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Yupiit School District (YSD), a Regional Educational Attendance Area, operates three remote schools on the Kuskokwim river in Southwest Alaska. There are 450 students in the district. Our vision is to create a culturally rich, technology driven, and safe learning environment for all students. Our goal is to instill value in education, thereby motivating and empowering students to pursue higher learning. In doing so we hope to expand vocational and career opportunities for all.
Yupiit People Are Genuine People
The Yupik or, in the Central Alaskan Yup'ik language, Yup'ik (plural Yupiit), are a group of indigenous peoples of western, southwestern, and southcentral Alaska and the Russian Far East. They include the Central Alaskan Yup'ik people of the Yukon-Kuskokwim delta, the Kuskokwim River, and coastal Bristol Bay in Alaska; the Alutiiq (or Suqpiaq) of the Alaska Peninsula and coastal and island areas of southcentral Alaska; and the Siberian Yupik of the Russian Far East and St. Lawrence Island in western Alaska. They are Eskimo and are related to the Inuit.
The traditional way of life of the Yup'ik was semi-nomadic, following the seasonal variations in their environment. Hunting, primarily sea mammals, and fishing were subsistence activities. They also developed trade, initially with neighboring groups, and then with the Russians by the end of the nineteenth century. They believed that all living creatures go through a cycle of birth, death, and rebirth, leading them to give newborns the name of a recently deceased member of their community, and to practice rituals in which parts of animals that were killed for food were returned to the ocean so that they could be reborn. They practiced shamanism, recognizing that there are both benign and evil spirits; shamans being able to communicate with them. Since contact with the outside world was relatively recent for the Yup'ik, they were able to retain many of their traditional ways of life. Communities are still located along the water, and many families still harvest the traditional subsistence resources, especially salmon and seal.
Yupik map
However, during the twentieth century when Western schools and Christian churches were built, the Yup'ik stopped telling their stories and offering their traditional words of wisdom. Their children were educated in Western languages and ways, and Christian churches taught their children religion; as the last shamans died no-one took their place. As the twenty-first century dawned, however, Yup'ik elders recognized that their lifestyle was almost lost. The elders chose to start sharing their wise words, believing that they have continued relevance and power to change lives. These words of wisdom are now available not only to educate Yup'ik young people and thus continue their culture, but are also offered to all for the benefit of human society around the world. The Yupik's overall population today is estimated at 24,000 people.
Yupik drawing of village
Links for more information about Yupik culture:
Constitution of the Unified Yupiit Tribes
NCBI Yupik Culture Perspectives
Alaska Native Arts and Culture
Alaska Public Media News
Alaska Nature on the Yupik Tribe
IC Magazine for Indigenous Studies
Yupiit School District Project Jukebox
Alaska Native Heritage Museum
Native Kids Yupik Fact Sheet
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2 Trigger expression
The expressions used in triggers are very flexible. You can use them to create complex logical tests regarding monitored statistics.
A simple useful expression might look like:
Trigger functions allow to reference the collected values, current time and other factors.
A complete list of supported functions is available.
Function parameters
Most of numeric functions accept the number of seconds as a parameter.
You may use the prefix # to specify that a parameter has a different meaning:
sum(600) Sum of all values in no more than the latest 600 seconds
sum(#5) Sum of all values in no more than the last 5 values
The function last uses a different meaning for values when prefixed with the hash mark - it makes it choose the n-th previous value, so given the values 3, 7, 2, 6, 5 (from most recent to least recent), last(#2) would return 7 and last(#5) would return 5.
Several functions support an additional, second time_shift parameter. This parameter allows to reference data from a period of time in the past. For example, avg(1h,1d) will return the average value for an hour one day ago.
You can use the supported unit symbols in trigger expressions, for example '5m' (minutes) instead of '300' seconds or '1d' (day) instead of '86400' seconds. '1K' will stand for '1024' bytes.
The following operators are supported for triggers (in descending priority of execution):
1 - Unary minus
2 not Logical NOT
3 * Multiplication
/ Division
4 + Arithmetical plus
- Arithmetical minus
5 < Less than. The operator is defined as:
A<B ⇔ (A<=B-0.000001)
<= Less than or equal to.
> More than. The operator is defined as:
A>B ⇔ (A>=B+0.000001)
>= More than or equal to.
6 = Is equal. The operator is defined as:
A=B ⇔ (A>B-0.000001) and (A<B+0.000001)
<> Not equal. The operator is defined as:
A<>B ⇔ (A<=B-0.000001) or (A>=B+0.000001)
7 and Logical AND
8 or Logical OR
not, and and or operators are case-sensitive and must be in lowercase. They also must be surrounded by spaces or parentheses.
All operators, except unary - and not, have left-to-right associativity. Unary - and not are non-associative (meaning -(-1) and not (not 1) should be used instead of --1 and not not 1).
Evaluation result:
• <, <=, >, >=, =, <> operators shall yield '1' in the trigger expression if the specified relation is true and '0' if it is false;
• and shall yield '1' if both of its operands compare unequal to '0'; otherwise, it yields '0';
• or shall yield '1' if either of its operands compare unequal to '0'; otherwise, it yields '0';
• The result of the logical negation operator not is '0' if the value of its operand compares unequal to '0'; '1' if the value of its operand compares equal to '0'.
Value caching
Values required for trigger evaluation are cached by Zabbix server. Because of this trigger evaluation causes a higher database load for some time after the server restarts. The value cache is not cleared when item history values are removed (either manually or by housekeeper), so the server will use the cached values until they are older than the time periods defined in trigger functions or server is restarted.
Examples of triggers
Example 1
Processor load is too high on
'[all,avg1]' gives a short name of the monitored parameter. It specifies that the server is '' and the key being monitored is 'system.cpu.load[all,avg1]'. By using the function 'last()', we are referring to the most recent value. Finally, '>5' means that the trigger is in the PROBLEM state whenever the most recent processor load measurement from is greater than 5.
Example 2 is overloaded
{[all,avg1].last()}>5 or {[all,avg1].min(10m)}>2
The expression is true when either the current processor load is more than 5 or the processor load was more than 2 during last 10 minutes.
Example 3
/etc/passwd has been changed
Use of function diff:
The expression is true when the previous value of checksum of /etc/passwd differs from the most recent one.
Similar expressions could be useful to monitor changes in important files, such as /etc/passwd, /etc/inetd.conf, /kernel, etc.
Example 4
Someone is downloading a large file from the Internet
Use of function min:
The expression is true when number of received bytes on eth0 is more than 100 KB within last 5 minutes.
Example 5
Both nodes of clustered SMTP server are down
Note use of two different hosts in one expression:
{[smtp].last()}=0 and {[smtp].last()}=0
The expression is true when both SMTP servers are down on both and
Example 6
Zabbix agent needs to be upgraded
Use of function str():
The expression is true if Zabbix agent has version beta8 (presumably 1.0beta8).
Example 7
Server is unreachable
The expression is true if host “” is unreachable more than 5 times in the last 30 minutes.
Example 8
No heartbeats within last 3 minutes
Use of function nodata():
To make use of this trigger, 'tick' must be defined as a Zabbix trapper item. The host should periodically send data for this item using zabbix_sender. If no data is received within 180 seconds, the trigger value becomes PROBLEM.
Note that 'nodata' can be used for any item type.
Example 9
CPU activity at night time
Use of function time():
{zabbix:system.cpu.load[all,avg1].min(5m)}>2 and {zabbix:system.cpu.load[all,avg1].time()}>000000 and {zabbix:system.cpu.load[all,avg1].time()}<060000
The trigger may change its status to true, only at night (00:00-06:00) time.
Example 10
Check if client local time is in sync with Zabbix server time
Use of function fuzzytime():
The trigger will change to the problem state in case when local time on server MySQL_DB and Zabbix server differs by more than 10 seconds.
Example 11
Comparing average load today with average load of the same time yesterday (using a second time_shift parameter).
This expression will fire if the average load of the last hour tops the average load of the same hour yesterday more than two times.
Example 12
Using the value of another item to get a trigger threshold:
{Template PfSense:hrStorageFree[{#SNMPVALUE}].last()}<{Template PfSense:hrStorageSize[{#SNMPVALUE}].last()}*0.1
The trigger will fire if the free storage drops below 10 percent.
Example 13
Using evaluation result to get the number of triggers over a threshold:
({server1:system.cpu.load[all,avg1].last()}>5) + ({server2:system.cpu.load[all,avg1].last()}>5) + ({server3:system.cpu.load[all,avg1].last()}>5)>=2
The trigger will fire if at least two of the triggers in the expression are over 5.
Sometimes a trigger must have different conditions for different states. For example, we would like to define a trigger which would become PROBLEM when server room temperature is higher than 20C while it should stay in the state until temperature will not become lower than 15C.
In order to do this, we define the following trigger:
Example 1
Temperature in server room is too high
({TRIGGER.VALUE}=0 and {server:temp.last()}>20) or
({TRIGGER.VALUE}=1 and {server:temp.last()}>15)
Note the use of a macro {TRIGGER.VALUE}. The macro returns current trigger value.
Example 2
Free disk space is too low
Problem: it is less than 10GB for last 5 minutes
Recovery: it is more than 40GB for last 10 minutes
({TRIGGER.VALUE}=0 and {server:vfs.fs.size[/,free].max(5m)}<10G) or
({TRIGGER.VALUE}=1 and {server:vfs.fs.size[/,free].min(10m)}<40G)
Note use of {TRIGGER.VALUE} macro. The macro returns current trigger value.
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Jump to ContentJump to Main Navigation
Why the Electoral College Is Bad for AmericaThird Edition$
George C. Edwards
Print publication date: 2019
Print ISBN-13: 9780300243888
Published to Yale Scholarship Online: January 2020
DOI: 10.12987/yale/9780300243888.001.0001
Show Summary Details
Page of
Contingent Elections
Contingent Elections
(p.78) Chapter 4 Contingent Elections
Why the Electoral College Is Bad for America
George C. Edwards III
Yale University Press
This chapter focuses on contingent elections. If the presidential and vice presidential candidates fail to receive a simple majority of electoral college votes, the Twelfth Amendment provides that the House of Representatives chooses the president and the Senate chooses the vice president in a process known as “contingent” election (contingent upon the absence of a majority in the electoral college). There have been two contingent elections for president in U.S. history, following the elections of 1800 and 1824. Very minor shifts of popular votes in the nation, however, would have sent a number of other elections to the Congress for a decision. In the House, where each state must vote as a unit, a majority of 26 or more votes is required to elect a president; in the Senate, a majority of 51 or more votes is required to elect a vice president. Although a superficial reading of these rules suggests the operation of majority rule, the chapter maintains that this process actually represents the most egregious violation of democratic principles in the American political system.
Keywords: contingent elections, Twelfth Amendment, majority rule, American political system, democratic principles, popular votes
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Apollo-Soyuz Explained
Image Alt:Painting of crew, spacecraft, and launch rockets
Insignia:Apollo-Soyuz Test Project patch.svg
Insignia Caption:Official emblem of Apollo-Soyuz chosen by NASA and the Soviet Academy of Sciences
Mission Type:Cooperative/scientific
Distance Travelled:-->
Crew Photo:Portrait of ASTP crews - restoration.jpg
Orbit Reference:Geocentric
Orbit Regime:Low Earth
Orbit Periapsis:217km (135miles)
Orbit Apoapsis:231km (144miles)
Orbit Inclination:51.75°
Orbit Period:88.91 minutes
Docking Type:dock
Docking Date:First:
Undocking Date:Last:
Time Docked:1 day, 23 hours, 07 min, 03 sec
Programme:Apollo program
Programme2:Soyuz programme
Previous Mission:Apollo 17
Previous Mission2:Soyuz 18
Next Mission2:Soyuz 20
Apollo-Soyuz was the first international space mission, carried out jointly by the United States and the Soviet Union in July 1975. Millions of people around the world watched on television as a U.S. Apollo module docked with a Soviet Soyuz capsule. The project, and its memorable handshake in space, was a symbol of détente between the two superpowers. It is generally considered to mark the end of the Space Race, which had begun in 1957 with the launch of Sputnik 1.[1]
The mission was officially known as the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) (Russian: Экспериментальный полёт «Аполлон» - «Союз» (ЭПАС), Eksperimentalniy polyot Apollon-Soyuz, lit. "Experimental flight Apollo-Soyuz", and commonly referred to in the Soviet Union as Soyuz-Apollo). The Soviet craft was numbered Soyuz 19. In contrast, the US vehicle was unnumbered, as it was left over from the canceled Apollo missions; it was the last Apollo module to fly.
The three U.S. and two Soviet astronauts performed both joint and separate scientific experiments, including an arranged eclipse of the Sun by the Apollo module to allow instruments on the Soyuz to take photographs of the solar corona. The pre-flight work provided useful engineering experience for later joint US-Russian space flights, such as the Shuttle-Mir Program and the International Space Station.
Apollo-Soyuz was the last crewed US spaceflight for nearly six years until the first launch of the Space Shuttle in April 1981.
Historical background
The purpose and catalyst of Apollo-Soyuz was the policy of détente between the two Cold War superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union. Prior to this mission, tensions remained high between the two world superpowers while the United States was engaged in the Vietnam War. Meanwhile, the Soviet press was highly critical of the Apollo space missions, printing "the armed intrusion of the United States and Saigon puppets into Laos is a shameless trampling underfoot of international law" over a photograph of the Apollo 14 launch in 1971.[2] Although Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev made the Soviet Union's policy of détente official in his 1956 doctrine of peaceful coexistence at the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, the two nations seemed to be in perpetual conflict.
After John Glenn's 1962 orbital flight, an exchange of letters between President John F. Kennedy and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev led to a series of discussions led by NASA Deputy Administrator Hugh Dryden and Soviet scientist Anatoli Blagonravov. Their 1962 talks led to the Dryden-Blagonravov agreement, which was formalized in October of that year, the same time the two countries were in the midst of the Cuban Missile Crisis. The agreement was formally announced at the United Nations on December 5, 1962. It called for cooperation on the exchange of data from weather satellites, a study of the Earth's magnetic field, and joint tracking of the U.S. Echo II balloon satellite.[3] Unfortunately, as the competition between the two nation's crewed space programs heated up, efforts to further cooperation at that point came to an end.
Due to tense relations, space cooperation between the United States and the Soviet Union was unlikely in the early 1970s. On June 7, 1971, the USSR had launched the first piloted orbital space station, Salyut 1. Meanwhile, the United States had launched the Apollo 14 mission several months prior, the third space mission to land humans on the Moon. Each side gave the other little coverage of their achievements.
Both sides had severe criticisms of the other side's engineering. Soviet spacecraft were designed with automation in mind; the Lunokhod 1 and Luna 16 were both uncrewed probes, and each Soyuz spacecraft had been designed to minimize risk due to human error by having fewer manual controls with which human operators would have to contend during flight. By contrast, the Apollo spacecraft was designed to be operated by humans and required highly trained astronauts in order to operate. The Soviet Union criticized the Apollo spacecraft as being "extremely complex and dangerous".
The Americans also had their own concerns about Soviet spacecraft. Christopher C. Kraft, director of the Johnson Space Center, criticized the design of the Soyuz: "We in NASA rely on redundant components—if an instrument fails during flight, our crews switch to another in an attempt to continue the mission. Each Soyuz component, however, is designed for a specific function; if one fails, the cosmonauts land as soon as possible. The Apollo vehicle also relied on astronaut piloting to a much greater extent than did the Soyuz machine".[4] American and Soviet engineers settled their differences for a possible docking of American and Soviet spacecraft in meetings between June and December 1971 in Houston and Moscow, including Bill Creasy's design of the Androgynous Peripheral Attach System between the two ships that would allow either to be active or passive during docking.[5]
In October 1970, Soviet Academy of Sciences president Mstislav Keldysh responded to NASA Administrator Thomas O. Paine's letter proposing a cooperative space mission, and there was subsequently a meeting to discuss technical details. At a meeting in January 1971, U.S. President Richard Nixon's Foreign Policy Adviser Henry Kissinger enthusiastically espoused plans for the mission, and expressed these views to NASA administrator George M. Low: "As long as you stick to space, do anything you want to do. You are free to commit—in fact, I want you to tell your counterparts in Moscow that the President has sent you on this mission."[6] By April 1972, both the United States and the USSR signed an Agreement Concerning Cooperation in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space for Peaceful Purposes,[7] committing both the USSR and the United States to the launch of the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project in 1975.[8]
ASTP was particularly significant for the USSR's policy of keeping the details of their space program secret from the Soviet people and the world at large, especially Americans. The ASTP was the first Soviet space mission to be televised in a live fashion during the launch, while in space, and during the landing. Soyuz 19 was also the first Soviet spacecraft to which a foreign flight crew had access before flight; the Apollo crew were permitted to inspect it and the launch and crew training site, which was an unprecedented sharing of information with Americans about any Soviet space program.
Not all reactions to ASTP were positive. Many Americans feared that ASTP was giving the USSR too much credit in their space program, putting them on equal footing with the sophisticated space exploration efforts of NASA. More feared that the apparent peaceful cooperation between the USSR and the United States would lull people into believing there was no conflict at all between the two superpowers. Soliciting appropriations from the United States Congress proved to be quite difficult, which was not a problem in the Soviet Union, and the dedication to space exploration demonstrated by the Soviet Union rejected these criticisms. Some Soviet publicists called American critics of the mission "demagogues who stand against scientific cooperation with the U.S.S.R." In general, tensions between the United States and the USSR had softened, and the project set a precedent for future cooperative projects in space.
Apollo crew
Crew notes
Jack Swigert had originally been assigned as the command module pilot for the ASTP prime crew, but prior to the official announcement he was removed as punishment for his involvement in the Apollo 15 postal covers incident.[9]
Support crew
• Karol J. Bobko, Robert Crippen, Robert F. Overmyer, Richard H. Truly
Flight directors
Soyuz crew
Crew note
It was the last space mission for Soviet cosmonaut Alexei Leonov, who had become the first person to walk in space during the March 1965, Voskhod 2 mission.
Backup crew
Mission summary
The ASTP entailed the docking of an American Apollo command and service module (CSM) with a Soviet Soyuz 7K-TM spacecraft. Although the Soyuz was given a mission designation number (Soyuz 19) as part of the ongoing Soyuz program, its radio call sign was simply "Soyuz" for the duration of the joint mission. The Apollo mission was not a numbered mission of the Apollo program, and similarly bore the call sign "Apollo". Despite this, some of the press and a few NASA web pages have referred to the mission as "Apollo 18", but this should not be confused with the canceled lunar mission.[10] [11] [12] [13]
The Apollo spacecraft was launched with a docking module specially designed to enable the two spacecraft to dock with each other, used only once for this mission. The Saturn IB launch vehicle and CSM were surplus material. Like the Apollo Lunar Module, the docking module had to be retrieved from the S-IVB upper-stage of the Saturn rocket after launch. The docking module was designed as both an airlock — as the Apollo was pressurized at about 5psi using pure oxygen, while the Soyuz used a nitrogen/oxygen atmosphere at sea level pressure (about) — and an adapter, since the surplus Apollo hardware used for the ASTP mission was not equipped with the APAS docking collar jointly developed by NASA and the Soviet Academy of Sciences for the mission. One end of the docking module was attached to the Apollo using the same "probe-and-drogue" docking mechanism used on the Lunar Module and the Skylab space station, while its other end had the APAS docking collar, which Soyuz 19 carried in place of the standard Soyuz/Salyut system of the time. The APAS collar fitted onto Soyuz 19 was releasable, allowing the two spacecraft to separate in case of malfunction.
The Apollo flew with a three-man crew on board: Tom Stafford, Vance Brand, and Deke Slayton. Stafford had already flown into space three times, including within eight nautical miles of the lunar surface as Commander of Apollo 10, and was the first general officer to fly into space.[14] Slayton was one of the original Mercury Seven astronauts selected in 1959, but an irregular heartbeat grounded him until 1972. He became head of NASA's astronaut office and, after a lengthy medical program, selected himself for this mission. At the time, Slayton was the oldest person to fly in space and the one with the longest gap between selection as an astronaut and first flight into space. Brand, meanwhile, had trained with the Apollo spacecraft during his time as a backup Apollo 15 command module pilot, and had served two stints as a backup Skylab commander. The closest he had come to flying prior to ASTP was as commander for the Skylab Rescue mission mustered to potentially retrieve the crew of Skylab 3 due to a fuel leak on that mission's Apollo CSM.
The Soyuz flew with two men: Alexei Leonov and Valeri Kubasov. Leonov became the first man to walk in space on Voskhod 2 in 1965. Kubasov, who flew on Soyuz 6 in 1969, ran some of the earliest space manufacturing experiments. Both were to have flown on the ill-fated Soyuz 11 in 1971 (Leonov as commander, Kubasov as the flight engineer), but were grounded because Kubasov was suspected of having tuberculosis. The two-man crew on the Soyuz was a result of the modifications needed to allow the cosmonauts to wear the Sokol pressure suit during launch, docking, and reentry.
Launch and mission
The Soyuz and Apollo flights launched within seven-and-a-half hours of each other on July 15, and docked on July 17. Three hours later, the two mission commanders, Stafford and Leonov, exchanged the first international handshake in space through the open hatch of the Soyuz. NASA had calculated that the historic handshake would have taken place over the British seaside resort of Bognor Regis,[15] but a delay resulted in its occurrence being over the city of Metz in France.[16] During the first crew exchange, the crews were read a statement from Soviet Premier Leonid Brezhnev, and received a phone call from U.S. President Gerald Ford.
American scientists developed four of the experiments performed during the mission. Embryologist Jane Oppenheimer analyzed the effects of weightlessness on fish eggs at various stages of development.[17]
After 44 hours together, the two ships separated, and maneuvered to use the Apollo to create an artificial solar eclipse to allow the crew of the Soyuz to take photographs of the solar corona. Another brief docking was made before the ships went their separate ways. The Soviets remained in space for two more days, and the Americans for five, during which the Apollo crew also conducted Earth observation experiments.
Re-entry and aftermath
The mission was considered a great success, both technically and as a public-relations exercise for both nations. The only serious problem was during reentry and splashdown of the Apollo craft, during which the crew were accidentally exposed to toxic hydrazine and nitrogen tetroxide fumes, caused by unignited reaction control system (RCS) hypergolic propellants venting from the spacecraft and reentering a cabin air intake. The RCS was inadvertently left on during descent, and the toxic fumes were sucked into the spacecraft as it drew in outside air. Brand briefly lost consciousness, while Stafford retrieved emergency oxygen masks, put one on Brand, and gave one to Slayton. The three astronauts were hospitalized for two weeks in Honolulu.[18] Brand took responsibility for the mishap; because of high noise levels in the cabin during reentry, he believes he was unable to hear Stafford call off one item of the reentry checklist, the closure of two switches which would have automatically shut off the RCS and initiated drogue parachute deployment. These procedures were manually performed later than usual, allowing the ingestion of the propellant fumes through the ventilation system.[19]
The ASTP was the final flight of an Apollo spacecraft. Immediately after the launch of the Apollo spacecraft, preparations began to convert Launch Pad 39B and the Vehicle Assembly Building at Kennedy Space Center for use by the Space Shuttle, the United States' next crewed spacecraft program. Launch Pad 39A had already been closed after the launch of Skylab.
A derivative (but mechanically incompatible) docking collar, APAS-89 was launched as part of the Kristall module of the Soviet Mir space station. Originally intended as the docking port for the (defunct) Buran Soviet space shuttle, the APAS-89 unit was used for the next Russian-American docking mission, STS-71, twenty years later as part of the Shuttle–Mir Program (though not before the docking port was tested by the last APAS-equipped Soyuz, TM-16, in 1993).
Apollo–Soyuz was the first joint US-Soviet space mission. At the time it was thought that space would become either more international or competitive as a result, however instead it became both. The mission became symbolic of each country's goals of scientific cooperation, while their individual news reports downplayed the technical prowess of the other. Soviet press implied that it was leading the US in space flight, tying it to Marxist ideology, while the US reported that the Soyuz was technically primitive.[20] High-profile space cooperation declined after the successful mission and became entangled in linkage politics, however it set a precedent of cooperation that continued in the Shuttle–Mir Program.[21] [22]
The US and Soviet commanders, Stafford and Leonov, became lasting friends. Leonov was the godfather of Stafford's younger children.[21] [23] Stafford gave a eulogy at Leonov's funeral in October 2019.[24]
Spacecraft locations
In the wake of the mission, a large Soyuz–Apollo monument was constructed outside TsUP (the Soviet, later Russian space control center) in Moscow. It consisted of a metal scale model of Earth overarched by an arc terminating in the joined Soyuz-Apollo spacecraft. It was damaged when a vehicle collided with it in the late 1990s, and was removed for repairs.
Mission Control Center
The mission control room that hosted the Americans in Korolyov, Russia was preserved as a memorial to the Soyuz-Apollo mission.[23]
Program cost
The United States spent $245 million on Apollo–Soyuz, or $1 billion in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars.[27]
In media
See also
External links
Notes and References
1. Book: Encyclopedia of United States National Security . 978-0-7619-2927-7 . . Richard J. . Samuels . Richard J. Samuels . 1st . December 21, 2005 . 669 . Most observers felt that the U.S. moon landing ended the space race with a decisive American victory. […] The formal end of the space race occurred with the 1975 joint Apollo-Soyuz mission, in which U.S. and Soviet spacecraft docked, or joined, in orbit while their crews visited one another's craft and performed joint scientific experiments..
2. Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences, Soviet Space Programs, 1971–75. Washington: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1976.
3. Web site: The First Dryden-Blagonravov Agreement - 1962 . NASA History Series . NASA . 14 March 2019.
4. Book: Ezell. Edward. Ezell. Linda. The Partnership: A History of the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project. 1978. Foreword. http://www.hq.nasa.gov/pao/History/SP-4209/forwrd.htm. NASA. Washington, D.C..
5. Debbora Battaglia, "Arresting Hospitality: the Case of the 'Handshake in Space'," Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute vol. 18 issue 1 June 2012. p. S76-S89
6. Book: Ezell. Edward. Ezell. Linda. The Partnership: A History of the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project. 1978. Chapter 5. Proposal for a Test Flight. http://www.hq.nasa.gov/pao/History/SP-4209/ch5-1.htm. NASA. Washington, D.C..
9. Book: Deke! U.S. Manned Space: From Mercury to the Shuttle . Slayton . Donald . Deke Slayton . Cassutt . Michael . Michael Cassutt . 1994 . Forge . . 0-312-85503-6 . 94-2463 . 29845663 . 278–279 . registration .
10. Web site: Apollo-Soyuz. nasa.gov.
11. Web site: HEASARC Missions. nasa.gov.
12. http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/StaffordTP/TPS_BIO.pdf
13. http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/BrandVD/BrandVD_Bio.pdf
15. Web site: Blast-off to Bognor. Jones. Phillip. 4 May 2011.
16. Web site: The Partnership: A History of the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project . Edward Clinton Ezell . Linda Neuman Ezell . 1978. NASA. 4 May 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110524064713/https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4209/ch11-3.htm. May 24, 2011. live.
17. Web site: Jane Oppenheimer Dies at 84; Expert on Embryos and Space. Wolfgang. Saxon. March 23, 1996. NYTimes.com.
18. Ezell, Edward Clinton . Ezell, Linda Neuman . 1978 . The Partnership: A History of the Apollo–Soyuz Test Project . NASA History Series . NASA Special Publication-4209 . NASA . 2009-03-17. https://web.archive.org/web/20070823124845/https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4209/ch11-9.htm. 2007-08-23.
19. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=RBgsAAAAIBAJ&sjid=kMgEAAAAIBAJ&dq=apollo%20gas&pg=993%2C1384026 "Brand Takes Blame For Apollo Gas Leak"
20. U.S.-Soviet Cooperation in Space . 80–81 . US Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. July 1985 . 13 June 2018.
21. Web site: How historic handshake in space brought superpowers closer . Kellie Morgan . CNN. 15 July 2015 . 13 June 2018.
22. Book: The Politics of Space Security: Strategic Restraint and the Pursuit of National Interests. James Moltz. 181 . Stanford University Press. 978-0-8047-7858-9.
23. Web site: New Scientist. Apollo–Soyuz: A cold war handshake in space, 40 years on . 17 July 2015. 13 June 2018.
24. Web site: MSN. Russia bids farewell to first man who walked in space. 15 October 2019.
25. Book: Schmadel, Lutz D. . Dictionary of Minor Planet Names . 181 . 5th . 2003 . Springer Verlag . New York . 3-540-00238-3.
26. http://www.space.com/news/historic-apollo-soyuz-crew-anniversary-100716.html First International Space Crew Reunites for Mission's 35th Anniversary
27. News: Costs of US piloted programs . The Space Review . March 8, 2010 . February 18, 2012 . Lafleur, Claude.
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Why is the Brick Veneer Laying on the Ground?
Posted by in Case Studies, Masonry | August 24, 2020
In the last technical post I discussed the structural basics of brick veneer: what holds it up, what holds it on, and what help does it provide.
In this post I look into why the brick veneer above fell off the wall.
The subject brick veneer was tied back to the structural wall with the most commonly used brick ties, a corrugated metal strap. My first observation is that not enough ties were installed to result in a 16 inch spacing horizontally and vertically (Figure 1). My second observation is some of the ties are deteriorated by corrosion (Figure 2). My third observation is the vertical leg of the L-shaped ties were not folded down to provide a double layer of metal before nailing. Lastly, although not a deficiency per se, the corrugated metal brick ties have a number of inherent weaknesses.
Corrugated metal (steel) wall ties
Figure 1 Corrugated metal (steel) wall ties.
Corroded metal brick tie
Figure 2 Corrugated metal brick tie exhibits severe deterioration from corrosion.
Corrugated metal brick ties are commonly fastened with one, maybe two nails, which if not driven into a solid component of the wall will pull out easily, providing no holding strength against outward movement. The corrugated ties can be easily buckled when pushed on if they span across a wider air space, providing less holding strength against inward movement. Corrugated ties corrode over time from the moisture that penetrates the brick veneer. The L-shape of the installed tie makes it susceptible to deformation when it is pulled outward, if the nail was not set relatively close to the bend in the L-shape.
The plus side of these ties is they are cheap, they are relatively easy to install, they are easily adjustable to the height of the horizontal mortar joint, they have been accepted by building departments for years, and they seem to have worked adequately for most dwellings for decades.
And now, back to the subject veneer – the brick veneer fell off as a result of the inadequate number of brick ties, the severe deterioration of those installed, and the poor installation where the vertical leg was not folded down for nailing through a double layer.
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Eating meats on a daily basis offer lots of health benefits – such as removing skin diseases, boosting the immune system, repairing body tissues, long-term energy, fighting against infections, and helps with the production of hemoglobin. Meats are full of nutrients such as protein and amino acids.
Meats are necessarily tasty, especially pork, chicken, beef, lamb, and seafood taste great when cooked in a variety of dishes and different flavors. The standard nutrients in these types of meats are the protein that the body ultimately needs. The protein converts into energy so that the body has the appropriate strength for the whole day. It also helps to manage and control your daily activities and functionalities. Protein serves as a fuel for the human body to keep functioning.
According to RENI, the recommended daily intake is at least 46 grams for teenage girls and women and 56 grams for adult men. Kids are required to have a daily intake of at least 19-34 grams. There are varieties of essential nutrients that cannot be replaced with vegetarian diets. According to a study, people who are not into meat are more likely to acquire neurotransmitter problems such as anxiety, depressions, eating disorders, or somatoform diseases.
So if you’re a meat lover, visit Meatworksco restaurant in Melbourne to satisfy your cravings and get essential nutrients that your body needs.
Meatworksco restaurant in Melbourne
Essential Nutrients of Meat:
Different kind of meats also offers different types of nutrients. Seafood provides omega-3 fatty acids, DHA, EPA, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin B, and protein. While poultry meat can give you vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin B, protein, and minerals such as iron, magnesium, and zinc. All of these essential nutrients are needed by the body to support various functionalities and activities.
Surprising Health Benefits of Meat:
Below are the following health benefits of this flavorful and juicy food called “meat”:
Strengthen the Immunity System:
Depending on the type of meat, they have a different amount of zinc content. Zinc is a mineral that helps to strengthen immunity. Because of its antioxidant properties, zinc is the main component for building antibodies to fight against free radicals. Protein boosts the production of these antibodies to create a barrier against infections.
Boost Muscle Growth:
The protein help bodybuilders or gym enthusiasts in building and repairing their body tissues and enhances muscle functionalities. Since tissues are made of protein, individuals who want to develop their muscles and increase their strength consume protein significantly.
Regulates Digestion:
Aside from protein, meat also gives essential amino acids that help with your digestion system. Since the body can’t produce natural amino acids, it must be acquired from the food you eat. Besides, there are nine essential amino acids exist – such as histidine, lycine, isoleucine, methionine, threonine, tryptophan, leucine, phenylalanine, and valine. Meats can provide all of these nine amino acids and a complete protein. It is also rich in vitamin D that promotes healthy bones and metabolism.
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Petition to protect whales off California coasts
Four environmental groups have filed a petition in hopes of avoiding ship collisions with the marine mammals.
The groups want to limit the speed of ships traveling through California's marine sanctuaries, such as the one around Channel Islands. The lanes around Channel Islands run from near Long Beach to just off Santa Barbara County.
They're blaming speed for 50 deadly collisions between whales and ships over the past decade.
"It's a step in the right direction if the byproduct is to improve whale survivorship," said Aquarium of the Pacific Assistant Curator Steve Blair. "That's the key, that's the goal, and I think everybody would like to see that happen."
But others say there are too many questions to answer before enacting federal regulations that they say could economically cripple the shipping industry.
The petition seeks to slow the ships to 10 knots, in some cases cutting their speed in half.
"I think it's very premature," said Pacific Merchant Shipping Association Vice President T.L Garrett.
Whale experts say more research still needs to be done. Some of that research is starting at the Aquarium of the Pacific, where researchers are working to gather information on how many whales there are in the area and what impact the ships have on their population.
"It's hard to tell how many ship strikes there are," said Blair. "How many whales get hit by a ship that may actually die? Are they going to end up on a beach? They could just sink into the ocean or be lost or drift out to sea."
There are other proposals to keep the whales safe, such as re-aligning the shipping lanes to some of the most heavily used ports like Los Angeles, Long Beach and the San Francisco.
"Whales aren't going away, ships aren't going away," said Garrett. "We need to find a way to peacefully coexist out there."
Copyright © 2021 KABC-TV. All Rights Reserved.
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what s the perpose of antarctic treaty ?
2 Answers
• Mutt
Lv 7
1 decade ago
Favorite Answer
It's purpose is to make sure Antarctica remains a "scientific preserve" and bans military action on the continent.
• 1 decade ago
The purpose is the preserve the last "pure" environment in the world. To allow the Antarctic Continent to be used as a scientific and research area and ban military buildup and commerical enterprises such as mining and whaling and chemical factories.
The Antarctic Treaty was signed in Washington on 1 December 1959 by the twelve nations that had been active during the IGY (Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Chile, France, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, United Kingdom, United States and USSR). The Treaty, which applies to the area south of 60° South latitude, is surprisingly short, but remarkably effective. Through this agreement, the countries active in Antarctica consult on the uses of a whole continent, with a commitment that it should not become the scene or object of international discord. In its fourteen articles the Treaty:
stipulates that Antarctica should be used exclusively for peaceful purposes, military activities, such as the establishment of military bases or weapons testing, are specifically prohibited;
guarantees continued freedom to conduct scientific research, as enjoyed during the IGY;
promotes international scientific cooperation including the exchange of research plans and personnel, and requires that results of research be made freely available;
sets aside the potential for sovereignty disputes between Treaty parties by providing that no activities will enhance or diminish previously asserted positions with respect to territorial claims, provides that no new or enlarged claims can be made, and makes rules relating to jurisdiction;
prohibits nuclear explosions and the disposal of radioactive waste;
provides for inspection by observers, designated by any party, of ships, stations and equipment in Antarctica to ensure the observance of, and compliance with, the Treaty;
requires parties to give advance notice of their expeditions; provides for the parties to meet periodically to discuss measures to further the objectives of the Treaty; and
puts in place a dispute settlement procedure and a mechanism by which the Treaty can be modified.
The Treaty also provides that any member of the United Nations can accede to it. The Treaty now has 44 signatories, 27 are Consultative Parties on the basis of being original signatories or by conducting substantial research there. Membership continues to grow. A full list of the current parties to the Treaty appears at the end of this document.
Since entering into force on 23 June 1961, the Treaty has been recognised as one of the most successful international agreements. Problematic differences over territorial claims have been effectively set aside and as a disarmament regime it has been outstandingly successful. The Treaty parties remain firmly committed to a system that is still effective in protecting their essential Antarctic interests. Science is proceeding unhindered.
Since the first Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting (ATCM) in 1961, the parties have met frequently, now annually, to discuss issues as diverse as scientific cooperation, measures to protect the environment, and operational issues - and they are committed to taking decisions by consensus. This process has allowed the Antarctic Treaty to evolve into a system with a number of components that meet the special needs of managing activities in the Antarctic, while protecting national interests. This regime is now known by the broader title of the Antarctic Treaty System, which operates under the umbrella of the annual ATCM.
The Antarctic Treaty System
The Antarctic Treaty System comprises the Treaty itself and a number of related agreements. It also includes a range of organisations that contribute to the work of the decision-making forums.
In addition to the related agreements (described below), the Treaty System includes the recommendations, measures, decisions and resolutions of the Consultative Meetings relating to matters such as:
scientific cooperation;
protection of the Antarctic environment;
conservation of plants and animals;
preservation of historic sites;
designation and management of protected areas;
management of tourism;
information exchange;
collection of meteorological data;
hydrographic charting;
logistic cooperation; and
communications and safety.
The Treaty Parties have put in place rules relating to specific issues. The development of these agreements has allowed the implementation, with greater precision, of legally binding provisions for the regulation of activities in Antarctica.
Still have questions? Get your answers by asking now.
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Solar Storms; Unpredictable And Dangerous
We all know that the sun is harmful to your skin if you go out without sun screen and while everybody talks about its harmful rays, we all agree that we need it to stay alive. It makes the crops grow, it gives us our seasons by virtue of its distance from the earth during certain times of the year, and we are now just beginning to use its energy to power certain things here on earth. But there is one thing that scares scientist more than skin cancer, and that is the possibility of a massive solar storm.
Electric utilities, telecommunications providers, and believe it or not, the insurance industries are all concerned about such an event taking place. In a worst case scenario, such a storm could leave 20 to 40 million people in the Northeast without power for years as the storm would fry thousands of transformers from Washington State to Boston. That statement was made by Lloyd’s of London, the world oldest insurance market. In 1989, a solar induced geomagnetic storm left 6 million people in Quebec without power for 9 hours. And in 1859, such a storm hit Colorado, and was powerful enough to disrupt telegraph service in Philadelphia. The communications for the country was unusable for hours. It a good thing that they were not so dependant on electricity back then as we are now. Such an event today would have a undesired economic effect to the tune of $2.6 million dollars.
The possibility of a solar apocalyptic event has a lot of people thinking of alternate plans, including power companies, and airlines. I don’t have to tell you what would happen to our satellites which in itself would totally wreck communications. No television, no internet and so on, so don’t throw out those old board games yet. The space station would have to be abandoned because of first, no way to talk with the astronauts, and second, the radiation levels would rise drastically The same type of storm that hit Colorado occurred in July 2012, and missed the earth by a week.
Using 4 satellites, the National Weather Service’s Space Weather Prediction Center in Boulder, Colorado can predict an incoming solar event when it’s 30 minutes away. The trouble is that these satellites are reaching the end of their planned lives, and fuel, with only one being replaced this year. That means that until a replacement is launched, we are at the mercy of the suns weather patterns. Maybe this would be a good time to invest in kerosene lanterns and candles.
Photo courtesy of
Kim Jong un; His Quest For Power And Respect
images (6)
As if we don’t have enough in the world to deal with, now we have to contend with Kim Jong-un, the young leader who’s rattling sabers and stomping his feet again because of a movie, “The Interview”, that depicts a plot to eliminate him as the leader of North Korea by way of assasination. Here in the real world, he still irritates everybody with his determination to obtain long range nuclear weapon to play with while trying to fill his father’s shoes and run the country with an iron fist no matter the cost, and he proved as much by having his uncle executed shortly after taking command of the country giving rise to the term that North Korea is “no country for old men”.
It was last year that he started firing off underground nuclear test challenging the world’s patience with his “I don’t care” attitude, and letting this “man-child” have access to missiles with nuclear warheads is like giving a bottle of nitroglycerine to a 2 year old and hoping he doesn’t drop it. And to even allow Kim Jong-un to experiment with nuclear power is not a good thing even though he says that his quest for nuclear power is for peaceful purposes and the betterment of his people. Yet he sufficiently annoyed China enough last year that it prompted a strong reaction from the new Chinese President, Xi Jinping, who sees Kim Jong as testing the waters as a way of seeing what he can get away with. Because of North Korea’s desperate state of poverty, it depends on China for food and fuel, and even though China has condemned many of North Korea’s actions, there are many who feel that more should be done to deter the young leader from seeking nuclear power at this time.
China has called on North Korea to renew suspended contacts with the 6 party group, the United States, Japan, Russia, South Korea, China, and North Korea, that has provided a forum for discussing Pyongyang’s nuclear program and other subjects. The six as a group hold these forums as a way to discuss the feasibility of trying to decide if nuclear power could help North Korea’s struggling economy. When Kim Jong-un showed an unwillingness to do that, the United Nations Security Council applied economic sanctions. Because Kim had stated that an improved economy was his top priority, the sanctions are hitting the country hard. China feels that by North Korea’s returning to the six party talks, would likely turn into a diplomatic triumph for all concerned.
Even though North Korea’s long distance warhead delivery technology has to this point been unimpressive, the United States feels that the six party talks need to resume, and there was some hope that Kim Jong-un would finally give in and return to the table, but that hope may have just been dashed with the release of “The Interview”, and as of right now, Kim Jong-un’s next move is unpredictable. There have been countless leaders in the world who at one time or another was the butt of a humerous shinanigan or a cruel joke, but when you make a movie comedy about the planning and the killing of a country’s leader, you strike a nerve, and one day, that could prove to be deadly.
Photo courtesy of
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Question: What Problems Can Type 2 Diabetes Cause?
What is the most common complication of diabetes?
Nerve damage (neuropathy): One of the most common diabetes complications, nerve damage can cause numbness and pain.
Nerve damage most often affects the feet and legs but can also affect your digestion, blood vessels, and heart..
What lowers blood sugar immediately?
Which body part is affected by diabetes?
Parts of the body that diabetes can affect later in life include: eyes. kidneys. nerves.
Can diabetes go away?
What happens if you don’t treat diabetes type 2?
Is walking good for diabetes?
What foods can reverse diabetes?
How long can you live with diabetes without treatment?
People lose on average around eight years from their life expectancy after developing diabetes. The best way to avoid the condition altogether is by keeping moderately lean and taking some regular light exercise.”
Is diabetes considered a disability?
The short answer is “Yes.” Under most laws, diabetes is a protected as a disability. Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes are protected as disabilities.
How does type 2 diabetes affect the body?
With type 2 diabetes, your pancreas stops using insulin effectively. This causes issues with being able to pull sugar from the blood and put it into the cells for energy. Eventually, this can lead to the need for insulin medication.
What is the main cause of diabetes?
Is diabetes a serious condition?
Diabetes is a serious condition where your blood glucose level is too high. It can happen when your body doesn’t produce enough insulin, or when you can’t produce any at all.
What does uncontrolled diabetes feel like?
The condition most commonly occurs in people with type 2 diabetes and can take days or weeks to develop. The signs of HHNS include excessive thirst, frequent urination, fever, drowsiness, hallucinations, skin that is warm and dry, coma, vision loss, convulsions, fever and a blood sugar level that is over 600 mg/dL.
What problems does diabetes cause?
ComplicationsCardiovascular disease. … Nerve damage (neuropathy). … Kidney damage (nephropathy). … Eye damage (retinopathy). … Foot damage. … Skin conditions. … Hearing impairment. … Alzheimer’s disease.More items…
How long can you live with type 2 diabetes?
People with type 1 diabetes, on average, have shorter life expectancy by about 20 years. People with type 2 diabetes, on average, have shorter life expectancy by about 10 years.
Can Diabetes Type 2 Be Cured?
There’s no cure for type 2 diabetes, but losing weight, eating well and exercising can help manage the disease. If diet and exercise aren’t enough to manage your blood sugar well, you may also need diabetes medications or insulin therapy.
How do most diabetics die?
What are the final stages of diabetes?
What is diabetic belly?
How do you know when your diabetes is getting worse?
Tingling, pain, or numbness in your hands or feet. Stomach problems like nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea. A lot of bladder infections or trouble emptying your bladder. Problems getting or keeping an erection.
How do you feel when your blood sugar is too high?
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What is Endometriosis
The main symptom of endometriosis is pelvic pain associated with menstrual periods. Patients with this condition report pain on a level far beyond that associated with typical menstrual cramps, and the degree of pain can increase over time.
Pain during or after sex, bowel movements, and urination can be expected especially during menstrual periods. Excessive bleeding can even occur during regular and intermenstrual periods. Other symptoms may include nausea, constipation, bloating, diarrhea, and fatigue.
Endometriosis has also been shown to cause infertility in some of those who have it. In fact, many women first receive their diagnosis while seeking infertility treatment. Roughly one-third to one-half of women diagnosed experience some degree of fertility complications.
Endometriosis has the ability to block the fallopian tubes, keeping the sperm and egg from being able to join. It can also affect fertility in other ways, such as damaging the egg or sperm itself. Although many with mild to moderate endometriosis may still conceive and carry children, doctors recommend that they do not delay as the condition could quickly progress to a point where that is no longer possible.
Ovarian cancer also develops more frequently in women with endometriosis, but the chances of that occurring are relatively low to begin with. Adenocarcinoma, another type of cancer, can develop later in life for those who have had endometriosis, although it is rare.
Severity of pain is most often an unreliable indicator of the progression of the condition. Patients report severe pain from a mild case, or have advanced endometriosis while reporting little to no pain. It is important to consult a doctor to obtain an accurate representation.
Although the exact cause of endometriosis remains unknown, researchers have presented several possible explanations. One of the most likely causes is referred to as retrograde menstruation. This process causes menstrual blood, which contains endometrial cells, to flow in reverse back through the fallopian tube. From there they enter into the pelvic cavity instead of exiting the body. These cells stick to pelvic walls and organs, where they continue to thicken and grow during each menstrual cycle.
In what has been coined the “induction theory”, hormones or immune factors may promote the transformation of peritoneal cells that line the inside of your abdomen with endometrial-like cells. Hormones such as estrogen may also be able to transform embryonic cells in endometrial-like cells during the puberty process.
After surgeries such as a hysterectomy or a C-section, endometrial cells can attach to the surgical incision. The blood vessels or tissue fluid system may then transport the endometrial cells to other parts of the body.
In order to treat endometriosis medication or surgery is typically involved. Doctors usually recommend conservative treatment initially, and only call for surgery if other methods have failed.
Many doctors will supplement treatment with over-the-counter pain relievers, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs like ibuprofen. Some also recommend hormone therapy in combination as long as the patient is not trying to get pregnant.
Hormone fluctuation during the menstrual cycle causes endometrial tissue to thicken, break down, and bleed, making supplemental hormones often an effective treatment option. However, the effects are not permanent and symptoms could return after stopping treatment.
An invasive yet more effective treatment is conservative surgery. This involves a surgeon removing the endometrial tissue while preserving the uterus and ovaries.
Natural remedies may include anti-inflammatory agents and some that reduce oxidative stress, such as:
• Curcumin
• Probiotics
• Omega 3 fatty acids
• Berries
• Milk thistle
Due to how widespread this condition is, much more research is needed in the field in order to bring about a higher quality of life for the millions of women everywhere suffering from this chronic affliction.
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His large wall works in fresco helped establish the Mexican Mural Movement in Mexican art. Between 1922 and 1953, Rivera painted murals among others in Mexico City, Chapingo, Cuernavaca, San Francisco, Detroit, and New York City. In 1931, a retrospective exhibition of his works was held at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City.
