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Quick Answer: Why Is A Museum Called A Museum? What is a museum and its purpose? What are benefits of museums? What are the disadvantages of museum? Works on display can be subject to damage by visitors. This is a calculated risk that all museums face, but it’s still painful when works get damaged. Some make it hard to really “enjoy” art. To really get into a piece and let it work in your mind, you have to do more than just walk by and nod at it. How do you manage collections? When You First Learn of a Debt in CollectionsStep 1: Don’t Stress. … Step 2: Verify the Creditor’s Information. … Step 3: Check Your Credit Report. … Step 4: Validate Your Debt. … Step 5: Call the Credit Agency. … Use the Balance as a Starting Point. … Stand Firm With Your Negotiations. … Taxes.More items…• What makes a good museum? Barnes opines that what makes a good museum includes preparedness to take risks, to remain intellectually and physically accessible while challenging audiences, and presentation of different views and ideas as well as avoiding neutrality. What is a museum collection called? A museum is distinguished by a collection of often unique objects that forms the core of its activities for exhibitions, education, research, etc. … The process by which an object is formally included in the collection is called accessioning and each object is given a unique accession number. What is the purpose of visiting a museum? There is no doubt that a primary role of museums is to engage and educate the community. Museum exhibits inspire interest in an area of study, item, time period, or an idea– but there’s more going on in museums in regard to education than one might think. Schools rely heavily on museums to enhance the their curriculum. What do museums teach us? Museums teach critical thinking, empathy, and other generally important skills and dispositions. … Museums expand the general world knowledge of students. Museum visits increase students’ cultural capital; in turn, school groups help museums reach non-traditional museum goers. What defines a museum? How important are those collections in their life? What is an artist collection called? A private collection is a privately owned collection of works (usually artworks). In a museum or art-gallery context, the term signifies that a certain work is not owned by that institution, but is on loan from an individual or organization, either for temporary exhibition or for the long term.
A Vegetable Garden is not for Cows Children - Picture Book 30 Pages Reviewed on 01/12/2021 Buy on Amazon Book Review Reviewed by Mamta Madhavan for Readers' Favorite Annabelle the cow led a comfortable life. She had a pasture with green grass, she had a shady tree for sunny days, and a barn for rainy days. There was a fence that kept her safe. She saw Farmer Ben and a tractor chugging along on the other side of the fence. She watched Farmer Ben plowing the ground and planting seeds, and he told Annabelle to stay out of his vegetable garden as it was not meant for cows. Annabelle went and checked the garden every day and saw the beans, lettuce, corn, squash, and tomatoes growing. She was hungry looking at this and wondered why a vegetable garden could not be for cows. Annabelle sailed over the fence and tasted every vegetable in the garden. What happened when Farmer Ben found out his vegetables had been eaten? Would Annabelle be honest and tell him she had feasted on all his vegetables? A Vegetable Garden Is Not For Cows by Anita Stafford is an adorable story that teaches children about honesty. Tiffany Stafford breathes life into the story with her delightful illustrations and the picture of Annabelle and her character sketch by the author gives her a unique personality and will keep her alive in the minds of young readers. It is a good book for parents and tutors to read out loud to kids to make them understand the importance of being honest in an engaging and interesting way. Storybooks like this are good for children to learn good morals, values, concepts, and messages without getting bored.
China is not a rich country, it’s poor! Bear in mind that average income includes every Dollar or Yuan earned by every capitalist and worker in China, and everyone else. Same for the USA. Yet income per person in China was just 16% of the US figure in 2018. According to World Bank data, average annual income is USD$9,771 in China but $62,641 in the USA. Obviously both places have a problem with who inside each country actually gets most of the money. But that is a separate issue. Would you rather be fighting for a better share of $62,641 or $9,771? And no, the two incomes are not converging overtime. They are actually getting further apart – despite the impression one gets from reading papers like the New York Times, The Washington Post or listening to the speeches of Donald Trump, or even Bernie Sanders. As shown on Chart 1, since 1978 – that is, during the period of China’s market reforms and supposed catch up – its income is both tiny and stagnant compared to the USA and other rich countries. Chart 1 GDP per capita databank 1978-2018 top 8 selected In 1978, the gap between Chinese income ($156) and the United States ($10,565) was $10,400. China’s income growth does represent some degree of ‘catch up’. What it doesn’t represent is any sort of levelling with the US or other rich countries. Today, the income gap has grown to almost $53,000. So the gap, in aggregate terms, is over five times greater than total Chinese income and many times greater than it was in 1978. Some ‘catch up’! The racism contained in the idea that even a little bit of development in Asia constitutes a threat is pretty obvious. As can be seen from Chart 1, what has happened over the last 40 years is not that China has caught up with the rich countries’ income, rather it has caught up with the large, relatively well developed Third World countries – namely Mexico, Brazil and Russia. Today, all have similar incomes of around USD$10,000 or one sixth of US income. In doing so China has diverged from absolutely poor countries in South Asia like India (average income $2,016) or most of South east Asia, such as Indonesia ($3,894). The significance of this change is enormous. However what it does not signify is that China is becoming a rich country – clearly it remains poor. If we look at the incomes of the world as a whole we can see even more clearly that China’s income remains strictly that of a Third World country. In case we are told the term “Third World” has no meaning anymore, let’s clarify. Here it means the poor countries – that is, most countries on earth. As can clearly be seen from Chart 2, despite hype to the contrary, the world is cleanly divided between rich and poor countries. Like China and the USA, the income of these two groups has been diverging, not converging. Chart 2 (75 Largest states 1960 – 2016) 75 countries income to 2016 It is not possible to label all 75 countries included in the chart – so we might ask, “where is China?” No, it’s not the solitary line that partially emerges from the Third World. That is South Korea, which developed as a US client and was given special treatment in the cold war. China’s line can’t be seen because… it is a Third World country and thus appears among the huge cluster of lines at the bottom of the chart. Five types of bullshit about China’s ‘catch up’ China’s transition from an absolutely poor country to one of several relatively developed Third World societies has involved Chinese capital (i.e. Chinese workers) producing and exporting many products that used to be produced in the United States or other rich countries. The terrible cost this change has had on working people and communities across the USA and other rich countries is one of the significant social phenomena of the whole period. However, the reality of this shift is not that China is now out competing US capitalists for control of the strategic sectors of the economy. Rather, the strongest sections of US capital have abandoned or lost control only of the least strategic and least profitable labour processes and therefore economic sectors. US capitalists paying US wages can’t compete at, say, sewing T-shirts, with a business that does the exact same thing but pays wages only 10% as much. However, they can and do compete doing things like designing, developing and producing new machines, new materials and high technology equipment. That is how US corporations continue to make huge profits and the reason that incomes have not converged. US capitalists have upgraded and modernised their production processes, thrown off the least profitable aspects and ruined many workers’ lives in the process. This maltreatment of US workers by US companies actually has very little to do with China whose principal role in the global division of labour, like every Third World country, is essentially to pick up the pieces caste off by the rich countries; to do this undesirable, dangerous, polluting, thankless and low value work as cheaply and efficiently as possible. China has become among the most efficient in this type of production. From the perspective of US capitalists, there are compelling political reasons to blame China for the fate of US working people. If workers feel their jobs are under threat, they think twice before asking for pay rises and better conditions. Politically, Donald Trump has been the main beneficiary of anti-China hysteria. The same hysteria also provides a boon for the US state security agencies’ funding proposals and ever greater encroachments into democratic rights, including the persecution of Chinese academics and students. To break this political deadlock that welds many working people to Trump and divides American from Chinese workers, it’s high time to pull the plug on the racist bullshit that underpins the whole mythology of China’s supposed “rise”. There are a range of specific rubbish arguments that serve to re-inforce the view of China’s rise as a threat to US imperial dominance. Bullshit no. 1 ‘China is the banker to the US’ When people say China is USA’s ‘banker’ this is usually shorthand for financial dominance. The idea rests on the fact that the Chinese government holds $3.1 trillion US Dollars in currency reserves while the US has a huge foreign debt. So the idea is logical enough. However much of China’s foreign reserves is actually invested in US banks. If China were truly the “banker” to the USA – i.e. the world financial power that it is portrayed as – these funds could be invested profitably in China, not sitting in New York banks, mostly at zero real return and thus providing a source of cheap finance to US business groups. That China’s reserved are ‘invested’ (really just parked) in this way is not just a bad policy. It reflects China’s broader economic and financial weakness. Three trillion is a lot of dollars, yet China is a big place. Compared to the size of its economy $3 trillion is actually not much. Since the widespread adoption of floating exchange rates and especially after the 1997 ‘Asian’ economic crisis, which decimated the value of the currencies in Indonesia, South Korea and Thailand all poor countries have been forced to amass larger foreign currency reserves. However, measured by regional standards China’s reserves are actually not especially high. China’s reserves were 28% of its GDP in 2016. This compared to 13% in Indonesia, 27% in the Philippines and 32% in Malaysia. China’s reserves have already dropped from 4 trillion to 3 because in 2016 it was forced to use this money to defend its currency. Since then, China has imposed punitive capital controls to stop capital flight which had threatened to bring down the currency’s value and provoke further capital flight. Those capital controls, by the way, are a big reason why talk of the Chinese currency becoming a world currency is also bullshit. The Yuan cannot be a world currency if capital is not free to trade in it. Bullshit no.2 ‘China is buying the world’ Back in 2009 Fortune ran a cover story “China Buys the World: The Chinese have $2 Trillion and are Going Shopping. Is your Company—and your Country—on their List?” Ten years later we can definitively answer… ‘no’. These days all countries have some Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) – that is even true for Papua New Guinea and Guatemala. It’s easy for those wishing to hype China’s ‘rise’ to find examples of Chinese foreign