieve barely believable levels of grip and mind-blowing cornering speeds. Coupled with the (in many championships) unrestricted power outputs, these cars are faster than anything else (short of a modern Formula 1 car) up these tight, twisty courses. In the British Hill Climb Championship, cars competing in the 3.0-litre class regularly push out over 750 bhp, while cars competing internationally will sometimes be over 1,000 bhp - more, in fact, than a Formula 1 car. More recently, electric cars have taken hill climb racing by storm, with the Volkswagen I.D. R setting new records at both Pikes Peak and Goodwood. Championship Challenge at Shelsley Walsh Hill Climb Championships The British Hill Climb Championship takes place over 17 weekends in the summertime, beginning in April and ending in September. It includes dates at Shelsley Walsh, the world's oldest motorsport venue, Prescott, owned by the Bugatti Owners' Club, and Chateau Impney, which is one of the most challenging new courses on the calendar. The European Hill Climb Championship has been running since the 1930s and is held across Europe on different public roads. Several countries take part in hill climb racing competitively, including; France, Germany, Italy, Malta, Romania, Portugal, Slovakia, and Switzerland. Hill climb racing also extends to other countries around the world, including the US, Canada, Mexico, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and Kenya. Shelsley Walsh Startline Hill climb racing is as popular as ever, both in the UK and around the world. With ever-improving technology and as a result, new records being set, it's an exciting sport that you can experience for relatively little cost, with low-cost events available to attend right on your doorstep. Our partnership with Shelsley Walsh stretches back a number of years, and our association with the hill climb goes back to the 1905 race, which was won by Ernest Instone, one of the founders of Stratstone.
Close Menu X Preparing for the Sermon - Genesis 17 Genesis - Summer 2017 Carefully Think • As we head back into Genesis, read chapters 12-16 to revive your memory covering the material we have studied this summer through preaching and application. • Read chapter 17 after the review chapters and focus on the age of Abram in verse 16:16 and then in 17:1. How long has it been between these verses? • What is God restating in verse 17:1-2? What is Abram's response in verse 3? • What changes in verses 3-9 from the earlier promises? Why is it important that God changes Abram's name? What else varies between this and previous promises from God to Abraham? • What does God say will be the sign of the covenant between Him and Abraham and all his offspring and every male between them? What kind of a covenant is this? • In 17:15-16, the scene shifts to Sarai? What is the promise to her? What is Abraham's response in 17? Verse 18? • What does God reaffirm in verses 19-22 in response to Abraham? • What does Abraham do in response to God's visit to him in verses 23-27? Who is involved? Prayerfully Meditate • We have discussed why God continues to reiterate his covenant to Abram and the cycle of obedience and disobedience to God as Abram grows in faith. Read through the passage again and look for the following: • How does God continue to show his covenant love to Abraham? What does that tell us today about God in light of the New Covenant? • How does Abraham respond to God the seemingly impossible task of having a child? How have you responded to the seemingly impossible tasks set before you as try to walk according to God's Word? • What is Abraham's final response to this promise and the sign that is given for the covenant? Why would Abraham adamantly obey this for all of those with him including himself? What does this type of obedience display to us today? • How costly is obedience to a sovereign God who keeps his covenant forever with a slow and patient loving-kindness? For what purpose are the love and obedience to God?
Quick Answer: How Do You Fix A Blocked Eustachian Tube? How can I open my Eustachian tube naturally? Yawning and chewing gum also may help. How do you drain fluid from your middle ear at home? Where do you massage for a clogged ear? After washing your hands, use your index or middle finger to feel behind the ear lobe for a bony bump. With firm, steady pressure slide your finger down until it slips into a groove between the ear lobe and the jaw. What causes blocked eustachian tubes in adults? What is the best decongestant for ears? What medications help eustachian tube dysfunction? Decongestants, antihistamines, nasal or oral corticosteroids which are aimed at reducing nasal congestion and/or inflammation of the lining of the Eustachian tube. Antibiotics, for the treatment of rhinosinusitis. Can ETD last for months? Another common cause of ETD is a cough or cold. Frequently people report having had a cold that got better, but left them with a blocked ear (or ears). It usually gets better in a week or two, but can last for months afterwards. How do you unblock Eustachian tube NHS? How long does it take for eustachian tube dysfunction to heal? Most cases of ETD resolve within a few days without causing long-term complications. ETD caused by infections may fully resolve within a week or two. Treating the underlying causes can help prevent recurring cases. How do you open a blocked ear? Can a doctor see a blocked eustachian tube? ETD is often easily diagnosed during a visit to a doctor. The doctor may ask questions about hearing changes, pain in the ears, or feelings of pressure. They will also look inside the ear using an otoscope, checking for any signs of infection or blockages.
Daily Archives: December 29, 2014 What are geomagnetic storms? Our sun is an active star that has storms. Sometimes the sun ejects a cloud of gas, called a coronal mass ejection or CME. CMEs are often associated with solar flares, and it takes about two to three days for the charged particles in this gas to reach Earth. Earth’s magnetic field deflects these particles toward the North and South Poles. Unfortunately, solar electrons and protons from CMEs collide with the Earth’s magnetic field and atmosphere and can stir up electromagnetic storms in the Earth’s magnetosphere. These geomagnetic storms can result in the Northern Lights but also disrupt satellite-based navigation, communications, air travel, power grids and even pipelines. A geomagnetic storm in March 1989 shut down the Hydro-Quebec electric grid in Canada, leaving people without electricity. Continue reading Category: Meteorology, Phenomena Comments Off on What are geomagnetic storms?
Action Filename Size Access Description License Show more files... The first Swedish forest owners’ associations were established in the 1910s and 1920s. The purpose was to promote and improve management of the small scale forests. Since then the society, the forest sector and the conditions for the small scale forest owners have changed dramatically. Thus, it is no surprise that also the conditions for the associations themselves have changed. The purpose of this paper is to describe the development after the 1970s. The theoretical base is the typical development cooperation and its causes. The annual reports and other secondary sources are used as data sources. The number of forest owners’ associations have decreased dramatically and presently is only four. Staff and forestry areas also have declined sharply. These consolidations can be explained by a wish to achieve increased efficiency through economies of scale. After the economic crises during the 1970s the number of members decreased but has since then increased but is still less than before the crises. However, the members’ forest area didn’t decrease as much as the number of memberships and it also has increased more rapidly. The average forest area has increased by15 hectares. Financial growth in the forest owners' associations has increased dramatically during the period studied. In the 2000s sales increased almost linearly with the exception of 2009 when the next recession caused by the global financial crisis temporarily reduced associations' turnover. Although the final results for the associations most years are positive and the losses reported some years are relatively small, some associations have had significant financial problems. In the 1970s it became apparent that during economic downturns the relatively low proportion of equity made them vulnerable. Therefore, they started to build up the equity. Return on equity has as an average during the 2000s been around 7-8% and some percentage lower if total capital is used as denominator. The last ten years, the solidity has remained relatively unchanged at about 50%. The number of association-owned sawmills has continued to decline while production in the remaining sawmills have increased dramatically. Production in the associations’ sawmills has doubled since the early 1990's. Of the associations-owned pulp and paper companies only Södra’s mills remain. One problem for the associations are a risk that the intent to form larger and more efficient organizations leads to increased “distance” between the associations and their members. This may mean a risk to lose “anchoring” to the members and that the officers start to act on their own as regular forest products companies. Another problem is that the members cannot take advantage of the large value growth that has occurred for the associations. Moreover, there are a lot of capital tied up in operations that do not really have any formal ownership. Downloads Statistics Download Full History
2017-10-09 12:58 A Bunch Of Monsters • rest • 游戏 • less • lines • kill Jim is a brave explorer. One day, he set out for his next destination, a mysterious hill. When he arrived at the foot of the hill, he was told that there were a bunch of monsters living in that hill, and was dissuaded from continuing his trip by the residents near the hill. Nevertheless, our Jim was so brave that he would never think of giving up his exploration. The monsters do exist! When he got into that hill, he was caught by a bunch of fearful monsters. Fortunately, the monsters didn’t plan to kill him or eat him for they were planning a big party. They wanted to invite Jim, a clever human being, to their party, in order to let human beings know that the monsters also have wonderful parties. At the end of the party, the monsters promised that, after the last game, they would set Jim free. The game is described as follow: 1. There are a great many boxes of treasure, which are numbered from 1 to X. One box has the only one number; one number can only appear on one box. Furthermore, we can assume that X is INFINITY, because the monsters have got a lot of treasure from the men they caught. 2. There are N monsters in this game. Each picks up a card randomly. After that, he / she (it?) opens it, getting a positive integer number d[i], and cannot change it or pick up another card again. The range of d[i] is from 1 to M. If the i-th monster get the number d[i], he can only get the treasure box numbered equal to or less than d[i]. What’s more, one box only can be distributed to one monster; one monster can only get one box. 3. Of course, there are many ways to distribute the boxes to the monsters when N monsters get their numbers; and not every monster can get a box in many cases. Jim has the right to make the arrangement; however, he also knows that the monsters that don’t get the boxes will also punish him. Jim knows the strength of the N monsters. The i-th one has the strength s[i]. We call the sum of strength s[i] of all the monsters that don’t get the boxes --- the DAMAGE to Jim. Your task is to help Jim find out the minimum DAMAGE to him. The input consists of several test cases. In the first line of each test case, there are two positive integers N and M (1<=N<=50000, 1<=M<=50000), indicating the number of monsters and the range of numbers the monsters possibly get on the cards. Then there are N integers di in the following lines, which are the numbers those monsters got. And in the rest lines of one test case, there are other N positive integers si, indicating the strength of each monsters. The test case starting with 2 zeros is the final test case and has no output. For each test case, print your answer, the minimum DAMAGE, in one line without any redundant spaces. Sample Input 1 1 7 7 6 4 4 2 3 4 3 10 70 20 60 30 50 40 0 0 Sample Output • 点赞 • 回答 • 收藏 • 复制链接分享
Back to Top Is obesity contagious? Rendering of Virus under Microscope Rendering of Virus under Microscope Obesity possibly linked to virus. Some scientists are now claiming that a virus originating from chickens might be responsible for obesity in some people. It has been labeled the SMAM-1 and while it hasn't been proven, it can theoretically be transferred from poultry to humans (antibodies have been found in people). The virus apparently causes a shrunken thymus, enlarged kidneys, an enlarged liver, and extra 'cushion' in the abdomen region. So can this mystery virus be the source of someone's obesity? There are studies that have shown those infected with the virus are about 30-35 lbs heavier than those who are not. However, due to the inability to directly infect humans with the virus (i.e. ethical reasons), these studies have been very sparse and involved small sample sizes. Thus their conclusions cannot be considered entirely reliable. This isn't the first time a virus has been blamed for obesity. Over a decade ago, scientists claimed the adenovirus-36 (AD-36) was a contributing factor to obesity by creating more (and larger) fat cells. However, this also has never been proven as the AD-36 virus was even present in 11% of non-obese people. More importantly, the effects of the virus only lasted a few months until the body built a resistance to it. But still some want to push the idea that obesity is an uncontrollable result of disease rather than a manageable outcome of healthy diet and lifestyle choices. In fact, people from the "Obesity Society" go a step further and call obesity itself a disease of which you have no control over. The President of this society (Nikhil V. Dhurandhar) said obesity is “a serious and complex disease" and "you don’t choose obesity. It’s like diabetes. It’s not really under your control." Perhaps in some rare instances this is indeed true. However, for the majority of people, obesity is simply the result of poor diet, sedentary life, and lack of exercise. This explains why so many people are successful in losing so much weight once they change their dietary habits and activity levels. It also explains why they regain the weight if they revert back to their former lifestyles. If obesity is contagious, so is healthiness. That isn't to say there are no other external and uncontrollable factors (i.e. environment, viruses, genetics) that can influence weight. But with all that we know about health and nutrition today, there's little excuse (excluding those rare thyroid diseases or genetic anomalies) for at least trying to make yourself healthier. Even the viruses that have been shown to possibly affect weight only account for temporary gains that last just a few months at most. Rather than looking outwardly for justifications, people should look inwardly at their own behaviors and choices first. Tags World: Big Ed's picture Big Ed is the Chief Editor for Bigatorial. Rachel Dolezal Speaking at Rally Monday, May 1, 2017 - 11:28 Survivor: Game Changers Sunday, April 16, 2017 - 19:22 NC State Free Expression Tunnel Saturday, April 8, 2017 - 11:27 Female Freedom Saturday, April 1, 2017 - 11:21 Follow us on social media User login LOGIN or REGISTER an account to get rid of these Captchas!
Best answer: What kind of carbon is charcoal? Charcoal is normally obtained from the burning of wood, peat, bones, cellulose, or other carbonaceous substances with little or insufficient air. It is an amorphous carbon in the form of highly porous microcrystalline graphite. When charcoal is used as an additive to clay, it can help save energy in brick production. Is charcoal same as carbon? Carbon is a pure element that occurs naturally in a variety of allotropes. Charcoal is the charred product from pyrolyzing wood. Carbon is found as graphite and diamond and has no intrinsic filtering properties. Charcoal is a porous material that can burn or adsorb pollutants. Is activated charcoal better than carbon? The primary difference between a water filter that uses activated carbon and one that uses charcoal is in the filtering materials themselves. Both are hard, porous substances that capture contaminants. … As a rule, activated carbon is purer and of a better quality than activated charcoal. Is charcoal carbon based? Charcoal is carbon. (See this Question of the Day for details on how charcoal is made.) Activated charcoal is charcoal that has been treated with oxygen to open up millions of tiny pores between the carbon atoms. IT IS INTERESTING: Quick Answer: Are there coal mines in Indiana? What’s the difference between charcoal and activated charcoal? Activated charcoal is produced at higher temperatures than charcoal. Activate charcoal is much more porous than charcoal. Activated charcoal is much more effective in filtering material and a more effective adsorbent than charcoal. Activated charcoal is more commonly used in medicine than charcoal. Can you make activated charcoal? Making activated charcoal involves heating carbon-rich materials, such as wood, peat, coconut shells, or sawdust, to very high temperatures. This ‘activation’ process strips the charcoal of previously absorbed molecules and frees up bonding sites again. Why was activated charcoal banned? In the 1960s, the Food and Drug Administration prohibited the use of activated charcoal in food additives or coloring, but an F.D.A. spokeswoman said in an email that the ban was precautionary, as there was a lack of safety data. Does activated carbon expire? In its original polythene wrapping the activated carbon filter can be stored for up to 3 years from the date of sale. Carbon is a natural absorbent and once exposed (unwrapped) it will start working, therefore activated carbon filters should not be left unsealed. Can I use BBQ charcoal for terrarium? Lumpwood charcoal is a type of BBQ charcoal that’s often available in supermarkets (or from stores like this one on Etsy) and can be safely used in terrariums. Horticultural charcoal (biochar) has been used in horticulture in various forms for years and can be sourced from industry stores or from Etsy. Can activated charcoal kill viruses? IT IS INTERESTING: Is coal a fuel source of energy? What is black charcoal good for? Activated charcoal is sometimes used to help treat a drug overdose or a poisoning. When you take activated charcoal, drugs and toxins can bind to it. This helps rid the body of unwanted substances. Charcoal is made from coal, wood, or other substances. Can activated carbon kill bacteria? Granular Activated Carbon. It may trap but does not kill organisms; in fact, nonpathogenic bacteria readily colonize GAC. Does charcoal purify the air? Use activated charcoal as a natural air purifier. A fantastic way to purify indoor air is with activated charcoal, also referred to as active carbon. It’s odourless, highly-absorptive and works wonders with eliminating toxins from the air. Another fantastic way to purify air at home naturally is bamboo charcoal. Can I use regular charcoal on my teeth? It’s abrasive and may wear down tooth enamel and make teeth appear yellow. It doesn’t remove stains below the enamel. Everyday use could cause tooth sensitivity. Does charcoal absorb mold? It seems that activated charcoal doesn’t kill the mold itself, but kills the mycotoxins that the mold creates. … They are the cause of mold-related symptoms and problems from exposure. So removing mycotoxins is a very good thing, even though ingesting activated charcoal doesn’t actually kill the mold. Coal mine
Question: What disease do coal miners get? What are the diseases caused by mining? Some examples of occupational disease in mining include: • asbestosis, mesothelioma. • silicosis. • cancers. • chronic obstructive lung disease (sulfur dioxide) • emphysema. • skin diseases. • hearing loss (noise) Which condition is caused by coal and dust in the lungs? Coal workers’ pneumoconiosis (CWP), commonly known as “black lung disease,” occurs when coal dust is inhaled. Over time, continued exposure to the coal dust causes scarring in the lungs, impairing your ability to breathe. Considered an occupational lung disease, it is most common among coal miners. Do coal miners still get black lung? IT IS INTERESTING: Where is coal used in the world? Is coal mining bad for your lungs? Black lung disease is considered a job-related illness. You get it when you inhale coal dust over a long period of time. Because it mainly affects coal miners, it’s also known as coal workers’ pneumoconiosis (CWP). As you breathe in coal dust, particles settle into your airways and lungs. What is the life expectancy of a coal miner? How does mining affect humans? Health impacts due to inhalation of PM emission from surface mines—medical evidence. PM exposure to surface mining workers lead to some common diseases such as asthma, black lungs, silicosis, asbestosis, inflammation, bauxite fibrosis and siderosis (Singh et al., 2009). How do you clean dust out of your lungs? Ways to clear the lungs 2. Controlled coughing. … 3. Drain mucus from the lungs. … 4. Exercise. … 5. Green tea. … 6. Anti-inflammatory foods. … 7. Chest percussion. What percentage of coal miners get black lung? One in ten underground coal miners who have worked in mines for at least 25 years were identified as having black lung, according to a new report by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) published in the American Journal of Public Health . IT IS INTERESTING: Is there still coal mining in Wales? Is breathing coal dust bad? 1. Exposure to coal mine dust causes various pulmonary diseases, including coal workers’ pneumoconiosis (CWP) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). 2. Coal miners are also exposed to crystalline silica dust, which causes silicosis, COPD, and other diseases. What percent of coal miners die? The rate of fatal injuries in the coal mining industry in 2007 was 24.8 per 100,000 fulltime equivalent workers, nearly six times the rate for all private industry. This represents a 57 percent decrease from the 2006 rate of 58.1 fatalities per 100,000 fulltime equivalent workers. Where is the largest coal mine in the US? How much does a coal miner make an hour? An experienced Coal Mine Worker with 10-19 years of experience earns an average total compensation of $24.22 based on 14 salaries. In their late career (20 years and higher), employees earn an average total compensation of $19. Is Black Lung curable? There is no cure for black lung disease – we can only treat symptoms. Medications, such as inhaled steroids, can help patients breathe more easily. More severe cases can require oxygen and possibly lung transplants. What is coal miners lung? Coal workers’ pneumoconiosis (CWP), also known as black lung disease or black lung, is caused by long-term exposure to coal dust. It is common in coal miners and others who work with coal. It is similar to both silicosis from inhaling silica dust and asbestosis from inhaling asbestos dust. IT IS INTERESTING: Why did the coal miners go on strike? Does black lung disease still exist? Though reported black lung cases hit an all-time low at the end of the 20th century, high rates of black lung disease have emerged in recent years in coalminers and other industries. Silicosis is an untreatable lung disease caused by the inhalation of silica dust that progressively scars the lungs. Coal mine
King's German Legion Soldaten für den Kampf gegen Napoleon Fahne der KGL The King’s German Legion existed from 1803 until 1816, the legion mostly consisted out of former/retired soldiers of the electorate Hannover and they fought for the English King against the French. Since the dukedom Bremen was a part of Hannover and was occupied by Napoleon, even soldiers from Bremen and lower Saxony fought in the King’s German Legion. This database was created by the MAUS member Anna Hentschel and contains the names, the age and the origin of the King’s German Legion’s recruits, that were hired from 21st October, 1805 until late 1806 in Europe and that were buried in Stade, Hannover and England.
Get a customized solution on this task at Create an experiment that tests the following scenario: You work for the Educational Curriculum Company as a curriculum developer. Your company has created a new reading program (E-Z-Read) to be used in elementary schools. Your task is to design a way of testing this new program at Desert Mountain Elementary School. The principal has allowed you to have access to two classrooms: Miss Jones’s and Mrs. Brown’s classrooms. Prepare a report of 500-750 words that describes the hypothesis, participants, experimental group, control group, independent variable, dependent variable, and how you are going to make the two groups equivalent at the beginning of the experiment. Also, discuss why correlations and case studies would not be useful for this type of study. Your paper must include a minimum of one source. Place this order or similar order and get an amazing discount Assignment Solutions
• Turtles' Nest The History of Treasure Beach A contrast to the usual trademarks of the Caribbean, Treasure Beach in Jamaica is a unique and refreshing contribution to the region. This string of sleepy fishing villages welcomes visitors from around the world and is located off Jamaica’s south coast. Serving up six miles of coral coloured beaches, gem-like private coves, rocky shores and lush waterfalls, Treasure Beach is true to its name. Have a snorkelling adventure at Frenchman’s Bay and have a chance to see dolphins. Zip line through the forest over the YS Waterfalls, or explore the Santa Cruz Mountains. Fancy a slower pace? Then sidle up to a shady palm tree with an ice-cold Red Stripe beer, and set the tone for a day of beach-bliss. Arid like the East African Savannas, Jamaica’s landscape is home to a rare breed of trees that bloom with canopies of bright purple blossoms. Produced by the ornamental Lignum Vitae tree, Jamaica’s national flower is a rare and gorgeous sight. Treasure Beach is a world unto its own with a wealth of natural beauty, a backbone of humility and a stream of lesser-known gems. Endowing romance to adjectives such as “boho”, “barefoot” and “off the beaten track”, Treasure Beach Jamaica found its way onto the tourism map almost 27 years ago. The secret of Treasure Beach's monopoly on authentic island bliss was out and growth was inevitable. Still, even after the installation of a convenient cashpoint, reliable wifi and a luxury spa, Treasure Beach was able to retain its authenticity. In the destinations more ancient history, 700 AD saw the arrival of the peaceful Taino Indians. These were the first inhabitants of Jamaica. A creative society, the new island-dwellers were skilled potters, carvers, weavers, boat builders and farmers; all traditions the Tainos retained for centuries. A large population of the Taino people made their way to Treasure Beach, setting up camp around 1494 AD. Remnants of Taino pottery can still be found lying around the island, particularly spottable after a heavy rain. It was not long after they settled, that the Spanish made their arrival to the Jamaican waters, spelling the doom of the Taino people. Captured and enslaved, the Tainos quickly became extinct across Jamaica. On the brighter side, some Taino Indians managed to flee Jamaica in boats, making their way to the shores of the Americas, where small Taino communities can still be found today. Interesting fact: Popular Taino words you may recognise are: canoe, hammock, hurricane and tobacco. Centuries later, around mid-1600 AD, a Scottish ship sank off the shores of Jamaica. The survivors swam to shore and became new inhabitants off the island. Instantly recognised as "brownin's" or "red men" from Treasure Beach, the inevitable intermixing with the local population led to the widespread presence of striking and handsome people. This article first appeared on the Sandals website
Ancient Egyptian Art: The Great Sphinx The Great Sphinx is one of the most recognizable monuments in Egypt. Built during the Old Kingdom, an amazing period for Egyptian art, it is thought to represent the pharaoh Khaefre (c. 2555-2532 B.C.). The Great Sphinx guards the entrance to Khaefre’s mortuary temple and the second largest pyramid on the Giza plateau. With the head of a human and the body of a lion, the Sphinx was the perfect symbol of Egyptian kingship. Lions were associated with the very first pharaohs. At Abydos, site of early Egyptian burials, lions were found buried with pharaohs. The Great Sphinx represented a combination of animal strength and royal power. It wore the pleated nemes head cloth often used by pharaohs, which provided a substitute for a lion’s mane. The Great Sphinx. Photo by Manek Kocjan May 30, 2006 Building the Great Sphinx was a massive undertaking, especially during an era when only stone and copper tools were available. The base of the sphinx was carved from hard limestone that stuck out of the surface of the Giza plateau. The middle section of the Sphinx was made of softer limestone, and the head was made of very firm limestone. When the workers finished, the Great Sphinx was approximately 240 feet long (about the length of a football field) and almost 70 feet tall. Though other pharaohs built colossal statues, Khaefre’s Sphinx remained the largest. Though the Great Sphinx was impressive, by the New Kingdom (c. 1539 B.C.), it needed some major repairs. Since the Sphinx was built on a seabed, salt eroded parts of it, including the paws. In addition, its body was covered in sand. According to the legend carved on a stela between the Sphinx’s paws, a young prince named Tuthmosis IV came to the Sphinx’s rescue. One day while Tuthmosis hunted in the desert, he needed a place to rest. He fell asleep in the shadow of the Sphinx. By the New Kingdom a god named Horemakhet, whose name meant Horus on the Horizon, was associated with the Sphinx. The god appeared in the prince’s dream and promised him that if Tuthmosis helped to restore the Sphinx, Horemakhet would make him pharaoh. Tuthmosis set about restoring the Great Sphinx. He had tons of sand removed from it and had its broken paw repaired. To top off the restoration, the prince had the Sphinx repainted in bright colors, including blue, yellow, and red. The god must have been satisfied with Tuthmosis’ project, since he became king despite not being first in line for the throne. Why Isis the Ancient Egyptian Goddess has nothing in common with ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and Syria) Before the name ISIS (an acronym for Islamic State of Iraq and Syria) became synonymous with public executions and terror, a goddess with the name Isis was popular in ancient Egypt. The ancient Egyptian goddess Isis represented many positive values, such as protection, healing, and the importance of family. Clearly, she had nothing in common with the ISIS we read and hear about today. According to ancient Egyptian mythology, Isis was the wife and sister of the god Osiris. Osiris ruled Egypt, and Isis supported his endeavors. Unfortunately for the couple, Osiris’ brother Seth wanted his brother’s power so badly that he murdered and then dismembered Osiris. Isis and her sister Nephthys mourned Osiris, but they did not sit around crying for long. Instead, the two women travelled to the ends of the earth to find Osiris’ remains and revive him: “Rise up, Osiris, for Isis has your arm and Nephthys your hand.” After Osiris’ resurrection, Isis conceived a son with him whom she named Horus. Osiris left Isis to care for their son and became the god of the underworld. Osiris and Winged Isis, Isis Temple, Philae Island, Egypt. Photo by Remin. Proving that a woman’s work is never done, Isis now had to hide her son from the evil Seth. She proved to be a wonderful and protective mother. For example, she healed Horus when a scorpion stung him. Isis continued to watch over her son until he was old enough to fight Seth. Horus successfully avenged his father’s death and became king of Egypt, but he couldn’t have done it without his mother. Ancient Egyptians associated Isis with motherhood, especially as the mother of Egyptian kings. Early Pyramid Texts state “the king drinks milk from his mother Isis.” At first the goddess could only be called upon to help Egyptian pharaohs, but later the nobility and even commoners could ask Isis for assistance. In a time with high mortality rates, ancient Egyptian mothers often recited spells that included the goddess in the hope that Isis would heal their sick children. In addition to her role as a mother, Isis also served as the protector of the dead in the afterlife. She was often depicted on the sides of royal coffins with winged arms. With the wings of the goddess to carry their deceased loved ones to next world, Egyptians felt comforted even though they mourned the dead. A faithful wife, loving mother, a healer of children, and a comforting presence to those who mourn—all qualities that the ancient Egyptians gave to their Isis. Unfortunately, the organization that now uses her name stands for none of these admirable traits. Daughters of Isis by Joyce Tyldesley The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt, Richard Wilkinson Wife of the Pharaoh: The Role of Ancient Egyptian Queens The pharaohs decided how much we know about their queens because men commissioned the building of monuments like temples and tombs. Unfortunately, most wives did not have much written about them. Yet the Egyptians left us with a blueprint for the perfect Egyptian queen in the story of their goddess Isis and her husband Osiris. After her husband’s brother killed Osiris so he could steal the throne of Egypt, Isis searched for Osiris’ body. She brought him back to life long enough so they could have a son named Horus. Isis then protected her son from her jealous brother-in-law until he was old enough to reign as pharaoh. Like Isis, Egyptian queens were supposed to support their husbands and bear children. Yet in times of crisis, they could be called upon to act on behalf of their husband or son. Some queens ruled their country temporarily while their husbands were away on military campaigns. Others stepped in as Queen Regent for a son who inherited the throne at a young age. Mainly, however, a queen’s role was defined by her relationship with the king. Following the tradition of Isis and Osiris, all pharaohs were expected to marry. Pharaohs married wives that were chosen for them, but there is no record of how they were picked. Many came from the royal family so the king would have a wife who was trained to help in a crisis and who was supposedly trustworthy. Queens like Nefertiti and others were born commoners, however, so the idea of a non-royal wife for a pharaoh was apparently acceptable. Perhaps commoners received acceptance because in the story of Isis and Osiris, relatives were not always loyal. In ancient Egypt, the word queen is translated as King’s Wife. Yet Egyptian pharaohs were polygamous, meaning they had more than one wife. Polygamy demonstrated the wealth of the pharaoh and provided insurance that he would have an heir. Only one wife, known as the King’s Great Wife, would be featured in official records. She hoped to earn the title King’s Mother by giving birth to a son who would become pharaoh. If she did not accomplish this, another lesser wife might receive the title. While she lived, however, the King’s Great Wife served as the embodiment of Isis—the perfect complement to her husband who was thought to be half god and half human. Together, she and the king would serve the gods and rule their people, keeping order in their kingdom.