Diego Rivera was born in Guanajuato, Mexico to a well-to-do family. Diego had a twin brother named Carlos, who died two years after they were born. Rivera began drawing at the age of three, a year after his twin brother’s death. He had been caught drawing on the walls. His parents, rather than punishing him, installed chalkboards and canvas on the walls.
po_Rivera-Diego3 po_Rivera-Diego4po_Rivera-Diego5po_Rivera-Diego6 po_Rivera-Diego8 po_Rivera-Diego9po_Rivera-Diego10 po_Rivera-Diego12
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Should Japanese schools teach multiculturalism?
by Masataka Yamamoto
Recently, the world internationalizes in everywhere and a lot of people’s exchange is going on in society. To understand the people who came from different places requires some knowledge of different cultures. Japan is one of the developed countries in the world so we have to know other cultures to play a role in international society as Japan.
I don’t think any Japanese schools teach multiculturalism so far. The word multiculturalism describes that the education of human race, ethnicity, gender, economic hierarchy, handicap problem, and sexual orientation. It is necessary to support students to realize who they are in many groups so they can understand what really they are. However, many old people try to protect Japanese culture itself from other cultures’ intervention. Also Japanese geographical features are island so it has fewer relations with other cultures, compared to countries which are located on the continent. Japan has fewer chances to touch with other cultures so Japan should more freely to know other cultures.
In my opinion, Japanese school should teach multiculturalism in every school. It is because I have an experience of living in countryside of the United States and there were many black people and fewer Asian people. White people and black people were friendly to each other, but not to Asians. They called us like narrow eyes, kamikaze, yellow monkey, whatever that describes Asian or Japanese people badly. I felt very uncomfortable by being called such discriminatory words, so I thought it needs to disappear. This happened in the U.S., and Japan has fewer chances to get with other cultures than the U.S. If many foreigners go to Japanese elementary school or junior high and Japanese students don’t have multicultural education, what will happen? I think students will have discrimination against different cultures. To prevent this from happening, every Japanese school should teach multiculturalism for understanding of other cultures. Also knowing other cultures have merits when people going to other countries. For example, people in U.S. are mixed together as German, Russian, African, Chinese, etc. so to know other cultures is important in international society.
In conclusion, Japanese school should teach multiculturalism to understand other cultures and learning multiculturalism will need when people go to another places. People are exchanging everywhere in this International society so learning of multiculturalism will be main tool to have a communication with people from different places.
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More Than Apples, We Need Frith
I ache to experience it. And I long for a kindred where frith is central. It seems in short supply in my own family.
From the Urban Dictionary entry for Frith:
Frith is an Old English word that means Peace and Freedom; but means so much more. It is an important concept in the religion of Asatru. It might be described as a combination of loyalty, honor, hospitality, and support. It is the obligation to one’s community, friends, and family to consider their welfare in your actions, and not to set out to harm them.
[And this example which shows the use of the word] Our forebears valued frith almost more than anything else.
But why do I say we need “more than apples?” What do apples have to do with anything?
Ilja Repin, Apples and Leaves, 1879.
I recently watched an extremely sad documentary, God Knows Where I Am, the story of Linda Bishop, a woman in her early 60s struggling with severe mental illness who ends up living on rainwater, snow melt, and apples for four months, during an extremely severe winter in New Hampshire, with no power, no running water. She broke into an unoccupied farmhouse for shelter and eventually starved to death as the apples ran out. She kept a journal until she was too weak to write.
Apples were essential to Linda. And that apple tree was probably the only bright and generous being in her universe, during those last months of her life. It feed her through most of the winter until all the apples were gone. The apples were essential to her survival, but that fabled milk of human kindness was more important yet, and of that, there was none.
This poor woman was not miles away from nowhere. There were neighbors just across the street. People drove past this unoccupied farmhouse every day. You cannot tell me that no one in that neighborhood ever saw this woman wandering to the nearby stream or the apple tree, while the weather still permitted. Or that they never saw her in the attic window where she looked out upon the world and read the cast off books she’d found there.
What kind of people, what kind of society would allow this woman (and others) to live and die in such a manner?
A people without frith, that’s what.
I imagine that Linda–as a mentally ill woman–had been rebuffed, scorned, and mistreated enough so that she was unable to reach out to other humans, even as her situation became dire. Yes, she dreamt of rescue by an imaginary lover, but when he did not appear by Christmas, she seems to have given up hope.
Remember that quote from Blanche DuBois in A Streetcar Named Desire? She says, “I have always depended on the kindness of strangers.” This is her last line as she’s carted off to an institution after having been abused and raped by her brother-in-law. Linda Bishop had probably given up on any expectations of “kind strangers.” She was clearly afraid of people and there may have been a good reason for that.
We all hope that acts of violent abuse are at the further end of the spectrum of human cruelty and we hope that they are rare. But great damage can be done, especially to someone who is vulnerable, by an sequence of dismissive, uncaring, or callous actions. Put-downs, dismissals, writing someone off, not listening or paying attention to the emotional truth at the core of a confused narrative–such things can lead a person to back off from the hope of kindness from others. In fact, it hurts too much to hope!
But if there were a greater emphasis, in all of us, on cultivating and enacting social values such as the kind contained by the word “frith”–loyalty, honor, hospitality, peace, support, freedom (with responsibility)–perhaps fewer people would fall through the cracks and perhaps more people would feel they had a respected and dignified place at the community “table,” even if they were damaged, broken, or had been cast off or cast out in some way (too old, too disabled, too poor, too whatever else). For me, frith has a resonance with “aloha,” a word that means much more than just “love” or “good-bye” in ‘Olelo Hawai’i (Hawaiian language).
It would seem to make common sense that in order to receive frith, you would have to extend it to others–and so I do. But that only works when there is a shared set of values, the possibility of reciprocity. Otherwise, all such efforts may be doomed.
And so I ask, where are those who are doing their best to inclusively (as in The Troth, Heathens Against Hate, and various stray Lokeans) live by frith, to establish and cherish familial and chosen kindred? And is there anyone out there in these here parts? And can I have some of what you’re having too?
Apples, I’ve got.
I can share.
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Eggs Are Awesome
All About Yolks
According to the NC Egg Association, “Yolk color depends on the hen’s diet.” The more yellow-orange plant pigments, the deeper the color. When hens eat mostly wheat or barley their yolks are lighter.
chicken eating grain
What about those double yolks? This usually happens when the egg is produced by a young hen whose cycle is not synchronized with the other chickens. A while back when all fat in foods was a public enemy #1, egg yolks were getting a bad reputation. Today we know that fats are essential in our diet and healthy fats are beneficial. Eggs Yolks have most of the vitamins including A,D,E and K and contain more calcium, copper, iron, manganese, phosphorus, selenium and zinc than the white and only a little less than half the protein. The protein from one egg equals that of 1 ounce of lean meat.
Getting the Grade
Eggs are Graded on a scale from AA to B. So what is the difference?
• AA graded eggs are the best. They are the ones to use if you want a more uniform fried or poached egg.
• A graded eggs are mostly what we see in the supermarkets. The whites are a little thinner so they spread out in weird shapes in a frying pan and drift away from the yolk when poaching
• B graded eggs are rarely sold in supermarkets and are mostly used in commercial baking and egg products.
chicken eggs cracked open
According to the American Egg Board, most eggs are shipped within 1 to 3 days of a hen laying the egg on a farm. You can keep eggs in the refrigerator for 3-5 weeks. Eggs that are kept at room temperature will degrade much quicker at a rate equal to 1 week refrigerated. 1 day = 1 week
Egg History
Europe has been domesticating birds since 600 BC. China and Egypt have records dating back to 1400 BC that show birds were producing eggs for human consumption. East Indian historians believe that wild birds were domesticated as early as 3200 BC. How did they get to America? Well, like everything else in the fifteenth century, chickens came by boat. Source: American Egg Board
The Business of Eggs
On average, each laying hen produces 294 eggs per year. As Americans, we are consuming more of them than ever before. Per capita consumption of eggs has increased by over 16 percent in the past 20 years. Source: United Egg Producers
According to Eggs Feed America, the total economic impact on the United States is $29.3 billion. In North Carolina the impact is over 1.7 billion. According to the USDA, North Carolina ranks 8 out of the top ten in egg production. The average wages of those working in the industry are $58,000.
Types of Eggs
Chicken eggs are the most common, however, duck eggs and quail eggs are sold in many supermarkets across the United States. We have a neighbor who raises both and supplies us with these eggs often.
Duck eggs are basic, meaning they are alkaline-based versus chicken eggs which are acidic-based. Some say there are health benefits to eating alkaline balanced foods. I am not a health or nutritional professional so I can not speak directly to that. I, however, do look at the nutritional values that are a matter of fact and recognized by the USDA.
Cooking with Eggs
Hard Boiling Eggs
The trick to an easy-peel egg is to not use the freshest eggs you have. Instead, reach for eggs that are at least one week old. Then boil the water first and gently lower the egg with a slotted spoon. Once cooked immerse the egg into ice-cold water until chilled. To peel tap it on both sides and insert a spoon between the shell and the membrane to lift the shell right off. Repeat this process until all the shell is removed. I also recommend rinsing the spoon and egg in the cold water, this makes it easier to peel and rinses away any loose pieces of the shell.
We love them all and have some favorite ways to prepare them. If you like hard boiled eggs, all of them are good prepared this way but because of the different sizes you will need to adjust cooking times to accommodate the size of the egg you are working with.
How long does it take to hard boil each type of egg?
• Duck eggs typically take 12-13 minutes from the time the water is in a full rolling boil.
• Chicken eggs being a bit smaller need less time for an extra-large chicken egg I would suggest boiling for 11 minutes
• Quail Eggs are so tiny they cook much quicker4- 5 minutes is more than enough time for a hard-boiled quail egg.
Soft Boiling Eggs
You want to make sure you have a firm white with any soft boiled egg.
• Duck Eggs are typically 8 minutes for a soft boiled egg with a runny yolk.
• Chicken eggs can be soft boiled in as little as 6 minutes
• Quail eggs 2 minutes and 15 seconds- to 3 minutes.
Of course scrambled, fried and poached are also great ways to eat them.
Other uses for Duck Eggs
We have found that substituting duck eggs for chicken eggs sometimes can alter the flavor of some foods. For example I do not like my chocolate chip cookies or brownies made with duck eggs. I did recently make an amazing lemon curd utilizing the yolks of duck eggs and I would definitely recommend this to you. Perhaps it had to do with the acid in the lemon balancing with the alkaline of the duck egg. I understand that using the whites of the duck egg can also make a marvelous meringue.
Other Uses for Quail Eggs
quail eggs over grits
I like a little quail egg dropped on top of just about anything. My favorite is on top of grits with a bit of crumbled sausage. But why not drop over asparagus or a burger?
I know Easter has passed but you can color these eggs and they come out so pretty. Try this next year for a change of pace. Kids love quail eggs since they are kid sized and perfect for their tiny hands.
easter eggs and decorative antipasto
Scotch eggs are a treat for some and can be made with quail eggs so you just can pop them in your mouth. Great finger food for a tailgate or party.
soft boiled eggs over congee
Do you have a favorite egg recipe? How about Bearnaise Sauce or Custard or Egg Salad? Eggs in soups are very popular in many cultures. My chef friend, Preeti Waas who makes the most incredible Indian food. prepared this wonderful rice dish called congee with eggs on top of it. The fattiness of the egg yolk made the dish much richer Regardless of which eggs you choose or how you decide to eat them hopefully you learned how versatile and delicious they are.
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History of the Torah
By Jeff A. Benner
Oral Tradition
It is widely believed that the Torah was written by Moses. While this is the traditional origins of the Judeo-Christian religions, there is no record in the Torah of its author. Whether the Torah was written by Moses or another author, how did he know about the events of creation, the flood, and the history of the Hebrew people? Two possibilities exist to explain this knowledge. One possibility is that God had revealed the facts to him through divine inspiration. The other possibility is that the stories and events were handed down from generation to generation and the author would have been very familiar with these traditional stories and could have simply written them down.
In the Hebrew language, the Hebrew word דבר (davar) is used for a "thing," something of substance.
KJV Leviticus 5:2 Or if a soul touch any unclean thing
KJV Numbers 18:7 Therefore thou and thy sons with thee shall keep your priest's office for every thing of the altar…
This same Hebrew word is also used for an action or an important event.
Genesis 18:14 Is any thing too hard for the LORD?...
KJV Exodus 12:24 And ye shall observe this thing (referring to the Passover) for an ordinance to thee and to thy sons for ever.
KJV Numbers 32:20 And Moses said unto them, If ye will do this thing, if ye will go armed before the LORD to war,
KJV Deuteronomy 23:9 When the host goeth forth against thine enemies, then keep thee from every wicked thing.
From this we can conclude that actions were perceived as things of substance, much in the same way as physical objects. The word דבר is also used for "words" as seen in the following passages.
KJV Genesis 15:1 After these things the word of the LORD came unto Abram in a vision…
KJV Genesis 44:2 …And he did according to the word that Joseph had spoken.
KJV Exodus 14:12 Is not this the word that we did tell thee in Egypt…
KJV Numbers 11:23 …thou shalt see now whether my word shall come to pass unto thee or not.
In our Western culture, the written word carries much more weight than the oral word and all official documents, contracts and agreements are written to record specific events. While it may seem strange, or even impossible, in our culture, the opposite was true in the ancient Hebrew cultures, the oral word carried more weight them then the written word as the oral word was considered something of substance. This concept is clearly demonstrated in the Genesis chapter 27. Isaac is about to give his blessing to his eldest son, Esau, before he dies. Esau’s younger brother, Jacob, deceives his father by impersonating Esau and Isaac gives his blessing to Jacob. When Esau comes to his father to receive his blessing Isaac tells him, "Your brother came with treachery and has taken away your blessing." Esau then begs his father for the blessing, but Isaac states that he had already given it Jacob and he will be blessed because of it. The "words" of Isaac were given Jacob and he could not take them back, no more than if he had tried to take back a stone that he had thrown into the sea.
The ancients placed much weight on the oral traditions which were handed down from generation to generation. The stories and traditions were spoken from father to son and memorized with complete accuracy. The written document could be lost or destroyed but the story lived forever in the mind and could never be lost or destroyed. It would have been these stories that Moses would have heard since childhood and long ago put to memory.
Ancient Texts
The Original Manuscripts
Figure 37 – Hebrew manuscript, 11th C A.D. (Image courtesy of Schøyen Collection)
The original manuscripts of the Hebrew Bible, which would have been written on animal skins or papyrus, have long since deteriorated and what remains today, are copies from these original autographs.
In the digital age, electronic copies are perfect representations of the original. However, in ancient times, making a copy of a manuscript was much more tedious and not as precise and this allowed for human intervention or error.
Oldest Known Copies of Biblical Texts
Figure 38 – Silver scroll discovered in Ketef Hinnom
In a tomb at Ketef Hinnom in Israel, the oldest text of the Hebrew Bible was discovered. The text, inscribed on a silver scroll in the old Hebrew script dating to the 7th Century B.C., is the Aaronic blessing, which begins, "yeverekh'kha YHWH Vayishmarekha" (May Yahweh bless you and keep you).
Figure 39 – The Nash Papyrus
Another very old fragment of the Hebrew Bible is the Nash Papyrus, discovered in Egypt in 1898. The fragment includes the Ten Commandments (Exodus 20:2-17) and the Sh'ma (Deuteronomy 5:6-21) and is dated to the 2nd Century B.C.
Very few ancient texts of the Hebrew Bible have been found and are very rare, that is until 1947 when the discovery of a depository of scrolls in the Dead Sea Caves provided us with a library of ancient manuscripts of the Hebrew Bible.
The Dead Sea Scrolls
Between 1947 and 1956, ancient scrolls and fragments of the Hebrew Bible were discovered in caves near the Dead Sea dating to the 1st Century B.C. and the 1st Century A.D.
Figure 40 – Dead Sea Scroll fragment, (Photograph courtesy of Petros Koutoupis)
The manuscripts discovered in the Dead Sea Caves include; all of the Canonical Books of the Hebrew Bible with the exception of the book of Esther, non-Canonical Books such as Enoch, Jubilees, Tobit and Sirach as well as Psalms that are not part of the 150 Psalms in the Canonical Bible, and Sectarian Books such as, the Community Rule, the War Scroll, the Damascus Document and commentaries on books of the Bible.
There are several different theories on the origin of these texts. The predominating theory is that the scrolls were the work of a Jewish sect called the Essenes who, it is believed, resided in nearby Qumran and that the scrolls were hidden away in the caves to protect them from the advancing Roman army.
Other theories for the writers of the scrolls include Early Messianics (often called Christians) or Zadokite Priests.
A newer theory, is that the scrolls were from various libraries and synagogues, in Jerusalem, about 15 miles from the caves.
The Isaiah Scroll
Figure 41 – A section of the Isaiah Scroll
The most famous of the scrolls found within the Dead Sea Caves is the Isaiah Scroll. While most of the scrolls are fragmented, deteriorating or incomplete, the Isaiah scroll is the only complete scroll found.
Figure 42 – Torah Scroll
The life of a scroll depends on its handling and storage, but can be in use by a community for several hundred years. Some Torah Scrolls still in use in synagogues today are over 500 years old.
The Isaiah scroll from the Dead Sea Caves has been dated to around 200 B.C. Isaiah wrote his original scroll around 700 B.C. and may have been in use up until around 200 B.C. This means that is possible for the Isaiah Scroll from the Dead Sea Caves to be a copy made directly from Isaiah's original scroll.
The Isaiah scroll, as well as many other scrolls and fragments from the Dead Sea, are currently on stored and on display in Jerusalem at the Shrine of the Book.
The Masoretic Texts
The Masoretes were a group of Jewish scribes and scholars from the 6th to 10th centuries that compiled the entire Tanach (Old Testament) into one Codex (book). The Masoretes added the nikkud (vowel pointings) to the text in an attempt to standardize pronunciation, added paragraphs and verse divisions and added cantillation marks to the text.
The two oldest Masoretic texts are the Aleppo Codex and the Leningrad Codex. Both of these codices are virtually identical, with only a slight variation in the paragraphs, verse numbers and spellings of words. The Mechanical Translation of the Torah is based on the Aleppo Codex, but when there is a spelling difference between the Aleppo Codex and the Leningrad Codex, the Leningrad Codex spelling is provided in the footnotes.
The Aleppo Codex
Figure 43 – A page from the Aleppo Codex
Up until the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls, the oldest existing complete Hebrew Bible was the Aleppo codex, also called the Masoretic text, which was written in the 10th Century C.E., a thousand years after the Dead Sea Scrolls. For centuries, this text has been the foundation for Jewish and Christian translators.
The major difference between the Aleppo Codex and the Dead Sea Scrolls is the addition of the vowel pointings in the Aleppo Codex to the Hebrew words. These pointings provide the vowel sounds that are not present in the Hebrew language and were probably inserted into the text to standardize pronunciation.
Figure 44 – The name ישראל (Israel) in a Dead Sea Scroll (left) and the Aleppo Codex (right)
The name ישראל (yis'ra'el – Israel), is spelled in Hebrew with five letters; י (yud-Y), ש (sin-S), ר (resh-R), א (aleph) and ל (lamed-L), and can be transliterated as Y-S-R-L. Only these five letters are used in the Dead Sea Scrolls, but in the Aleppo codex, vowel pointings, in the form of dots and dashes are placed above and below each letter to represent the vowel sounds (i, a and e), providing the pronunciation YiSRa’eL.
While the Masoretic text and the Dead Sea Scrolls were transcribed a thousand years apart, they are amazingly similar proving that the copying methods employed by the Jewish scribes over the centuries are very sophisticated and successful. However, there are some differences; some are simple variations of a reading, while others are much more complex.
Besides the addition of the vowel pointings, other changes have occurred in the Hebrew text after making copies of copies. One of the more dramatic changes is the accidental removal of whole verses.
Figure 45 – A portion of Psalm 145 from the Aleppo Codex
Psalm 145 is an acrostic psalm where each verse begins with the next letter of the Hebrew alphabet. In the Aleppo Codex the first verse begins with the letter aleph, the second with the beyt, the third with the gimel, and so on. Verse 13 begins with the letter מ (mem-top highlighted letter), the 13th letter of the Hebrew alphabet, the next verse begins with the letter ס (samech-bottom highlighted letter), the 15th letter of the Hebrew alphabet. There is no verse beginning with the 14th letter נ (nun).
Figure 46 – A portion of Psalm 145 from the Dead Sea Scrolls
When we examine Psalm 145 from the Dead Sea Scrolls, we find between the verse beginning with the מ (mem-top) and the verse beginning with the ס (samech-bottom), the verse beginning with the letter נ (nun-center). This verse, missing from the Aleppo Codex, and all modern Hebrew Bibles that are copied from this codex, but found in the Dead Sea Scrolls reads,נאמן אלוהים בדבריו וחסיד בכול מעשיו (God is faithful in his words, and gracious in all his deeds).
This is why Psalm 145:13 reads differently in the King James Version and the modern versions such as the Revised Standard Version. The King James Version was written prior to the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls, while the Revised Standard Version, and other modern versions, were written afterward and often incorporate what has been found in the Dead Sea Scrolls.
Ancient Translations
As the Jewish people began to spread out beyond Israel, they adopted the language of their new neighbors. This necessitated the need for translations of the Bible in their new languages in order for them to continue reading the Bible. While there have been many translations of the Hebrew Bible into many different languages, the three most widely used in ancient times are the Latin, Aramaic and Greek.
Figure 47 – A portion of an Aramaic Targum (Image courtesy of Schøyen Collection)
Of the many Aramaic translations of the Hebrew Bible, there are three principle ones. Targum Onkelos is an Aramaic translation of the first five books of the Bible. It was written in the 1st Century A.D. by Onkelos, a Roman convert to Judaism. Targum Jonathon is an Aramaic translation of the Prophets. It was written in the 1st Century B.C. by Jonathon Ben Uziel, a student of Hillel the Elder, the famous Jewish teacher and religious leader.
Figure 48 - A portion of the Aramaic Peshitta
The Peshitta is an Aramaic translation of the entire Hebrew Bible that was written around the 2nd Century A.D. The Peshitta also includes an Aramaic New Testament that was written around the 5th Century A.D.
Figure 49 – A portion of the Greek Septuagint
The Septuagint is a Greek translation of the first five books of the Hebrew Bible, the Torah, written by Jewish scholars in the 3rd Century B.C. the remainder of the Hebrew Bible, the writings and the prophets were translated by unknown translators between the 2nd and 1st Centuries B.C.
Figure 50 – A portion of the Latin Vulgate
The Latin Vulgate, consisting of the Hebrew Bible as well as the New Testament, was written by Jerome, a Christian priest and apologist, in the 5th Century A.D.
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All Hail King Neptune!
Neptune is the fourth largest planet in the solar system, and one of the mightiest! This blue planet is over 4 billion km away from the Sun, travelling in an almost perfectly circular orbit!
If that isn’t impressive, hold on for a bit and let me try to convince you of Neptune’s awesomeness!
Neptune is one buff planet!
We all know muscle is denser than fat? Well, I guess the same idea could be applied to planets too. Neptune is the densest of all gas planets, mainly due to the fact that it is mostly made of ices (volatile substances) and rock.
Neptune has a relatively small but high-pressure silicate core. The majority of the planet is actually just mantle, made up of icy substances like methane, water and ammonia. These materials are naturally a bit heavier than hydrogen and helium, but there are other factors such as pressure and temperature which will also affect the volume of the materials, and hence the density.
Neptune feels emotions! Sometimes he’s feeling a bit blue…
Above the core and mantle is the atmosphere, where there are gases like hydrogen, helium and most importantly, methane. The methane in the atmosphere absorbs red/infrared light, meaning bluer colours are reflected better.
Neptune-Methane (2)
Above is an optical + near IR image, showing where the methane is concentrated. It’s the methane that gives Neptune it’s deep ocean blue. However, we’re not exactly sure why Neptune looks bluer than Uranus. I guess he’s going through something.
…sometimes he’s just under the weather.
Very few planets experience changing weather, but Neptune goes further and has his very own climate!
The blue planet experiences harsh storms, some of which travel almost twice as fast as the speed of sound in air!
Image of Neptune with its Great Dark Spot. Credit: NY Public Library.
The most famous one is the Great Dark Spot, discovered in 1989 but disappeared within the span of 5 years. Others you may not have heard of are the Small Dark Spot and The Scooter (what kind of a name is that?). Both of these were located a little more south than the Great Dark Spot.
The best theory so far as to what these stormy spots are, is that they’re vortex storms that have formed in the lower layers of Neptune’s atmosphere.
Above these spots lie clouds of methane, ammonia, water ice and even compounds containing sulphur! Some of the highest clouds look similar to smog/haze. These are made of hydrocarbons similar to ones we have on Earth.
Even Earth doesn’t get that many different types of clouds! Neptune is an amazing planet, which will surely get more attention from us soon!
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5 types of traditional Chinese clothing
Credit: learnchinese.medium.com
The story of clothing and costumes is one of the most fascinating developments in human history.
Every nation in the world has its unique traditional clothing, from which the particular histories and cultures could be recognized, so as for people to be able to distinguish one citizen from another.
China, as a multi-ethnic and time-honored country, has many ethnic minorities who have their indigenous culture. The mutual influences among these different cultures have contributed to the rich textures and fabrics of history and have made Chinese clothing with great variation and glory.
Traditional Chinese dress & clothing has been shaped and developed alongside the interactive influences between the outside world and China’s own dynastic traditions.
Every different dynastic has different scopes of territory, social values, social norms, etc. Therefore, many aesthetic standards were made according to the environments (socially, geographically, economically, politically) of certain dynastic. This is the main reason why traditional Chinese clothing has such many styles.
5 Types of Traditional Chinese Clothing & Dress
For exploring the world of traditional Chinese clothing, it is necessary to learn the most classic 5 categories. Which are, respectively, Hanfu, Cheongsam, Tang suit, Zhongshan suit, and customs of the minority ethnics.
Every category has its own production techniques and considerable discrepancies could be observed when comparing different categories or 1 category at different times.
This article provides a brief introduction to each category. By reading the following contents, the basic frameworks of traditional Chinese clothing could be structured.
1. Hanfu
Hanfu, with the name oriented from the Chinese meaning ‘Han people’s clothing’, encompassing all types and styles of traditional clothing worn by the Han Chinese.
The Han Chinese trace a common ancestry to the Huaxia, a name for the initial confederation of agricultural tribes living along the Yellow River. The term Huaxia represents the collective Neolithic confederation of agricultural tribes Hua and Xia who settled along the Central Plains around the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River in northern China.
Hanfu, as its definition, born at the beginning of the history of Han ethnicity. Therefore, it has the longest history among all traditional Chinese clothing.
History of Hanfu
Hanfu has a history of more than three millennia. From the beginning of its history, Hanfu was inseparable from silk, supposedly discovered by the Yellow Emperor’s consort, Leizu.
Hanfu dominated the Chinese fashion world from the reign of the Yellow Emperor (2969 BC-2598 BC) to the end of the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644).
Each dynasty has its own styles and aesthetics. For instance, Shenyi in Pre-Qin Dynasty; Ru dress in Qin and Han Dynasty; Tiaowenjiansequn in Wei Dynasty; Bambi in Sui and Tang Dynasty, etc.
Some dresses are popular and worn by people in different dynasties, some are just a flash in the pan. In both cases, all Hanfu has evolved and influenced by each other to some extent.
Even though there are plenty of Hanfu styles, each of them could be assembled by a set of clothing pieces.
Yi (衣): any open cross-collar garment, and worn by both sexes
Pao (袍): any closed full-body garment, worn only by men in Hanfu
Ru (襦): open cross-collar shirt
Shan (衫): open cross-collar shirt or jacket that is worn
Qun (裙) or Chang (裳): skirt for women and men
Ku (裈): trousers or pants
Apart from these, ancient Han Chinese were also accessorized with tassels and jade pendants or various ornaments hung from the belt or sash, known as Pei (珮).
Follows are the introduction of some Hanfu styles.
Zhongyi (中衣): inner garments, mostly white cotton or silk
Shanqun (衫裙): a short coat with a long skirt
Ruqun (襦裙): a top garment with a separate lower garment or skirt
Kuzhe (裤褶): a short coat with trousers
Zhiduo/Zhishen (直裰/直身): a Ming Dynasty style robe, similar to a shenyi but with vents at the side and ‘stitched sleeves’
Daopao/Fusha (道袍/彿裟): taoist/ buddhist priests’ full-dress ceremonial robes
Xuanduan (玄端): a very formal dark robe; equivalent to the Western white tie
Shenyi (深衣): a long full body garment
Quju (曲裾): diagonal body wrapping
Zhiju (直裾): straight lapels
Yuanlingshan (圆领衫), Lanshan (襕衫) or Panlingpao (盘领袍): closed, round-collared robe; mostly used for official or academic dress
2. Cheongsam
Cheongsam, also known as Qipao (旗袍) in Mandarin, is a traditional dress that has its origins back in the 17th century. It is a type of famine body-hugging dress with distinctive Chinese features of Manchu origin. During the 1920s-1930s, it was called mandarin gown and popularized by upper-class women in Shanghai. (here: learn basic Chinese?)
Qipao History
In the Qing dynasty, China was ruled by Manchus rather than Han Chinese. The rulers used an administrative division called the Eight Banner system. Originally, only the Manchu households were organized within this system, but over them, Mongols and Han Chinese were incorporated.
The Manchus, and anyone living under the Eight Banners system, wore different clothing from ordinary civilians. Such clothing consisted of similar long robes for both men and women and was known as Changpao.
For a period of time, under the dynastic laws after 1636, all Han Chinese were forced under penalty of death to adopt the Manchu male hairstyle, the queue, and dress in Manchu Changpao instead of traditional Han Chinese Clothing.
However, in the 19th century, it was very common for females to wear Qipao on both formal and casual occasions voluntarily.
Nowadays, Cheongsam is recognized around the world and has inspired many foreign adaptations because of its simple yet exotic lines. It is popular because it fits the Chinese female figure well, has simple lines, and looks elegant. It is suitable for wearing all year round for both young and elderly groups.
Modern females do not wear qipao as everyday attire. Cheongsams are now worn only during formal occasions like weddings, parties, and beauty pageants. Qipao is also used as a uniform at some Chinese restaurants, hotels, and, airlines.
It is popularly worn in China as a wedding dress, traditionally in red. Cheongsam is usually embroidered with elaborate gold and silver designs. Brides in southern China wear Qipao or a modified two-piece style, which is elaborately adorned with a gold dragon and phoenix pattern. Dragon and Phoenix is a traditional wedding dress favored by Chinese brides nowadays.
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Certificate Authority
Secured network connections based on the SSL/TLS protocol requires that the servers and, optionally, the clients, obtain private keys and related public certificates.
It is possible to buy the keys and certificates from a well known authority, like VeriSign. Such purchased certificates are highly useful since all major browsers trust such well known certificate authorities (CAs). This trust means that clients (including browsers) that connect to servers with certificates that are signed by a trusted CA will silently accept that server's identity as valid.
It is also possible to use software to self-issue and self-sign cryptographic keys and certificates. This has the advantage of being inexpensive (the only cost is the time of the administrator that creates and manages the keys and certificates). The disadvantage is that the source is not trusted so connections will fail from clients (like browsers) which enforce checks on the validity of the server's certificate. In the case of the browser, such failures can be avoided by adding exceptions to the security preferences of the browser, such that the server certificate is allowed for the specific URL used.
This chapter documents the steps needed to create a certificate authority for use in the self-signing approach using the OpenSSL tools.
As an alternative, FWD includes a tool which automatically generates the root CA and the peer certificates using a Java cryptography library. For details on this tool see the FWD Cryptography Tool chapter of this book.
OpenSSL is free software that has many applications. It has the ability to create the files needed for SSL/TLS. These files are the private keys and related public certificates.
OpenSSL comes with many distributions of Linux/UNIX. If it is not distributed with a particular OS distribution, it can be downloaded directly from the OpenSSL project web site: Directory_Configuration"> Please refer to the OpenSSL documentation for installation instructions.
Use of the OpenSSL tools is assumed for the rest of the chapter.
Create a Certificate Authority
In all following commands, examples are provided that assume the usage of a Linux operating system.
Step 1 - Create a Target Directory in the File System
Create a directory in the file system, where the CA will be stored. This location must be highly secure, since access to these files must only be available to authorized personnel. Unauthorized access would allow a malicious user to impersonate any server or client in the organization which is protected using SSL certificates.
This example will use /var/ssl as the target directory.
sudo mkdir /var/ssl
Step 2 - Customize the Script
Locate the file This file is part of OpenSSL. A typical location is /usr/local/ssl/misc/
Copy the resulting file to /usr/local/bin/
sudo cp /usr/local/ssl/misc/ /usr/local/bin/
Edit /usr/local/bin/ and change the value of the following two keywords: $SSLEAY_CONFIG and $CATOP. The first keyword specifies the configuration file to use. Set it as follows:
$SSLEAY_CONFIG="-config /etc/openssl.cnf"
The second keyword specifies a writable location in the file-system where the CA infrastructure will reside. This should be set to the target directory previously created:
Make the edited script executable:
sudo chmod +x /usr/local/bin/
Step 3 - Create OpenSSL Configuration
Create the configuration file /etc/openssl.cnf using the default configuration (normally found in /usr/lib/ssl/openssl.cnf) as a base.
sudo cp /usr/lib/ssl/openssl.cnf /etc/openssl.cnf
Edit /etc/openssl.cnf. The following values should be edited in place in the sections which the values exist. Replace every occurrence of date for the example Acme Inc with the correct organization name, file name, country, state and city.
certificate = $dir/acme-root-ca-cert.pem # The CA certificate
serial = $dir/ # serial number
private_key = $dir/private/acme-root-ca-key.pem # The private key
countryName_default = US
stateOrProvinceName = State
stateOrProvinceName_default = Georgia
localityName_default = Atlanta
0.organizationName = Acme Inc
0.organizationName_default = Acme Inc
Optionally you can modify the directory in which you want to output the certificate authority instead of the /*var/ssl* location.
dir = /work/p2j/ca # Where everything is kept
In any case the chosen directory must be built to contain the necessary structure and files set in the openssl.cnf file.
database = $dir/index.txt # database index file.
new_certs_dir = $dir/newcerts # default place for new certs.
serial = $dir/ # serial number
crl = $dir/crl.pem # The current CRL
The following steps are done considering $dir property from openssl.cnf points to /*var/ssl* location:
Modify default configuration values as needed. For example, default_days sets the certificate validity period. See the OpenSSL documentation for details.
Step 4 - Create the CA Using the Edited Script
Run the CA creation command. It also tries to create a CA certificate, but fails. Just ignore it.
/usr/local/bin/ -newca
Step 5 - Create the Self-Signed Root CA Certificate
Switch to the /var/ssl directory.
cd /var/ssl
Delete these files:
rm cacert.pem private/cakey.pem
Create a self-signed root CA certificate, valid for roughly 10 years, using this command (substitute the proper file names in as needed):
openssl req -config /etc/openssl.cnf -new -x509 -keyout private/acme-root-ca-key.pem -out acme-root-ca-cert.pem -days 3650
The command will require you to create a passphrase. The dialog:
Generating a 1024 bit RSA private key
writing new private key to 'private/acme-root-ca-key.pem'
Enter PEM pass phrase:
Verifying - Enter PEM pass phrase:
into your certificate request.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
Country Name [US]:
State [Georgia]:
Locality (city etc) [Atlanta]:
Organization [Acme Inc]:
Organizational Unit []:
Subject Name []:Certificate Authority
email []:
Step 6 - Verify the CA Certificate
Verify the CA certificate with this command:
openssl x509 -text -in acme-root-ca-cert.pem
Review the output. It should show correct Issuer, Subject, Serial Number (0), Validity dates and so on.
Step 7 - Setup Serial Numbering
Using your favorite editor, create the serial number file /var/ssl/ and put the characters 01 inside.
Step 8 - Secure Access
Access to /var/ssl must be secured. In particular, no access whatsoever (including read access) should be allowed to anyone except the authorized security administrators who must use the certificate. Something like this may work:
sudo chmod 0700 -R /var/ssl
The Certificate Authority is now ready. The certificate acme-root-ca-cert.pem is the so called root CA certificate. It has to be made known to the applications as a trusted authority certificate. All other certificates produced by this CA will refer to this root certificate.
Importing the Root CA Certificate into the Directory
The root CA certificate must be known to the FWD server. By importing this certificate into the directory of the server, all certificates signed by this CA can be known to be trusted. Otherwise, it is not possible to use any such certificates for authentication or privacy (SSL socket communications).
There are two ways to import (i.e. load) the certificate. With a running server, the administration client can be used to edit the directory of that running server. For details, please see the chapter in Part 3 of this book entitled Loading Known Certificates.
The other way to import the certificate is to use a command line utility while the server is not running. The following commands will do the work:
Change the “working directory” to the location from which the server is normally run. In this file system location, it is expected to find the directory file (the server's XML configuration file) and the server's bootstrap configuration file. For the purposes of this example, the working directory where the server's files exist will be /server/p2j/, the directory file will be directory.xml and the bootstrap configuration file will be server.xml.
cd /server/p2j
Run the utility, to load the root CA certificate as a known root certificate:
java -Xmx256m com.goldencode.p2j.util.LoadCert - server.xml /security/certificates/cas/acme-root /var/ssl/acme-root-ca-cert.pem
The bootstrap configuration file has a reference to the directory.xml (which is how the FWD server knows which file to use as its directory when the server starts). This command opens that directory file (./directory.xml) and imports the acme-root-ca-cert.pem certificate into the path /security/certificates/cas/acme-root. The acme-root name can be anything unique in that parent element (/security/certificates/cas/). The server will recognize that this is a CA based on the location in the directory and it will add it into a dynamically created in-memory trust-store at server startup. A trust-store is a list of trusted CAs. The name specified will be the alias of the CA in the trust-store.
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class of arthropods
(Redirected from Insects)
Insects, are a class in the phylum Arthropoda.[2] They are small terrestrial invertebrates which have a hard exoskeleton.
Temporal range: Ordovician ~479 mya to present [1]
Insect collage.png
Clockwise from top left: dance fly, long-nosed weevil, mole cricket, wasp, emperor gum moth, assassin bug
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Clade: Pancrustacea
Subphylum: Hexapoda
Class: Insecta
See text.
• Ectognatha
• Entomida
Insects are the largest group of animals on earth by far: about 926,400 different species have been described.[3] They are more than half of all known living species.[4][4][5][6][7] They may be over 90% of animal species on Earth.[8]
New species of insects are continually being found.[9] Estimates of the total number of species range from 2 million to 30 million.[3]
Insect bodiesEdit
Insect anatomy
A- Head B- Thorax C- Abdomen
1. antenna
2. ocelli (lower)
3. ocelli (upper)
4. compound eye
5. brain (cerebral ganglia)
6. prothorax
7. dorsal blood vessel
8. tracheal tubes (trunk with spiracle)
9. mesothorax
10. metathorax
11. forewing
12. hindwing
13. mid-gut (stomach)
14. dorsal tube (Heart)
15. ovary
16. hind-gut (intestine, rectum & anus)
17. anus
18. oviduct
19. nerve chord (abdominal ganglia)
20. Malpighian tubes
21. tarsal pads
22. claws
23. tarsus
24. tibia
25. femur
26. trochanter
27. fore-gut (crop, gizzard)
28. thoracic ganglion
29. coxa
30. salivary gland
31. subesophageal ganglion
32. mouthparts
Respiratory and circulatory systemsEdit
The tracheal system branches into ever smaller tubes. here they supply the crop of the cockroach. Scale bar: 2 mm
Many insect larvae live in water. Many of those have gills that can extract oxygen dissolved in water. Others must rise to the water surface to get air which may be held or trapped in special parts of their body.[11]
Adult insects use oxygen at a high rate when they fly. They need it for the flight muscles, the most active tissue known in biology.[12] The flight muscles use oxygen at a huge rate: 100 ccs of oxygen for every single cc of tissue per hour.[13] With this system, the greatest diameter a muscle could have (and still consume oxygen at this rate) is about 0.5 cm.[12] Even with special extra arrangements, insects cannot get larger than about 11 cm long. The largest insect bodies are about as big as a mouse.[13]
How insects growEdit
A mantis nymph looks just like a mantis adult but much smaller.
Although the adults are larger, they do need a magnifying glass or a binocular microscope to see the details. A professional entomologist uses a binocular microscope to identify insects, plus a printed reference work.[16] There are far too many insects for anyone to remember them all, and most entomologists specialise in just one or two orders.
Evolutionary historyEdit
Origin of insectsEdit
The oldest known insect fossil is the Devonian Rhyniognatha, from the 396 million year old Rhynie chert. It may have superficially resembled a modern-day silverfish insect. This species already possessed mandibles of a type associated with winged insects, suggesting that wings may already have evolved at this time. Thus, anatomical recrds suggest the first insects may have appeared earlier, in the Silurian period.[17][18] Genomic analysis puts their origin even further back in the Ordovician period.[1]
Origin of wingsEdit
This gigantism may have been due to higher atmospheric oxygen levels, which allowed increased respiratory efficiency. The lack of flying vertebrates could have been another factor. Many of the early groups became extinct during the Permian–Triassic extinction event, the largest mass extinction in the history of the Earth, around 252 million years ago.[20]
Kinds of insectsEdit
Different kinds of insects can be divided into groups called orders. There are many insect orders (about 29). The biggest insect orders are listed below:
All these groups except one (Odonata) are strongly connected with plants as a source of food.[21]
This taxonomy lists some of the better known groups of insects.
Insects and peopleEdit
1. 1.0 1.1 Misof B. and others 2014. Phylogenomics resolves the timing and pattern of insect evolution. Science 346 763-767. [1]
2. Or, if the Arthropods are regarded as a Superphylum, then the Insecta is a phylum.
3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 Grimaldi D. and Engel M.S. 2005. Evolution of the insects. Cambridge University Press. 11–15: How many species of insects? ISBN 0-521-82149-5
4. 4.0 4.1 Chapman A.D. (2006). Numbers of living species in Australia and the World. Canberra: Australian Biological Resources Study. ISBN 978-0-642-56850-2. Archived from the original on 2009-06-09. Retrieved 2015-11-08.
5. Wilson, E.O. "Threats to global diversity". Archived from the original on 20 February 2015. Retrieved 17 May 2009.
6. Novotny, Vojtech. "Low host specificity of herbivorous insects in a tropical forest". Nature. 416 (6883): 841–844. Bibcode:2002Natur.416..841N. doi:10.1038/416841a. PMID 11976681. Invalid |display-authors=etal 2002. (help)
7. Erwin, Terry L. (1997). Biodiversity at its utmost: tropical forest beetles. pp. 27–40. In: Reaka-Kudla M.L; Wilson D.E. and Wilson E.O. (ed.). Biodiversity II. Joseph Henry Press, Washington, D.C.CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
8. Erwin, Terry L. (1982). "Tropical forests: their richness in Coleoptera and other arthropod species". Coleopt. Bull. 36: 74–75.
9. Hall, Derek 2005. Encyclopedia of insects & spiders. Grange Books. ISBN 1-84013-793-2 / 1-84013-793-2
10. Although most social insects can control the temperature of their hive or nest.
11. Merritt R.W; KW Cummins K.W. & Berg M.B. (2007). An introduction to the aquatic insects of North America. Kendall Hunt Publishing Company. ISBN 0-7575-4128-3.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
12. 12.0 12.1 Weis-Foch T. 1964. Diffusion in insect wing-muscles, the most active tissue known. J. Experimental Biology 41, 229–256.
13. 13.0 13.1 Alexander, R. McNeil 1971. Size and shape. London: Arnold. Institute of Biology's Studies in Biology #29, p21.
14. Gullan, P.J. & Cranston P.S. 2005. The insects: an outline of entomology. 3rd ed, Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 1-4051-1113-5
15. Meyer, John R. (17 February 2006). "Circulatory System". NC State University: Department of Entomology, NC State University. p. 1. Archived from the original on 2009-09-27. Retrieved 2009-10-11.
16. Either a key (a special book to helps identify insects) such as Richards O.W. 1977. Hymenoptera: Introduction and key to families (Handbooks for the identification of British insects). Royal Entomological Society, London; or a large reference work, such as Carde, Ring T. and Resh, Vincent H. eds 2003. Encyclopedia of Insects. Academic Press N.Y. ISBN 0-12-586990-8 / 0-12-586990-8
17. Engel, Michael S.; David A. Grimaldi (2004). "New light shed on the oldest insect". Nature. 427 (6975): 627–630. doi:10.1038/nature02291. PMID 14961119.
18. Rice C.M.; et al. (1995). "A Devonian auriferous hot spring system, Rhynie, Scotland". Journal of the Geological Society, London. 152: 229–250. doi:10.1144/gsjgs.152.2.0229.
19. "Researchers discover oldest fossil impression of a flying insect". Newswise. Retrieved 2008-19-20. Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
20. Rasnitsyn A.P. and Quicke, D.L.J. (2002). History of insects. Kluwer. ISBN 1-4020-0026-X.
21. Southwood T.R.E. 1973. The insect-plant relationship – an evolutionary perpective. Symposium Royal Entomological Society London.
22. Rolf G. Beutel & Hans Pohl. "Endopterygote systematics – where do we stand and what is the goal (Hexapoda, Arthropoda)?". Systematic Entomology. 31 (2): 202–219. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3113.2006.00341.x.
• Hoell H.V; Doyen J.T. & Purcell A.H. 1998. Introduction to insect biology and diversity. 2nd ed, Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-510033-6
Other websitesEdit
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Question: Which Blood Cell Is Responsible For Blood Clotting?
What are the 12 blood clotting factors?
The intrinsic pathway consists of factors I, II, IX, X, XI, and XII.
Respectively, each one is named, fibrinogen, prothrombin, Christmas factor, Stuart-Prower factor, plasma thromboplastin, and Hageman factor.
The extrinsic pathway consists of factors I, II, VII, and X.
Factor VII is called stable factor..
What causes the blood not to clot?
Bleeding disorders such as hemophilia and von Willebrand disease result when the blood lacks certain clotting factors. These diseases are almost always inherited, although in rare cases they can develop later in life if the body forms antibodies that fight against the blood’s natural clotting factors.
What supplements affect blood clotting?
“Herbal supplements like garlic, ginkgo biloba, ginger, and ginseng can affect clotting factors,” says Doyle Petrongolo. She points out that St. John’s wort, evening primrose oil, omega-3 fatty acids (found in fish oil), and vitamins C and E can also cause bleeding during and immediately after surgery.
What are the six different blood products?
The transfusable components that can be derived from donated blood are red cells, platelets, plasma, cryoprecipitated AHF (cryo), and granulocytes. An additional component, white cells, is often removed from donated blood before transfusion.
What keeps blood from clotting?
Platelets (a type of blood cell) and proteins in your plasma (the liquid part of blood) work together to stop the bleeding by forming a clot over the injury. Typically, your body will naturally dissolve the blood clot after the injury has healed.
Which type of blood cells are necessary for clotting?
Platelets: Platelets (also called thrombocytes; pronounced: THROM-buh-sytes) are tiny oval-shaped cells that help in the clotting process. When a blood vessel breaks, platelets gather in the area and help seal off the leak.
What are the 13 blood clotting factors?
There are about thirteen known clotting factors:Fibrinogen (Factor 1)Prothrombin (Factor 2)Thromboplastin (Factor 3)Calcium (Factor 4)Proaccelerin or Labile Factor (Factor 5)Stable Factor (Factor 6)Antihemophilic Factor (Factor 8)Christmas Factor (Factor 9)More items…•
What are the 7 formed elements of blood?
The three classes of formed elements are the erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and the thrombocytes (platelets).Erythrocytes (red blood cells) Erythrocytes, or red blood cells, are the most numerous of the formed elements. … Leukocytes (white blood cells) … Thrombocytes (platelets)
What are the 7 types of blood cells?
Major types of blood cells include red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes). Together, these three kinds of blood cells add up to a total 45% of the blood tissue by volume, with the remaining 55% of the volume composed of plasma, the liquid component of blood.
How does blood clotting occur?
Blood clotting normally occurs when there is damage to a blood vessel. Platelets immediately begin to adhere to the cut edges of the vessel and release chemicals to attract even more platelets. A platelet plug is formed, and the external bleeding stops.
Are bananas good for blood clots?
The potassium in the fruit combats the hardening and narrowing of arteries, scientists discovered. The vital mineral — which spuds, broccoli and sprouts are also rich in — was found to aid blood flow to the heart and brain and reduce the risk of clots.
What vitamin is good for the blood?
What are two main components of blood?