investment. However, almost all FDI actually comes from the rich countries, not poor countries, even the better off ones like China and Brazil. Despite the barrage of racist bullshit about China buying Africa, Latin America, the Pacific, Eastern Europe, you name it, the actual amount of Chinese foreign investment abroad is completely insignificant compared to that of the United States and other rich countries. Actually, Chinese foreign investment totals began to reverse around 2016 due to increasing financial instability. However, even before that, Chinese FDI was negligible in world terms. Take Africa, for example. We are all told China is taking over (and the most racist version of this narrative says that Chinese investments are exploitative whereas Western investment is developmental!). Yet, as the Brookings Institute points out: The authors put the Chinese proportion of new investment in Africa at between 3 and 4.4% of the total. Its portion of the total stock of FDI is lower still. Bullshit no.3 ‘Big Chinese companies increasingly dominant the world economy’ Each year Forbes and Fortune publish lists of the biggest companies in the world and each year there is a larger number of Chinese companies that make it onto these lists of ‘top’ companies. In 2019, Forbes ranked 4 Chinese companies in its top ten public companies, including three of the top four. Yet if we rank the companies not by Forbes’ own metric but by market value – i.e. by how much the capitalists think they are actually worth – the number of Chinese companies drops from four to two and these are not in the top four but ranked seven and eight. On this measure there are only 4 Chinese companies in the top thirty. Importantly, these Chinese companies are not – like the American and European companies listed – globally dominant multinational corporations. Rather they are large Chinese domestic companies. Again, China is a big place so its large domestic firms are going to be big whether they are banks, electric companies or online retailers like Alibaba. The point to understand is that there are almost no globally dominant Chinese firms, still less those dominating high-tech production processes. Perhaps the only important exception and true Chinese multinational is Huawei. Bullshit no.4 ‘Chinese technological development threatens US industry’ It doesn’t. The reality of complete US technological dominance over China was uncovered in 2019 with the outbreak of the US China “trade war”. See my article Why China Cannot Win a Trade War against the USA. In 2019 the US Department of Commerce started banning and restricting US technology companies from doing business with Huawei and other Chinese companies said to pose a ‘security threat’. The result of this has been too badly undermine the operations of effected Chinese companies because they are dependent on US technologies that China cannot produce domestically. That is why the US is winning the trade war. Huawei is presented as the world leader in 5G technology and mobile phones. The reality is it depends on US and British companies like Intel, Qualcomm, Xilinix, Broadcom, Infineon and ARM to supply it with the most advanced microchips and other high-tech parts. The Financial Times reported that “Analysts reckon China is more than 10 years behind in designing high-end logic chips of the kind used in Huawei’s switches and routers”.[2] And no, that doesn’t mean China will catch up in ten years – unless we imagine that US technology will stand still for decade. It’s not that China can’t produce microchips, routers or operating systems – it can and does. The point is it can’t produce high-endones. Without the best parts and software, Huawei can still roll out 5G networks and produce phones, but these are increasingly second rate products sold on Chinese and other Third World markets to buyers that can’t afford world class technology. And lower profits reflect this second tier role. China’s technological lag is not for want of trying to catch-up. In microchip production state led efforts to force march its development date back to the 1980s, but these have not worked out well. One question completely undermines the myth of a Chinese technological catch up. In 2019 when the US Department of Commerce implemented the technology bans – preventing US, British and other companies selling high tech goods to China – why didn’t China respond in kind with its own bans and restrictions curtailing the use of Chinese technology in the USA or elsewhere? The simple answer is that China does not possess any significant technological monopolies to ban. No US companies are dependent on Chinese technology in the same way. The idea of a technological threat coming from China is… well… bullshit. Bullshit no.5 ‘China’s military threatens the US and other rich countries’ dominance’ If this were true, the Peoples Liberation Army would already have taken control of Taiwan – which is considered a Chinese province – or at least have a plausible way to do so. Yet, the PLA is utterly unprepared to defeat the advanced and US backed Taiwanese armed forces. It is not attempting to accumulate the numbers of amphibious vehicles and landing ships to cross the Taiwan Strait. Claims of China’s military advance usually mention its large numbers of tanks, planes, ships or other weapons. While China may possess many of these, almost all are so archaic as to be completely irrelevant in a military conflict with any modern armed forces. The comparatively tiny number of advanced systems that China is trying to build are also beset with problems and lag far behind the technologies already operational not only in the USA, but also Russia, Japan, the European powers and Australia. China’s flagship “stealth” fighter jet – the J20 – is a case in point. The fighter plane was supposed to be fitted with a purpose built Chinese engine – the WS-15. Development of the engine started in the 1990s, with the first prototype delivered in 2004. Beijinginvested some US$23.7 billion in advanced engines programs between 2010 and 2015. But in 2015 the WS-15 blew up during testing and the problems remain unresolved. As result, the J-20 planes have been fitted with older less powerful, Chinese made WS-10B engines or Russian AL-31 engines. Neither engine has the power to propel the plane to hypersonic speeds without the assistance of an after burner.[3] However, use of an afterburner means the jet is no longer stealth – and that is the point of the J-20 project. Further, the plane has limited manoeuvrability, also due to lack of power. At the November 2018 air show, Beijing suffered a major humiliation. The J-20s had to be fitted with AL-31 Russian engines as these are considered more reliable. Any serious comparison of Chinese and US military capacity concludes there is no real contest. Yet all the bullshit about the China threat is a great justification for higher military spending. This happens at the same time as US and Australian warships freely sail through the South China Sea. That China is not a rich country but a poor one shouldn’t really surprise us. There are no examples of poor countries catching up to the rich countries over the last 100 years – except where the US has orchestrated this (as in South Korea). What perhaps should be more shocking is that almost everyone – including on the left – seems to have swallowed the propaganda line about China’s imminent threat. It’s time to call bullshit on this. Poor countries do not invade rich countries (ever), nor do they rip them off and exploit them. Rich countries do those things to the Third World. And China, like 85% of the World’s population remains just that – part of the Third World – even if it is a large and now relatively developed part. [1] Chen, W., Dollar, D., and Tang, H., ‘China’s Direct Investment in Africa: Reality Versus Myth’, Brookings, 03-09-2015. [2] Yang, Yuan. (2019) ‘How Trump blacklisting affects the inside of a Huawei smartphone’, Financial Times, June 3. [3] Chan, Minnie, Why China’s first stealth fighter was rushed into service with inferior engines, South China Morning Post Feb 10, 2018. Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
Tag: sui dynasty The Sui Dynasty (581–618 AD) is most famous for unifying China under one rule after the Period of Disunion. The Sui Dynasty only ruled for a short time from 581 to 618 AD. It was replaced by the Tang Dynasty. Since the fall of the great Han Dynasty in 220 AD, China had been divided.
Were The Beatles Technically a Boy Band? The Beatles are heralded as the greatest band of all time, and since the 1960s the band has influenced generations of music. While there is no doubting The Beatles’ impact, discourse still surrounds the band when it comes to defining the group. Some consider The Beatles to be the first true boy band, and other fans fight hard against that label due to the stigma that boy band members are not as talented as other music artists. The Beatles The Beatles \| Hulton Archive/Getty Images What defines a boy band? The problem with defining a boy band and categorizing The Beatles is that there is no clear definition of a boy band. At best, the term is loosely defined as a group of young male singers whose fan base is primarily made up of young women. So why the negative stigma surrounding the term? Over the years, the term has become associated with music acts that do not write their own music or play instruments. Because the only real definition of a boy band is that the group is marketed towards young female audiences, if a band made up of young men has a large female fan base they are automatically lumped into the “boy band” category, even if the band members participate in the music-writing process or play instruments. Over the years, the term has been used to write off the accomplishments of bands and look down on women’s taste in music. For this reason, some fans of The Beatles do not want the band categorized as a boy band, as they feel it would lessen the group’s musical integrity. RELATED: John Lennon and Paul McCartney Had Very Different Memories of Writing ‘Ticket to Ride’ Critics did not like The Beatles at first While those who do not know the history of The Beatles might be surprised, the band was not always beloved by critics. In 2014, the Los Angeles Times compiled early reviews of The Beatles. Many early reviews lamented the fact that The Beatles’ fan base was primarily made up of young women, and therefore the band was looked down upon. “With their bizarre shrubbery, the Beatles are obviously a press agent’s dream combo. Not even their mothers would claim that they sing well,” the Los Angeles Times wrote in 1964. “The Beatles follow a line of glamorous figures who aroused passionate cries and deep swoons. Most prominent in the 1940s was Frank Sinatra and in the 1950s Elvis Presley. Their glory passed when they got too old to be teenagers’ idols or when teenagers got too old to need them,” Science Newsletter wrote. The Nation wrote, “The reaction at Carnegie Hall was not a real response to a real stimulus…. The full house was made up largely of upper-middle-class young ladies, stylishly dressed, carefully made up, brought into town by private cars or suburban buses for their night to howl, to let go, scream, bump, twist and clutch themselves ecstatically out there in the floodlights for everyone to see and with the full blessings of all authority…” Yes, The Beatles were originally a boy band Based on these reviews alone, it is clear to see that before they achieved critical acclaim, The Beatles were treated in a way many modern boy bands are. They played for packed audiences and were commercially successful, but critics and men did not understand the hype and did not recognize The Beatles’ talent. In 2018, Billboard debated if The Beatles are in fact the original boy band. “I still believe the most important qualification for a boy band is in the way they’re received by their general fanbase, and the Beatles essentially set the template (and the bar) there for audience screaming, for favorite-member debating, and for -mania suffixing. And of course, their early songs are about as pop as pop (or at least rock) gets,” Andrew Unterberger argued for Billboard. The Beatles went on to become the most impactful band of all time, and they clearly influenced the music industry in more ways than one. Even if fans consider them to be the opposite of a modern day boy band, The Beatles’ history as the original boy band should be acknowledged.