Quick Answer: Would Encephalitis Show Up In Blood Work? Will a brain infection show up in blood work? Meningitis blood tests A complete blood count (CBC) or total protein count check for heightened levels of certain cells and proteins that can suggest a meningitis infection. A procalcitonin blood test can also help your doctor tell if an infection is more likely caused by either bacteria or a virus.. Can Encephalitis be caused by stress? At a later time, emotional or physical stress can reactivate the virus to cause an infection of the brain. It causes the most subacute (between acute and chronic) and chronic (lasting three or more months) encephalitis infections in humans. How fast does encephalitis progress? How do you test for encephalitis? Diagnostic tests that may be performed to confirm the diagnosis of encephalitis may include the following:Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). … Computed tomography scan (also called a CT or CAT scan). … Blood tests.Urine and stool tests.Sputum culture. … Electroencephalogram (EEG). … Spinal tap (also called a lumbar puncture).More items… Can a CT scan detect encephalitis? Brain scans A scan of the brain can help show whether you have encephalitis or another problem such as a stroke, brain tumour or brain aneurysm (a swelling in an artery). The 2 main types of scan used are: a CT scan. an MRI scan. What does a brain infection feel like? In general, people older than 2 years of age with acute bacterial infection develop high fever, severe headache, stiff neck, nausea, vomiting, discomfort when looking into a bright light, sleepiness, and confusion. Can you have a brain infection without fever? How long can you have encephalitis without knowing? Does encephalitis go away by itself? In mild cases of encephalitis, the inflammation will likely resolve in a few days. For people who have severe cases it may require weeks or months for them to get better. It can sometimes cause permanent brain damage or even death. What blood tests are done for encephalitis? Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis. This is a primary diagnostic tool for encephalitis and meningitis. CSF analysis is a group of common tests, and a wide variety of other tests, that can be ordered and performed on a sample of CSF. It is collected using a procedure called a lumbar puncture or spinal tap. Can blood test detect any disease? Specifically, blood tests can help doctors: Evaluate how well organs—such as the kidneys, liver, thyroid, and heart—are working. Diagnose diseases and conditions such as cancer, HIV/AIDS, diabetes, anemia (uh-NEE-me-eh), and coronary heart disease. Find out whether you have risk factors for heart disease. What are the signs of brain infection? Symptoms of a brain abscess changes in mental state – such as confusion or irritability. problems with nerve function – such as muscle weakness, slurred speech or paralysis on one side of the body. a high temperature. seizures (fits) What is the most common cause of encephalitis? The most common causes of viral encephalitis are herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2, varicella zoster virus and enteroviruses, which cause gastrointestinal illness. Encephalitis can also result from certain viruses carried by mosquitoes, ticks and other insects or animals such as: West Nile virus. What test shows brain inflammation? Antibody-mediated inflammatory brain disease is diagnosed using signs and symptoms, analysis of blood and cerebrospinal fluid samples, an electroencephalogram and imaging such as an MRI or angiogram. Which is worse meningitis or encephalitis? Bacterial meningitis and viral encephalitis may be rapidly fatal, even in healthy persons. Survivors may suﬀer lasting neurological sequelae, including memory loss and seizures. Viral meningitis, by contrast, gives patients a bad headache and a stiﬀ neck, but uneventful recovery is the rule.
Jordan Arabic Cuisine Arabic cuisine in general is influenced by the nomadic Bedouins, and especially the cuisine of Lebanon, Syria and Palestine. Jordan's cuisine is part of this culinary heritage, and shares many of the characteristics. Within the Arabic culture, food is an important aspect and used to express hospitality and generosity. The national dish of Jordan is Mansaf, a Bedouin dish. A dish of lamb with aromatic herbs, cooked in dried yoghurt sauce (jameed), served with rice and garnished with pine or other nuts. It often symbolizes an occasion like a wedding, and as with most Bedouin dishes, it is traditionally eaten with the right hand. Another popular dish is Maglouba, made with lamb or chicken and aubergines, sometimes fried cauliflower. Maglouba is translated as "Upside Down", because this dish is inverted after preparation and cooking. A special experience is Zarb, a Bedouin dish. Meat, mostly lamb, is cooked by a unique underground grilling method in a mud oven, served with rice and vegetables. Very similar is Mandi, usually made with a young lamb cooked in a special kind of clay oven. Dry wood is placed in the oven, burnt to charcoal, then then meat will be put inside and the whole oven closed so that no smoke escapes. Most popular in Arabic cuisine are the starters, known as mezze. Well known is Falafel, a fried ball or patty made from spiced chickpeas and/or fava beans. A popular appetizer is hummus, a puree of chick peas blended with tahina (pulped sesame seeds), lemon and garlic. Kibbeh is a fried ball with a meat and bulgur wheat paste as crust and an aromatic filling of meat. The primary ingredients of tabbouleh, a salad, are finely chopped parsley, bulgur, mint, tomato, scallion, and other herbs with lemon juice, olive oil and various seasonings like black pepper. Fattoush is a seasonal salad made from several larger vegetable pieces, herbs and toasted or fried pieces of pita bread. Foul consists of mashed, brown fava beans, and moutabel is a spicy aubergine dip. National specialties are Kebabs, consisting of grilled or broiled meats on a skewer or stick. The most common kebabs include lamb and beef. Shish taouk is made by skewering and grilling cubes of chicken. An originally Palastenian dish is Musakhan composed of chicken in olive oil and onion sauce roasted on Arab bread. A popular rice dish is Kabsa, mainly made from a mixture of spices, rice, vegetables and meat, such as chicken, goat, lamb, camel. Waraq Enab (diwali) are grapevine leaves stuffed with rice, minced meat and spices. Mainly in Aqaba you find Sayadiya, fish cooked in layers of rice, fried onions gives it the taste and the brown color. An Arabic food experience is only completed with a dessert. Baklava is a rich, sweet pastry made of layers, filled with nuts and sweetened with honey. Kanafa is a pastry filled with nuts or goats cheese. It consists of a base layer made of cheese mixed with milk or cream, a crispy layer of dried noodles and often topped off with some syrup. Ataif is a small fried pancake filled with nuts or cheese and traditionally eaten during Ramadan. A classic dessert is Mohallabiya, a rice pudding perfumed with rose water or orange, flavoured with spices and garnished with nuts. Hospitality in the Arab world is expressed by serving a mint tea or a freshly-brewed coffee to every guest. Arabic coffee is strong, served in small cups, sometimes with a taste of cardamom. Although Jordan is mainly a Muslim country, thanks to the Christian minority, the country has a long tradition of wine-production, popular is Mt. Nebo Wine. Another production is Araq, an aniseed-flavoured liquor, usually mixed with water and ice. Our Clients & Testimonials
Not something you want going off near your home (Picture: Getty Images) North Korea’s recent nuclear test – performed within their own borders – was reportedly eight time more powerful than the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima during WW2. Kim Jong-un’s regime have claimed they successfully tested a 120 kilotons H-bomb, which was initially discovered due to a tremor recorded on the Korean peninsula which may have been triggered by the blast. thumbnail for post ID 6899235 It turns out your boss has to give you time off if your child is sick To put the size of this blast into perspective, the bomb dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima during WW2 by the Americans was about 15 kilotons, and the one dropped on Nagasaki was 20 kilotons. Conservative estimates put the death toll from these attacks at 150,000 dead in Hiroshima, and 75,000 dead in Nagasaki. As with all media releases from North Korea, the accuracy and honesty of the report cannot be confirmed, however experts agree that this was one of their largest tests to date. The test comes a few days after the communist dictatorship launched a ballistic missile over Japan, increasing fears that they could launch a nuclear warhead at the country. MORE : North Korea launch weapon over Japan: What exactly is a ballistic missile? How big is a 120 kiloton blast? Using the online tool Nukemap, we can see exactly how deadly one of North Korea’s weapons could be. The site allows users to input the size of the bomb, and see what affect it would have over any major city. Here is a representation of what would happen should a bomb similar in size to the one dropped on Hiroshima in 1945 was detonated by the Houses of Parliament in London. MORE : Mother killed herself after arguing with husband about Anthony Joshua boxing match Buildings within the grey circle would be collapsed due to the blast, with an almost 100 percent casualty rate. Anyone within the outer orange circle would suffer from serious skin burns, with any flammable materials catching fire. Here is a representation of a bomb similar in size to North Korea’s recent test being detonated over London. The model shows how some of London’s most populated areas would be completely wiped out, with people living as far south as Clapham and as north as Camden suffering from the immediate blast. This doesn’t even take into account the nuclear fallout which would undoubtedly impact people hundreds of miles away from the blast point.
Rodney Brooks Robots, AI, and other stuff A Better Lesson Just last week Rich Sutton published a very short blog post titled The Bitter Lesson. I’m going to try to keep this review shorter than his post. Sutton is well known for his long and sustained contributions to reinforcement learning. In his post he argues, using many good examples, that over the 70 year history of AI, more computation and less built in knowledge has always won out as the best way to build Artificial Intelligence systems. This resonates with a current mode of thinking among many of the newer entrants to AI that it is better to design learning networks and put in massive amounts of computer power, than to try to design a structure for computation that is specialized in any way for the task. I must say, however, that at a two day work shop on Deep Learning last week at the National Academy of Science, the latter idea was much more in vogue, something of a backlash against exactly what Sutton is arguing. I think Sutton is wrong for a number of reasons. 1. One of the most celebrated successes of Deep Learning is image labeling, using CNNs, Convolutional Neural Networks, but the very essence of CNNs is that the front end of the network is designed by humans to manage translational invariance, the idea that objects can appear anywhere in the frame. To have a Deep Learning network also have to learn that seems pedantic to the extreme, and will drive up the computational costs of the learning by many orders of magnitude. 2. There are other things in image labeling that suffer mightily because the current crop of CNNs do not have certain things built in that we know are important for human performance. E.g., color constancy. This is why the celebrated example of a traffic stop sign with some pieces of tape on it is seen as a 45 mph speed limit sign by a certain CNN trained for autonomous driving. No human makes that error because they know that stop signs are red, and speed limit signs are white. The CNN doesn’t know that, because the relationship between pixel color in the camera and the actual color of the object is a very complex relationship that does not get elucidated with the measly tens of millions of training images that the algorithms are trained on. Saying that in the future we will have viable training sets is shifting the human workload to creating massive training sets and encoding what we want the system to learn in the labels. This is just as much building knowledge in as it would be to directly build a color constancy stage. It is sleight of hand in moving the human intellectual work to somewhere else. 3. In fact, for most machine learning problems today a human is needed to design a specific network architecture for the learning to proceed well. So again, rather than have the human build in specific knowledge we now expect the human to build the particular and appropriate network, and the particular training regime that will be used. Once again it is sleight of hand to say that AI succeeds without humans getting into the loop. Rather we are asking the humans to pour their intelligence into the algorithms in a different place and form. 4. Massive data sets are not at all what humans need to learn things so something is missing. Today’s data sets can have billions of examples, where a human may only require a handful to learn the same thing. But worse, the amount of computation needed to train many of the networks we see today can only be furnished by very large companies with very large budgets, and so this push to make everything learnable is pushing the cost of AI outside that of individuals or even large university departments. That is not a sustainable model for getting further in intelligent systems. For some machine learning problems we are starting to see a significant carbon foot print due to the power consumed during the learning phase. 5. Moore’s Law is slowing down, so that some computer architects are reporting the doubling time in amount of computation on a single chip is moving from one year to twenty years. Furthermore the breakdown of Dennard scaling back in 2006 means that the power consumption of machines goes up as they perform better, and so we can not afford to put even the results of machine learning (let alone the actual learning) on many of our small robots–self driving cars require about 2,500 Watts of power for computation–a human brain only requires 20 Watts. So Sutton’s argument just makes this worse, and makes the use of AI and ML impractical. 6. Computer architects are now trying to compensate for these problems by building special purpose chips for runtime use of trained networks. But they need to lock in the hardware to a particular network structure and capitalize on human analysis of what tricks can be played without changing the results of the computation, but with greatly reduced power budgets. This has two drawbacks. First it locks down hardware specific to particular solutions, so every time we have a new ML problem we will need to design new hardware. And second, it once again is simply shifting where human intelligence needs to be applied to make ML practical, not eliminating the need for humans to be involved in the design at all. So my take on Rich Sutton’s piece is that the lesson we should learn from the last seventy years of AI research is not at all that we should just use more computation and that always wins. Rather I think a better lesson to be learned is that we have to take into account the total cost of any solution, and that so far they have all required substantial amounts of human ingenuity. Saying that a particular solution style minimizes a particular sort of human ingenuity that is needed while not taking into account all the other places that it forces human ingenuity (and carbon footprint) to be expended is a terribly myopic view of the world. This review, including this comment, is seventy six words shorter than Sutton’s post. 9 comments on “A Better Lesson” 1. Rod and Rich are both right. Rich is right that we have achieved significant advances in performance by replacing (some kinds of) human engineering with machine learning from big data. In computer vision, the big lesson from SIFT and HoG descriptors was that trying to design them by hand was not as good as using machine learning to learn large filter banks. Rod is right that we need to find better ways of encoding knowledge into network structure (or other prior constraints). Many groups are working on encoding rotation, scale, and (partial) viewpoint invariance, for example. The trick is to encode knowledge in a way that constrains incorrect solutions but not correct solutions. It is not at all obvious how to do that. I suspect that as we figure out ways to do encode some constraints, there will always be other constraints that we can only encode via training examples. So the top-performing systems will always combine knowledge engineering with brute force. 2. Question re. the power consumption of 20W vs. 2500W. That’s roughly a factor of 100. One common statistic is that human training requires approximately 10,000 hours to achieve mastery. Compress this down to a few hours or even a few days for typical machine learning training times. Are not the actual energy consumptions essentially the same, between human and machine? 1. The 10,000 hour number is to become (roughly) a domain expert in something (e.g., playing the piano, or being a programmer). Children learn lots of concepts in just a few seconds that take millions of examples and hundreds of thousands of repeats for some deep learning systems. 3. Professor, I completely agree with your reasoning, but I’d like to expand this part of your argument further: “for most machine learning problems today a human is needed to design a specific network architecture for the learning to proceed well.” It seems that the predominant conventional belief is that the progress in AI is automatic, and it is often compared to the discovery of the steam engine (Erik Brynjolfsson) or electricity (Andrew Ng). Some (Kai-Fu Lee) even go as far as saying that the era of discovery in AI is over, and we have entered the new era of commercialization (hence Made in China 2025 plan simply calls for more of the same, i.e. more manufacturing robots and more facial recognition). I believe nothing is further from the truth, and agree with [1] that states that “AI’s greatest economic impact will come from its potential as a new method of invention that ultimately reshapes the nature of the innovation process and the organization of R&D”, thus crushing Eroom’s law [2] that has been hanging over technological progress and total factor productivity over last 40+ years. However, there are two seemingly hopeless problems with using AI in R&D. First, today’s AI is all about pattern matching, not creativity: from object recognition in images to speech understanding and machine translation, the focus has been on machine learning of human skills and automation of human jobs, not coming up with new ideas. Second, today we treat AI as a hammer in search of a nail, and hence obsess over any discipline that throws off big data, such as advertising, intelligent vehicles, large corpora of text, games, etc. This approach breaks down when dealing with enormous search spaces in chemistry and biology, such as drug discovery in the universe of 10^60 potential molecules, making sense of gene regulation or mapping of mammalian metabolic pathways. My answer to both problems is to redefine AI as IA, or Intelligence Amplification, a term invented along with the now-forgotten science of Cybernetics by Norbert Wiener and Ross Ashby in the 1940s and 1950s. They argued that the role of machines was to amplify human intelligence, augment human decision-making and, thus, improve human productivity. In Cybernetics, the human was never supposed to be automated away. Unfortunately, as you taught us in 6.836, Cybernetics fell out of favor after the seminal Dartmouth Workshop of 1956 founded the field of AI that aimed to build thinking machines that would eventually succeed at stacking geometric shapes using logic programming but fail miserably in the messy world of humans. I would argue that the necessary condition for a successful IA process is the presence of the trifecta of (1) domain experts (chemists, biologists, etc.), (2) algorithms experts, and (3) powerful specialized machines. Together, domain experts and algorithms experts can co-invent a specific network architecture and then train it on fast machines, which is exactly your argument. I think this co-invention aspect puts the debate with Rich Sutton to rest since he doesn’t leave any space for the human in the loop. Gleb Chuvpilo PS In case you are nostalgic about Subsumption Architecture (I know I am!): 4. An obvious point which perhaps bears repeating. Hundreds of millions of years of biological evolution were required to genetically encode the complex modular brain architectures of higher animals, including humans. The brain is not three pounds of undifferentiated porridge, not a tabula rasa at birth. Researching the set of diverse ecological specifications underpinning situated human social agency should be a priority, not something to be ignored. Have we forgotten what David Marr argued for in “Vision”? 5. Rodney, Excellent article, very thought-provoking. I recently ran some code on an AWS P2.16xlarge EC2 instance, running 16xNVIDIA Tesla K80 GPUs. I believe each GPU consumes 300w of power. So 16×300=4.8Kw in total. The electric fire in my lounge at home has a max output of 3Kw. How much power does the AI industry consume annually? Year on year how much has it grown by? Does the slow down of Moores Law mean we’ve finally reached a hardware impasse? So AI will not become the ubiquitous technology as so vehemently promised. Do you envision more human intelligence being hard-coded into AI? So from here on the goal will shift from general to highly specialised AI, what we’ve had all along I’d argue. Will more, not less human interventions be needed to keep the AI optimised and the costs down? or is hardware cheaper than humans? 6. Well said, Rod! Pre-engineering the “first principles” of an underlying problem directly into a learning model seems to be a big no-no these days. It is more of the fire-and-forget approach which is well suited for a “reflexive” approach to computation rather than a “declarative” one. People forget to use a subsumptive hierarchy where one could easily engineer a system to have CNNs and other reflexive processes at the sensory ends of an architecture and then have them subsume into an upper level declarative end. Also why re-invent all of signal and image processing (example, filtering, feature detection, translation scale invariance etc..) with the gobledegook of the convolution layers. I guess it is because a CNN is an easy to use, one-size-fits-all, mousetrap. 7. Hi Rodney, I have commented on each number as best I could: 1. I agree. There is a lot of redundant information in a training set that attempts to address simple image transformations such as linear and rotational translation. This may be a big waste. However, I’m sure the CNN people would argue that their “math” represents a linear separation in multiple dimensions, thereby inherently solving that problem. 2. Not sure, Rodney. I would agree that color processing is extremely complex, and may not be readily handled by CNNs. However, once again, its the pre-processing of an image and the extraction of features that don’t make much sense to humans that the CNN is being trained for. Color has an extra dimension of information, and so feature extraction from this map to a standard 2-D image map might be a bit tricky, but certainly not impossible. Good point. 3. I’m an engineer. I think boundary conditions first. IN my feeble AI knowledge, that means the “framework” for logic and learning, i.e., the intrinsic “given” information. You’re right Rodney. But let’s not take too much credit here, I think the CNN guys are doing it, but not acknowledging that at least at some place, its there in their system , just not as pronounced. 4. I like your last points here. Yes, the cost of AI R&D is growing too high. And governments like China are funding directly. The top three AI companies in US spent about 50 billion in one year in R&D, much of it in AI. I would offer a little hope for your students … develop something out of the box that is really needed, and if people need it, your effort can amortized against the R&D budgets of the big guys. But develop your well written patents first! 5. Rodney, you’re right. But as you know, a lot of others realize the power cost of AI is staggering, and so it is “Efficiency” that we need to work towards. (another soaring carbon source that everyone wants, and everyone is ignoring). Let me introduce a thought … computation is digital arithmetic. Elon Musk is right to describe this sort of “computational AI” as “digital intelligence”. Laboratory solutions for AI not employing digital arithmetic might soon proliferate, making this distinction even more important. But back to my point … we must make digital arithmetic more efficient, that’s what I’m working on. 6. I don’t agree here Rodney. General purpose CPU’s is what we’ve been using all along. GPU’s have demonstrated their place, but they are still using floating point units. As a guru of computer history, there was a big argument as to whether computers should employ floating point versus fixed-point arithmetic. This argument goes back to the days of John von Neumann. What happened was that computer scientists relieved themselves of having to worry about arithmetic coding if they used the power floating-point unit. We all got stupid about this every since. The floating point unit is very powerful and flexible, but is terribly in-efficient. But fixed point array processors, and specialized hardware matrix multipliers (TPUs) can be utilized by software solutions to bring efficiency way up. 8. I’d like to come down firmly on both sides of this argument. Sutton is historically right, and looking back we can see that a lot of early AI, across the board, was far too small-scale, because of the nature of computing resources back in the day. And yet Brooks is right, too, and if we need 2500 watts to equal the neural processing power of a moth, we’re still missing the trick. I believe the classic analysis is that both hardware and software evolve in tandem, and perhaps they both have a long ways to go. Comment on this
The Orphan Child Archetype Orphan . Abandoned Light Attributes Independence based on learning to go it alone. Conquering fear of surviving. Shadow Attributes Feelings of abandonment that stifle maturation. Seeking inappropriate surrogate families. The Orphan Child is the major character in most well known children’s stories, including Little Orphan Annie, the Matchstick Girl, Bambi, the Little Mermaid, Hansel and Gretel, Snow White, Cinderella, and many more. The pattern in these stories is reflected in the lives of people who feel from birth as if they are not a part of their family, including the family psyche or tribal spirit. Yet precisely because orphans are not allowed into the family circle, they have to develop independence early in life. The absence of family influences, attitudes, and traditions inspires or compels the Orphan Child to construct an inner reality based on personal judgment and experience. Orphans who succeed at finding a path of survival on their own are celebrated in fairy tales and folk stories as having won a battle with a dark force, which symbolically represents the fear of surviving alone in this world. The Shadow Aspect The shadow aspect manifests when orphans never recover from growing up outside the family circle. Feelings of abandonment and the scar tissue from family rejection stifle their maturation, often causing them to seek surrogate family structures in order to experience tribal union. Therapeutic support groups become shadow tribes or families for an Orphan Child who knows deep down that healing these wounds requires moving on to adulthood. Identifying with the Orphan begins by evaluating your childhood memories, paying particular attention to whether your painful history arises from the feeling that you were never accepted as a family member.