Blood Basics. Blood is a specialized body fluid. It has four main components: plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
Which enzyme is responsible for blood clotting?
thrombinBlood-clotting proteins generate thrombin, an enzyme that converts fibrinogen to fibrin, and a reaction that leads to the formation of a fibrin clot. … tissues outside the vessel stimulates thrombin production by the activation of the clotting system.
What vitamin is needed for blood clotting?
Vitamin K is a group of vitamins that the body needs for blood clotting, helping wounds to heal. There’s also some evidence vitamin K may help keep bones healthy.
What are the 3 stages of blood clotting?
Does vitamin D affect blood clotting?
What foods are bad for blood clots?
What vitamins help increase red blood cells?
Your body needs vitamin B12 to make red blood cells. In order to provide vitamin B12 to your cells: You must eat foods that contain vitamin B12, such as meat, poultry, shellfish, eggs, fortified breakfast cereals, and dairy products. Your body must absorb enough vitamin B12.
Are red blood cells involved in clotting?
RBCs are involved in platelet‐driven contraction of clots and thrombi that results in formation of a tightly packed array of polyhedral erythrocytes, or polyhedrocytes, which comprises a nearly impermeable barrier that is important for hemostasis and wound healing.
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What Is A Little While?
What does it mean to be a little off?
Sickly, unwell, or out of sorts, either physically or mentally.
You’re looking a little off, Jim..
What is a bit of time?
The “bit” you refer to is an extremely elastic piece of time. Without context, it generally means a short time interval- less than an hour up to a few hours. If said to someone who you see on a less frequent basis (perhaps weekly) it could cover one or two weeks.
How long is a few days?
A “few” typically refers to the vicinity of 3 to 7 of something. A few days would be longer than a couple (two) but shorter than a week (seven). So the time duration could range from three to six days and still be classified as a few.
What’s the meaning of once?
(Entry 1 of 4) 1 : one time and no more rode a horse only once went skydiving once. 2 : at any one time : under any circumstances : ever didn’t once thank me. 3 : at some indefinite time in the past : formerly was once a booming mining town.
What does every so often mean?
phrase. If something happens every so often, it happens regularly, but with fairly long intervals between each occasion.
How much is a bit of information?
bit: The word “bit” is short for “binary digit.” A bit is the smallest piece of computer information. byte: Most computers use combinations of eight bits, called bytes, to represent one character of data. For example, the word “cat” has three characters, and it would be represented by three bytes.
How long is a little while?
The study has discovered “a while” estimates a length of 4 months whereas “a little while” would be a little less at 3 months’ time. Going a little further, “a while back” would indicate the potential of occurring up to 8 months in the past.
How often is occasionally?
For the activity from the “writing” scale, occasionally typically means midway between “once or twice a year” and “three to six times a year”; and very often typically means “about once or twice a month.” For the activity from the course learning scale, however, occasionally typically means midway between “three to six …
How much is a bit?
A bit is 1/8 of a dollar or 12.5 cents. You can figure that out from context too. 2 bits, 4 bits, 6 bits, a dollar. In sequence that means they are describing 25 cents, 50 cents, 75 cents, a dollar.
How many is a few?
While many people would agree that “a few” means three or more, the actual dictionary definition of “a few” is, “not many but more than one.” So, “a few” cannot be one, but it can be as low as two.
What is mean by once in a while?
Definition of every once in a while : sometimes but not often : from time to time : occasionally We still see each other every once in a while.
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Lord of the Flies Summary
Lord of the Flies by William Golding is a novel in which a group of schoolboys are stranded on a desert island and attempt to establish their own society.
• Ralph, the elected leader, argues that the main goals should be to have fun, survive, and maintain a smoke signal to catch the attention of potential rescuers.
• The boys lose interest in the daily tasks Ralph assigns, like building shelters, and instead play and hunt pigs.
• When another boy, Jack, defies Ralph’s authority, the boys degenerate into savagery and set fire to the island. A ship nearby sees the smoke and rescues them.
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William Golding's Lord of the Flies opens in the midst of a war with a group of British schoolboys stranded on a deserted island in the middle of the ocean, with no adult supervision. Two boys, Ralph and Piggy, meet near a lagoon, and Ralph finds a conch shell while swimming. At the urging of Piggy, Ralph blows into the conch, summoning the other boys. Once everyone is assembled, they decide to hold an election. Ralph becomes chief due to his age, charisma, and role as the blower of the conch. Jack Merridew, who also sought leadership, is appointed to turn his group of choir boys into an army of hunters. The older boys—such as Ralph, Piggy, Jack, and Simon—perform the majority of the work, whereas the younger boys ("littluns") prefer to play. The littluns also become afraid of a “beast,” which the older boys dismiss as the product of nightmares.
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After exploring the island, Ralph decides that the boys should try to build a fire in order to signal passing ships. The first attempt ends in disaster. The fire, lit using Piggy’s glasses, burns out of control and destroys a large part of the island, and a littlun goes missing in the blaze. After Piggy scolds them for their recklessness, the boys learn from this mistake, and Jack’s hunters agree to maintain the signal fire. However, Jack becomes increasingly obsessed with hunting, to the point of donning face paint, neglecting the fire, and squandering a potential rescue in favor of killing a pig. Ralph and Piggy scold Jack, who proceeds to hit Piggy, breaking one of the lenses of his glasses. Ralph calls an assembly in order to further scold the hunters, but Jack uses the younger boys’ fear of the “beast” to garner support for his cause.
One night, while the boys are sleeping, the corpse of a parachutist lands on the mountain where the boys make their signal fire. Samneric mistake the corpse of the parachutist for the beast. Ralph, Jack, and Roger search for the beast and investigate a new part of the island, with Jack noting its potential as a fortress. They climb the mountain and find the corpse of the parachutist, but they all flee in terror, believing it to be the littluns' beast. At the next meeting, Jack attempts to stage a coup, calling out Ralph’s cowardice while confronting the alleged beast. However, the boys refuse to vote Ralph out of office, so Jack, in tears, leaves the group. Shortly after leaving, he convinces his hunters to leave Ralph’s group entirely. They move into the fortress the boys had previously discovered, which they name “Castle Rock.” As the night goes on, most of the older boys quietly join Jack’s group.
Ralph, Piggy, Simon, and Samneric are the only “biguns” who remain in the original group. At Piggy’s suggestion, they attempt to create a new signal fire on the beach, away from where the beast was seen. Meanwhile, Jack and his hunters decide to hunt and cook a pig in an effort to tempt the rest of the boys over to their side. After brutally slaughtering a nursing sow, they mount its head on a stick as an offering to the beast. Simon witnesses the hunt from his favorite spot in the forest, and when the hunters have gone, he hallucinates having a conversation with the head, which is identified as the “Lord of the Flies.” It tells him that the beast—the brutality and fear that it represents—exists within all humans. Simon, who is epileptic, suffers a seizure. After waking up, he climbs the mountain to investigate the alleged beast himself and discovers the corpse of the parachutist. He rushes back to tell the other boys what he has discovered.
Meanwhile, Ralph, Piggy, and Samneric attend Jack’s feast. Ralph and Jack argue again about priorities, but the majority of the boys side with Jack this time. When a storm rolls in, Ralph stresses the need for shelters, but Jack distracts the boys by telling them to huddle together for a dance. As the dancing grows wilder, Simon, exhausted, emerges from the trees. The frenzied boys mistake Simon for the beast and beat him to death before he gets the chance to tell them the truth about the beast. The next day, guilt over Simon’s death plagues Ralph, Piggy, and Samneric, but they all refuse to acknowledge it, instead claiming that they each had left the feast early.
The next night, Jack’s hunters raid Ralph’s camp and steal Piggy’s glasses so that they can make fire. At Piggy’s urging, Ralph, Piggy, and Samneric go to Castle Rock to get Piggy’s glasses back. Ralph tries to assert the power of the conch, but it no longer holds sway with the other boys. Piggy appeals to their sense of morality, but they continue to side with Jack. As the hunters prepare to attack Ralph and Piggy, Roger rolls a boulder down the side of the mountain, knocking Piggy to his death and shattering the conch. Samneric are captured, and Ralph flees for his life.
Now an outcast, Ralph returns to Castle Rock, on the way passing through Simon’s favorite spot and discovering the sow’s head, now reduced to bone. He knocks it off its stick, cracking it in two and widening its morbid smile. Stealthily climbing the fort’s hill, Ralph speaks to Samneric. The twins tell Ralph they were tortured into joining Jack’s group by Roger, and they warn him that Jack is intending to hunt him down. Ralph hides nearby for the night. At dawn, as the hunters pursue Ralph, they set the forest on fire in order to flush him out of hiding. Just as the hunters close in on Ralph at the beach, a naval officer, drawn to the island by the forest fire, appears. The officer is baffled and disappointed by the boys’ savage comportment. The boys, including Ralph, burst into tears, recognizing the depravity to which they have descended and the tragedies they have wrought.
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From tools that help fight harassment and violence, up to measures to improve the mobility of mothers with small children. Meet the solutions suggested by our participants and help us move these ideas further:
App that matches people from the same neighborhood to arrange routes to walk together in safety
Mobile app that connects people from the same neighborhood to share the same path in order to avoid walking alone. Persona: Women who are afraid of going out alone at late hours or early in the morning, regardless of their neighborhood. Challenge: Take the bus on very early or late hours can be discouraging for
Special bus lines integrating home, nursery and large terminals through an app that customizes routes
Special bus lines integrating home, childcare facilities and terminals through a geolocation mobile app that allows for route personalization. Persona: 29 year old woman with a 4 year-old child. Lives in the outskirts and works at the city center. Has interrupted her studies after college. Challenge: How can we reduce the commute time between work
Shared baby carrier system near public transport stations to facilitate mother and baby mobility
Shared baby trolley at public transport stations, in order to help women mobility. Persona: Toddler moms who live on the outskirts and use multiple transportation means. (bus, train and subway) Challenge: These women have a higher cost on transportation, since the baby trolley needs more space and women have to handle it along
Map of events about gender and an app to facilitate getting around the city
Interactive map connected to the gender equity event agenda with an app that helps moving around the city. Persona: Middle-class women connected to groups related to gender equity and cycling Challenge: Misrepresentation of women on public spaces. Solution: Open event agenda directed to gender equity discussion and offering more than an inventory, but also helps
App that chooses the faster routes for those who walk on foot
Mobile app that suggest the best routes for people who move along on foot. Persona: Black woman, moves along on foot, overloaded by work. Challenge: How can we help people who live on the outskirts, are overloaded by work and need to move along on foot? Solution: Mobile app exclusively for women that mixes
A mobile unit that encourages the use of bicycles and is also a space for the community
Mobile unit to boost the bicycle use on the outskirts of the town, connected to local gathering places. Persona: Black woman, excessively busy, moves along on foot, overloaded by work. Challenge: How can we help reduce the tension provoked by work overload suffered by people on the outskirts of São Paulo? Solution: Mobile unit that
Lamp that connects mother and child to reduce absence
Night lamp, lights up to alleviate the absence of the mother towards the son through wireless connection. Persona: Single mom of small children, age around 32 years, working at night shift. Challenge: Mom is not at home at the same time as her kids. How can we reduce the emotional impact of this absence? Solution:
App to connect nearby families forming support networks
Mobile app to connect families that live nearby, building a support community. Persona: Single mom of small children, age around 32 years, working at night shift. Challenge: Help moms who do not have someone with whom they can leave their children, since work and school shifts do not match. Solution: Develop a mobile app
Chat bot to facilitate communication between mothers and the public school
Chatbot to mediate the communication between bolivian moms and the public school where their children study. Persona: Bolivian mom with 5 year old children. Came to Brazil to work as dressmaker at the Bom Retiro area. Works long hours and has a hard time with the language and with monitoring her kid’s school routine. Challenge:
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When you donate you help us amplify our impact through new workshops like Cities For Everyone, bringing more women to an active role on the development of solutions that can benefit our society as a whole.
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In drug development, scientific progression was never a solo effort. Rather, to advance new therapies, particularly cell and gene therapies, drug development is a team sport.
Why is the team so important?
Oftentimes when one tests novel cell and gene therapies in the clinic for the first time, one is treading completely new ground. The unknowns (and the unknown unknowns) prior to that first patient-volunteer being dosed are usually much greater than the knowns. The argument to continue to progress a therapy in the clinic is often based on a “totality of data” assessment and the implications for the patient risk-benefit. To assess the potential benefits and risks, a comparison is performed of the drug’s merits to historical programs across a range of disciplines including manufacturing, analytics, toxicology, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, medicine, and regulation. While many drug development scientists are deeply expert in their corner of the work, the rationale for progression to test a new therapy in human volunteers is by definition cross-functional.
For instance, even what might seem to be a simple decision, e.g. the starting clinical dose for a viral gene therapy, must be interrogated cross functionally. Teams making this decision must wrestle with the question from many different vantage points including (but not limited to):
• Deep understanding of the preclinical model’s biology relative to the human disorder (e.g. does it reproduce the disease as well as the therapeutic intervention timing expected clinically relative to diagnosis?)
• Sufficient understanding of the relative transduction efficiency, tropism, payload potency, etc., in the animal model species compared to the human species
• Examination into whether the manufacturing process used is representative of what will be used clinically and that the analytical release testing is also reproducible, reliable, and representative of what will be used for clinical batches
• Thorough consideration that the therapeutic mechanism is well-assessed by analytical testing as it pertains to efficacy, safety, and durability
• Thoughtful understanding of what other options patients have, and whether the gene therapy under study provides a distinct benefit, given the risks and unknowns
• And particularly for viral vectors, for which we currently have no means of re-dosing, there is the question of whether the selected dose is not only safe, but also offers some benefit directly to the patient as you may be taking away that patient’s shot for a therapy (at least of the same serotype)
And while program leaders in gene therapy drug development have a general framework for these big-picture questions, every new program presents new challenges which can change the risk-benefit considerations. Some of the novelty may come from specifics about the vector or disease, and some arise from emerging science. Perhaps it’s obvious, but there simply is not enough time in a day (or years in a career) to be a cutting-edge expert across all these disparate disciplines. Therefore, the only way for a program to faithfully pursue an understanding of their product is as a cross-functional team.
Who makes up a drug development team in gene and cell therapy?
Successful team building starts with ensuring the correct disciplines are in the room. For programs where a development candidate has been identified but has not yet entered clinical testing, most high-functioning core teams include the following members from the following disciplines:
• Manufacturing – the folks who will take the research production process for the therapy and scale it up for IND enabling and clinical studies, while also keeping current with the science of the product and current GMP regulations
• Analytical – experts who ensure the correct testing for manufacturing is performed and is performed at a quality that can ensure batch to batch consistency
• Biology – the vector experts who understand the mechanism and disease modification hypothesis and who provide key inputs into how to test the product prior to advancing into the clinic
• Pharmacology – animal model specialists who help ensure IND enabling designs incorporate considerations that allow for interpretations of efficacy (and often safety) relative to species differences
• Toxicology – similar to pharmacology above but with a safety focus as well as a focus on interpreting the implications of the results of the IND studies relative to other similar therapies
• Pharmacokinetics – folks who work to ensure that the right data are generated preclinically and clinically to inform the biodistribution of the drug product and payloads, which allows for a thoughtful understanding of the safety and efficacy of the therapy
• Medical – specialists who design the clinical trials based on the therapeutic hypothesis and considerations/limitations of clinical inquiry in the specific disease understudy
• Biomarker – folks who help to add molecular endpoints to the design of animal and clinical studies which can help to elucidate not just efficacy but also confirmation of therapeutic mechanistic proof of concept
• Regulatory – individuals who play the interface role with regulatory agencies such as the FDA. Part historian, part reader-between-the-lines, and part strategist.
• Program Lead – this is often a role that changes depending on the stage of the program. Can be a Ph.D. or M.D. depending on the company and stage of development. Certainly, sets the direction of the ship, but only after soliciting input from the rest of the team (and management!)
• Program Manager – “air-traffic-control” person who ensures that the right team members have given the needed input into the key decisions the program has to take. Sometimes this person also oversees that the science is done in alignment with the budget for the program as well.
This is a long list. But, importantly, this is not the full team responsible for development. Often each of these disciplines works as part of a function or subteam. And their role at the core team level is to provide input not only for themselves but on behalf of others. As a result, the core team is basically a team-of-teams, where all disciplines are critical, and some are more crucial than others depending on the phase of the program or the challenges faced.
What qualities of the core team make a program successful?
This is bit of a nebulous question. Certainly, the qualities of the product under development play a role. However, in many cases it is the way the team comes together around the product that makes all the difference. The list of key attributes is long, however some of the key qualities are:
• Communication, communication, communication
• Shared contribution to decision making
• Accountability for delivering against the program plan
• Ability to understand when past experience is a useful guide
• And, on the other hand, ability to recognize when past experience has limited utility because the team is forging new ground
But at the core, most successful teams have a deep understanding that no one person on the team alone has the answers, even for questions that might seem to fall squarely in a single discipline. An equally important counterpart to that quality is that the teams also understand that ultimately, they will be unable to answer all the open questions prior to use in that first patient volunteer.
Teams that can hold both concepts in their minds—acceptance of the unknowns along with a drive to fully elucidate the knowable—are key in advancing novel gene and cell therapies to address unmet medical need.
Source ASGT
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Battling the Sky. A Spatial History of the Hail Cannon
In eighteenth and nineteenth-century Europe, hailstorms posed an existential danger. Rural communities devised varied strategies to dispel storm clouds and defend their crops. Shooting the clouds with cannons and rifles was believed to be a particularly effective solution. However, the practice engendered heated debates among scholars and neighboring communities that accused each other of making things worse by sending storms their way. This project combines historical, modeled, and contemporary meteorological and climate data with printed and manuscript sources to develop a spatial history with a distinctly vertical dimension. My aim is also to further a methodological discussion. One characteristic of spatial history is that it sustains a horizontal vision of space; not unlike geopolitics, it is largely a flat discourse. This project offers an opportunity to explore how geospatial technologies allow us to engage with depth and altitude and represent volumes rather than areas.
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Common Materials Knowledge Of Furniture-Glass Product
- Sep 27, 2019-
（一）plate glass
The flat glass is made of silicate raw material, melted into a liquid through a high temperature furnace at 1300 degrees, and formed on the surface of tin water, commonly known as floating glass. Due to the difference in raw material formula and process parameters, the appearance of flat glass is divided into three types: blue glass, white glass and colored glass. The thinner the plate glass is made (less than 3mm), the more difficult it is, and the too thick (more than 15mm) is also difficult. Therefore, the two are expensive in the market.
The flat glass is made of diamond (that is, ordinary glass knives) and cut with high-speed water. After cutting, the sides of the glass can be edged, such as straight edges, beveled edges, rounded edges, duckbills, and drilled holes. high.
The surface of the flat glass can also be matte (both chemical and mechanical), silk screen painting, baking varnish, engraving treatment, different surface treatment process prices are different, roughly from high to low: frosted, spray paint, silk screen paint, engraving.
（二）Process glass
Here, we focus on the processing method of flat glass. In addition to the edging process mentioned above, the flat glass can also be subjected to hot bending, tempering, bonding, etc., so that the "plane" becomes a "stereoscopic" effect.
Hot bending: When the flat glass starts to soften at about 500 °C, it can be deformed by gently pressing with a mold. Different factories and equipment are inconsistent during the hot bending process. The hot-bent flat glass should be edging or sandblasted first. deal with.
Tempering: refers to the glass is subjected to rapid cooling at around 900 °C. Its characteristics: there is no sharp angle after the glass is broken, and the temperature resistance of the glass is increased to 300 ° C without cracking, and its strength is also greatly improved by about 10 times.
Bonding: It refers to the use of UV glue, which is cured by ultraviolet light. After bonding, the glass can withstand more than 200kg of tensile force. The bonding material can be made of glass glass or glass metal, but the glue and process are different to make qualified products.
The cost of the above three processing methods is from high to low: tempering, hot bending, and bonding.
（三）Art processing glass
Here, we will focus on the art processing methods and effects of flat glass, and we will have a certain artistic effect on glass treatment.
Scrub effect: mechanical matte is used in the flat glass. The actual effect is that the matte sand is too thick and easy to start with hand marks, while the chemical scrub is made by soaking with fluorine and other syrup. The advantage is that no handprint, sand and fineness are produced, and the process can be combined with the silk surface to make various patterns and characters.
Embossing effect: embossing adopts various patterns and patterns in the mold, and uses glass to reach the hot bending deformation temperature and is formed by machine pressing. At present, there are many kinds of patterns, and you can also design your own embossing. The embossed glass is a special type of hot bending.
Spraying effect: There are two kinds of spraying effects, one is transparent color effect and the other is monochrome opaque effect. Spraying is essentially the effect of adding a glass etchant to the color. It does not change the surface of the glass and does not involve the nature of the glass structure.
Baking effect: the surface of the glass is painted. In order to improve the adhesion of the paint layer, the sprayed glass should be baked in an oven to achieve a permanent adhesion effect.
Baked flower effect: The pattern is printed by a transparent film and adhered to the surface of the glass. After baking at a high temperature, the film is carbonized, and the pattern and text are left on the surface.
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Sweater: History and Morden Manufacturing
Sweater, outer garment, usually knitted or crocheted, worn on the upper part of the body, either over the head or with buttons on the front or back. Although woolen fabrics had been practiced by hand for about 2,000 years, it was not until the fifteenth century that the first knitted shirts or tunics were produced on the Channel Islands of Guernsey and Jersey; Hence the English name of the jersey.
Like many clothes, the history of sweaters is mostly functional. The most famous historical sweater users are fishermen, who need warm and hard clothing to protect themselves from the cold weather. In the 15th century, the wives of fishermen from Guernsey in the Channel Islands between England and France knitted “guernseys” with spun and knitted wool, by retaining its oil, protected against cold even when it was wet.
As trade developed, guernsey was adopted and modified by coastal communities throughout the British and the North Sea islands. Referred to as “gansey” by other communities, this sweater was specifically patterned across the yoke with local stitches. The neck is finished with a short collar and cuffs are arranged to be easily knit back. The use of the shirt spread throughout Europe, especially among workers. In the 1890s, it was adopted by athletes in the United States and called a sweater.
The first sweaters were heavy, dark blue sweaters, worn before and after athletic competitions to protect against the cold. According to fashion historians, the cardigan sweater received its name from James Brudenell, the seventh Earl of Cardigan. He was also a major general of the British army that led a brigade during the Crimean War (1853-1856), which faced an alliance of France, Great Britain, the Ottoman Empire and Sardinia against the Russians.
During the Brudenell campaign, it is said that officers wore knit vests with their uniforms for added warmth. And due to the success of the campaign and the stories that emerged from it, the garment became popular, and eventually became a long-sleeved sweater that, when worn under a jacket, gives the appearance of a vest. (The word “cardigan” is also traditionally applied to sleeveless vests, but the term “cardigan sweater” is generally used to describe a sweater with buttons and long sleeves).
In the mid-19th century, gansey were adopted by the British Royal Navy, and they were still part of a uniform for various members of the British military. At the same time, knitted sweaters from Fair Isle in the Scottish Shetlands were first traded outside the island. Local women then changed their sweaters and began knitting an all-over pattern.
In the 1920s, designers such as Jeanne Lanvin and Gabrielle (“Coco”) Chanel introduced sweaters into their collections. Throughout the twentieth century, men, women and children wore sweaters in a variety of designs, fabrics of natural and synthetic fibers.
In below video Playlist you can see the modern sweater manufacturing process. We tried to cover each department and important functions.
Prakash Dutt
Prakash Dutt
Prakash is a solid apparel professional with a broad experience in apparel manufacturing, sourcing, quality management, sustainability, and corporate social responsibility. He is a lean management professional (lean six sigma black belt), innovative and open to trying the opportunity for new technology and changes in the industry.
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Choose Heritage Breeds
You can help preserve biodiversity when choosing what to eat...
Throughout history, farmers all over the world have raised a broad variety animal breeds to help feed their families and sustain communities. Unfortunately, the factory farm industrial methods of today rely on only a few specialized breeds. As a result, hundreds of animal breeds have disappeared, and with them, the genetic diversity they possess.
Heritage animals are raised outdoors and are allowed to roam freely with the ability to play, peck, root, and explore - to do what animals naturally do. They grow more slowly and naturally, and their meat, milk and/or eggs just taste better. Let’s take pork as an example. Factory-farmed pigs are confined indoors, and have been bred to produce very lean meat that is often dry and somewhat tasteless. Heritage breeds have more intramuscular marbling of fat, which makes for moist old-fashioned flavour.
By choosing heritage breeds when purchasing meat, you are helping to conserve them by economically supporting the small farmers who raise them. In turn, an increase in demand for heritage meat makes it economically viable for other farmers to raise rare breeds and conserve their genetics. Heritage meat is of high quality, is better for your health and the outdoor production system is better for the animals and the environment. If you want to find Heritage breeds in your area visit:
See also:
Think: Thousands of species are in danger of extinction, and many can be found in the last place you might think...
ACT: Want to help support farm animal diversity? Here are three easy ways in which you can act...
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Some Infinite Games
Hypatia and her brother Horatio play a game where they take turns writing down a 0 or a 1 to form an infinitely long binary sequence S. Both siblings can see all the binary digits that have been written down at any point. Hypatia starts. Below are several different alternative rules for determining which sibling wins. In each alternative case, Hypatia wins if the condition stated for that alternative rule is true for sequence S, otherwise Horatio wins.
1. Beyond some point S, is a constant sequence of only 0s or only 1s.
2. There is no point after which S is periodic (an endless repetition of a fixed sequence of finite length).
3. S does not contain all possible finite binary sequences in it. Equivalently, at least one binary sequence of finite length is nowhere in S.
4. For a given set C of countably many infinite binary sequences C = {S1,S2, …}, S C. That is to say S must be some element of C.
For each alternative rule, is there a guaranteed winning strategy for either Hypatia or Horatio, and, if so, for which sibling and what is that strategy?
Know the answer? Send your solution to
The Logic of Psychiatry
Luc Langlois provided the following solution.
Patient A is Evening type and Time T = PM
Here is the proof:
Morning Type = MT
Evening Type = ET
• O1 = Patient A is MT and T in AM (A is right)
• O2 = Patient A is MT and T in PM (A is wrong)
• O3 = Patient A is ET and T in AM (A is wrong)
• O4 = Patient A is ET and T in PM (A is right)
From Abby’s conversation with Student S1:
• At T, A thinks he is ET and PM.
• Hence, A can’t be O1 because he would have been right and would have said he is MT and T in AM.
• But he can be O2, O3 and O4.
• By knowing A’s type, S1 cannot know T.
• That means A is ET since S1 must have two options (O3 and O4)
From Abby’s conversation with Student S2:
• By knowing T, S2 can’t know A’s type.
• S2 has also eliminated O1 (same process as S1).
• That means T must be PM since S2 must have two options (O2 and O4).
Hence O4 is the one shared by S1 and S2. So, it is the only viable answer.
Solutions were also submitted by Cara Campbell, Bob Conger, John Berglund and Jonathan “J.R.” Robinson.
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Regimental Aid Post
In the British Army, Canadian Forces and other Commonwealth militaries, the Regimental Aid Post (RAP) is a front-line military medical establishment incorporated into an infantry battalion or armoured regiment for the immediate treatment and triage of battlefield casualties. In the US forces, the equivalent is the Battalion Aid Station. The term has been used continuously since the First World War or earlier.
The RAP has traditionally been staffed by the unit's Medical Officer, a Medical NCO, and a small number of medical orderlies. Additionally, units have employed stretcher-bearers, and more recently trained medics, for the evacuation and immediate treatment of battlefield casualties.
The RAP has usually been the first stop in the evacuation chain for seriously injured personnel, who are then transported to casualty clearing stations and other larger medical units further to the rear. RAPs are not usually equipped to provide surgical treatment or long-term care.
See alsoEdit
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Tracking Satellites: The Nitty Gritty Details
If you want to listen to satellites, you have to be able to track them as they pass over the sky. When I first started tracking amateur satellites, computing the satellite’s location in the sky was a part of the challenge. Nowadays, that’s trivial. What’s left over are all the extremely important real-world details. Let’s take a look at a typical ham satellite tracking setup and see how it all ties together.
Rotators for Steering
The popularity of robotics, 3D printing, and CNC machines has resulted in a deluge of affordable electric motors and drivers. It’s hard to imagine that an electric motor for rotating an antenna would be anything special, but in fact, antenna rotators are non-trivial engineering designs. Most of the challenges are mechanical, not electrical — the antennas that they drive can be huge, have significant wind loading and rotational inertial, and just downright weigh a lot. A rotator design has to consider bearings, weather exposure, all kinds of loads, not just rotational. And usually a brake is required to keep the antenna pointed in windy conditions.
There’s been a 70-some year history of these mechanisms from back in the 1950s when Cornell Dubilier Electronics, the company you know as a capcacitor manufacturer, began making these rotators for television antennas in the 1950s. I was a little surprised to see that the rotator systems you can buy today are not very different from the ones we used in the 1980s, other than improved electronic controls.
Typical Azimuth Rotator
These rotator systems tend to be quite beefy, as HF antennas can be large. Fortunately in the case of amateur satellite communications only small Yagi antennas are needed. This simplifies the design if only because the equivalent surface area and weight of the antennas are much less. Commercial manufacturers have developed two-axis rotator combinations, such as this Yaesu model below, which is more compact and easier to setup. But some people might argue that this takes the fun out of the installation.
Example of Compact El over Az Rotator
For those people, the smaller size and less stringent requirements means that homebrew rotators are well within reach and suitable to this environment. Furthermore, some satellite tracking stations these days are portable and can be installed on a camera tripod in an hour’s time, the weatherproofing requirement all but goes away. Heavy winds that might damage the bearings aren’t much of concern if the whole tripod topples over before the damage can be done.
One final advantage for doing it yourself is that pressing a normal rotator into service on the elevation axis might be tricky. Conventional rotators are designed to operate vertically. Turning one sideways might not work. Here’s where spinning your own design might be easier than adapting an existing rotator. Browse the Internet for satellite tracking designs, or just design your own. Use a tripod, don’t worry about the weather and wind, and enjoy the satisfaction of seeing your firmware moving those antenna across the sky.
One Loop Can Be Ignored
Rotating the antennas to a commanded location represents one control loop. But there is another control loop that has been traditionally ignored: is your RF beam truly pointed at the satellite? Getting feedback to close this loop is a much more difficult problem, and fortunately an unnecessary one in ham satellite communications. But for the curious, there are a couple of ways this has been solved in the past, both requiring a steady signal from the satellite to use as a beacon.
One technique is to continually “wobble” your antennas in a circle around the expected pointing angle. Let the diameter of the wobble circle be the 3 dB beamwidth of your antenna. Now dedicate a separate receiver to listen to the beacon signal (don’t forget it has to track doppler, too), and observe the signal strength versus the wobble, you can get the tracking error. If you are perfectly on-track, the signal strength will not vary with the wobble. But if you are off-track, then the signal will be vary, and the pointing error can be caclucated from this variation. This adds quite some complexity to the design, mechanically and electrically. Given the large beamwidths of antennas used for ham satellite operations, that wobble would be a crazy sight to behold. This kind of tracking is much better suited to smaller beamwidth antennas that are lighter in mass, and therefore easier to wobble.
Or better yet, wobble virtually. Without going in to the gory details, you can calculate the off-axis angles by using multiple antennas in a phased array receiver. But if you want to apply this technique, you would need at least four antennas instead of one.
Why would the calculated position be wrong? Truth is, it’s rarely wrong. Satellite orbits are well established and their parameters are updated frequently. In fact, they are often integral components of calibration procedures themselves. If your station clock is accurate and its location is accurately known, the only real errors are going to be with the antenna system: error in the feedback, error in the orientation of the antenna mast, and mis-alignment of the RF beam vs. the mechanical axis of the antenna. Fortunately, the broad beamwidths of the typical ham satellite antennas mean that success can be had without needing to take extraordinary measures.
Antennas: Crossed Yagis and Polarization
You often see Yagi antennas for satellite communications arranged in an “X” pattern, called “crossed Yagis”. The reason is to accomodate different signal polarizations, either during a pass as conditions change, or for satellite to satellite variations. The best case is when the transmitted signal has the exact same polarization as the receiving antenna when it arrives. The worse case is if the two polarizations are orthogonal — say, you have a horizontally polarized antenna receiving signals from a vertically polarized one. In theory, you won’t hear anything — a complete mismatch. This is the same concept as polarized light filters we’re all familiar with.
I used the term arriving polarization, because the signal can be modified as it passes through the atmosphere. The satellite antenna itself might be moving, too, as it passes overhead. There are several tricks to deal with this. One is to use a single antenna positioned at a 45 degree angle. Then we will always receive H and V polarized signals, but both will come with a 3 dB loss. Another method is to physically rotate the Yagi polarization as needed to match the incoming signal. This can be done manually or by motors: conceptually yet another “axis” of rotation to consider.
But the more common approach is to use two Yagis mounted on a common boom. You can just switch between H and V to get the best signal, using a RF relay. Or, you can obtain circular polarization by adding a phase delay line and a combiner, and a relay will let you switch between clockwise or counterclockwise rotation. The math here is really crazy, but the bottom line is that any linear polarization will couple to a circularly polarized antenna with a 3 dB loss, no matter its angle.
Auxilliary Equipment
Because of cable loss at VHF and UHF frequencies, you typically need to locate additional equipment, such as a power amplifier, receiver pre-amps, RF relays and power supplies, at the antenna and not in the shack. These things need power, control, and status feedback, and will inevitably add complexity to the satellite station controller. Except for maybe getting mains power safely to the roof, these issues are much simpler to solve today than back in the 1980s.
Making Everything Play Together, 35 Years On
Controlling traditional rotators hasn’t really changed much. You basically mimic a human pressing the buttons by wiring a relay in parallel with the switches. If you have a modern controller, it might be even easier. The Yaesu rotator mentioned above has an RS-232 interface to control both azimuth and elevation. It even has an internal table of positions vs time, which you can pre-load with a satellite pass and let the smart rotator drive the antennas. But this takes away all the fun of building a tracker yourself.
I see no reason to make an open-loop system anymore, at least from a cost perspective. There are many approachable ways to close the pointing loop today. One technique would be to use a MEMS chip, such as TDK’s MotionTracking or ST Microelectronics iNEMO family of chips that Ted Yapo wrote about last year. Another idea would be to use a monitoring camera and computer vision algorithms to calculate the pointing angle (although you might need to put some strategically placed LEDs on your antennas for night operations). Or you could do it the usual way, incorporating a position sensor in each axis. Usually the feedback signal would be sent by wires, which have to jump across a rotating joint. While such feedback could be sent wirelessly, adding a few more wires isn’t really a problem — you already need cables to power and control the rotators, and of course RF coaxial cables to connect to the antennas.
Kepler’s laws of orbital mechanics haven’t changed. Whether you write your own algorithms, borrow some from an open source repository, or purchase a commercial software package, there are plenty of software choices to match your budget or skill level. But the options for user interface have changed drastically, and for the better.
While talking with some C64 folks online about my tracker restoration project, I realized just how dumb my old tracker program UI was. But today, using various libraries and data sets, your program could easily draw satellite data visually in real time. I was even able to draw a satellite orbit in OpenSCAD in short order.
One huge advancement is the ease of getting satellite tracking data from NASA. No more paper tables in the mail or modem links to BBS systems — you can get satellite parameters with a few clicks of the mouse and an internet connection.
If you are interested in Ham radio satellites and antenna tracking, there’s never been a better time to get involved. The price of entry, monetarily- and technologically-speaking, has never been better.
16 thoughts on “Tracking Satellites: The Nitty Gritty Details
1. “Heavy winds that might damage the bearings aren’t much of concern if the whole tripod topples over before the damage can be done.”
I used a steel pole buried into concrete pretty deep. Have to be a serious wind to move that.*
*Considering I live in tornado alley, pretty possible.
2. One good example of how to do it is a maritime stabilized antenna such as an Azimuth, Intellian or Seatel that uses 3 axis motors (azimuth, elevation and polarization) to track satellites on boats and ships. As the boat rocks and heaves, the dishes maintain within 1/2 degree pointing accuracy. They use counterweighted elevation gimbals and radomes which eliminate effects from the wind.
They constantly move very slightly as described around the peak beam which they call “boxing” the beam. Another example is O3b that uses general dynamics dishes which are simply motorized with big motors and no radome. Considering you know location lat and lon, which way is north, orbital position and elevation angles you probably don’t need boxing, just math and decent angle sensors.
3. I use Orbitron software for tracking, personally. It has DDE support, so it can calculate Doppler shift and automagically tell your SDR client what the correct frequency should be at any given moment, as well as directing your (hopefully) computer-interfaced rotor controller software the correct direction to point based on the predicted ephemeris elements.
The software hasn’t been supported in a while(like most good ham software, sadly), but the elements are all that really matters, and they are automatically updated from NASA and NORAD(TLE) – and you can make your own custom element catalogs fairly easily.
And it’s Linux-friendly for “you people” :P
4. Seems like building a computer controlled tracking antenna presents quite an engineering challenge! If it is solely for the engineering challenge, I suppose that is a great reason. Or if you live somewhere where the weather is crappy all the time. But getting outdoors is, for me, half the fun.
I’ve had near 100% success with my Kenwood 5W HT and an Arrow handheld antenna. It is super easy to rotate the antenna for best polarization, and point it in the right direction too. Basically a subconscious version of the wobble method described in the article. I considered mounting it on a tripod, but even that was much more of a hassle than simply pointing it at the sky. On high overhead passes I can easily get “in” with a whip antenna. Plus it rolls up and can be stuffed in a backpack and was easy (pre-COVID) to bring along to a park or something for the day.
For sat tracking I use a free iPhone app that even has augmented reality.
The only problem I’ve had with this rig is getting stepped on hard by people sitting in their shacks, probably with computer controlled antennas (sorry couldn’t resist), and certainly putting out greater than 5 watt. I’m certain you don’t need anything more than that because even on low, say 10 degree passes, in the wee hours of the morning when the sats are almost unused I’ve had no problem hitting and even activating sleeping com sats with the 5W rig mentioned above.
TL:DR if you are going to work the birds, please dial back your transmission strength to “minimum necessary” per ham regulations
Craig KG5YVN
1. I agree 100% with Craig KG5YVN that far too many amateur operators use WAY too much power which is not needed when working FM or SSB birds. 5W on UHF driving at minimum a 7 element beam is more than adequate and 5W on VHF with 3 elements does just fine too, rotator or not. Sure, some people feel the need to spend more and make fancy stations, but your still reaching the same satellite a few hundred miles away. Please do us all a favor in dialing the power back!. I miss how a few satellites used to have better watch dog systems that would punish people by trying to use more power than what was needed.
5. “One technique is to continually “wobble” your antennas in a circle around the expected pointing angle.”
Actually the most common practice is to move the antenna off axis slightly in elevation and azimuth while interpolating the satellite’s measured beacon signal level and moving to a new position where the beacon level is calculated to be a maximum. This technique is termed “step-tracking” and is used with slowly moving satellites, such as tracking the diurnal motion of geosynchronous satellites.
“…you can calculate the off-axis angles by using multiple antennas in a phased array receiver.”
The proper term for this is “Monopulse Tracking”. See this site for more on this:
You might also want to mention the problem of “azimuth correction for elevation in elevation over azimuth mounts” (the most common type of mount). As the elevation angle increases you have to move more and more in azimuth to obtain a given offset from the antenna’s beam center (boresight). At some point the amount of azimuth movement required is too much for the antenna mount to keep up with and the satellite can no longer be tracked. The limiting case is when the satellite is directly overhead (90 degrees elevation), in that case any amount of movement in azimuth will never move the antenna off beam center. This paper [PDF] explains this problem in detail:
Azimuth Correction for Elevation-over-Azimuth Positioners
One case where this azimuth correction problem is critical is in earth stations located on or near the earth’s equator tracking overhead geosynchronous satellites. In this case elevation over azimuth mounts have so much azimuth “wind-up”, even tracking the diurnal motion of a geosynchronous satellite can wear out the azimuth motor drive over time. This problem is even worse when the earth station is mobile. The best solution is to replace the elevation over azimuth mount with an azimuth over elevation mount. However, azimuth over elevation mounts are more complex and costly compared with elevation over azimuth mounts.
Just forget about the tracking!
For VHF/UHF LEO satellites skip the tracking and use two “eggbeater” omnidirectional satellite antennas, one for VHF and one for VHF. Eggbeaters don’t have the gain and directivity of Yagi antennas, but in most cases they are good enough, especially if you locate the receiver pre-amplifier and transmit power amplifier at the antenna feed point. Here is a picture of a commercial dual VHF/UHF eggbeater system:
Here is the homepage for that eggbeater – M2 Antennas Satellite Antenna Packages SATPACK1 $572.99:
Yeah $572.99, that’s not a typo. Fortunately eggbeater antennas are pretty easy to make. I’m sure there are plans online somewhere. And remember to simulate your design before you start bending metal. This antenna simulation tool is free:
1. Great resources and comments. I wasn’t too sure how deep to go, hence only the passing mention of monopulse. I haven’t encountered stepped tracking before, but at these wavelengths it would be much easier to implement than conical scanning. I did mention a three-axis rotator arrangement in the first article, thanks for mentioning the simpler Az over El arrangement which also can help solve the zenith crossing problem. If the link budget allows, you are right, forget tracking and use those egg-beater style antennas. The small external antennas we used to use for GPS receivers come to mind, and I vaguely recall reading that some portable commercial satellite terminals had fixed antennas as well.
6. I’ve got no rotor yet and use a bigwheel antenna system,
but I’m using a tracker program, too. :D
The old STS Orbit Plus for DOS uses cool vector graphics and runs fine on several systems here:
My Macs with VirtualBox/SoftWindows, my vintage 286/386 systems external math coprocessor, a blu-ray player (android) with a PC emulator, my smartphone running DOSBox..
7. It’s a blast to talk through an OSCAR satellite to someone over in Eastern Europe. The OSCAR was furthest out at its apogee, so not difficult to maintain tracking once contact was made.
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Male vs. Female
It is a matter of personal preference. However, there are
some characteristics which are common in bitches and
other characteristics which are common in males. It is
important to evaluate these characteristics and determine
which sex would fit in best with your home situation when
you choose a puppy. Additionally, choosing between male
and female is important if you already have another bitch
or male and are choosing an additional dog. This article
will serve as a guide for genders and will list a few
characteristics of bitches, a few characteristics of males,
and how to choose between male and female when
considering a second or third dog.
The following characteristics often apply to bitches:
• Independent - Bitches tend to want to be in control of the
entire situation. They may come to their owner when they
are seeking affection but will often move away when they
have had enough.
• Stubborn - In many packs, a bitch is typically the Alpha
dog. Females crave more control of situations and are quick
to respond to perceived challenges with fierceness.
• Territorial - Females mark in the same way males do. A
spayed female may continue to mark for her entire lifetime
regardless of when she is spayed while most males will cease
marking behaviors shortly after they are neutered and the
testosterone levels subside.
• Reserved - Bitches are generally less affectionate and
friendly than males. This characteristic is noticeable in
puppies and becomes more pronounced with age.
• Changes in Mood or Behavior - It is also important to
heat at approximately one year of age and approximately
every six months thereafter. During this time, there will be
some bleeding as well as a change in mood or behavior.
Keep this in mind when you adopt a puppy and make the
decision of whether or not to spay her.
The following characteristics often apply to male dogs:
• Affectionate - Males are typically more affectionate than
bitches. They tend to crave attention from their owners
more than bitches and as a result, display more affectionate
• Exuberant - A male is also more likely to be fun-loving
and outgoing throughout his lifetime than a bitch.
While a
bitch tends to become more reserved as she ages,
a male dog
maintains a more puppy-like exuberance throughout his
• Food-Motivated - Males are often very motivated by food.
This food motivation can make training extremely easy as
treats can be used to lure and reward to display desired
• Attentive - While bitches tend to be more independent,
males tend to be more focused on their human companions.
They want to always be close to the human and are very
eager to please.
• Aggressive Behaviors - It is also important to note that
intact males may display aggressive behaviors toward
other males or exhibit marking behaviors. Additionally,
intact males should be kept away from females in heat
unless a breeding is planned.
Owners who are adding an additional dog to their home
should carefully consider the ramifications of adding a dog
of either sex. This is important because the makeup of the
existing pack may be more accepting to either a male or a
female. The following are general tips for selecting the
gender of a second dog:
• If you already have a male or a female, a dog of the
opposite sex is generally the best choice. Dogs of the same
• If you already have a male, he is likely to be more
accepting of a female and you are likely to have fewer
peacefully co-exist and may even become friends. It is
important to closely monitor their interactions early on to
ensure aggressive behaviors do not become common.
• If you already have a female, she is likely to be more
does not challenge your resident female, she is not likely to
have a reason to fight with him. Adding a female to the
pack, however, may result in complications. The worst
combination is two bitches because they are more likely to
many dog owners have two or more bitches that live
together without problems. As long as there is an
established Alpha dog and the other bitches know their
place in the pack, there will not be dominance struggles
often, although they may still occur.
Selecting a male or female is largely a matter of personal
preference. The above characteristics are generalizations,
and it is certainly possible to purchase or adopt a female
puppy who displays male characteristics or a male puppy
who displays the typical female characteristics.
Additionally, bitches that are spayed and neutered often do
not have the gender-specific problems associated with their
sex such as coming into heat or marking.
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Embed a topic within another topic - On Premises 6.4
Author-it Knowledge Center
If you're creating a topic whose content differs only slightly from the content of another topic, you have these options:
• Use an embedded topic for the common part of both topics.
Do this when you want to be able to update both topics at once.
• Copy the text from one topic into the other.
Do this when you want to be able to update one topic without affecting the other.
To embed a topic:
1. Open the container topic that you want to embed the content in.
2. From the Library Explorer, Quick Search, or the book contents, select the source topic that you want to embed.
3. Drag the source topic into position inside the container topic.
A shortcut menu displays:
4. Click Embed Topic.
The contents of the source topic are embedded into the container topic with light gray highlighting. You cannot change the embedded text inside the container topic, but you can open the embedded text in the editor to make changes in the source file.
5. Save your changes.
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Teach On LessonbeeSchools & Districts
How To Tell Someone You Have An STD
Sexual Health
Brought to you by Planned Parenthood. Got an STD? So do lots of people. In fact, half of all people will get an STD at some point in their life. But not everyone understands how common STDs are, or that it’s possible to live a normal, healthy life even if you have an STD. So it’s normal to worry about how people will react, but the conversation might not go as badly as you think.
#Sex Ed#Reproduction#Birth Control#Contraceptives#Safe Sex#HIV/AIDS
Planned Parenthood
Lessonbee is a transformative online education platform that promotes health and lifelong learning for millions of students and professionals.
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Improve Your English Listening and Speaking Skills with Karaoke
When it comes to listening in English (or any second language), one of the biggest challenges is detecting the boundaries of words. By this, I mean that it can be hard to tell where one word begins and another one ends as you listen. In writing, of course this isn’t an issue—but in listening there is no real equivalent to a written space between words—for the most part, speakers pause minimally between one word and the next, and often do not pause at all.
This can make it sound like all the words in English are indistinct and running together. So how can you tell where one word ends and the next begins? It’s a matter of understanding the word stress and intonation of a language—a language’s music. In fact, mastering intonation is one of our top TOEFL Listening tips! But how do you practice this skill? This is where karaoke—a fun activity where people sing along to famous songs—comes in.
Now, sung language is not the same as spoken language. But the principles are the same—words begin and end with a shift in rhythm, not with an audible silent pause. Singing English songs in Karaoke—especially in competition with your friends or other customers in a karaoke lounge—is a fun, interesting way to become more aware of how words break, tonally and rhythmically.
Like any other form of English practice, you can do this at different difficulty levels. Slower songs and songs with more repetition in the lyrics are easier. Faster, more elaborately worded songs are harder. So for example, you could start out with a relatively easy song such as the classic rock song “Hello Goodbye”, then move on to something a little faster and less repetitive, like the pop song “It’s Always a Good Time.” And then for an even greater challenge, try something like the fast-paced 1998 hit “One Week.”
Practice for your TOEFL exam with Magoosh.
These kinds of English-language radio hits are common in Karaoke lounges around the world, so you can go out for a night on the town and practice English by singing them with friends. But there are other karaoke activities that can be done at home and are fun for the whole family. Most English language children’s shows offer singalong activities on their official websites. This can be really fun way for both you and your kids (or other younger relatives) to build English listening and speaking skills.