Fiscal Undercurrents Pulling Us To Universal School Choice? Fiscal Undercurrents Pulling Us Toward Universal School Choice? Much as the Gulf Stream sets the course for trans-Atlantic cargo ships, there are many unseen socioeconomic trends that push and pull on the movement of society and public policy. In the realm of K–12 education, there are two major fiscal trends that are silently pulling the United States toward a system that would allow universal school choice: • a shift in the design of state-enacted school funding formulas toward funding students instead of funding schools, and • a declining reliance on local property taxes to fund public schools. In making those changes, state legislatures have, mostly unwittingly, set the stage for the continued evolution of public school finance toward universal school choice. In fact, universal school choice is fast becoming the only logical destination for public school finance in the United States. Although it’s taken some time, in ever-increasing numbers state legislatures are figuring out that the old approach of funding schools has simply become too expensive due to its massive misallocation of funds. Why State Funding Formulas are Shifting from Schools to Students A century ago, the school-based funding approach worked reasonably well. New public schools were being built to provide access to education where people lived. Once the access problem was essentially solved by the 1950s, the seeds were sown for the demise of the school-based funding approach. The strains on that old system became more apparent over the ensuing decades as American society became both more diverse and more mobile. The most obvious financial weakness was that the system did not efficiently shift money as students switched schools. Schools with declining enrollment lost little or no funding. Schools with growing enrollment were given little additional funding. As you might imagine, the first reaction was from the growing schools as they cried, “Foul!” So, state legislatures reacted by adding more funding for enrollment growth. However, they did not simultaneously reduce funding for declining enrollment schools—mostly because of pressure from local citizens and teachers’ unions. It’s now easy to see why that was a recipe for fiscal distress. Once growth of the U.S. economy, and most state economies, slowed from the torrid pace of the 1950s and 1960s, the mounting pressure of increasing funds for growing schools while protecting funds for declining schools began to squeeze state and local government finances and drive up tax rates—particularly local property taxes. Yet still, the old school-based approach continued well into the 1990s in most states—now supported both by simple inertia and growing political pressure from teachers’ unions. There is clearly more to the public debate around school choice than just the matter of how public schools are funded. But much like the hidden effects of the Gulf Stream on the flow of cargo shipments, the underlying structure of public school finance has tremendous influence on the flow of students. With the bursting of the bubble in 2000, the terrorist attacks in 2001, and the ensuing recession, the financial strain of that old school funding system finally became too much to bear. In the face of economic strains and with student achievement stagnating, state legislatures found it increasingly difficult to justify continued increases in K–12 funding. Worse still, when they began to more closely examine the forces driving up school funding, they came to the unpleasant realization that much of it was caused by paying twice for many students. As student populations shifted between schools, the school-based funding formulas where paying both the former school and current school for the same student. The rational reaction across the nation has been to modify the state-enacted school funding formulas to allocate funding to students, not schools. That is generally referred to as “money following the students.” With public school funding tied tightly to student enrollment levels, not school buildings and classrooms, the problem of double payment evaporates. As simple and seemingly obvious as this idea is, it has taken a long time to mature—and in many states it is still evolving. However, it is now quite clear that this is the direction that public school finance is moving in the United States. As we approach the point where every public school is funded primarily by monies tied to students, it becomes much easier for policymakers and citizens to envision the next logical step—where every school (public and private) is funded by monies tied to students. Why Reliance on Local Property Taxes to Fund Public Schools is Declining Over this same time period, another important fiscal trend was taking hold. Ever-mounting property tax burdens were producing waves of taxpayer revolts at different times in many states. The opposition to property taxes was not based so much on what the money was used for, but on other factors. Some opposition was based on the view that property taxes are an infringement on property rights. Although the basis of that argument is unrelated to the amount of the tax, certainly as the tax burden rose their sense of being infringed upon grew. Many others linked their opposition to concerns that the tax is, in some ways, disconnected from ability to pay. For many older citizens, they watched their property value and tax burden rise while their income dropped and stagnated in retirement. To them, it seemed patently unfair that they were asked to pay more taxes every year, despite their dwindling income. With public schools being the biggest, or among the biggest, users of property taxes in most states, legislatures began to look more closely at the dependence of public schools on property taxes. In many states, the logical response was to shift funding dependence from local property taxes to state-levied taxes such as income tax and sales tax. That has been done in many different ways in different states. Still today, the dependence on local property taxes to fund public schools varies widely across the country. Northeast states typically continue to have a heavy reliance on local property taxes for public schools. As you journey south and west, the funding mix shifts more heavily to state-levied taxes. But more importantly, in nearly every state, the recent trend is to reduce dependence on local property taxes. Interesting, but you may be wondering how that trend affects school choice. Taxpayers have a special relationship with the many different taxes they pay. They expect taxes levied locally to be used locally. Consequently, tax laws typically restrict the uses of tax revenue to the confines of the geographic area subject to the levy. Thus, when public schools are funded by a local property tax levy, both public expectations and the law demand that the revenue flow to the local public schools. That creates a significant barrier to allowing the “money to follow the students.” As previously explained, expanding school choice is more difficult when money is tied to specific schools. So, as the trend of less dependence of public education on local property taxes continues, the vision of offering every student a choice of schools becomes more feasible and likely. There is clearly more to the public debate around school choice than just the matter of how public schools are funded. But much like the hidden effects of the Gulf Stream on the flow of cargo shipments, the underlying structure of public school finance has tremendous influence on the flow of students. In both cases, it is much more difficult to try to move against the prevailing current. With these two growing trends in public school finance, it is now the case that the current is shifting in favor of more student choice. Let’s hope the prevailing winds also shift to our back. Receive Educational Choice Updates Straight to Your Inbox. Email Newsletter Signup Follow Our Progress. Receive Educational Choice Updates Straight to Your Inbox. Email Newsletter Signup Engage Privacy Policy
How A Grid System Works how a solar grid system works PV panels are generally tted on the roof facing an Suburban homes in Australia and New Zealand are connected to the electricity grid via power lines. Our electricity system uses 240V alternating current (AC), but the electricity generated by solar panels consists of variable direct current (DC). To transform the DC electricity into AC electricity for ordinary household use, grid-connected solar PV systems have inverters attached to each PV panel called micro inverters or a single inverter for a string of connected PV panels called a central string inverter. Ask your authorised LG Energy Partner for advice on which of these inverter solutions offer the most suitable solution for you. Quality inverter/micro inverter solutions include Fronius, SMA, Solaredge and Enphase brands. Today houses with grid-connected solar systems consume solar-generated electricity rst, before switching to the electricity grid if more electricity is required than the solar system is able to generate. the solar system for the immediate needs of your home. For information on rebates and rewards associated to feed-back electricity see page 13. in your home for use at night.
Orange Juice And Digestion A glass of orange juice surrounded by oranges. Image Credit: HandmadePictures/iStock/Getty Images Digestive problems are often linked to insufficient stomach acidity, poor eating habits, combining incompatible foods and stomach or intestinal infections. Indigestion often leads to abdominal pain, acid reflux, flatulence and diarrhea. Fresh-squeezed orange juice can help increase the acidity within your stomach and promote better digestion, but it should be consumed prior to eating and not combined with most foods. Drinking any acidic juices while experiencing acid reflux can aggravate symptoms. Consult with your doctor if you suffer from chronic indigestion. Indigestion, also known as upset stomach or dyspepsia, has a variety of causes but lack of stomach acidity is a common culprit according to the book "Functional Biochemistry in Health and Disease." The acidity of your stomach should be at least 3 on the pH scale while food is in your stomach. A higher or more alkaline pH in your stomach does not allow sufficient breakdown carbohydrates or adequately prepare proteins and fat for digestion in your small intestine. Causes of inadequate acidity in your stomach include nutritional deficiency, poor dietary choices, food allergies, hormonal or electrolyte imbalance, infection, drug interactions, excessive stress, extreme fatigue and certain hereditary and acquired diseases. The most common symptoms of poor digestion include abdominal pain, bloating, heartburn, acid reflux, loss of appetite, nausea, constipation, loose stools, fatigue, weight fluctuation and mood imbalance, according to "Human Biochemistry and Disease" by Gerald Litwack. Common treatments for poor digestion include dietary modification, taking antacids for symptomatic relief, supplementing with digestive enzymes and trying to naturally lower stomach pH during meals. Citrus juices can work well in regards to lowering pH. Orange Juice Oranges are citrus fruits that contain a variety of natural acids, particularly citric and ascorbic acids. Depending on the species, growing conditions and ripeness, fresh squeezed orange juice can have a pH lower than 3, according to "Advanced Nutrition and Human Metabolism." As such, drinking orange juice about 15 to 30 minutes prior to eating may help stimulate the secretion of digestive juices or lower the pH levels. Other acidic beverages, such as lemonade, pineapple juice and apple cider vinegar, are also consumed in order to promote digestion. Don't combine orange juice should not be combined with carbohydrates such as bread, pasta or potatoes because the enzyme needed to properly digest them is destroyed by certain acids. Natural fruit acids prevent carbohydrate digestion, which provides substrates for bacteria in your large intestine to ferment. Fermentation produces gas, bloating, flatulence and diarrhea. Further, acidic fruits should not be combined with proteins because it hampers their digestion in the small intestine. For example, drinking orange juice with eggs, milk, cheese or meats will surely increase your risks of indigestion. The science of food combining is well established, but not widely known. Simple biochemical reactions make big impacts on digestion and health. Talk to a nutritionist about the benefits of orange juice and the best times to drink it.
Ritu Raman, PhD Biohybrid Robots Biological materials sense and respond to their environment. When you exercise, you get stronger. When you cut your skin, you heal. But the built environment and the machines that surround us don’t do this… why not? Because they aren’t built with biological materials, like we are! What if, instead of building machines with metals and plastics, we built machines powered by biology? This is the motivation underlying the new field of biohybrid design which is revolutionizing robotics, medicine, and the world around us. This talk will introduce you to robots that use living skeletal muscle to move and walk around, the first demonstrations of their kind. Unlike traditional robots made of synthetic materials, these biohybrid robots dynamically adapt to their environment, and can do things like exercise to get stronger and recover completely from damage. They are one of the first applications of the emerging discipline of biohybrid design, a field that promises building with biology will shape our technological future. Ritu Raman, PhD Postdoctoral Fellow, Langer Lab Massachusetts Institute of Technology December 15, 2020 About the Presenter Dr. Ritu Raman is an engineer and writer with a passion for biohybrid design: building machines powered by biological materials that work with the human body to fight disease and damage. She received her B.S. magna cum laude from Cornell University and her Ph.D. from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, and is currently a postdoctoral fellow advised by the renowned Prof. Robert Langer at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. She holds many awards for scientific innovation, including receiving a L’Oréal USA Women in Science Fellowship and being named to the Forbes 30 Under 30: Science and the MIT Technology Review 35 Innovators Under 35 lists. Ritu grew up in India, Kenya, and the United States where she learned to appreciate and thrive in diverse and dynamic environments. She is passionate about increasing diversity in STEM and has championed many initiatives to empower women in science, including being named a AAAS IF/THEN ambassador and founding the Women in Innovation and STEM Database at MIT (WISDM).
Ophthalmology Department Ophthalmology is a division of medicine that addresses the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases of the eye and visual system. It is important to keep your eyes healthy and maintain good eyesight, as without careful medical intervention, the loss or deterioration of sight can cause drastic changes to your life. At Novomed, we have a specialist ophthalmologist, whose high-level training and experience in ophthalmology will help preserve your eye’s visual and structural health. Our team at Novomed uses advanced techniques to help identify and treat nearsightedness, farsightedness, and a broad array of eye disorders. Moreover, we offer a broad range of services from simple sight tests to complex surgeries. Preventative Eye Examination It is recommended to visit an ophthalmologist for an eye examination once every two years. This does not only help identify vision problems but can also detect underlying health problems. There are four questions you may want to ask your ophthalmologist before you consider undertaking an eye examination: Why should I have my eyes examined? Regular eye examinations are an important part of maintaining the health of your eyes and preventing potential eye diseases and disorders from developing. We often decide to undertake a certain test once the symptoms have started to affect us. By having routine eye check-up, we can identify the underlying conditions before symptoms begin to develop, resulting in early prevention and treatment. What can the eye examinations identify? Eye examinations can detect several problems, some of which have already been developed such as sight reduction, and some which go unnoticed without vision problems. Common conditions that develop without any signs include lazy eyes and glaucoma in adults. Unfortunately, in most cases, patients are unaware they have glaucoma until they begin to start suffering from its symptoms in later stages. Who should get their eyes examined? In Novomed, we recommend starting eye examinations from the age of three years. It is best to start having routine check-ups from a young age as any problems can be detected from an early stage and prevented in some cases. If you are an adult who is in good health and leads a healthy lifestyle, an eye exam is advised to maintain your healthy vision. If you suffer from diabetes, high blood pressure, or have a family history of eye disease, you should have your eyes examined as these factors can affect the health of your eyes. As you age, it is especially important that you have your eyes examined regularly as your risk for eye diseases increases. If you are 65 or older, it is advised by Novomed specialists to have your eyes checked every year to detect early signs of common age-related eye diseases such as cataracts, macular degeneration, glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy. What does the eye exam involve? A comprehensive eye examination is relatively straightforward and comfortable. It usually takes between 45 to 90 minutes. The exam should include checking the following: • Your medical history • Your concerns • Eye pressure • Your pupil • Your vision • Your eye movement • The front part of your eye (cornea) Once the eye exam has been conducted, the ophthalmologist will discuss the findings and recommend an appropriate treatment plan should it be required. Meet Our Specialist
Liquid fuel The information on this page provides general guidance; your local OFTEC registered technician will be able to provide further advice on your particular circumstances. Having a liquid fuel-fired appliance serviced regularly helps to keep it operating efficiently. This reduces fuel bills and saves money on costly call out fees for unexpected breakdowns. It is recommended that appliances and equipment are serviced at least once a year or as recommended by the manufacturer. Without regular servicing, the efficiency and reliability of a liquid fuel-fired appliance will be affected for many reasons including: • Excessive smoke and partially burnt fuel deposits can cause soot to form within the appliance heat exchanger. This restricts the amount of heat that can be transferred into the heating system water. The cleaner the heat exchanger, the more efficient the appliance will be! • Fuel nozzles regulate how much fuel passes through the burner. The nozzles are consumable items that wear over time, affecting combustion and lowering boiler efficiency. If they are not replaced this may cause "sooting up" of the heat exchanger due to too much fuel passing through the burner. • Fuel pumps contaminated with debris and/or water can cause premature failure. • Photocells can glaze over with deposits. Photocells are an important safety feature which detect whether the appliance has lit. If a photocell is dirty it may not be able to detect the burner flame correctly and could cause the appliance to shut down randomly. Appliances frequently switching on and off will be less efficient than those running for longer periods. • Electrodes can wear and attract soot and deposits. Electrodes produce a spark to light the fuel, if they are worn or in poor condition the appliance may not light. Again, this causes inconvenience, inefficiency and increases fuel cost. The service Appliances should be inspected, cleaned and components replaced as required when the appliance is being serviced. If your appliance is not serviced annually, it is at a higher risk of breaking down and costing you more money in the long run. Cleaning the appliance provides a chance to look for other tell-tale signs that parts of the appliance may need replacing, and an opportunity to inspect the combustion chamber for the condition of the material and welds. Old steel heat exchangers will often leave rust marks, which can give a warning that the appliance will soon need to be replaced. This approach can limit the possibility of water damage occurring and enables replacement work to be planned rather than having the inconvenience of trying to arrange an appliance replacement at short notice when a heat exchanger unexpectedly fails. Long term damage can also occur if the appliance is not serviced regularly. During the combustion process, deposits will build up on the internal surfaces of the heat exchanger and the baffles, which can decrease appliance efficiency. If left for a number of years, these deposits harden and with some designs of heat exchanger render it impossible to remove the baffles without destroying them. A replacement baffle will come at a significant cost on top of the routine service charge. Don’t forget the fuel storage tank and supply Failures such as boiler lockout, intermittent running and fuel pump seizure can be a direct result of poor maintenance of the fuel supply system. The primary reasons for such failures are: • Water in the fuel storage tank from condensation and/or water ingress. • Bacterial growth/sludge build up within the tank. • Leaking joints, rusting components and system debris. The condition of the fuel storage tank, fuel supply pipework and all fuel supply components (filter, deaerators, etc.) should always be visually inspected and observations reported during service visits, so action can be taken to replace or repair equipment as required. The fuel inside the tank should also be dip tested to determine if any water contamination is present.