Quick Answer: How Many Crops Do Farmers In Villages Like Rampur Generally Grow? Which is the main source of earning money in the village Palampur? farmingAnswer: the main source of income in palampur is farming and they also work as poutry.. What is the main production activity in Palampur village? FarmingFarming is the main production activity in Palampur. 75 per cent of the people who are working are dependent on farming for their livelihood. They could be farmers or farm labourers. Why are farm Labourers poor in Rampur? There is a heavy competition among the farm laborers is getting work is Rampur. This is the reason for a minimum wages to the farm laborers. In Rampur, there are many labourers who don’t secure their daily work. Most of the farm laborers in the Rampur village come from farmers’ families cultivating small plots of land. What farmers do all day? What are non farming activities in Rampur village? Some of the non-farming activities taken by the people of Rampur village are:Horticulture.Dairy farming.Shop keeping.Small scale industries.Transportation.Poultry farming, etc. What kind of crops do farmers grow nowadays? Grains, such as corn, wheat, and rice, are the world’s most popular food crops. Food crops were the first crops to be harvested through agriculture. What are the main non farming activities? Rural non-farm activities include value chain activities, such as agroprocessing, transport, distribution, marketing, and retail, as well as tourism, manufacturing, construction and mining, plus self-employment activities (handicrafts, bakeries, mechanics, kiosks, and so on). Which is the largest village near to Palampur? Agoja KhasPalampur Tehsil – Kangra#VillagesPopulation1Agoja Khas9712Aima2,7753Ambotu2314Andreta1,125117 more rows How do farmers choose what to grow? Farmers make planting decisions based on many factors. Chief among these are how do net returns compare from one crop to the next. The comparison depends on what yield you expect, what price you expect, and what the variable costs are. How are the farmers in the village Palampur able to grow more crops from the same land? The farmers of village Palampur is able to grow more crops from the same land because of multiple cropping. … Under it, more than a single crop is produced on the same piece of land during the year. Indian producers should produce at least two principal crops in a year. Which kharif crop is grown during the rainy season in Rampur? JowarJowar and Bajra are the Kharif crops grown during the ‘rainy season’ in Rampur. Which is the nearest village of Palampur? shahpurAnswer. The town nearest to palampur is shahpur . Is Palampur a real village? The village named Palampur is actually a hypothetical village that look similar to some villages of Uttar Pradesh of India. How many families live in Palampur? 450 families450 families live in Palampur. 80 are upper caste families and own maximum land. Which is not cash crop? So, the correct option is ‘Rice’.
Have a question? Get in Touch. How qEEG Brain Mapping ADHD/ADD ADHD/ADD? Attention Problems? How qEEG Brain Mapping Can Help Identify What’s Really Going On There are several types of tests commonly used by healthcare professionals to evaluate children and adults for ADHD. The most popular are written questionnaires with rating scales that depend on someone’s opinion of what’s going on. There are also “continuous performance tests” (CPT) administered on a computer, which challenge the client to sustain attention. Many experts believe that these tests are better at identifying impulsive symptoms than flagging symptoms of inattention. Why a brain map is better While those tests can be one piece of the puzzle, none provides a detailed look at how the brain is actually operating and what else might be going on. That’s why at the Center for Brain Training we evaluate attention and concentration deficits with a qEEG brain map (quantitative EEG analysis), which does reveal how the brain is operating and what the real reason is for an attention challenge. Advantages of a brain map • One advantage of a qEEG is that it can help identify whether there truly is an attention/ADHD problem or another reason or contributor to what only appears to be an attention problem.For instance, certain brain patterns correlate with learning disabilities, undiagnosed auditory or visual processing issues, or struggles with math or language. Any one of these factors can result in behaviors which can look deceptively like ADHD—acting frustrated, anxious, uninterested, or distracted—but are not an attention deficit. • Another advantage is that the information in a brain map can signal whether stimulant medication can help or not. If there is no attention problem but is, instead, a learning disability or processing issue, medication won’t be indicated. Having this information to guide a medication decision is far better than the typical “try it and see” medical approach which puts some kids and adults on high-powered psychoactive drugs that not only don’t help but can make their problem worse and cause undesirable side effects. Technical note: Excessive slow wave activity (called the theta/beta ratio) correlates with patterns that respond well to stimulants and support their use. However, when excessive beta spindles (fast activity) exist in the EEG, it can be a contraindication for stimulants even when it’s a mixed ADD pattern. The fast patterns get speeded up with the stimulant causing more side effects from the stimulant. How qEEG results are determined Results of the qEEG are interpreted based on age-related, normative databases. In other words, the report details how your brain compares to the “average” brain and whether your brain deviates from the norm. When a brain map cannot be used If testing is required for a child’s IEP, 504’s or academic accommodations, you are likely to need the services of a psychologist to administer tests acceptable for these purposes. We may be able to refer you to a local psychologist. Is a brain map right for you? If you’re wondering if a brain map might be right for you, contact our office to set up a consultation with Mike Cohen to discuss your options. Click here to learn more about brain mapping at the Center for Brain Training.
• Email [email protected] • Phone +91 9911 411 982 • Office Hours Mon - Sat: 9AM - 6PM There are 2D, 3D and 4D ultrasounds. All ultrasound uses sound waves to create an image of the unborn baby on the screen. A 2D ultrasound of a fetus creates a black-and-white image. The main scan is done in 2D only. We take images of the unborn baby in grey scale. We take measurements of the unborn baby, assess its growth and assess the structure of the baby mainly in 2D. Nowadays, 3D- three dimensional and 4D - fourth dimensional ultrasounds have become common. Usually, all ultrasound machines have software and volume probes with which we do 3D/ 4D scan. 3D scan makes three dimensional images of the unborn baby like that of a face. When we see these images in real time, that is, we see the movements of the unborn baby as well, it is called 4D ultrasound. Some centres have started adding 5D ultrasound also. 5D ultrasound is nothing but an extension of 3D ultrasound only. Why are 3D and 4D ultrasound scans done during pregnancy? The main scan is done in grey scale, that is 2D scanning. 3D and 4D ultrasounds can be used by the person to add more information to it but are not absolutely necessary. What laymen understand is that , by means of 3D and 4D ultrasound , the parents can see realistic images of the face of the baby. It adds to great experience in pregnancy. But it is not limited to taking pictures of baby’s faces. The benefits of 3D and 4D ultrasound are limited. It becomes useful when any structural abnormality is suspected. It helps us to take views of the baby from different angles and provides more depth to our understanding of abnormalities. 3D and 4D ultrasounds can be done to add more details which helps us in counselling couples. Like when we see a gap in the lips- cleft lip, 3d and 4D ultrasound helps to know the extent of the gap, whether there is involvement of palate also. 3D and 4D ultrasounds are not generally part of daily prenatal tests. What is interesting is that 3D ultrasounds provide the three-dimensional image of your infant, while 4D ultrasounds provide a live visual effect, such as a clip, you can see your baby smile or yawn. How is this test performed ? It is done from your tummy. A gel is placed on your tummy and then a probe is moved over the tummy to do the ultrasound. It can also be done vaginally but usually done in early pregnancies. Looking at the face of the baby during pregnancy increases the bonding of parents with the baby. But sometimes, it is not possible to provide you with a good image. It depends on how the baby is lying or if you have a lot of tummy fat. So, discuss it with your ultrasonologist. Are 3D and 4D ultrasound scans safe? Ultrasound uses sound waves to create an image. Till now, no significant deleterious effects of ultrasound have been seen on developing babies inside the mother's womb. 3D and 4D ultrasound also uses the same sound waves to create images, hence, no harmful effects on the unborn baby.
scrub 1 v. scrubbed, scrub·bing, scrubs a. To rub hard in order to clean: scrubbed the floor. b. To remove (dirt or stains) by hard rubbing. 2. To remove impurities from (a gas) chemically. 3. Computers 4. Slang To cancel or abandon; drop: We had to scrub our plans for vacation. To clean or wash something by hard rubbing: Don't forget to scrub behind your ears. 1. The act or an instance of scrubbing. 2. A preparation or product used in scrubbing. Phrasal Verb: scrub up To wash the hands and arms thoroughly, as before performing or participating in surgery. [Middle English shrubben, scrobben, to currycomb a horse, rub oneself, from Middle Dutch schrobben, to clean by rubbing, scrape; see sker- in Indo-European roots.] scrub′ba·ble adj. scrub 2 1. Vegetation consisting chiefly of shrubs and small trees. 2. An area covered with such vegetation; shrubland. 3. A domestic animal that is feral or not purebred. 4. Slang A contemptible or incompetent person. 5. Sports A player not on the varsity or first team. [Middle English, variant of shrub; see shrub1.] ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend: Noun1.scrubbing - the act of cleaning a surface by rubbing it with a brush and soap and waterscrubbing - the act of cleaning a surface by rubbing it with a brush and soap and water cleaning, cleansing, cleanup - the act of making something clean; "he gave his shoes a good cleaning" mopping, swabbing - cleaning with a mop; "he gave it a good mopping" n. limpieza rigurosa de las manos y brazos antes de la cirugía. English-Spanish Medical Dictionary © Farlex 2012 References in classic literature ? You will begin by scrubbing it, and by scrubbing the floors of the other rooms. Day after day he came to his work--sweeping, scrubbing, cleaning. Sancho Panza stopped to scratch his head to bring back the letter to his memory, and balanced himself now on one foot, now the other, one moment staring at the ground, the next at the sky, and after having half gnawed off the end of a finger and kept them in suspense waiting for him to begin, he said, after a long pause, "By God, senor licentiate, devil a thing can I recollect of the letter; but it said at the beginning, 'Exalted and scrubbing Lady.'" "It cannot have said 'scrubbing,'" said the barber, "but "I'd been scrubbing the deck, and all at once a chap said to me: Continue scrubbing until the skin is clean and smooth. This allows comprehensive cleaning services such as power sweeping, power washing and power scrubbing to be scheduled throughout the year at optimal intervals.
Could you be a volcano tourist? Would you dare to look over the rim of an active volcano? Thousands do, every year, and the attraction is obvious when you think about it. The thrill of danger, the stunning scenery and views, and the sensation of being close to one of Earth’s most powerful forces. Tinggly (5)There are over 1,500 potentially active volcanoes located across world – when you think of the scale of the eruptions produced by these majestic and dangerous fiery mountains, that’s pretty scary! tinggly (4)Volcanos not only intrigue volcanologists (scientists that study volcanoes) but they also often strike fear in the people that live in the areas that surround them. Yet there are some people who actively seek out active volcanos on their holidays – volcano tourists, interested in a bit of learning, and a bit of an adrenaline rush too. Here we reveal a handful of truly amazing volcanic facts, and look at some locations where you can experience some of these amazing natural forces for yourself. Tinggly (8) What is a volcano? We all know what a volcano looks like, but what actually is a volcano? Simply put, it’s a mountain where molten rock (magma) and gas have erupted from the surface of the earth. The word ‘volcano’ originates from the name “Vulcan”, the Roman God of Fire. The Earth is covered in vast tectonic plates, and when they rub up against each other, immense pressure is created. Volcanos allow that pressure to be released in eruptions, when magma is forced upwards. tinggly (11)Two of the world’s most well known volcanic eruptions were when Mount Vesuvius in Italy erupted in AD 79, causing the city of Pompeii to be completely buried and destroyed, and Mount Galunggung in Java in 1882, which killed some 4000 people. Pompeii is especially interesting because the ash coated many of the unfortunate residents and their homes, leaving behind fascinating ‘living sculptures’ of Roman times. Tinggly (3) Incredible sunsets Did you know that over 80% of the earth’s surface is volcanic? The majority of volcanoes can be found in what is known as the “Ring of Fire”, an area in the Pacific Ocean that extends from the Americas to parts of Eastern Asia such as Indonesia, Australia and New Zealand, where about 35 eruptions occur each year on average. Tinggly (6) When a volcanic eruption occurs, the spectacle is a sight to behold! Millions of tonnes of ash and dust billow from the crater, often causing magnificent sunset effects and purple-pink glows, as a result of light being transmitted through ash in the lower atmosphere – once seen, never forgotten. tinggly (1) You may not realise it, but a product of volcanic eruption may be closer to home than you think as well. If you have a pumice stone in your bathroom, that rock probably came from a volcano (pumice stones are light volcanic rocks that are created when highly pressurised rock is ejected from an erupting volcano), and volcanic ash can also be found in some hand soaps and household cleaners. Tinggly (2) Volcano tourism In countries that boast volcanic landscapes, volcano tourism is often big business. Despite a large number of the earth’s volcanoes still being active and the dangers associated with them, people are willing to travel from all over the world to experience these amazing (and volatile) natural forces for themselves. But why would someone want to get up close and personal with a volcanic crater, in such a risky environment? Being so close to something so powerful can give you shudders, but there’s also another reason. The soil around volcanos is incredibly fertile, meaning that the surrounding scenery is often completely spectacular. That can be a big draw – consider the Arenal volcano in Costa Rica or Mauna Loa in Hawaii, and it’s not hard to see why volcanoes have become such massive attractions for curious tourists. Tinggly (7)If you’ve been lucky enough to receive a Tinggly gift box from someone special, and fancy joining the thousands of tourists that visit the world’s volcanoes each year, then get ready to be happy – we’ve got some great suggestions for experiences you’ll love. Why not discover why stunning Iceland is known as “the Land of Fire and Ice” with an epic tour that takes you through its breathtaking lunar-like volcanic landscape. Explore Ecuador’s picturesque Chimborazo volcano on horseback, or visit a brave little village that sits on the very edge of a volcano in Lanzarote?Tinggly (9)
Model library for bioprocess in BioVL Choose the microorganism to simulate Monod Herbert Fermentation (Aerobic / Anaerobic) The Monod equation is a mathematical empirical equation for the growth of microorganisms. It is like a building block of microbial growth. It is used to describe multiple microorganisms species, changing the maximum specific growth rate of the microorganisms and affinity constant for substrate uptake. Furthermore, the other rates are calculated through the yields. It is possible to transform the system to anaerobic, if kla is 0 or initial concentration of oxygen 0. However, a aerobic system will have a higher yield of substrate-biomass. Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Aerobic) This is the microorganisms in charge of beer, wine and yeast production. Maybe one of the most appreciated microorganisms in the universe. This beautiful yeast has a unique physiology and it is one of the most used biological systems as host for genetic manipulations (among with Escherichia coli). Also, it has a long history of safety use and consumption, and lack of production of toxins, so therefore, most strains of S.cerevisiae are considered as safe (GRAS). In the industry, it is highly appreciated due to its ability of growth under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is used for the production of yeast or ethanol. Escherichia coli (Aerobic) E.coli is an important bacteria in biotechnology as it can be grown and cultured easily and inexpensively in a laboratory setting, and has been intensively investigated for over 60 years. Naturally, E.coli produces acetate and biomass following a similar pathway than S.cerevisiae. However, this microorganism is wildly used in genetic modification. Not ready yet. However, E.coli has the same Crabtree Effect than the S.cerevisiae (the difference is that instead of ethanol, we have acetate in E.coli) Mannheimia succiniciproducens (Anaerobic) One of the microorganisms that it is used in the production of succinic acid in large scale. Succinic acid is a building block in the agricultural, food and pharmaceutical industries. Moreover, succinate has been place in the top 12 pf platform chemicals from biomass, with a global production estimated at 16,000 to 30,000 tons a year and an annual growth rate of 10%. It is the precursor to some polyesters and biodegradable polymers. Furthermore, succinic acid is also an important safe food addictive as an acidity regulator; use also in pharmaceutical products as intermediate. Historically, succinic acid was obtained from amber by distillation and has thus been know as "spirit of amber". It is a great example of the transition from a chemical to a biochemical production Not ready yet Corynebacterium glutamicum (Aerobic) In this bioconversion, the bacteria is producing L-Glutamic acid. L-Glutamic acid is commercially one of the most important amino acids, Glutamic acid is produced on the largest scale of any amino acid, with an estimated annual production of about 1.5 million tons in 2006. (Again) The chemical synthesis was supplanted by this aerobic fermentation , being this one the most widely used in production. Not ready yet.
Mayors Call for Greater Recognition by the United Nations of the Key Role of local Governments Mayors call for greater recognition by the United Nations of the key role of local governments in achieving the SDGs Cities play an essential role in addressing some of today’s major sustainability challenges, whether it comes to reducing the impact of climate change, giving people a home, strengthening resilience to disasters or reducing pollution. Mayors meeting today at the United Nations in Geneva for the Day of Cities agreed that cities are essential to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), as action takes place at the local level and city governments are the closest to citizens, with the most immediate and visible impact on their lives. Cities are leading engines of economic growth, generating more than 80% of global GDP. The UNECE region is among the most highly urbanized regions in the world, with urban areas concentrating over 75% of the population in Europe, 80% in North America, and close to 50% in Central Asia. UNECE organized the Day of Cities to discuss with Mayors and Deputy Mayors from cities that have taken sustainability seriously how to make urban areas smarter and more sustainable, and to learn from their experience of how digitalization and technologies can contribute to this transition. The event gathered over 50 Mayors from 33 countries of the UNECE region, and over 400 participants. Mayors agreed that, if they are to achieve resilient, low-emission, circular, nature-based equal and healthy cities, then more opportunities should be offered by the international community like the Day of Cities. The also emphasized that further strengthening the support of UNECE to the work of local authorities could help to address the main challenges of SDGs implementation in urban areas. For instance, Mayors play a central role in helping cities to reduce emissions and make urban environments carbon neutral, and have to take action despite often limited budgets. Mayors are already effectively implementing climate solutions and increasing cities’ resilience to disasters. In this regard, Mayors concurred that reducing the number of cars in urban areas is imperative, as is increasing green spaces and green infrastructure, adding more pedestrian areas, promoting public transport and shared mobility, and enhancing urban forestry. The importance of introducing safe and inclusive solutions for food security and to reduce food waste, as well as increasing the share of organic food, was also highlighted. Waste management as well the use of sustainable local materials including wood for construction and reduction in the use of plastics was highlighted as a priority, including by engaging local skills and knowledge, improving the quality of construction, focusing on the building skin, making insulation more effective, and recovering energy. Increasing public spaces was considered key in enhancing the quality of life in cities and the interaction amongst citizens, together with affordable housing. In this regard, a shift to new housing management solutions are needed, such as locally-based housing associations, a more accessible housing market, the use of incentives for affordable housing, increasing the amount of affordable housing through more rental properties and lowering taxes for low-income residents. “I am pleased to have so many committed Mayors with us in this event” said Ms. Olga Algayerova, Executive Secretary of UNECE. “We are hearing their message loud and clear: the international community, and the United Nations in particular, need to give mayors and local governments more space to discuss practical action and real solutions to make the SDGs a reality. There is no sustainable future without their full engagement, also at the international level” she concluded.
Allow non-ASCII letters (such as accented characters, Cyrillic, Greek, Kanji, etc.) in Rust identifiers. Writing code using domain-specific terminology simplifies implementation and discussion as opposed to translating words from the project requirements. When the code is only intended for a limited audience such as with in-house projects or in teaching it can be beneficial to write code in the group's language as it boosts communication and helps people not fluent in English to participate and write Rust code themselves. The rationale from PEP 3131 nicely explains it: Python Rust code is written by many people in the world who are not familiar with the English language, or even well-acquainted with the Latin writing system. Such developers often desire to define classes and functions with names in their native languages, rather than having to come up with an (often incorrect) English translation of the concept they want to name. By using identifiers in their native language, code clarity and maintainability of the code among speakers of that language improves. For some languages, common transliteration systems exist (in particular, for the Latin-based writing systems). For other languages, users have larger difficulties to use Latin to write their native words. Additionally some math oriented projects may want to use identifiers closely resembling mathematical writing. Guide-level explanation Identifiers include variable names, function and trait names and module names. They start with a letter or an underscore and may be followed by more letters, digits and some connecting punctuation. Examples of valid identifiers are: • ASCII letters and digits: image_width, line2, Photo, el_tren, _unused • words containing accented characters: garçon, hühnervögel • identifiers in other scripts: Москва, 東京, ... Examples of invalid identifiers are: • Keywords: impl, fn, _ (underscore), ... • Identifiers starting with numbers or containing "non letters": 42_the_answer, third√of7, ◆◆◆, ... • Many Emojis: 🙂, 🦀, 💩, ... Composed characters like those used in the word ḱṷṓn can be represented in different ways with Unicode. These different representations are all the same identifier in Rust. To disallow any Unicode identifiers in a project (for example to ease collaboration or for security reasons) limiting the accepted identifiers to ASCII add this lint to the or file of your project: fn main() { Some Unicode character look confusingly similar to each other or even identical like the Latin A and the Cyrillic А. The compiler may warn you about names that are easy to confuse with keywords, names from the same crate and imported items. If needed (but not recommended) this warning can be silenced with a #[allow(confusable_idents)] annotation on the enclosing function or module. Usage notes All code written in the Rust Language Organization (rustc, tools, std, common crates) will continue to only use ASCII identifiers and the English language. For open source crates it is suggested to write them in English and use ASCII-only. An exception can be made if the application domain (e.g. math) benefits from Unicode and the target audience (e.g. for a crate interfacing with Russian passports) is comfortable with the used language and characters. Additionally crates should consider to provide an ASCII-only API. Private projects can use any script and language the developer(s) desire. It is still a good idea (as with any language feature) not to overdo it. Reference-level explanation Identifiers in Rust are based on the Unicode® Standard Annex #31 Unicode Identifier and Pattern Syntax. Note: The supported Unicode version should be stated in the documentation. The lexer defines identifiers as: XID_Start XID_Continue* \| _ XID_Continue* IDENTIFIER_OR_KEYWORD Except a [strict] or [reserved] keyword XID_Start and XID_Continue are used as defined in the aforementioned standard. The definition of identifiers is forward compatible with each successive release of Unicode as only appropriate new characters are added to the classes but none are removed. We effectively are using UAX 31's default definition of valid identifier, with a tailoring that underscores are included with XID_Start. (Note that this allows bare underscores to be identifiers, that is currently also the case with _ in identifier contexts being a reserved keyword) Rust lexers normalize identifiers to NFC. Every API accepting identifiers as strings (such as proc_macro::Ident::new normalizes them to NFC and APIs returning them as strings (like proc_macro::Ident::to_string) return the normalized form. Procedural and declarative macros receive normalized identifiers in their input as well. This means two identifiers are equal if their NFC forms are equal. A non_ascii_idents lint is added to the compiler. This lint is allow by default. The lint checks if any identifier in the current context contains a codepoint with a value equal to or greater than 0x80 (outside ASCII range). Not only locally defined identifiers are checked but also those imported from other crates and modules into the current context. Remaining ASCII-only names Only ASCII identifiers are allowed within an external block and in the signature of a function declared #[no_mangle]. Otherwise an error is reported. Note: These functions interface with other programming languages and these may allow different characters or may not apply normalization to identifiers. As this is a niche use-case it is excluded from this RFC. A future RFC may lift the restriction. This RFC keeps out-of-line modules without a #[path] attribute ASCII-only. The allowed character set for names on is not changed. Note: This is to avoid dealing with file systems on different systems right now. A future RFC may allow non-ASCII characters after the file system issues are resolved. Confusable detection Rust compilers should detect confusingly similar Unicode identifiers and warn the user about it. Note: This is not a mandatory for all Rust compilers as it requires considerable implementation effort and is not related to the core function of the compiler. It rather is a tool to detect accidental misspellings and intentional homograph attacks. A new confusable_idents lint is added to the compiler. The default setting is warn. Note: The confusable detection is set to warn instead of deny to enable forward compatibility. The list of confusable characters will be extended in the future and programs that were once valid would fail to compile. The confusable detection algorithm is based on Unicode® Technical Standard #39 Unicode Security Mechanisms Section 4 Confusable Detection. For every distinct identifier X execute the function skeleton(X). If there exist two distinct identifiers X and Y in the same crate where skeleton(X) = skeleton(Y) report it. The compiler uses the same mechanism to check if an identifier is too similar to a keyword. Note: A fast way to implement this is to compute skeleton for each identifier once and place the result in a hashmap as a key. If one tries to insert a key that already exists check if the two identifiers differ from each other. If so report the two confusable identifiers. Exotic codepoint detection A new less_used_codepoints lint is added to the compiler. The default setting is to warn. The lint is triggered by identifiers that contain a codepoint that is not part of the set of "Allowed" codepoints as described by Unicode® Technical Standard #39 Unicode Security Mechanisms Section 3.1 General Security Profile for Identifiers. Note: New Unicode versions update the set of allowed codepoints. Additionally the compiler authors may decide to allow more codepoints or