If you’re not sure where to look on the Web for this sort of thing, PBS Kids is a good starting point—they have English singalongs for their American properties such as Daniel the Tiger, British kid’s shows like Thomas the Train, and even the English versions of some international children’s cartoons—Caillou, for example.
In my own past work with students, I’ve found that one singalong video is particularly good for helping ESL learners improve their English singing, speaking and listening skills: Yakko’s World. In this singalong from the children’s cartoon Animaniacs, cartoon character Yakko Warner gives a lesson in world geography.
This song is great for international students, because the cartoon character in the video sings out the names of every country in the world (give or take a few). Watch it and see how many country names you recognize—can you hear your own country and other countries in your part of the world? Once you’re sure you can hear each country name distinctly by the musical change in pitch and tone, turn of the sound for the video. Then try to sing this fast-paced English song for yourself. If you can master hearing and signing through a speedy song like this, you’ll be able to take on the music of spoken English too!
Yakko’s World by ChristiniaStclair
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Earth Focus Day Camp, UW- Madison Arboretum
Among the tallgrass prairies, savannas, wetlands and several forest types, the Arboretum also houses flowering trees, shrubs and a world-famous lilac collection. Educational tours for groups and the general public, science and nature-based classes for all ages and abilities, and a wide variety of volunteer opportunities for groups, families, and individuals are available.
In the early 1930s, the Arboretum was cultivated fields and pastures that had fallen into disuse. The university decided, early on, to try to bring back the plants and animals that had lived on the land before its development.
Our Summer program, Earth Focus Day Camp, has created outstanding summer nature programs for children ages 3–14. EFDC helps children develop an understanding of how ecosystems work, nurtures a sense of wonder for nature, and guides children as they explore the habitats, plants, and animals of the Arboretum. Children are empowered to be a positive influence on their world. Our naturalists are enthusiastic and experienced, but the real teacher is our most treasured resource: the land. Join us to learn, grow, and be a part of this special place.
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Adriana Navarro
·4 min read
An "abnormally large dust cloud" from the Sahara is making about a 5,000-mile trek across the Atlantic, suppressing tropical development in the Atlantic Basin. However, it may also pose a possible health hazard to those living along the Gulf coast.
"According to scientists that I have gotten some information from, they're saying this is an abnormally large dust cloud," AccuWeather Senior Meteorologist and lead hurricane expert Dan Kottlowski told AccuWeather's Jonathan Petramala. "One of the things I noticed from this is the dust started coming off the coast of Africa several days ago, in fact maybe over a week ago. And it's still coming. It's almost like a prolonged area of dust."
Some experts have nicknamed this the "Godzilla dust cloud" due to its unusually large size, The Associated Press said.
Satellite imagery of the dust plume from the Sahara trekking across the Atlantic toward the Americas on June 22, 2020. (NOAA/GOES16)
"This is the dusty time of the year," Kottlowski said. This year, he believes a stronger-than-normal, or at least a very active, African easterly jet might be at play in spurring the abnormal dust plume.
This dust event is particular is exceptionally large, one of the biggest in decades. "This is the most significant event in the past 50 years," said Pablo Méndez Lázaro, an environmental health specialist with the University of Puerto Rico.
"It keeps a lid on the atmosphere and brings dry air into anything that may try to develop, which is very detrimental for tropical development which relies on warm, moist air," AccuWeather Senior Meteorologist Alan Reppert said.
However, dust is rarely a factor during the later months of the Atlantic hurricane season -- August, September and October -- when storms become more active.
"Dust tends to be much less of a problem during the heart of the hurricane season," Kottlowski said.
However, while the dust can suppress development, it doesn't kill any development entirely, Kottlowski warned. It's still possible for a tropical wave to clear out a large area of the dust, allowing a second tropical wave following in its wake to take advantage of the break in the dust pattern.
There doesn't seem to be a break in this dust pattern just yet though.
"I was amazed that the dust is still coming off the coast," Kottlowski said. "You don't see a break in it, so it's just a sort of long-lasting area of dust. We're going to see hazy skies across the Caribbean, probably into Florida into parts of the Gulf of Mexico area, probably for a week or two."
The dust is expected to reach the Texas coast on Thursday and curl around to encompass the entire Gulf Coast next weekend, Kottlowski estimated.
The dust is also concerning for those battling COVID-19. A study released by the World Bank Group showed strong evidence that an increase in air pollution plays a role in COVID-19.
Reporting by Jonathan Petramala.
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Do Cute Young Animals Decrease Older Animal Adoptions?
Many New Jersey animal shelters and rescues transport highly adoptable puppies into the state. Typically, these groups argue transports of highly desirable animals increase foot traffic into shelters or off-site adoption locations and therefore increase adoptions of older dogs. On the other hand, many other people believe transports take homes away from local dogs and increase kill rates of local dogs. As discussed in a previous blog post, New Jersey shelters transport large numbers of dogs from out of state each year. Thus, the answer to this question significantly impacts the lives of many local shelter dogs.
Preliminary Data Indicates Young Animals Decrease Older Animal Adoptions
An analysis of kitten impacts on adult cat adoptions shows young animals decrease adult animals adoptions. Darlene Duggan conducted a statistical analysis of the effect the number of kittens available has on adult cat adoptions. The analysis was done at a medium-sized open admission animal shelter during the months of February and August. Kittens and adult cats were defined as 4 months and younger and 5 months and older, respectively. In February, when kittens are less plentiful, 3 fewer adult cats were adopted for every 4 additional kittens made available for adoption. During August, which is during the peak of kitten season, for every additional 3 kittens made available 1 less adult cat was adopted. Thus, additional kittens available at the shelter significantly reduced adult cat adoptions
These results may be even stronger for dogs. While actual data is needed to determine impacts of puppy availability on adult dog adoptions, I think it would be more significant. My personal experience at off-site adoption events is puppies are adopted far more quickly than adult dogs of even the same breed. The size difference between adult dogs and puppies is much larger than adult cats and kittens. As a result, people may perceive puppies as relatively “cuter” than adult dogs verses kittens and adult cats. Additionally, our culture seems to generally view puppies as cuter than kittens. For example, kids more often want a puppy for Christmas and pet stores sell more puppies than kittens despite cats outnumbering dogs as pets in the United States. In fact, a recent study found puppies tended to stay in shelters for roughly half the time as adult dogs. However, this study defined puppies up to 6 months of age and did not adjust the length of stay for puppies who were too young to be put up for adoption. Thus, the length of stay of transported young puppies typically placed for adoption is probably even less and these puppies likely displace significant amounts of local dogs.
Shelters and Rescues Need to Change Behavior
The findings above have serious implications for local animal welfare organizations. Most New Jersey shelters receive large numbers of kittens during the spring and summer. As a result, efforts should be made to make kittens and cats available for adoption in different locations. For example, putting kittens up for adoption at permanent off-site locations, such as Petsmart, or in foster homes will decrease adult cat displacement at shelters. Additionally, shelters can put adult cats up for adoption at other retail outlets with few competing kittens. Also, shelters can exchange animals to minimize competition between young and older animals at each shelter. Thus, shelters should find ways to shield adult cats from competition from more adoptable kittens.
In my opinion, New Jersey animal welfare groups should not transport dogs due to the high local dog kill rate at many shelters in the state. While I believe New Jersey’s per capita intake rate is low enough to reach no-kill status while transporting dogs into the state, many shelters perform poorly and require significant rescue help. As a result of the transport craze, shelters are losing two potential homes – a foster home and a permanent one for dogs in imminent danger.
Animal welfare organizations should try to decrease competition between puppies and adult dogs. In reality, dog transports will continue since it is easier to “rescue” highly desirable puppies. However, organizations running off-site adoption events, such as Petco, Petsmart and Best Friends, should require only locally obtained dogs participate in off-site events. While this may seem extreme, Maddie’s Fund only pays its per adoption subsidy to groups participating in its Maddie’s Pet Adoption Days for local animals. At the very least, these organizations should try and ensure puppies and adult dogs are made available at different locations or times to minimize local dogs getting displaced by transported animals. Additionally, shelters should offer reduced adoption fees and free/discounted services, such as vet care, dog training, and doggie daycare, with community partners for adult dogs to make adult dogs more competitive with puppies.
In conclusion, animal welfare groups need to confront the issues preventing animals from finding loving homes. The more these issues are honestly looked at, the more wonderful homes we will find for homeless animals.
Raising Money and Costing Lives
Best Friends Survey Shows Disturbing Results for Shelter Animals
Last April, Best Friends published the results from a survey it conducted about the pet adoption market. While nearly all people surveyed identified themselves as pet lovers and recommended adoption to others, substantial numbers viewed shelter animals as damaged goods. Respondents believed the following about shelter animals:
1. Have behavior problems – 65%
2. Are malnourished – 63%
3. Are unhealthy – 61%
People mostly viewed adoption’s benefit as saving a life rather than shelter animals being a better value.
Worst of all, young adults (18-34 years old) viewed shelter pets much less positively than other age groups. Specifically, 46% of young adult verses 33% of older age groups viewed shelter pets as less desirable than animals available from pet stores and breeders. Additionally, 38% of young adults compared to 28% of older adults believed shelter animal stayed in shelters as long as needed to find a home.
Animal Welfare Organizations Must Take the Blame for These Results
This survey’s results show animal welfare organizations are sending the wrong message to the public. Unfortunately, Best Friends press release about the survey largely blames the public for being ignorant and remains silent about animal welfare organizations. While Best Friends certainly does some excellent work, no-kill advocates do criticize Best Friends tendency to value collaboration with animal welfare groups over confronting such groups on important issues.
Dr. Becker over at analyzes the results quite well. She mentions some people may not find the specific breed they are looking for at a shelter. Certainly, it is more difficult to find designer dog breeds at shelters. However, Dr. Becker cites some interesting commentary from Mark Cushing, founder of the Animal Policy Group. Apparently, this is a lobbying group, but the analysis is still insightful. Specifically, Mr. Cushing blames the major animal welfare television ads showing sick and abused animals “rescued” by these groups. We certainly have seen the ASPCA ads with Sara McLaughlin and various Humane Society of the United States ones with emaciated animals. Clearly, these ads convey the message “shelter animals are abused and give us money and all will be ok.” Is there any wonder why 2/3 of people view shelter animals as damaged and almost 40% of young adults think animals in shelters are safe?
Additionally, many shelters do not publish their kill rates or disguise them leading to the disconnect among the public about shelter killing. Most shelters do not want to discuss kill rates due to concerns about fundraising or ego. Others claim nearly all of their “adoptable” animals are saved when large number of dogs and cats are killed. Unfortunately, this secrecy leads to 38% of young adults and 28% of older age groups to erroneously believe animals are safe in shelters. Once again, shelters are putting their self-interests over their job of saving the animals under their care. The solution is quite simple – mandatory publishing of kill rates (of all animals not just “adoptable”) so people can become informed that pets are not safe at many shelters.
Organizations do not have to send this “damaged goods” message out to raise money. The Upper Peninsula Animal Welfare Society (“UPAWS”) in Michigan increased its save rate from 37% to 99% in a few years and raised significant funds during this period. However, UPAWS’s Pet Promoter in Chief argues its better to only make special pleas a few times a year. Additionaly, UPAWS’s pleas do not overemphasize abuse of the animal, but instead focus on getting the pet well and into a good home. As a result, the organization raises needed funds, but does not tarnish the shelter pet brand.
Many Animal Shelters and Rescues Are Responsible for These Results
Local groups replicate the fundraising tactics used by national organizations. New Jersey’s largest animal welfare organization, Associated Humane Societies, frequently makes fundraising pleas for “abused” and “neglected” animals on its website as well as it Facebook pages. Similarly, many rescues highlight the terrible conditions animals were in before the rescues saved them. Many rescuers whether they admit or not view themselves as heroes and want others to as well. As a result, rescuers highlighting the terrible conditions of the animals makes them feel like bigger heroes.
Shelter operations also impact the public’s negative perception about shelter animals behavior and health. Too many local shelters lack proper enrichment for animals, do not quickly get animals safely out of the stressful shelter environment, and do not provide proper medical care. As a result, people walk into poorly performing shelters seeing dogs acting “cage crazy” or looking sick and develop negative impressions. While we know these “problems” often disappear once animals get into a home, the potential adopter’s experience is tarnished.
Young Adults Pet Buying Trends Are Bad for the Future
Advertisers heavily market products and services to young adults. Most importantly for pet adoption, young adults develop brand loyalty during this stage of life. Win these people over and you may have a customer for decades. Additionally, persuading older age groups who may be more set in their ways to adopt may be more difficult. Thus, it is imperative to win this demographic so we can have adopters for decades to come.
Recent research indicates young adults are looking for convenience and affordability in products and services. Overly restrictive and intrusive adoption requirements from many shelters and rescues certainly make adoption inconvenient. In fact, some rescues will not adopt animals to young adults altogether. Misguided beliefs about high adoption fees being necessary for good homes also is an impediment to reaching this market.
Shelters and Rescues Need to Show Their Pets Are the Best Product Available
Shelters need to properly market pets individually. After working with hundreds of shelter dogs (most of which were pit bull type dogs), I was always struck by how individual each animal was. Profile writers need to stop talking about the pet’s terrible past and focus on its positive present self. Show how this animal will make the adopter’s life better. Use language to get people imagining doing all the things they enjoy with the animal. Allow the adopter to feel like a hero by giving this amazing animal a new home. You can read how to properly write pet profiles here and here.
At the end of the day, our goal is to save lives. If shelters continue the failed mantra of “poor abused animal, give us money, and adopt him”, they will only attract a small part of the pet market. Families or singles bringing an animal into a home usually want a well-adjusted animal. Shelters need to make the adoption experience fun, easy and effective by getting to know the adopters and helping them find their match made in heaven. For example, take a look at the KC Pet Project’s adoption process which helped make Kansas City the fourth largest no-kill community in the nation. After adoption, the shelter should continue being a resource to help with any home adjusting issues.
At the end of the day, it all about the animals and not the money. When you see how an organization markets its animals, you can tell whether it is all about the animals or all about the money.
Shelters Need to Do More Than Send Animals to Rescues
Recently I’ve seen several shelters and their supporters reach out to rescues to pull animals. While working with rescues is a key part of the no-kill equation, I do not think asking for rescue help alone is very effective in making New Jersey a no-kill state.
Clearly, these shelters are competing with each other for limited foster homes through local rescues resulting in little to no net saved lives. Rescue help can make a huge difference in other places where one local shelter exists. In these cases, the rescues would have to travel great distances to go to another shelter so this likely results in net saved lives. However, New Jersey is a densely populated state with many local animal shelters rescues can choose from. Also, many local rescues pull easier to adopt animals from out-of-state leaving relatively few rescues to save pets from New Jersey’s large number of animal shelters. As a result, rescues pulling an animal from one local shelter likely causes another animal to not get pulled from another nearby shelter.
The rescue market is much different from the adoption market. As discussed on a previous blog, shelter killing is largely a market share problem where shelters need to modestly increase their share of the market where people obtain pets. In my view, the rescue market is much less expandable. For example, fewer people are willing to take care of an animal and then adopt it out. Even fewer people are likely willing to do so with rescues which often have stringent requirements for adopters.
The most powerful tool for expanding foster homes are urgent pleas saying the animal will die if not pulled within a short period of time (i.e. 24-72 hours). These pleas typically attract those involved with animal welfare and likely cause someone to take on an additional pet temporarily. Unfortunately, many shelters are unwilling to make these pleas as they perceive it is bad for public relations to put a face and number on their killings. As result, these urgent pleas are generally not made public and when they do occur it’s mostly through rescues/volunteers who sometimes do not name the shelter.
Organizations with vast resources over-relying on rescues is not very efficient. In an ideal world, rescues would only pull animals needing extraordinary treatment or who cannot live in a shelter environment. However, even in these cases a well-run foster program administered by the shelter can successfully place these animals. In fact, one New Jersey shelter, which takes in millions of dollars of revenue a year, refuses to put a volunteer foster program into place and instead relies on rescues to pull neonatal kittens when volunteer foster programs may be more effective. Additionally, rescues often have very limited financial and human resources making it difficult to oversee large numbers of foster homes. Thus, the notion of expanding the rescue market significantly is not likely.
The reason why shelters rely on rescues is simple – it requires little work and saves money by passing the cost of care to the rescue. The shelter simply makes a few phone calls or sends an email and the turns over the animals forever to the rescue. In fact, we know of one shelter which takes in millions of dollars in a year who charges pull and spay/neuter fees to the rescues on a per animal basis. This is particularly troubling when you consider most rescues are financially strapped and the rescue is saving the shelter on the cost of care and/or euthanasia.
In reality, rescues should focus on shelters with limited space and financial resources who cannot hold animals for long. Many local shelters are pretty much old school pounds who lack the space to hold animals for any significant amount of time. While the lack of investment in shelter facilities is a huge problem, it is time-consuming to remedy due to the high cost of building/expanding animal shelters. Additionally, the governmental bureaucracies running these pounds make foster programs difficult to implement. Also, some pounds adopt animals out without being sterilized which poses the risk of additional animals entering the shelter system. Therefore, rescue efforts should be focused on facilities where few practical alternatives exist.
In the end, we need our well-funded animal shelters to shape up and stop wasting precious rescue resources. Our rescues are overburdened and overworked. Given the massive under funding of New York Animal Care and Control (i.e. New York City’s animal control shelter), many New Jersey rescues must help out in New York. Add the many pound like shelters in the state and you have high demand for rescue resources. Our well-funded animal shelters need to stop diverting scarce rescue resources and start doing the following:
1. Improve customer service
2. Conduct off-site adoption events several times a week with same day adoptions
3. Implement volunteer foster programs administered through the shelters
4. Stay open a few evenings a week so working people can adopt
5. Proactively seek owners of lost pets instead of casually dismissing such animals as “dumped”
6. Work with struggling pet owners to help them find solutions to problems so they can keep their pets
7. Rehabilitate dogs with medical and behavioral problems
8. Offer real low-cost or better yet free spay/neuter services to economically disadvantaged pet owners
9. Practice trap-neuter release for impounded feral cats and work with shy cats to make them adoptable
Open admission animal shelters, such as Nevada Humane Society and Charlottesville-Albemarle SPCA, place approximately 96% of the animals sent to private homes through direct adoptions. These shelters accomplish this despite taking in several times more animals per capita than New Jersey shelters and saving over 90% of impounded animals.
Remember you are paying for these well-funded shelters through your taxes and/or donations. You should demand they spend your money wisely and put it to good use. Don’t let them get away with taking the easy way out.
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Question: What Is The Difference Between Senior And Junior?
How many years of experience is senior level?
8 yearsHow Much Experience Do You Need?Level# Years of Experience% Jobs QualifiedEntry-Level~3 years75%Mid-Level~5 years77%Senior-Level~8 years72%Mar 28, 2018.
How old is a junior?
Juniors in high school are typically 16 or 17 years old. There can be a few who have skipped grades, or have been held back. Sophomores are 15 or 16, freshmen are 14 or 15, and seniors are normally 17 or 18.
What is the difference between a junior and a senior developer?
Junior developers, experience-wise, are considered to have less than 2-3 years of experience in any given technology. … You’re being given the least complex things to do, while senior developers are busying themselves with supervising projects or mentoring the next developer crop.
What comes after senior and junior?
Generation #1 is “Senior”. Generation #2 is “Junior”. Generation #3 is “III”. Generation #4 is “IV”.
How many years does it take to be a senior developer?
Here are some of the basic qualifications that a “senior developer” should have: 10 years of experience in the programming field (although seven or eight may be enough depending on what they have been working on), a rock solid understanding of theory, and excellent debugging skills.
How long does it take to go from junior to senior developer?
I assume you just entered as Junior Software Engineer then based on this calculation it will be minimum 6 years for you to become a Senior Software Engineer. In average 9 years and will actually depends on you or your work to reduce or increase that duration.
What is the age of a junior?
Junior Year is Grade 11 in the USA, so 11 + 6 is 17. Now, that said, most students will start Junior Year at age 16 and turn 17 at some point during the year or the ensuing Summer Vacation. There are exceptions.
What is the female equivalent of junior?
Is there a female version of Junior?
Although there are instances of daughters who are named after their mothers and thus use the suffix “Jr.” (such as Winifred Sackville Stoner, Jr., Anna Eleanor Roosevelt, Jr., and Carolina Herrera, Jr.) or after their grandmothers with the suffix “II”, this is not common.
Can JR be used for a girl?
Although there are instances of daughters being named after their mothers and also using the suffix Jr. (such as Anna Eleanor Roosevelt Jr., Winifred Sackville Stoner Jr., and Carolina Herrera Jr.), or after their grandmothers or aunts with the suffix II, this is not common.
What is a junior and a senior?
In the U.S., a Junior is a student in the penultimate (usually third) year and a Senior is a student in the last (usually fourth) year of college, university, or high school. A student who takes more than the normal number of years to graduate is sometimes referred to as a “super senior”.
What is junior level?
I would say entry level and Junior are the same thing. They are just out of school and have less than two years of work experience. … They have more than two years experience and generally less than ten, although some can stay at this level their whole careers.
How do I go from junior to senior developer?
To grow as a junior developer you should focus on writing simple code and going through multiple development cycles. To get from a mid-level to senior developer you should focus on learning more than just fixing routine tasks. You should be willing to take the hardest tasks and be a master of your tech stack.
Is Junior higher than senior?
Years 1–3: Junior. Years 4–6: Mid-level. Years 6+: Senior.
How do I know if I am a senior developer?
Senior developers don’t look down at you or think that they are better than you. That’s very important….You can call yourself a Senior when:You can handle the entire software development life cycle, end to end.You lead others, or others look to you for guidance.You can self manage your projects.
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Seeing in the Dark
By Rabbi Jonathan Tawil
The lights could soon be going out all over Britain. The National Grid has warned that demand for electricity could reach 95 per cent of available supplies if the UK is hit by a prolonged cold spell as was the case last year. The last time the UK experienced a massive black out was 40 years ago.
The crisis started in October 1973 when Arab states launched a surprise attack on Israel. The war in the Middle East quadrupled oil prices. Arab countries reduced supplies to the West. With the price of coal rising too and stocks dwindling, Britain’s miners went on strike. These unexpected circumstances led to Britons having to get used to living under candlelight as power cuts became a feature of everyday life.
How do you fair in the dark?
What’s your reaction to a sudden black out?
Most of us are afraid of the dark and finding ourselves in the shadows. We are scared of what may happen and the things that wait for us in the dark.
The ninth plague to hit the Egyptians was the plague of Darkness.
This was not the usual darkness but rather “There was a thick darkness in all the land of Egypt for three days. One did not see his own brother.” (10:22-23)”
The Egyptians couldn’t see anything for three days and then there was an even stronger darkness – a thick darkness which didn’t enable the Egyptian’s to move for a further three days.
The commentators are baffled as to why if the Egyptians were unable to see anything is there an emphasis on not seeing “one’s own brother”?
Nothing we know or can imagine approximates the darkness that overcame Egypt. It was miasmic; there was substance and body to it, not merely the absence of light. So different in character was this darkness that the Midrash Rabah (14:2) labors to understand its provenance. From where did such darkness come? The Midrash offers a source: the darkness came from on high, from the Heavens themselves.
But what could this possibly mean? What darkness is there above, where there is only light?
The Torah relates that, “Hashem said to Moshe: Stretch forth your hand over the Heavens, and there will be darkness upon the land of Egypt.” Shemot (10:21)
Moshe was told to stretch his hand over, above the Heavens. We would have expected him to be instructed to lift his hand towards Heaven. Moshe, however, was not meant to point with his hand in the direction of a higher place. He was told to reach above the Heavens, take hold of some lofty and elevated spiritual level, and bring it down to Egypt. There, explains the Toldot Yaakov Yosef, this wonderful light would turn to painful darkness for the Egyptians.
Consider a thoroughly evil person, somehow finding himself in Gan Eden (Garden of Eden), moving about among the righteous, who all sit there resplendent in their crowns of glory, basking in the radiance of the Shechinah. The righteous there experience this as indescribable pleasure; he suffers immeasurably. Completely unaccustomed to spirituality, he experiences this Gan Eden as unbearable discomfort.
This, then, is the essence of the plague of darkness. Moshe took some of the light from above. It plunged Egypt into darkness like no other.
The Jews experienced the very opposite. Unlike the Egyptians, they were not overcome by palpable darkness. On the contrary, the illumination that Moshe brought down from on high bathed them in light. “For all the Bnei Yisrael there was light in their dwellings.”
We speak of Hashem as “yotzer/ fashioning light and borei/ creating darkness” (Yeshayahu 45:7).
“Creation,” we are told is on a higher plane than “fashioning.” Why, then, is darkness linked to Beriah?
The Kabbalists explain that the “darkness” linked to Beriah in this verse is actually light – light that is even brighter than what is connected with yetzirah. Some light is so powerful, that staring at it leaves one blinded, incapable of seeing anything else. People who stare at the sun for even a brief moment are temporarily left unable to focus properly. One who is not equipped to handle the light loses his vision because of it. Our Sages (Avoda Zara 3) tell us that in the future, Hashem will take the sun out of its sheath. It will then inflict punishment upon the evil, while simultaneously curing the righteous. The righteous, accustomed to spiritual illumination, will make good use of it. They will find it curative and redemptive. The evil, unaccustomed to such illumination in their lives, will be overwhelmed and pained by it.
So it was to the Egyptians. Moshe did not bring darkness from above, but light. Unable to bear what their souls were unaccustomed to processing, the Egyptians were paralyzed by the overdose of light, and they were unable to see each other or rise up from their places for three days. The dwellings of Bnei Yisrael, however, were suffused with light.
The story is told many years ago that a man emigrated from a small town in Russia to the United States. His business enterprises were blessed with success and he became very wealthy. A few years later, his brother arrived, found his way to the successful brother’s house, and presented himself to the doorman as the brother of his master. The doorman directed him to the waiting area and afterwards came back with a message that his master had no brother. He sent back a number of signs hoping that his brother would recognize him. Again the doorman came back: “Sorry, my master says he has no brother and does not know you.” Disappointed and hurt, he told the doorman to tell his master, “I advise him to make a will immediately, because he does not have much time left to live.”
Petrified, the brother rushed to the door and asked in alarm, “How can you make such a statement? My doctor proclaimed me in excellent health!” The immigrant brother looked his brother in the eyes and said, “The city in which we grew up as brothers was very small and poor. The townspeople were unable to afford a full-time physician. I studied first-aid and administered their medical needs. From my experience I learned that when a patient can no longer ‘recognize’ his own brother, his situation is extremely serious and he has little time left to live.”
When Jews dwell together, when they band together as a group to bring down Hashem’s light, they are able to jointly receive it. Even in a blackout – when we sit in unity there is only light!
This is why next Shabbat we look forward to hosting hundreds of young Jews from around the world at the TAL International Shabbaton. The energy formed by uniting Jews from around the world on Shabbat holds the secret key to enlighten the world.
The question is why?
Why is that so?
Coming back to our initial question with the Jewish father.
Shabbat Shalom
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I just learned about the shortcuts that allow you to manipulate ranges, e.g. :+5,+10co. to copy after the current line.
I wondered if there is a way to copy and move at the start of the current line?
Currently I have to move the cursor at the end of the preceding line in order to attain the desired result.
To illustrate, given the following file, with the cursor being at line 5:
3 A
4 B
→ 5
6 C
7 D
Applying a copy via :+1,+2co. results in the undesired empty line at line 5:
3 A
4 B
6 C
→ 7 D
8 C
9 D
Is there a way to copy at the start of the current line or is one limited to perform this command at the end of the preceding line?
• a way to copy and move at the start of the current line That does not make sense for linewise (Ex) commands: "copy" can add after or before the current line. But it does not replace existing lines (even empty ones). Either don't create unneeded empty lines, or delete them manually, or use "normal" commands. – Matt Nov 17 '19 at 11:17
• 1
The operation you describe is the equivalent of selecting lines of text (i.e. including the line endings...CR or CRLF) in a gui/wysiwyg editor, hitting Ctrl-C (copy), placing the cursor on line 5, and hitting Ctrl-V (paste). Does that put the text on line 5 after the cursor? Nope. It puts it on the next line, leaving line 5 blank. As Matt indicates, you need characterwise operations and Normal (or Visual) mode is better suited for that then Command (line) mode. – B Layer Nov 17 '19 at 12:29
• 1
An example of characterwise but multiline operation (while in Normal mode): g_ is a motion to the last non-blank character of the current line and [count-1] lines downward. So if we do y2g_ we'll do a characterwise yank of two lines. Then we could do 5Gp to move cursor to line 5 and paste yanked text after it. IOW, one might find it easier to remove line 5 first and use your original commands... ;) – B Layer Nov 17 '19 at 12:44
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You had one line then you've inserted two lines more. Now you have three lines in total. That's very intuitive, IMO. Just don't create that empty line and do +1,+2co-1 or something like that. – Matt Nov 17 '19 at 12:47
• 1
Cool. No problem. (I'm guessing a lot of users are not familiar with that one. :) – B Layer Nov 19 '19 at 15:08
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Posted on 6 Comments
How to Breed Olive Egger Chickens: 6 Questions Answered
Olive Egger
Olive Eggers — chickens that produce eggs with olive colored shells — are developed by mating a pure breed that lays eggs with blue shells with a pure breed that lays eggs with brown shells. Blue shells are blue throughout; brown shells have pigment only on the outside. The olive colored shell occurs when a blue egg has an outer layer of brown pigment. The exact shade of olive is determined by how dark blue the shell is and how dark brown the overlying brown pigment is. Here are answers to six common questions about how to breed Olive Egger chickens.
Which chicken breeds are used to make Olive Eggers?
Olive Eggers are a cross between a breed that lays eggs with true blue shells and a breed that lays eggs with really dark brown shells. The blue egg layers might be Ameraucana, Araucana or Cream Legbar. The brown egg layers might be Barnevelder, Empordanesa, Marans, Penedesenca or Welsumer. The darker the shell color of the brown egg layer, the richer the shell color of the Olive Egger’s eggs. Using a breed that lays lighter brown eggs results an F1 generation that lays eggs with shells that are a lighter, more khaki-like shade.
What is an F1 Olive Egger?
F1 is an abbreviation for filial one. The word filial derives from the Latin word filialis, meaning “of a son or daughter.” F1 therefore refers to first offspring — the first generation resulting from crossing two different breeds for a specific purpose, in this case to achieve eggs with olive colored shells. The first generation resulting from crossbreeding also tends to grow and lay better than either parent breed, thanks to a phenomenon known as hybrid vigor.
What is an F2 Olive Egger?
F2 refers to filial two, or the second generation resulting from cross breeding. Some chicken keepers breed F2 Olive Eggers to achieve eggs with shells that are a darker shade of olive than those produced by the first generation. Others breed F2 Olive Eggers with the goal of producing chickens that lay eggs with a wider variety of green, brown, and blue shells.
Can you breed two Olive Eggers to produce more Olive Eggers?
Not if your goal is to obtain chickens that lay eggs with olive colored shells. Being hybrids, Olive Eggers are genetically unstable. If you breed an olive egger rooster to an olive egger hen, the resulting offspring will not necessarily lay eggs with olive green shells. Instead, the chickens will lay eggs with a variety of shell colors, some of which may be olive.
Can Easter Eggers be used to create Olive Eggers?
Not if your goal is to obtain hens that lay eggs with olive green shells. Easter Eggers produce eggs with several different shell colors, some of which may be white or brown. Even those that lay eggs with blue shells may not pass along the blue-shell gene to their offspring. Using Easter Eggers in the cross does not guarantee the creation of Olive Eggers.
How do you breed for Olive Egger chickens?
You can breed a brown-egg rooster to blue-egg hens, or a blue-egg rooster to brown-egg hens. Either cross will result in hens that lay olive green eggs. If your plan is to breed the Olive Egger hens back to the rooster to achieve F2 hens that lay darker olive eggs, you’ll want the rooster to be of a brown-egg breed. In the F2 generation (original rooster bred to Olive Egger hens) about half the hens will lay darker olive eggs and half will lay brown eggs. If your Olive Eggers are a result of crossing a blue-egg rooster with brown-egg hens, and you breed the rooster back to the F1 Olive Egger hens, your F2 generation hens will lay eggs with paler green shells than those laid by the F1 hens.
Producing Olive Egger chickens provides an excellent introduction to the genetic complexities of chicken egg shell colors. Breeding Olive Eggers that lay eggs with a specific shade of olive green can be challenging, fun and fascinating.
And that’s today’s news from the Cackle Coop.
Gail Damerow, author, The Chicken Encyclopedia
Olive Egger
6 thoughts on “How to Breed Olive Egger Chickens: 6 Questions Answered
1. I bought olive eggs now I’m confused after the hatch what is what mine were blue egg layers under a maran roo, would some have feathered feet? And I guess they come in variety of colors? Could send me some pics of some possible pics of olive eggers
1. Hi, Nicole…the Olive Egger breed is a cross and there can be a million different color variations. As far as feathered feet, yes it is possible with a Maran in the breeding line.
2. Am I right in thinking an F1 Oliver Egger will not hatch from an olive colored shell? An F1 would hatch from whatever color egg the hen naturally lays, right?
A Cream Legbar hen bred to a Maran rooster will still lay a blue egg. The roosters genetics shouldn’t affect the Legbars shell coloring. It will be the offspring, initially hatched from a blue egg (or brown if reversed),that lays the first olive colored egg.
Please correct me if I’m wrong.
3. I have some 2020 self blue olive eggers. I do not know the background, however, a couple of the pullets are rumpless and have feathers on their feet. What do I breed them with? I have a self blue Ameraucana rooster would this work?
4. What about the purple or pink eggs I see sometimes? Are they an off-shoot of olive eggers as well.?
1. No, those are typically a brown egg with a heavy bloom. If you were to wash the bloom off, the egg wouldn’t appear to be purple or pink anymore.
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Globally, COVID-19 is still very much a pressing concern. A recent journal article, co-authored by Dr Arzhan Surazakov1, looks at the role biophysical radiances can play in the treatment of COVID-19 and its long-term effects on the body.
Since not everyone that becomes infected with the COVID-19 virus gets seriously ill, the outcome of the disease depends not only on pathogen virulence but also on how effective the defences of the host organism are.2 Our defence system is our immune system, which is a complex and highly adaptive system that requires significant energy resources to function optimally. A number of researchers have proposed that the severity of COVID-19 is driven by functional exhaustion and a decrease in the number of lymphocytes.3,4,5
Download the coMra e-book for more information on coMra therapy
When our bodies encounter a new pathogen, the adaptive immune response quickly ramps up its energy usage for cell growth and proliferation of virus-specific T- and B-lymphocytes. This rapid increase in energy requirements of an activated immune system places enormous strain on the whole organism and we experience this as extreme fatigue, loss of appetite, high blood pressure, increased blood coagulation, amongst other symptoms. The affected systems are specifically selected and down-regulated to free up more energy for the immune system to do its work. What this means, is that our ability to fight an infection or pathogen not only depends on the inherent properties of the immune system, but also on the functional reserve, or tolerance limits, of the whole organism.
covid19In a relatively healthy individual the extra energy expenditure induced by the immune response to a COVID-19 or other infection could be well within the functional reserve of the body, and they would successfully fight the pathogen and recover. In individuals who have chronic infections, autoimmune conditions, or suffer from extreme psychological distress, their functional reserves are already quite low, meaning that there is less energy available to the activated immune system, which will then be less effective at clearing out the infection. “In COVID-19, the failure of adaptive immunity to contain infection rapidly leads to an uncontrolled viral spread that provokes secondary pathological hyperactivation of innate immunity (cytokine storm), acute respiratory distress syndrome, acute injury to the heart, kidneys, other organs and, finally, death.”6
Biological work requires energy. A cell absorbs energy from the environment in bulk form, such as glucose, and then converts it into a usable form through synthesis of ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate). Since the early 1980s numerous studies have shown increased intracellular ATP synthesis after irradiation with low-level infrared laser. Increased efficiency of ATP synthesis means there is more available energy for cell function, even under unfavourable conditions of glucose or oxygen deficiencies or increased functional load (as in the case of an infection).
By utilising Low-level Laser Therapy (LLLT) or Magnetic Infrared Laser Therapy (MILT) in the early stages of infection, it is possible to enhance a more rapid and effective immune response, resulting in a shorter duration of inflammation, less immune-related tissue damage and shorter recovery time.7 For those individuals recovering from COVID-19, such treatment may offer significant benefits in terms of regeneration of organs and systems that have sustained inflammation-related damage.
coMra therapy combines Low-level Laser Therapy with the healing radiances of colour, magnetism and (in the Delta) ultrasound to deliver a powerful combination of biophysical radiances. Read our coMra 101 Blog and How it Works: Coherent Multi-radiance Therapy Blog for more on how it works.
coMra therapy is a safe and non-invasive technology that can significantly support the immune system. Below are some recommended protocols that can be used in the treatment of active cases of infection or as a preventative and a method of boosting the immune system.
Each of these treatments should be applied once per day for 12 days.
Immune support 1: Preventative program for an individual without chronic diseases and below 50 years old.
• Universal 2
• Universal 3
Immune support 2: Preventative program for an individual with chronic diseases, over 50 years old, with high risk of infection.
• Universal 2
• Universal 6
univ3Immune support 3
• Universal 3 – every 4 hours except during sleep time
• Universal 2 – once a day
• In case of headache add Universal 1 once or twice per day
• In case of respiratory symptoms add Pulmonology 1 once or twice per day
• In case of runny nose add Otorhinolaryngology 1 once or twice per day
• In case of sore throat add Otorhinolaryngology 8 once or twice per day
Apply these treatments until your condition significantly improves. Then continue with Immune support 1 for another week to maintain a healthy and strong immune system.
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Portuguese - Português
Why learn Portuguese?
Portuguese is the sixth most widely spoken language in the world for number of L1 (native language) speakers, and it is the official language in ten countries. Although the majority of speakers live in Brazil, Portuguese originated from Latin in Portugal, the oldest nation state in Europe.
Brazilian Portuguese and European Portuguese differ in a similar way to American and British English - in pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary - but are essentially the same language.
Portuguese will be easier to learn if you have knowledge of other Romance languages like French, Italian or Spanish, and it will be equally helpful if you are thinking of studying one of those languages in future. Interesting fact: a bookshop in Porto, northern Portugal, and its imposing staircase, is thought to have inspired author J K Rowling, who lived in the city for two years, to develop ideas for the first Harry Potter book she was writing at the time.
What are some key phrases?
Olá (PT)
Oi (PT-BR)
Bom dia
Good morning/Hello
Tudo bem?
How are you?
Thank you
Por favor
Are there any words I might recognise?
You may have heard of the Portuguese words “fado”, whose traditional meaning is “fate” and is a traditional form of music, or “janeiro”, for ‘January’. Also, in many cases you can easily create the Portuguese equivalent, for example of English words ending in “-ty” by replacing the suffix with “-dade”, as in: city -> cidade, velocity -> velocidade, simplicity -> simplicidade and so on.
Get started today...
Our full timetable can be found on the registration page. Information on fees can be found on our payment and costs page.
We offer a range of levels for most languages from beginner to advanced. Our courses match the standard Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) levels - from A1 to C2.
• Beginner (A1) - A solid start to learning the language.
• Post-Beginner (A1+) - Gain in confidence with the basics.
• Improvers (A2) - Start to hold longer, routine conversations.
• Language and Culture (B1 to B2) - New topics each semester to develop to a higher level.
• Advanced (C1) - Use the language in more extended and complex situations.
As well as this language, we offer over 30 other languages. Can’t decide which language to learn? Try one of our free Intro Sessions where we’ll teach you the basics and you can decide if it’s for you. Learn how to join an intro session.
Coventry University awarded TEF GOLD Teaching Excellence Framework
University of the year shortlisted
QS Five Star Rating 2020
Coventry City of Culture 2021
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Frases de exemplo
Declivity numa frase em (in ingles)
1. He had rolled down a declivity of twelve or fifteen feet.
2. He went over the brim of the declivity and began to climb down.
3. They stood perched on the face of the declivity, under the trees.
4. This fact will give a good idea of the degree of the mound's declivity.
6. The young man uttered a fierce cry of despair, and galloped madly down the declivity.
7. Heyward had given one of his pistols to Hawkeye, and together they rushed down a little declivity.
8. Recovering her reserve, she sat without replying, and thus they reached the summit of another declivity.
10. And judging from the degree of its declivity, the perpendicular height cannot be less than seventy-five feet.
11. He then waved his hand for them to follow, and threw himself down the steep declivity, with free, but careful footsteps.
12. Our guide conducted us to the foot of a steep declivity, where we left our horses, and with some difficulty ascended about 70 yards.
13. Several fine specimens were observed on the western declivity of the Look-Out Mountain, but in no instances in large masses or quantities.
14. When, to let her have a measure of his manhood, he pushed her down to his declivity, her innate love prompted her lust into reciprocation.
15. Two other men descended after Danglars forming the rearguard, and pushing Danglars whenever he happened to stop, they came by a gentle declivity to the intersection of two corridors.
16. But before the obstacle they were approaching, Vronsky began working at the reins, anxious to avoid having to take the outer circle, and swiftly passed Mahotin just upon the declivity.
17. All that were left of the baggage-wagons after the passage of the Beresina, including the Emperor’s, had to be finally abandoned near the Tamari post-house at the foot of an ice-covered declivity on the further side of Vilna.
18. Dörpfeld maintains that the ancient orchestra and the later Agrippeum theatre near by, mentioned by Philostratus, 192 lay in the depression between the Pnyx and the Hill of the Nymphs, but considerably above the foot of the declivity.
19. Could not he who opened the eyes of the blind have kept this man from dying? By this time they were standing before the family tomb, a small natural cave, or declivity, in the ledge of rock which rose up some thirty feet at the far end of the garden plot.
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Volunteers help open new doors by teaching Manatee County adults how to read
In Manatee County, one in five adults can't read above the fifth-grade level. The Manatee Literacy Council is addressing this need.
"It's a wonderful opportunity to contribute my skills and capabilities to help make the community a better place," explained volunteer Jeannine Abele.
The council’s goal is to teach people how to read.
"I get the joy of working with some truly neat people and helping them to learn and grow confidence in their English skills," Abele continued.
The program has been around for more than 40 years and has helped thousands learn the art of reading.
"It's the most amazing thing in the world to watch them just bloom," said Michelle Desveaux McLean, the council’s executive director, "when they are meeting their potential."
While the classes are currently online because of COVID-19, for Jeannine, it’s become a way to create a closer bond with her students.
"Their spouse says hello. The kids jump in. We meet the dog and the cat and we see grandkids. It really a lot of fun."
Over 43 million adults in the U.S. struggle with reading.
"[It’s] not just a Florida problem or a Manatee problem but a United States problem," McLean explained. And it’s a problem that the Manatee Literacy Council is trying to fix.
"If you can't read. How can you advocate for your child at their pediatrician office? How do you take medicine? How do you read a bus schedule? How do you do anything without the ability to read? It really holds people back."
The free program has 40 tutors, but could always use more. They have a virtual fundraiser next week.
LINK: www.manatee-literacy.org
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5G, Internet Of Things And Artificial Intelligence: The Key Differences
The world stands to be reformed by the combination of three technologies, subsidizing a perfect storm. And with this RouterLogin’s IP guide you can know more about it. 5G, IoT, and AI embody a perfect high-tech storm and a powerful opportunity for value creation. Low cost and massive capacity unlock itself to the connection of things at a large volume. Although they have differences, combined, they are powerful.
Internet Of Things
The Internet of things (IoT) incorporates anything that connects to the Internet. However, it is now mostly used to define devices that “speak” to each other. In simpler terms, the Internet of things is a combination of devices connected. With a combination of linked devices with automated systems, it opens a possibility of collecting information, examining it, and producing action to assist individuals with a specific job or acquire knowledge from an activity.
It all comes down to devices, networks, and data. Examples of IoT are machine learning, smart grids, and intelligent farming, to name a few. IoT lets devices on sealed private internet connections interconnect with others, and the Internet of Things brings those networks together. It provides the chance for devices to connect not only in close silos but beyond different networking categories and generates a much more connected world. This links to Artificial Intelligence.
Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence (AI), in its simplest definition, is the way we want the machines to get smarter in implementing tasks. It is all about putting information on devices. Artificial intelligence is a result of after specific thorough data analysis after thoughtful consideration of sources and outcomes. AI is valuable for real-time review, post, or pre-event treating also. With a strong record, the AI can grow the accuracy of estimates and act consequently with detail to the instructions input by the external stimulus.
AI is a way of machine education that systematically observes the pattern and grows on results effectively. It is a product of combined predictive analysis, constant analytics, and prescriptive analytics, which is an imitation of human intelligence. There are many differences between AI and IoT.
To name a few, the difference between AI and IoT is cloud computing. AI’s cloud computing is quite reliable as it assists the machine to reason, ratify, and study from the human behaviors created. IoT’s cloud computing, on the other hand, is complementary in effectiveness to the cloud, which gives a lane to manage data.
The other difference is attaining the data obtained. Overall, AI is about data; it studies and repairs its performance from faults, comes across, and progresses openly. On the other hand, IoT is frequently captured moments from sensors that bring in are stored inside, and each time it is wanted, the data is pulled in. The introduction of 5G has increased the progressiveness of AI and IoT.
What is 5G?
5G is the following generation of mobile broadband, the ‘G’ meaning generation. It is being prefigured as the actual coordinator of the IoT and AI. Many countries like South Korea and the United States have started this revolution. 5G and Artificial Intelligence have shared coordinators. 5G offers the structure and substantial amounts of data essential for successful AI.
Although AI, driven by advances in machine learning, provides the capability to make sense of the commotion and complication of 5G. An example will be Siri. A voice-activated assistant which processes requests and gives out great responses. However, they are not as perfect.
IoT And 5G
IoT is growing. The amount of connected devices is expected to rise from 700 million to 3.2 billion by 2023. Many things contribute to this growth. However, the essential one is the development of 5G networks. This is where the difference comes in; without the 5G being the anchor to the IoT, the growth would not be as massive.
5G networks are expected to improve the performance and dependability of these connected devices. The successful accomplishment of any IoT is ultimately tied to its effectiveness, which is reliant on how fast it can communicate with other IoT devices and smartphones, software in the form of its app or website. With 5G, data-transfer rapidity will increase.
5G And LTE Networks
5G is expected to be ten times faster than current LTE networks. This growth in speed will allow IoT devices to connect and share data quicker than ever. An example is smart home devices. The growth in rate will help to decrease lag and advance the total speed in which connected devices send and receive data and notifications. Additionally, to the increase in speed, 5G networks will function more consistently, creating more unwavering connections. It is vital to have dependable and steady network conditions for any IoT.
With the capability of a 5G network to deal with more connected devices, users will profit from better reliability of their connected devices. The high-speed connectivity, very low dormancy, and better coverage that will arrive with the next-generation network will be essential for IoT’s.
Artificial Intelligence And 5G
Artificial Intelligence is all about creating a system to act smartly about human behavior. In contrast, IoT is all about the sensors of devices and 5G being the fifth generation of cellular networks.
Although differences are specified, Artificial Intelligence, 5G, and the Internet of Things do have a clear connection between them, which is why AI and IoT become central to the future of 5G. Combined, they bring in a connected level of intellect, which will make computers smarter and not just devices that are connected.
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9 Freaky and Unexplained Scientific Anomalies
Updated June 14, 2019 49.1k views9 items
Science can explain a great many things, but there are still some weird scientific anomalies that experts just can't figure out. As long as man has walked the earth, people have been in search of answers. Some weird anomalies in science are shrouded in mysticism, others just defy explanation - but all have captured the attention of the ever-curious public. From extraterrestrial messages to strange medical conditions formed at birth, these cases are straight from the pages of science fiction.
And while some scientific anomalies are fun to fantasize about - like strange roads discovered under the sea or possible pyramids on Mars - some potentially hold answers many researchers have spent their entire careers trying to find. Is there life on other planets? Can we figure out how to cure horrible genetic diseases? What were ancient cultures really capable of?
With more research, it's possible we will discover what causes these strange phenomena. In fact, some of these unexplained scientific anomalies were only discovered as researchers were trying to answer other questions. While many of the world's great mysteries have already been solved, let's celebrate the unanswered questions that are still captivating and seriously freaking us out.