Hike-in Required ADA accessible Guided tours If you’re looking for history, Fort Negley is the place to go. Located on top of St. Cloud Hill just a stone’s throw from downtown Nashville, Fort Negley (which was named after General James S. Negley) served an important role for the Union Army during the Civil War. On February 25, 1862, the Confederates surrendered Nashville to the Union Army. The Union immediately began fortifying the city. Fort Negley was built during August through December of 1862. The fort was built of stone, logs, earth, and railway iron, and it was constructed mainly by African Americans (both slave and free). Negley ended up being the largest inland stone fortification built during the Civil War. The fort’s location, size, and guns discouraged Confederate attacks throughout the war. By 1864, Nashville had become the most heavily fortified city outside of Washington, D.C. However, on December 15 and 16, 1864, the Confederates decided to attack in what was the last major western battle of the Civil War. This two-day fight is known as the Battle of Nashville. Although Fort Negley was never directly attacked during this battle, the fort’s artillery may have helped in driving off Confederate forces. Today Fort Negley is open to the pubic to explore and appreciate. The 4-acre property contains almost a mile of pathways and countless interpretative panels. A visitor center is also located onsite with information and restrooms. Take your time and enjoy soaking up the history of this Nashville gem. The Ultimate Adventure Maps Start Free Trial Logistics + Planning Preferable season(s) Parking Pass Not Required Lots of history. Great views of downtown Nashville. Pets allowed Big vistas ADA accessible Nearby Lodging + Camping Sign In and share them.
How Russians flooded the U.S. Getty Images While some Russian immigrants scared the U.S. with revolutionary ideas, others amazed it with their rich Russian culture. Russian immigrants were a feature of the U.S. since its earliest days. According to the first American Census of 1790, their number exceeded 10,000. Every social or political shock in the Russian Empire caused mass emigration abroad. People went to the U.S. in search for freedom or a better life: Poles after the suppressed Polish uprisings, Jews, Armenians, and, of course, Russians: peasants, intelligentsia and numerous persecuted religious sects followers. Although only some 7,550 Russians came to the country during the half century from 1820 to 1870, their numbers sharply increased in the years to follow. The 1920 U.S. Census identified 392,049 United States citizens born in Russia. When in the second half of the 19th century, Russia descended into a period of political struggle and terrorism, the number of political émigrés to the U.S. significantly increased. Full of revolutionary ideas, Russian political immigrants, along with their like-minded brothers from Germany and Italy, played a huge role in spreading radical, anarchistic and left-winged ideas in the U.S. One of the main American anarchist ideologists of those times, Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman, originated from Lithuania, part of the Russian Empire. Defeat in the 1905 Russian Revolution gave an added impetus to the flow of revolutionary types to the U.S. In 1908 in New York one of the largest and most influential political associations of Russian immigrants - the Union of Russian Workers, which actively promoted anarchist ideas, was established. By the late 1910s, the radical movement in the USA, in which Russians played a significant role, was so strong that the country was gripped by the so-called Red Scare - fears that an insurrection similar to the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution could be witnessed in America too. As a result, the government initiated mass arrests of “anarcho-communists” across the country. These so-called Palmer Raids of 1919 and 1920, were led by the Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer and his associate, future first FBI director Edgar Hoover. As one Russian immigrants to the U.S., writer Ivan Okuntsov noted in his “Russian Immigrants into North and South America:” “Russians’ life after the Palmer Raids became unbearably hard. They generated suspicions to each Russian, no matter what political views he supported. Without a reason Russians were fired from factories and plants.” Thousands were deported. On December 21, 1919, the passenger ship, the USAT Buford with 249 seized radicals onboard, left New York harbor and headed to Soviet Russia, as a “Christmas present to Lenin and Trotsky.” Goldman and Berkman were among the passengers of this Soviet Ark, as the press called it. USAT Buford However, Russian immigration to the U.S. in the first half of the 20th century wasn’t only made up of revolutionaries. Numerous artists, poets, authors and scientists were forced to leave Russia after the 1917 Revolution and settled in North America. These so-called White émigrés drastically changed Americans’ low opinion about Russians. The 1920s was a highlight for Russian culture in the U.S. Prominent Russian cultural figures, who chose America as their new homeland (such as famous composer Sergey Rachmaninov and painter Nicholas Roerich), organized successful ballet, opera and theatrical performances, art exhibitions. Sergei Rachmaninov Beside culture, Russians made a significant contribution to American scientific life. Such leading scientists as aviation pioneer Igor Sikorsky and developer of television technology Vladimir Zworykin, lived and worked in the country. They also helped American society to forget about the Russophobia of the earlier years, at least until the start of the Cold War. Vladimir Zworykin Read more This website uses cookies. Click here to find out more. Accept cookies
Great Expectations Charles Dickens Abel Magwitch Quotes Quotes Abel Magwitch Quotes “Hold your noise!” called a terrible voice, as a man started up from among the graves at the side of the church porch. “Keep still, you little devil, or I’ll cut your throat!” A fearful man, all in coarse grey, with a great iron on his leg. A man with no hat, and with broken shoes, and with an old rag tied around his head. Here, Pip describes his first encounter with the convict later revealed to be Abel Magwitch. Although the story is narrated by the grown-up Pip, the encounter is described from the point of view of Pip at age seven. Pip knows that the man he meets is an escaped convict and he is terrified. Out of fear for his life, Pip agrees to help the convict by bringing him a file and some food. “Single-handed I got clear of the prison-ship. I made a dash and I done it. I could ha’ got clear of these death-cold flats likewise—look at my leg: you won’t find much iron on it—if I hadn’t made discovery that he was here. Let him go free? Let him profit by the means as I found out? Let him make a tool of me afresh and again? Once more? No, no, no.” Magwitch explains that he was recaptured because he did not want the other convict to escape. He was adamant that the other convict needed to be caught even if it meant going back to prison himself. Clearly Magwitch has a history with the other prisoner and considers him an enemy. His words also reveal a belief that some behavior needs to be punished, and he is willing to suffer in order to make sure punishment happens. “A man can’t starve. At least I can’t. I took some wittles, up at the willage over yonder—where the church stands a’most out on the marshes…. And I’ll tell you where from. From the blacksmith’s.… It was some broken wittles—that’s what it was—and a dram of liquor, and a pie.” Upon being captured after escaping from prison, Magwitch lies to protect Pip. Pip stole food and a file to help Magwitch escape, and Magwitch doesn’t want him punished for this. Magwitch knows that Pip lives with a blacksmith, so he can tell this lie without anyone suspecting it. Pip was worried that Magwitch assumed he had reported him to the law, but Magwitch’s lie indicates that Magwitch knows Pip isn’t responsible for his recapture. “And then, dear boy, it was a recompense to me, look’ee here, to know in secret that I was making a gentleman. The blood horses of them colonists might fling up the dust over me as I was walking; what do I say? I says to myself, ‘I’m making a better gentleman nor ever you’ll be! … If I ain’t a gentleman, nor ain’t got no learning, I’m the owner of such. All on you owns stock and land; which on you owns a brought-up London gentleman?’” Here, Magwitch explains that he knows he would never be considered a gentleman even though he is now wealthy, but he believes that he can “make” someone else into one. That someone who did not start life as a gentleman could become one was a relatively recent development in British society, and one that not everyone would have believed in even at this time. “[W]hen I was a ragged little creetur as much to be pitied as ever I see … I got the name of being hardened.… Then they looked at me, and I looked at them, and they measured my head, some on ‘em—they had better a measured my stomach—and others on ‘em gave me tracts what I couldn’t read, and made me speeches what I couldn’t understand. They always went on agen me about the Devil. But what the devil was I to do?—I must put something into my stomach, mustn’t I?” Magwitch describes how he fell into a life of crime purely as a means of feeding himself because he was given no other opportunities. The fact that criminality was often the result of hunger and want, but was punished as a moral failing, is a common theme of Dickens’s stories. After Magwitch was sent to Australia, where he was allowed to work, he was extremely successful.