warn about those that have been found to cause confusion. For reference, a list of all the code points allowed by this lint can be found here, with the script group mentioned on the right. There are some specific interesting code points that we feel necessary to call out here: • less_used_codepoints will warn on U+200C ZERO WIDTH NON-JOINER and U+200D ZERO WIDTH JOINER, despite these being useful in the Perso-Arabic and some Indic scripts. In Indic scripts these characters force different visual forms, which is not very necessary for programming. These have further semantic meaning in Arabic where they can be used to mark prefixes or mixed-script words, which will not crop up so often in programming (we're not able to use - in identifiers for marking pre/suffixes in Latin-script identifiers and it's fine). Persian seems to make the most use of these, with some compound words requiring use of these. For now this RFC does not attempt to deal with this and follows the recommendation of the specification, if there is a need for it in the future we can add this for Persian users. • less_used_codepoints will not warn about U+02BB MODIFIER LETTER TURNED COMMA or U+02BC MODIFIER LETTER APOSTROPHE. These look somewhat like punctuation relevant to Rust's syntax, so they're a bit tricky. However, these code points are important in Ukranian, Hawaiian, and a bunch of other languages (U+02BB is considered a full-fledged letter in Hawaiian). For now this RFC follows the recommendation of the specification and allows these, however we can change this in the future. The hope is that syntax highlighting is enough to deal with confusions caused by such characters. Adjustments to the "bad style" lints Rust RFC 0430 establishes naming conventions for Rust ASCII identifiers. The rustc compiler includes lints to promote these recommendations. The following names refer to Unicode character categories: • Ll: Letter, Lowercase • Lu: Letter, Uppercase These are the three different naming conventions and how their corresponding lints are specified to accommodate non-ASCII codepoints: • UpperCamelCase/non_camel_case_types: The first codepoint must not be in Ll. Underscores are not allowed except as a word separator between two codepoints from neither Lu or Ll. • snake_case/non_snake_case: Must not contain Lu codepoints. • SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE/non_upper_case_globals: Must not contain Ll codepoints. Note: Scripts with upper- and lowercase variants ("bicameral scripts") behave similar to ASCII. Scripts without this distinction ("unicameral scripts") are also usable but all identifiers look the same regardless if they refer to a type, variable or constant. Underscores can be used to separate words in unicameral scripts even in UpperCamelCase contexts. Mixed script confusables lint We keep track of the script groups in use in a document using the comparison heuristics in Unicode® Technical Standard #39 Unicode Security Mechanisms Section 5.2 Restriction-Level Detection. We identify lists of code points which are Allowed by UTS 39 section 3.1 (i.e., code points not already linted by less_used_codepoints) and are "exact" confusables between code points from other Allowed scripts. This is stuff like Cyrillic о (confusable with Latin o), but does not include things like Hebrew ס which is somewhat distinguishable from Latin o. This list of exact confusables can be modified in the future. We expect most of these to be between Cyrillic-Latin-Greek and some in Ethiopic-Armenian, but a proper review can be done before stabilization. There are also confusable modifiers between many script. In a code base, if the only code points from a given script group (aside from Latin, Common, and Inherited) are such exact confusables, lint about it with mixed_script_confusables (lint name can be finalized later). As an implementation note, it may be worth dealing with confusable modifiers via a separate lint check -- if a modifier is from a different (non-Common/Inherited) script group from the thing preceding it. This has some behaviorial differences but should not increase the chance of false positives. The exception for Latin is made because the standard library is Latin-script. It could potentially be removed since a code base using the standard library (or any Latin-using library) is likely to be using enough of it that there will be non-confusable characters in use. (This is in unresolved questions) The code used for implementing the various lints and checks will be released to This includes: Confusables detection works well when there are other identifiers to compare against, but in some cases there's only one instance of an identifier in the code, and it's compared with user-supplied strings. For example we have crates that use proc macros to expose command line options or REST endpoints. Crates that do things like these can use such algorithms to ensure better error handling; for example if we accidentally end up having an /арр endpoint (in Cyrillic) because of a #[annotation] fn арр(), visiting /app (in Latin) may show a comprehensive error (or pass-through, based on requirements) Conformance Statement • UAX31-C1: The Rust language conforms to the Unicode® Standard Annex #31 for Unicode Version 10.0.0. • UAX31-C2: It observes the following requirements: • UAX31-R1. Default Identifiers: To determine whether a string is an identifier it uses UAX31-D1 with the following profile: • Start := XID_Start, plus _ • Continue := XID_Continue • Medial := empty • UAX31-R1b. Stable Identifiers: Once a string qualifies as an identifier, it does so in all future versions. • UAX31-R3. Pattern_White_Space and Pattern_Syntax Characters: Rust only uses characters from these categories for whitespace and syntax. Other characters may or may not be allowed in identifiers. • UAX31-R4. Equivalent Normalized Identifiers: All identifiers are normalized according to normalization form C before comparison. • "ASCII is enough for anyone." As source code should be written in English and in English only (source: various people) no characters outside the ASCII range are needed to express identifiers. Therefore support for Unicode identifiers introduces unnecessary complexity to the compiler. • "Foreign characters are hard to type." Usually computer keyboards provide access to the US-ASCII printable characters and the local language characters. Characters from other scripts are difficult to type, require entering numeric codes or are not available at all. These characters either need to be copy-pasted or entered with an alternative input method. • "Foreign characters are hard to read." If one is not familiar with the characters used it can be hard to tell them apart (e.g. φ and ψ) and one may not be able refer to the identifiers in an appropriate way (e.g. "loop" and "trident" instead of phi and psi) • "My favorite terminal/text editor/web browser" has incomplete Unicode support." Even in 2018 some characters are not widely supported in all places where source code is usually displayed. • Homoglyph attacks are possible. Without confusable detection identifiers can be distinct for the compiler but visually the same. Even with confusable detection there are still similar looking characters that may be confused by the casual reader. Rationale and alternatives As stated in Motivation allowing Unicode identifiers outside the ASCII range improves Rusts accessibility for developers not working in English. Especially in teaching and when the application domain vocabulary is not in English it can be beneficial to use names from the native language. To facilitate this it is necessary to allow a wide range of Unicode character in identifiers. The proposed implementation based on the Unicode TR31 is already used by other programming languages and is implemented behind the non_ascii_idents in rustc but lacks the NFC normalization proposed. NFC normalization was chosen over NFKC normalization for the following reasons: Possible variants: 1. Require all identifiers to be already in NFC form. 2. Two identifiers are only equal if their codepoints are equal. 3. Perform NFKC mapping instead of NFC mapping for identifiers. 4. Only a number of common scripts could be supported. 5. A restriction level is specified allowing only a subset of scripts and limit script-mixing within an identifier. An alternative design would use Immutable Identifiers as done in C++. In this case a list of Unicode codepoints is reserved for syntax (ASCII operators, braces, whitespace) and all other codepoints (including currently unassigned codepoints) are allowed in identifiers. The advantages are that the compiler does not need to know the Unicode character classes XID_Start and XID_Continue for each character and that the set of allowed identifiers never changes. It is disadvantageous that all not explicitly excluded characters at the time of creation can be used in identifiers. This allows developers to create identifiers that can't be recognized as such. It also impedes other uses of Unicode in Rust syntax like custom operators if they were not initially reserved. It always a possibility to do nothing and limit identifiers to ASCII. It has been suggested that Unicode identifiers should be opt-in instead of opt-out. The proposal chooses opt-out to benefit the international Rust community. New Rust users should not need to search for the configuration option they may not even know exists. Additionally it simplifies tutorials in other languages as they can omit an annotation in every code snippet. Confusable detection The current design was chosen because the algorithm and list of similar characters are already provided by the Unicode Consortium. A different algorithm and list of characters could be created. I am not aware of any other programming language implementing confusable detection. The confusable detection was primarily included because homoglyph attacks are a huge concern for some members of the community. Instead of offering confusable detection the lint forbid(non_ascii_idents) is sufficient to protect a project written in English from homoglyph attacks. Projects using different languages are probably either written by students, by a small group or inside a regional company. These projects are not threatened as much as large open source projects by homoglyph attacks but still benefit from the easier debugging of typos. Alternative mixed script lints These are previously-proposed lints attempting to prevent problems caused by mixing scripts, which were ultimately replaced by the current mixed script confusables lint. Mixed script detection A new mixed_script_idents lint would be added to the compiler. The default setting is to warn. The lint is triggered by identifiers that do not qualify for the "Moderately Restrictive" identifier profile specified in Unicode® Technical Standard #39 Unicode Security Mechanisms Section 5.2 Restriction-Level Detection. Note: The definition of "Moderately Restrictive" can be changed by future versions of the Unicode standard to reflect changes in the natural languages used or for other reasons. Global mixed script detection with confusables As an additional measure, we would try to detect cases where a codebase primarily using a certain script has identifiers from a different script confusable with that script. During mixed_script_idents computation, keep track of how often identifiers from various script groups crop up. If an identifier is from a less-common script group (say, <1% of identifiers), and it is entirely confusable with the majority script in use (e.g. the string "арр" or "роре" in Cyrillic) This can trigger confusable_idents, mixed_script_idents, or a new lint. We identify sets of characters which are entirely confusable: For example, for Cyrillic-Latin, we have а, е, о, р, с, у, х, ѕ, і, ј, ԛ, ԝ, ѐ, ё, ї, ӱ, ӧ, ӓ, ӕ, ӑ amongst the lowercase letters (and more amongst the capitals). This list likely can be programmatically derived from the confusables data that Unicode already has. It may be worth filtering for exact confusables. For example, Cyrillic, Greek, and Latin have a lot of confusables that are almost indistinguishable in most fonts, whereas ھ and ס are noticeably different-looking from o even though they're marked as a confusables. The main confusable script pairs we have to worry about are Cyrillic/Latin/Greek, Armenian/Ethiopic, and a couple Armenian characters mapping to Greek/Latin. We can implement this lint conservatively at first by dealing with a blacklist of known confusables for these script pairs, and expand it if there is a need. There are many confusables within scripts -- Arabic has a bunch of these as does Han (both with other Han characters and with kana), but since these are within the same language group this is outside the scope of this RFC. Such confusables are equivalent to l vs I being confusable in some fonts. For reference, a list of all possible Rust identifier characters that do not trip less_used_codepoints but have confusables can be found here, with their confusable skeleton and script group mentioned on the right. Note that in many cases the confusables are visually distinguishable, or are diacritic marks. Prior art "Python PEP 3131: Supporting Non-ASCII Identifiers" is the Python equivalent to this proposal. The proposed identifier grammar XID_Start XID_Continue* is identical to the one used in Python 3. While Python uses KC normalization this proposes to use normalization form C. JavaScript supports Unicode identifiers based on the same Default Identifier Syntax but does not apply normalization. The CPP reference describes the allowed Unicode identifiers it is based on the immutable identifier principle. Java also supports Unicode identifiers. Character must belong to a number of Unicode character classes similar to XID_start and XID_continue used in Python. Unlike in Python no normalization is performed. The Go language allows identifiers in the form Letter (Letter \| Number)* where Letter is a Unicode letter and Number is a Unicode decimal number. This is more restricted than the proposed design mainly as is does not allow combining characters needed to write some languages such as Hindi. Unresolved questions • Which context is adequate for confusable detection: file, current scope, crate? • Should ZWNJ and ZWJ be allowed in identifiers? • How are non-ASCII idents best supported in debuggers? • Which name mangling scheme is used by the compiler? • Is there a better name for the less_used_codepoints lint? • Which lint should the global mixed scripts confusables detection trigger? • How badly do non-ASCII idents exacerbate const pattern confusion (rust-lang/rust#7526, rust-lang/rust#49680)? Can we improve precision of linting here? • In mixed_script_confusables, do we actually need to make an exception for Latin identifiers? • Terminal width is a tricky with unicode. Some characters are long, some have lengths dependent on the fonts installed (e.g. emoji sequences), and modifiers are a thing. The concept of monospace font doesn't generalize to other scripts as well. How does rustfmt deal with this when determining line width? • right-to-left scripts can lead to weird rendering in mixed contexts (depending on the software used), especially when mixed with operators. This is not something that should block stabilization, however we feel it is important to explicitly call out. Future RFCs (preferably put forth by RTL-using communities) may attempt to improve this situation (e.g. by allowing bidi control characters in specific contexts).
You are here Special Topics in Literature: Milton's "Paradise Lost" (course) Material for the MIT OpenCourseWare 3-unit class on Milton's epic poem Paradise Lost. Includes syllabus, readings, lecture notes, assignments,a nd list of related resources. The lecture notes include pdf documents: Essential backgrounds for reading Milton "Thee" and "Thou": How they work Study questions, books I-IV Study questions, books V-X Notes on book VIII Summary: What happens in Paradise Lost As taught in: January IAP 2008 Visit External Resource: Date Published: 19 Jun 2012 In Collection(s): John Milton
Stern meaning in hindi \| Stern ka matlab Stern meaning in hindi How to pronounce Stern Usage of Stern: 1: Hotler was a stern man. 2: I polished my car carefully from stem to stern . 3: They still have light hull sections in the bow and stern 4: The role of the experimenter was played by a stern 5: The men tie the barrels to the stern but the shark drags the ship backwards 6: A stern brow 7: From bow to stern 8: Go stern to bow, the stern to bow 9: Having stern wind cry 10: In terms of Navy, Rear Wind, Wind blowing from the stern Stern ki paribhasha : vaasuka ke vnsh ka ek sarp jisaki satah dabaane se na deb ya mushkil se deb jahaaj ka pichhala hissa vah rassi jisase ghode ke pichhale pair baaandhate hain Examples Usage of Stern in sentences Word of the day 7th-Mar-2021 Have a question? Ask here.. Name* Email-id Comment* Enter Code:
Karl Marx,Friedrich Engels The Communist Manifesto Listen in app The Communist Manifesto summarises Marx and Engels' theories concerning the nature of society and politics, namely that in their own words "[t]he history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles". It also briefly features their ideas for how the capitalist society of the time would eventually be replaced by socialism. In the last paragraph of the Manifesto, the authors call for a "forcible overthrow of all existing social conditions", which served as a call for communist revolutions around the world. In 2013, The Communist Manifesto was registered to UNESCO's Memory of the World Programme along with Marx's Capital, Volume I. How did you like the book? Sign in or Register
Jupiter and Saturn aligned again since the Middle Ages Jupiter and Saturn aligned again since the Middle Ages Fecha de publicación: 21 December 2020 Imagen principal: Planets Jupiter and Saturn will appear aligned tonight, a phenomenon that according to astronomers only occurred earlier in the Middle Ages and is known as the Christmas Star. Scientists say that although it will not be a real star, the two planets will certainly offer a brilliant glow in the night sky. According to information from the BBC network, this fact was observed for the first time in the 13th century, and it became known as the 'great conjunction' of Jupiter and Saturn. At night, both celestial bodies will be located in such a way that they will appear to form a double planet, explained the director of the Colombian Astronomy Network, Marino Guarín. Jupiter and Saturn are considered the 'kings of observation and their alignment is not something that normally occurs,' said the scientist. He also pointed out that the process can be seen with the naked eye from Earth in places close to the Equator. 'It takes Earth a year to go around the Sun, Jupiter takes 12 years and Saturn takes 30; that means that the phenomenon does not occur regularly', he stressed. He also detailed that, although the alignment of these two planets occurs approximately every two decades, the shape and luminosity in which they do so this year has not been recorded since the Middle Ages. For his part, the astronomer at Rice University in Texas, United States, Patrick Hartigan, said the conjunction is exceptionally rare due to how close the two planets will be to each other. The expert also stated that Jupiter and Saturn will not remain that way again, until March 15, 2080. After that, it will happen again after the year 2400. Add new comment Enter the characters shown in the image.
Contents international patterns in the history of Hungarian educational administration History teaching as the transfer of constitutional thinking Download 262.05 Kb. Size262.05 Kb. History teaching as the transfer of constitutional thinking The “teaching of democracy”, teaching of “democratic values” - these have been the most legitim aims of the educational policies of the 1990s. In a lot of post communist states (similarly to the western states) you can find a school subject whose name is “citizenship” or “democratic citizenship” or “legal knowledge of citizens”. There are a lot of deep problems with the effectiveness of these subjects. The institution of democracy too young and weak, and sometimes the real working of this institutions (parliament, jurisdiction, government, municipality, human rights) are very far from the letters of acts. The last some years of new democracies could not offer enough example which would be the material of an explanation of one or another constitutional principal. Or: the pupils, the parents, the teachers are involved emotionally, so the explanation with the examples of 1990s not possible, and not useful at all. There is only one solution to explain the reality of rights, acts, governing etc.: the connection of these things to the history. All of the modern constitutional institutions and principal were born sometimes in history: greatest part of them was a working reality in the 18-20th century USA and West Europe. It is necessary to teach more about the constitutional institutions and principals of the USA and West Europe and the Austrian-Hungarian empire... That is the only way how the pupils could realize what these institutions and principles meant and mean, how they worked and work, functioned and function. The last argument is supported by the most modern constitutional and political elite too. These are the historical fact which hindered the history teaching of Central Europe to follow the “Western pattern”. Directory: 03700 Share with your friends: The database is protected by copyright © 2020 send message Main page
Eating Nuts for Health Why Nuts Are the Super Snack Although nuts have proven to be nutritious, many Americans have not added nuts regularly to their diet. Now, doctors and nutritionists praise the benefits that nuts provide. Walnut: the most antioxidant among all Walnuts contain the most antioxidants of all nuts. They also protect the body from damage to the cells that cause heart disease, cancer and premature aging. They also contain the most omega-3 fatty acids in all nuts. This will prevent inflammation. Manganese is found in walnuts to help reduce PMS symptoms. All in all, we can say that walnuts are the best nuts for health. Almonds: great for controlling blood sugar Almonds contain the most fiber of all nuts. They also have the highest vitamin E content. Studies that have been performed have shown that almonds can help you lose weight. In addition, almonds are also healthy for people with blood sugar problems. Finally, they raise the level of beneficial bacteria that can strengthen the body’s immune system. Cashew nuts: nuts of the brain Cashew nuts are the best nuts for brain health. They are a good source of magnesium and can help improve memory and prevent age-related memory loss. Cashew nuts are rich in iron and zinc. Iron helps deliver oxygen to all cells, and zinc is essential for immunity and healthy vision. Brazil nuts: preventing cancer Eating nuts is good for your health and is a good way to prevent certain cancers. Brazil nuts are rich in selenium, a mineral that helps prevent certain cancers. These include bone cancer, prostate cancer and breast cancer. Macadamia: MUFAs Galore Despite the fact that they are the highest calorie of all nuts, they contain the highest amount of monounsaturated fat in each serving. This heart-fat fat lowers LDL cholesterol levels and blood pressure. A recent study showed that people with nuts in their diets reduced triglycerides, total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol by 10%. Pistachios: Weight Loss Nuts You are sure to add pistachios to the nut mixture. They each have less than four calories. In addition, the fact that they are in the shell will make you slow down when eating. Studies have also found that eating pistachios reduces the risk of lung cancer. They are rich in antioxidants γ-tocopherol and potassium. Potassium is an essential mineral for a healthy nervous system and muscles. Snack Choice: Crispy Peas Crispy peas are a good source of fiber. They also help control blood sugar abnormalities. This is because their high fiber content prevents a rapid rise in blood sugar levels after a meal. Crispy peas also have other health benefits. They contain five important minerals, three B-vitamins and proteins. At the same time, they have almost no fat. They are also rich in isoflavones, especially daidzein. Isoflavones are a phytonutrient that acts as a weak estrogen in the body. They are associated with a reduced risk of certain health problems, including breast and prostate cancer. Again, eating nuts is good for heart health. In general, nuts are good for your heart. People who eat nuts regularly can lower LDL cholesterol. High LDL is one of the main causes of heart disease. Eating nuts reduces the risk of blood clots, which can cause a heart attack. They also improve the health of the arterial lining. In addition to the nutrients listed above, nuts contain the following two substances: Phytosterols-Some nuts contain phytosterols. This substance can help lower cholesterol. L-Arginine-This is a substance that can improve the health of arterial walls. This can be done by making them more flexible and less susceptible to blood clots. In general, nuts are a great way to add many important nutrients to your diet. They are cheap and easy to store in your pantry. Nuts can be delicious directly or they can be added to salads or desserts to add flavor.
You can read the first parts of this tale: Part I: The New Atheists Part II: The (IL)liberal college student Part III: The Greeks discover the cosmos This series has become a longer meditation on the development of philosophy and science out of myth than I had planned, and so it well-illustrates the fact that I love going on tangents about interesting ideas. I promise, though, that I’ll bring everything back to the class and Nagel soon (well, soon-ish). Science, Mind, and God. Part IV: Plato In the last segment in this series, I discussed the beginnings of philosophical and scientific thought in the ancient world amongst the naturalist philosophers, or Pre-Socratics. In contrast to their contemporaries, who saw the workings of fickle gods throughout nature, these thinkers conceived of the universe as a true cosmos—an ordered whole operating according to necessary laws. In addition, I discussed the worldview of Pythagoras, one of those Pre-Socratics, who is credited with first thinking of the world as mathematical or mathematically-describable. In this offering, I want to talk about Plato, the father of Western philosophy, who continued and expanded this conversation dramatically. My reading and interpretation draw from Gregory Vlastos’s fascinating and invaluable work, Plato’s Universe; and also from Charles Kahn’s excellent book, Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans. Because Pythagoras himself never wrote anything, and because his immediate followers were sworn to secrecy, it’s difficult to know with any precision what he said or taught. There is very good scholarship, however, arguing that much of the picture of Pythagoras adopted by late antiquity and lasting through the Middle Ages and into the modern period was invented by Plato. This is the picture of Pythagoras, on the one hand, as a great mathematician who believed that everything was number; and, on the other hand, as a mystic who believed in reincarnation. There are several Platonic dialogues containing distinctly Pythagorean elements. The two most dramatic examples of these are the Phaedo and the Timaeus. Kahn says: “The Phaedo and the Timaeus may serve as emblems for what is most vital and lasting in the Pythagorean contribution to Western thought: on the one hand, a mathematical understanding of the world of nature; on the other hand, a conception of human destiny that points beyond the visible world and beyond the mortal body to a higher form of life.” (4) The Phaedo contains the death scene, Socrates’s execution by hemlock poisoning, and the conversation leading up to that event. In the face of his impending death, Socrates and his friends turn their attention to the question of immortality. Further, the dialogue discusses reincarnation. Again, this is all very Pythagorean (as we came to understand that term). It’s never been completely clear to me what Plato is up to in this dialogue. The arguments for immortality are poor, perhaps obviously so, and I have a working theory that the dialogue isn’t really about immortality or reincarnation at all, that these are a surface discussion about something else (specifically, about the intersection of logic and metaphysics). But this is a topic for another post. Atomic Theory The other very Pythagorean dialogue, the Timaeus, contains Plato’s creation myth. Here, he tells a story of the beginning of the cosmos at the hand of a craftsman god, the Demiurge. There are two very interesting and significant things going on here that I want to point out. The first of these has its roots in the Pre-Socratics, specifically in the thinking of Anaximander and the atomists, Democritus and Leucippus. As I mentioned in the last post, the Pre-Socratics attempted to explain the phenomena of the world as caused by or evolving out of some primary element. Many of them chose one of the four basic elements, earth, air, fire, or water as the original stuff. However, Anaximander took an intellectual step forward by claiming that the primary element was the “apeiron” or “the indefinite.” That is, the basic material or component out of which everything else arises has no sensible properties of its own. This is significant because it supposes that the sensible characteristics of everyday objects we experience are caused by and reducible to elements at the basic level which do not possess those characteristics. This is exactly what modern atomic theory tells us; that properties at the macro level (the solidity of wood, the wetness of water) are caused by the interaction of microscopic elements that do not possess those properties. E.g., individual water molecules are not wet, the individual molecules making up this table are not solid. The atomists said something similar, but they argued that everything was reducible at the micro level to a smallest unit that itself couldn’t be perceived. “Atom” in Greek means that which can no longer be divided or cut. These are not the familiar atoms from our table of elements (hydrogen, helium, oxygen, etc.). Rather, they are the smallest, indivisible, indestructible, and imperceptible material elements that make up everything. Vlastos says: “Why should we assume that if X is red, each of the Ys that make it up must be red, and if not red, then of some other color?” He adds: “This liberation of the theoretical