• A Russian Radio Signal Has Been Broadcasting Since 1976 and No One Knows Why
Photo: US Department of Defense / Wikimedia Commons
Since 1982, there’s been a mysterious Russian radio signal called UVB-76 that’s been constantly transmitting. No one is sure who is making it, where exactly it comes from, or why it started. Most astoundingly, no one has ever been able to decode the messages it broadcasts. It buzzes 25 times per minute and occasionally broadcasts a random series of names and numbers. It used to broadcast from somewhere near Moscow, but in 2010, the location changed to a more remote part of Russia. Many people have speculated that it's a military communication channel, but, as one enthusiast says, "Without access to the codebook, there is no way to tell what they are sending."
• The Wow! Signal Could Be a Message from Another Galaxy
While working on a search for extraterrestrial life (SETI) project, an astronomer named Jerry Ehman discovered what is now known as the “Wow! Signal” - the best evidence we have of a possible alien radio transmission. The signal, received in 1977 by Ohio State University’s Big Ear radio telescope, came from the constellation Sagittarius. It was over 30 times more powerful than other noises coming from deep space. It was dubbed "Wow!" after Ehman wrote the word on the print-out of the frequency data. A similar message has never been heard, despite attempts to recreate it.
• Massive Ice Chunks Are Falling from the Sky
Massive Ice Chunks Are Falling from the Sky
Video: YouTube
For years, people around the world have reported huge chunks of ice, called megacryometeors, falling from the sky. And not little hail-sized chunks - huge pieces of ice that weigh up to 110 pounds in some cases. It’s a well-reported phenomenon but no one is quite sure why it happens. There’s one leading theory that the ice is dislodged off passing jets, but the Federal Aviation Administration has examined complaints and determined no planes could’ve dropped the ice. Meteorologists say it’s not weather related. So what is it exactly? Scientists continue to investigate, but aren’t 100 percent sure of any one cause.
• A Rare Congenital Disease Paralyzes Children and Scientists Can't Figure Out Its Cause
A Rare Congenital Disease Paralyzes Children and Scientists Can't Figure Out Its Cause
Photo: UNICEF Ethiopia / flickr / CC-BY-NC-ND 2.0
A rare neurological disorder, the cause of Moebius syndrome has eluded doctors for years. It causes paralysis and muscle weakness, as well as dental abnormalities. Because it manifests at birth, babies born with the disorder often have trouble eating. Doctors have been trying to figure out what exactly causes the disorder in order to better treat it, but have been unable to pinpoint how or when it begins to affect a fetus. It does not appear to be genetic, and doctors think it may be caused by an interruption in blood flow in the brain during prenatal development.
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Inside Look at Wisdom Teeth Removal
According to an interview in the New York Times, the head of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Wisdom Teeth Task Force on estimates that between 70 and 80% of Americans meet the criteria for removal.
Why this tooth removed
Wisdom teeth, sometimes also called the third molars, are the teeth that lie behind the farthest point in your mouth. Normally, we developed four third molars, with one at the top and bottom of the right and left side of the jaw. You can visit to find a surgeon to remove the wisdom tooth.
Sometimes wisdom teeth develop naturally, erupted through the gum and harmonize with the rest of the gear. In an estimated 70 per cent of people where this does not happen, a few teething problems and serious health can occur. Here are four of the most common issues:
Impaction and bone damage: If a tooth is affected, they may try to grow sideways and cause damage to the jaw bone as they work on finding a way to erupt.
Image Source: Google
Infection: Partially erupted tooth can leave openings in the gums that pull bacteria. These bacteria over time can cause both mild and serious infections.
Pressure: Impacted teeth can put pressure on other teeth nearby, disturbing the growth pattern of natural teeth and orthodontic development. This can cause crowding and decay.
Cysts and tumours: Tumours and cysts can develop around impacted wisdom tooth. This serious complication can result in damage to the gums and jawbone.
During the initial consultation, the surgeon will take a detailed X-ray to determine the position of your teeth. He will also perform an oral assessment. Based on the findings, a specific action will be recommended to you and appointments scheduled for the extraction if necessary.
Elimination of teeth is an outpatient procedure performed in the surgeon's office. In most cases, local anaesthesia is used to prevent pain in the removal. Anaesthesia decision is made in partnership with patients, comfort and health considerations in mind.
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$1 for 3 months. Save 97%.
$1 for 3 months. Save 97%.
Wildfires, smoke and ash cause 'apocalyptic' sky over California
Kate Cimini
Salinas Californian
California's sunny skies have drastically changed.
From San Francisco to Los Angeles and Yosemite in between, Californians are taking photos of friends having coffee against the gray-orange-yellow sky, national monuments and skyscrapers bathed in red at midday, or a sun shrouded in plumes of smoke.
Dozens of wildfires burning across the West Coast has caused the sepia-toned backdrop.
"All day we've been looking at this," said Dan Jacobson, director of Environment California, who works a few miles south of Sacramento. "It feels like we're looking at it through an Instagram filter."
Track California fires:Map traces current wildfires burning across state in real-time
These fires, which include the second- third- and fourth-largest California has seen in recorded history, have sent enough smoke into the air to create a belt of smoke about 4,000 feet thick.
It can be seen from space
That smoke is to blame for the odd orange and red hues people are capturing, said Drew Peterson, a Monterey-based National Weather Service meteorologist.
"Over the last three weeks, we've had the conditions coming together to create extremely critical fire weather conditions across not only California but Washington and Oregon," Peterson said.
A series of wildfires broke out in Northern California on Tuesday, while two large fires continue to burn in the Central Valley.
"A large number of new wildfires and existing wildfires were fanned up by very strong offshore winds and we had explosive growth on these fires," Peterson said. "They burned through massive amounts of dry forest and grasslands. That generated a massive amount of smoke."
The layer of smoke extends from Portland, Ore., all the way down to Santa Barbara, he added. Pilot and instrument reports confirm that the smoke layer is sitting between 2,000 and 6,000 feet above the ground.
See the damage: What Creek Fire looks like in Shaver Lake, nearby towns
However, residents can't smell the smoke because it is lofted so high in the atmosphere, Peterson said.
"From zero to 2,000 feet, there's not a whole lot of smoke so we don't smell it or sense it, we just see it, like we would see a cloud in the sky," he said.
Although many parts of California have reported ash falling from the sky, the heaviest particles are falling simply due to gravity.
On the Central Coast, the marine layer helps to keep the smoke at bay, creating another barrier between the smoke and residents. The smoke, in turn, blocks the marine layer from burning off.
The sunlight that does make it through that smoky filter is primarily lower-wavelength colors: red, orange and yellow. The indigos, greens and violets that make up the rest of the ROYGBIV rainbow are blocked by smoke particles, Peterson said.
"We're only picking up a third-to-half of the light coming from the sun," he added.
The lack of longer-length waves of light could impact agriculture across California, said Henry Gonzales, Monterey County Agricultural commissioner. Plants photosynthesize best under indigo light, meaning that if they are forced to grow too long under reds and oranges, their growth and production could be stunted.
"This could be impacting photosynthesis because these particles could be blocking rays of light," said Gonzales, referring to the smoke. "It's hard to know how much, though, and I'm hoping it all goes away."
Jacobson said he believed the apocalyptic sky could be detrimental to people's mental health after everything they've been through in the last few months.
"It's frustrating and scary," he said. "Makes you want to throw your hands up in the air and just kind of give up."
Residents have been social distancing, enduring job insecurity and loss, food insecurity, and the loss of life thanks to COVID-19. Topping that off with dozens of fires, evacuations, and a heatwave where Californians couldn't turn their air conditioners on as well as rolling blackouts, is a lot, Jacobson said.
"Going outside has been one of the reprieves," he said. "People like to camp, they like to garden. All of that, especially going to your local park and walking or running has gone up and when it's smoky like this, you can't do that either.
"It just doesn't feel normal."
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Blood Pressure Monitoring
When your heart beats it pumps blood throughout your body. As blood moves, it pushes against blood vessels. The strength of this pushing is the blood pressure. When blood pressure is too high, it puts strain on your arteries and can lead to health problems.
Understanding The Numbers
Blood pressure is measured using millimetres of mercury and results in two numbers (ie: 124 over 84 or 124/84). The first number is called the systolic number (SBP) and is a measurement of your hart contracting. The second number is a diastolic number (DBP) and is a measurement of your heart relaxing.
Your blood pressure should be less than 140/90. If you have diabetes, you are more likely to have high blood pressure, and your blood pressure should be less than 130/80.
Blood Pressure Monitors
Blood pressure monitors are available for sale at Conway’s Pharmacy and Healthcare, and we have in-pharmacy testing while you wait for your prescription. We strongly encourage people to make a habit of checking their blood pressure. We even provide a wallet-sized card that allows you to keep track of your blood pressure over time. You will also have a record of your blood pressure results to discuss with your family doctor.
In-Home Blood Pressure Checking
The following are some tips to ensure you get the best possible reading from your monitor:
1. Buy a good quality blood pressure monitor
• When purchasing a blood pressure monitor ensure it is endorsed by Hypertension Canada. A Conway’s pharmacist can assist you in recommending the proper monitor.
2. The time of day is important
• Measure your blood pressure when you are relaxed. Do not measure your blood pressure if you are sick or stressed.
• Measure your blood pressure after your bowels and bladder are emptied.
• Wait 2 hours after eating a large meal before you take your blood pressure.
• Wait 30 minutes after drinking caffeinated beverages and smoking before you take your blood pressure.
• Take your blood pressure in the morning and evening before your blood pressure medications
3. Good technique is essential
• Sit in a chair that supports your back and sit beside a table that supports your arm.
• Your arm should be positioned so the center of the cuff is at heart level.
• The cuff should be the appropriate size for your arm.
• Keep your feet flat on the floor.
• The cuff should be placed against your skin and not a sleeve.
• Rest for 5 minutes prior to taking a reading.
• Take two readings approximately 1-2 minutes apart.
• Record your readings and bring them to your doctor’s office.
Talk To Us
For more information about monitoring your own blood pressure, or for assistance while in the pharmacy, please talk to your Conway’s pharmacist.
Additional Resources
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By NewsDesk @infectiousdiseasenews
Health officials in New Brunswick, Canada are investigating an outbreak of seven confirmed cases of legionellosis in the Greater Moncton area.
Legionella pneumophila bacteria/CDC
“Public Health is investigating to determine potential sources of legionella bacteria,” said Dr. Cristin Muecke, deputy chief medical officer of health. “Out of an abundance of caution, we recommend individuals who become ill with pneumonia-like or respiratory symptoms, such as fever, chills, cough, shortness of breath, muscle aches and headache, promptly seek medical care or call 811.”
Legionellosis is a disease caused by bacteria called Legionella. These bacteria are found worldwide. They live in the environment and can be found in both natural bodies of water (such as ponds, lakes and streams) and in constructed water systems (such as air conditioners, cooling towers, whirlpools, spas and decorative fountains). People do not become ill from Legionella by drinking water. Home and car air conditioning units do not use water to cool, so they are not a risk for Legionella.
Legionnaires’ disease: A personal story
“Although legionellosis is not spread person to person, it is spread when the bacteria are present in an infected water source and fine mists of water from that source are inhaled,” said Muecke. “Anyone exposed to the bacteria can become infected. Older persons, those with weakened immune systems or chronic diseases, smokers, alcoholics and persons working with man-made water systems, such as maintenance workers on air conditioning systems, are at greater risk of developing the disease.”
In New Brunswick, 28 cases were reported to Public Health between 2015 and 2018.
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Belloni Studio Legale
Supercapacitor Vs Battery
Supercapacitor Vs Battery
What exactly are supercapacitors? You may have heard the time period before, or maybe you've an thought about how we use them in everyday life. Many people think they’re associated lithium-ion batteries. We’ll define the basics of supercapacitors (typically called ultracapacitors) and break down their advantages and disadvantages as a storage medium.
A Supercapacitor Introduction
Briefly, supercapacitors are high-capacity capacitors. They have higher capacitance and lower voltage limits than different types of capacitors, and functionally, they lie someplace in between electrolytic capacitors and rechargeable batteries.
What this means in practice is that they:
Cost much faster than batteries
Can store a lot more energy than electrolytic capacitors
Have a lifespan (measured in cost/discharge cycles) somewhere between the two (more than rechargeable batteries and less than electrolytic capacitors)
For a lifespan comparability, consider that while electrolytic capacitors have an unlimited number of charge cycles, lithium-ion batteries average between 500 and 10,000 cycles. Supercapacitors, nonetheless, have a lifespan starting from 100,000 to one million cycles.
Advantages and Disadvantages
The benefits of supercapacitors embody:
Balancing energy storage with charge and discharge times. While they'll’t store as a lot energy as a comparably sized lithium-ion battery (they store roughly ¼ the energy by weight), supercapacitors can compensate for that with the pace of charge. In some cases, they’re practically 1,000x quicker than the charge time for a similar-capacity battery.
Some electric toys that use supercapacitors can cost virtually instantly. Corporations like Nawa are looking to implement the same concept in real electrical cars. Imagine electric cars powered by supercapacitors (somewhat than rechargeable batteries) that would cost to full in less time than it takes to fill a fossil fuel motor with gasoline, slightly than the hours of charge time typically required by battery-operated cars.
Huge-ranging Working Temperatures. Supercapacitors have a much broader effective operating temperature (from roughly -40F to +150F).
On the other hand, the pace of energy change is, in some sense, a bug as well as a flaw. Listed below are some disadvantages of supercapacitors:
Self-discharge rate. Supercapacitors aren’t well-suited for lengthy-time period energy storage. The discharge rate of supercapacitors is significantly higher than lithium-ion batteries; they will lose as a lot as 10-20 % of their cost per day due to self-discharge.
Gradual voltage loss. While batteries provide a near-constant voltage output until spent, the voltage output of capacitors declines linearly with their charge.
The place Can Supercapacitors be Utilized?
Ultracapacitors are extraordinarily well suited to any application that expects frequent cost and discharge cycles, extreme working temperatures, or rapid discharge of high amounts of energy. Listed here are some exciting applications on the horizon:
Public Transportation. Hybrid buses and other vehicles (comparable to small electrical automobiles for ride-sharing) can benefit from supercapacitors’ wide working temperature. Supercapacitors might assist make sure that vehicles will work well even in the dead of winter or the dog days of summer. In China, some hybrid buses already use supercapacitors to boost acceleration, and supercapacitors help trams travel from one stop to the next, recharging at the stations.
Hybrid supercapacitor-battery. This arrangement would combine the supercapacitor’s rapid energy intake with the battery’s long-time period storage abilities, providing the very best of both worlds. A profitable merging of these technologies would improve the balance between charge time and range. We would additionally see exciting possibilities to improve regenerative braking efficiency in everything from electric cars to hybrid trains and development equipment.
Extending run times. Run occasions may seem minor compared to the other applications. But consider the benefits of extending the lifetime of consumer electronics (such as laptops and mobile units) and stabilizing the ability provide in units that have fluctuating loads. Power instruments like electrical drills have considerably shorter run times once they employ supercapacitors relatively than batteries, however you possibly can recharge them quickly (in about ninety seconds), making them environment friendly for on-site job use.
Power stabilization. Supercapacitors are useful for a wide range of energy-stabilizing applications like backup systems and energy buffers. They provide significant price savings in uninterruptible power provides when they exchange electrolytic capacitors.
Supercapacitors fall someplace between traditional electrolytic capacitors and rechargeable batteries in lifespan, energy storage, and efficient operating temperature. They successfully bridge the functional gap between these applied sciences and are gaining traction as we develop new ways to make use of their distinctive mixture of energy change and storage abilities. Pairing supercapacitors with batteries in hybrid arrays offers the possibility to get one of the best of each worlds. We must always expect to see supercapacitors more usually in the future.
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Climatic stress contributing to ancient city's demise serves as modern warning: Aussie research
Source: Xinhua| 2018-10-18 10:03:43|Editor: Chengcheng
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SYDNEY, Oct. 18 (Xinhua) -- The ancient Cambodian city of Angkor suffered from extreme weather conditions that strained its infrastructure within a major canal system, contributing to its demise that also serves as a warning for modern urban communities, according to a latest Australian research.
Angkor, built on a complex system of canals, water catchments and embankments, was once the largest city in the world, but it recorded a massive population fall in the 15th century, the University of Sydney said in a statement about its study on Thursday.
Using in-depth mapping analyses, university researchers found that the city suffered external climate stress coupled with overloaded infrastructure within a complex canal network, which helped to provide evidence of a "vulnerability to catastrophic failures."
"The water management infrastructure of Angkor has been developed over centuries, becoming very large, tightly interconnected, and dependent on older and ageing components. The change in the middle of the 14th century... from prolonged drought to particularly wet years, put too much stress on this complex network, making the water distribution unstable," said research team co-leader professor Mikhail Prokopenko.
The latest findings, published in scientific journal Science Advances, "is crucial to improving infrastructure in an era of increasing frequent extreme weather events which are creating new and pressing risks to urban environments," he said.
"For the first time, identifying a systemic vulnerability in Angkor's infrastructural network has provided a mechanistic explanation for its demise, which comes with an important lesson for our contemporary urban environments," said research co-leader professor Daniel Penny.
The risks of such a "network collapse" have become more acute "as urban conglomerations become larger, more complex, and have more people living in them," said the researchers.
The findings emphasize the need for governments and communities to focus on building resilience into modern urban networks, particularly in the face of a changing climate, said Prokopenko.
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Quick Answer: How Many Types Of Taxes Are There In The US?
Can you go to jail for not paying your taxes?
What is a type of income?
There are 3 types of income: active income, passive income and portfolio income. Active Income. Dictionary.com says: Income for which services have been performed. This includes wages, tips, salaries, commissions, and income from businesses in which there is material participation.
What are the three main types of taxes?
What are the 7 types of taxes?
Here are seven ways Americans pay taxes.Income taxes. Income taxes can be charged at the federal, state and local levels. … Sales taxes. Sales taxes are taxes on goods and services purchased. … Excise taxes. … Payroll taxes. … Property taxes. … Estate taxes. … Gift taxes.
What are the 5 types of income?
The 5 Types Of Income The IRS Wants You To Know. Gross income is all the income a person receives across all sources before any deductions. Your gross income includes all wages, dividends, interests, business income, rental income, alimony and that money your uncle gave you at Christmas.
What are the basics of the US tax system?
The U.S. tax system is set up on both a federal and state level. There are several types of taxes: income, sales, capital gains, etc. Federal and state taxes are completely separate and each has its own authority to charge taxes. The federal government doesn t have the right to interfere with state taxation.
How many types of taxes are there?
There are two types of taxes namely, direct taxes and indirect taxes. The implementation of both the taxes differs. You pay some of them directly, like the cringed income tax, corporate tax, and wealth tax etc while you pay some of the taxes indirectly, like sales tax, service tax, and value added tax etc.
What is tax explain?
A tax is a compulsory financial charge or some other type of levy imposed on a taxpayer (an individual or legal entity) by a governmental organization in order to fund government spending and various public expenditures. … In economic terms, taxation transfers wealth from households or businesses to the government.
Do we really have to pay taxes?
How is tax calculated?
What is the best tax system?
Tax Competitiveness Index 2019: Estonia has the world’s best tax system – no corporate income tax, no capital tax, no property transfer taxes. For the sixth year in a row, Estonia has the best tax code in the OECD, according to the freshly published Tax Competitiveness Index 2019.
What are the 4 main types of taxes?
Why is paying taxes important?
When you work at a job to make money, you pay income taxes. … Tax money helps to ensure the roads you travel on are safe and well-maintained. Taxes fund public libraries and parks. Taxes are also used to fund many types of government programs that help the poor and less fortunate, as well as many schools!
Who pays most of the income tax?
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4 ways to be more environmentally friendly
Land and water pollution is largely fed by the consumerist culture we live in, which has people throwing out billions of tons of packaging, clothing, and products.
These tips will help you and your family to improve your environmental footprint!
1. Start a compost pile
Stop buying fertiliser for your garden and wasting food in landfill. Landfill pollutes soil, air, biodiversity and entire ecosystems.
Instead, start a compost pile from which will become fertiliser for your garden and lawn.
Natural compost has been proven to be healthier for gardens, as well as improve the growth and health of plants.
What can you put in a compost pile?
Any food scraps, except for meat and dairy products.
Paper and cardboard can also be put in, if it is torn into little pieces. And make sure to regularly water your compost pile too.
2. Packaging in stores
One of the greatest contributors to waste and landfill is of course, all the packaging from our food and products like cardboard, chip packets and plastic bottles.
We do have Woolworth’s recycling collection centres for bottles but a lot of people do not use them and make for a small percentage of the waste regardless.
The trick is to reuse something for another purpose or avoid using it at all.
For example:
Turn your coke bottle into a sprinkler for your lawn this summer instead of buying a new sprinkler. Simply poke some holes in the plastic, stick your hose in and tape it securely.
Alternatively, turn it into a pen/toothbrush holder, shower bottle holder or pots for plants. Some organic shops, like Wagga’s ‘The Source,’ has the option for customers to bring their own packaging for products.
3. Broken furniture
My mum turns old furniture into new furniture. Reuse whatever you can.
Chairs can be turned into window boxes; cupboards into children’s desks; or a child’s table and the blade protection grids on fans can be turned into kitchen strainers/colanders.
Always try to buy from second-hand furniture stores or Vinnies, not only do you save money but you save the planet too!
4. Pet food
Canned or bagged food for your pets claim to be full of protein and have all these health benefits, however they are also full of chemicals and additives that the bodies of dogs weren’t built to process.
A much healthier option for your animals is to buy extra meat and vegetables during your weekly shop.
Chop them up and cook them for your pets – a far more natural, healthier and environmentally friendly way to feed your pup!
Don’t forget that butchers are better to buy from then the meat section in supermarkets.
They cut their meat fresh, use far less packaging, transport and pay good prices to the meat suppliers.
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Quick Answer: Which Language Has The Best Grammar?
Is English older than Arabic?
The earliest Proto-Arabic written texts are from the 8th century BC and Pre-Classical Arabic from the 2nd century BC.
English as a West Germanic language and a variety of Proto-Germanic languages dates to the 1st century BC and Old English developing into modern English dates to the 5th century AD.
So, Arabic is older..
What is difficult grammar?
Grammar rules are definitely tricky! One of the biggest reasons that learning and using grammar correctly is so difficult is that there are so many exceptions to every rule. … enough, it will be almost impossible to be able to learn and master all these different exceptions.
What word takes 3 hours to say?
What is the hardest language in Europe?
HungarianHungarian is widely considered as the most difficult language to learn in Europe. Hungarians are well aware of that. It has two consequences: They often repeat that Hungarian is an awfully difficult language.
What is the hardest grammar in English?
The 12 most difficult parts of learning English, according to non-English speakersSentence structure. The big red dog NOT the red big dog. … Phrasal verbs. How do you feel about phrasal verbs? … Vowels. Vowels. … Latent letters. Moved to the states when I was 7 years old. … Exceptions. … Pronunciation. … Idioms. … Homonyms.More items…•
What is the first language in the world?
What is the simplest language?
Which language has the easiest grammar?
Languages with Simple Grammar Rules1) Esperanto. It is the widely-spoken artificial language in the world. … 2) Mandarin Chinese. You did not see this one coming, right? … 3) Malay. … 4) Afrikaans. … 5) French. … 6) Haitian Creole. … 7) Tagalog. … 8) Spanish.More items…
Which is the mother of all languages?
Which language did Krishna speak?
Present day Indian languages which covers most of the places where Lord Rama and Lord Krishna lived are Hindi, Bhojpuri, Bengali , Marathi, Oriya etc. All these languages have a common ancestry which is Sanskrit. Also, Sanskrit is always regarded as the language of Hindu Holy Scriptures.
What is difficult about English?
So many things make learning English difficult and confusing. Its grammar structure, its spelling, meanings and rules that contradict existing rules are difficult to master. … If you have a choice, learn English if your native language belongs to the same language family as you’ll be able to recognize some of the words.
What are the 5 longest words?
What is the best language?
The top 10 best languages you should learn in 2021!Spanish. Spanish has more native speakers in the world than English, making it the best language to learn when travelling. … English. … Mandarin Chinese. … Portuguese. … French. … German. … Hindi. … Arabic.More items…•
Which language has the most grammar?
What is the hardest word to say?
The Most Difficult English Word To PronounceColonel.Penguin.Sixth.Isthmus.Anemone.Squirrel.Choir.Worcestershire.More items…•
What is a tricky word?
Tricky words are those words which cannot be sounded out easily. Emergent readers may find them difficult to read as they have not yet learned some of the Graphemes in those words.
Which is the most beautiful language in the world?
What is the most advanced language?
Which language has no grammar?
People are always saying that some languages have no grammar, like the Chinese languages, Vietnamese and Thai for example. Linguistically this is untrue – every language has countless rules about how to form valid sentences.
Which language is most useful other than English?
Which language is hardest to learn?
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Managing Hazardous Waste
We strengthen regulations and streamline waste management
Managing Universal Waste in California Fact Sheet
July 2008*
Rules for Managing Some Common Wastes
This fact sheet explains California’s “Universal Waste Rule” – a set of regulations that simplify how we can manage some very common hazardous wastes.
What are Universal Wastes?
Common examples of Universal Wastes include Televisions, Computers, Computer Monitors, Batteries, and Fluorescent Lamps. Universal wastes are hazardous upon disposal but pose a lower risk to people and the environment than other hazardous wastes. State and Federal regulations identify which unwanted products are universal wastes and provide simple rules for handling and recycling of them. These regulations are found in the California Code of Regulations, title 22, division 4.5, chapter 23 (all citations in this fact sheet refer to the California Code of Regulations, title 22, division 4.5, unless otherwise indicated.)
Universal wastes are generated by a wide variety of people and businesses. The universal waste rule allows people to handle and transport universal waste under a simple set of rules that are appropriate for the risks posed by the wastes but still protect people and the environment.
In general, the person who decides to discard something is responsible for determining if it is a hazardous waste based on the following four characteristics.
The Four Characteristics of Hazardous Waste
1. Toxicity (poisonous)
2. Reactivity (can explode)
3. Ignitability (can catch fire)
4. Corrosivity (acidic or alkaline; can cause burns)
Hazardous Waste
• Most are generated by industrial businesses
• Subject to detailed management standards
Universal Waste
• Lower risk than other hazardous wastes
• Generated by a wide variety of people
• Reduced management requirements
Note: Wastes that do not contain hazardous substances are not universal wastes even if they are similar in type.
What Items are Designated as Universal Wastes?
The following items are universal wastes when they are no longer useful or are discarded:
1. Cathode ray tubes (CRTs). Waste (CRTs), also known as picture tubes, are found in devices such as televisions and computer monitors.
2. Batteries. Universal waste batteries include rechargeable nickel-cadmium batteries, silver button batteries, mercury batteries, small sealed lead acid batteries (burglar alarm and emergency light batteries), most alkaline batteries, carbon-zinc batteries, and any other batteries that exhibit a characteristic of a hazardous waste.
NOTE: Spent automotive-type lead acid storage batteries are not universal waste. They are hazardous wastes that are managed under a different set of regulatory requirements (see article 7 of chapter 16).
3. Lamps. Universal waste lamps include fluorescent tubes and bulbs, high intensity discharge lamps, sodium vapor lamps, and any other type of lamps that exhibit a characteristic of a hazardous waste. Also, any electric lamp that contains added mercury, whether or not it exhibits a hazardous waste characteristic, is a universal waste.
4. Electronic devices. These include any electronic equipment without a CRT, such as cell phones and telephones, computer CPUs and printers, VCRs and portable DVD players that exhibits a hazardous waste characteristic.
5. Mercury thermostats. These thermostats contain small glass capsules with mercury, a shiny liquid metal, to make electrical contact. (Modern electronic thermostats do not contain mercury.)
6. Non-empty aerosol cans. These are universal wastes if they contain an ignitable or toxic propellant or if the contents exhibit any hazardous waste characteristic. For more information, see our fact sheet SB1158 Designates Aerosol Cans as ‘Universal Waste.”
7. Mercury switches. Two different types of mercury switches are universal wastes:
• Motor vehicle switches that contain mercury. Any mercury switch that is removed from a vehicle is a universal waste. When they are to be crushed for scrap, vehicles that contain mercury light switches are also universal waste until the mercury light switches are removed.
• Non-automotive mercury switches and products that contain them. These switches include thermostats and tip switches in portable heaters, washing machine out-of-balance switches, silent wall switches, and other mercury-containing switches and products containing them. All discarded products that contain mercury switches are universal wastes.
8. Mercury thermometers, including fever thermometers.
9. Pressure or vacuum gauges that contain mercury such as U-tube manometers, barometers, and sphygmomanometers (blood pressure meters.)
10. Dilators and weighted tubing. These medical devices contain mercury.
11. Rubber flooring that contains mercury. Some older gymnasium floors that were poured in place to form indoor tracks and gymnastic areas contain mercury.
12. Mercury-Added Novelties. This category includes practical joke items, figurines, jewelry, toys, games, cards, ornaments, yard statues and figures, candles, holiday decorations, and footwear that contain mercury or mercury batteries. Effective January 1, 2003, the California Mercury Reduction Act banned sale of mercury-added novelties in this state, but some people still have them in their homes.
13. Mercury gas flow regulators. These older gas flow regulators are managed exclusively by natural gas utilities.
14. Counterweights and dampers, including devices that use mercury’s high density to dampen shaking on hunting bows and snow skis or to absorb recoil on shotguns.
15. Dental amalgam tooth filling materials including waste amalgam, bits and pieces from chair side traps, and spent wastewater filters.
16. Gauges. Vacuum and pressure gauges that contain mercury, including blood pressure gauges, barometers, and manometers
Do these Regulations Apply to Me?
With two exceptions discussed below, anyone who generates or handles universal waste must comply with all parts of these regulations. Exemptions that temporarily allowed people to dispose of some universal wastes in the regular trash have ended. Nobody may dispose any type of universal waste in the trash in California.
Households: Are not exempt from the Universal Waste Rule. Households must recycle their universal wastes and are prohibited from disposing them in the trash.
Households should check the following websites for a location nearest them to take their wastes.
Conditionally exempt small quantity universal waste generators (CESQUWG): Small commercial hazardous waste generators also only have to follow the recycling and hazardous waste disposal parts of the universal waste rule. However, they are not subject to rules for training, accumulation time, recordkeeping, or labeling.
For a business to qualify as a CESQUWG, it must
• Generate less than 100 kilograms (220 pounds) of total federally regulated hazardous waste, including all universal wastes (except CRTs) in any calendar month; and
• Generate less than 1 kilogram (2.2 pounds) of any waste identified as an acutely hazardous waste in chapter 11.
Where May I Send Universal Wastes?
All generators must send their universal waste to one of three types of destinations. A generator may not send universal waste to a municipal solid waste (garbage) landfill or to a non-hazardous waste recycling center. Disposal at any unauthorized disposal site such as roadsides or ditches is illegal and a serious crime as well as a serious environmental threat.
Acceptable destinations include:
• Another location for consolidation or storage:
• A business with many locations can designate one location as the consolidation point for the universal wastes from all of its locations
• Universal wastes may be sent to a business that specializes in collecting, consolidating, and shipping universal wastes to a destination facility
• A “destination facility” (generally a hazardous waste recycling facility – see discussion below)
• A foreign destination that is authorized to handle the universal waste.
Many universal wastes must be recycled in order to be managed under the simple, streamlined universal waste handler standards. The universal wastes listed below must either be sent directly to an authorized recycling facility or to a universal waste consolidator for shipment to an authorized recycling facility.
Universal wastes that must be recycled:
• Cathode ray tubes (TV and computer glass)
• Lamps
• Mercury thermometers
• Mercury switches
• Mercury gauges
• Dilators and weighted tubing
• Gas flow regulators
• Counterweights and dampers
If you do not plan to recycle these wastes, you must manage them as hazardous waste rather than as universal waste. This includes notifying DTSC, using a manifest and a registered hazardous waste hauler, complying with shorter accumulation times, and shipping only to an authorized destination facility.
What Rules Must I Follow to Manage my Universal Wastes?
Unless you are a household or a conditionally-exempt small quantity universal waste generator, you must follow the rules for either small quantity handlers of universal waste or for large quantity handlers of universal waste.
Most households and businesses are small quantity handlers of universal waste. The rules they follow are in sections 66273.10 through 66273.21. A summary of the requirements is below; however, small quantity handlers of universal waste must comply with the full regulations, not just this short summary.
If you are a small quantity handler of universal waste:
• Send all universal waste to a facility authorized to collect, recycle or dispose of universal waste.
• Like everyone else, you can not dispose of universal waste in the trash.
• Do not store universal waste for longer than one year after generating or receiving the waste. If you think you need more time, contact your Certified Unified Program Agency (CUPA) well before your oldest universal waste will be held for one year.
• Document the length of time you have accumulated universal waste from the date you accepted it from someone else, discarded it yourself after it was “used up,” or decided to discard it. The regulations contain several options for documenting accumulation time.
• Label or mark universal wastes, or containers or packages of universal waste, to identify their types. The regulations provide several options for labeling. The purpose of labeling is to ensure that emergency response personnel or an inspector can identify the universal waste.
• Do not “treat” universal waste except when cleaning up releases or managing specific wastes as provided in the regulations (for example, removing mercury ampoules from thermostats or removing electrolyte from batteries). (Treatment includes any activity that changes the characteristics of the waste.)
• Clean up any releases such as leaking batteries or broken fluorescent tubes. Re-package the damaged universal waste and manage it as universal waste. Manage any other materials generated, such as cleanup supplies and contaminated soil, as hazardous wastes if they are identified as hazardous waste.
• Train employees in proper universal waste management including handling, packaging, storing and labeling the universal waste, as well as how to respond to releases. This training may be accomplished by simply giving employees written instructions or posting these instructions in the universal waste management areas of the building.
• Determine whether the universal waste is a hazardous material under the United States Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT) rules. For U.S. DOT hazardous materials, properly mark the packaging and placard the transportation vehicle. The applicable U.S. DOT regulations are in Title 49 Code of Federal Regulations, Parts 171 through 180.
• Prepare proper shipping papers such as a bill of lading. A Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest is not necessary for universal waste shipments.
• You may transport universal waste in your own vehicle or may use any common carrier allowed by U.S. DOT and California law to transport non-hazardous waste. You are not required to use a registered hazardous waste hauler to transport universal waste.
• Ship the universal waste to another small quantity handler of universal waste, a large quantity handler of universal waste, or a destination facility. When shipping or receiving universal waste, specific rules apply regarding accepting shipments containing hazardous wastes that are not universal wastes and shipments that are rejected.
• Keep records of all shipments and receipts of universal waste for three years.
• When sending universal waste outside the country, comply with regulations addressing universal waste export.
A large quantity handler of universal waste is a person who accumulates 5,000 kilograms (5.5 tons conversion factor) of universal waste or more at one place at one time. A large quantity handler is required to provide more comprehensive training to employees than a small quantity handler and must obtain an EPA identification number. Generally, only a universal waste collection business will accumulate that much universal waste at once.
More Information & Contacts
For all other information, please contact the DTSC Office nearest you. You can also contact our Regulatory Assistance Officers at:
Toll-Free in CA: 800-728-6942 or 800 72-TOXIC
Outside CA: 916-324-2439
For a list of all DTSC offices, go to our Office Address and Phone Numbers web page.
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University of FloridaSolutions for Your Life
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Publication #SS-AGR-444
Questions and Answers for Using Sunn Hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.) as a Green Manure Cover Crop1
Thioro Fall, Ariel Freidenreich, Stacy Swartz, Christopher Vincent, Yuncong Li, and Zachary Brym2
This document synthesizes information about the warm-season cover crop, sunn hemp. It addresses frequently asked questions for growers and summarizes the expanding body of sunn hemp research. The information is provided so growers in Florida can learn about up-to-date cultivation and management options as well as better understand sunn hemp’s practical uses. This document is a follow-up to EDIS documents SL 306 ( and ENY-717 (
Figure 1.
Sunn hemp flowering during the summer growing season in southern Florida.
Tyler Jones, UF/IFAS Communications
[Click thumbnail to enlarge.]
1. What is the origin of sunn hemp?
Sunn hemp is from India, where it is grown for fiber, forage, and as a cover crop. It is grown in the United States for the same purposes.
2. Why grow sunn hemp as a cover crop?
Sunn hemp is used to increase rotational crop yields and reduce invertebrate pest pressure. Sunn hemp residue adds nutrients and organic matter to the soil and may enhance soil microbiota. Most studies of vegetables planted after sunn hemp have found increased vegetable yields. Sunn hemp also suppresses weeds and nematodes. Its residue contains plant defense compounds, called allelochemicals, that inhibit or delay germination of weed seeds and the life cycle of nematodes.
3. What is the difference between sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea) and hemp (Cannabis sativa)?
Crotalaria juncea and Cannabis sativa are both plants historically cultivated for fiber production, which is why they are both called “hemp.” However, sunn hemp (C. juncea) is a legume from India, while C. sativa is a non-legume from China. Sunn hemp does not produce cannabinoids while hemp does.
4. Which plant hardiness zones are suitable for growing sunn hemp?
Although sunn hemp is of tropical origin, it has been cultivated in temperate zones as far north as Washington state. It is recommended for planting in the warm season in USDA plant hardiness zones 8–13. Southern varieties such as ‘Tropic Sun’ may be less tolerant to northern climates than northern varieties such as ‘AU Golden’ and ‘Ubon’.
5. Where can I get sunn hemp seeds?
In south Florida, sunn hemp seeds are currently sold for about $1.50/lb and are available from many seed distributors. Contact your local seed vendors or UF/IFAS Extension office for options.
6. What is the seeding rate for sunn hemp? How deep should I plant it? Do I need to add an inoculant when planting sunn hemp?
Recommended seeding rates for Florida are 25–50 lb/acre. Sunn hemp should be planted at a depth of one inch or less in loose soil using a grain drill or a broadcast method. The broadcast method may require the higher end of the seeding rate because many seeds may not adequately penetrate to an appropriate depth. Although inoculation with Rhizobium bacteria is standard practice when seeding legumes, many growers in south Florida have reported acceptable biomass yield without inoculation. Inoculation with cowpea-type Rhizobium spp. is recommended for maximum nitrogen production.
7. Do I have to fertilize and irrigate sunn hemp?
Sunn hemp requires very little care and is fairly drought-tolerant. It is best to plant when the soil is moist and warmer than 68°F. Lack of water during the establishment phase can inhibit germination, plant density, and initial growth. If rainfall is insufficient, irrigating from seeding until two weeks after germination will aid in establishment. As a legume, sunn hemp forms symbiotic relationships with rhizobia in the soil, which fix atmospheric nitrogen into plant-available forms. This minimizes the nitrogen requirement for the crop. Fertilizer at a rate of 30 lb/acre of N, P2O5, and K2O can be applied after germination to facilitate faster growth.
8. Can I mix sunn hemp seeds with other cover crops?
Sunn hemp is often mixed with sorghum sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor x S. bicolor var. sudanense). This cover crop combination results in several benefits. Sorghum sudangrass scavenges excess nitrogen from the soil to produce biomass with a high C:N ratio. The mixture of plants can increase overall biomass and diversity that benefits nutrient cycling and soil microorganisms. Sunn hemp can also be mixed with other legumes, such as American joint vetch (Aeschynomene americana), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta), and slender leaf rattlebox (Crotalaria ochroleuca). The smaller stature of northern varieties, such as ‘AU Golden’ and ‘Ubon’, may be beneficial for multispecies cover crop mixtures. Adjust seeding rates, starting with an even split of the rates (i.e., 50%:50%), to accommodate biomass accumulation.
Figure 2.
Sunn hemp and sorghum sudangrass grown in mixture at five weeks after planting (left) and mature sunn hemp and sorghum sudangrass roots (right).
Stacy Swartz and Daniel Calzadilla
[Click thumbnail to enlarge.]
9. How many days should sunn hemp be grown as a cover crop?
Sunn hemp should be mowed 60 to 90 days after planting. Many growers have reported mechanical difficulties when incorporating sunn hemp after 90 days due to excessive plant height and tough, fibrous stems. Another management strategy for sunn hemp involves early mowing or cutting the main stem using a hedge trimmer or loppers, which induces secondary branching.
10. Can sunn hemp be mixed with tree crops?
Sunn hemp can be intercropped with tree crops when grown in aisles, alleys, or row middles so that it has access to direct sunlight. It can be cut and spread as mulch within the tree rows. Sunn hemp has been used successfully as an intercrop in carambola, coffee, citrus, papaya, and pineapple systems.
Figure 3.
Sunn hemp grown with tropical fruit trees (carambola) being cut with a hedge trimmer.
Ariel Freidenreich
[Click thumbnail to enlarge.]
11. What are disease, insect, and wildlife problems associated with sunn hemp?
Sunn hemp does not have major disease and invertebrate pest problems in south Florida. However, there are reports of disease and insect occurrences for sunn hemp growing in other areas. If planted in waterlogged soils, sunn hemp is susceptible to root rots. Insect species in the order Lepidoptera (mainly moths and pod borers) may attack seedpods, stems, or leaves. Deer, hogs, and rabbits may browse in fields of sunn hemp, disrupting or destroying the crop.
12. Which kinds of machinery are needed to mow and incorporate sunn hemp into the soil?
Sunn hemp can be mowed with a tractor-drawn rotary mower (a “bush hog”) or silage chopper and incorporated with a disk plow. Alternatively, a roller-crimper can be used to break plant stems, terminate the crop, and provide a layer of mulch in the field. If grown with tree crops, sunn hemp can be terminated with a hedge trimmer and residues can be spread around tree bases.
13. What is the maximum level of dry matter production by sunn hemp?
Sunn hemp can produce up to 13 tons of dry biomass per acre, although 2–5 tons per acre may be more typical. Of course, dry matter production depends on environmental conditions and management practices. Sunn hemp can tolerate soils with poor fertility but will not produce the same quantity of biomass under these conditions as in more fertile soils. Sunn hemp is not adapted to poorly drained soils, so establishment and production will be significantly lower in those soils.
14. How much nitrogen can sunn hemp accumulate? How much nitrogen is available for the following cash crop?
The aboveground parts of sunn hemp can accumulate up to 300 lb of nitrogen per acre, although planting date and location can affect nitrogen accumulation. The method used to mow and incorporate the crop can affect the decomposition rate and mineralization of nitrogen depending on how intact the crop biomass remains and whether it was left on the surface or buried. Although exact amounts of nitrogen available for subsequent crops vary widely depending on location and management factors, vegetable yields have been shown to respond favorably. Overall nitrogen leaching can be reduced when sunn hemp is incorporated into the soil by increasing soil organic matter. However, nitrogen leaching may also increase shortly after termination due to rapid decomposition of plant residue.
15. Can I use sunn hemp as mulch?
Sunn hemp has good potential as mulch when grown in proximity to its use location, such as between vegetable beds or fruit tree rows. Sunn hemp is best planted and mulched where suppression of weed seed germination is desired and small-seeded crops are not seeded with direct exposure to the sunn hemp residue.
16. Can I use it as a windbreak?
Sunn hemp can be used as windbreak for vegetable and small tree crops that are sensitive to wind damage. Sunn hemp greatly reduces wind speed and can be properly managed to minimize shading. It is recommended to mow or cut sunn hemp at 60–90 days, before it creates excessive shade. Sunn hemp windbreaks also interrupt the movement of vector pests, reducing the spread of disease.
17. Will sunn hemp suppress nematodes?
Sunn hemp can suppress plant-parasitic nematodes such as root-knot (Meloidogyne incognita) and reniform (Rotylenchulus reniformis) nematodes by producing allelochemicals that disrupt nematode life cycles. It is a non-host for nematodes and promotes the growth of antagonistic microorganisms and beneficial nematodes. Nematode pest populations can be reduced for several weeks after incorporation of sunn hemp into the soil.
18. Are there any disadvantages to using sunn hemp as a cover crop?
Sunn hemp can become woody and challenging to terminate if grown for too long. A balance between biomass production and ease of field maintenance is important to consider when scheduling and timing sunn hemp management. Timing of subsequent direct-seeded crops is also important to consider in the use of sunn hemp as a cover crop due to allelochemical effects of residues on crop seeds. Sunn hemp is best in rotation with crops that tolerate allelochemicals, or when given sufficient time for residues to decompose before subsequent cropping.
19. Can you use sunn hemp as an animal feed?
Some varieties of sunn hemp produce harmful alkaloids (most highly concentrated in seeds), while others are non-toxic and make excellent forage. ‘Tropic Sun’ is a standard variety that is safe for animal feed. ‘AU Golden’ and ‘AU Durbin’ have high leaf quality for livestock feed (25–30% crude protein). Because leaves have greater nutritive value than stems, seeding at lower densities encourages high leaf-to-stem ratios and increases the forage value. Begin grazing livestock on sunn hemp plants when the plants reach a height of 1.5–3 feet. This prevents plants from growing too tall for the livestock to reach. To allow regrowth, stubble should not be reduced by grazing to less than 12–18 inches tall. About 20% production from regrowth may be expected.
20. What are other uses of sunn hemp?
Although sunn hemp is grown in Brazil, India, and Pakistan as a source of fiber, the processing industries needed to produce fiber from the crop are not present in the United States. India is the largest producer of sunn hemp fiber for use in products such as twine, fishing nets, ropes, and floor mats. However, production of sunn hemp for fiber has declined in recent years due to competition from synthetic fiber production.
Abdul-Baki, A. A., H. H. Bryan, G. M. Zinati, W. Klassen, M. Codallo, and N. Heckert. 2001. “Biomass Yield and Flower Production in Sunn Hemp: Effect of Cutting the Main Stem.” J. Veg. Crop Prod. 7: 83–104.
Adler, M. J., and C. A. Chase. 2007. “Comparison of the Allelopathic Potential of Leguminous Summer Cover Crops: Cowpea, Sunn Hemp, and Velvet Bean.” HortScience 42(2): 289–293:
Baligar, V. C., and N. K. Fageria. 2007. “Agronomy and Physiology of Tropical Cover Crops.” J. Plant Nutr. 30: 1287–1339:
Chase, C. A., and S. B. Coplin. 2017. “A Cover Crop Mixture for Weed and Sting Nematode Management.” Weed Science Society of America Meeting Abstract 320.
Schomberg, H. H., N. L. Martini, J. C. Diaz-Perez, S. C. Phatak, K. S. Balkcom, and H. L. Bhardwaj. 2007. “Potential for Using Sunn Hemp as a Source of Biomass and Nitrogen for the Piedmont and Coastal Plain Regions of the Southeastern USA.” Agron. J. 99: 1448–1457.
Skinner, E. M., J. C. Díaz-Pérez, S. C. Phatak, H. H. Schomberg, and W. Vencill. 2012. “Allelopathic Effects of Sunnhemp (Crotalaria juncea L.) on Germination of Vegetables and Weeds.” HortScience 47(1): 138–142.
Vincent, C., B. Schaffer, D. L. Rowland, K. W. Migliaccio, J. H. Crane, and Y. Li. 2017. “Sunn Hemp Intercrop and Mulch Increases Papaya Growth and Reduces Wind Speed and Virus Damage.” Scientia Horticulturae 218: 304–315.
Wang, Q., W. Klassen, H. Bryan, Y. C. Li, and A. A. Abdul-Baki. 2003. “Influence of Summer Cover Crops on Growth and Yield of a Subsequent Tomato Crop in South Florida.” Proc. Fla. State Hortic. Soc. 116: 140–143.
Wang, Q. R., Y. C. Li, and W. Klassen. 2007. “Changes of Soil Microbial Biomass Carbon and Nitrogen with Cover Crops and Irrigation in a Tomato Field.” J. Plant Nutr. 30: 623–639:
Wang, Q., Y. C. Li, and W. Klassen. 2005. “Influence of Summer Cover Crops on Conservation of Soil Water and Nutrients in a Subtropical Area.” J. Soil Water Conserv. 60: 58–63.
This document is SS-AGR-444, one of a series of the Agronomy Department, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date July 2020. Visit the EDIS website at for the currently supported version of this publication.
Thioro Fall, Ph.D. student, UF/IFAS Tropical Research and Education Center; Ariel Freidenreich, Ph.D. candidate, graduate teaching assistant, Florida International University; Stacy Swartz, Master's student, ECHO Global Farm; Christopher Vincent, assistant professor, Horticultural Sciences Department, UF/IFAS Citrus Research and Education Center; Yuncong Li, professor, Department of Soil and Water Sciences, UF/IFAS TREC; and Zachary Brym, assistant professor, Agronomy Department, UF/IFAS TREC; UF/IFAS Extension, Gainesville, FL 32611.