The WoW Style Blog For Ultimate Style Collection Can Cerebral Palsy Get Better? Cerebral palsy is a debilitating condition with lifelong consequences, but can it get better? The answer depends on several factors like early intervention and lifelong therapy when needed. What Is Cerebral Palsy? Cerebral palsy (CP) is a cluster of permanent, non-progressive neurological disorders and effects caused by an injury to a developing brain that leads to a disruption in the brain’s control over the muscles and motor function. All cerebral palsy survivors report issues with posture and balance to a higher or lower degree. Cerebral palsy is not a cognitive disorder even though 25% of children with CP are also diagnosed with mental retardation. Speech, vision, and hearing might also be affected in ways not fully understood by science. It is estimated that more than 750,000 Americans currently live with cerebral palsy, with 10,000 new CP cases being identified each year. Infertility treatments, birth injuries, premature births, low birth weight, birth complications, certain medication, and infections during pregnancy are all risk factors that may cause a baby to develop CP. Boys have a higher risk of being diagnosed with the disorder than girls, and so are Blacks when compared to Whites. Does Cerebral Palsy Have a Cure? As of today, CP lacks an official cure even though various treatments are on their way. The most effective therapies, which can only alleviate the symptoms, include occupational therapy (OT), physical therapy (PT), surgery, speech therapy, and medication. Each one of these therapies are the most effective when accessed as early as possible. So, an early diagnosis is critical to prevent future complications, like the post-impairment syndrome, which can be easily mistaken for cerebral palsy’s symptoms. Does Cerebral Palsy Get Better on Its Own? Cerebral palsy does not get better without early intervention, but it doesn’t get worse either because the brain injury or abnormality that caused it do not change in time. That’s why, the disorder is referred to as being “non-progressive” or “not degenerative.” The signs and symptoms of CP can only get better with treatments and early intervention. Both physical therapy and occupational therapy can help the child regain, build, improve his or her motor control and coordination and getting better at performing daily tasks like feeding and getting dressed with little to no assistance. Occupational therapy has shown the best results as it focuses not only on improving motor function, but on helping the patient perform certain tasks on his or her own and live a normal life despite the disease’s limitations, as well. Assistive devices such as braces, crutches, wheelchairs, eating and hearing aids can also help with the improvement of cerebral palsy’s symptoms and with achieving therapy’s ultimate goal: independent living. Caregivers of CP patients can confirm that CP cannot get better on its own, but the associated symptoms may get worse over time. The associated symptoms are not caused directly by the brain injury behind the condition, but by the improper use of the body because of the disability. What Is Post-Impairment Syndrome? Post-impairment syndrome might appear in adult cerebral palsy patients after decades of misuse or abuse of certain body systems like muscles, bones, joints, and certain organs and tissue. For instance, CP-induced bad posture can lead to the compression of some organs which can lead to life-threatening complications that need to be addressed through surgery. The most common post-impairment syndrome symptoms include: • Fatigue • Chronic pain (back pain, joint paint) • Early onset of degenerative arthritis, also known as osteoarthritis • Spasticity • Loss of muscle tone • Repetitive motion injuries • Bone deformities • Depression • Loss of motor function. Just like CP, these associated symptoms can be alleviated but cannot be “cured.” Consistent lifelong therapy plays a major role in preventing the syndrome or in keeping its symptoms in check. Medication and/or surgery may also be required. Cerebral palsy cannot get better without intervention, but the associated symptoms can get worse. It is estimated that the medical costs incurred by a moderate to severe diagnosis can be up to 26% higher than those needed to care for a healthy child. The associated total lifetime costs to caring for a CP patient can quickly get beyond $1 million when we take into consideration expenses such as therapy, mobility aids, disability-friendly modifications of one’s home, and medication. The good news is that if the condition was caused by medical error, you don’t have to shoulder these costs on your own. You can hold liable the people or entities (yes, hospitals can get sued too) responsible for your child’s disability and pain and get the compensation you are both due. However, winning a birth injury lawsuit is a lengthy and complex battle, so get the right attorney on your side. Click the link to get legal advice from a cerebral palsy attorney and a free case review today!
Siamese Cat The Beloved Cat Of Thailand_Care Pet Information > Cats > Care > Siamese Cat The Beloved Cat Of Thailand Siamese Cat The Beloved Cat Of Thailand 27 10:30:51 It is generally believed that the Siamese cat has its origin in Siam - Thailand of modern day. It is a very old domestic breed descended from an albino cat which was a gift given to the King Siam. In Thai fables they were the ones that would protect the royal castles and temples from evil spirits. In the Siamese culture the people believed that the soul of a high ranking person who had died would stay in the cat for a while. The Siamese cat first appeared in the West in mid 1800s. There are traditional and modern Siamese cats. These cats have a long, slim body with a kinked tail along with a long neck and bright blue eyes which are almond shaped. The original cat has a round head hence it being called the apple head Siamese. However, the modern Siamese cat has a head which is elongated with larger ears and more pronounced features. The face of the original cat is round and it is also more muscular than the modern Siamese. This breed has a shorthaired coat and a cream color base coat. The Original Siamese has dark brown fur on the face, ears, tail and legs. The body has the Siamese markings and could be white or fawn in color. The kittens when born are cream in color and the markings only develop over the months ahead. On a Siamese cat the markings are found on the paws, ears, tail, muzzle and lower legs. It is a very demanding and attention seeking breed of cat. The mentality of this breed is very much similar to that of a dog. The Siamese cat is very affectionate, energetic, intelligent, inquisitive and people orientated. It is a breed which is the most vocal and talkative from any other. The Siamese cat constantly talks, and can be very annoying when it is on heat. It is then that the cat will become very loud and sound like a wild lion. When the Siamese cat feels neglected, it can get very jealous and throws tantrums. The Siamese does not like to be ignored. They want to be with you all the time. The traditional Siamese cat tends to have been more laid back t than the modern Siamese. The Siamese cat is an active cat that gets bored easily. It is best that you provide an area for your pet to exercise or play. To stay healthy it needs to scratch and sharpen its claws. It is essential to install a cat tree or cat gym with scratching post for your pet. A regular brushing is all that is required to keep the shorthaired coat healthy. The Siamese cat is a breed that matures early could be as early as 5 months old. They are also very fertile and the average litter size is about six. Ensure your pet is vaccinated if it is allowed to go outdoors. Should you give your cat fruit or greens they have to be boiled first to aid with the digestion. You can take your pet outside for a walk by using a harness and leash to stop it running away. The Siamese cat remains to be one of the favorite shorthaired breeds in the world. It is a cat only suitable for those people who can give it time, love and attention. It is also not for people that do not like a noisy cat as this breed tends to be constantly noisy. The Siamese cat is very affectionate cat and can be your best friend and loyal companion. This breed has a low maintenance shorthaired coat. The traditional Siamese has a quieter personality and does make a better pet for the family, than that of the modern Siamese.
, , ( Fifteen-minute read ) There’s a lot of hype floating around one specific technology that has the potential to change everything: Google’s recent mythical achievement does not signal the arrival of quantum computing. Quantum Computing is still far enough away that attempting to predict when it will occur and what useful tasks it will eventually be used for is a recipe for embarrassment because history teaches us that unforeseen applications will blossom as access to new tools becomes available. In this very detached and disintegrating world, intelligence systems are learning from the environment they are exposed to and make decisions on biases they are developing. Once you get the wrong side of an algorithm your life immediately becomes more difficult. Your perceived failures are fed into the algorithm, and your situation degrades even further. This is why it’s imperative that we begin to take the problem of AI BIAS seriously and take steps to mitigate their effects by making our systems more transparent, explainable, and auditable. We must shift from automation to augmentation. They are counting on it to change the world by solving problems that are intractable for today’s classical computers. At the moment its all in the cloud so any assessment or update of what we know about Quantum Computers is pie in the sky. However, there are a few thoughts. They conjure up everything from futuristic cities to talking fridges. Undoubtedly the reality is much less sci-fi. They are supposed to offer an opportunity to manipulate information in a fundamentally different way. To tackle ever-larger questions that can help us gain a profoundly deeper understanding of the world around us. While traditional computers operate with bits, quantum computers operate with qubits that allow superposition. Qubits enable this because instead of being constrained to one of two possible values (1 or 0), a qubit can exist as a mixture of both. A unique quantum physics behaviour that binds the destiny of a quantity of different particles so that what happens to one will affect the others. This means that a Quantum Computer can manipulate all its qubits simultaneously—in other words, instead of doing a set of calculations one after another, a quantum computer could do them all at the same time. Okay, putting the theory aside, let’s focus on the real-world applications these quantum computers will have on the world. Optimization slicing through a mountain of variables without breaking a sweat. Enabling better Weather and climate modelling. Better Personalized medicine. Better Space data analyzation. Better raw computing power for machine-learning software to teach artificial intelligence more like humans. Encryption will become useless. Real-time language translation will be possible. Open-air gesture control, with the keyboard and mouse—slowly replaced by the gesture interface. Amazon Google, virtual assistants will understand the context behind the questions you ask; they will recognize the indirect signals given off by your tone of voice; they will even engage in long-form conversations with you. Devices you wear or even insert inside your body to help you interact digitally with the world around you. These devices will play a supporting role in how we engage with the digital space; we’ll use them for specific purposes in specific contexts with brain implants. Integrating all of the technologies mentioned above represents the start of an entirely new mass-market medium virtual reality and augmented reality. The goal of AR ( augmented reality) is to act as a digital filter on top of your perception of the real world. Everyone’s idea of Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality is fixated towards science fiction however AR will eventually do away with most of the traditional computer interfaces consumers have grown up with thus far. AR, when it comes in Quantum form, it will too control machines: Controlling household functions (lighting, curtains, temperature), as well as a range of other devices and vehicles.Image Credits: WT Vox Thought itself: Amputees are now already testing robotic limbs controlled directly by the mind, instead of through sensors attached to the wearer’s stump. An international team of scientists were able to mimic telepathy by having one person from India think the word “hello,” and through BCI, that word was converted from brain waves to binary code, then emailed to France, where that binary code was converted back into brainwaves, to be perceived by the receiving person. Brain-to-brain communication, people Useful quantum computers still not insight. Needless to say, the future is not too far away.