imagination was the finest legacy of the Greek atomists to modern science.” (69) That is, if you don’t assume that the elementary particles must possess the same properties as the everyday objects, your thinking is freed in immeasurable ways to imagine and theorize. [For those without any background in philosophy, Anthony Gottlieb’s The Dream of Reason makes a good primer on these ideas.] Plato, in the Timaeus, pushes this further. In his creation myth, he claims—like the atomists—that everything is ultimately made up of primary elements, but unlike the atomists, he claims that the basic components are geometrical shapes. Earth, air, fire, and water are all made up of various equilateral, scalene, and right triangles. This allows for the inter-transformability of these basic elements. That is, how is it that water evaporates when it’s heated—how does it turn into steam, which is air or gas? The triangles making up the elemental shape of water break down and reconfigure into air atoms. I’ll note in passing that Plato makes it clear that this is to be taken as a myth. He’s well-aware that there is no observable data of what goes on at the microscopic level to work with. This is an educated guess, a story, about what things might be like at the elemental level in order to explain what goes on in the world around us. Thus Plato is offering an alternative to Democritean atomic theory. The latter gives us an infinitude of atoms of innumerable shapes. The former offers a far more elegant picture. Vlastos says: “If we were satisfied that the choice between the unordered polymorphic infinity of Democritean atoms and the elegantly patterned order of Plato’s polyhedral was incapable of empirical adjudication and could only be settled by asking how a divine, geometrically minded artificer would have made the choice, we wouldn’t hesitate about the answer.” (94) Clearly, the Craftsman, being purely rational and good, would have created the more elegant system. (And if he’s driven by reason, why not make things out of geometrical shapes?) Celestial Movement The second very interesting thread in the Timaeus has to do with what we observe in the night sky. As opposed to the issue of the underlying nature of material reality, for which there was no observational data whatsoever available to the Greeks, there was a good deal of such data regarding the movements of the celestial bodies. That’s not only because the planets and stars are directly observable, but also because the positions and movements of those heavenly bodies were of great interest to the ancients. The phases of the moon, the positions of the constellations, the daily overhead course of the sun—all these were of great practical use for navigation and for agriculture, to take two examples. But the movements of the heavenly bodies also represented an interesting puzzle. The stars move completely uniformly, and the sun and moon have their regular patterns with an occasional eclipse to freak everyone out. But the five observable planets (Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn) do not move uniformly in regular arcs across the sky. Plus, their periods of rotation have wide variations among them without any obvious justification. The word “planet,” in fact, means “wanderer.” [From our vantage point, the planets traverse the night sky, do an odd retrograde motion, then continue on their way. This is of course because the Earth isn’t the center of the solar system. The ancients didn’t know this—though some theorized a sun-centered system.] I won’t dwell on these issues overly long; I just wanted to note again that for Plato the universe is indeed a cosmos—it’s orderly and rational. His Demiurge isn’t subject to the whims of the typical Greek gods. Consequently, Plato provides a reason-based explanation for the regular and orderly movements of the stars, the sun, and the moon. (Vlastos provides an excellent and detailed description of this in his chapter 2.) However, this did leave the motions of the five planets as a real problem for Plato. As Vlastos notes, Plato could have said, “Well, if the observational data doesn’t fit into my metaphysics, then forget the data.” However, and to his credit, this isn’t what Plato did. He explained what he could given his theory about how the cosmos worked, but then left the unanswered issues as puzzles to be solved by his successors. This may seem like an abdication of his intellectual responsibility, but it in fact represents profound courage in resisting the old ways of explaining natural phenomena as the chaotic and disorderly effects of various divine wills. “For while Plato’s cosmology fully acknowledges a supernatural power in the universe, it does so with a built-in guarantee that such power will never be exercised to disturb the regularities of nature,” says Vlastos. That is, Plato makes room for a divinity in his cosmology, but it’s a god who would never interfere in the lawful orderliness of the world. Vlastos goes on to say, “How could the Craftsman’s unenvying nature subsequently disrupt the order he put into the world to make it the beautiful thing it is?” (61) This picture of a rational and orderly universe is what survives from these beginnings of philosophy and science amongst the ancients into the modern period during and after the scientific revolution. However, the belief that it’s our observations that guide and should be preserved by our theories begins to be called into question amongst the moderns. For an explanation why this is so, I turn next to Descartes, one of the most original thinkers of the early modern, or indeed any, age. One thought on “Science, Mind, and God. Part IV: Plato Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
Gender discrimination and economic inefficiency There is little wonder when the topic of gender inequality surfaces. Women are socially, economically, politically, and even culturally discriminated against, in different degrees all around the globe. Addressing the role of gender discrimination in economics, gender inequalities supplement market inefficiencies that further hinder the growth of an economy. Backed by literature and statistics, this paper offers a wide view of the interaction between female labor and markets. This paper aims to present the adverse impact of gender discrimination on market efficiency of an economy. ‘Women make up almost half of the world’s working-age population of nearly 5 billion people. But only about 50 percent of those women participate in the labor force, compared with 80 percent of men.’ There are ample explanations that elucidate under-participation of women in the labor market but through an economical lens, this under-participation is seen as misallocation of resources. The alternative to not working in the labor market for women is to indulge in unpaid household activities. This might sound absurd and oversimplified, but it is quite close to the reality. Socio-cultural norms assign gender roles to women where they are expected to look after the children and the household forcing them to withdraw from the labor market. Furthermore, according to the 2016 Monster Salary index report, in India, women earn 25 per cent less than men. As depicted in the graph below (Figure 1), all around the world, there is a gender pay gap. Figure:1 Unadjusted gender gap in average hourly wages Due to the wage gap between men and women the opportunity cost for not working is lower for women which can be a possible explanation to the overrepresentation of women in the unpaid household sector. This dynamic is what causes the inefficiency in the market that further hinders growth. For further explanations, this paper presents a simple model (Figure 2) to demonstrate inefficiency in the economy caused by discrimination in gender depicted through a wage gap. The y axis marks output and the axis plots the working age female population (female labor). The total output of an economy is the summation of outputs from both the unpaid household sector (sector 1) and the paid sector (sector 2). The marginal product (diminishing) of the sectors are plotted as respective curves in the graph. The marginal product of sector 1 is a function of labor in sector 1 and the marginal product of sector 2 is a function of labor in sector 2, but is drawn by reversing the x axis portraying that the labor allocation of sector 2 increases when we move from right to left. As per the economic theories, the point where both these curves intersect (MP1 = MP2) is the optimal solution for the economy. This is also the point where the output is maximum. Hence, L1 is the ideal allocation of labor for both the sectors. The inefficiency arises when wage is not equal to the marginal product. As shown in figure 2, due to the discrimination on gender, women are paid below their marginal products (as shown by the shift in the curve) which leads to misallocation of labor. There is a disproportionate allocation of labor in both the sectors where sector 2 is under allocated and sector 1 is over allocated shown by the orange arrow. The shaded triangle represents the loss of output in the economy. That loss of output is what leads to economic inefficiency hindering the growth process of an economy. To simplify the model, this paper makes a few assumptions listed below: 1. Capital is fixed. There are no investments in terms of fixed capital. Only labor is variable. 1. Different sectors in the economy might have different marginal products depending on their production functions. But, in this model there are only two sectors, one is the unpaid household sector and all the other sectors are clubbed as the other one and termed as the ‘paid sector’. All these sectors are assumed to have identical production functions and hence the same marginal products. 2. All the laborers are identical in terms of skills possessed, education, health, exposure, etc. 1. Household service is considered to produce output of an economy. In the calculation for GDP, generally service done in the household sector is not included. I have attempted to quantify the household service by putting a price to it for easy calculations. Hence, the so-called ‘wage’ earned in this sector is equal to the marginal product of sector 2. Logically assessed, (this assumption can be related with an employee- employer relation) the money that a husband gives his wife can be seen as a wage given to the wife for the household service she provides. According to the IMF, the unpaid service provided by women in terms of childcare and household responsibilities were estimated to ‘range from 10 percent of GDP in advanced economies to more than 30 percent in South Asia and in the Middle East and North Africa.’ Such a huge chunk of services are unaccounted for while calculating the GDP; thus it is fair to assume household service as a contributor to the GDP 1. There is no part time job. Women either work full time in sector 1 or sector 2. Literary evidence: There is a lot of literature and research that supports the model (Figure 2) made in this paper. While the diagram (Figure 2) plots the dynamics between female discrimination in context of wage gap and the resulting inefficiency, there is research that proves that it is indeed the case. In Becker’s research paper, he models barriers to female labor force participation in the following equation: The gap between the marginal product (MVPf) and wage (wf) offered by employers to women is due to the discrimination against women. That discrimination is quantified and thus can be seen as a tax on female employment (1+ Tj); j denoting a marketable sector. For reference, we can study Figure 3 that measures the barriers to female labor as tax equivalents for different regions in the world. The shift in the curve for MP2 (Figure 2) attempted to capture a similar phenomenon diagrammatically. It is the gender discrimination that is quantified as tax which prevents the wage from being equal to the marginal product; the main reason for market inefficiency. Canada’s growth in GDP epitomizes the relationship between female labor participation and growth. Canada has been actively promoting females to participate in the labor market since 1976. 35 years down the line, 75 percent of female labor participation has increased leading to a remarkable increase in the output of the economy. Since 1976-2015 female working hours increased by a growth rate of 1.7 percent annually, contributing to about 30 percent of the overall output growth In fact, more research shows that if gender barricades are removed and women are given more opportunities to participate in the labor market, especially in the developing economies where the gender pay gap is wide, there is a possibility that the GDP will grow up to 35 percent, on average. As depicted in Figure 3, female participation in the labor market boosts productivity benefiting the economy by generating more output. Additionally, gender diversity in the workplace induces a larger chunk of gains in regards to economic welfare as well Figure 3: Barriers to female labor force participation and economic growth Source: IMF This paper has attempted to show the inefficiency caused due to the prevalence of gender discrimination in the economy through a simple model. However, there are more complexities that need to be accounted for in an in- depth understanding. The fact that the model considers all female laborers as perfect substitutes to one another may not be the accurate representation of gender bias and the corresponding wage gap. There are many intersections with regards to gender discrimination based on their caste, identity, culture, poverty or color that are ‘double disadvantageous’ to the economy and catalyze the market inefficiency to a greater degree. For instance, an African American woman may be discriminated against with regards to both her gender and her skin color which may widen her wage gap in comparison to a man and a white woman. Furthermore, women do not have access to basic resources like education to imbibe the skill set required for a job in the formal sector, limiting their choices at work. ‘IMF research suggests that female labor force participation would rise by 2 percentage points if Indian states increased education spending by 1 percent of GDP.’ Societal norms and stereotypes related to gender restrict mobility of female laborers narrowing their labor participation. Caste, creed, society, politics, customs and communal beliefs all interlink with the economics of the country and are facets that need to be examined as well. Vanshika Shah is a 3rd-year undergraduate student at Ashoka University pursuing a bachelor’s degree in Economics and a minor in International Relations Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
Pronouns 101 Pronouns are an important part of most languages, and in English, there are a variety of pronouns to choose from beyond the typically gendered he and she. A pronoun is a word that refers to either the people talking (I or you) or someone that’s being talked about Pronouns specifically refer to people that you are talking about. People can choose whatever pronouns they want and there are a lot of them to choose from. While the name Neopronouns suggests that they’re new, and not been around for very long, certain pronouns most have been around for decades. Some of these ‘new’ pronouns have been around for over 100 years. So if you don’t feel he or she is right for you (even if you’re cis), or just want to learn more pronouns, here is a guide to various pronouns, with examples of how to use them. Feel free to use the handy menu to skip to the ones you want. They/Them is a pronoun that seems to have created some controversy recently because people seem unwilling to realise that we’ve been using it as a gender-neutral pronoun for hundreds of years. I use they/them online. I like the neutrality of it and as a singular pronoun it’s becoming more common. Because of its frequent use it’s pretty easy to get used to and understand. Often people use it to try it out before deciding on another. TheyThey went to the park. ThemI saw them at the park. TheirThey walked their dog at the park. TheirsI don’t have a cat so they said I could visit theirs anytime. Themself/ThemselvesThey tend to walk to the park by themselves/themself. Pronounced a/air Ae/Aer pronouns are one of the older pronouns and have been around since 1920. David Lindsey created them as pronouns in his fantasy and science fiction novel Voyage to Arcturus. The characters that use this pronoun were formed of air but humanoid. AeAe went to the park. AerI saw aer at the park. AerAe walked aer dog at the park. AersI don’t have a cat so they said I could visit aers anytime. AerselfAe tends to walk to the park by aerself. Co pronouns were first coined by Mary Orovan in her pamphlet Humanizing English in 1970. Orovan also suggests E as a nongendered pronoun. CoCo went to the park. CoI saw co at the park. CosCo walked Cos dog at the park. Cos’sI don’t have a cat so co said I could visit co’s anytime. CoselfCo tends to walk to the park by coself. E/Em pronouns are were first created over 100 years ago in 1890 by James Rogers who first introduced them in an article in The Writer. The article was called That Impersonal Pronoun. There have been two other variations of the e/em pronouns over the years, with the full set, created in 1977 and 1989. EE went to the park. EmI saw em at the park. EsE walked es dog at the park. EsI don’t have a cat so e said I could visit es anytime. EmselfE tends to walk to the park by emself. Ey/Em – also known as Elverson Pronouns started life as a competition entry in 1975 to create a singular they pronoun. As you can probably tell, the creator, Christine Elverson simply dropped the th from they/them pronouns. EyEy went to the park. EmI saw em at the park. EirEy walked eir dog at the park. EirsI don’t have a cat so ey said I could visit eirs anytime. EmselfEy tends to walk to the park by emself. Fae/Faer pronouns are becoming more and more common. From some search they were originally coined as a joke and their continued use a middle finger to the gender binary. Which I completely endorse. There are a few variations but this is the most common. FaeFae went to the park. FaerI saw faer at the park. FaerFae walked faer dog at the park. FaersI don’t have a cat so fae said I could visit faers anytime. FaerselfFae tends to walk to the park by faerself. Humanist pronouns were used in a humanities text book and created by Sasha Newborn in 1982 (so they’re the same age as me). Either based on the word human or humanities (which too be fair, is just a plural of humanity). Pronounced hugh, as in hu-man, rather than who. HuHu went to the park. HumI saw hum at the park. HusHu walked hus dog at the park. husI don’t have a cat so hu said I could visit hus anytime. HuselfHu tends to walk to the park by huself. It is the pronoun of inanimate objects and is often considered offensive but some people feel more comfortable using it as a pronoun for themselves. The key is never to use it as a pronoun without a persons consent and to never use it as a way to dehumanise someone. ItIt went to the park. ItI saw it at the park. ItsIt walked its dog at the park. ItsI don’t have a cat so it said I could visit its anytime. ItselfIt tends to walk to the park by itself. Person pronouns are for people of any gender, making them great for cis people to use if they don’t want to stick with the overly gendered he or she but none of the other pronouns feel right. They were first created in 1972 by John Clark and published in an article in the American Anthropological Association newsletter. PerPer went to the park. PerI saw per at the park. PerPer walked per dog at the park. PersI don’t have a cat so per said I could visit pers anytime. PerselfPer tends to walk to the park by perself. Thon is the oldest purposely created pronoun set. Created in 1858 by a composer of church hymns called Charles Converse. It’s a contraction of the phrase ‘that one’ and not commonly used. ThonThon went to the park. ThonI saw thon at the park. ThonsThon walked thons dog at the park. Thon’sI don’t have a cat so thon said I could visit thon’s anytime. ThonselfThon tends to walk to the park by thonself. Xe pronouns have a lot of variations in the spelling and all are valid. I’ve listed just one version of the spellings; any can be used. They were created in 1973 by Don Ricker in an issue of Unitarian Universalists a newsletter of a spiritual organisation. XeXe went to the park. XemI saw xem at the park. XyrXe walked xyr dog at the park. XyrsI don’t have a cat so xe said I could visit xyrs anytime. XyrselfXe tends to walk to the park by xyrself. These pronouns are based on the Spanish words ser and se by a tumblr user. Ser and sé mean I am and I know respectively, and these pronouns are almost a way for saying I know I am. At least that’s my perspective. ZaeZae went to the park. ZaemI saw zaem at the park. ZaerZae walked zaer dog at the park. ZaersI don’t have a cat so zae said I could visit zaers anytime. ZaemselfZae tends to walk to the park by zaemself. Pronounced the same way as the Xe (zee/zear), and with similar variations, this pronoun has been around for 20 years already. There are a couple of versions created in ’97 and ’98 by Richard Creel and Kate Bornstein respectivly. ZeZe went to the park. ZirI saw zir at the park. ZirZe walked zir dog at the park. ZirsI don’t have a cat so ze said I could visit zirs anytime. ZirselfZe tends to walk to the park by zirself. More Resources (Visited 265 times, 9 visits today) Pronouns 101Pronouns 101Pronouns 101 Queer, weird, geek, poet and now parent. Leave a Reply
Вы находитесь на странице: 1из 7 Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan ( KKK)  The most important organization formed in the Philippine history. ● This was the only organization that envisioned: A united Filipino nation that would revolt against the Spaniards for the total independence of the country form the Spain.  Literally means “ASSOCIATION”  Philippine revolutionary society founded by the Filipino anti-Spanish people in Manila in 1892  Aimed: primarily to gain independence from Spain through revolution.  The society was initiated by Filipino patriots Andres Bonifacio, Teodoro Plata, Ladislao Diwa and others on the night of July 7, when Filipino writer Dr.Jose P. Rizal was sentenced to banish to Dapitan.  was a secret organization until its discovery in 1896 that led the outbreak of Philippine  At first, Katipunan was only open for male Filipinos, not later then, women were accepted in the  has its own publication, “Ang Kalayaan (The Liberty)” that had its first and last print on March  In planning the revolution, Bonifacio contacted Rizal for its full-pledged support for the Katipunan in exchange of promising Rizal’s liberty from detainment by rescuing him.  Katipunan’s existence was revealed to the Spanish authorities after a member named Teodoro confessed Katipunan’s illegal activities to his sister the mother portress of Mandaluyong  Seven days after the wrong turn of history, on August 26,1896, Bonifacio and his men tore their cedulas during the infamous Cry of Balintawak that started Philippine Revolution.  Katipunan founders Andres Bonifacio, Ladislao Diwa, Teodoro Plata, Darilyo Valino, Rulfo Guia, Dano Belica, Tiburcio Liamson, and Gabrino Manzanero were all members of La Liga and were influenced by the nationalistic ideals of the Propaganda Movement in Spain.  Marcelo H. del Pilar, another leader of the Propaganda Movement in Spain, also influenced the formation of the Katipunan  On the night of July 7, 1892, when Rizal was banished and exiled to Dapitan in Mindana, Andres Bonifacio, a member of the La Liga Filipina, founded the Katipunan in a house in Tondo, Manila. He was assisted by his two friends, Teodoro Plata and Ladislao Diwa, plus Valentin Diaz and Deodato Arellano. (Primer of the Katipunan)  Born: 15 December 1875, Tondo  Died: 16 April 1899, Majayjay  Started in KKK at the age of 18; Died at the age 0f 25 because of Malaria  Emilio Jacinto y Dizon was a Filipino General during the Philippine Revolution. He was one of the highest-ranking officer in the Philippine Revolution and was one of the highest-ranking officers of the revolutionary society Kataas-taasan, Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan, or simply and more popularly called Katipunan, being a member of its Supreme Council.  He was elected Secretary of State for the Haring Bayang Katagalugan, a revolutionary government established during the outbreak of hostilities.  He is popularly known in Philippine history textbooks as the Brains of the Katipunan while some contend he should be rightfully recognized as the "Brains of the Revolution". Jacinto was present in the so-called Cry of Pugad Lawin with Andrés Bonifacio, the Supreme President of the Katipunan, and others of its members which signaled the start of the Revolution against the Spanish colonial government in the islands. Jim Richardson is an independent scholar whose research focuses on Philippine nationalism and radicalism in the 19th and 20th centuries. His publications include Roots of Dependency: Political and Economic Revolution in 19th Century Philippines (co-authored with Jonathan Fast); The Philippines (World Bibliographical Series); Komunista: The Genesis of the Philippine Communist Party, 1902-1935; and The Light of Liberty: Documents and Studies on the Katipunan, 1892-1897. He lives in London The Kartilya can be treated as the Katipunan’s code of conduct. It contains fourteen (14) rules that instruct the way a Katipunero should behave, and which specific values should be uphold. Generally, the rules stated in the Kartilya can be classified into two. The first group contains the rules that will make the member an upright individual and the second group contains the rules that will guide the way he treats his fellow men. Below is the translated version of the rules in Kartilya: I. The life that is not consecrated to a lofty and reasonable purpose is a tree without a shade, if not a poisonous weed. II. To do good for personal gain and not for its own sake is not virtue. III. It is rational to be charitable and love one’s fellow creature, and to adjust one’s conduct, acts and words to what is in itself reasonable. IV. Whether our skinbe black or white, we are all born equal: superiority in knowledge, wealth and beauty are to be understood, but not superiority by nature. V. The honorable man prefers honor to personal gain; the scoundrel, gain to honor. VI. To the honorable man, his word is sacred. VII. Do not waste thy time: welth can be recovered but not time lost. VIII. Defend the oppressed and fight the oppressor before the law or in the field. IX. The prudent man is sparing in words and faithful in keeping secrets. X. On the thorny path of life, man is the guide of woman and the children, and if the guide leads to the precipie, those whom he guides will also go there. XI. Thou must not look upon woman as a mere plaything, but as a faithful companion who will share with thee the penalties of life; her (physical) weakness will increase thy interest in her ad she will remind thee of the mother who bore thee and reared thee. XII. What thou dost not desire done unto thy wife, children, brothers and sisters, that do not unto the wife, children, brothers and sisters of thy neighbor. XIII. Man is not worth more because he is a king, because his nose is aquiline, and his color white, not because he is a priest, a servant of God, nor because of the high prerogative that he enjoys upon earth, but he is worth most who is a man of proven and real value, who does good, keep his words, is worthy and honest; he who does not oppress nor consent to being oppressed, he who loves and cherishes his fatherland, though he be born in the wilderness and know no tongue but his own. XIV. When these rules of conduct shall be known to all, the longed-for sun of Liberty shall rise brilliant over this most unhappy portion of the globe and its rays shall diffuse everlasting joy among the confederated brethren of the same rays, the lives of those who have gone before, the fatigues and well-paid sufferings will remain. If he who desires to enter has informed himself of all this and believes he will be able to Analysis of the Kartilya ng Katipunan 1. The first tenet highlights the importance of living a purpose-driven life. A Katipunero who does not have a purpose lives a useless life. 2. The second rule is all about doing the right thing. A deed carried out for the sake of fame is not worthy of 3. The third tenet shows what kindness really means. True act of kindness for a Katipunero is in the love and service he render to other people and not the other way 4. The fourth tenet highlights equality. Every Katipuneros are treated equally no matter what race or educational background he is. 5. The fifth shows what honor should mean for a Katipunero values honor more than his personal interest. 6. The sixth tenet is all about being a man of word. A Katipunero who has a sense of shame must be a man of his word. 7. The seventh rule gives importance to time. A Katipunero must give importance to time. For the Katipunan, a time that is lost will never be back. 8. The eighth tenet is all about fighting for what is right. A Katipunero must protect the weak and fight those who oppress the weak. 9. The ninth tenet highlights the importance of trust. A Katipunero is careful with what he says and keeps the things that must be kept secret. 10. The tenth principle is all about being able to lead a family. A Katipunero must lead his family to the right path. If the leader is consumed by evil, so does his followers. 11. The eleventh principle is all about women. A Katipunero must give importance to a woman. He must not see her as object, nor a past time. That whenever a Katipunero sees a woman, he will remember his mother who nurturedhim. 12. The twelfth principle gives importance to every actions that one has to make. A Katipunero must not do the things that he does not want to be done to him or to his family. 13. The thirteenth principle is about having the right character. A Katipunero’s life is not measured by what is his status in life nor with the things that he possess. Instead, it is in his character and his love for the native 14. The last tenet shows a glimpse of what the author desire. It shows the sense of hopefulness for the motherland and that all the sacrifices made is not all for nought. And while we have different interpretation with what was intended by Bonifacio, there is one thing that everyone can agree on: Kartilya ng Katipunan was meant to guide us in living our everyday life its fullest. More importantly, it highlights the importance of having the right attitude towards other people.