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Key Concepts
Review core concepts you need to learn to master this subject
mouseX and mouseY
function draw() { // The ellipse's x and y positions follow the mouse ellipse(mouseX, mouseY, 100, 100); }
The mouseX and mouseY variables always store the current x and y coordinates of the mouse relative to the origin of the canvas. So if the mouse was currently at the x position of 150 pixels and the y position of 200 pixels, the value of the mouseX variable would be 150 and the value of the mouseY variable would be 200.
Interaction with p5.js
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1. 1
Say we wanted to create a browser-based version of the classic arcade game Asteroids, where the mouse position controlled the movement of the game’s spaceship and the blaster was triggered by press…
2. 2
p5.js makes it easy for us to use the mouse position with the built-in variables mouseX and mouseY. These two variables allow for a variety of mappings to visual elements in a p5.js sketch. The mo…
3. 3
p5.js also provides us with functions that trigger when specific mouse events are detected. Some examples of mouse events include pressing the mouse, pressing and releasing the mouse, and detecti…
4. 4
The dist() function is a powerful tool for calculating the distance between two points, stationary or dynamic. This function is oftentimes used in conjunction with mouse events. Understanding how a…
5. 5
The p5.js library has the ability to store data from the keyboard input for a variety of uses. For example, suppose we wanted to know when a certain key was typed and have that key trigger a unique…
6. 6
Similar to how we can use mouse input to perform actions in our p5.js sketches, we can also use key events for interaction! These key events are used with general key input or for detecting speci…
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Becoming a Cultural Chameleon - How to Develop Cultural Intelligence
The best way to develop cultural intelligence is to understand cultural cues and norms, and engage with people from various nationalities. One way to do that is through different cultural dimensions, which help to explore cultures from unique perspectives.
Erin Meyer (I highly recommend reading her book Culture Map) has distinguished eight different cultural dimensions. Understanding cultural dimensions can minimize the influence of culture shock, maximize the cultural experience and increase personal development. In case you are not that familiar with the term cultural intelligence yet, you can more about cultural intelligence here.
Eight cultural dimensions
• Communication: low or high context
• Persuading: application first or principle first
• Evaluating: indirect or direct negative feedback
• Deciding: top-down or concencual
• Trusting: task-based or relationship-based
• Disagreeing: avoids confrontation or confrontational
• Scheduling: linear or flexible time
• Leading: hierarchical or egalitarian
Communication in different countries vary between low-context and high-context. Low-context communication, such as USA, means simple, particular and clear messages and this strengthens through repetition. In contrast, in high-context communication countries, for example in Japan, messages are nuanced, layered and refined.
Messages often have hidden agendas and listener need to have the ability to read between the lines. Interestingly, giving feedback can differ a lot from the daily communication style. For example, Americans daily communication is relatively straightforward but giving feedback is not that direct.
Moreover, the persuading can be based on principles-first reasoning, which originates from facts or from applications-first reasoning where decisions are based on experiences from the real word.
My journey of developing cultural intelligence started when I was 15 years old spending a week with French host family
The dimensions of deciding, trusting and disagreeing fall strongly into the leadership category. When leading multicultural team, for example, a leader should clearly communicate her style because different cultures prefer different hierarchies and relationships with their manager.
Lastly, different cultures perceive time differently. It is important to notice that time effects for example on schedules, deadlines, and how people handle stress. Whether people see time as linear manner, which means approaching projects in sequential way or in flexible tackling project as big picture in flexible manner, requires different approach.
How to Develop Cultural Intelligence?
1. BE CURIOUS. As said by Bryant H. McGill ‘’Curiosity is one of the great secrets of happiness.” Read, listen, and engage in new cultures with an open heart. Whenever you meet someone new, just strike a conversation! If don't know what to talk about, good coversation starters are always food and weather.
2. ASK QUESTIONS. Instead of judging or finding flaws in other people’s behavior, ask why are they behaving like that. What you need to remember is that people from different cultures have their own practices and beliefs that may differ from your own. However, when you start asking questions, I will assure you that you will end up having fascinating conversations about cultural differences! What’s more, you will begin to understand your culture’s unique features even more.
3. AWARESSNESS. Be aware of your own biases and behavior. As you may misinterpret someone, the other person may interpreter your actions in the wrong manner as well. If you see the confusion on the other person’s face, just explain your actions.
I remember times when I was an exchange student in France, and I was asked ‘’Comment ça va?’’ and I replied ‘’comme ci, comme ça’’ which basically means neither very good nor very bad. My host family, in fact, got worried asking if I needed to see a doctor. After that, I realized, that in France, I was expected to respond ‘’ça va bien’’ since everything was okay.
Moreover, my host family was super surprised when I wanted to eat breakfast. Instead of preparing me bread with cheese and ham, they offered me cookies with an amused look on their face. So, there I was enjoying French cookies for breakfast and eating like a wolf during lunchtime. So just imagine if breakfast habits vary from country to country, how much diversity there is in other traditions and norms!
Don’t be afraid to make honest mistakes, and remain confident in tackling new cultural situations!
©2021 by Numinos Oy
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Luminescence dating – Speed dating in High Wycombe
Luminescence dating
Luminescence dating
The stability of luminescence signals stimulated by IR at elevated temperature was first investigated by Thomsen et al. Buylaert et al. Based on studies of the source of the IR stimulated luminescence signal by Murray et al. They applied this revised protocol to samples of Japanese loess, one with age control, and were unable to detect significant signal instability. As a result of these early studies, the feldspar pIRIR signal is now widely used in dating both sand-sized extracts of K-feldspars and polymineral fine-grains Buylaert et al. Auclair et al. Despite the identification of much more stable IR signals from feldspar, few if any studies have tested their application to ceramics al Khasawneh et al.
Luminescence Dating: Applications in Earth Sciences and Archaeology
Emission of luminescence in response to exposing the sample to light. In the laboratory this light is normally restricted to a narrow range of wavelengths. Radioactivity is ubiquitous in the natural environment. Luminescence dating exploits the presence of radioactive isotopes of elements such as uranium U , thorium Th , and potassium K.
Naturally occurring minerals such as quartz and feldspars act
OSL-method can be used for example when dating sand formations. In both methods the main idea is that the traps are emptied at the specific.
Luminescence Dating
At the Netherlands Centre for Luminescence dating we develop new and improved luminescence dating methods, and we apply luminescence dating in collaboration with NCL partners and external users. We develop new and improved luminescence dating methods, and we apply luminescence dating in collaboration with NCL partners and external users. The Netherlands Centre for Luminescence dating is a collaboration of six universities and research centres in The Netherlands. Luminescence dating determines the last exposure to light or heat of natural minerals, mainly quartz and feldspar.
This dating method offers direct dating of the last time the sediment was exposed to daylight (in contrast to 14C dating which uses contextual material) and can.
The application of luminescence dating in American archaeology
Luminescence dating is a well-established method of absolute chronology that has been successfully applied to a wide range of fine-grained sediments to provide.
Luminescence is a phenomenon occurring in crystal materials, when electrons, trapped in special energy stages traps caused by defects in crystal structures, are released and emitting light luminescence which wavelength corresponds the change in charge carriers energy stages during the process. Electrons are getting trapped because of the natural radioactive background radiation. The longer the crystals are affected by this radiation the more electrons are trapped.
Electrons can be released from traps by stimulating the crystals with external energy for example by heating thermoluminescence, TL or by lighting optically stimulated luminescence, OSL. When electrons are released from traps the intensity of emitted luminescence follows linearly the amount of released electrons and can be used to find out the total amount of trapped electrons. From the amount of trapped electrons we can find out the total dose of radioactive radiation that has affected the crystals.
Luminescence and ESR Dating
Thermoluminescence can be broken into two words: Thermo , meaning head and Luminescence , meaning an emission of light. It essentially means that some materials that have accumulated energy over a long period of time will give off some light when exposed to high heat. Ceramics are made from geological material, inorganic material, right? They use clay and sand and a bunch of other stuff from the ground to make these pieces.
And all these geological things contain radiation. Materials that are used for pottery are crystalline when you look at them under the microscope, and they essentially form this lattice pattern or net when all the atoms are bonded together. When the atoms in this lattice are exposed to nuclear radiation, individual electrons in get all hopped up on this energy and become detached.
They then become trapped in lattice defects, which are caused by missing atoms, or from the presence of impurities in the mix. This is why we call them electron traps! If the absorption of radiation happens at a constant rate something we call the annual dose , then the electrons will accumulate uniformly over time, and the size of the population of these electrons can be measured and directly related to the total amount of radiation that the object has been subjected to which we call the total dose.
This of course relates directly to the total time that the object or specimen has been exposed to radiation, and we can calculate it in theory with a simple equation:.
Recent Applications of Luminescence Dating in Archaeology
Optically stimulated luminescence and isothermal thermoluminescence dating of high sensitivity and well bleached quartz from Brazilian sediments: from Late Holocene to beyond the Quaternary? E-mail: andreos usp. E-mail: ligia. E-mail: ccfguedes gmail. E-mail: wsallu gmail. E-mail: assine rc.
Progress in luminescence dating methods for Quaternary sediments. In Rutter, N. W., and Catto, N. (eds.),Dating Methods for Quaternary Deposits, Geological.
Hence it underlines the increasing importance of the method to geomorphological research, especially by contributing to the development of quantitative geomorphology. They are now largely used to date not only palaeontological or organic remains, but also minerals that characterise detrital clastic sedimentary material. The most common methods applied to minerals are cosmogenic radionuclides, electron spin resonance ESR and luminescence techniques.
School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford
Abstract: Luminescence dating is a tool frequently used for age determination of Quaternary materials such as archaeological artefacts, volcanic deposits and a.
A robust feldspar luminescence dating method for Middle and Late Pleistocene sediments. N2 – Luminescence dating is used extensively to provide absolute chronologies for Late Pleistocene sediments. Nowadays, most optical dates are based on quartz optically stimulated luminescence OSL. In contrast, the feldspar infrared stimulated luminescence IRSL dose—response curve grows to much higher doses; this has the potential to extend the datable age range by a factor of 4—5 compared with quartz OSL.
However, it has been known for several decades that this IRSL signal is unstable, and this instability often gives rise to significant age underestimation. Here we test against independent age control the recently developed feldspar post-IR IRSL approach to the dating of sediments, which appears to avoid signal instability. A physical model explaining our observations is discussed, and the method is shown to be accurate back to ka.
Holocene sediments. Nevertheless, this new approach is widely applicable feldspar of appropriate luminescence behaviour is even more ubiquitous than quartz.
The principles of Luminescence Dating
Thank you for visiting nature. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript. A Nature Research Journal. Optical dating is based on an anti-Stokes photon emission generated by electron-hole recombination within quartz or feldspar; it relies, by default, on destructive read-out of the stored chronometric information.
Luminescence dating is a chronological method that has been used extensively in archaeology and the earth sciences. It is based on the emission of light.
Scientists in North America first developed thermoluminescence dating of rock minerals in the s and s, and the University of Oxford, England first developed the thermoluminescence dating of fired ceramics in the s and s. During the s and s scientists at Simon Frasier University, Canada, developed standard thermoluminescence dating procedures used to date sediments.
In , they also developed optically stimulated luminescence dating techniques, which use laser light, to date sediments. The microscopic structure of some minerals and ceramics trap nuclear radioactive energy. This energy is in constant motion within the minerals or sherds. Most of the energy escapes as heat, but sometimes this energy separates electrons from the molecules that make up the minerals or ceramics.
Usually the electrons will reconnect with the molecules, but some will not. The electrons that dont reconnect eventually encounter imperfections in the microscopic structure of the ceramics or minerals, and they become trapped by these imperfections. Over time energy in the form of more and more trapped electrons is stored in these structural imperfections. By heating the ceramic or mineral to above degrees Celcius, these trapped electrons are released, creating a flash of light called thermoluminescence.
Testing Luminescence Dating Methods for Small Samples from Very Young Fluvial Deposits
Geochronology Group. The co-operating scientists at the INW are Prof. Frans De Corte and PhD. Luminescence dating is based on the measurement of the amount of light that is released upon thermal or optical stimulation, by minerals such as quartz and feldspar. The light signal is a measure of the radiation dose that has accumulated in these minerals through time. When they are exposed to sunlight during transportation in the air the latent luminescence signal in the quartz and feldspar grains is bleached down to a negligible level and the luminescence “clock” is set to zero.
Thermoluminescence (TL) dating is now widely used in the age relax all electrons relevant to the luminescence method used; that is, the clock is set to zero.
Luminescence dating is underutilized in American archaeology given the theoretical advantages of direct dating that it confers. Recent advances in understanding the physical processes underlying the method have also made it more reliable as a dating tool. This research as well as potential applications is reviewed. This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access. Rent this article via DeepDyve. Adams, J. The geochemistry of thorium and uranium. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 3 : — Aitken, M.
Thermoluminescence Dating , Academic Press, London. Google Scholar. Luminescence dating: A guide for non-specialists.
optically stimulated luminescence
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What Two Types Of Damages Might Be Awarded In A Civil Case?
What are the two types of compensatory damages quizlet?
What are compensatory damages and its two types.
Compensatory damages are paid to compensate the plaintiff for loss, injury or harm suffered.
Compensatory damages in tort are referred to as reliance damages.
Compensatory damages in contract are referred to as expectation damages..
What type of damages are awarded for pain and suffering?
What are punitive damages in a civil case?
Also known as exemplary damages. The amount of money awarded to the claimant in civil litigation to punish the wrongdoer and to deter the wrongdoer and others from engaging in unlawful conduct in the future.
Is there a defendant in a civil case?
Court Claims The ‘plaintiff’ is the term usually used to describe a party starting a claim. After the Claim has been filed the plaintiff then has to serve it on the other party, usually referred to as a ‘defendant’.
How much can a plaintiff collect in a civil lawsuit?
You can collect any amount, up to the $1,000 owed, from either of the two defendants. For instance, you could collect $800 from one and $200 from the other. If you receive a disproportionate amount from one defendant, that person is left with the task of evening things out.
What are the 2 types of compensatory damages?
There are two types of compensatory damages—general and actual. Actual damages are intended to provide funds to only replace what was lost.
What are damages in a civil lawsuit?
What Are Civil Damages? Civil damages are monetary awards owed to a winning plaintiff by the losing defendant in a civil case tried in a court of law. Civil damages can be compensatory, general, punitive, or any combination of these.
What kind of damages are emotional distress?
Emotional distress is a type of mental suffering or anguish induced by an incident of either negligence or through intent. The courts recognize emotional distress as a type of damage that can be recovered through a civil lawsuit.
How are damages calculated?
What type of compensatory damages will pay for pain and suffering and disfigurement?
Compensatory damages are intended to compensate someone for both tangible and intangible elements of a loss. Special damages are for the actual measurable losses, such as value of property or medical bills. General damages cannot be specifically measured in dollars, such as pain and suffering.
Who decides damages in a civil case?
Is property damage a civil case?
When someone else’s careless or intentional conduct causes damage to or destruction of your property, you might be considering a lawsuit. Property damage cases tend to have their own deadlines when it comes to your right to file a civil lawsuit. …
What are the stages of a civil suit?
Civil lawsuits generally proceed through distinct steps: pleadings, discovery, trial, and possibly an appeal. However, parties can halt this process by voluntarily settling at any time. Most cases settle before reaching trial.
What are the three types of damages available in a civil case?
What is a reasonable pain and suffering amount?
What is monetary damage?
(also monetary damages) LAW. money ordered by a judge to be paid by a person or organization to someone who has been harmed or lost money as a result of their wrong actions: The agency is seeking unspecified money damages for copyright infringement.
What are compensatory damages quizlet?
Compensatory Damages in Contract. Are money awards to place the P in the same position he would have been had a breach not occurred. Commonly known as getting the benefit of the bargain. Requires Foreseeable, Certainty, Unavoidable, Liquidated damages.
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Ibn Battuta’s 1325, part 1: Leaving Tangier
Precise dating for the first part of Ibn Battuta’s trip is all but impossible. We know that he arrived, or at least that he remembered arriving, in Alexandria on April 5, 1326, so just a bit shy of ten months after his departure from Tangier. We know (again, based on his recollection) that he set out from Tunis toward the beginning of November 1325. But otherwise he doesn’t really offer a lot of help with the chronology of his trek across North Africa. We’re of course further hampered by the fact that Ibn Battuta dated his adventures according to the Islamic calendar, whereas we’re converting dates to the Gregorian calendar. So when we do get specific dates keep in mind that they could still be a little wobbly. And also keep in mind that this whole journey is being recounted by Ibn Battuta years after he took it, which introduces some extra wobbliness into the situation. To simplify things, even though he doesn’t get to Alexandria until April 1326, we’ll treat his North African leg as 1325 and start 1326 with his arrival in Egypt.
Ibn Battuta’s first travels would have taken him, obviously, out of Tangier and through his homeland, Marinid Morocco. The city of Tangier was founded by the Carthaginians as Tingi in the fifth century BCE and eventually became a colony and the capital of the Roman province of Mauretania Tingitana. It was captured by the Vandals in the fifth century CE, then returned to Roman (Byzantine) control before being conquered by the Umayyad Caliphate in 702.
Tangier was an important city in the 14th century, but not an especially prominent one. It was important because it was one of five cities or towns along the Strait of Gibraltar. On the Iberian side of the strait sat Gibraltar, Algeciras, and Tarifa. On the African side, Ceuta and Tangier. Of the five, Tangier was probably the least important because it sat on the western edge of the strait. The other four sat closer together and further east, and they were more crucial to the cross-strait traffic in commerce and armies between Muslim North Africa and Muslim Andalusia, a territory that was shrinking fast due to Christian advances.
Tangier’s ancient city wall (Wikimedia | Diego Delso)
This still made Tangier more important (and wealthier) than inland towns, but didn’t afford it the same level of importance that marked Ceuta. It was growing more important, however. Social and cultural elites from Andalusia were beginning to flee the encroaching Christians to North Africa and Tangier was one of their ports of arrival. Additionally, Mediterranean trade was beginning to spill out into the Atlantic and European traders were starting to sail south along the African coast in an effort to get to West Africa’s gold without having to go through North African traders. Portugal would make Tangier one of its targets in the 15th century, finally capturing it in 1471. When we meet up with Ibn Battuta, though, it was just entering this period of importance and hadn’t yet reaped the benefits.
Ibn Battuta studied Islamic law growing up–we know this because that’s how he earned his living during his travels. Specifically, he studied in the Maliki school of jurisprudence, which has dominated Africa for most of Islamic history. The four main Sunni legal schools differ in terms of the sources they use to determine the law. All four agree that the Quran is the primary source followed by the Hadith (the sayings and deeds of Muhammad as related by his companions). Malikis differ from the other four schools by looking next to the customs and practices of the people in Medina for guidance, theorizing that Medina is where Muhammad formed his movement and therefore that community’s traditions should be close to what Muhammad taught. There were Malikis all over the Islamic world and therefore Muslim rulers all over the Islamic world had need of Maliki legal scholars to serve as judges. Hence all the available work for Ibn Battuta along the way.
It’s also fairly clear that Ibn Battuta was exposed to Sufism while in Tangier. We don’t really know how much and he doesn’t seem to have been devoted to any particular Sufi order, but Ibn Battuta does visit a lot of Sufi quarters and holy sites during his journey. Sufism was still coalescing in the 14th century from informal Islamic mysticism to a set of coherent movements with coherent beliefs, but it was also becoming a more popular form of religion as old orthodoxies, heavily affected by the loss of the caliphate at Baghdad in 1258, were weakening.
So that’s the environment and background that Ibn Battuta was leaving behind. Next time we’ll cover his journey across Zayyanid Algeria and Hafsid Tunisia.
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Respiratory Medicine
Breathing other people’s smoke is called passive or secondhand smoking. The non-smoker breathes “sidestream” smoke from the burning tip of the cigarette and “mainstream” smoke that has been inhaled and then exhaled by the smoker.
Sidestream smoke may be more harmful than mainstream smoke that has been filtered by the smoker’s lungs. Many potentially toxic gases are present in higher concentrations in sidestream smoke than in mainstream smoke. Secondhand smoke is a major source of indoor air pollution and nearly 85% of the smoke in a room results from sidestream smoke.
From either inhaling mainstream or sidestream smoke, or both, passive smokers suffer an increased risk of smoking-related diseases although the relative health risks from passive smoking are small in comparison with those from active smoking. Nonetheless, as smoking-related diseases such as ischemic heart disease and lung cancer are common, the overall public health impact is large. Hence we should all support the call for a complete ban on smoking in public places and workplaces.
In conventional medicine, doctors are trained to examine the tongue as part of the physical examination for patients. The doctor can detect certain abnormalities in the general functioning of the bodily systems from looking at the tongue. For example, cyanosis or a lack of oxygen in the blood can be detected by inspecting the colour of the tongue. In addition, looking at the coating on the surface of the tongue can also suggest the state of ones oral hygiene, nutrition, recent use of medications and general health status. Examining the tongue is also part of the examination of the mouth and oral cavity so that abnormalities such as tumours and infection can be detected.
The motion of sticking out ones tongue and saying ‘ah’ would allow the doctor to have a chance to inspect the condition of the throat and the tonsils. The presence of swelling, plaque, change of colour, or dehydration also indicates diseases of various types. A quick inspection of the oral cavity may also reveal any dental condition that may cause systemic symptoms (e.g. fever due to a dental infection).
In addition, inspection of the tongue can give a quick overview of a persons general health. Conditions such as diabetes may show up as dryness of the oral cavity and certain forms of bad breath (e.g. ketosis). Nasal sinus infections may also show up as bad breath. Deviation of the colour and contour of the tongue may also reveal certain dietary insufficiencies such as Vitamin B, iron, or folic acid.
Recently scientific evidence also showed that bacteria that stays in the oral cavity is related to other system conditions such as heart disease.
First, we need to make sure the diagnosis is correct. Bronchitis is caused by inflammation of the airways in the lower respiratory tract, i.e. the breathing tubes deep down inside our chest. This is different from pneumonia where the lung is not affected by the airways or breathing tubes. Hence, bronchitis needs to be differentiated from other lung conditions such as pneumonia and asthma.
Second, we need to determine the cause of the bronchitis. There are 2 main types of bronchitis: acute and chronic. The former is of recent onset and usually does not lead to long-term symptoms once it has been resolved. Acute bronchitis is usually caused by infection from bacteria or viruses. It can also arise from complications following the flu or common colds. Chronic bronchitis is a longer-lasting condition, usually as the result of long-term exposure to cigarette smoke or pollution. This form of bronchitis is quite different from the acute form of bronchitis, and is better referred to as a form of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). You may be interested to to find out more about the cause and treatment of COPD.
As the lower airways are inflamed in bronchitis, the patient usually experiences persistent coughs, wheezing, and shortness of breath as a result of congested and narrowed breathing tubes in the chest. A feeling of chestiness may result.
Treatment of bronchitis should involve treating the infection that caused it, if possible with antibiotics, as well as medication to help reduce the airway inflammation and open up the airways. Medications that can reduce inflammation of the airways include inhaled steroids and bronchodilators (medicine that can help open up the airways). As bronchitis can make a person very sick, self-medication is definitely not advisable for this condition. It is recommended that you consult a doctor if you suffer symptoms of bronchitis.
Central hypoventilation syndrome (CHS) is very rare. It is due to a malfunction of the control centre for breathing (located in a part of the brain called the brainstem). CHS may be congenital (from birth) or acquired (as a result of disease to the respiratory centre of the brain). It is usually diagnosed on an overnight polysomnography or sleep study – this would show periods of cessation of breathing with no chest or abdominal effort and accompanying dip in oxygenation of the blood.
Essentially, breathing is under both voluntary (i.e. one can choose when to breathe) and automatic (do not have to keep thinking of breathing) control. When one sleeps, one loses voluntary control of breathing and the automatic control of breathing takes over – this is dysfunctional in patients with CHS. In cases of CHS, the breathing is insufficient to meet the demands of the body, thus the carbon dioxide and oxygen levels in the body are abnormally high and low respectively. The problem in such cases lies with the respiratory pump and not the lungs (For further description of the function of the normal respiratory system, please visit:
Brain imaging, blood and other relevant investigations may be performed to exclude secondary causes. Differential diagnoses to be considered would include conditions that could cause weakness of the muscles used for breathing. The following link helps to understand this condition better:
Specific causes of CHS are several but in children, the cause is probably idiopathic aka primary (CNS) hypoventilation. However, other causes e.g. previous infection or a tumour affecting the brainstem could also lead to CHS.
Spontaneous recovery of primary (CNS) hypoventilation is not really known. However, if brainstem tumour or abnormality is detected, this may be fixed with surgery and the person may breathe normally again. The syndrome usually gets worse with age as the abnormalities of carbon dioxide and oxygen usually worsen with time. Unless one can detect a cause (e.g. brainstem tumour and remove it), treatment is supportive i.e.. helps the person to ventilate or breathe normally. In milder cases, the respiratory support is required only during sleep (as the person is more likely to forget to breathe adequately during sleep). More severe cases will require ventilatory support around the clock to ensure normal well being.
Long-term ventilatory support for CHS will require long-term use of a ventilator (such as bipap as mentioned above). However, this often requires tracheostomy as well as being tied to a ventilator for long hours, if not the whole day. Obviously this adversely affects the persons quality of life. Another alternative is to implant diaphragmatic pacers to electrically stimulate the diaphragm (respiratory muscles) to breathe, so that the person is no longer dependent on a ventilator or tracheostomy and thus able to carry on with life as per normal. The first such procedure was performed on a 12 year old boy in Mount Elizabeth Hospital (Singapore) late last year.
From the description given in the question, the patient may require the following:
1. confirmation that she is suffering from CHS, and not any other respiratory and/or neurological disorder;
2. determination of whether the cause of CHS is primary, i.e. no other treatable causes can be found;
3. optimal long-term ventilatory support if the condition is non-reversible.
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London’s police set to use fuel cell vehicles
London’s police set to use fuel cell vehicles
March 19, 2018 1 By Stephen Vagus
Metropolitan Police Service has acquired 11 new fuel cell vehicles
New cars will help the police service cut down on emissions
The new vehicles will have access to five hydrogen fuel stations that are located throughout London. The number of stations available to the police service, as well as to the general public, is set to rise in the coming months. The Mirai has been praised for its efficiency, being able to travel some 300 miles before needing to be refueled. This will mean that London’s still nascent hydrogen infrastructure will be under little stress. Like their battery powered counterparts, the fuel cell vehicles operate using electricity and produce no harmful emissions.
- Bob Inglis, Politician
London has a major air pollution problem
Air pollution has become a significant problem in the United Kingdom. London alone reached its legal air pollution limit for the entirety of 2018 at the end of January. Throughout Britain as a whole, air pollution has been linked to some 40,000 premature deaths every year. Two-thirds of Britain’s 5.4 million asthma victims say that their condition is worsened by air pollution. In order to resolve these problems, the UK government has been aggressively promoting clean transportation and the use of renewable energy rather than fossil-fuels.
Fuel cell vehicles are becoming a more attractive option in the UK
As clean transportation becomes more of a priority, fuel cell vehicles are receiving more attention. These vehicles are more efficient than their battery-powered counterparts and can perform on par with gas-powered cars. While they are somewhat expensive, the UK government is offering subsidies that offset the cost of purchase, which may help fuel cell vehicles gain traction among consumers.
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A Prospective Study of Diet Quality and Mortality in Women
abstract & commentary
Synopsis: A dietary pattern characterized by consumption of foods recommended in current dietary guidelines is associated with decreased risk of mortality in women.
Source: Kant AK, et al. JAMA 2000;283:2109-2115.
This study explores the effects of dietary patterns on health outcomes. The study population was 42,254 women between the ages of 35 and 74 who completed a 62-item food questionnaire between 1987-1989. The women were then followed until 1993-1995 as part of the Breast Cancer Detection and Demonstration Project (BCDDP) sponsored by the National Cancer Institute and the American Cancer Society. There were 2065 deaths. Dietary patterns were scored according to the extent to which they conformed to current dietary recommendations to eat a diverse diet containing fruits, vegetables, low-fat dairy products, lean meats, and whole grains. The diet scores were divided into quartiles. Those with the highest intake of recommended foods had a 30% lower risk of all-cause mortality. There was a nonlinear dose response curve, such that women with scores in the top two quartiles exhibited similar health benefits when contrasted with women with scores in the bottom quartile.
In many ways, this study confirms what many would view as common sense. Any decent course in nutrition introduces many of the key concepts tested in this study. These key concepts include the recognition that whole foods contain many beneficial substances other than those currently identified as important nutrients and the notion that diversity in diet is the best bet if one wants to get enough of recognized and unrecognized micronutrients. Although one might be tempted to dismiss this report as confirming the obvious, there are many reasons why this study is important. First, the sample size is large and the study methods as described are exemplary. As Kant and associates note in the discussion, very few studies have examined the effects of dietary patterns upon health in women. Second, although it is often taken as an article of faith that a good diet promotes health, dietary counseling and nutritional science are often viewed as a lesser clinical art and a lesser science, respectively. For instance, nutritional counseling is often done by practitioners other than physicians, it is generally not reimbursed, and it is rarely given more than a cursory endorsement in the physician’s office. Evidence such as that contained in this study is needed if nutritional science and nutritional counseling are to be sanctioned by the medical establishment and payors and introduced into the medical curriculum. Third, patients are prone to gross oversimplifications about what are important nutrients. This leads to the common practice of not eating well and making up for poor food choices with multivitamins and over-the-counter, unregulated "food supplements." Would that things were so easy. I have often wondered if anyone has ever thought about how pompous it is to believe that we can capture in a small pill all that nature has wrought over the eons. As Kant et al point out in the introduction, "complex diets consumed by free-living individuals do not consist of single nutrients or foods, but rather a combination of foods containing multiple nutrients." Based on this insight, current nutritional advice endorses what is commonly termed the "food first paradigm." Supplements are needed only when a nutrient cannot be obtained in sufficient quantities from eating a healthy diet. In general, nutrients are delivered to our bodies in a complex matrix, such as a fruit or vegetable. Therefore, it is difficult and perhaps not scientifically defensible to test the effect of adding a single nutrient to a diet. Nutrients do not come "alone" except when we manufacture them that way and often the reason we manufacture them is to be able to sell them for a profit. Many studies suggest that nutrients interact with one another, leading to synergism among the nutrients, in terms of effects on bodily functions. This is the most compelling rationale for studying dietary patterns rather than the effects of single, isolated nutrients.
People want simple answers. The answer here may seem simple, but in truth it is a complicated recommendation. This study supports the common dictum that one should eat a diverse diet containing fruits, vegetables, whole grains, low-fat meat, and dairy products. This recommendation is simple only if you are not responsible for implementing it or teaching it. It is harder to implement if your nutritional IQ is low, if your budget is meager, or if you don’t have much time and energy for shopping and cooking. To some extent, this describes most Americans. I understand that many or most public schools no longer require home economics, so much of what children will know about nutrition must come from their overloaded, harried parents. When one considers how bombarded we are with advertisements from those selling a quick food fix, it is not surprising that many succumb to poor nutritional habits. Kant et al suggest that having a good diet is, at least in part, also a proxy for other lifestyle variables, including not smoking, exercising, and education. Given these considerations, it is easy to see why a good diet may be a surrogate or marker for a set of interlinked behaviors having to do with health awareness and disciplined lifestyle practices. If the agent in this study were a pharmaceutical product conferring a 30% reduction in all-cause mortality, I have no doubt that many would readily endorse its use. Although the recommendation in this study is "simple," I doubt that it will be for most physicians to "prescribe" such a diet in an era of time constraints and productivity expectations.
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Benefits and Drawbacks of Inverter Technology
Benefits and Drawbacks of Inverter Technology
Benefits and Drawbacks of Inverter Technology
Benefits of Inverter Technology
The efficiency of an AC is enhanced since the start/stop cycles are eliminated in a DC Inverter AC. The AC does not operate at full power, but still maintains the desired temperature. This is another reason why these ACs can still save energy even if there are regular power outages.
Inverter ACs are cheaper to operate in almost all types of conditions.
Quicker cooling or heating (based on feature availability) can be achieved since an inverter AC can pull the required current on its own to increase initial cooling or heating. The inverter AC can calculate the current draw by using the indoor and outdoor temperature difference.
DC Inverter ACs don't put extra load on its power supply. Therefore you don't see fluctuations in electricity caused by them. The life of components (used in the AC and other electrical household components) is increased due to the same reason i.e. gentle power draw.
DC Inverter ACs are much quieter compared to conventional ones. The outdoor unit usually makes far less sound as the unit is operating at a reduced rate. It eliminates the jerky start-up sound as well.
These types of ACs often use an environment friendly refrigerant gas (R410A) which do not cause harmful effects like the CFCs on the Ozone layer.
Inverter ACs offer a more stable operation and you usually won't notice any changes when it is operating. Cooling or Heating is maintained much more accurately as the AC doesn't turn off and the other aspects also add to its stable and gentle operation. Most inverter ACs come with dual-mode air conditioning, which more or less makes up for the higher price compared to cooling-only ACs. A dual-mode AC, which cools or heats depending on the weather, will get you more savings throughout the year, making up for its higher cost much faster.
It is possible to use DC Inverter ACs with UPS, Batteries or Solar Panels.
Most DC Inverter ACs keep working even at low voltages without any issues.
Drawbacks of Inverter Technology
DC Inverter ACs cost more. Even without the dual-mode function, they still come with high price tags.
The built-in circuit becomes far more complex due to multiple conversions from AC (Alternating Current) to DC (Direct Current) and back to AC (Alternating Current). 3-DC, 4-D or All DC inverter ACs have even more conversions taking place as there are more components working on DC.
Repair costs increase as components are more sophisticated and as a result, more expensive. They require more effort to build or repair.
Specialist technicians are hard to find for inverter ACs. Most local technicians have little to no experience with these new ACs. Users might even have to get their AC fixed from its manufacturer's service centre, translating to more expense, if they can't find a skilled technician.
Conversion energy losses occur on every single one of the conversion steps. The losses can go as high as 4-6%, depending on the conditions and quality of the equipment. Manufacturers are aware of this and count it in the final power savings.
These ACs often come with R410A refrigerant gas while most technicians still only have an R-22 (CFC-based) refrigerant gas. Users will have to ask their technicians to refill the AC with R410A when required.
Only a few of the local brands offer 3-DC/4-D/All-DC Inverter ACs. So users might have to wait for a while before their brand of choice starts selling a more energy saving type of DC inverter AC.
Going through the advantages/disavantages above, one can see a more favorable view of DC Inverters emerging as a whole.
Most of the pros and some of the cons circle around the basic working of a DC Inverter AC. Gentle power draw and controlled, continuous air conditioning are the behind most of the advantages. The cons, while still there, aren't deal breakers.
DC Inverter ACs do not possess any shortcoming which could be problematic. New ACs often come with years of warranty and by the time that ends, the current problem of unskilled technicians will be resolved. And as far as the 'huge' cost of buying an Inverter AC is concerned, you end up paying less in the longer run as your electricity bill goes down significantly.
Our advice would be to go for a DC Inverter AC if you have the cash. Even if you don't want to or cannot afford an extra 10k-20k for an AC, you should consider the fact that these ACs will pay you back, with savings, within the first season of use.
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On the French Revolution
It’s interesting that the French Revolution’s liberalism in some ways helped make possible its illiberalism, its nationalism and authoritarianism. For, by enforcing the vision of a society of atomized individuals and “destroying corporate society” (outlawing “orders” and corporate bodies), the Revolution made it easier for people to identify with the single overarching community of the nation, and harder for them to resist dictatorship and Terror.
It’s also interesting that some kinds of atomization are, therefore, evidently compatible with nationalism, while others are not. Contemporary business-imposed atomism in a sense undermines nationalism (a national culture), while the French Revolution’s atomism intensified it. One of the reasons may be that the contemporary American version is far more extreme than the “atomism” of 1789, since lately people have become strangers to each other, private worlds of solipsism, which wasn’t true in 1789. People could still wholeheartedly identify with things back then; that has become harder in the age of neoliberalism. Also, an essential difference is that modern atomism is not inimical to “corporate bodies,” being indeed founded on the existence of such bodies in the business world. Corporate bodies in business have grown at the expense of substantive identification with the nation or the national community (as opposed to the rhetoric of nationalism, which is still prominent—precisely due to its usefulness to power-structures and business interests!). But of course there are “corporate bodies” all over American society, many of them existing at the expense of national identification. So maybe you could say that revolutionary France’s atomism was, in a sense, the reverse of modern America’s: while corporate bodies were supposed not to exist, the structure of society was not such that people were semi-aliens to each other. Now we have “interpersonal” atomism but a relative proliferation of so-called corporate bodies (intermediaries between the individual and the state).
To say it again, one of the fascinating things about the Great Revolution is the essentially simultaneous ascendancy of two very different ideologies, liberalism and nationalism (between which, you might say, lies the concept of democracy). Individualism, atomism, “liberty,” as opposed to the unitary general will, national community, popular sovereignty, the “direct” democracy of “the people.” To speak simplistically, it’s the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man versus the 1793 Terror, the “democratic,” nationalistic Terror. Or, again, it’s the Legislative Assembly versus the insurrectionist Paris Commune of 1792.[1] —As I just suggested, though, between these two extremes, connecting them, is the notion of democracy. For, while the ideology of popular sovereignty or the general will can be perverted into totalitarianism, it is also not wholly opposed to liberalism, since the safeguarding of individuals’ rights is surely one manifestation of “Power to the people!”
The best concept of all these is socialism, since, in its classical form, it is an unambiguous fusion of liberalism with popular democracy. Economic democracy, workers’ power over their work and lives, leaves no room for anything reeking of totalitarianism; nor is it merely a half-empty equality under the law, as liberalism can be thought of.
By the way, the explanation for the rise of both liberalism and populist nationalism isn’t hard to think of: the former, which triumphed in the long run, was primarily bourgeois, while the latter belonged mainly to “the people.” In all classical revolutions, from the English civil war of the 1640s to the Russian revolutions of 1905 and 1917, this duality has manifested itself. The bourgeoisie and “the masses” have risen up together against the ancien régime, but the alliance has always been temporary because different classes have different interests. Economic and political liberalism were what the bourgeoisie wanted (and ultimately got), but the masses wanted more: true democracy, social equality, food, jobs, popular power. They’re still waiting for these things.
[1] Of course, the big Terror and the little terror of the 1792 Paris Commune weren’t “popular” in the sense of being supported by a majority of the country, but they were egalitarian, nationalistic, and democratic inasmuch as they were “formed under pressure from the sansculotte movement,” to quote François Furet (in Revolutionary France 1770–1880 (1995)).
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Youth Development, Healthy Living and Social Responsibility
Healthy Breakfast Ideas for Kids
Everyone can cook a delicious and healthy breakfast for children, and today YMCA will tell you how to do it. It is important to remember that the health of a child directly depends on the quality of nutrition. If the baby refuses to eat in the morning, you need to turn on the trick and a little imagination to surprise the child with the dish.
What are the benefits of breakfast?
Breakfast is the first and main meal that should not be missed for many reasons:
1. Recovery of strength and energy after sleep. At night, a lot of energy is spent on sleep, and although the body and brain are resting, the body still expends a lot of energy that must be restored through calories, vitamins and minerals;
2. Improving metabolism. At night, during sleep, the metabolism stops or slows down, so in the morning it needs to be started by adults, this can be done with a cup of tea or water with lemon, but children need a full meal;
3. Activation of brain activity. With a constant morning meal, memory and brain function improves, concentration and efficiency increase;
4. Reducing the risk of developing many pathologies – cardiovascular, diabetes. With adequate nutrition, the immunity and protective functions of the body increase, thanks to which the child’s body is protected from many diseases;
5. Obtaining the rate of nutrients. Scientists have shown that most minerals, vitamins, antioxidants and other substances are best absorbed in the morning;
6. Healthy breakfasts for children contribute to the formation of a correct and beautiful figure. But if the breakfast is heavy and supper is light, the risk of obesity decreases many times. Most often, overweight people begin to gain weight in childhood due to improper nutrition, an excess of sweets and pastries that their parents indulge them with.
Features of the children’s diet
Children aged 3 years and older must receive all the necessary minerals and vitamins that provide physical and mental development. The child’s nutrition eats determines his/her further figure, the power of the muscular apparatus, and the development of the brain. The stronger the child is, the easier it is for him/her to adapt to the collective, to study in kindergarten and school.
Basic principles of nutrition for children:
1. Newborns feed on mother’s milk or adapted formulas, which contain the whole range of nutrients, after that – you need to carefully select the diet for the child;
2. Nutrition should supply the growing body with the necessary amount of calories for energy production;
3. The diet should be varied, but when composing it, it is necessary to consider some factors: the child’s taste preferences, food intolerance, etc.
Important: when cooking meals for children, one must observe the rules of hygiene and sanitary standards. If possible, you’d better process foods because raw vegetables and fruits in large quantities can disrupt the work of the gastrointestinal tract.
Delicious breakfast ideas: TOP 7
All children are different and some eat all meals with great pleasure, while others refuse to eat at least some food. To motivate and stimulate a child to eat, breakfast should not only be tasty and healthy but also beautiful and interesting. For example, if you decorate an ordinary sandwich in the form of a smiley, the child will be interested in eating it.
“Lazy” dumplings
It’s a curd dish that can be cooked very quickly, literally in 10 minutes. It is rich in calcium and a vitamin-mineral complex that a child needs for full development. You will need the following ingredients for a serving:
• 200 gr. cottage cheese;
• 40 gr. flour;
• 1 egg;
• a pinch of salt and sugar.
Mix everything or kill in a blender, knead and roll into a tourniquet. Cut into small portions and immerse in boiling water for 7 minutes. Serve with sour cream or sweet sauce. You can prepare the dough and store it in the refrigerator.
Eggs are very useful, but not all children agree to eat fried eggs. You can use some tricks and make a nice omelet. You need to knead 2 eggs, beat until smooth. Add a pinch of salt, meat or tomatoes. Fry until tender. When serving, garnish with sauce, herbs or cheese, make a mouth, ears, nose or forelock. If desired, the omelet can be baked in the oven or microwave.
Sandwich «Mobile phone»
It seems that a sandwich is the easiest and fastest dish you can make in the morning. But in order to surprise and delight the child, you can turn on your imagination and make a snack in the form of a mobile phone.
For this, you will need:
• 2 pieces of bread;
• 2 slices of ham (sausage, shank or meat);
• 4 slices of cheese;
• 20 gr. butter;
• slices of cucumber and tomato (or red bell pepper).
Pieces of bread should be spread with butter and a slice of ham should be placed on top. Cut out the squares-buttons and the phone screen from the cheese. The small squares of vegetables can be used to represent the call and end buttons.
Potato pies
If your child has reached the age of 10, you can add some mushrooms to change the taste.
To prepare this dish, you will need the following ingredients:
• 300 gr. sifted flour;
• 50 gr. butter;
• 5 gr. yeast (better dry);
• 150 ml of milk;
• 2 chicken eggs or 4 quail eggs;
• 4 potatoes, 100 gr. mushrooms (optional);
• a pinch of salt, pepper on the tip of a knife;
• 1 tbsp. olive oil.
The milk must be warmed up and poured into a container in which you will mix the dough. Add yeast and 150 gr. flour. Then add ghee and the rest of the flour, while kneading thoroughly, leave it for an hour, after which it is ready for further work. At this time, you need to make mashed potatoes, fry the mushrooms with onions for the filling and mix everything.
Then form pies, put on a baking sheet and bake in the oven for 30 minutes. If you give them in a pan, they will be more fatty, which is not very healthy for the child.
Buckwheat porridge with milk and apples
This is a very satisfying and healthy dish for both adults and children.
You will need:
• 200 ml of water and milk;
• 100 gr. cereals;
• 1-2 apples;
• 10 gr. butter;
• 1 tbsp. sugar, salt – a pinch.
Sort the groats, wash and cook (10-15 minutes). When the water boils away, you need to pour milk, salt, add sugar and an apple (finely chopped or grated) and boil for another 7 minutes. When it cools down, serve the dish.
Casserole made from cottage cheese, meat, fish or vegetables
Here you need to consider the diet and the preferences of the child. For example, if your child doesn’t like fish, then there is no point in making a fish dish for breakfast. Regardless of filling, cooking technology is the same. It is necessary to chop the food and pour the sauce (salty for meat, fish or vegetables; sweet for fruit). The sauce is prepared with sour cream or beaten eggs. Then the dish is placed in the oven for half an hour. If the casserole is salty, sprinkle it with grated cheese on top 5 minutes before cooking. Decorate the dish as desired and serve. To speed up cooking, you can make a casserole in a multi-cooker.
Pizza sandwich
This dish can please a child of any age. You will need sausage, cheese, tomato, egg and bread. Slices of bread should be cut at least 1 cm thick and the crumb should be cut out. Finely chop the whole filling and beat with eggs, salt to taste. Fry the rim of bread on both sides, and then pour the filling into the middle. Garnish with herbs before serving.
In the end, it should be noted that a healthy breakfast for a child is the key to a successful day and good health. Parents should introduce healthy nutrition to their children. Of course, all kids love fast food, pizza or chips, but healthy breakfasts should prevail in the child’s diet.
Enjoy your meal!
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We are taught how to read and write why not to smell?
Whisky offers a bouquet of aromas in a surprisingly rich range. We need to train our olfactory memory to be able to recognize the aromatic notes found in Whisky. These aromas are also found in food and in nature. So we know them yet they are difficult for us to identify since we are not trained to recognize them blindly. Training our memory is key and is the foundation of the art of tasting.
Train and enrich your olfactory memory…
…to better analyze the whisky that you taste
But “What use is that?” First of all, recognizing aromas enriches your tasting vocabulary. Being able to attach a word to your impressions increases your tasting pleasure and allows you to share your ideas with others. Then, the aromas of a whisky inform us about its geographic origin and the different steps in its creation: malting, fermentation, distillation, and aging in casks. How does our powerful and complex sense of smell work? How can you train your olfactory memory? What are the aromatic groups of wine, coffee and whisky? How can you successfully pair food and drinks based on aromas?
Aroma Academy:
The kits and accompanying guide booklets make whisky, nosing and tasting an even more pleasurable experience and dramatically increase your whisky/gin/wine nosing and tasting knowledge!
Let this aroma kit guide you as you are introduced to a series of key reference whisky aromas! Educated to nosing terminology/vocabulary! You will be taught how to expert the whisky/gin/wine nosing and tasting process whilst being taught to identify the key aromas to be found in your favorite single malts, gins and wines!
The Aroma Nosing Kits contain 24 aroma nosing samples carefully selected by a leading specialist Aroma Scientist, Dr. George Dodd.
These superb kits include booklet guides to not only “lead you through” the individual aroma samples but also through a recommended process for nosing and tasting. The kit includes a guide to lead you through” the individual aroma samples.
• Phenolic aroma
• Grassy aroma
• Spicy aroma
• Peaty aroma
• Woody aroma
Tasting Wheel
The Basics of Nosing and Tasting Whisky
Wine is easy, whisky is hard.” That’s one lesson I’ve learned from both my own training and training others in the art of whisky tasting
Perhaps that’s oversimplifying; becoming an expert at wine tasting is hard, too (just look at how hard some of the Sommelier levels are!) but whisky can be particularly challenging especially for folks new to the category.
Wine is lower proof and therefore gentler on the palate. Whisky must be high proof (at least 80 proof by law in most countries) and is typically perceived as dryer in the mouth. Whereas wine is always fruit dominant but still with a potential for a beautiful depth of flavor in that category and in other secondary categories, whisky can be heavily smokey, peaty or grainy which can appear to skew the flavor profile.
So the bottom line is that the rules that apply to tasting wine often don’t apply to Whisky – and very often it can be the opposite! When nosing and tasting Whisky, approach it with respect. Start by remembering that all Whisky will have some.
Brain Pain
The “heat” (or “burning” from some whiskies) comes from the concentrated ethanol molecules triggering the nerves in the nose, tongue and throat that respond to heat. It’s called “chemesthesis,” which basically means a chemically induced sensation; in this case, it’s a thermal sensation and certain secondary compounds from the grains and barrel can exacerbate it. This is actually the same mechanism triggered by the capsaicin in spicy foods that makes them hot.
This sensation is sent to the brain via the trigeminal nerve in the back of the jaw and is specifically a pain sensation. And when your brain receives a pain sensation, it actually minimizes your other senses including smell and taste. Which means if your experience of the whisky is that it’s hot, then your brain will actively filter out the aromas and flavors and you’ll be missing out on the potentially very enjoyable spirit. The two most basic techniques for nosing and tasting whisky are retro nasal breathing and multiple sips, both of which are designed to assist in overcoming that pain sensation and get into the flavors.