How Do The Skills In Sewing Help The Family? How is sewing used in everyday life? Sewing is important to keep our clothing in repair. As seams need to be repaired, hems need to be shortened, and buttons need to be fastened in place knowing how to sew is useful knowledge. Being able to sew is also useful in adjusting the size of clothing as you lose weight.. How can I improve my sewing skills? Here are 15 tips to start you on your way.Press as you sew. … Make sure that you cut accurately and that you transfer your markings to the cut fabric accurately.Sew as precisely as you can. … Use coordinating thread. … Use good quality materials. … Finish your seam allowances, and pick appropriate seam finishing techniques.More items…• How hard is it to learn sewing? It doesn’t have to be hard, it just takes practice and patience, but soon you can be sewing like a pro. … Sewing for beginners can be a lot of fun because it’s so exciting as you learn what you are doing and start creating your first projects. You’re going to love it! Let’s learn to sew! How does someone benefit from basic sewing skills? 5 Reasons Why Children Should Learn to SewThey will develop fine motor skills. … Sewing will help them build self-confidence and confidence in their skills. … With sewing, they’ll learn how to be patient. … Sewing will help them to practice communicating and follow instructions. … Sewing will make them use their imagination and creativity. How long does it take to become good at sewing? So how long does it take to start sewing? The amount of time it takes actually to start sewing varies between Individuals. Depending on how fast you pick up on the skills needed, it could be anywhere between one to two weeks or a couple of weeks to learn how to do basic sewing. What is the importance of sewing tools and equipment? The importance of defining the tools and equipment in sewing is two-fold. First, it will give you a way to calculate startup costs and, secondly, in learning the functions of sewing tools and equipment, you will be able to define exactly what sort of duties a person in this industry performs. What are the 5 types of sewing tools? Let’s talk about Sewing Tools and NotionsScissors. You need them to cut your fabric and thread. … Measure Tape.Needles.Pins and Pincushion(s) … Iron and Water Sprayer. … Thimble and Threader. … Threads. … Rulers.More items… How do knowledge and skills in sewing benefit you and your family? Sewing helps you develop fine motor skills, improves your focus and concentration and teaches the importance of patience and self-control. Knowing personal boundaries, increasing skill, achieving tangible goals while working outside your comfort zone all support the development of confidence and self-esteem. Is sewing a good skill? Marketable Skills Build Confidence and Repertoire Sewing is a great marketable skill, and it never hurt anyone to have an extra skill set. You’ll never know when it might come in handy; on top of that, it may inspire you to learn some other skills because you’ll have more confidence than before you started as well. How can sewing help us? Sewing increases dopamine, which can make us feel happy or interested in something. Sewing helps people get into a groove. This leads to increased speed and productivity levels. Sewing requires a lot of patience and attention to detail, so you’re bound to see improvements in both. What should I sew as a beginner? 25 Beginner Sewing Projects:Chapstick Keychain Holder:Library Tote Bag:Laptop Case:Ipad Sleeve:Jumbo Receiving Blankets:If you’re daring enough for a zipper…Easy Pencil Case:Easy Tote:Birthday Banner:More items…• How long does it take to be good at sewing? 6 – 9 monthsSo my answer is may you never stop learning to sew. But if you want to sew simple garments like skirts and knit tops, it would depend on how you go about doing it. If you do it by yourself with just patterns, their instructions and a few books, I would say 6 – 9 months to get consistent good results. Why is it important to have a complete set of tools and equipment? The skillful use of the different sewing equipment will help take body measurement and drafting pattern with accuracy and speed. Success in sewing calls for the right tools at the right time. All tools must be appropriate in a proper order and one must know how to use them to save time and produce the best result. What are the skills needed in sewing? 8 Basic Sewing Skills You Need to KnowLearn sewing terminology. The very first thing you need to do is familiarize yourself with sewing terminology. … Thread a needle. This seems very obvious, but it’s a task that takes some practice to master. … Choose your thread. … Sew a straight stitch. … Sew a button. … Use a pattern. … Tools. … Tie a knot. What is the importance of sewing tools? They greatly enhance the sewing experience. Most important to me are tape measures, rulers , scissors, pins, needles, threads, specialty lights if you are the age to need them, cutting mats, needle threaders if needed, snips, roller cutters for quilting mostly. Why is it important to know the basic sewing skills? The best reason for learning to sew is the sense of accomplishment that comes from creating something handmade. … Sewing gives you power over a limited decorating budget. It opens creativity when you sew a simple garment. Over time, sewing can save you money by providing a means for making gifts. Is sewing a life skill? Sewing is a life skill that can save you time and money. In addition to those practical savings, sewing can be a tool for teaching important life skills such as perseverance, patience, concentration, and creativity. … From threading a needle to really getting a straight seam, patience is the key.
Thursday, March 4, 2021 Home Crypto How Ethereum works? How Ethereum works? In one of his speeches, Steve Wozniak compared the Ethereum blockchain with Apple in terms of importance. It sounds impressive, of course. Still, while everyone knows about the “bitten apple”, the general public is barely familiar with the Ethereum cryptocurrency and its network. How Ethereum works Let’s take a look at this platform and find out why it is so important. Also, we will try to explain how can its token displace Bitcoin? Well, first things first. What is Ethereum? Ethereum is an open-source software platform based on blockchain technology. It allows developers to create decentralized applications, called dApps. However, the word Ethereum is also used to refer to the Ether coin (ETH), a cryptocurrency based on Ethereum technology. When people talk about buying, trading, or paying with Ethereum, they mean the Ethereum cryptocurrency. Ethereum history Ethereum’s story begins with Vitalik Buterin. In 2011, one talented 17-year-old programmer – Vitalik Buterin – was interested in Bitcoin. He realized the shortcomings of Bitcoin and created Ethereum as a technology, superior to the blockchain. The early history of Ethereum: 2013: Buterin released a white paper describing the basics of Ethereum. 2014: Buterin and co-founders raised more than $18 million for the project through ICO crowdfunding. 2015: Frontier, the first public release of Ethereum, was launched. What is the Ethereum blockchain able for? Nothing supernatural. But anyone can use it as a giant decentralized virtual machine. In other words, it is not necessary to create your own network to get all the advantages of the blockchain for solutions to your issues. Use the Ethereum system instead. Smart contracts allow managing its resources. This is code written in the original programming language Solidity. The developer sets up a script based on the “if-then” principle. Nodes perform this program automatically, recording the results of each operation in the network. What is the value of Ethereum cryptocurrency? On February 28, 2017, the creation of a non-profit organization Enterprise Ethereum Alliance was announced. Now it is studying the possibilities of using the Ethereum blockchain for corporate needs. Pay attention to the members of this alliance. It includes Intel, Microsoft, J.P. Morgan, and several other large technology companies and financial institutions. Why is this important in terms of Ethereum? The answer is that the crypto community is not the only institution interested in Ethereum. A huge army of network users is also interested in the existence, practical application, and success of the Ethereum platform. This includes giant companies with enormous capital. Ethereum blockchain The technology the Ethereum programmers are working on already allows the creation of decentralized applications. Products built on the Ethereum blockchain are not subject to censorship, software glitches, and all other vulnerabilities inherent in centralized applications. For example, neither one nor even several nodes can affect the network performance. All data is stored on tens of thousands of computers around the world. Thus, to disable the Ethereum blockchain, you need to turn off the Internet almost all over the world. The exchange of ethereum to bitcoin is fairly fast. It is possible in almost any country in the world. This means that the coin has very high liquidity. What is the ETH token meant for? To use the services of Vitalik Buterin’s brainchild, you should pay a commission. It is counted in units called “gas”. Payment within the system is carried out only with the internal ETH coin. Given that Ethereum’s user base is growing every year, and the number of coins is limited, this leads the rate upward moving. So, every user of the Ethereum blockchain should have the required amount of Ethereum cryptocurrency. As the number and complexity of applications running on the network grow, so does the demand. The high interest in the project from large corporations and the expansion of the practical application of Ethereum makes it more and more popular and valuable. Most Popular
The glutes consist of the three muscles, glute maximus, glute medius, and glute minimus and serve a great deal of importance for maintaining balance from lifestyle factors to performance. They contribute to help stabilising the hip joint, performing flexion, external and internal rotation and adduction at the hip as well help to produce a lot of power during performance of activity (1). Sitting for long periods is highly common in modern lifestyles and even though we know we should make an effort to stand more, sometimes there's no way around it. As a result of frequent sitting paired with lack of activity, muscle groups will start to weaken and become insufficient. The potential for your body to be negatively affected is quite vast but some of the main relatable issues are (2): • Weak abdominals. • Rounded shoulders. • Tight back muscles. • Weak and tight hip flexors. • Weak glutes The pelvis needs to be able to rotate and tilt but being in an anterior tilt permanently isn't ideal for the body. Tight and weak hip flexors in combination with weak glutes can lead to a permanent position of anterior pelvic tilt and overcompensation of other muscles (3). Injury Prevention & Pain • Overcompensation of back muscles leading to injuries • IT band syndrome. • Patella pain. • Increased knee valgus. • Hamstring compensation leading to injuries. The above points are some examples of potential injuries that could occur. The glutes play a major role in hip extension but the lack of glute involvement causes the back muscles to work harder than they should (4). The glutes play a role in hip abduction and stabilising the hip and as a result, IT band syndrome and patella pain are common with hip mechanics being unsuitable when activities carried out (5,6). Furthermore, the glute maximus contributes to deceleration which is an important factor during the performance of running, but weak inactive glutes will force the hamstrings to take on too much of the role causing compensations to occur (7). The glutes are taken for granted by many when performance is accounted for. The glutes contribute to a lot of power development during explosive exercises such as sprinting or squatting, therefore to neglect the glutes from a performance standpoint will be detrimental in achieving the desired outcomes (8,9). To help the development of the glute muscles there are a variety of exercises to pick from such as: 1. Clams. 2. Barbell Hip thrust. 3. Walking Lunges. 4. Barbell Squats.
Court Packing does NOT mean ‘filling an empty seat’ on the court There is some confusion about what Court Packing means. Despite what some in politics and the media would have you believe, Court Packing does NOT mean simply filling vacant seats based on party preference. The idea of Court Packing is that the party in power increases the number of seats on the Supreme Court for the express purpose of being able to fill those seats based on party objectives. Adding Amy Coney Barrett to the Supreme Court is merely filling an empty seat; it is the duty and responsibility of the President to nominate and the responsibility of the Senate to confirm or reject. This is mandated by our Constitution. If the Senate confirms Barrett, the Supreme Court will have 6 conservative judges and 3 liberal judges. The degree to which they are conservative or liberal varies. Click here for a graphic from Axios showing the political leanings of the SCOTUS justices before Ginsberg’s death – you’ll see for example, that based on voting record, John Roberts is very moderate. Court Packing is increasing the number of seats on the Supreme Court. This would require Congress to enact legislation to change the number, and would need to be signed into law by the President. This can only happen if both Congress and the President are like minded. If Biden were to win the Presidency, Packing the Court could easily happen. If the number of justices were raised from 9 to 13, then Biden would be responsible for nominating the 4 additional judges, likely all liberal, creating a 6-conservative, 7-liberal split on the court. As a game-changing move, Biden has refused to disclose what he would do if elected with regard to Court Packing. He has also refused to share who his Supreme Court nominees would be (for any empty seat). For voters to make an informed decision about their vote in the general election, we have always, rightfully, expected candidates to explain what their future decisions would be. Biden is woefully negligent in informing voters about his plans for the future of our nation. Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