Getting Started with Smart Home Technology Smart Home advertisements are everywhere now. Robotic vacuums! Smart toilets! Faucets that know how much water to add to the sink! Refrigerators that keep your daily schedule! To complicate things more, there are ‘Smart speakers’ that speak to you (for example, Alexa or Google Home), which are different from Smart speakers that improve the sound of your music that comes out of the ‘speaking speakers’. And did you know that your speaking speakers can actually hold a conversation with each other? Confused yet? More and more Smart Home devices are becoming available every day, which means more decisions to be made and more confusion as to the what, how and why of Smart Home technology. There are many many articles about ‘How to Get Started With Smart Home Technology’ that you can read. Check out the Resources section here on this website for a list. There’s just one thing. Although these articles are basic and simple to read, they don’t really start at the very beginning, the true beginning… the place where many of us are jumping into Smart Home Technology. For instance, they don’t tell you the first thing: Why? Because the ‘Smart’ in Smart Homes and Phones means internet. What is a Smart Home? This article explains it simply. It is a home where Wifi is used to connect and automate devices such as lights and appliances, security and climate control. The Wifi in your house can then be used to access the devices through your SmartPhone remotely. Your SmartPhone also connects to a voice assistant such as Amazon Echo (Alexa) or Google Home etc. (remember, this is also called a Smart speaker). The voice assistant allows your devices to communicate with each other. The Smart Phone connects directly to the thermostat and the TV. It also connects to the voice assistant (like Alexa) and then Alexa connects to both the TV and thermostat as well! Here the Smart Phone connects directly to the thermostat and the TV through your house WiFi. It also connects to the voice assistant (like Alexa) and then Alexa connects to both the TV and thermostat as well! Now that you have a Smart Phone, there are three main things to figure out in order to get started. 1. What SPEAKER (voice assistant) to buy? 2. WHAT to add to your Smart Home system: music? lights? 3. HOW to USE it once it is set up! ~ Decide which speaker you want: Amazon Echo? Google Home? Apple HomeKit? As of this date (May, 2018) the voice assistant that has the most options for devices that benefit a person with a disability is still the Amazon Echo. There are several different Echos available now. Here is an article about your options. ~Plug in your speaker (voice assistant), download the voice assistant app onto your phone, and learn how to navigate it. For the Alexa app, the ellipsis (the three horizontal parallel lines) in the top right corner accesses all of your options. Try ‘settings‘ first! Set up the basics, which are very straightforward (connecting to your WiFi, accessibility options, wake word). ~Pick ONE thing at a time to add, and then use it. Music is often first. The three main voice assistants (Echo, Google and Apple) have different options. Figure out how to ask for what you want, it is not always straightforward (for example, with Alexa in order to get a station on Pandora radio, you have to ask for Pandora first in the sentence, not the artist. Simple things like that, which are easy to forget!) Sometimes you feel like Dave in the video below…. Your default news station, daily alarms and timers, and adding reminders, appointments or shopping lists are also basic. Just ask your voice assistant and it will usually guide you through it. Say ‘Alexa, I need a reminder’. That’s all! Here is a list of things you can ask. ~Read about SKILLS for your voice assistant. There are many many of them! They are basically quick ‘apps’ to specific things that you can enable the speaker to do for you. News stations, ambient music to sleep by, travel apps, food delivery apps. Pick one or two and enable them. Here is an article about ‘Skills’. ~PRACTICE asking for what you want for awhile. Wording is important! Become acquainted with what you can ask for and especially what you can NOT ask for on your speaker (no, Amazon Echo does not have Google search engine and does not have YouTube. Things like that!) ~Once you are comfortable talking to a machine, try to add a Smart Lightbulb, or get a Smart Switch and set it up to turn something in your home on or off. Here are some suggestions. Here again, the articles that guide you with device set up may neglect a few important details, assuming that the reader already knows the basics. It truly is NOT quite as easy as just screwing in a lightbulb. Here is a tip that will save you a good 45 minutes of frustration: The Smart Home devices that you buy (light bulbs, switches, plugs, the HUB) have a specific app for that specific brand. You need to find the app on your phone and download it first before any connections can take place. In addition, you have to set up an account with them with a password. YOU WILL HAVE TO DO THIS FOR EVERY DEVICE THAT YOU WANT TO CONNECT! Only then can you move on to connecting it with your voice assistant (ie.Alexa), or your hub. This article has the clearest instructions on connecting a light bulb Screen Shot 2018-06-01 at 6.23.21 PM Wait a minute, there is another new word. What’s a HUB? Read about them here. If you’ve mastered the information in this blog post so far, you are ready to move on to the the more complex subject of home automation. When you start to add more devices to your Smart Home, you will need a way to connect the devices to each other. A hub manages the interactions between your devices so that that you can set up a series of actions to automate your home. Thinking about setting the mood after dinner to relax after a long day? You will be able to just ask your voice assistant to ‘Set the after dinner mood’ . With a pre-programmed ‘Scene’ (or group of actions), your thermostat will turn the heat up, the lights will dim, the shades will lower, and your favorite calming ambient sounds will play softly from your speaker. Someday soon there might even be a set of robot arms that can do the dishes! You are on your way with Smart Home Technology! Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
AP English Social Aspects In Jane Austen's Pride And Prejudice 1194 Words 5 Pages Arsheen Virani Mrs. Keill AP English Literature and Composition—4 28 January 2016 Pride and Prejudice Essay Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice, published in 1813, satirizes the societal norms of European society and its effect on marriage. Mr. and Mrs. Bennett live in Longbourn with their five daughters: Jane, Elizabeth, Mary, Catherine, and Lydia. Upon hearing news that a young, handsome, and rich bachelor, Mr. Bingley, is coming to town, the women in town go crazy. Mrs. Bennett in particular becomes infatuated with Mr. Bingley, and is determined to get one of her daughters, Jane, married to him. Soon after, there is a ball, to which Mr. Bingley brings his sisters, brother-in-law, and Mr. Darcy. At the ball, Bingley takes a profound interest in Jane, and Darcy’s remarks and mannerisms deem him as arrogant and rude. When Elizabeth asks him to dance, he declines. Gradually, Jane and Bingley grow closer, as do Elizabeth and Darcy. Mrs. Bennett continues to interfere in Jane’s life by forcing her to stay as long as possible at the Bingley Residence. A self-obsessed bachelor, Mr. Collins, comes to town and tries to …show more content… In terms of marriage, she uses her intellect and heart to make decisions and find a life partner. When Darcy first proposes to Elizabeth, she declines because she does not love him and feels he is too haughty. It can be assumed given the background of the novel that most women in that position would have immediately accepted his proposal because of his enormous wealth. She stands out in the novel as a character who uses her heart. Pride and Prejudice’s emphasis on society and its norms makes the novel so powerful. In addition, the protagonist, Elizabeth sets a good example of what individuals should be like in terms of marriage. She emphasizes on using intellect when making decisions about marriage, something the others lacked. Related Documents
March 2021 « Sep Search Homepage TLR2- Cluster of Differentiation 282 Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), often designated as CD282 (cluster of differentiation 282) is a type I transmembrane protein belonging to the large homologous family of Toll like receptors. TLR2 acts as functional receptor for both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Like all other members of the TLR family, TLR2 is composed of an extracellular domain containing multiple leucine-rich repeats (LRRs), a transmembrane region, and a cytoplasmic tail containing the conserved TIR domain. TLR2 maps to chromosome 4q31-32 and encodes a putative 784 amino acid protein with 19 N-terminal LLRs and a calculated molecular weight of 84 kDa (1, 2, 3). Comparison of the amino acid sequence reveals that TLR2, TLR1, and TLR6 form a TLR subfamily, which presumably diverged from one common ancestral gene. In humans, TLR10 is also a member of this TLR2 subfamily. Among all TLR, TLR1 and TLR6 have the highest identity of overall amino acid sequence, which is 66%, and a similar genomic structure and thus it is assumed that they are the evolutionary products of gene duplication. In vivo transcripts for TLR2 are observed suggesting that the mRNA is alternatively spliced. TLR2 mRNA expression is observed in brain, heart, lung, and spleen tissues and is highest in PBLs, specifically those of myelomonocytic origin. In vitro PMA-differentiated THP-1, TLR2 is most significantly upregulated by autocrine IL-6 and TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-10. Further, TLR2 mRNA expression is elevated after exposure to both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The increase in TLR2 expression in monocytes and granulocytes on exposure to Gram-negative bacteria is only very modest. Furthermore, TLR2 appears to be up-regulated on mononuclear cells during disorders such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, influenza virus infections, and sepsis TLR2 act as signal transducers for various bacterial components which include lipoproteins derived from M. tuberculosis, Borrelia burgdorfei, Treponema pallidium and Mycoplasma fermentans. In addition, TLR2 mediates cellular responses to a wide variety of infectious pathogens and their products which include yeast cell walls, whole mycobacteria, mycobacterial ara-lipoarabinomannan, whole Gram-positive bacteria, peptidoglycan (PGN), Treponema glycolipid and Trypanosoma cruzi glycophosphatidylinositol anchor. TLR2 forms heterodimers with TLR1, TLR6 and possibly TLR10, where each complex is particularly sensitive to subsets of TLR2-associated pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). It has been studied that TLR6 and TLR2 function together to detect Gram-positive bacteria, PGN and zymosan, whereas TLR2 functions either alone or with TLRs other than TLR6 to detect bacterial lipopeptides. More recent studies have suggested that, like TLR4, TLR2 complexes require CD14 and MD-2 for detection of PAMPs and signaling. (4, 5) Upon ligand recognition, TLR2 recruits both the TIR domain-containing sorting adaptor TIRAP and the signaling adaptor MyD88, and initiates the MyD88-dependent pathway. The MyD88-dependent pathway activates nuclear factor (NF)-κB, activator protein-1 (AP-1) and interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5), which induce inflammatory cytokine expression such as IL-6, IL-12, and TNFα. (6) Aside from detection of non-self patterns, TLR2 complexes are also capable of detecting altered self patterns, such as those displayed by necrotic cells. Further, recent evidence indicates that TLR2 is recruited to phagosomes and may be directly involved in the internalization of microbial products by cells. 1. Rock, F.L. et al. (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:588. 2. Chaudhary, P.M. et al. (1998) Blood 91:4020. 3. Dunne, A. & L.A.J. O’Neill (2003) Sci. STKE 2003:re3. 4. Modlin, R.L. (2002) Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 88:543. 5. J Endotoxin Res. 2000;6(5):401-5 6. Annual Review of Biochemistry Vol. 76: 447-480 (Publication date July 2007) About Author Comments are closed. Social Widgets powered by
compounding expert pharmacists working in lab compounding medicine at Harbor Compounding Pharmacy Download Chronicle PDF contented woman with eyes her closed expressing attachment with her partner Oxytocin is a hormone neuropeptide produced by the hypothalamus and is released either directly into the blood via the pituitary gland, or to other parts of the brain and spinal cord, exerting its action both peripherally, and centrally in the brain. Best known for its role in childbirth, oxytocin plays a vital role in triggering uterine contractions. Many times, if contractions are not powerful enough to complete delivery, the mother will be given oxytocin to help the labor process and contractions. It has been postulated that a rise in the concentration of oxytocin causes contraction of cells around the alveoli and milk ducts, in preparation for suckling, and that lactation failure may result from insufficient oxytocin. When the infant is suckling, afferent impulses from sensory stimulation of nerve terminals in the areolas travel to the central nervous system where they promote the release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary. In women, oxytocin release is often associated with such stimuli as the sight or sound or even the thought of the infant, indicating a large cerebral component in this "neuroendocrine reflex". The oxytocin is carried through the blood stream to the mammary gland where it interacts with specific receptors on myoepithelial cells, initiating their contraction and expelling milk from the alveoli into the ducts and sub-areolar sinuses. The passage of milk through the ducts allows free flow of milk to the nipple. The process by which milk is forcibly moved out of the alveoli is called milk ejection or let-down and is essential to milk removal from the lactating breast. Oxytocin nasal spray has been used successfully to help treat for "the let-down effect". There is speculation that in addition to facilitating lactation and the birthing process, the hormone facilitates the emotional bond between mother and child. Oxytocin is often referred to as the hormone of social recognition and bonding. Recent research has shown that oxytocin may have many other far-reaching effects particularly when it comes to relationships and emotional involvement. Oxytocin is the reason why we form all sorts of deep connections not only with our children, but with our partners, friends and even our pets and is often called the bonding hormone. Oxytocin also plays a huge role in the non-procreative aspects of sex. Sometimes called the hormone of desire, oxytocin is released in response to a variety of environmental stimuli including skin-to-skin contact and cervical stimulation experienced during sex. At normal levels oxytocin encourages a mild desire to be kissed and cuddled by partners. Being touched (anywhere on the body) leads to a rise in oxytocin levels. This causes a cascade of reactions within the body, including the release of endorphins which results in both biological and psychological arousal. Recent studies show that Oxytocin is involved in multiple signaling pathways in the central and peripheral nerve system and mainly regulates the physiology and activity of reproduction, including male reproduction and sexual behavior. The roles of Oxytocin in penile erection are bio-phasic with pro-erectile effect in the central nerve system while peripherally inhibiting erection. Oxytocin also mediates ejaculation, post-ejaculatory detumescence and the post-orgasm refractory period. Oxytocin has also become the subject of studies in female sexual dysfunction specifically difficulty achieving orgasm. Oxytocin increases sexual receptivity and counteracts impotence. Research has shown that for women, not only is oxytocin released during orgasm, it appears to be responsible for causing orgasms in the first place. Research further indicates that oxytocin causes the nerves in the genitals to fire spontaneously, and this leads to powerful orgasms. In women, during orgasm, oxytocin levels increase significantly. During peak sexual arousal, if a womans brain is flooded with oxytocin, she may indeed be capable of multiple orgasms. Therefore, Oxytocin can be used to help treat Female Orgasmic Disorder, Female Arousal Disorder or for those women who just desire a more powerful or multiple orgasms. Oxytocin produces antidepressant-like effects in animal models of depression, and a deficit of it may be involved in the pathophysiology of depression in humans. The antidepressant-like effects of oxytocin are not blocked by a selective antagonist of the oxytocin receptor, suggesting that these effects are not mediated by the oxytocin receptor. In accordance, WAY-267,464, carbetocin, a close analogue of oxytocin and peptide oxytocin receptor agonist, notably does produce antidepressant-like effects in animals. As such, the antidepressant-like effects of oxytocin may be mediated by modulation of a different target, perhaps the vasopressin V receptor where oxytocin is known to weakly bind as an agonist. Oxytocin has recently received significant interest in the Autism community. Researchers have found that autistic children have lower plasma levels of oxytocin than those of other children. In addition, oxytocin has been implicated in the etiology of autism, with one report suggesting autism is correlated with genomic deletion of the gene containing the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR). Studies involving Caucasian and Finnish samples and Chinese Han families provide support for the relationship of OXTR with autism. Autism may also be associated with an aberrant methylation of OXTR. Therefore, oxytocin replenishment may play a role in aiding autism specific social behavior disorders, including but not limited to: repetitive behaviors, the desire to form social bonds, social recognition, processing social cues, regulated feeding, excessive grooming, stress response and being aloof. In fact, oxytocin treatment has resulted in an increased retention of affective speech in adults with autism. Furthermore, two related studies in adults, in 2003 and 2007, found oxytocin decreased repetitive behaviors and improved interpretation of emotions. More recently, intranasal administration of oxytocin was found to increase emotion recognition in children as young as 12 who are diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders. Yataware et al investigated the efficacy, tolerability and safety of oxytocin treatment in young children with autism using a double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover, clinical trial. Thirty-one children with autism received 12 International Units (IU) of oxytocin and placebo nasal spray morning and night (24 IU per day) for 5 weeks, with a 4-week washout period between each treatment. Compared with placebo, oxytocin led to significant improvements on the primary outcome of caregiver-rated social responsiveness. Overall, oxytocin nasal spray was well tolerated, and the most common reported adverse events were thirst, urination and constipation. This study was the first clinical trial to support the potential of oxytocin as an early intervention for young children with autism to help improve social interaction deficits. Oxytocin is preferentially administered by injection or nasal spray since chymotrypsin, present in the GI tract, may destroy oxytocin, rendering oral administration unsuccessful. Intranasal preparations of oxytocin, used to stimulate postpartum milk ejection, are no longer manufactured in the US, so a compounding pharmacy is necessary for this preparation. Oxytocin Nasal Spray is commonly prescribed for: 1. Milk Letdown in Breastfeeding 2. Improvements related to Social Interactions in Autism 3. Female Arousal Disorder 4. Female Orgasmic Disorder 5. Delayed Orgasm in Men After reading this article, would you like to start a prescription for a patient? If so, please call, write, or fax in the following prescription: Oxytocin Nasal Spray (50IU/ml in a 10mL Spray Actuator (0.1mL/spray) Spray_____ sprays intranasally once to twice daily in the morning and/or at night.
Coronavirus FAQs What Is COVID-19? The new coronavirus was first encountered in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. It is believed that it originated with animals and spread to humans at a live animal market in Wuhan. In February 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) named it COVID-19. As of March 2, the outbreak has affected an estimated 87,000 people around the globe, causing over 2,900 deaths. What are Symptoms? According to the Center for Disease Control (CDC), symptoms of COVID-19 can include: • Fever • Cough • Shortness of breath How does COVID-19 spread? Although the ongoing outbreak likely resulted from people who were exposed to infected animals, COVID-19 can spread between people through their respiratory secretions, especially when they cough or sneeze. According the CDC, the spread of COVID-19 from person-to-person most likely occurs among close contacts who are within about 6 feet of each other. It’s unclear at this time if a person can get COVID-19 by touching a surface or object that has the virus on it and then touching their own mouth, nose or eyes. What should Employers do? The safety of employees is employers most vital task. Below is information to share with employees. • Avoid close contact with people who are sick. The NSC also urges employers, particularly those in the healthcare sector, those with employees who travel internationally and those in the international travel industry to assess their risk of exposure and ensure procedures are in place to effectively control transmission. Below are some additional strategies. • Practice proper infection control and sterilization measures. • Actively encourage sick employees to stay home. • If an employee becomes infected, insist that he or she fully recovers before returning to work. • Employees who have traveled to areas with heightened levels of exposure should inform their employers immediately. • Avoid sending staff on business trips to China, where the virus originated and has yet to be contained. For more information on preventing COVID-19, go to cdc.govOSHA.gov and who.int. WEBINAR (March 20th): How Coronavirus Will Impact Companies in the Midwest Topics: HR / Employee Benefits
Infant Toothpaste vs. Fluoride Toothpaste In 2009, the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry changed their guidelines on infant oral care. Instead of using training toothpaste on infants and young children under 2 years of age, they now recommend using a regular toothpaste with fluoride. This amendment also emphasized that only a smear-size amount of toothpaste should be used in children 0-2 instead of the pea-size amount that’s recommended for children 2-5. Smear Size vs. Pea Size Most toothpastes on the market are manufactured to contain fluoride. Fluoride is a natural mineral that interacts with ions on the enamel surfaces to make teeth stronger and less prone to cavities. Since the introduction of adding fluoride into community water in 1945, the prevalence and severity of dental decay in our country has dramatically decreased. While a little bit of fluoride everyday is a good thing, too much fluoride can also lead to problems. Due to its chemical properties, when a larger than regular amount of fluoride is ingested (0.3 mg/kg, about a teaspoon of toothpaste for a 1 year old), it could cause minor gastro-intestinal discomfort. If it’s an extremely large dose, it could even lead to toxicity and possibly death (5mg/kg, about 5 tablespoons of toothpaste for a 1 year old). Chronic exposure of too much fluoride during childhood can also lead to discoloration of permanent teeth at a later age. Training toothpastes are made without fluoride and they’re targeted towards young toddlers who haven’t learned how to spit. While these products are well-intended, children who use them do not receive the benefits of fluoride exposure. The current recommendations are made with the intention of balancing the pros and cons of fluoride. With a tiny smear of toothpaste, little kids will receive all the benefits of daily fluoride exposure. Even if they swallow it, since it’s only a smear-size no harm will be done to their tummies nor to the development of their future permanent teeth. Of course, there are still a lot of moms that worry about swallowing too much fluoride on a daily-basis. For parents who are concerned, my recommendation is to use training toothpaste in the morning and fluoride toothpaste at night. That way fluoride ingestion is cut down by 50%. Night time fluoride toothpaste use is also great because the small amount of toothpaste that’s left on teeth will continue to strengthen enamel while the child is asleep. If you have any questions regarding toothpaste for young children, please contact me at my pediatric dental office in Las Vegas.
© Angie Wang In 1942, the anthropologist Ashley Montagu published "Man's Most Dangerous Myth: The Fallacy of Race," an influential book that argued that race is a social concept with no genetic basis. A classic example often cited is the inconsistent definition of "black." In the United States, historically, a person is "black" if he has any sub-Saharan African ancestry; in Brazil, a person is not "black" if he is known to have any European ancestry. If "black" refers to different people in different contexts, how can there be any genetic basis to it? Beginning in 1972, genetic findings began to be incorporated into this argument. That year, the geneticist Richard Lewontin published an important study of variation in protein types in blood. He grouped the human populations he analyzed into seven "races" - West Eurasians, Africans, East Asians, South Asians, Native Americans, Oceanians and Australians - and found that around 85 percent of variation in the protein types could be accounted for by variation within populations and "races," and only 15 percent by variation across them. To the extent that there was variation among humans, he concluded, most of it was because of "differences between individuals." In this way, a consensus was established that among human populations there are no differences large enough to support the concept of "biological race." Instead, it was argued, race is a "social construct," a way of categorizing people that changes over time and across countries. It is true that race is a social construct. It is also true, as Dr. Lewontin wrote, that human populations "are remarkably similar to each other" from a genetic point of view. But over the years this consensus has morphed, seemingly without questioning, into an orthodoxy. The orthodoxy maintains that the average genetic differences among people grouped according to today's racial terms are so trivial when it comes to any meaningful biological traits that those differences can be ignored. I am worried that well-meaning people who deny the possibility of substantial biological differences among human populations are digging themselves into an indefensible position, one that will not survive the onslaught of science. I am also worried that whatever discoveries are made - and we truly have no idea yet what they will be - will be cited as "scientific proof" that racist prejudices and agendas have been correct all along, and that those well-meaning people will not understand the science well enough to push back against these claims. Did this research rely on terms like "African-American" and "European-American" that are socially constructed, and did it label segments of the genome as being probably "West African" or "European" in origin? Yes. Did this research identify real risk factors for disease that differ in frequency across those populations, leading to discoveries with the potential to improve health and save lives? Yes. To understand why it is so dangerous for geneticists and anthropologists to simply repeat the old consensus about human population differences, consider what kinds of voices are filling the void that our silence is creating. Nicholas Wade, a longtime science journalist for The New York Times, rightly notes in his 2014 book, "A Troublesome Inheritance: Genes, Race and Human History," that modern research is challenging our thinking about the nature of human population differences. But he goes on to make the unfounded and irresponsible claim that this research is suggesting that genetic factors explain traditional stereotypes. One of Mr. Wade's key sources, for example, is the anthropologist Henry Harpending, who has asserted that people of sub-Saharan African ancestry have no propensity to work when they don't have to because, he claims, they did not go through the type of natural selection for hard work in the last thousands of years that some Eurasians did. There is simply no scientific evidence to support this statement. Indeed, as 139 geneticists (including myself) pointed out in a letter to The New York Times about Mr. Wade's book, there is no genetic evidence to back up any of the racist stereotypes he promotes. Another high-profile example is James Watson, the scientist who in 1953 co-discovered the structure of DNA, and who was forced to retire as head of the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratories in 2007 after he stated in an interview - without any scientific evidence - that research has suggested that genetic factors contribute to lower intelligence in Africans than in Europeans. At a meeting a few years later, Dr. Watson said to me and my fellow geneticist Beth Shapiro something to the effect of "When are you guys going to figure out why it is that you Jews are so much smarter than everyone else?" He asserted that Jews were high achievers because of genetic advantages conferred by thousands of years of natural selection to be scholars, and that East Asian students tended to be conformist because of selection for conformity in ancient Chinese society. (Contacted recently, Dr. Watson denied having made these statements, maintaining that they do not represent his views; Dr. Shapiro said that her recollection matched mine.) What makes Dr. Watson's and Mr. Wade's statements so insidious is that they start with the accurate observation that many academics are implausibly denying the possibility of average genetic differences among human populations, and then end with a claim - backed by no evidence - that they know what those differences are and that they correspond to racist stereotypes. They use the reluctance of the academic community to openly discuss these fraught issues to provide rhetorical cover for hateful ideas and old racist canards. If scientists can be confident of anything, it is that whatever we currently believe about the genetic nature of differences among populations is most likely wrong. For example, my laboratory discovered in 2016, based on our sequencing of ancient human genomes, that "whites" are not derived from a population that existed from time immemorial, as some people believe. Instead, "whites" represent a mixture of four ancient populations that lived 10,000 years ago and were each as different from one another as Europeans and East Asians are today. So how should we prepare for the likelihood that in the coming years, genetic studies will show that many traits are influenced by genetic variations, and that these traits will differ on average across human populations? It will be impossible - indeed, anti-scientific, foolish and absurd - to deny those differences. For me, a natural response to the challenge is to learn from the example of the biological differences that exist between males and females. The differences between the sexes are far more profound than those that exist among human populations, reflecting more than 100 million years of evolution and adaptation. Males and females differ by huge tracts of genetic material - a Y chromosome that males have and that females don't, and a second X chromosome that females have and males don't. Comment: Tell that to the post modernists: Post-nihilism, a template for where we are heading David Reich is a professor of genetics at Harvard and the author of the forthcoming book "Who We Are and How We Got Here: Ancient DNA and the New Science of the Human Past," from which this article is adapted. A version of this article appears in print on March 25, 2018, on Page SR1 of the New York edition with the headline: 'Race' in The Age Of Modern Genetics.
Busy. Please wait. show password Forgot Password? Don't have an account? Sign up Username is available taken show password Already a StudyStack user? Log In Reset Password Didn't know it? click below Knew it? click below Don't know Remaining cards (0) Normal Size Small Size show me how WC Midterm: Ch.5 this one is most likely wrong do not rely on it What is said bout Phillip II? “(his) Smile and dagger were very close.” How did Phillip II become king of Portugal? Portugal's king died without heir so Phillip seized it and its territories. Spain also became very wealthy around this time because of its colonies from South America. Was King Phillip religiously tolerant? No he thought it was his duty to defend Catholicism against Muslims. What is the Spanish Armada? A fleet of Spanish ships in an attempt to punish Protestant England, but was the ships were defeated. What did the Spanish Armada do? Setback seriously weakened Spain, the wealth of Spain gave it the appearance of strength, there was also a monastery (where priests live) within the walls of the palace, showing more wealth and faith. Who is El Greco An artist who chose brilliant, sometimes clashing colors, distorted the human figure, and expressed emotion in his paintings. Who is Diego Velazquez An artist who was best known for his portraits of the royal family and scenes of court life, also used rich colors What is Dox Quixote? A book about a poor Spanish nobleman who went crazy after reading too many books about heroic nights and the character began to think that he is one written by Miguel Cervantes. What happened when King Henry II of France died? Three of his four sons rule, but were incompetent. Who was the religious conflict between? The Huguenots and Catholics. Created by: jpica6464 Pass complete! "Know" box contains: Time elapsed: restart all cards
Vladimir Vernadsky Vladimir Vernadsky March 12, 1863 Also Known For : Mineralogist Birth Place : Saint Petersburg, Russia Died On : January 6, 1945 Zodiac Sign : Pisces Vladimir Vernadsky Biography, Life, Interesting Facts Childhood And Early Years Crystallographer, mineralogist, geochemist and geologist Vladimir Vernadsky was born on the 12 March 1863 in St Petersburg, Russia to Russian Ukrainian parents. His father was descended from Ukrainian Cossacks on his father’s side, and his mother was Russian. His father was a professor of political economy in Kiev at the University of Moscow. The family later moved to St Petersburg where his father was the editor of the Economic Index. His mother, Hanna Konstantinovna, was the daughter of a general and belong to the Russian nobility. She was a music teacher. Vladimir Vernadsky was schooled in Ukraine then studied at St Petersburg Grammar School. It was at Grammar school that he developed his interest in natural sciences. He did his tertiary study at the St Petersburg University specializing in mineralogy where he studied under V Dokuchaev, a famous scientist who specialized in soil science. Rise To Fame After graduation, Vladimir Vernadsky studied under Paul Groth in Germany where he worked in the physics laboratory of Zonke who was an expert on crystallization. Vladimir Vernadsky was awarded a doctorate in 1885 and joined the laboratory as a fellow. Vladimir Vernadsky’s report on the Paragenesis of Chemical Elements in the Earth’s Crust was presented to the 12th Congress of Medics, and Natural Scientists and this report are regarded as the beginning of the science of geochemistry. Vladimir Vernadsky founded the Radium Commission in 1909 and 1910; the first geochemical laboratory was founded in St Petersburg. He was the first scientist to clarify the idea of the noosphere, but it was an Austrian geologist who first used the name noosphere. Vladimir Vernadsky was elected to the St Petersburg Academy of Science in 1912, and 1914 became the head of the Museum of Mineralogy and Geology. By 1917 he was starting to explore the emerging science of biogeochemistry and was involved in the development of the metal mining industry. Vladimir Vernadsky founded and was the first president of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences which was set up in 1918. He was also was the founder of the National Library of the Ukrainian State. Later Years Vladimir Vernadsky was a professor of mineralogy at Simferopol University but was later let go because of the political landscape in the 1920s. He was also an adviser on the Soviet atomic bomb project and was an advocate for atomic energy, encouraging research to be done at the Radium Institute. His most famous published work is Geochemistry. He also published two papers with Marie Curie: The Living Matter in Biosphere and Human Autotrophy. Awards And Achievements Vladimir Vernadsky laid the groundwork for the study of geochemistry, and he is also remembered for his research on the noosphere about the biosphere. Various memorials and honors have been awarded to Vladimir Vernadsky including a lunar crater named after him, the Vernadsky State Geological Museum in Moscow, a mountain range in Antarctica and a Ukrainian Antarctic station. Personal Life Vladimir Vernadsky married Nataliya Yehorivna Starytska in 1887, and the couple had two children: George and Nina. His son George Vernadsky, a historian, moved to the United States and became known for his publications on Russian and Ukrainian history. Vladimir Vernadsky died on the 6 January 1945.