Start with your whisky poured neat, preferably in a glass designed for tasting whisky. Swirl, then gently breathe into your mouth, close your lips, then breathe out slowly through your nose. This will likely feel a little awkward at first but it’s easy to get the hang of. Some folks might recognize this as a cigar breathing technique. Immediately you should begin to “taste” the aromas without risking an ethanol cloud blasting across your sensitive olfactory membranes.
After two or three retro nasal breaths, move to breathing directly into the nose (called “orthonasal” breathing) but keep the breaths slow and shallow at least to start. I always find I get slightly different aromas which each technique.
When that first sip hits your mouth, it’s likely going to be hot, or at least warm. That’s okay. Give the liquid a few seconds and really swirl it around to hit all of your taste buds before swallowing. But here’s a key – don’t judge it yet. Don’t even worry about trying to notice any flavors just yet.
Unlike the capsaicin in spicy foods which is oil-based, any lingering ethanol will evaporate off giving your brain time to acclimate to the new pain sensation. Fortunately for us, the human brain is very adaptable and this acclimation takes only about a minute! So after you’ve paused, go in for a second sip. This time start to notice some of the flavor. You’ll actually get progressively more sensory information (e.g., taste) with each of the first three or four sips.
Long-Term Adaptation & Tasting With Friends
Just like spicy food, ethanol heat can be adapted to such that the initial hit becomes less impactful the more whisky you taste. This only requires the effort of tasting more whisky!
But remember that your friends might not have the same resistance to whisky burn that you have. When introducing other folks to your favorite drams, consider that they might be best served by lower-proof options to start and might even benefit from some guidance in nosing and tasting techniques.
A few rules of thumb are to not judge them for experiencing the whisky as hot and to encourage them not to judge the whisky until they’ve had at least a few sips. And a slash of water a good thing to help cut the proof a bit and open up the flavor.
Olfaction and the Science behind Nosing A Whisky
Olfaction (the ability to detect and discriminate between different odors) is the most ancient of our senses, being the first one in evolutionary history to develop. Nearly all air, water and land-dwelling creatures have a sense of smell, and it plays a significant role in nutrition, safety and maintaining our quality of life.
Essentially, the sense of smell is a chemical detection system that allows creatures, including ourselves, to discriminate between chemicals in the environment that could be either harmful or beneficial. It originally developed as a way for our most primitive of sea dwelling ancestors to follow a chemical gradient away from a dangerous source or towards a nutritional source, and this original discrimination, developed over 400 million years ago, remains with our sense of smell today. We are attracted to smells that we find pleasant and repelled from odors that may do us harm.
However, our sense of smell is one of the most downplayed and misunderstood senses.
One of the reasons for this could be that it interacts very differently with our memory compared with our other senses. For example, if you try and conjure up the odor of freshly cut grass, you cannot. Yet, if presented with a sample associated with this aroma you will immediately identify it. Furthermore, you will be able to recall events/moments associated with that odor from many, many years ago. Effectively, due to the way our olfactory system works with our brain, we cannot recall an odor to our conscious mind without some external olfactory stimulus.
Any expert in the flavor of whisky must know how the sense of smell works, otherwise it will become difficult to build up an appropriate sensory memory and use that to discriminate between different whiskies. So, for those of us who do not have detailed knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of smell detection, how can we build up our sensory memory to allow us to hone our whisky nosing skills?
Firstly, we must touch on olfactory cognition. This is the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through the sense of smell. Historically, this was poorly understood. However, a number of recent studies have looked at the sense of smell between experts and non-experts, throwing light on the way we acquire and process olfactory information.
Odor sensitivity and discrimination
The above-mentioned studies found no difference in sensitivity between experts and untrained subjects in odor sensitivity. The reason behind this is that our sense of smell is not designed to detect single odors, but rather to discriminate complex odors made up of many individual odor molecules.
If you look at odor discrimination in mixtures of single compounds, each with an individual smell, the maximum number of individual compounds that an individual can distinguish is three or four at most (this is the same for experts and non-experts). When mixtures get more complex than this, like with a whisky, we tend to classify the smell into types (i.e. floral, peaty or feinty). Where experts score more highly is in their ability to be more accurate in naming single individual compounds.
Perceptual learning
Perceptual learning in odor discrimination is also very important. The more smells we are repeatedly exposed to will enhance our ability to discriminate between smells. The old adage of practice makes perfect rings true with this as well – training our nose will make us better at discriminating between different whiskies, as well as discriminating between different whiskies we have not previously been exposed to.
Odor memory and identification
We now know that odor familiarity will increase with repeated exposure. However, whilst we might possess perfectly good odor detection and discrimination systems (through practice), smell is the most difficult sense to verbalize, and we have to learn how to identify a particular smell and communicate it in non-personal terms for general understanding (most odors are explained in terms of personal experience). Doing this in a group or classroom setting, with other people who are learning how to verbalize smells, is good practice.
This is where experts excel as they are able to verbalize their olfactory experience and identify odors in a way that is repeatable and identifiable both to themselves and to others. The industry has reacted to this by producing specific terminologies used to describe and classify different whiskies, usually assisted with a version of a flavor wheel.
So, with training and the development of olfactory memory, one can describe the whisky in a more analytical manner, whereas the novice taster will describe a flavor in a manner which stresses the enjoyment and richness of the flavor.
In essence, there is no reason why we cannot all become whisky tasting experts through repeatedly nosing whiskies and learning to verbalize our findings. Once a whisky is recognized through smell, then the expectation of whisky characters and traits are much easier to find.
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Beyond maize: exploring agricultural diversification in Zambia from different perspectives
Despite the Zambian Government’s intention to diversify agriculture, the country is still heavily reliant on a narrow range of crops. Two-thirds of the total area under crop cultivation is devoted to maize. Consequently, the Zambian food system is not delivering enough affordable or nutritious foods for the majority of the population. Diversifying agricultural production has the potential to increase the availability, affordability and accessibility of diverse and nutritious food, and is one of the major contributions the agricultural sector can make to food security and nutrition. In addition, diversification has positive impacts on income and creating more resilient communities. This discussion paper explores the reasons for the lack of diversity from the perspectives of smallholder households, market actors and extension officers. The study clearly shows that diversifying agricultural production requires a holistic approach involving a range of stakeholders.
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Parasites: Tales of Humanity's Most Unwelcome Guests
Rosemary Drisdelle
Copyright Date: 2010
Edition: 1
Pages: 280
• Cite this Item
• Book Info
Book Description:
Hidden away within living tissues, parasites are all around us-and inside us. Yet, despite their unsavory characteristics, as we find in this compulsively readable book, parasites have played an enormous role in civilizations through time and around the globe.Parasites: Tales of Humanity's Most Unwelcome Guestsputs amoebae, roundworms, tapeworms, mites, and others at the center of the action as human cultures have evolved and declined. It shows their role in exploration, war, and even terrorist plots, often through an unpredictable ripple effect. It reveals them as invisible threats in our food, water, and luggage; as invaders that have shaped behaviors and taboos; and as unexpected partners in such venues as crime scene investigations.Parasitesalso describes their evolution and life histories and considers their significant benefits. Deftly blending the sociological with the scientific, this natural and social history of parasites looks closely at a fascinating, often disgusting group of organisms and discovers that they are in fact an integral thread in the web of life.
eISBN: 978-0-520-94578-4
Subjects: Zoology
Table of Contents
1. Front Matter
(pp. I-VIII)
2. Table of Contents
(pp. IX-X)
(pp. XI-XII)
(pp. XIII-XIV)
(pp. XV-XVI)
6. Introduction
(pp. 1-4)
Parasites are all around us. Consider the ones that infect humans: hundreds of species live in human intestines, skin, lungs, muscle, brain, liver, blood, and everywhere else they can find a niche. Some of these parasites can liveonlyin humans. When you realize that virtually every species of animal has a similarly large collection, and then acknowledge that plants have many as well, you begin to understand how numerous parasites really are. Even parasites have parasites.
Parasites are an odd and exceedingly diverse assortment of life forms that defy generalization: essentially their actions define them. The wordparasitewas...
7. ONE Ambush Parasites that have changed human history
(pp. 5-33)
The degree to which various parasites have interfered in human affairs cannot be overstated. Parasitic diseases such as schistosomiasis, sleeping sickness, and malaria affect millions and muddle plans in everything from exploration to foreign aid. Others cast a more subtle shadow but still wield enormous power. They wipe out populations; they topple fragile ecosystems. The monsters hiding under our beds when we were children grew up to be parasites. For those of us who grew up in the cloistered “first world,” they fill us with a distant dread, and rightly so; for everyone else, the monsters have always had always...
8. TWO Market of Peril Parasites versus food safety regulations—is anything safe to eat?
(pp. 34-58)
If you want to avoid foodborne illness, don’t eat.
The problem with food, usually, is what we can’t see: while lions, wolves, and crocodiles are wilderness predators, parasites, bacteria, and even viruses prowl the grocery store. Because most are microscopic, we have no idea we’re stalked until it’s too late, and typically, we know nothing about the patch of earth or water that a plant or animal product has come from, so we can’t predict the likelihood of trouble if we eat it. In the realm of food safety, however, ignorance is not bliss: most of our parasites are swallowed....
9. THREE Drinking-Water Advisory How parasites get into our water and what we try to do about it
(pp. 59-81)
The truck driver says it’s “a Cambodian journey.”
A haze of fine dust hangs in the air as about thirty travelers, tourists, and locals coated with the red stuff climb out of a couple of half-ton trucks and scramble down a steep riverbank. Single file, we step courageously across the gap to the listing bow of a covered passenger boat. About two-thirds go below; the rest of us arrange ourselves on the flat roof, tucked between bags, packages, and backpacks in the hot Cambodian sun. It is late February, the dry season. There will be no rain today.
In the...
10. FOUR Illegal Aliens The unintentional but persistent global movement of parasites by humans
(pp. 82-104)
Imagine a diagram of the human body in which parasites represent the organs and other structures. The skin is mites, fly larvae, and microfilariae.¹ Trails of malaria parasites, trypanosomes, worm larvae, and schistosomes show blood circulation. Muscles are made ofTrichinellalarvae andToxoplasmacysts. Flukes and tapeworm scolices shape the liver. So many parasites crowd the intestines that it’s difficult to find them all.
Now think of the body as a suitcase—luggage that can’t be opened, x-rayed, or searched to reveal the parasites within. A packer and shipper of parasite relocation, your body takes along your parasites wherever...
11. FIVE Parasites in Control As in science fiction, some parasites do take over their hosts
(pp. 105-124)
According to old testament scriptures, after defeating the Canaanites, the “children of Israel” had a lot of trouble with fiery serpents. They
12. SIX In the House of Mirrors Good, bad, and imaginary—the cultural meanings and practical uses of parasites, and the power of fear
(pp. 125-149)
Western medicine, textbook definitions, and the court of public opinion in developed countries agree: parasites are bad. Similarly, modern parasitology textbooks give the impression that we understand what parasites do and how they do it. But when we drag a parasite out into the light and examine it from every angle—medical, cultural, historical, environmental, and emotional—we find that it has as many faces as a clown in a house of mirrors. It means different things to different people. The significance of a parasite is in the eye of the beholder. To test this statement, simply present a freshly...
13. SEVEN The Parasite Felonies Criminals who cast their lot in with parasites
(pp. 150-172)
Occasionally a crime investigator stumbles on a parasite...
14. EIGHT Emerging Parasites The ones that seem to come out of nowhere, and where they really come from
(pp. 173-195)
We would be mistaken to think that we have already met and catalogued all of the life forms that can parasitize humans or that no new human parasites will evolve in the future. As we change, and as we change things in our environment, our parasites change as well. The body louse of humans is a fairly recent example of parasite evolution.
In twelfth-century England, Archbishop Thomas Becket was a suitable host for body lice because he wore many layers of fabric that were seldom washed (see chapter 6). Anthropologists remind us, however, that people didn’t always wear clothes. Our...
15. NINE Parasite Extinction Can we ever get rid of these unwelcome guests?
(pp. 196-215)
We hear that african trypanosomiasis has reemerged in Africa, that malaria kills about a million people every year despite decades of fighting it, that bedbugs are becoming resistant to pesticides, that all surface waters are now contaminated with cryptosporidium and giardia. Anyone would think that parasites are the most indestructible creatures on earth. But parasites are going extinct every day. Why not ours?
Many parasite species are being lost through coextinction: their hosts become extinct, and because they can’t live anywhere else, they perish too. Our parasites, especially the ones that live only on humans, are still here because we...
16. Epilogue
(pp. 216-218)
Our cultural bias maintains that parasites are inherently bad. If we could eradicate them one by one, where would we stop? At disease-causing parasites of humans? At parasites that afflict humans and domestic animals? Perhaps at those that cause significant disease as a result of our activities, our interference with the environment? How would the extinction of a few—or many—parasitic species affect populations and ecosystems, and should we weigh these effects against the expected benefits of their demise? These questions plunge us into a moral-ethical tangle.
This dilemma isn’t new. An old idea with a somewhat narrower focus—...
17. NOTES
(pp. 219-234)
(pp. 235-248)
19. INDEX
(pp. 249-258)
20. Back Matter
(pp. 259-259)
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Eau (trigraph)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Eau is a trigraph of the Latin script.
In Modern French, ⟨eau⟩ is pronounced /o/ and may or may not be the same phoneme as the one attached to the letter o.
It is used as an ending for several words, like berceau (cradle) or manteau (coat), usually being the remnant of a suffix (bercer meaning to cradle; mante meaning mantle). This is also a word by itself: eau means water.
In English, ⟨eau⟩ only exists in words imported from French, and so is pronounced likewise in almost all cases. Exceptions include beauty and words derived from it, where it is pronounced /juː/, bureaucrat where it is pronounced /ə/, bureaucracy where it is pronounced /ɒ/, and (in some contexts) the proper names Beaulieu and Beauchamp.
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Question: What Can I Plant Next To Tomatoes?
Are banana peels good for tomato plants?
Banana peels also contain calcium, which prevents blossom end rot in tomatoes..
What can you not plant next to cucumbers?
Is Miracle Grow good for tomatoes?
Miracle-Gro is a water-soluble fertilizer produced by Scotts. … For growing tomatoes, Scotts produces a special tomato plant food with a fertilizer analysis of 18-18-21, but the all-purpose plant food can be used for tomatoes, too.
What should I plant next to tomatoes?
What plants should not be planted with tomatoes?
Can I plant tomatoes and cucumbers next to each other?
At a minimum, the two plants should be compatible and not interfere with each other. Cucumbers are considered compatible with tomatoes by garden experts, including Dr. … Their growth habits are similar enough to be complementary, and so are their aversions (both tomatoes and cucumbers dislike growing near potatoes).
Can I plant tomatoes in the same spot every year?
#1 Planting Tomatoes In The Same Spot Year After Year Nutrients can be depleted by growing the same crop year after year in the same space. … Tomato plants should never be planted in the same area for at least 3 years. This keeps issues like tomato blight and black rot at bay. It also allows the soil time to recharge.
Can you plant a whole tomato?
Are egg shells good for tomato plants?
Can you plant two tomato plants together?
Tomato plants require a good amount of these resources, so if they’re planted closely together, they will compete and likely all lose. Low Production – Even if tomato plants growing closely together survive, they may not produce as many tomatoes as they could have if properly spaced.
Is coffee grounds good for tomato plants?
How far apart do you plant tomatoes and peppers?
Space 20 -30 inches apart. Harvest – When tomato is red (or color of the variety planted) and firm to the touch. Tips – Plant in fertile soil amended with compost.
Do tomatoes and cabbage grow well together?
Though both are grown as annuals, companion planting tomatoes and cabbages is not recommended. Both species are heavy feeders and will compete for nutrients, ensuring that neither will thrive if you plant them together.
What to plant with cucumbers to keep bugs away?
From sugar snap peas to green beans, legumes are a great choice to grow with cucumbers because they provide much-needed nitrogen in the soil. Marigolds. Marigolds are one of the most popular companion plants because they repel a wide variety of pests, including aphids—a common pest on cucumber leaves.
What vegetables should not be planted next to each other?
Can peppers and tomatoes be planted together?
How close can you plant tomatoes?
24-36 inchesGenerally speaking, the ideal spacing for tomato plants is between 24-36 inches (61-91 cm.) apart. Spacing tomato plants any closer than 24 inches (61 cm.) will reduce air circulation around the plants and may result in disease.
Are orange peels good for tomatoes?
Should you pinch out tomato plants?
Increase your tomato crop by pinching out the side shoots The plant will concentrate on producing a lot of growth instead of concentrating on producing fruit.
How deep does a raised bed need to be for tomatoes?
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Pathway to Progress: The Charleston Hospital Strike
Charleston Hospital Strike
Wikimedia Commons
In the late 1960s, Charleston, South Carolina, was NOT primed to be the next city to be a touchstone in either the civil rights movement or the labor movement. Much of the progress and activism seen elsewhere had passed Charleston by. And the White power structure was as equally entrenched against labor unionism as it was against the expansion of Black people's rights. But the hospital strike of 1969 became as important to the Southern Christian Leadership Conference's (SCLC) Poor People's Campaign and the labor movement as the Montgomery bus boycott would be to the civil rights movement.
After dock workers were rejected in their bid for a union contract, everyone assumed Black hospital workers had absolutely no chance or successfully organizing. Workers at two hospitals, though, had other plans. One of the hospitals was run by the state and the other by the county. Management had reportedly engaged in racially biased behavior, notably preventing Black doctors from working at the hospital for many years.
Local 1199, then associated with the Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Union, had experience with organizing in hostile territory. After it organized 34,000 new members in New York, New Jersey and Connecticut, it formed a national organizing committee for hospital workers. The local also reached out to the SCLC, one of the most important civil rights organizations, to coordinate on organizing efforts. Nearly 3 million hospital and nursing home employees throughout the country were without union representation, most were Black or Latinx and most were desperately poor. The SCLC launched the Poor People's Campaign specifically to help out in such situations and so it joined with Local 1199 in forming the National Organizing Committee of Hospital and Nursing Home Employees. Coretta Scott King was named honorary chair and Ralph Abernathy and other SCLC leaders were members of the committee.
The SCLC and Local 1199 trained staff in union organizing methods that were successful in places like Memphis, Tennessee, Atlanta and St. Petersburg. The hospital workers in Charleston weren't idle, either, as they began organizing meetings with help from the local Black community. Management was led by Dr. William McCord, president of the medical college, which ran the state hospital. After delaying meeting with organizers, McCord fired 12 of them. The reaction was immediate, when 400 workers, including nurses, nurse's aides, kitchen helpers, laundry workers and orderlies, walked off the job. A week later, workers at the county-run hospital walked out in sympathy. The workers' demands were clear, rehire the 12 fired workers, recognize the union, increase wages and institute grievance procedures.
McCord was contemptuous. He offered to give Black workers an additional holiday for the birthday of Robert E. Lee. McCord secured an injunction from a segregationist judge that effectively eliminated legal protests. The Black workers rejected the injunction's validity and began picketing the hospital. Arrests immediately followed. Even worse, vigilantes began assaulting strikers, who had to establish security guards at the picket and around their union hall.
By now, SCLC and Local 1199 staff were on the ground to provide leadership and assistance. Abernathy and other prominent leaders like Andrew Young set up camp in Charleston and sought to bring national attention to the plight of the Black hospital workers. They quickly tied the hospital strike to the larger civil rights movement and connected the strike directly to Martin Luther King Jr., who had been slain in Memphis the previous year while supporting striking sanitation workers. Coretta Scott King said: "If my husband were alive today, he would be in Charleston, South Carolina."
Charleston faced mass meetings, daily marches, evening rallies and boycotts of stores and schools that didn't support the strike. The response included daily confrontations with police and local White citizens, and arrests were daily. The governor came out against the strike and sent state troopers and National Guardsman. Arrests were stepped up.
But the strikers didn't back down and they weren't intimidated. They showed up, day-after-day, regardless of what was thrown at them, which, by that point, included bayonets, tanks and National Guardsmen patrolling the city's streets. Coretta Scott King spoke at two local churches and nearly 30% of the city's Black population showed up. She not only championed the cause of the hospital workers, she appealed for financial assistance, as the union and SCLC were running out of money to sustain the strike.
King's request went national. The leaders of civil rights organizations and Black elected officials came together for the first time since Martin Luther King Jr.'s death. The appeal worked. With the help of national ads and television coverage, money began flowing in. Walter Reuther personally joined the demonstrations and donated $10,000. George Meaney and the national AFL-CIO gave another $25,000. Other unions, including White unions, joined the hospital workers on the picket lines. Abernathy was jailed, as were leaders of 1199B, the new designation for the local started by the Charleston hospital workers.
The opposition to the strike started to fracture. Boycotts brought business activity to a standstill in the city. The business community began to fear a economic disaster and they called for a settlement. Others feared that a victory for Black hospital workers would lead to further organizing by civil rights organizations and labor unions in the city. In particular, they were afraid that union organizing would move into the textile industry, which was strong in the state. Further complicating the situation were federal contracts, with $12 million worth on the verge of being canceled if the hospital continued to discriminate against Black workers.
In this environment, the hospital administration agreed to rehire the strikers, including the original 12 fired workers. State government agreed to raise the minimum wage as well, potentially giving strikers several of their demands. With the agreement set to be finalized, Sen. Strom Thurmond stepped in and said that the federal aid would be delivered, regardless of the hospital's actions. The hospital withdrew from the settlement and Local 1199 and the SCLC accused President Richard Nixon of "giving Senator Thurmond his political payoff for services rendered in the last election. A payoff whose real price is the suffering of Black hospital workers."
Demonstrations started up again and they expanded to the textile companies and government buildings in the state and in Washington, D.C. More unions joined the protests and mass arrests continued. Attempts to solve the problem from the nation's capitol were stalled by the Nixon administration until Secretary of Labor George Schultz took action. He sent a mediator to South Carolina and demanded that the strike be settled.
After 100 days, the strike was settled in favor of the Black hospital workers. They won wage increases of 30-70 cents an hour, the establishment of a credit union, a grievance procedure that allowed the union to represent employees and all fired and striking workers were reinstated. They didn't win union recognition, but the wins they achieved addressed most of the problems the union would've taken on anyway.
At a victory rally at Zion Olivet Church, the Rev. Andrew Young summarized why the strike was successful: "We won this strike because of a wonderful marriage—the marriage of the SCLC and Local 1199. The first of many beautiful children of this marriage is Local 1199B here in Charleston, and there are going to be as many more children like 1199B as there are letters in the alphabet."
The combined efforts didn't stop in Charleston. The tactics used in South Carolina were quickly exported elsewhere. Within months, they had also secured collective bargaining rights for 1,500 mostly Black workers at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore. Within a year, the Baltimore local had added 6,000 more hospital and nursing home workers. In December, the National Union of Hospital and Nursing Home Employees was established with Coretta Scott King as honorary chairperson. While reflecting upon the success in Charleston, King said that right before his death, her husband had concluded that "the key to battling poverty is winning jobs for workers with decent pay through unionism." Charleston was one of the first moments that proved King right.
Source: "Organized Labor and the Black Worker, 1619-1981" by Philip S. Foner, 1974.
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How to Reduce Hearing Loss
Rapid hearing loss can occur from acoustic trauma and result in permanent cochlea damage by excessive noise levels from sources such as gunfire or explosions. Otherwise, hearing loss is gradual and is basically a long term infringement upon the guidelines that have been set by various health associations. A variety of activities that expose a person
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Question: Why Is It Important To Be 100 Honest With Your Doctor?
Do doctors have to tell patients the truth?
The truth hurts, as most people say.
How should a doctor treat a patient?
Doctors must be polite and considerate to you and people close to you, and treat you with dignity and respect. You should also be polite and show respect to your doctors. Doctors have to treat all their patients fairly and without discrimination.
When can a doctor lie to a patient?
Why is it important for doctors to be honest?
Honesty matters to patients. They need it because they are ill, vulnerable, and burdened with pressing questions which require truthful answers. Honesty also matters to the doctor and other medical professionals. The loss of reputation for honesty in medical practice means the end of medicine as a profession.
What is the importance of being a doctor?
Doctors are one important agent through which that scientific understanding is expressed. But medicine is more than the sum of our knowledge about disease. Medicine concerns the experiences, feelings, and interpretations of human beings in often extraordinary moments of fear, anxiety, and doubt.
Why is it important to have a good relationship with your doctor?
Patients who have good relationships and effective communication with their physicians are more satisfied with their care and better able to manage their medical problems. They are also more likely to share information about their conditions which leads to an accurate diagnosis.
Do doctors lie to patients?
Two-fifths of the doctors did not disclose their financial relationships with drug and device companies to patients. These sorts of lies are clearly harmful and transparency is necessary. Some physicians lie to third-party payers to obtain approval for treatments or procedures their patients need.
Why is communication important for doctors?
The manner in which a physician communicates information to a patient is as important as the information being communicated. Patients who understand their doctors are more likely to acknowledge health problems, understand their treatment options, modify their behavior accordingly, and follow their medication schedules.
Why is it important to communicate with patients?
Should Doctor tell patient they dying?
How Do You Tell Someone They’re Going to Die? Many patients fear abandonment, Grodin said, so doctors must be sure to take the time to remind their terminally ill patients that even though a cure might be out of the question, their health is still important to them.
How do you tell a doctor they are wrong?
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Was Sykes-Picot a bad thing?
twitter sharefacebook share2016 May 08 - 2016-05-08
Michael Rubin
May 16 marks the 100th anniversary of the Sykes-Picot Agreement, a secret deal which divided up the heart of the Middle East (and would have divided up Turkey as well, had it not been for the intervention of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk). Robin Wright, a frequent writer on the Middle East, recently penned an article calling Sykes-Picot “a curse.” Nonsense. Sykes-Picot was a blessing for many in the Middle East.
To look at the map of the Middle East might be to conclude that Sykes-Picot, the agreement which led to the drawing of so many contemporary borders, also created artificial countries. But just because a border is artificial does not mean that the resulting county is.
Iraq, for example, became independent in 1932, twelve years after the League of Nations demarcated its borders, but Arabic literature speaks of “Iraq” going back a millennium. Likewise, Syria — under its current artificial borders — became a League of Nations’ Mandate in 1920, but a notion of Syria as a region existed at the time of Muhammad. The same holds true for Turkey and Israel. Mount Lebanon has always had a unique identity, not the least because of the Maronite Christian presence. Syria itself, however, never recognized the Lebanese identity but the divisions of Sykes-Picot enabled the Lebanese among others to win freedom.
Did anyone lose in the Sykes-Picot Agreement? After a free trip to Iraqi Kurdistan, Wright quotes Kurdish officials to suggest the Kurds did, although the history is a bit more complicated than that: The Kurds lost out not because of the Sykes-Picot Agreement, but because of machinations of great powers in its wake, confirmed first in the Treaty of Lausanne and subsequently by a League of Nations commission to adjudicate a continuing dispute about the Vilayat of Mosul.
Did Sykes-Picot also create artificial countries? Certainly. Jordan is the primary case in point. Similar arguments are often made about the Gulf Cooperation Council states, despite not being born as the result of Sykes-Picot. The smaller among them may effectively be “tribes with flags,” but even that is a real identity.
Is it possible to rectify past mistakes? Certainly. The Kurds may win their independence, although to do so today without internal problems resolved would likely result in Kurdistan joining South Sudan, Kosovo, East Timor, and Eritrea as a failed stated. But is discussion about reversing the legacy of Sykes-Picot counterproductive? Absolutely.
First, after nearly century of nationhood, many of the states which emerged as a result of post-World War I divisions have attained specific identities distinct from their neighbors. One hundred years of history is a lot to reverse.
Second, to counsel reversing Sykes-Picot and to start again is effectively to double down on imperialism. There is no way to divide borders and create homogeneous states. To even try to is to conduct ethnic and sectarian cleansing. To create new borders and new states with minority populations, meanwhile, is simply to reshuffle the deck, not change the game.
Thirdly, to suggest the pre-Sykes-Picot order was desirable is, in effect, to return to the Ottoman millet system of basing governance upon religion. This would affirm the Islamic State, not reverse it. And it would do nothing to help those seeking statehood based on ethnic notions of nationalism.
It’s certainly become vogue to bash imperialism, colonialism, and the West’s legacy. But sometimes what is stylish is not necessarily right. Rather than lament Sykes-Picot, let’s recognize it for what it was: a mechanism born in imperial cynicism which nonetheless provided an opportunity (often missed) for freedom and national aspiration.
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10 Popular Myths About History that People still Believe
History facts are like the time capsule which takes us back to the past. They give us a window of opportunity to know about ancient people and their ways. However, some of the famous facts we know are actually myths. Despite that, people still believe in them as they are popularized by novels, pop-culture, and famous personalities in our society. We have busted 10 such popular myths about history in this list and set the record straight for everyone.
1. Myth: Ancient Greek and Roman sculptures were painted in white.
Truth: Ancient Greek and Roman sculptures were originally painted bright colors. They only appear white today because the original pigments have deteriorated.
Aphaia Trojan Archer
Restitution of the polychrome decoration of a Trojan archer. Image credits: Marsyas/Wikimedia
The brilliant white Roman and Greek statues and sculptures that we know about were not originally colored white. It is a white lie about history taught to us by the textbooks. The colorless statues discovered during excavations fostered a notion that became so popular that reputed art historians, such as Johann Joachim Winckelmann (1717-1768) dismissed the idea of colorful Greek sculpture and architecture.
Contrary to popular belief, architectural sculptures of ancient Greece were painted in vivid colors, also known as polychrome (from Greek “many” and “color”). However, due to intensive weathering and other effects on the stone, the “polychromy” on ancient Greek sculpture and architecture has substantially faded due to burial conditions, aging, and overzealous cleaning.
Recently, a team of archaeologists in Germany, led by Vinzenz Brinkmann and his wife Ulrike Koch-Brinkmann and others in England at the British Museum, have used scientific methods and disproved this myth. (source)
2. Myth: Vikings used to wear horned helmets.
Truth: The notion that the Vikings wore horned helmets actually comes from a costume designer for the 1876 performance of Wagner’s classic Norse saga, Der Ring des Nibelungen.
Viking helmet
Viking helmet was excavated on a farm called Gjermundbu in Ringerike in central Norway. Image credits: Helgi Halldórsson/Flickr
Every time we watch a Viking show, they are always with their horned helmets. Well, that is what we know from pop culture. But in reality, the horned helmets were never part of their attire. “The Invention of the Viking Horned Helmet” a seminal paper written by Roberta Frank, confirms the historical consensus that Vikings never had horned helmets.
It also gives us insight into how the mythical structure got attached to Viking heads. The idea of this head costume came from the mind of costume designer Carl Emil Doepler, who included horned helmets in his gorgeous costume designs for the 1876 performance of Wagner’s classic Norse saga, Der Ring des Nibelungen.
The influential status of the opera made the horned helmets on Viking head a new trend, despite the fact that they were mythical. Germans were somehow fascinated by classical origin stories of Vikings which prompted Doepler and other scholars to merge German and Norse history. For Viking fans, a headgear can not take away the amazing Viking history. (source)
3. Myth: Before Columbus’s voyage to America, pretty much every person in the world believed that Earth was flat. By stumbling upon America, he proved that the Earth was a sphere. Truth: American author Washington Irving lied in his book, The Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus. when he said Christopher Columbus sailed the world in a bid to prove it wasn’t flat.
Truth: ‘Flat Earth’ has not been a mainstream theory since at least 600 BCE. In the 1400s, almost everybody would have known the Earth was round.
Christopher Columbus
Image credits: Everett Collection/Shutterstock.com
Christopher Columbus is a household name for his legendary voyage from Spain in 1492 where he crossed the Atlantic Ocean and disproved a common perception in those days that the Earth was flat. This is a myth.
Historians believe that the shape of the Earth was well known to people many centuries ago. Pythagoras, Aristotle, and Euclid wrote about the Earth as a sphere in the sixth century BCE. Ptolemy wrote Geography at the height of the Roman Empire, 1,300 years before Columbus sailed, and considered the idea of a round planet as fact. So who is to blame for this incredible historical lie?
Retired University of California professor Jeffrey Burton Russell explains in his book Inventing the Flat Earth how the myth was created in the 1800s by writers, including Washington Irving and Antoinne-Jean Letronne. In 1828, Irving wrote his fictional book The Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus during his visit to Madrid.
He glorified the false statement that Europeans learned about Earth’s spherical shape from Columbus’s journey by adding fictional flourishes that make the story compelling for the readers. (source)
4. Myth: The familiar story that Isaac Newton was inspired to research the nature of gravity by an apple hitting his head is almost certainly apocryphal.
Truth: All Newton himself ever said was that the idea came to him as he sat “in a contemplative mood” and “was occasioned by the fall of an apple.”
Isaac Newton
Isaac Newton
An apple fell on Newton’s head and inspired him to discover gravitational force. That’s what everyone was taught in schools. But the story is incomplete. Newton was intrigued by the orbit of the Moon around the Earth, which led him to hypothesize that the influence of gravity must extend over vast distances.
When he witnessed the falling apple in his family’s garden, he spent many years trying to come up with the math of gravitational force. Newton’s colleague, William Stukeley, who also wrote the first biography of Newton, entitled- Memoirs of Sir Isaac Newton’s Life, approved this incident.
Stukeley recalled the discussion with Newton after dining in 1726 about the idea of gravity. Stukeley says in his manuscript: “Amid other discourse, he told me, he was just in the same situation, as when formerly the notion of gravitation came into his mind.
Why should that apple always descend perpendicularly to the ground, thought he to himself; occasion’d by the fall of an apple, as he sat in contemplative mood.” It is safe to say that his discovery of gravity was the result of many hours of diligent research and insightful thinking rather than just one single moment in which an apple fell on his head. (source)
5. Myth: “Vomitorium” was a special Roman room where people could vomit between meals to make room for the next one.
Truth: In ancient Rome, the architectural feature called a “vomitorium” was the entranceway through which crowds entered and exited a stadium, not a special room used for purging food during meals.
Vomitorium (right) Image credits: Przemek P/Szarada.net
Romans are renowned for their indulgences, so much so that a mythical room to aid their love for lavish food has been entirely invented. Nobody can say no to the fancy Roman dinner parties and it is also hard to leave the dinner table as well. We are talking about the “vomitorium” where Romans are rumored to have vomited up their lavish meals to make room for more.
Vomitoriums were thought to enable feasting to continue unimpeded by the bounds of stomachs, but the whole thing is a hoax. The real story behind vomitoriums is way less gross. To Romans, vomitoriums were real roman rooms for the entrances/exits in stadiums or theaters.
These corridors were so named by 5th-century writer Marcobius, who was describing how crowds of people would gush out to fill up the empty seats. His words were completely taken out of context.
People got the idea about vomitorium completely wrong in the late 19th or early 20th century possibly because of a single linguistic error: “Vomitorium” which sounds like a place where people would vomit. It seems like Marcobius’s words were taken out of context. (source)
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Thermal RECs Explained: Added Value for Heating with Biomass
The positive financial impact of Thermal RECs is making biomass a preferred form of renewable energy in New Hampshire and Massachusetts for heating schools, commercial and industrial facilities, campuses, and hospitals. And Maine will have them soon.
What Is a REC?
A REC is a Renewable Energy Certificate.
State laws, generally known as Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS), require electric utilities to generate a specified fraction of their total output from renewable energy sources. At this time, 29 states and the District of Columbia have RPS laws. Requirements vary from state to state but most states divide their RPS into different sources such as solar, wind and biomass thermal. RPS targets increase each year, step by step, so goals can be reached. This encourages increasing development of renewable generation within each state.
The total electricity that a utility generates each year is tabulated in Megawatts which is what RECs are based on: One REC = One Megawatt
Most utilities have very little renewable generation of their own. To compensate for this deficit, each year state RPS laws force them to purchase RECs in the amount that they are lacking.
Here’s an example: New Hampshire’s RPS goal for 2025 is for each electricity provider in the state to acquire 25.2% of retail electricity sold to their customers from renewable sources. In 2020 the overall goal is 20.7%. However, RPS goals in New Hampshire are divided up into 5 classes that include a wide range of possible renewable energy sources. The biggest portion (9.6%) of the RPS comes from solar, hydro and wind installations put in since 2006. In 2020 1.6% is denoted as “Class 1 Renewable Thermal”.
Utilities have an alternative to buying RECs. They can make an “alternative compliance payment” (ACP). This is a fixed price per megawatt that they can simply pay the state instead of buying RECs from others. Alternative Compliance Payments are deposited into state-run funds that support the use of renewable energy. By default, the ACP determines the highest price a utility is willing to pay for a REC. To avoid paying the ACP price, they bid for RECs in a regulated “pool” that includes a wide group of generators where prices are at least 10% below the ACP.
Who are REC Generators?
You, your company, town or non-profit could all become REC generators. Anyone who generates megawatts of energy using solar, wind or other renewable sources can generate RECs that can be sold to utilities at a profit. Think of these RECs as “rewards” for doing the right thing—helping to meet the state’s goals for renewable energy.
What is a Thermal REC?
Thermal RECs—T-RECs—are just like any other REC, except they are based on the generation of thermal energy from renewable sources such as biomass and solar. For instance, let’s say a manufacturing company installs a biomass boiler system that uses dried wood chips. For each megawatt of heat this system produces, the company will earn one T-REC that they can sell to a utility. This gives the company a new revenue stream that provides a further reduction in their cost of heat energy, which is a large part of operating costs here in the Northeast.
You are probably asking, what is a megawatt of heat? 1 MW = 3,412,141 BTUs
How much fuel generates 1 MW of heat? 1/3 ton of dry wood chips (the same as 30.7 gallons of oil)
Here’s an example using an actual Froling Energy boiler and dry chip fuel customer. This manufacturer has three biomass-fired boiler rooms on its 500,000 square foot complex of buildings. They burned over 2000 tons of dry wood chips last year that created over 19 billion BTUs of useful thermal energy—as recorded in precision energy metering equipment.
Result: At the end of the year they produced 5600 NH Class 1 Thermal RECs that they sold for about $19 each. This reduced their already low biomass (dry wood chip) fuel cost by 45%. Their net cost for heat is less than $7.20 per million BTU which is like buying heating oil for just 80 cents a gallon!
If you’d like to estimate the quantity and cost of wood chips or pellets that a biomass boiler system would use to keep your building warm with each winter, we can help you do the calculations.
Please feel free to contact us for more information about Thermal RECs. We’ll be glad to explain how your state’s RPS laws can give you a new revenue stream even as you’re enjoying the economy and cost stability that biomass delivers.
Biomass: A Key Tool in the Fight for Climate Change
How can a Dual Fuel Boiler System Benefit Your Building?
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What Write My Personal Narrative Essay About
Some of the conventions that need to be adhered to make your story flow include: In your writing an Essay, you should be able to involve the reader into your story through the use of emotions and sensory aspects.Allowing the reader to be part of your narration would make them follow the story to the very end.Good organization is key when it comes to narration because you should be able to order the events as they occur.
Tags: Essays On Psychodynamic CounsellingBusiness Disaster PlanLiterature Review Of Stress ManagementAssignment WrittingMerger And Acquisition DissertationSteps To Solve A Math ProblemLaw School Personal Statement EssaysGood Closing Paragraph Persuasive Essay
It is also good to find a generalization so that your story may not be limited to a certain group of people.
Through generalization, the readers can be able to get the personal experience of the writer in human perspective.
Imagery is also an important skill because it brings the image of the reality in your story.
Many of the narrative essays usually focus on personal experience, but when it comes to college narrative essays, then the lesson is more important.
Since it is a storytelling session, the writer has to include all the aspects of storytelling; characters, plot, setting and the conclusion.The topic should be about an event or situation that you can explain about fully without confusing of points because at the end of the day, what matters is how convictive it would be to the reader.You should be able to identify the purpose of your essay before your narration, and it is the topic choice that will determine the flow of your work.Creativity also helps when it comes to description, you should have a creative mind to be able to apply imagery in your narration.When writing a narrative essay in a story format, keep in mind that it should have all the parts of the story.Narrative essays for college usually adopt different formats, depending on the purpose of the writer.Every narrative has to have a purpose, and this usually comes out clear in the thesis statements.In the narration of a story, maintaining the attention of the audience is very important because it makes them follow what you are saying, same way to narrative essays you should use the same skills in writing to maintain the attention of the reader and make them curious to know what follows.To achieve this, creating suspense is key; it will enable you to capture the attention of the reader and raise their curiosity to know what follows.Let every paragraph have a major agenda you are talking about in the essay.To come up with a good organization of your work, you should first put down major points in your narration, then plan them and know which one comes first and last to facilitate the flow of your work.
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The Physical Difference Between Long Distance Runners & Sprinters
If you walk through bullpens of a track and field event, you can easily distinguish the sprinters and hurdlers from the distance runners. While sprinters appear brawny and muscle-bound, long distance runners can look unnaturally thin if not emaciated. As the distance of the race grows progressively longer, the runner’s body becomes smaller and leaner. In addition, speed and power training versus endurance workouts can further accentuate the physical differences between the two types of athletes.
Fiber Types
A large percentage of an elite sprinter’s musculature consists of fast-twitch -- Type II -- muscle fibers. A Type II fiber has a high anaerobic energy capacity and contraction speed. It’s also very elastic. A distance runner has more slow-twitch -- Type I -- muscle fibers, which have a slower contraction speed but a higher aerobic capacity and resistance to fatigue. Subsets of fiber types can exhibit characteristics of both fast- and slow-twitch fibers, according to “Runner's World The Cutting-Edge Runner: How to Use the Latest Science and Technology to Run Longer, Stronger, and Faster." For example, Type IIa fibers can contract forcefully but are not as fatigue-resistant as Type II fibers. Depending on the training method -- speed versus endurance -- Type IIb fibers can transform into either a fast-twitch or a slow-twitch fiber. Although Type I fibers predominate in their musculature, distance runners also have a large number of Type IIb fibers.
Muscle Size
While a sprinter’s muscles have more fast-twitch fibers, they’re also bigger. The larger the muscle, the more force it can produce. A sprinter needs a high knee thrust and powerful arm pump coming out of the blocks and throughout the race, which requires well developed quads, hamstrings, glutes, arms, shoulders, back and chest. To maintain stability and control trunk rotation while rocketing forward, a sprinter also needs strong core muscles. According to “Running Anatomy” by Joe Puleo and Patrick Milroy, sprinters have layers of muscle shielding their ribs. Large muscles require a lot of energy from the get-go, which can negatively impact a distance runner’s performance. Not only does a distance runner have to haul the extra weight, but that muscle bulk is using up energy and can cause premature fatigue.
Architecture of Leg Muscles
In a 2000 study published in the journal “Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise,” researchers compared the leg muscles of 23 elite sprinters and 24 elite long distance runners via ultrasound imaging. The study revealed that sprinters have thicker quads and calves as well as longer muscle fibers in their leg muscles than those of distance runners. The pennation angle -- the angle in which a muscle contracts and shortens -- in the leg muscles of sprinters is smaller than that of distance runners. Because a muscle with a larger pennation angle contracts at a slower speed than a muscle with a smaller pennation angle, sprinters have the physiological advantage of being better able to produce high-speed contractions in their leg muscles.
Cardiovascular Capacity
Long distance runners are the only group of athletes that have a longer life span than non-athletes, according to “The End of Ohm: A Science Fantasy for Overcoming Resistance to Lifestyle Change." Rigorous endurance training can improve your cardiovascular system, leading to increases in your VO2 max -- the maximal amount of oxygen uptake -- blood flow and the number of capillaries that supply blood to your muscles. In addition, the muscles of distance runners have more mitochondria, or the powerhouses in a cell that use oxygen to produce energy. In contrast, the muscles of sprinters have fewer mitochondria but a greater number of enzymes required for glycolysis -- a process that breaks down carbohydrates for energy and doesn’t require oxygen.
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Lipoxins are on the Front Lines of Fighting Inflammation
Inflammation is one of the most complicated processes in the human body. Though necessary to fight invasion and infection, uncontrolled inflammation can wreak havoc on your system. Fortunately, your body produces several substances to combat inflammation when it’s gone too far. One of the most critical of those are lipoxins, cool, little molecules that control and mediate the inflammatory process.
While there is still plenty to understand about how to regulate inflammation, lipoxins are offering some intriguing possibilities.
Why Is Inflammation So’ Complicated?’
When your body is injured in any way — disease, injury or ailment — the body triggers the release of several healing chemicals and proteins. Then, it allocates increased blood flow to the infected area, so it can ensure all of that freshly-released goodness can get where it’s supposed to go. The result (from your perspective, at least) is inflammation. Think of inflammation as your body’s safety mechanisms arriving on the scene, like a paramedic at a car crash.
Once the job is done, your body is supposed to release certain agents that trigger the end of the inflammation response and send everyone back to what they were doing pre-injury. When your body is incapable of controlling the inflammation response, it’s like your whole body remains on alert. This leaves you with consistent feelings of fatigue, fever and pain.
Fortunately, there are lipoxins.
What Are Lipoxins?
It probably comes as no surprise that the human body is filled with an incredibly complex array of chemicals and substances. So, you shouldn’t feel bad if you’ve not heard of lipoxins. When the immune response delivers neutrophils and macrophages to the damage site, these cells release lipoxins. After the site has been treated to the best of the body’s ability, lipoxins are the body’s signal that it’s time to get back to the typical routine.
Though they’re not the only anti-inflammatory tool in the body, lipoxins are one of the most crucial and most prized. Lipoxins are so potent that hospitals even use aspirin to stimulate a lipoxin response in patients suffering from chronic inflammation.
Why Are Lipoxins So Crucial?
At first, inflammation is great. It signals that your body’s immune response has kicked in, and agents are already arriving on the scene, releasing hormones that can sweep aside infection-causing germs like they were nothing.
When there is nothing to regulate the immune response, it takes an enormous toll on the body. Not only does a constant inflammation response require a lot of energy to maintain, but unchecked inflammation will eventually start eating away at the cells in your body. Some medical experts suggest that excessive inflammation can result in cancer, heart disease, arthritis, diabetes, asthma and more.
As a result, it’s critical to ensure that your body’s production of lipoxins is ample enough to counteract and shut down any inflammation response once it’s had time to work.
What Causes Chronic Inflammation?
The cause of inflammation is as broad as its use in the body. Chronic inflammation can be brought on by various means:
• Untreated Injury or Illness: Remember, the primary purpose of your infection is to cure what ails you. If you’re neglecting an injury or refusing to treat an illness, you could trigger a long-lasting inflammation response.
• Autoimmune Diseases: Afflictions that play havoc with your immune response can lead to unregulated inflammation.
• External Toxins: Exposure to pollution or industrial chemicals over a long time can lead to inflammation.
• Poor Habits: There are several ways to inflict inflammation on your own body, including smoking tobacco, overeating, drinking excessively and remaining stressed for prolonged periods.
Some issues that promote chronic inflammation, like obesity and diabetes, can actually develop into much more serious conditions if left untreated.
Promote Lipoxin Growth
Though they were initially discovered more than four decades ago, there is still very little clinical research devoted to lipoxins. A growing number of studies have pointed to the benefits they add to the body, but few medical practitioners are working to employ lipoxins as a medical treatment. Instead, traditional medicine recommends Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and steroids. Both of these treatments have serious drawbacks. NSAIDs can result in stomach pain, heart issues and kidney problems. Steroids can cause high blood pressure, glaucoma and osteoporosis.
In other words, though current medical practices offer treatment for inflammation, there is more to be done in the study and execution of a foolproof remedy for chronic inflammation. That said, lipoxins may be at the forefront of future treatments for the issue.
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Berlin wall Essays
7 essay samples found
Is the Berlin Wall a German National Symbol?
The Berlin Wall was a physical symbol of the difference between the West and East Berliner. This physical border became a border of culture that divided social contexts and expressive forms. Communities along borders in all different places and countries are constantly defined and redefined by the changes in borders, finding an identity is difficult […]
Pages: 2 Words: 470 Topics: Berlin Wall, International Relations, Nationalism, Political Ideologies
How did the Berlin Wall Come Down?