Generation QE: How Central Banks Create Money From Thin Air This year the public has seen a lot of the expansive monetary policy taking place with 37 central banks participating in monetary easing. Unfortunately, most people don’t understand the methods central banks like the Federal Reserve use to increase the money supply and never take the time to understand the process. The following is an in-depth look at how the Federal Reserve or any central bank “prints money” by adding credit to banks’ deposits, lowering the fed funds rate target, and using large-scale open market operations to purchase securities and Treasuries. Also read: China Ranks 35 Crypto Projects as President Xi Pushes Blockchain Continuing the Circle of Debt: Managing the Fed Funds Rate to Spur More Lending This year, the Fed, the European Central Bank (ECB), the Bank of Japan (BoJ), People’s Bank of China (PBoC) and many other central monetary institutions are all heavily involved in large-scale monetary easing policy. Whenever these easing practices happen, people like to say that the Fed has “fired up the printing presses” and many people assume the central bank prints money in a literal sense. The Fed, however, doesn’t have a printing press that mints fresh hundred dollar bills on a whim as that process is done by the Treasury Department. The fact is the majority of global citizens don’t use physical cash for expenditure and fiat currency is mostly accounted for using an electronic ledger system. Generation QE: How Central Banks Create Money From Thin Air According to Zerohedge: “In August 2019 year-on-year growth of the broad true U.S. money supply (TMS-2) fell to a fresh 12-year low of 1.87%.” The central bank does and can increase the money supply, but it is done in an electronic way by using a system of credit with smaller financial institutions. When inflation makes purchasing power weaker, more funds are needed and the available supply of money (liquidity) drops lower. The Fed is in charge of managing the nation’s liquidity when the network of smaller banks below it claim that reserves are running low. These complaints make the Fed initiate expansive monetary policy in order to spur borrowing, investing, and overall growth. Generation QE: How Central Banks Create Money From Thin Air The U.S. Treasury’s general account at the Fed has grown significantly in a one-month period. Understanding that these newly created funds never trickle down to the average citizens and they simply enrich the banking industry helps one to grasp how manipulated the monetary system is today. One of the first tactics the Federal Reserve uses to help stimulate the economy is managing the Fed Funds Rate. When the Fed wants to create more liquidity, the central bank will lower the amount of funds banks are required to hold in reserve each night. This interest rate is what banks are allowed to charge to other financial institutions in order to pass the Fed’s overnight rate. It’s a bit telling because when smaller banks beg for the Fed rate to be lowered, they are simply stating their fractional supply is not enough to remain solvent. Generation QE: How Central Banks Create Money From Thin Air Illiquid banks running low on reserves beg the Fed for more bailouts regularly. If a bank is short on liquidity it can borrow Fed approved funding from another bank and the Fed Funds Rate is basically the interest rate used. However, a central bank’s interest rate also guides lending throughout the country because it is used as a benchmark for loans, mortgages, and credit card debt. Average citizens don’t see many benefits when the rate is slashed unless they are a borrower. When the Fed lowers the target for the Fed Funds Rate, it essentially adds credit to banks’ deposits which makes them want to lend more. When consumers can’t repay debts, the circle continues and credit is still given to the banks in order to spur consumerism and to allocate even more debt. Generation QE: How Central Banks Create Money From Thin Air After the Fed bailouts during the economic crisis of 2008, Americans protested in the streets. No one really protests against QE anymore as the easing practices have become normalized. Expansionary Monetary Policy or Creating Credit From Thin Air Another method used by the Fed to help control the economy is by leveraging expansionary monetary policy known as quantitative easing (QE). When the Fed uses open market operations to purchase large-scale assets from banks, people call this act “printing money,” because it is creating funds from thin air but electronically using credit. Ordinary people do not see the fresh funds and are again greeted with predatory lending practices instead. When the Fed is involved with overnight repos and open market operations, it purchases Treasury notes and other securities from a select group of member banks. The Fed creates credit from literally nothing and exchanges the credit for the Treasuries and other assets. This, in turn, gives the smaller institutions more funds to lend and typically these banks lower their lending rates. The fresh capital is hoarded by the banks in reserves while they sell credit cards with interest, autos, homes, and school loans to anyone willing to bite. Since the inception of the Fed in 1913, research that cites the Fed’s so-called ‘trickle-down economics’ of bailing out the banks indicates the process has never improved the economic standing of the lower and middle classes. Generation QE: How Central Banks Create Money From Thin Air Austrian economist Murray Rothbard explained in his book “The Case Against the Fed” how central banks create money out of thin air and manipulate the global economy. Moreover, when the central banks buy assets like Treasuries and securities at large-scale from illiquid member banks, it places false confidence in a failing financial institution and many other struggling banks below it. In the book “The Case Against the Fed,” written by the economist Murray Rothbard, the novel explains how non-existent reserve leeching grows. “Suppose a central bank buys an asset from a bank — For example, the central bank buys a building, owned by the Jonesville Bank for $1,000,000,” Rothbard writes. “The building, appraised at $1,000,000, is transferred from the asset column of the Jonesville Bank to the asset column of the Central Bank. How does the Central Bank pay for the building? Simple: by writing out a check on itself for $1,000,000. Where did it get the money to write out the check?” The Austrian economist adds: It created the money out of thin air, i.e., by creating a fake warehouse receipt for $1,000,000 in cash which it does not possess. The Jonesville Bank deposits the check at the Central Bank, and the Jonesville Bank’s deposit account at the Central Bank goes up by $1,000,000. The Jonesville Bank’s total reserves have increased by $1,000,000, upon which it and other banks will be able, in a short period of time, to multiply their own warehouse receipts to non-existent reserves manyfold, and thereby to increase the money supply of the country manyfold. Generation QE: How Central Banks Create Money From Thin Air Counter Economics and Eradicating the Central Banks’ Counterfeiting Game Rothbard notes in his well-known essay that if the government falls prey to the temptation of printing, a great deal of new money inflation is invoked and society doesn’t trust the purchasing power of legal tender. Everyday citizens can’t do much of anything to stop the manipulated monetary system but they can participate in counter economics to avoid central planning. Average Joes can use digital currencies, precious metals, and other means of barter and trade in order to escape the fiat-Ponzi. Generation QE: How Central Banks Create Money From Thin Air Libertarians believe in the future the free market economy will be triumphant and the world’s manipulated economy will fold once the masses realize they are being defrauded. Individuals and organizations removing themselves from the failing monetary order created by bureaucrats and bankers will deal with the fallout in an easier fashion. Because 37 central banks have decided to manipulate the global economy, citizens who are not aware of the fraud must deal with destructive booms and busts, and rising inflation that derived directly from the banks themselves. The only realistic way to stop the world’s economic problems and that is by eradicating the central banks’ plans altogether. “There is only one way to eliminate chronic inflation, as well as the booms and busts brought by that system of inflationary credit: and that is to eliminate the counterfeiting that constitutes and creates that inflation,” Rothbard concedes at the end of his book. “And the only way to do that is to abolish legalized counterfeiting: that is, to abolish the Federal Reserve system.” What do you think about how the Fed and other central banks create money out of thin air? Let us know what you think about this subject in the comments section below. Image credits: Shutterstock, Wiki Commons, Fair Use, Zerohedge, and Pixabay. Tags in this story Show comments
Planet Earth Weekly Climate Change and Renewable Energy: Saving Our Planet for Future Generations The Holocene (Holocene-Anthropocene?): Earth’s Environment Since Deglaciation 1 Comment Anthropocene and human impact “With the advent of agriculture, human alteration of the environment began to take place quite rapidly.” By Dr. John J. Hidore July 30, 2018—-The Holocene is the last currently recognized geological epoch. Holocene means “entirely recent.” It is also the shortest. As between other epochs interconnected events mark the boundary between the Pleistocene and the Holocene. Climatic change was a key factor at the boundary. Toward the end of the long retreat of the ice, the climate alternated between warm and cold. The ice sheets began to melt rapidly about 14,000 years ago. During the initial phase of melting in North America the water created two rivers now known as the Missouri and Ohio. These two rivers formed at the front of the ice sheet. These rivers joined into what is now the Mississippi River. The volume of water in the Mississippi must have been tremendous based on the width of the Mississippi River Valley. So much fresh water flowed into the Gulf of Mexico that it altered both the salinity and temperature of the Gulf. As the sea ice melted in the Atlantic, the southern limit retreated northward allowing warmer water from tropical regions to flow further North. The clockwise circulation around the North Atlantic including the Gulf stream developed. The weather patterns around the North Atlantic Ocean came into existence that were much like those of today. Lessons from the fossil record: Discarded consumer good. anthropocene layer in the rock strata. Younger Dryas Event By 11,500 years ago, only scattered areas of ice sheets remained in western North America. The main ice sheet was in eastern Canada. Real warming of the northern hemisphere could not take place until most of the ice had melted. However, at about this time a fairly rapid reversal of the melting took place. The edges of the ice sheet moved towards the equator once again and some small ice sheets reappeared. This cold period became known as the Younger Dryas event, (named for a small flower found in cold climates). The warming was not a global event. It took place mainly around the North Atlantic Ocean. Evidence of glacial ice at this time is found largely on Greenland, maritime Canada, and northern Europe. The human impact on our earth. Climatic Optimum Seven thousand years ago conditions had warmed again such that only remnants of the ice sheet remained. The warming peaked about 5500 years ago. Basically, only the Greenland ice sheet and the ice on the Antarctic continent remained. Although it varied in intensity and timing from place to place, the warming was a global event. Mean atmospheric temperatures were warmer than today and the term climatic optimum or thermal maximum was coined to describe this period. In Europe temperatures averaged two to three degrees Celsius (5 ½º F) above the present. There the tree line was some 100 meters (330 ft) above that of today. In Africa there was a rapid drying and expansion of the Sahara Desert. Evidence indicates a major migration out of settlements in the region as food supplies dwindled. Remnants of these settlements are scattered over much of the region. The human impact on Earth. Anthropocene (?) The Anthropocene is the name given to a recently proposed epoch that coincides with the impact of the human species on our planet. Boundaries between epochs have been placed where there was a significant change in the environment. There is justification for the creation of the new epoch. With the advent of agriculture, human alteration of the environment began to take place quite rapidly. A major problem is that there is no agreement as to where the boundary should be placed. Some argue that it should be placed at the beginning of the Holocene some 14,000 years ago. Others advocate placing it at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution around 1780. There seems to be agreement that the Anthropocene, if it becomes a recognized epoch, should coincide with some stage in the technological development of the human species. The recognition of the Anthropocene as an epoch is yet to be determined. Author: Planet Earth Weekly My goal, as a responsible adult, is to leave a planet that people, plants, and animals can continue to occupy comfortably. I am an educator by profession. While educating myself on Climate Change and Renewable Resources, I hope to share my knowledge and images with those that share my concern. Dr. John J. Hidore is a retired professor from the University of North Carolina at Greensboro and I am proud to call him my Uncle. His work has taken him to regions across the globe—including the Middle East, where he conducted research for a year in the Sudan. He has written many books, such as Climatology: An Atmospheric Science and Global Environmental Change.----Linn Smith Planet Earth Weekly recently passed 30,000 views! One thought on “The Holocene (Holocene-Anthropocene?): Earth’s Environment Since Deglaciation 1. Thanks for accepting and following my blog. I’m available to read your post at my convenient time. You have such an interesting topic I will love to read in your blog. I still remain the simple blogger….. Peace ✌and Love ❤ Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