Contact Us An In-Depth Look at Two-Factor Authentication Blog Post01/01/2020 Business Fraud and Identity Management An In-Depth Look at Two-Factor Authentication image Cyber attacks have always been a huge threat to the modern world. Although technology has greatly improved, keeping private data safe remains an issue. A few methods to protect online information have emerged over the past decade and one of them is two-factor authentication or 2FA. What is Two-Factor Authentication? Also known as 2factor authentication, 2 factor auth, 2fa authentication, two step authentication, dual factor authentication, 2fa, 2 step verification, two factor auth, dual authentication, two step verification, 2fa security. Put simply, two-factor authentication is the process that requests for more than the password of the user. Apps and websites utilize this method to make sure the user who is trying to gain access is really the person he or she claims to be. Normally, you provide your login details, namely your username or email and your password. With 2FA, you need to supply your password, along with a unique code. This code is sent to your registered phone or another app. With this method, the website or software application is given the insurance that you have access to your virtual password and the physical device. There are three general ID types that you can use for 2FA: 1. Your password, PIN, street address, account number, or any set of digits or letters that you can provide 2. A USB security key, an authenticator fob, your phone, or a technology that you can hold in your hands 3. Your fingerprint, voice, retina, or things that are a part of your body If the site or app uses the 2FA method, you will need two of the three above-mentioned elements to gain access to it. You may not have realized it but two-factor authentication is not a new technology. In fact, you have been using it for most of your adult life. For instance, if you are an online retailer, the company that processes the payments of your customers, which were performed through their credit cards, would typically ask for a code. They may also require you to give the billing address and the card number. These numbers are a way for the firms to ensure that you possess the card, which is generally the first step of the authentication process. When you provide the address and it matches the same location that the card issuer has on their record, you have completed the second step. These two processes simply assure the company that you are who you say you are. Going back to the old days when people would only use checks to pay for their purchases, most businesses would ask for two physical IDs, such as a school or work ID and state DMV. It may seem outdated and different in comparison with the password-and-phone authentication process, but it was also a form of 2FA. The main rule of two-factor authentication is for the user to provide not just one method but two to prove their identity. Why Should You Use Two-Factor Authentication? The simplest explanation why you need two-factor authentication with a website or an app is that it becomes more difficult for someone to hack into your account. Before many hackers could create a quick password crack and they could gain access to someone else’s account anywhere in the world. It was because they only required the user’s personal data. With 2FA, there is one more step needed to confirm the user’s identity. Passwords are not only weak but are an outdated method as well. They may be a requirement with all apps but it does not mean they offer the best security. It is why two-factor authentication was introduced. Another reason why 2FA is vital to security is that it can be difficult to memorize a certain group of characters. Most people have different passwords for the applications that they use, which they think protects them from hackers. However, this assortment of letters and numbers (and even special symbols) can be a huge challenge to keep in people’s memory. There have been a number of apps in existence that help organize and memorize passwords, including super-long strings. However, you still need one password that will keep you safe. Two-factor authentication gives you two various keys that you will use to login. According to tech experts, data breaches can happen to anyone at any given time. However, four out of five of such issues could be avoided with the help of 2FA. The majority of data breaches that are linked to hacking occur because the users have weak passwords. The hackers find them uncomplicated, so they can quickly take the information. Believe it or not, many users have the same password. In 2018, millions of people still used the following: • 123456 (up to 9) • 11111 • sunshine • password With 2FA, it provides a certain level of guarantee that hackers will have to crack an additional security layer. Even better today, these 2FA methods depend on time. The first step is to provide your traditional login details, which are your username or email and your password. How Secure is 2FA? Two-factor authentication gives you additional security. However, it does not guarantee that you will not be a victim of hackers. It does make your account a lot more secure compared to not using it. Although nothing is guaranteed in the world of technology, 2FA is mostly enough to give you the protection you need – unless you are unlucky or you are one of the high-profile targets of a group of hackers. On the positive side though, a phishing email will not be able to log in to your account even if it gets your password. For most people, they use 2FA for their online profiles and a token will be sent to their phone. How Does 2FA Work? Two-factor authentication is everywhere. From Amazon to Google to Facebook, this method is required to login, particularly when you are using an unrecognized or new device. 2FA can work in different ways but there are two main ways to receive the passcodes. The code can be sent to your email or your phone number, which can either be a text message or a phone call. A server will generate the code for you and send it to the receiver of your choice. Emails and in-app verification requires you to be connected to the Internet. However, it does not mean that you cannot authenticate without an Internet connection. Some apps allow users to generate a passcode even when they are offline. This option typically involves other apps, such as Google Authenticator, TOTP Authenticator, and the like. Before you use 2FA for authentication, you need to enable the option first. It typically involves three steps but they are all easy to carry out, even for beginners. Common steps include the following: 1. Provide your credentials.You start with your login details, meaning you need to provide your username and password. Even if you are currently logged in, you will need to re-enter these pieces of information to enable the service. 2. Enable through your account settings. The next step is to go to your settings and find the option to enable two-factor authentication. This procedure is necessary since it is the method that lets the server know that you wish to use 2FA. You may be asked to provide a phone number or your email address in which the authentication code will be sent. 3. Confirm the change. The final step is to supply a token back to the app or site’s server by means of affirming the modification you have just made. Typically, it involves a barcode, which you have to scan to finalize the process. In other instances, you will have to manually enter certain details to complete the 2FA approval. Most of the time, users select SMS for confirming their identity. If you do the same, you should have access to your phone during the process of enabling 2FA. What Happens When You Lose Access to Your Phone? As you can see, you need your number or smartphone to get into your account. Therefore, it is more than a necessity to back up; otherwise, you could end up getting locked out. The premise is that your secondary password should always be accessible to you. However, problems can arise. For instance, you lose your phone or it was stolen from you. Such an unfortunate thing can happen to anyone, which means they lose their data as well. The best way to maintain your access is to back up your codes. This method will depend on the site or app you are using. Some sites allow users to save another code or password. You should keep it in a safe place, so you do not lose access. The saved code can be utilized in such an instance when you can no longer control your phone. An alternative is to use an authentication app. It gives you the option to back up any related data, including your security code. If you lose your phone and the website you want to access will send a text to the device, you can use the recovery key from the service to unlock the account. One Important Reminder About Two-Factor Authentication Two-factor authentication boosts your login process by adding an extra layer of protection. Even though it reduces the chance of hackers to get to your account, it should not be treated as a replacement for strong passwords. Some people tend to use weak passwords repeatedly to avoid the risk of them forgetting their login details. However, this type of password is a bane to your own cybersecurity. You should make the effort to create a unique password and one that is complex to ensure that other people will not figure it out. This tip is important, especially when banking. While 2FA is helpful, you should still have a strong password. These two work hand in hand so the hackers cannot get to your account and access your private data. Related Insights • Load More Contact us * Required field
Weasel Phrases A ‘weasel phrase’ is a predicate that sets up the material that immediately follows it as a powerful suggestion. When a particular type of sentence is constructed one of these such phrases, a sentence which refers to the immediate environment of the listener (especially to the physical being or ongoing activities of the listener), it can offer communication on more than one level since there is: a) an apparently ‘normal’ abstract word string that requires decoding and interpreting in the ordinary manner of everyday oral communication b) a non-ordinary content of the word string referring to immediate, ongoing events that demands attention and verification in modalities other than the auditory (Ai) Accordingly, an astute operator can use such a sentence to pace – by use of content that refers to the obvious BUT AN ‘OBVIOUS” THAT THE LISTENER IS DIRECTED INTO VERIFYING BY NON-VERBAL MEANS – or to lead, by directing by means of subtle suggestion the non-verbal attention in a given direction of the operator’s choice – and subtle suggestions are all that is needed in order to get the thought train rolling. If you think of an embedded command as a “virus of the mind”, then the weasel phrase is the invisible hypodermic needle used to inject that “mental virus” into the mind of your target. Weasel phrases are used to set up an embedded command. See Embedded commands. Now, jump up a level in power. Combine the Weasel Phrase with a command verb, like “get”, “become”, “experience”, “remember”, etc. Tack on the state, process or experience you want the other person to have. Bingo! You’ve got your embedded command. Here are the most important and useful Weasel Phrases. We will use each one to embed the command “feel it deep inside.” When you… “When you” presupposes that the person is going to do the thing or experience the state you describe, so it’s no longer open to debate or doubt. “Ever met that one person with whom you just feel this incredible connection, and the more you talk together the more the conversation becomes interesting, and you can just “feel it deep inside” ?” What would it be like if… This weasel phrase is, in effect, a command for the person to imagine the condition or occurrence named or described after it. “What would it be like if you were connect on such a deep level that you can feel it deep inside?” A person can… Here we are using the third person, thus, it deflects any resistance on the part of the person you’re talking to, since you really aren’t talking about him or her. “A person can feel a special bond with someone, and they can know this because the can feel it deep inside, and thats how they know its someone they really, really like!” If you were to… This is one of my favorite Weasel Phrases! By saying “if,” it deflects resistance while directing the person to imagine the experience, condition, feeling or situation you are describing. “If you were to feel it deep inside, do you think you might feel compelled to act on it?” (There’s a second command hidden in that last sentence. Can you spot what it is?) As you… This phrase assumes the person will do the behavior or undergo the condition you describe. “As you feel feel it deep inside, can you feel how excitement building up more and more?” It’s ok not to… An example of one of our super-weasel patterns, negation. By saying its ok NOT TO, it eliminates any resistance, since you’re saying they don’t really have to do it (even though they will!) “It’s ok not to feel it deep inside, as you listen and carefully reflect on how good it feels and how incredibly relaxed and open you’re beginning to feel.” You really shouldn’t… Another negation pattern. Since you’re saying they “shouldn’t”, it’s not like you’re trying to get them to do anything, aren’t you? “You really shouldn’t…feel it deep inside!”. You might find… Useful as the start of an intensifying chain of phrases. It implies that they are going to experience what you describe as something that just happens, so it’s not like you’re commanding them to do it! “You might find as you begin to feel it deep inside, that you have this incredible urge to act on it!” To the point where… This phrase connects one thing your victim is experiencing with the next thing you want them to experience, so it’s useful both as a connector and an amplifier. “You might find those pictures start to get bigger and brighter to the point where you begin to feel it deep inside!” Invite you to notice… This has the same effect as “you might find” because it implies that what you describe is going to happen. Plus, “invite” has pleasant connotations of it being voluntary and polite! Hmmm 🙂 (Talk about Super-manipulation.) “And I invite you to notice how the warmth of my voice can allow you to feel incredibly comfortable relaxed and open and you might just begin to feel it deep inside!” I don’t know if you’re going feel just good or incredibly excited… This implies that the event you describe is certainly going to happen, and the only question is how good they’ll feel! One of my absolute favorite weasel phrases. An example is: “I know that when we meet together, I don’t know if you’re going feel just good or incredibly excited but i know were just goint to laugh and have fun and have a great time!” Those are some really great weasel phrases. Are you starting to feel it deep inside yet 🙂 Whether you are presentl, or you’re begining to, remember that by using these basic building blocks, you’ll be able to create virtually any and all states you want to create, very rapidly, in every person you really want to seduce. Here are some more that you might want to use: When you… become loving If you were to… think about seeing things my way How does it feel when you… get a change of mind What’s it like when you… remember a time of mental change A person can… experience a deep intense feeling As you… have a change of heart It’s not necessary to… forget that you may be right You really shouldn’t… fall away from your beliefs You don’t have to… know that I am right Here are some basic sentences to be explored: Example 1: ‘Are you aware thatyour foot is resting on the floor?’ Breaking this down into the three constituent parts we have: ‘Are you aware that…’ (the suggestive predicate) ‘…your foot…’ (reference to a physical part) ‘…is resting on the floor?’ (query about what is obvious… to the operator) This appears to be such a trivial question, but it really causes the listener to work hard and fully process it in order to understand what is going on. The processing might be viewed thus: i) listener has to carry out normal linguistic processing on the sentence to determine the basic meaning. Words are checked for context, basic meaning, syntax, and what they might mean in the present setting. ii) listener has to process the meaning in depth. Does he/she have a foot? Which foot is it (the original question was ambiguous in that it didn’t specify)? Where is that foot (feet)? Am I aware of what it is doing? In order to actually process the meaning as in ii) above, the listener must become (kinesthetically) aware of the foot, that there is a foot, and determine what it is currently doing. Additionally, and since the foot is a priori resting on the floor as the operator knew, the implication by the operator that the foot is resting on the floor is a very subtle pace, ONE THAT IS VERIFIED KINESTHETICALLY AND IS THUS ACCOMPANIED BY LEADING ATTENTION INTO KINESTHETIC MODALITY It is no ordinary question that is being put in those eleven innocent sounding words, it is a powerful pacing question that simultaneously contains a covert kinesthetic lead: the listener has to ‘respond’ or work in Ai and K modes together in terms to make sense of what is going on. Example 2: ‘Are you aware that/ you can become aware that/ you are blinking?’ ‘Are you aware that…’ (the suggestive predicate) ‘…you can become aware that…’ (convolute the predicate into an ongoing process) ‘…you are blinking?’ (statement of the physically obvious… to the operator) The end result of this question is that the listener becomes aware of – has their attention directed towards – something that was ongoing yet previously outside their awareness… and they don’t have a lot of choice in the matter. Again there is a pace (the listener is blinking), and a lead (the listener was made aware of the fact by the question), In addition to the lead caused by the search for verification – this time in V and/or K modalities – the more complex question structure “how does one process if one is aware that one can become aware?” is immediately resolved in the performance of the act itself – another pace. Example 3: ‘I want you to become aware of the process that takes place when you become aware of your left hand’ This puts the listener in an almost impossible position since the process – by being suggested – will occur in a trice as the operator enunciates the sentence and the listener will probably miss it. Once they are aware of the left hand they will find it impossible to become unaware of it and start again (any attempt to do so will have them trying to be aware of how a awareness arises of the left hand – which is awareness of the left hand. An astute listener could observe how awareness of some other body part comes into being of course). Once again the complex word form – becoming aware of becoming aware – is present along with the kinesthetic lead to the left hand and the pace indicating that a process of becoming takes place. Example 4: ‘Has it ever occurred to you that…’ Whatever follows this phrase may or may not have occurred to the listener: one thing is for sure, it is going to occur to them now. The suggestion that follows the phrase will have to be processed by the listener in order to make sense out of it. In other words whatever is said, if it is said in terms of a certain physical sense or modality, will lead the listener in that modality whether they like it or not. If pacing statements are made, they will become immediate self-fulfilling prophecies insofar as the listener is concerned and, if they are made to refer to a particular mode, they will lead in that mode. Learn more about Speed Seduction Never Run Out of Things to Say to Women Again • Conversation Games That Create Attraction • The Secret to Making “Small Talk” Sexier • 3 Tricks to Avoid Awkward Silences * This is a FREE service and no credit card required. 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Bullying and Hazing Differences Exploring the connections between bullying and hazing red solo cups and ping pong balls Hazing has become a huge issue both in high school and at the college level. In fact, more than half of all college students involved in clubs, teams, and other organizations have experienced hazing at some point. Meanwhile, 47% of high school students have experienced hazing before they even enter college. The most common types of hazing that students experience include binge drinking, humiliation, isolation, sleep deprivation, and sex acts. When it comes to bullying and hazing, the same power differences and intimidation factors exist in both. In fact, many people would argue that hazing is a form of bullying. But there are some subtle differences. For instance, bullying is an act of aggression by an individual or a group of individuals with the goal of intentionally hurting the victim in some way. In addition to happening repeatedly or showing some sort of pattern, there also is a significant power imbalance. The bully has the power and control in the situation and the target does not. Meanwhile, hazing is much like bullying, but the goal is to initiate the target into an exclusive group, while bullying is designed to keep the victim out of the group. Forms of bullying can include everything from physically hurting victims, verbally assaulting them, and even excluding or ostracizing them. Sometimes bullies use name-calling, slut-shaming, cyberbullying and even gossiping to hurt their victims. Typically, hazing occurs when kids are older such as in high school or college, while bullying starts at a much younger age. And unlike bullying, hazing is sometimes viewed as socially acceptable, even though it should not be. There is never a justifiable reason for hazing. Key Differences • Hazing is a ritual of inclusion that may involve mental or physical discomfort. Forms of Hazing • Swearing or yelling insults at victims • Depriving victims of necessities such as sleep or food • Restricting personal hygiene • Forcing victims to eat vile substances or watch hours of pornography • Beating, whipping, restraining, or gagging individuals • Forcing binge drinking or eating • Insisting victims engage in sexual acts • Branding the victim's skin in some way How to Prevent Hazing • Start early. Just like bullying prevention, it is important for parents to address hazing issues while their kids are young. Start before they enter middle school and continue talking about hazing when they enter high school. Have followup conversations about it before they leave for college by discussing the dangers of joining a group that requires them to do something against their will or that violates their personal values or beliefs. • Talk about the risks. Be sure your kids know that membership on a team or in an organization is never worth putting their life at risk. Don't gloss over the risks associated with hazing. Instead, use real-life examples of hazing incidents and talk about the deaths and injuries that have resulted from hazing. Stress that participating in hazing rituals is just as wrong as being on the receiving end of the punishments. A Word From Verywell As your kids prepare for high school and college, be sure you have several conversations about hazing and the risks involved. Continue to talk about it especially if they intend to join a sorority, fraternity, or other group known for hazing rituals. Was this page helpful? Article Sources 1. National Study of Student Hazing. Hazing in view: College students at risk. 2. University of Dayton. Hazing statistics.
Birds of Nebraska: Newspaper Accounts, 1854-1923 November 5, 1922. Omaha Sunday World-Herald 58(6): 3-W. Half of Forest Field and Stream. Real Indian Summer Comes Only After Squaw Winter By Sandy Griswold. Invariably in this especially favored section of the country, a large majority of the people are wont to call any real delightful spell of weather, for instance like that which we have been favored with during the greater portion of the past month, Indian summer. However, they are all wrong, and right now, although it may be dark, bleak and chilly, it is the unquestioned period for the dawning of this poetically titled aftermath of October's golden days, sweeter than those just closed. According to archaic traditions Indian summer never sets in until after we have had squaw winter, with its cold winds and flurries of snow, and which we have not yet had. The frosts came uncommonly late this fall, and the trees still hung heavy with foliage, and pansies, dahlias, heliotropes, with many other garden flowers, were in bloom clear up to the end of the past month. Yet, what is Indian summer, this belated interval of soft, balmy weather, which, with few exceptions, succeeds the first bitter reminders of the oncoming winter? While this is difficult to answer, meteorologically, it is quite easy to affirm that it is the mellowest, quietest, most dreamful and divine season of the entire twelvemonth and frequently, in this particular latitude, runs far into December. I am enabled to say, however, that the characteristics of the season, when it appears in all its glory, are a mild and genial temperature, gentle southwestern breezes, unusual brightness of the sun, extreme brilliancy of the moon, a clear, blue sky; sometimes half hidden by a veil of gray haze; daybreaks redder than the splotch on the blackbird's wing, and sunsets laden with golden fleeces, the wooded valleys aglow with the fires of richly tinted leaves, still clinging to the listless limbs, or lying where they have fallen; a holy stillness throughout all nature's walks, and an intuitive sense in every devout soul of the Father's goodness to his ungrateful children. These are the days of which Bryant sang: • "When the sound of dropping nuts is heard, • Though all the leaves are still, • And twinkle in the smoky light • The waters of the rill." What is Indian summer and what causes it? Well, I will say this much - one scientific theory is to the effect that in the month of September the water in the higher latitudes begins to congeal, and in doing so a vast amount of latent heat is dispersed through the atmosphere. There are, at the same time, two sets of warm air currents flowing - one from the torrid zone northward and the other from the polar regions southward. These two currents meet about midway in the temperate zone, near the forty-fifth parallel of north latitude and in the collision the warm, condensed current in some measure descends. This afford a solution, to an extent, of the warmth, as well as the calmness; the softness and the dryness of the Indian summer. The other theory is that the first severe frosts of autumn put a sudden check to the immense vegetable perspiration that has been going on all summer, and this preserves the heat of the atmosphere by diminishing the radiation of the heat that takes place more slowly in dry than in moist air. There is a sudden and universal diminution of the moisture that was given out from the leaves of trees and other plants before the frost had destroyed them; for the evaporation caused by the drying of fallen leaves and herbage is comparatively slight, and ceases a few hours after exposure to the sun. The atmosphere being dry and the radiation of heat proportionately small in quantity, all these circumstances, if no unusual atmospheric disturbances occur from any other hidden cause, unite in producing a sudden and universal accumulation of heat. And these, while they are scientific explanations, do not account for the other characteristics of our Indian summer - the smoky condition of the atmosphere and the redness of the evening skies at this season.
Ferrite Toroids, RCL Theory and Transformer Coupling I guess the best way to understand what is going on is to start with the workcoil and work backwards. Remember from earlier I said that the workcoil is the primary end of a step-down transformer. We have hundreds of amps flowing through here and this creates a voltage in the workpiece. We achieve these high currents because the RCL tank is at resonance. This means that the inductive reactance and capacitive reactance cancel out, and all we are left with is the small, real resistance. Below we have a RCL circuit with a resistance of 4R, Zl = 4ohms and Cl = 3ohms. The reactive impedance cancels to 1ohm, giving us a phase shift of 18degrees leading. The inductor wins and the inductor voltage leads the current. There is only one current running through the series circuit. You can also say the inductor voltage leads the voltage across the resistor, because the voltage and current of the resistor are in phase. Remember, the voltage drop across an inductor is a reaction against a change in current through it. The instantaneous voltage is zero when the current is at a peak because the change in current is zero, manifested by the zero slope. If the inductive and capacitive reactance cancel out the phase shift is zero. The current in the circuit is in phase with the voltage. Now here is an important point. The maximum power transfer will occur when the current is in phase with the voltage. So, at resonance, the current in the series circuit is in phase with the voltage source. If we are out of resonance the current phase is shifted from zero with respect to the voltage. If there is more inductive reactance the current lags the voltage; if there is more capacitive reactance the current leads the voltage. You can also say the capacitor voltage lags the current. What is the voltage source for the series tank? It is our coupling transformer. I am experimenting with different materials and turns, but right now I am using an iron powered core from Amidon Corp made from Type 3 material. This material is good from frequencies between 0.05Mhz and 0.5Mhz. I used two toroids. Each is 2.25" in diameter and 0.565" thick. I wound 14g wire around for 20-26 turns. I am still trying to figure out the optimum turns and the best material. The lower the turns the greater greater the exciting voltage to the tank. However, magnetization current goes up as does the load on the inverter. Below are the two toroids. I use two to prevent saturation. I wonder how three would do? Here I have wound 14g wire around. The transformer does not impart a phase shift if place on the tank correctly. If you flip it around you will introduce a 180 degree shift which will prevent the PLL from locking onto the frequency. Just turn it around. Which way is the right way? Use the right-hand rule. Here is a solenoid with the current flowing in the direction shown. Put your right thumb in the direction of the current and your fingers curl in the direction of the B field. The field outside of the coil is not important to us; the field inside the solenoid sums to one large field going from right to left. If we had a metal bar or part of the toroid's arc inside, the field would travel through it. So here is a mock-up of the coupling transformer. The current travels to the positive terminal of our toroid transformer output. Using the right hand rule we can realize the direction of the B field for each turn. The black arrow on the toroid shows the direction the field travels in the core. Using the right-hand rule again we see that the current travels through the copper tubing from left to right towards the positive terminal of our RLC tank. We will use this as the positive lead for monitoring our tank capacitor voltage later. If you are unsure which end is which you can wind a few turns of wire as a secondary and scope the ends. The voltages in and out should be in phase. Next Page
Emptiness or Sunyata The teaching of Sunyata says that there exists “Nothing”. To explain “Sunyata”, Buddhism talks about “Six Sense” sphere, wherein it connects sixth sense with Intellect. Miteiya says that the Sixth Sense is in fact “Desire” as depicted in Mahabharata. Please note that Karn is the elder-most brother of Pandavs, wherein Karn is symbol of desires and Pandavs are symbol of Senses. The immense “Desire to Liberate” shall become the biggest impediment in the liberation. Quran and Torah talk about “Sabbath” as the resting day. Buddhism speaks about “Stresslessness” in the approach to attain peace. Buddhist myths suggest that Buddha subjected himself to extreme austerity and was on the verge of death. However he could realize that enlightenment would not happen due to extreme austerity. He accepted the rice from Sujaata and rested in peace. He stopped thinking about enlightenment and rested beneath a pine-rose tree. At this stage, he had no desire to be liberated, become wise or get enlightenment. This was the perfect “Stresslessness” without any anticipation. The cessation of any expectation and the feeling that nothing exists is the penultimate truth. As the desire dies, the self-awareness encapsulates the human being. Death of Karn is not the end of Mahabharata. In the same sense, acceptance of Sunyata is not the end-goal. Reaching the stage of “Planet Buddha or Mercury” with no desire for any objective creates an opportunity to become one with “Ra”, the Supreme God.
The NVidia GP100 The latest GPU from NVidia is downright impressive. Each GPU contains 56 SMs, each capable of issuing 4 warp-instructions per cycle, for a monstrous theoretical 7168 instructions per cycle. This theoretical limit is sadly, not reachable due to a relatively meager set of functional units behind the massive pipeline front-end. Each SM is divided into 2 symmetric halves, each containing 2 warp dispatchers, 8 memory load/store units, 16 double-precision floating-point units, 8 special function units (SFUs), and 32 general-purpose cores. Due to unit saturation, the actual maximum IPC is only 5376. So why set up a GPU this way? The answer lies in the architecture, which can only rarely push instructions maximally through the front of the pipeline. Previous CUDA architectures often left many functional units idle, so the Pascal architecture reduced their number, instead adding additional SMs. Mapping the Grid Before we can discuss instruction execution, we need to understand what happens when a CUDA kernel is invoked. When you invoke a kernel such as kernel<<<gridDim, threadDim, sMem, stream>>>(d_ptr), the following things happen: 1. If the stream provided is a blocking stream, we will wait for the stream to become idle before continuing 2. The CUDA binary is selected as follows: 3. If there is a cached binary for this kernel and compute architecture on the GPU, it is used. 4. If there is a binary included in the executable for this kernel and compute architecture, it is sent to the GPU cache, and used. 5. If there is PTX for this kernel in the executable, it is assembled by the CUDA runtime into a binary, sent to the GPU cache, and used. 6. A compute work-unit is appended to the work queue for each unique grid index in gridDim 7. Streaming Multiprocessors (SMs) each accept up work units until a resource limit is hit. Possible limits include number of threads(2048), blocks(32), registers(65536), or available shared memory(64K). 8. The Streaming Multiprocessor assigns all required resources for all accepted threads, including registers and shared memory assignments. This allows for zero-overhead context switching, used later. The Pascal Pipeline At this point, each SM is ready to execute instructions. SMs manage threads in warps of 32, and decode/issue/execute those groups simultaneously. GP100 Streaming Multiprocessor. Source: NVidia Pascal Architecture Whitepaper Instructions flow down through the instruction cache, to the instruction buffer, are scheduled to a dispatch unit, which then executes in the appropriate CUDA core for the instruction. Similarly to many modern CPUs, Pascal GPUs contain a dedicated instruction cache, with extremely high hit rate. Unlike CPUs, when there is an instruction cache miss, the latency can often be hidden by other instructions already present in the instruction buffer. The instruction buffer is where the SM first partitions. At initialization time, threads are assigned to one half of the SM or the other. NVidia has never published exactly how this split is done, but we can assume something simple like even/odd warp IDs is used. The instruction buffer does not just hold instructions, but rather (instruction, warpID, threadMask) tuples. The warpID is used to calculate the offset into the register file for each thread within the warp, and the threadMask is used to specify threads that should not execute the current instruction. Within the instruction buffer, entries are divided into ready and not-ready sets, where instructions in the ready set have all data available and are ready for execution. For the moment, let’s step over the warp scheduler. It’s important, and we’ll get back to it, but we need to understand some other parts first. Let’s talk about dispatch. The dispatcher is responsible for ensuring threads get executed. It takes the given instruction, the warp ID, and the thread mask, and calculates the thread IDs that will actually execute the instruction. Using these thread IDs, it calculates absolute register addresses for each thread. Then, the dispatcher sends each thread-instruction to a free, applicable functional unit. If there are insufficient functional units, then the dispatch will queue the remaining thread-instructions for the following cycle. So what do we have for functional units? The pascal architecture defines 4 different types of addressable functional unit: Load/Store memory units, Double precision floating-point units, Special functional units (used for approximate transcendental functions, such as sqrt, sin, etc), and “cores”, responsible for all remaining operations. It’s at this point we reach the Warp Scheduler. The job of the warp scheduler is simple: Each cycle, try to fill both dispatch units. If you can’t, then stall one or both dispatch units. Complicating this job are a some requirements: 1. Sometimes, one or both of the dispatch units will still be busy. 1. Don’t dispatch an instruction that we have no free functional units for. 1. If we dispatch 2 instructions, they must come from the same warp. Each cycle, the warp scheduler recieves the number of available functional units, and the number of free dispatchers, as well as the instructions in the ready set. If both dispatchers are free, the warp scheduler preferentially selects a pair of sequential independent warp instructions. (Assuming both instructions have some free functional units) Failing that, it will stall one of the dispatchers, and selects an instruction with functional units available. Notably, the warp scheduler does not attempt to maximize functional unit usage. So far, we’ve discussed how thread masks are used, but not how they are generated. Thread masks are generated by CUDA cores when a conditional branch is executed, and threads within the warp evaluate the conditions differently. You can imagine a stack of thread masks, where each subsequent divergent condition produces an additional thread-mask in the set. When some threads in a warp take a conditional branch, a mask is generated and put on top of the stack, executing the not-taken branch first. Masked execution continues until a compiler-injected merge point is reached. Then, the complement of the mask is generated and execution begins again from the taken branch target. When the merge point is reached again, the mask is popped off the stack. Key Differences from CPUs Some of the above sounds a little bit odd, but it’s worth pointing out how this system differs from traditional CPUs. The key idea behind the GPU architecture is clear: We don’t care about instruction latency. GPUs can execute an instruction from any thread, and each functional unit is fully pipelined (within reason, the memory subsystem has a finite request buffer). This means GPUs don’t have to wait for an instruction to complete before moving on, they just do something else while they wait. As long as there’s other work to be done, the GPU is working. Pascal GPUs do not attempt to do register renaming, or pass results backwards. There’s no branch prediction, and most of the addressable functional units are multipurpose, to reduce the required complexity on the warp scheduler and dispatcher. Memory access is SLOW, with cache hit times upwards of 50 cycles, and cache misses climbing above 500 cycles. The goal of the GPU is to always be doing something else to hide latency, rather than trying to reduce it. Aside from learning about a downright odd computing architecture, I hope you take some things away from this post. Here’s what I learned while writing this: 1. In order to write performant code on the Pascal GPUs, the level of both thread-level and block-level parallelism must be extremely high. 2. Branch divergence within a warp can halve performance because of the need to travel both paths, but phrasing the problem as arithmetic may not help if it uses more functional units. 3. Using instructions that target previously unused functional units can actually unlock hidden additional performance 4. Even as GPUs emphasize massive thread-level parallelism, instruction-level parallelism is still required for full performance. If you made it this far, you’re probably way too interested in GPU architecture. I hope you learned something! Feel free to comment below, or subscribe to my RSS feed. Thanks!