How did the Berlin Wall come down? The Berlin Walls destruction was the result of a slip-up by a man named Gunter Schabowski. At a conference where he was supposed to make an announcement about the travel restrictions being loosened, he was handed a paper at the last second and didnt have time to proofread […]
Pages: 2 Words: 628 Topics: Berlin Wall
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Berlin Wall and Soviet Union’s End
How did the Berlin Wall symbolize the end of the Soviet Union and communism in Germany? “Tear down that Wall” said United States President Ronald Reagan in a speech that occured in West Berlin on June 12, 1987. In November of 1991 the Berlin Wall was taken down. The division was gone, but the shock […]
Pages: 5 Words: 1407 Topics: Berlin Wall, Cold War, International Relations
The Iron Curtain of Berlin Wall
A Symbol of Ideological and Political Clash
The Berlin Wall embodies the ideological and political clash between two world powers, the United States and the Soviet Union. It was a symbol of the stark differences in opinion between these two former Allies. Once World War II was over, the Soviets and Americans no longer had a shared purpose to hold them together, […]
Pages: 8 Words: 2325 Topics: Berlin Wall, Government, International Relations, Nazi Germany, Soviet Union, World War 2
Tear down this Wall Speech
Ronald Reagans speech, Tear Down this Wall was a very important speech that served to unify the east and west Berlins. His speech was made to break down the Berlin wall, which he believed was unnecessary and questioned it from the moment he saw it. He gave his speech in 1987 and he talked about […]
Pages: 3 Words: 854 Topics: Berlin Wall
Khrushchev and Kennedy
Khrushchev and Kennedy: Who Had the Biggest Corn Cob? When asked to name 5 presidents off the top of their head prior to the 21st century, most of the American population would probably name John F. Kennedy as one of them. It appears that long after his assassination nearly 55 years ago, the reputation of […]
Pages: 7 Words: 2214 Topics: Berlin Wall, Government, International Relations, International Security, John F Kennedy, Soviet Union
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Shadowing of static functions in Java
In Java, if name of a derived class static function is same as base class static function then the derived class static function shadows (or conceals) the base class static function. For example, the following Java code prints “A.fun()”
// file name: Main.java
class A {
static void fun() {
class B extends A {
static void fun() {
public class Main {
public static void main(String args[]) {
A a = new B();
a.fun(); // prints A.fun()
If we make both A.fun() and B.fun() as non-static then the above program would print “B.fun()”.
This article is attributed to GeeksforGeeks.org
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Compassionate Kids
We know hugs and kisses start at home, but so does respect, empathy and compassion. But how can you teach kids about love?
Teaching your child empathy and love can be a lifelong lesson, but it’s best to introduce them to these virtues when they’re young. “Don’t underestimate kids’ ability to understand concepts of love, respect and compassion, even at a very young age,” says parenting expert, Dr. John Duffy, and author of the best-selling book, The Available Parent. “Young kids tend to be exceptionally, and organically compassionate, kind, and emotionally intelligent.” Using recent, real-life examples are the most effective with little ones. At their school if you and your child see two kids ignoring another child, say, “What do you think it was like for that boy to be left out?”, or “How do you think she felt being pushed down?” Putting them in other people’s shoes allows them to think of others and not just themselves.
“Parents exert the strongest impact on children's morals, character and belief system, so it’s critical that these lessons come from them,” says Dr.Duffy. Respectful exchanges between both parents or even something like Dad helping someone up a set of stairs are instances where your child sees how you treat other people. These small "lessons" can make the largest impact. But all parents need a support system, so entrusting your child to teachers, coaches and other adults that support these values can also help.
To help a young child understand new emotions, create a "feelings" vocabulary. Help him understand what each feeling represents so he knows the best way to act. Try brainstorming possible solutions to situations. For example, if they see someone in the street that needs assistance, what are some actions that could help? With tweens or teenagers, obviously parents can have more sophisticated discussions, even debates such as, “When is it ok to be mean?”
More direct teaching can come from volunteering at a local soup kitchen or senior’s home. “This type of interaction will bring the lesson of compassion, respect and love home quickly,” says Dr.Duffy.
Recognize when your child is being kind, respectful and loving. Call attention to it and give them praise. Just be careful that you don’t start lavishing praise on them for ordinary responses, like saying "Thank you" after being given a present. It’s distracting and starts putting the focus on them, as opposed to the other person’s needs or feelings. However, if you see Susie coming up with ways for someone on the sidelines to be included, be sure to give an accolade or two.
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Theory Of Polarization
949 Words 4 Pages
Polarization is caused by the attitudes and dispositions of certain groups of citizens.
One theory offered for the reason of polarization is the decline of moderates in the U.S. Congress. In Danielle Thomsen’s article, she notes that party leaders are becoming increasingly more polarized than the average party member. Party leaders are responsible for “allocating committee assignments, setting the legislative agenda, and structuring debate on the floor” all of which are very important for setting the agenda. When they become more polarized, the party’s agenda follows in becoming more polarized. She also notes that the Republican party has moved farther from the median than the Democratic Party. Two theories are in conflict with each other
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The politicians are disconnected from their constituents, claiming extreme policies that people don 't stand by. Elites “evidenced by their self reported participation in the current campaign have become significantly more polarized” (La Raja 2013). She states that there is a mass-elite disconnect and politicians are saying whatever they want without considering the masses. The elite are the driving force behind polarization. Her top-down approach to polarization shows that the people who hold influential positions in the government and in politics are the people who are causing the polarization within the government. This, in turn, drives the masses to become polarized as well.
Another theory for polarization is the bottom-theory. It states that the masses are becoming increasingly polarized which causes the elites to become polarized to match the peoples wishes. Another author notes that the masses are driving polarization. They counter Fiorina idea that there is a disconnect. They believe that mass opinion has a huge influence over policy makers; policy makers will adjust and alter their policies because of the opinions of their
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I think the legislative branch is the most noticeable area of government that is affected by polarization. Polarization is also impacts the functions of the President. Currently we have a democratic president and republican congress. When the president wants to push a bill through Congress, that bill will most likely be rejected for the simple fact it was proposed by a Democrat and not a Republican. Now this polarization is starting to affect the court system. The Republicans do not what the president to elect a liberal candidate for the US Supreme Court, because that will mean the Supreme Court majority would lie on the liberal side of issues rather than the conservative side. These ideas connect more with the elite-driven polarization theory, mostly because the elites are the people involved in Congress, Congress being the ones that make these decisions affecting the court system and the president’s
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Connecting countries to climate technology solutions
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100% Nature Biomass Based Biodegradable Resin: Nano Sakura
Biodegradable Resins Made from 100% Nature Raw Materials (Non-petroleum) with High Resin Property
Green Science Alliance Co., Ltd. can provide effective solutions for environmental pollution caused by plastic wastes. We have various type of biodegradable resin manufactured from ‘100% nature’ raw materials and biomass.
This practical resin is called ‘Nano Sakura’ which consists mainly of biodegradable cellulose and/or starch, and/or PLA (polylactic acid). In addition, these biodegradable materials can properly be compounded with nano fibrillated cellulose (hereinafter called nano cellulose) and/or biomass wastes. On top of that, nature based additive is also effective and important to improve resin property such as strength and moulding property.
Fig. 1 Basic concept of the biodegradable resins developed by Green Science Alliance Co., Ltd.
The following biodegradable resin represents typical composition. Fig. 2 illustrates images related to the resins mentioned below.
1. Cellulose based biodegradable resin
2. Starch based biodegradable resin
3. Cellulose and/or starch, and/or PLA based biodegradable resin combined with nano cellulose.
4. Cellulose, starch, and/or PLA based biodegradable resin combined with biomass wastes such as waste wood, bamboo, paper, etc.
Fig. 2 Images of typical biodegradable resin
1. Molded products made of the biodegradable resins mentioned above.
Fig. 3 Images of biodegradable resin (molded products)
If further information is necessary, please refer to the following website of explanation about Nano Sakura.
Major Features and Advantages
Most significant feature is that Nano Sakura consists of 100% nature raw material and biomass resources. No chemical substance derived from petroleum and gas is used.
1. Starch based biodegradable resin. Starch is widely available in developing countries.
2. Cellulose based biodegradable resin. Cellulose is non-edible biomass.
3. Biodegradable resin composite material combined with nanocellulose which can increase mechanical strength, biodegradability, foaming property, molded property, crystallinity, heat durability etc.
4. Biodegradable resin combined with various types of biomass wastes such as waste wood, paper, bamboo, etc. It can save resin cost and utilize biomass wastes efficiently.
5. Molded products consisting of 100% nature biodegradable resin can be manufactured with normal procedure and our material, in the industrial mass production level.
Fig. 4 Forming process of Nano Sakura
Technology Data
Possible applications
• Replace petroleum-based plastic material and products.
• Utilize local biomass waste such as waste wood, wastepaper, starch etc.
• Prevent from plastic pollution on land and in the ocean.
• Technology is roughly all established so that they can apply general injection molding machine, film machine, blow molding machine etc. with normal procedure. Normal extrusion machine can be utilized for biodegradable resin pellets production too.
Competitive advantage
Table 1. Comparison of biodegradable resin with competitors
1. Other competitor’s biodegradable resin is made of petroleum or partly petroleum. Our resin is made of 100% nature biomass and no petroleum is used.
2. By making composite with nano cellulose, molding property can be improved as well as biodegradability, mechanical strength, foaming properties etc.
3. Biodegradable molded products are normally made of petroleum or partly biomass materials. Despite our resins consist of 100% nature raw material, people can manufacture molded products with conventional machines and procedure with our resin in mass production level, because of the improved molding property.
4. Some of biomass wastes cost money to discard or dispose. We utilize various type of biomass waste resources such as waste wood, paper, bamboo, rice husk, coconut shell, bagasse, cassava, sugarcane leaf, starch etc. By doing this procedure, we can reduce discard cost and resin cost, and also recycle these types of biomass resources efficiently.
5. Some biodegradable resins can be made of 100% nature material; PLA and starch based biodegradable resin. However, they derive from foodstuffs such as corns, sugar canes, potatoes etc. and it might be a problem when food shortage occurs in the future due to population explosion. However, one of our biodegradable resin can be made from cellulose, non-edible biomass. Not to mention this cellulose-based biodegradable resin does not derive from petrochemical, but 100% nature raw material.
6. We make resin material, nano cellulose, composite material as resin pellets and molded products all by ourselves. So that our technology and knowledge have become better than other companies.
• By making composite with nano cellulose, mechanical strength of biodegradable resin becomes stronger. For example, tensile strength of starch based biodegradable resin is approximately 8 MPa. When about 23% of nano cellulose is mixed to make composite, tensile strength becomes approximately 20 MPa. In addition, bending strength, elasticity increases. In contrast, MFR and impact strength decreases which needs to be improved with further challenge and research.
Table 2. Introduction of CNF (nano cellulose fiber) to biodegradable resin
• For cutlery manufacturing as example, with just PLA, people can manufacture PLA molded products less than 100 pieces per day. However, with our PLA + nano cellulose based biodegradable resin, they can manufacture over several thousand per day due to the improved molding property.
Fig. 5 Increase of production capacity by nano cellulose
• Compared to PLA itself, by making PLA + nano cellulose composite, biodegradability increases more than twice in the measurement time over a month.
Fig. 6 Increase of biodegradability by nano cellulose
• By mixing concentration of 1-2 % of nano cellulose with PLA, foaming property increases. Foam (gas bubble) size of 30-80 μm were observed with only PLA. With 1-2 % of nano cellulose, foam size became approximately 10μm and moreover, distributed uniformly in the resin. Bubble can be observed where nano cellulose trace can be seen. This means nano cellulose may have functioned as foam nucleating agent.
Fig. 7 Images of gas bubbles generated in resin
Technical maturity / Past record of introduction
From 2017, we have been selling our biodegradable resin products mainly as pellets form. We have sold more than several hundred kilograms in total, to over 70 customers in Japan and to many countries including Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines, India, China, Spain, Netherland, France, USA. We have been selling mainly as samples to several ~ dozens of kilograms to each country. Sold products are mainly PLA and starch based biodegradable resins composite with nano cellulose and biomass waste. Cellulose based biodegradable resin is made very recently although we start supplying this material too recently.
We started to obtain more repeat orders and order quantity. These are increasing every month.
We also started to sell several pieces of molded products (spoons, forks, knifes, plates, cups etc.) in 2020, which have been strongly demanded.
Information on patent related to this technology
5 patents have been applied in Japan.
Contact person
Dr. Ryohei MORI
Corporate website
Green Science Alliance:
Fuji Pigment:
Technology owners:
Green Science Alliance Co., Ltd.
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The Wiener Ringstrasse
The Vienna Ringstrasse
The ring road was constructed in the 19th Century to replace the city wall. The city wall was built in the middle ages and restored in the two Turkish sieges in the 16th and 17th centuries. In the 19th Century the suburbs outside of the wall were incorporated into to the city and the mighty wall was now an obstacle to traffic. Emperor Franz Joseph I therefore ordered its demolition. A broad boulevard replaced it and should be surrounded by representative buildings. All along the ring road the nobles and wealthy individuals built numerous palaces. Most of the buildings were constructed before 1870.
The main buildings of the Ringstrasse are:
The neo-Renaissance State Opera House from August Sicard von Sicardsburg and Eduard von der Null. The building was criticized very hard when finished and this finally drove Van der Null to suicide. A short time later Sicardsburg also died of a heart attack.
The parliament building in the neo-Greek style, a reference to the old Athenan democracy.
The Burgtheater by Gottfried Semper.
The neo-Gothic town hall of Friedrich von Schmidt.
The only religious building, the Votive Church in neo-Gothic style was donated to the salvation of emperor Franz Joseph of an
assassination in 1853.
The University of Heinrich von Ferstel.
Before the Hofburg an Imperial Forum was planned, but only one part was realized for cost reasons: the Neue Hofburg at Heroes' Square. There are the National Library and the Museum of Völkerkunde. On the other side of the ring the Museum of Historic Art and Natural History Museum, and the monument to the Empress Maria Theresa is situated between them.
The Viennese City Park is located between the park ring in the first district of Vienna and the Haymarket in the third district and is a park which is visited by tourists as well as by the local people. Its area is 65,000 m2.
This park was planned in the style of English gardens by the landscape painter Josef Selleny. In 1862, the City Park was opened as the first public park in Vienna.
Attractions in the Park:
The gilded bronze statue of Johann Strauss is one of the largest and most photographed monuments in Vienna.
It was unveiled in 1921 and is surrounded by a marble relief. The gilding was removed in 1935 and applied again in 1991. There are also monuments of the composer Franz Schubert, Anton Bruckner, Franz Lehar, Robert Stolz, the painter Hans Makart and the health activist Sebastian Kneipp. In the city park there are more monuments and sculptures than in any other park in Vienna
While they were taking down the city fortress walls the city park was also being created. Before there was a park, there was a spa pavilion, where they served water for drinking cures. In the city park they then constructed a retreatment center, called “Kursalon. This magnificent building in the historical style of the Italian Renaissance has a large terrace in the park The Kursalon developed into a popular dance and concert hall, especially in the time of the Strauss brothers. Even today there are balls, concerts and conferences and a coffee house in the building.
The plants have a wide variety of species. Throughout the year there are flowers in the park. A row of trees along the ring road filters noise and exhaust gases. Some trees are protected, such as ginkgos, holly trees, Lombardy poplars and Caucasian nuts.
The Viennese Musikverein
In 1812, the Friends of Music Society was founded in Vienna. In 1863 the Emperor gave the land opposite the Karlskirche to the company. The Musikverein was built in the architecture style of Greek antiquity. Columns, reliefs on the gable and Karyatides led to the belief, that a temple for music was built. The architect was Theophil von Hansen.
The house was opened on 6.January 1870 with a celebratory concert. The Great Hall, often referred to as the "golden" room, is considered to be the best concert hall in the world. Numerous are the reasons for the excellent quality of the acoustics and sometimes it is due to unintentional incidents. Hansen had to rely on his intuition, because acoustics had only been scientifically explored in the 20th Century first.
A world-famous event at the Vienna Musikverein is the annual New Year's concert of the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra.
Wiener Staatsoper
The Vienna State Opera is one of the most famous opera houses in the world. The construction was carried out according to the plans of the architects August Sicard von Sicardsburg and Eduard van der Null in neo-renaissance style.
The opening night was Don Giovanni by Mozart on 15. May 1869. After suffering heavy damage during World War II, the Vienna State Opera was opened again on 5. November 1955 with “Fidelio” of Ludwig van Beethoven. The new facade and the entrance hall and above the so-called Schwind Foyer (with frescoes by Moritz von Schwind) have been rebuilt in the original style of historicism.
An internationally known event is the Viennese Opera Ball, which takes place every year on the last Thursday of the carnival. The Opera Ball regularly attracts celebrity guests from around the world, especially in the field of economy and politics.
The Vienna State Opera is also known for frequent performances of children's operas such as Peter Pan, The Dream Eater or The 35.Mai.
Castle Schönbrunn
1559 Emperor Maximilian II built a small hunting lodge, which subsequently burned down several times. Finally in 1683, in the wake of the Second Turkish siege, it was completely destroyed. 1692 - 1713 the castle was built on a smaller scale. Under Empress Maria Theresa, the castle was rebuilt as an imperial summer residence. And so it remained until 1918. After the end of the monarchy the Republic gained ownership.
The Gloriette was erected at the site, where the main building was originally planned to have been. It is an arcade on the hill above the palace, which visually frames the castle’s garden. It is meant as a memorial to the justified war, whose ultimate goal was to lead to lasting peace.
The castle has 1441 rooms of all sizes. The interior is a unique example of Austrian rococo. A main attraction in the park is the oldest existing zoo in the world, it was built in 1752.
In 1779, the castle park was opened to the public and is now a favorite recreation area.
Attractions of the park are: the Fountain of Neptune, the Roman ruins, the Obelisk Fountain, the Beautiful Fountain, the Pigeon House, the Palm House, the Desert House (sundialhouse) and the garden labyrinth.
The Spanish Riding School
Founded in 1572, the Spanish Riding School is the oldest institution in the world where the high art of classical riding traditionally is taught and performed. They original intention was the equestrian training of the imperial family. During the first years they worked with original Spanish horses.
After World War II it was opened to the public. Today only the Lipizzan stallions (Lipica is situated in present-day Slovenia) from the Federal stud Piber are used, which have been formed according to the principles of classical riding, that originated in the 16th century.
The Viennese Coffee house
According to legend, during the 2.turkish attack in 1683 a spy named Georg Franz Kolschitzky found some bags of coffee beans and then he built the first Viennese coffee house.
Its golden age was at the end of the 19th until the beginning of the 20th Century, when so-called “coffee-house writers” like Peter Altenberg or Friedrich Torberg spent their life in café. Many famous artists, scientists and politicians (such as Leon Trotsky in Vienna) were frequent guests in the cafe.
In the cafe the waiter is called "Herr Ober". He serves the coffee with an obligatory glass of fresh, cold tap water.
The establishment of the typical Viennese coffee house ranges from cozy, plush to cool, stylish. In the cafe mostly small dishes such as sausages and pastries, pies or the famous buns in the café Hawelka are offered. Often there is a “Schanigarten”, that means an outdoor dining area in the front of the restaurant, where you can drink coffee and watch people.
Very well known are: the cafe Hawelka, Cafe Diglas, Cafe Central, and many others.
The Vienna Woods
The Vienna Woods is a popular recreational area of Vienna. Special attractions are the Kahlenberg and the Leopoldsberg.
From Kahlenberg (484 m) you have a view over Vienna. On the mountain there is a viewing deck, the little church of St. Joseph and a restaurant. At the highest point of the mountain are the Stefaniewarte next to a 165-foot radio - transmission tower. The vineyards on the northern slopes of the Kahlenberg were first mentioned in 1304.
From Kahlenberg to Leopoldsberg (425 m) it takes you about half an hour. From there, you have a view of Klosterneuburg, the Bisamberg and the area northwest of Vienna.
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Connect with us
How we’re revolutionising birth control
Health Tech World talks to Elina Berglund, co-founder of digital contraception app Natural Cycles.
Natural Cycles is the first and only FDA cleared, and CE marked birth control app.
Traditional female contraception methods on the market are either intrusive, such as IUDs, or use synthetic hormones to prevent unplanned pregnancies.
Swedish company, Natural Cycles has developed a new method. The company’s digital alternative offers a personalised contraception which adapts to each woman’s individual body and gives users a tool to better understand and monitor their fertility.
Women use a basal thermometer to track their temperature, then the app’s AI algorithm uses temperature data and additional information from the user to pinpoint the ovulation day and its variation from cycle to cycle.
The company was co-founded in 2013 by Elina Berglund, who previously worked as a particle physicist at the European Organisation for Nuclear Research (CERN). The idea was born from Berglund’s personal search for an alternative contraception.
Berglund says: “Women have historically been provided with very little information about their own biology and anatomy, and this deprivation of knowledge is no longer acceptable in today’s society. Knowledge empowers women to better understand their bodies.
“I’ve always questioned the idea that women need to rely on synthetic hormones or methods like the implant, which I was using at the time to avoid pregnancy.
“When my work at CERN was winding down, I found myself at a stage in my life where I saw a future of parenthood, but I wasn’t quite ready for it yet. It was frustrating scrolling through medical advice around contraception and seeing a lack of non-intrusive options that were available.”
Berglund applied the knowledge she gained from working on the Higgs Boson project to create an algorithm for identifying women’s fertile and non-fertile windows.
It is well-known and well-researched that body temperature changes throughout the menstrual cycle. In general, a woman is only able to become pregnant on the day of ovulation and the five days leading up to it. During this window, the body’s temperature is raised allowing sperm to survive in the woman’s body.
Berglund began reading into this research and analysed her own temperature, applying her statistical knowledge to detect ovulation and map out her fertile window.
The algorithm analyses temperature readings by taking into account factors such as sperm survival, temperature fluctuation, variations in cycle length, ovulation day and the length of the follicular and luteal phase.
Berglund says she knew other women would be asking the same questions and realised that in order to make it accurate for all women, the algorithm would need to learn from each individual woman’s cycle.
Her co-founder and husband, Raoul Scherwitzl suggested turning the algorithm into an app. In 2018, this app received FDA approval and now has over 1.8 million registered users worldwide.
Berglund says: “My background in particle physics means I have a good understanding of how algorithms can nail accurate predictions. I’m well-acquainted with seeing patterns in data so I wanted to use my knowledge and apply it to real issues that I faced in my life, like contraception. After all, science is meant to improve and enhance our lives.
“A lot of work has gone into turning our idea into a product that can offer an alternative method of contraception for women, contributing to a completely under-researched area of science.
“The majority of the team, not just myself, comes from a science background so everything we do is underpinned by research. You can’t develop a medical device without backing it up thoroughly with clinical data, which is what we have strived to do consistently since the company was formed.”
The app breaks down the user’s cycle into red and green days. On ‘red days’, the algorithm has detected that the user is or is possibly fertile and should abstain from sex or use a condom. On ‘green days’, the app deems that there is no need for the use of protection.
This reliance on the accuracy of algorithms has led to controversy in recent years. Although the company states that the app’s perfect-use effectiveness is on a par with the condom and the pill (98%), numerous reports of unplanned pregnancies has led to scepticism.
Berglund says: “We do understand that our technology is novel, and scepticism is to be expected. That said, we usually find that once users begin using the app and get to grips with it, they can see that what the app does is give them insight and control over their bodies.
“No contraceptive method is 100% effective, so it’s important that each user has done their own research into different methods that might suit them. Weighing up the pros and cons of each method is a must in order to find what’s right for your individual needs.
“We’re a company founded on science, so it was always our mission for Natural Cycles to be viewed as such. The FDA certification was a top priority for us, and we are CE marked. We’ve been extensively logging data and trends since the get-go, so we’re able to present our findings to the board on demand and demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm, and ultimately the app itself.”
Natural Cycles keeps account of the app’s efficacy using the Pearl Index, the most common technique used in clinical trials for reporting the effectiveness of a contraception method.
Berglund says: “A big advantage of being a digital medical device for contraception is that we can follow up on the Pearl Index in almost real time using our data. This allows us to quickly react if we see any deviation in the effectiveness of our product. It also allows us to get a deeper understanding of who is the ideal user for our product.”
Natural Cycles has recently announced its submission of a 510(k) Premarket Notification to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The purpose of the notification is to revise its labelling so the company can expand the types of third-party thermometers that can be used with its app.
“This means that users will be able to sync the app with a third-party temperature or heart monitoring device,” Berglund says, “This allows for even more accurate data to be submitted to the app. It will also undoubtedly improve the user experience.
“New software has been developed and added to the app that converts data from wearable devices that collect biometric temperature data to a format that can be interpreted by the Natural Cycles algorithm. The quality of the data from these kinds of wearables and the seamless measuring experience is a real breakthrough for us.”
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Anxiety: Fight or Flight & What Ifs
Mind Games: The Rise of Anxiety and Depression in Youth Sport
Understanding Self-Harming Behaviors
These days, it is not uncommon for pre-teens and teenagers to seek therapy due to cutting or hurting themselves in some way. I have often heard such behaviors described as popular and as “trendy” by many of my clients and other professionals in the field of psychology. Indeed, a simple search in the world of social media will present thousands of pictures, posts, etc. of girls and boys sharing their stories of self-harming with each other. Often times, parents are dumbfounded in the discovery that their son or daughter has been engaging in such behaviors, and I will answer some common questions that come from parents in order to help them gain a better understanding of self-harming behaviors and how to respond to them.
Is my son or daughter doing this because they want to kill themselves?
This is difficult to answer, as everyone’s experience is different. However more often than not, self-injurious behaviors are not carried out with the intent to commit suicide. Rather, the behaviors serve as a means of coping with intensely negative feelings that the person is experiencing (
Why is my son or daughter doing this to themselves?
As I previously stated, it is likely the individual is hurting themselves in order to cope with something. Cutting and other self-injurious behaviors tend to serve many purposes. Some of these include providing a distraction away from painful emotions, creating a “release” by infliction of pain, reducing emotional tension, communicating feelings, etc.
Why is it so difficult for my child to stop cutting?
Often times, clients describe self-harming as a cycle. They may initially engage in the behaviors in order to cope with something distressing in their lives. Cutting may provide for an initially pleasant experience. However afterwards, the individual is often prone to feeling guilty and shameful for hurting themselves. These thoughts and feelings related to feeling negatively about one’s self and what they have done might then lead the person to cut/hurt themselves again. And the cycle keeps going.
What kind of signs can I look for to be able to tell if my child is self-harming?
Common signs might include scratches or marks (commonly on arms, legs, and stomach) that appear uniform or that look like a pattern. These marks may appear as several consecutive scratches in near perfect straight lines. There may be scars that look like they were caused by burns or cuts. When asked about the marks, the person is likely to blame them on an accident (ie. “the cat scratched me”). Some individuals attempt to hide their scars by wearing long sleeves in warm weather, which can be another tell-tale sign. The person may seem withdrawn, emotional, and spending more time alone. It’s also helpful to consider whether the person has been experiencing any stressors in their life. Finally, signs might include sharp or dangerous objects in the household that have gone missing.
What should I do if my child is self-harming?
First and foremost: talk to your child in a loving way about what you’ve noticed and do NOT ignore the behavior. Offer support and guidance. Explain your desire as a loving parent to keep your child safe, and remove any dangerous items in the child’s possession. At this point, your support and loving attitude might encourage the child to turn in their self-harming instruments. Absolutely seek help for your child and the family by engaging a therapist or psychologist. The child will likely benefit from therapy, and it will be a process for them to work through their difficulties. There are also therapeutic group experiences your child can engage in so that they can be supported by peers dealing with similar issues. These are much healthier options than the support so many children seek via social media.
If you are concerned that your child may be self-harming, consider contacting the Naperville Counseling Center for guidance. We are here to help parents and children through these types of difficulties, and offer individual, family, and group therapy.
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Catalog Archive
Auction 141, Lot 686
Bunting's Unique Map of Africa
"Africa Tertia Pars Terrae", Bunting, Heinrich
Subject: Africa
Period: 1597 (circa)
Publication: Itinerarium Sacrae Scripturae
Color: Hand Color
13.2 x 10.9 inches
33.5 x 27.7 cm
A very rare woodcut map of the continent with an unusual shape, tapering to a point in the south. Like Bunting's other, more allegorical maps, this map of Africa is unique. The interior is presented in the traditional manner with the Nile rising from twin lakes in the Montes Lunae. However, Bunting introduces a third, even larger lake, Nidilis lacus, in central Africa, and a small lake to the east as additional sources for the Nile. Meroe, the mythical tombs of the Nubian Kings, are located on a large island in the Nile River. Priester Johans Land, mythical kingdom of the Christian king Prester John, is located at the juncture of the Blue and White Nile. Der weissen Morenland (the White Moors) are shown in northwest Africa, and Der Schwartzen Morenland (the Black Moors) are in the central region. The island of Zaphala with a group of other small islands occupy roughly the position of Madagascar, and probably refers to the region from which King Solomon supposedly acquired the gold and silver for his temple. The surrounding seas are engraved in narrow wavy lines and include a sailing ship, merman and a sea bird. Bunting's popular theological commentary was first published in 1581, but did not include this separate map of Africa until 1589. This is the second state with the placement of Alcayr (Cairo) on the east bank of the Nile, and Memphis on the west bank, and some of the place names shifted upwards. German text on verso.
References: Betz #24.3; Norwich #17; Tooley (MCC-29) #141.
Condition: B+
Watermarked paper with light text show-through, minor soiling, and a small professionally repaired chip in top blank margin, not affecting map.
Estimate: $1,600 - $1,800
Sold for: $1,700
Closed on 9/5/2012
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Daily Archives: December 1, 2020
Converting Electricity Into Heat And Vice Versa
A new University of Wollongong (UOW) study in Australia overcomes a major challenge of thermoelectric materials, which can convert heat into electricity and vice versa,improving conversion efficiency by more than 60%. Current and potential future applications range from low-maintenance, solid-state refrigeration to compact, zero-carbon power generation, which could include small, personal devices powered by the body’s own heat.
The decoupling of electronic (electron-based) and thermal (phonon-based) transport will be a game-changer in this industry,” says the UOW‘s Prof Xiaolin Wang.
Bismuth telluride-based materials (Bi2Te3, Sb2Te3 and their alloys) are the most successful commercially-available thermoelectric materials, with current and future applications falling into two categories: converting electricity into heat, and vice versa:
• Converting electricity into heat: reliable, low-maintenance solid-state refrigeration (heat pump) with no moving parts, no noise, and no vibration.
• Converting heat into electricity including fossil-free power generation from a wide range of heat sources or powering micro-devicesfor free‘, using ambient or body temperature.
Heatharvesting‘ takes advantage of the free, plentiful heat sources provided by body heat, automobiles, everyday living, and industrial process. Without the need for batteries or a power supply, thermoelectric materials could be used to power intelligent sensors in remote, inaccessible locations.
An ongoing challenge of thermoelectric materials is the balance of electrical and thermal properties: In most cases, an improvement in a material’s electrical properties (higher electrical conductivity) means a worsening of thermal properties (higher thermal conductivity), and vice versa.
The key is to decouple thermal transport and electrical transport“, says lead author, PhD student Guangsai Yang.
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Braille music
From Academic Kids
Braille music code allows music to be notated using braille cells so that music can be read by visually impaired musicians. The Braille music system was originally developed by Louis Braille.
Braille music uses the same six-position braille cell as literary braille:
1/4 2/5 3/6
The world's largest collection of braille music is located at the National Library for the Blind (http://www.nlb-online.org/mod.php?mod=userpage&menu=130002&page_id=50), in Stockport, UK.
Learning Braille music
Braille music, although different from print music, is in general neither easier nor more difficult to learn. Visually impaired musicians gain the same benefits by becoming musically literate learning to read braille music as do sighted musicians who learn to read print music.
Visually impaired musicians who become highly proficient performers without ever learning to read music have the same difficulties and disadvantages as sighted musicians in the same situation. In either case, the illiterate musician is completely dependent upon others for learning new music or new parts. And it is very difficult for the advanced musician to have the patience to spend months or years re-visiting the rudiments of music in order to learn to read and write what can already be performed with ease.
Visually impaired musicians can begin learning to read braille music about the time they have reasonable competence reading Grade 2 literary braille.
Teaching Braille music
Information about courses and materials for learning braille music can be found in the Braille Music FAQ (http://brenthugh.com/braillem/braimfaq.html).
Transcribing music into Braille
Much commonly-used music has been transcribed into braille. In the U.S. this is available from the National Library Service (NLS) of the Library of Congress (free for qualified individuals) and through other sources. Most countries have a national library similar to the NLS. See the Braille Music FAQ (http://brenthugh.com/braillem/braimfaq.html) for details.
However, many visually impaired musicians require a good deal of music that has never before been transcribed to braille music. In the United States, Canada, England, and many other countries, there is a network of braille music transcribers (http://www.loc.gov/nls/music/musictranscribers.html) who can transcribe such music.
Another option is to use a computer-music system. Such systems typically allow a sighted or visually impaired user to enter music into a computerized music notation program. The software then automatically converts the print notation that has been entered into braille music notation. Two such software programs are Dancing Dots (http://www.dancingdots.com/) and Toccata (http://members.optusnet.com.au/~terryk/toccata.htm).
The Braille Music KIT (http://www.dodiesis.com/) works in both directions: musicians can create a braille music score that can then be converted to print music, or a sighted musician can use Finale (http://www.makemusic.com) to create a print score which is then be converted to braille music.
Introduction to Braille music symbols and syntax
Some of the most common braille music symbols and combinations are summarized in the chart below: Braille Music Summary Graphic
Visually impaired users can download the Braille Music Summary Table in either of these formats:
1. Braille Music Summary as a Duxbury Direct file
2. Braille Music Summary as a Braille Text File (http://www.brenthugh.com/braillem/bmuspage.brf)
Pitch and rhythm
As the "Notes" section of the chart indicates, every rhythm symbol in braille music does double duty--8th notes and 128th notes use the same symbols, as do quarter notes and 64th notes, half notes and 32nd notes, and whole notes and 16th notes.
Octave marks
Musical markings
Repetition symbols
Like literary braille, braille music tends to be rather bulky. Because of this, a system of repetition symbols--much more extensive than that used in print music--is employed to reduce page turns, size of scores, and expense of printing.
The repetition symbol (dots 2,3,5,6) is used similarly to the musical repetition symbol Image:repetitionsymbol.jpg to indicate that a beat, a half measure, or a full measure is to be repeated.
Contrapuntal lines and chords within a staff
Interval notation
Thus, examining the in-accords in one way to establish whether the interval notation on a particular staff is bottom-up or top-down.
Dealing with different staves
Much print music is written on several different staves. For instance, piano music is typically written on two different staves (one for right hand and one for left hand) while choral music often has four different staves (one each for soprano, alto, tenor, and bass). In print music, the notes in different staves that play simultaneously are aligned vertically.
Other ways of dealing with multiple staff music are line over line format, section by section format (http://www.brl.org/music/code/bmb/chap29/index.html), paragraph style, and bar by bar format. As a rule these formats take up less space on the page but require more of the musician in working out how to fit the staves together.
Variations in Braille music
An international effort to standardize the braille music code has continued to make progress, culminating in the updates summarized in Braille Music Code 1997 (http://www.brl.org/music/index.html) and detailed in the New International Manual of Braille Music Notation (1997) (http://www.opustec.com/products/newintl/newbrl.html). However, braille music users should be aware that they will continue to encounter divergent usages when ordering scores from printing houses and libraries, because these scores are often older and come from various countries.
See Also
Blind musicians
External links
Academic Kids Menu
• Art and Cultures
• Space and Astronomy
• Clip Art (http://classroomclipart.com)
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About Us
With over 80% of the Himalayan region located in Nepal, over six thousand rivers and tributaries flow throughout the country. From its majestic glaciers in the north to the lowlands of the Terai, Nepal’s rivers enrich its many basins and valleys, supporting 27.8 million Nepalese and providing fertile land for 85 percent of the population who depends on agriculture for subsistence. Nepal’s Himalayan Rivers directly support over 1.4 billion people in South Asia, providing water for drinking, household use, hydro power, irrigation, fishing, industrial, biodiversity, environmental services, and tourism, and supply over 70 percent of the annual flow of the Ganges River in India. However, the rivers in Nepal are threatened by poorly managed development projects, and lack of waste treatment facilities.
However, there are many challenges and opportunities with the rivers that must be balanced by stakeholders to ensure the sustainable future of the water to meet demands. The expectations and aspirations of Nepalese who are being exposed to global lifestyles and the ability to inflict irreversible damage through advancements of technology add to the urgency to take responsibility for our actions and their consequences on the river ecosystems.
To address the challenges and take on the opportunities, and further develop Waterkeepers and Affiliates in Nepal, a regional entity is needed. Currently, there are five Waterkeeper organizations in Nepal: Bagmati River Waterkeeper (2007), Karnali River Waterkeeper (2016), Trishuli River Waterkeeper (2016), SunKoshi River Waterkeeper (2016), and SetiGandaki River Waterkeeper (2016). To build stronger Waterkeepers in Nepal and address the challenges, the five Waterkeepers would like to establish a Waterkeepers Nepal Regional Entity.
Waterkeepers Nepal’s vision is for a greater network of WKOs and Affiliates throughout the country to protect their majestic and globally critical life sustaining Himalayan Rivers. To better organize around the challenges and opportunities, Waterkeepers Nepal would like to form a regional entity, Waterkeepers Nepal.
The main objective of Waterkeepers Nepal is to conduct a river conservation and management awareness program to achieve the best and brightest clean water advocates in the country.
The Specific objectives are as follows:
1. To develop and distribute an Information, Education and Communication (IEC) Materials regarding the river conservation such as broachers, pamphlets, flyers, batches, posters, calendar, booklets, etc. to the Schools, colleges, clubs, Government officials, Local communities etc. for the awareness campaign.
2. To coordinate the awareness campaigns and provide training on river conservation and management.
3. To conduct a workshop along the interaction meeting with all stakeholders for the river conservation.
4. To carried out the water quality monitoring for collecting the scientific data and developing scientific database for sustainable management of rivers.
Waterkeepers Nepal ensures that the Nepal’s Waterkeeper Organizations and Affiliates are as connected to each other as they are to their local waters, organizing the fight for clean water into a coordinated movement.
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Quick Answer: What Are The Benefits Of Peer Pressure?
How do peers socialize you?
Peers help socialize an individual by reinforcing or punishing behaviors or interpersonal interactions.
Peers are essential throughout one’s social development, but research suggests this is particularly true during adolescence..
How does peer pressure start?
What is the purpose of peer pressure?
How do you handle peer pressure?
What are the 4 types of peer pressure?
What are the pros and cons of peer pressure?
List of the Cons of Peer PressureIt can cause you to lose your identity. … Peer pressure can increase the risk of a mental health issue. … It can change your focus on progress. … Peer pressure teaches power and control in unhealthy ways. … It can create harmful circumstances that impact your life in adverse ways.More items…•
Is peer pressure good or bad?
Peer pressure cannot be termed bad always. It can also lead you to adopt good habits in life. Your peers may teach you some good things about life and encourage you to follow them. … Therefore, peer pressure can also have a positive impact on your life and can actually lead you to make the right choices for yourself.
How can peer pressure affect you mentally?
What is an example of peer pressure?
When the Pressure’s On. Sometimes, though, the stresses in your life can actually come from your peers. They may pressure you into doing something you’re uncomfortable with, such as shoplifting, doing drugs or drinking, taking dangerous risks when driving a car, or having sex before you feel ready.
What are the advantages of peers?
Peer groups provide perspective outside of the individual’s viewpoints. Members inside peer groups also learn to develop relationships with others in the social system. Peers, particularly group members, become important social referents for teaching other members customs, social norms, and different ideologies.
At what age is peer pressure most common?
Why is peer pressure a problem?
The majority of teens with substance abuse problems began using drugs or alcohol as a result of peer pressure. This pressure can happen in person or on social media. Kids often give in to peer pressure because they want to fit in. … Stay away from peers who pressure you to do things that seem wrong or dangerous.
What is positive peer pressure?
Positive peer pressure is when someone’s peers influence them to do something positive or growth building. … Equip your child (or their friends) with the tools to be a good influence, because they can impact the choices friends make more than any adult can sometimes.
Is peer pressure good or bad essay?
Peer pressure can be both negative and positive. Because if a person is a peer pressuring you for a good cause then it is motivation. Motivation is essential for the growth of a person. While peer pressure for a bad cause will always lead you to a disastrous situation.
How is peer pressure harmful?
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Should Video Games Be Used as a Learning Tool at School?
Nowadays video games are the way most kids spend their free time. No matter if it is a fighting game, a racing game, or a sport game, kids love them. So why not use that for educational purposes. Video games can be very useful as a learning tool at school. Lessons at school can be boring. The Guardian reported that 75 of students are daydreaming, 66 are doodling, 50 are talking to their friends, 45 are texting and 38 are passing notes to the other during lectures.
That could be fixed if instead of just sitting and listening there trying to concentrate, you kept your brain active in some sort of way. Now what better and less boring way is there to keeping your brain active than playing a game. Despite you not realizing it, people, receive a lot of information from the games they play. They have to remember moves, paths, and events. They have to solve riddles and find secret passages. If you put the right information in the game, students could really learn things from it.
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This new kind of literature can simulate whole new environments that students should be learning from, according to Bernie Dodge, professor of learning design and technology at San Diego State University.One example Dodge, gave is how his son learned about solar systems through a video game, a virtual universe his young son used to effortlessly learn about astrophysics. “I watched him at age 4 or 5 intuitively figuring out what would make a stable solar system,” Dodge said. And he had fun doing it. Of course this kind of education has its own cons.
Firstly, critics of gamified learning believe that the fast pace and immediate feedback creates a problem with student attention span. Students may begin to expect the same kind of responses from all parts of their education and won’t find it, leading to frustration. Secondly, while teaching by using videogames can be more effective, it is a lot more expensive than by using books. Can you afford to buy all the videogames and devices for all the students? Will the students be able to play at home? All this high prices would be passed on students and would make it harder, if not impossible for them to afford that kind of education. Finally, this kind of learning can be of great threat to the heath.
Extra hours of screen time can cause Staring into a screen for extended periods of time can cause “computer vision syndrome.”You’re probably familiar with the symptoms: strained, dry eyes, blurred vision, and headaches. Another damage screen time can cause you is dopamine, the “feel-good hormone,” is part of the brain’s pleasure and reward circuits. Playing video games turns on similar brain regions as those linked to cravings for drugs and gambling, In conclusion, despite having many advantages, there are far too many disadvantages to ignore, and so using videogames as a learning tool is impossible.
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Table of Contents
Art. 1. A procuration or letter of attorney is an act by which one person gives power to another to transact for him one or several affairs.
Art. 2. The contract is perfected only by the acceptance of the person empowered to represent the principal.
Art. 3. A power of attorney may be accepted either expressly and in the act itself, or by a posterior act, or tacitly by the attorney’s acting under it.
Art. 4. If the proxy or attorney in fact, pleads that he has not accepted or acted under the power, it is incumbent on the principal to prove he has.
Art. 5. The procuration is gratuitous, unless there have been a contrary agreement.
Art. 6. A power of attorney may be given either by a public act, or by a writing under private signature, even by letter.
It may also be given verbally; but of this testamonial proof is admitted only conformably to the title of contract or conventional obligations in general.
Art. 7. A blank may be left for the name of the attorney in fact, in the letter of attorney.
In that case the bearer of it is deemed the person empowered.
Art. 8. It may be either general, for all affairs; or special for one affair alone.
Art. 9. It may vest an indefinite power to do whatever may appear conducive to the interest of the principal, or it may restrict the power given to the doing of what is specified in the procuration.
Art. 10. The attorney in fact has no power to alienate any thing but what is moveable and perishable.
To accept or reject a succession;
To acknowledge a debt;
To compromise or refer to arbitrators;
To make a transaction in matters of litigation;
To sue for restitution in integrum with regard to an act;
Unless a special power to that effect be given in the procuration.
Art. 11. A power to make a transaction on a matter in litigation, does not include that of compromising or referring to arbitrators.
Art. 12. A power to receive, includes that of giving a receipt in acquittance.
Art. 13. All persons not legally debarred from the management of their own affairs, may be attornies in fact.
Art. 14. Even a minor who has attained the age of eighteen years, or a married woman, provided she accepts the procuration only under the authorisation of her husband, may be appointed an attorney in fact.
Art. 15. He who appoints a minor his attorney in fact, has no action against him for his mismanagement, but according to the general rules concerning the obligations of minors.
Art. 16. The attorney in fact is bound to discharge the functions of the procuration as long as he continues to hold it, and he is responsible to his principal for the damages that may result from the non performance of his duty.
Art. 17. The attorney is responsible not only for unfaithfulness in his management, but also for his fault.
Art. 18. He is obliged to render an account of his management, unless this obligation has been expressly dispensed with in his favor.
Art. 19. He is obliged to restore to his principal whatever he has received by virtue of his procuration, even should he have received it unduly.
Art. 20. In case of an indefinite power, the attorney cannot be sued for what he has done with good intention.
The judge must have regard to the nature of the affair, and the difficulty of communication between the principal and the attorney.
Art. 21. The attorney is answerable for the person substituted by him to manage in his stead, if the procuration did not empower him to do it.
Art. 22. He is also answerable for his substitute, if, having the power to appoint one, and the person to be appointed not being named in the procuration, he has appointed as his substitute a person notoriously incapable or of suspicious character.
Art. 23. Even where the attorney is answerable for his substitute, the principal may, if he thinks proper, come directly upon the substitute.
Art. 24. The attorney cannot go beyond the limits of his procuration, whatever he does in exceeding his power is null and void with regard to the principal, unless ratified by the latter; and the attorney is alone bound by it in his individual capacity.
Art. 25. When there are several attornies in fact empowered by the same act, they are not responsible jointly and severally (in solido) to one another, for the acts of each, unless such responsibility be expressed in the procuration.
Art. 26. The attorney is answerable for the interest of any sum of money he has employed to his own use, from the time he has so employed it, and for that of any sum remaining in his hands from the day he becomes a defaulter by delaying to pay it over.
Art. 27. The first obligation of the principal is to execute, or ratify what has been done according to the power by him given.
Art. 28. Though the principal should refuse to ratify what his attorney has done, the latter is not therefore bound towards those with whom he has transacted any business, unless he acted in his own name or exceeded the limits of his power.
Art. 29. The attorney has a right to the reimbursement of the money advanced by him, and the contingent expences he has been at, in the execution of his procuration, even in case the affair has not succeeded, provided there has been no fault on his part.
The principal is even obliged to reimburse to the attorney, those expences and advances, though they be more considerable than he himself would have employed, had he undertaken the business, provided no fraud nor fault can be imputed to the attorney.
Art. 30. The attorney must also be compensated for such losses as he has sustained on occasion of the management of his principal’s affairs, when he cannot be reproached with imprudence.
Art. 31. If the attorney has advanced any sum of money, for the affairs of the principal, the latter owes the interest of it from the day on which the advance is proved to have been made.
Art. 32. If the attorney has been empowered by several persons for an affair common to them, every one of these persons shall be bound jointly and severally (in solido) to him for all the effect of the procuration.
Art. 33. The procuration expires;
By the revocation of the attorney;
By the attorney’s renunciation of the power;
By the principal’s changing his condition;
By death;
And by the interdiction of the principal or of the attorney.
The whole under the following modifications.
Art. 34. The principal is at liberty to revoke his power of attorney whenever he thinks proper.
Art. 35. If the principal only notifies his revocation to the attorney, and not to the persons with whom he has empowered said attorney to transact for him, said persons shall always have the right of action against the principal to compel him to execute or ratify what has been done by said attorney; the principal has however a right of action against the said attorney.
Art. 36. The appointment of a new attorney to transact the same business produces the same effect as a revocation of the first, from the day the said appointment is notified to said first attorney and to the persons with whom he was to transact.
Art. 37. The attorney may renounce his power of attorney by notifying to the principal his renunciation, provided said renunciation be made in such circumstances that no injury can result therefrom to the principal.
Art. 38. He may also renounce to his powers as attorney when he is in the impossibility to fulfil the duties imposed on him, or when a considerable injury might result to him therefrom.
Art. 39. Should the principal loose the right which he has vested in his attorney, that circumstance destroys equally the powers of the attorney.
Art. 40. If the attorney being ignorant of the death or of the determination of the rights of his principal, should continue to act under his power of attorney, the transactions done by him until he has been made acquainted with either of these circumstances, are considered as valid.
Art. 41. In case of the death of the attorney, his heir ought to inform the principal of it, and in the mean time said heir is bound to attend to said business, as circumstances may require, for the benefit of said principal.
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