Dresden Frauenkirche Enter your dates to find available activities 5 historical facts about the Dresden Frauenkirche As well as symbolizing the spirit of its era's Protestant Reformation, the Post-War reconstruction of Dresden's breathtaking Frauenkirche has become an icon of peaceful reconciliation between nations. Here are five facts to start any good tour! • It replaced a Roman Catholic church 1. It replaced a Roman Catholic church The Frauenkirche stands on the site of an 11th-century Roman Catholic church. It became Protestant after the Reformation, and was then torn down completely in 1727! • Its architect didn't see it finished 2. Its architect didn't see it finished Dresden's city architect, George Bähr, made it his life's mission to modernize the city's churches. He died in 1738 and was buried in the completed building's vaults 5 years later! • The dome was almost a failure 3. The dome was almost a failure The heavy stone dome almost collapsed soon after completion! Had its cracks not appeared so early, the original lantern on top wouldn't have been swapped in time for a lighter one. • It was destroyed in the firebombing of Dresden, 1945 4. It was destroyed in the firebombing of Dresden, 1945 Industrial Dresden fell victim to an intensive allied air-raid at the end of World War II. With the city center entirely decimated, the Frauenkirche wasn't rebuilt until 2005! • Don't call it a cathedral! 5. Don't call it a cathedral! Boasting one of the largest domes in Europe, the Frauenkirche is often mistaken for a cathedral. That would require it being the seat of a bishop. It never has been! Planning Your Visit • What are the opening times? The Dresden Frauenkirche is open to tourists from 9:00AM to 6:00PM, Monday through Friday, and 9:00AM to 3:00PM on Saturdays. • When to visit? If you don't intend to see inside the church, the best time to visit is at night when it is spectacularly lit up, along with many of Dresden's Old Town sights! Good to know • When should I visit? The church is open Monday through Friday, 9:00AM to 6:00PM and Saturday, 9:00AM to 3:00PM. • Is it expensive? Admission to the church is free (donations welcome), but adult tickets to ascend the dome are 8€. • Will I need a guide? It will definitely help. The church offers a variety of tours, depending on your interests. • How to get there Take tram lines 1, 2, or 4 to Altmarkt, or take tram lines 3, 7, or 12, or bus lines 62 or 75 to Pirnaischer Platz. • Additional information Children under the age of 6 are not allowed to ascend the dome. \| The ascent is quite strenuous and requires good health, and robust shoes. \| Animals are not allowed inside the church. \| Cell phones must be turned off and eating is not allowed inside. \| Taking photos or videos is not permitted. What people are saying about Dresden Frauenkirche Overall rating 4.7 / 5 based on 10,537 reviews Great tour of Dresden. Lots of information. The guide (originally from England but living in Dresden for many years) really knew the history of the city and communicated lots of information very clearly. I really felt I knew a lot more about Dresden because of this tour. Due to I got the E-ticket, I needed to go to the original (first stop) point to got on the bus. and I spent more time to went there. Suggest E-ticket also able to get on the bus at any hop-on-off bus stops instead of first stop. Viagem muito agradável e segura. O guia foi extremamente atencioso e tinha um conhecimento histórico fantástico! A cidade é linda, repleta de belezas arquitetônicas e uma atmosfera sensacional! Passeio imperdível, recomendo! We had a very good guided tour of Dresden and the highlights. It was interesting and entertaining at the same time so that learning facts about the history and the city was fun. Highly recommend this tour. Die Führung mit Natalie war sehr informativ, geschichtlich interessant und dabei auch noch richtig unterhaltsam - Dank Natalie's Art zu erzählen. Absolut zu empfehlen! Würde ich jederzeit wieder machen.
A G R O R G A N I C O R G A N I C A G R I C U L T U R E Agriculture and Solar energy Agriculture has always been in the solar energy sector. Plants use sun to produce carbohydrates, fats and proteins. Livestock also uses the solar energy stored in plants to produce meat in addition to its use for animal metabolism. Annual crops are usually used for the production of animal feed, and these crops require plenty of sunshine. Crops such as corn, soy, etc. thrive on large, flat plots that are exposed to a lot of sunlight. However, half-shade or full shade is often sufficient for the production of perennial crops. After all, not every food-producing crop needs the same intensity of light. Nature is geared to provide crops such as they used to occur in a natural environment, all with sufficient sunlight. The construction of solar parks of course limits the cultivation of annual crops like corn, sunflowers and rapeseed, but offers opportunities for the development of vegetables and soft fruit with a high nutritional value, intended for direct human consumption. By combining solar parks with agriculture, we create a clean form of energy and produce more high-quality food. Conversion to organic agriculture AGRORGANIC supports agricultural companies in the transition time from a regular/conventional to a sustainable, organic production system. A production system that establishes a healthy relationship with our environment and increases biodiversity. Food, but also all residues that are involved in the production of food, must therefore again become part of a circular system. With respect for the past and the available resources, a transition plan is made that fits in with the local and/or international markets. Many European countries with old agricultural traditions have an enormous potential for beautiful, high quality agricultural and horticultural products that were originally produced sustainably and in an organic, circular agricultural system. With the introduction of fertilizers and pesticides, a lot of authenticity in taste and quality has been lost. In addition, the negative impact on our health is great and the production of fertilizers depends too much on fossil fuels and increases CO2 emissions in a disproportionate way. AGRORGANIC offers solutions for a conversion where there is a good balance between an economically and ecologically responsible business model. Emission Reduction in animal husbandry AgrOrganic is happy to contribute to the reduction of emissions of harmful gases and CO2 in livestock farming. By using BIPLANTOL PLUS, emissions released from the manure such as ammonia and hydrogen sulphide, but also CO2, are bound. The nutrients of the refined manure are more plant compatible. Ammonia is offered to the soil as absorbable Nitrogen and then slowly made available to the crop. The soil is first supplied with nutrients, and only then the crops. This "slow release" is essential and, in contrast to artificial fertilizer, provides a natural way of supplying nutrients while preserving the organic, circular character of livestock farming. As an indispensable element for the crop, CO2 is captured in the soil and converted into oxygen. Biplantol PLUS is a pure biologic-biochemical activation agent that supports the microorganisms in the manure, dung, compost or bark and promotes increased cell division. Both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria are activated to increased cell division whereby an improved homogenisation, odour reduction and nitrogen fixation is achieved. BIPLANTOL PLUS has no side effects for humans, beneficial organisms and the ecosystem. AGRORGANIC provides lectures on food production / agricultural production systems in relation to health issues. Today, this relationship is fortunately seen again by many people. During the "green revolution" in the second half of the last century, the agricultural production system has changed considerably. In order to achieve higher food production, and the increased demand for more accessible and non-seasonal food, more and more use has been made of fertilizers, disease control agents and food additives. The influence of this on public health and to the environment however, is undeniable and cannot be ignored. Many contemporary health problems are therefore due to the way food is produced and processed. During the lectures, a link is made between food production, symptom development, illness / health and environmental factors. Location: Protein Campus Beers (Land van Cuijk) or at your location.
The Aesthetic-Usability Effect describes a phenomenon in which people perceive more-aesthetic designs as easier to use than less-aesthetic designs. The effect has been observed in several experiments, and has significant implications regarding the acceptance, use, and performance of a design. Researchers Masaaki Kurosu and Kaori Kashimura from the Hitachi Design Center first studied this effect in 1995. They tested 26 variations of an ATM UI, asking the 252 study participants to rate each design on ease of use, as well as aesthetic appeal. They found a stronger correlation between the participants’ ratings of aesthetic appeal and perceived ease of use than the correlation between their ratings of aesthetic appeal and actual ease of use. It was concluded that users are strongly influenced by the aesthetics of any given interface, even when they try to evaluate the underlying functionality of the system. In his book Emotional Design, Don Norman explores this concept in depth as it applies to everyday objects. Aesthetic designs, in general, look easier to use and have a higher probability of being used, whether or not they actually are easier to use. Whereas, more usable but less-aesthetic designs may suffer a lack of acceptance that renders issues of usability debates. Apart from having a great UX, it is equally important to have great UI and Visual Design. These perceptions bias users’ subsequent interactions with the product that are usually resistant to change. Studies show that early impressions of a product influences long-term attitudes about their quality and use. A similar phenomenon is well documented with regard to human attractiveness— first impressions of people influence attitude formation, and measurably affect how people are perceived and treated. There is a reason why dating apps work. No matter what people say first impressions do make an impact. People do judge a book by its cover. Aesthetics also play an important role in the way a design is used. Aesthetic designs are more effective at fostering positive attitudes than unaesthetic designs, and make people more tolerant of design problems. Consider Apple products. The iPad, the Apple Watch, and even the iPhone aren’t devoid of usability flaws. But we are more tolerant towards them, considerably more than what we would be towards any other less well-designed piece of equipment. Also, it is common for people to develop feelings toward designs that have fostered positive attitudes, and rare for people to do the same with designs that have fostered negative attitudes. Moreover, such personal and positive relationships with a design evoke feelings of affection, loyalty, and patience—all significant factors in the long-term usability and overall success of a design. For example, a lot of people have strong affection towards their cars. Some go as far as to name their cars, and treat them like pets. They love their pets as their children, even if they have one or two flaws. These positive relationships also have implications for how effectively people interact with designs. Positive relationships with a design result in an interaction that helps catalyse creative thinking and problem solving. The product is treated like a friend, or a companion. On the contrary, negative relationships result in an interaction that narrows thinking and stifles creativity. This is especially important in stressful environments, since stress increases fatigue and reduces cognitive performance. If your cab booking app doesn’t look very cool in the first place, and makes the blunder of mistakenly crashing at a crucial time when the user is in a hurry, it will surely face the full wrath of the user, compared to a sleek and polished app. In such situations, there is a good chance that people might start hating the product for no apparent reason, for no fault of its own. Aesthetics play a very important role here. Good looks help prevent this to a great level. Braun puts a lot of aesthetic value in their products But, bear in mind that the aesthetic-usability effect has its limits as well . A pretty design can make users more forgiving of minor usability problems, but not of larger ones. As the first law of eCommerce states, if the user can’t find the product, the user can’t buy the product. Even great-looking sites will have no revenue if they suffer from poor findability. Form and function should work together. When interfaces suffer from severe usability issues, or when usability is sacrificed for aesthetics, users tend to lose patience. On the web, people are very quick to leave. On the phone, they are quick to delete. Aesthetically pleasing interfaces are worth the investment, especially when you already have a competitor in the market. Visual designs that appeal to users have the side effects of making your site appear orderly, well designed, and professional. Users are more likely to want to try a visually appealing product, and they’re more patient with minor issues. However, this effect is at its strongest when the aesthetics serve to support and enhance the content and functionality of the product. Visual Design is always preceded by good UX and Product Design.
Question: What Is DSA In Network Security? How does DSA algorithm work? The algorithm uses a key pair consisting of a public key and a private key.. Which is more secure RSA or DSA? Although DSA and RSA have practically the same cryptographic strengths, each have their own advantages when it comes to performance. DSA is faster at decrypting and signing, while RSA is faster at encrypting and verifying. Is ed25519 better than RSA? Today, the RSA is the most widely used public-key algorithm for SSH key. But compared to Ed25519, it’s slower and even considered not safe if it’s generated with the key smaller than 2048-bit length. The Ed25519 public-key is compact. It only contains 68 characters, compared to RSA 3072 that has 544 characters. How does Diffie Hellman work? The Diffie–Hellman key exchange method allows two parties that have no prior knowledge of each other to jointly establish a shared secret key over an insecure channel. This key can then be used to encrypt subsequent communications using a symmetric key cipher. … It credits Hellman, Diffie, and Merkle as inventors. What is the difference between RSA and DSA? The security of the RSA algorithm is based on the fact that factorization of large integers is known to be “difficult”, whereas DSA security is based on the discrete logarithm problem. … DSA is generally faster in decryption but slower for encryption, with RSA it’s the other way round. Is DSA secure? Thus, right now, a 1024-bit DSA key is not a true security risk. Especially since, for signatures, we have less to worry about future break than for encryption; and DSA is signature-only. What is an advantage of RSA over DSA? What is an advantage of RSA over the DSA? It can provide digital signature and encryption functionality. It uses fewer resources and encrypts faster because it uses symmetric keys. It is a block cipher rather than a stream cipher. What is RSA and ECC? RSA stands for inventors Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir and Leonard Adleman. RSA is the most commonly used encryption algorithm. Elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) is generally considered to be the most efficient and scalable algorithm. ECC is on the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Suite B list. What is ECC used for? What are RSA certificates? RSA certificates are public key certificates that use cryptographic algorithms to encrypt data and protect information being sent from devices or services to servers. … The security of RSA, however, relies on the inability to determine two prime numbers from which the RSA public key is derived. Is RSA or AES more secure? Is RSA secure? What is a DSA certificate? Whats is DSA? Daily subsistence allowance (DSA) “is an allowance which is intended to account for lodging, meals, gratuities and other expenses of United Nations travelers” (ICSC/CIRC/DSA/487, restricted document). … The interactive map on the ICSC homepage can be used to quickly look up DSA rates for a country without login. Is DSA symmetric or asymmetric? Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA): Like RSA, DSA is an asymmetric encryption scheme, or PKI, which generates a pair of keys, one public and one private.
The attack on Hiroshima: Remembering the dead, praying for peace Bells have tolled in Japan’s Hiroshima for the 75th anniversary of the world’s first atomic bombing, with ceremonies downsized due to the coronavirus pandemic and the city’s mayor urging nations to reject self-centred nationalism and commit to nuclear disarmament more seriously. Though thousands usually pack the Peace Park in central Hiroshima to pray, sing and lay paper cranes as a symbol of peace, entrance to Thursday’s memorial ceremony was sharply limited, with only survivors, relatives and a handful of foreign dignitaries allowed to attend. Participants, many of them dressed in black and wearing face masks, stood for a moment of silence at 8:15 am, the exact time that the atomic bomb, nicknamed “Little Boy”, exploded on August 6, 1945, obliterating Hiroshima and killing 140,000 of an estimated population of 350,000. Thousands more died later of injuries and radiation-related illnesses. “On August 6, 1945, a single atomic bomb destroyed our city. Rumour at the time had it that ‘nothing will grow here for 75 years,'” Mayor Kazumi Matsui said in a speech afterwards. “And yet, Hiroshima recovered, becoming a symbol of peace.” He called on Japan’s government to heed the appeal of survivors and sign the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons, and urged the world to come together to face global threats. “When the 1918 flu pandemic attacked a century ago, it took tens of millions of lives and terrorised the world because nations fighting World War I were unable to meet the threat together,” he said. “A subsequent upsurge in nationalism led to World War II and the atomic bombings. We must never allow this painful past to repeat itself. Civil society must reject self-centred nationalism and unite against all threats.” Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, in his speech at the ceremony, said Japan is committed to nuclear weapons ban but said a nuclear-free world could not be achieved overnight and that it has to start from dialogue between opposite sides. Elderly survivors, whose average age now exceeds 83, however, criticised what they called the Japanese government’s reluctance to listen to those who suffered from the atomic bombing. The bombing of Hiroshima was followed by the bombing of Nagasaki on August 9, an attack that instantly killed more than 75,000 people. Japan announced its surrender just days later on August 15, 1945, and some historians argue the bombings ultimately saved lives by avoiding a land invasion that might have been significantly more deadly. But in Japan, the attacks are widely regarded as war crimes because they targeted civilians indiscriminately and caused unprecedented destruction. The United States has never apologised for the bombings. In 2016, Barack Obama became the first sitting US president to visit Hiroshima, where he offered no apology but embraced survivors and called for a world free of nuclear weapons. Hiroshima and Nagasaki were key stops on Pope Francis’s first trip to Japan last year, where he denounced the “unspeakable horror” of the attacks. Related Articles Back to top button
The science of modern cosmology clearly indicates that at one point in time, the whole universe was nothing but a cloud of 'smoke' (i.e. an opaque highly dense and hot gaseous composition). This is one of the undisputed principles of standard modern cosmology. Scanning the skies for galaxies Canadian astronomer Paul Hickson and colleagues identified some 100 compact groups of galaxies, now appropriately called Hickson Compact Groups HCGs. With only a few member galaxies per group, HCGs are much smaller than the immense clusters of galaxies which lurk in the cosmos, but like the large galaxy clusters, some HCGs seem to be filled with hot, x-ray emitting gas. In fact, groups of galaxies like HCGs may be the building blocks of the large clusters. -- Astronomy Picture of the Day: 2001 March 9 - Quran 41:11 - Quran 21:30 - He stated - He also stated -
Research has shown that Music is very important for children's development, having an impact from a very early age. There is a variety of psychological research evidence suggesting that infants when actively take part in music classes, they widen their positive social trajectory and follow an earlier enculturation development. They better exploit the ‘music properties’ (i.e. tempo, timbre, rhythm) which are intrinsic to communication between them and their parents, while they also enhance their communication skills in both linguistic and functional societal terms. Biological evidence suggest that they put very early at work their already specialised for music processing brain while enhancing and specializing even more their neuronal circuitry. Nevertheless, early years research rarely refers to subcortical structures, thus missing a fundamental scope and angle of this valuable knowledge. This paper proposes a protocol on that specific subject of the early years subcortical development, explaining why and how such an inquiry should and can be investigated with the help of music. Published in: Canada International Conference on Education, 2017 • Date of Conference: 26-29 June, 2017 • DOI: 10.2053/CICE.2017.0182 • Conference Location: University of Toronto Mississauga, Canada
Where the World Gathers to Celebrate Every Day Each year, March 30th National Pencil Day honors the writing utensil that has done more than just teach millions the alphabet and draw straight lines. It’s also helped win wars and enabled amazing art. Hymen Lipman received the first patent for attaching an eraser to the end of a pencil on this day in 1858. Before that time, pencils and erasers existed separately. Lipman combined the two making two tools much more convenient to use. The intuitive businessman also manufactured envelopes for his stationery shop and was the first to add adhesive to the flap of envelopes. World War II Pencils During World War II, Cumberland Pencil Company out of Kenswick, England produced pencils that were designed to function. However, the pencils were hollow with graphite on either end. Between the graphite, the makers had stowed maps to aid captured military personnel in their escape to freedom. Charles Fraser Smith designed them in 1942 and at night, when the factory closed, workers would assemble them under secrecy. The miniature maps detailed escape routes from prisoner of war camps and also included a miniature compass. Throughout the war, these small tools were issued to members of the Royal Airforce and sent to POW camps. Pencil Art Pencils have always been a necessary tool for creative people. Artists often pick up a pencil to scratch out a rough outline of an idea. However, those who live for the pencil know the feel for graphite. The black and white medium brings out beautiful works of art that achieve phenomenal depth. It’s also one of the first art classes many of us take. However, the carpenter requires a pencil for marking a piece, too. Whether working on a carving or building a piece of furniture, the masterpiece will require a pencil. And then, the overachievers of the world see the pencil as art. They get right to point and place the art on the very tip of the pencil’s tip. Miniature art carvings fascinate and amaze us. Pencil Facts In the United States, most pencils are painted yellow. It is believed this tradition began in 1890 when the L & C Hardtmuth Company of Austria-Hungary introduced their Koh-I-Noor brand, named after the famous diamond. They intended the pencil to be the world’s best and most expensive pencil. However, other companies began to copy the yellow color so that their pencils would be associated with the high-quality brand. Notable pencil users (Wikipedia) • Thomas Edison had pencils specially made by Eagle Pencil. His pencils were three inches long, thicker than standard pencils, and had softer graphite than typically available. • Vladimir Nabokov rewrote everything he ever published, usually several times, by pencil. • Roald Dahl used only pencils with yellow casings to write his books. He began each day with six sharpened pencils and only when all six became unusable did he resharpen them. HOW TO OBSERVE #NationalPencilDay Also, families and educators, join us in the National Day Calendar Classroom for projects, videos, printables and more ways to #CelebrateEveryDay! National Pencil Day commemorates the day Hymen Lipman received his patent for a pencil with an eraser attached. The day has been observed since the 1970s but who first launched the celebration, we’ve not been able to identify.
Smart behavioural change Smart systems encourage changes in behaviours which prompt new choices and activities, creating a shift in the way we consume and share energy and, hence, contributing to the development of low carbon urban economies and societies. Building on the need to address emissions and the potential of a smart infrastructure for engagement and management, a core premise is that people make inefficient decisions as a result of poor information. With better information, behaviour change will follow, cutting emissions and increasing quality of life. Imagine an interconnected urban system in which trees and green walls naturally cool streets and buildings; their green waste can be transformed into energy via anaerobic digestion or similar biological treatment; this energy can be used to power a fleet of street cleaning vehicles; the vehicles can make use of the recycled grey water from nearby apartments; the organic waste from the apartments can be used in greenhouses on the roof... A new generation of integrated hardware, software, and network technologies that provide systems with real-time information of the real world and advanced analytics to help people make more intelligent decisions about alternatives and actions that will improve how we use energy and resources. Part of Solution • Smart city ways of thinking • Photos • Bikelane 9av 30 jeh Organisations Involved
Black Hole From Universe Sandbox Wiki Jump to: navigation, search A Black Hole in Universe Sandbox is a simulated object representing an actual black hole, or a new black hole created by the user. A Galaxy object is made up of several Galaxy Nebula objects and a single Black Hole (see Galaxy Structure. A Black Hole in a Galaxy will exert a gravitational force on other objects in the simulation based on the total mass of the galaxy, rather than the mass of the Black Hole itself. Black Hole objects have the following sets of properties:
Alzheimer to an enzyme mutation? Tau proteins are normally responsible for the stability and supply of nutrients to the cells. However, a specific mutation of an enzyme called MARK4 changes the properties of Tau, making it more likely to aggregate and become insoluble. This creates dangerous deposits that kill brain cells and can cause Alzheimer’s disease, explain the researchers. Mutations of the MARK4 enzyme alter Tau protein to form deposits that contribute to the development of Alzheimer’s disease, according to a study involving researchers from Tokyo Metropolitan University. The results were published in the English-language “Journal of Biological Chemistry”. A new mechanism has now been identified by which tau protein accumulates in the brain, which leads to the development of Alzheimer’s disease. Understanding this mechanism could lead to groundbreaking new treatment approaches. Effects of Tau protein accumulation Alzheimer: Mechanism of Tau protein deposits deciphered It has long been assumed that Alzheimer’s is caused by the accumulation of deposits of the Tau protein in the brain cells. These sticky deposits lead to the death of nerve cells, resulting in impaired memory and motor functions. Until now it was not clear how and why Tau accumulates in the brain cells of people with Alzheimer’s disease. Understanding the cause and the mechanism behind this unwanted accumulation could open the way for new treatments and ways to prevent the disease, the researchers hope. MARK4 mutation trigger of Alzheimer’s disease? A team led by Kanae Ando of Tokyo Metropolitan University has now investigated the underlying mechanisms of tau deposition and the role of the enzyme MARK4 (Microtubule Affinity Regulating Kinase 4) in Alzheimer’s disease. If no problems occur and everything works properly, Tau protein is an important part of the structure of cells or the cytoskeleton. However, if a mutation occurs in the gene that provides the blueprint for the production of MARK4, the difficulties begin. Earlier research had already linked this to an increased risk of Alzheimer’s, but it was not known why this is the case, the experts report in a press release. The team artificially introduced mutations into transgenic Drosophila fruit flies, which also produce human dew. The researchers then investigated how the proteins changed in vivo. They discovered that this mutated form of MARK4 makes changes to the tau protein, resulting in a pathological form of tau. In addition, according to the research group, MARK4 was also found to cause a variety of diseases in which other proteins aggregate and accumulate. Thus, the team’s findings on tau protein accumulation could lead to new treatments and preventive measures for a broader range of neurodegenerative diseases. (as) This unhealthy form of dew had an excess of certain chemical groups that caused it to misfold. In addition, this form of dew aggregated much more easily and was no longer soluble in so-called detergents, making it easier for the dew to form accumulations and clumps that lead to neuron degeneration, the research team reported. WashingtonNewsday Health and Wellness. Leave A Reply
Works That Shaped The World WTSTW 1770: The Gweagal Shield Episode Summary In the British Museum, an object sits behind glass. It represents a pivotal event, but how much do we really know about this object and the fateful landing of James Cook at Kamay/Botany Bay? Episode Notes 1770 was a year of change on the cusp of the modern world. It was the year that James Cook set sail on his first voyage aboard the Endeavour. In April, he and a party landed at Kamay, what Europeans would come to call Botany Bay. There an encounter took place. In the British Museum an objects sits behind glass, a shield baring the apparent scars of that encounter. But how much do we really know about the shield and the encounter it has come to presents? And how did this shield end up in the British Museum? Join Dr Maria Nugent for a fascinating talk that reveals new insights. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander listeners are advised that the following program may contain references to people who have died.

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