Diaoyu – Senkaku Islands Dispute On September 2012, it was possible to watch several demonstrations of nationalist behavior in China and Taiwan to protest against Japanese control over a small and remote group of islands in the East China Sea. This archipelago is comprised by eight islands, very small and with about 7 square kilometers. They are called by the Japanese as Senkaku Islands and by the Chinese as Diaoyu Islands. The archipelago is claimed by China and Taiwan based on Ming Dynasty’s historical documents from 1556. The Japanese annexed the archipelago in 1895 during the Sino-Japanese War on the grounds that they were uninhabited. The three main islands of the archipelago belonged to private investors and were recently bought by the Japanese government to ensure that none facilities were built there, which would cause problems with the Chinese government. Nevertheless it was precisely this measure that sparked a wave of protests in China, where the situation was explosive due to protests by thousands of people who attacked and vandalized Japanese commercial facilities in dozens of mainland cities and threw stones at the Japanese embassy in Beijing. The major Japanese automakers operating in the country had to suspend production at their factories to prevent depredations. The demonstrations were so intense that even a fleet of Taiwanese fishing boats and patrol boats were in the archipelago area challenging the presence of Japanese warships that patrol the area. The Chinese also sent hundreds of fishing boats to nearby islands in protest against the Japanese presence and likely to test the Nippon behavior under this pressure. According to the Japanese government the Chinese and Taiwanese has claimed the territories possession only in the 1970s after evidence published in 1969 by the United Nations Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East (ECAFE), indicating that in the vicinity of the islands would be potential reserves of oil and gas. The People’s Republic of China is the world’s most populous country and the second largest energy consumer after the United States. The rising oil demand and imports have made China a very important final destination in world oil markets. China is the world’s second-largest petroleum consumer and also surpassed Japan as the world’s second-largest economy in 2010. Japan is the world’s fourth largest energy consumer and was the second largest energy importer after the United States. Therefore there are powerful interests to keep those islands under control leaving little possibilities for a quick solution. Looking at the subject of a territorial point of view the islands are very small and have no value for the purpose of human occupation. Only energy sources can justify a reaction of this magnitude by the Chinese. After all, both China and Japan depend on external sources of energy to keep their economies working without any interruption. The possibility of exploitation of these reserves would be very important to reduce external dependence to the both countries. To complicate matters further, the anti-Japanese feeling is still strong in many Asian countries, especially in China and Korea, and in several countries in Southeast Asia caused by memories of the Japanese invasion before and during World War II. China faced the Japanese occupation from 1931 to 1945; in these years the atrocities of Japanese imperial army were so intense that still today there are difficulties to conduct a good political relationship between the two countries. As an example, according to the International Military Tribunal for the Far East (IMTFE), created shortly after the conflict on April 29, 1946, at least 200,000 people were killed by the Japanese army in the first six weeks of Nanjing occupation in December 1937, former Chinese capital. Even today, during anti-Nipponese demonstrations last September, the Chinese remembered the Mukden incident in September 1931 when supposed Chinese troops had blown up a major section of a railroad controlled by Japan in Manchuria, paving the way for a military Japanese reaction that conquered the whole province. This region was very coveted in view of its mineral wealth. The area of the islands dispute is near of the important international maritime trade routes where hundreds of vessels transit daily. A military confrontation in this area could be a huge risky for navigation and could increase economic problems around the world. To further complicate the situation the United States signed with Japan in 1960 the Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security. Hence a Chinese attack to take the islands could create a serious diplomatic incident because the U.S should come in Japan’s defense. There is no news that the parties are interested in negotiating a joint and economic exploitation of the region and so to finish a dispute that has lasted over 30 years, which prevents both sides to get benefits from the advantages of mutual cooperation. At last the two countries have a history of rivalries, wars and disagreements, these memories just increase the hostility and awake the extreme nationalism which brings more problems than solutions. Let us see what is going to happen next. Raimundo Oliveira Social and Political Scientist About Oliveira I'm a Social Scientist interested to study and provide analysis of global relevant issues. I'm bachelor in Social Sciences at Federal Fluminense University, and also earned Logistics degree from Paulista University and postgraduate in Business Management at INPG / Castelo Branco University, Brazil. For professional contact send an email to [email protected] This entry was posted in East Asia and tagged , , , . Bookmark the permalink. Leave a Reply WordPress.com Logo Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
The ‘matter’ in ‘as a matter of fact’ Living is the way or method chosen by an individual We all know that facts are the truths which remain as they are irrespective of the time and space. Because the truth can be altered with time or place depending on the perspective of an individual. The content which makes the truth a fact is ‘matter of fact’. The same which we use regularly in our conversations that is – ” as a matter of fact “, so on… Today one of the important parameters is making a communication with people without having any issues with it. Some people face issues in public speaking because of various reasons like anxiety, fear etc.. I can say clearly that if we understand the difference between the truth and fact and the matter-of-fact (taking it as one word) , these may be overcome easily and fear of public speaking can be overcome. Because, while people speak about something certain factors that affect the person speaking are anxiety because of the stress he/she is facing and fear that, whether the matter he is conveying to his people, is how much true. The later can be easied by probably, by altering the percentage of the truth in the matter, he is talking about. By making the communication content more precisely true decreases the fear about the matter because as the communication becomes more and more correct probably, there are fewer chances of pointing it wrong. We all ought to have a peace and well ending, conversation with our partner or who we are tallking to among which matter of fact is the one of the vital parameter to be considered to. The phrase is first used in year 1712. Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
6.1 C Friday, March 5, 2021 Home History What really happened on ILINDEN 1903 What really happened on ILINDEN 1903 Translate (Eng):[gtranslate] The desperate an unbearable situation in which Innocent Macedonian men women and children were tortured, murdered ,raped and starved by the ottomans in Macedonia 1903 led the people of Macedonia to organise themselves and call for revolution against the tyranny .Here how it happened. The Internal Macedonian Revolutionary organisation held a Congress in Solun- Thessaloniki (02-15th of January 1903),on which congress it was decided o to launch an armed uprising. None of the Organization’s founders or prominent activists attended the congress. Many of them were either not invited or unwilling to attend. But neither the commanders nor the illegal activists were called to the congress, and their participation in the congress was likely to be welcomed by Ivan Garvanov and Atanas Lozanchev. In addition, there was a disproportionate number of delegates by district, namely the Bitola, the Odrin and the Seres had one delegate while the Thessaloniki had 4 and the Strumica district 2. This later raised the question of the legitimacy and regularity of Congress. The commencement and conduct of the Uprising were left to the district committees. The Congress of the Bitola Revolutionary District, held in Smilevo (from 19-24th April and from 02 to 07Th of May 1903), decided to launch a general liberation uprising; The district committee Elected the main rebel headquarters of the Bitola Revolutionary District (consisting of Damian Gruev, Boris Sarafov and Anastas Lozanchev), and assigned the rebel districts and districts headquarters. Voivoda Damian Gruev – Headmaster of the Bitola Revolutionary District The Rebel Districts in Macedonia The revolutionaries- Prilep district After the uprising began, the Organization’s Foreign Office in Sofia handed over to the governments of the European great powers a Declaration announcing the unbearable exploitation and ferocity of the Ottoman state of Krushevo before the Ilinden Uprising in 1903 of the Uprising (July 20, 1903), which did not respect the fundamental rights recognized by the Macedonian people with the Berlin Treaty (1878). They called for effective intervention to force the Turkish government, solely responsible for the military conflict, to fulfill its commitments to Macedonia as well to give Macedonians an autonomy. The rebel forces undertook offensive actions in all the rebel regions (02. August 1903). The rebels from the Krushevo insurgent district liberated Krusevo with a concentrated attack. In the Kostur Region the larger settlements of the city of Neveska were liberated; In the revolutionary region of Lerin, Ohrid, Prespa and Kichevo, where fierce fighting was fought, a Macedonian revolutionary government was established. In the liberated Krushevo the head of the Gora Insurgent Staff resumed the creation of the “Krushevo Republic”, with the Council and the “Provisional Government” democratically elected by the people. Immediately afterwards, other authorities were elected. Band of Committees and freedom fighters. Digitaly remastered by Macedonia in Colour https://www.facebook.com/mkincolor/ The temporary government had departments: interior, finance, nutrition, construction and sanitation. The special services were performed by special services: providing and manufacturing rifles for defence, repairing weapons and producing military materials, including the famous Creshovo Topche a gun made of Cherry Tree . On the defense field The interim government has mobilized a male population capable of fighting and has taken measures to protect Muslim families of runaway civil servants and their property, provided by the Revolutionary Staff. In an attempt to neutralize the Muslim population there was a call, known as the “Krushevo Manifesto”, In the Manifesto it was reported that the Macedonian people had launched an armed struggle against the tyrannical regime of the authorities and the thugs, and not against the poor Muslim population; that the insurgents are not robbers, but Pitu Guli’s volunteers, they are not to be feared, to remain peaceful, and that in autonomous Macedonia everyone will have equal rights and freedoms. In the other revolutionary districts (Solun (Thessaloniki), Seres and Skopje) the uprising was guerrilla warlike. All armed detachments were attacked, which carried out attacks on military targets: garrisons, guards and other targets, as well as on strategic objects: roads, railways, telephone and telegrams. Pitu Guli and the Battle Of Metchkin Kamen (painting) The main revolutionary headquarters made a misconception, awaiting intervention by the European Great Powers, failing to seize the opportunity to liberate Bitola and create a new reality in Macedonia. The Uprising Staff (12th August 1903) handed over a Memorandum to the diplomatic representatives protesting the barbaric actions of the regular army units; against the burning and destruction of villages and the massacre of non-non-Macedonian Macedonians. In this address to the governments of the European great powers, the Chief Insurgent Headquarters emerged from the position of a legitimate representative of the warring party and sought to be granted such status and, as expected, and after their expected intervention, from that position to lead indirect or direct negotiations with the Government of Turkey. Unfortunately the European great powers had other interests in the Ottoman state and in the region, opposed to the armed uprising in Macedonia and the preservation of the status quo. The band of voivoda Velichko Veljanov and Krsto Kumanovski preparing for attack The Turkish government was given full freedom to use all the forces and means necessary to suppress the Uprising. The Neighboring Balkan countries were equally interested in liquidating the Uprising and destroying the Macedonian Revolutionary Organization, fearing the intervention of the Macedonian autonomy forces. In such conditions, in complete isolation and in a hostile environment in the neighborhood, the Macedonian rebel forces persisted until the end of 1903, opposing the huge, modern armed regular army and irregular military formations that applied the tactics of total destruction to the Macedonians. villages, material base and combat reserve. After months of fierce fighting, in order to spare the people from further massacre, the Uprising Staff (12th December 1903) issued a directive to stop the Uprising. Source : Macedonia in Colour https://www.facebook.com/mkincolor/ - Реклами -
News Service Discourages Use of the Word “Riot” to Describe … “Riots” Protesters set fires at the 3rd Precinct of the Minneapolis Police Department, Thursday, May 28, 2020, in Minneapolis. Violent protests over the death of George Floyd, the black man who died in police custody, broke out in Minneapolis for a third straight night. (AP Photo/John Minchillo) The Associated Press (AP) this week decided to make an amendment to their “AP Stylebook,” which discourages the use of the word “riot” to describe violent protests. In a corresponding move, AP expanded the definition of a “protest” to include violent demonstrations. The “AP Stylebook” sets guidelines followed by many mainstream media outlets and publications. “Use care in deciding which term best applies: A riot is a wild or violent disturbance of the peace involving a group of people. The term riot suggests uncontrolled chaos and pandemonium,” says the stylebook, In place of the word “riot,” AP suggests the use of the word “unrest” when referring to property destruction caused by rioting. According to AP “Unrest is a vaguer, milder and less emotional term for a condition of angry discontent and protest verging on revolt.” This recommendation comes after months of looting and rioting across the country in the wake of the George Floyd death. Riots across the country have also injured a number of law enforcement officials, and includes the month’s-long riots that have been unfolding in Portland, Ore. Turning to the dictionary, Merriam-Webster defines riot as “violent public disorder, specifically a tumultuous disturbance of the public peace by three of more persons assembled together and acting with a common intent.” AP often comes under fire for being politically correct and favoring a left-leaning style of writing. This “suggestion” could potentially cause unrest for their critics Join the conversation!
Select Quality Service to Meet Your Deadline! We'll save your time and efforts for much more important points in your to-do list Recycling Matters: Facts You Should Know If recycling is just a trend for you, check the following facts to see its true significance. Recycling helps our ecology in various ways. For example, our nature is not able to get rid of such materials as plastic or cellophane. When companies start destroying them, a huge amount of poisonous substances gets into atmosphere, those substances kill plants and are dangerous for health. Why not to recycle and create new things instead of polluting the environment and harming the living creatures? Save money Recycling helps to save money. Many materials we use in our everyday lives become scarce and quite expensive. Why to buy them and spend lots of money if recycling can help to get them much cheaper? Also, today we use a lot of resources that are not renewable. As the amount of them left in the nature decreases, their price grows rapidly. As a result, it influences not only the market of those materials, but global economy in general. Recycling gives an opportunity not to let the amount of the resources reduce and the price of used resources grow. There are lots of better ways to spend your money! Recycling helps to get energy. Nowadays, when the energy sources become scarce and cost so much, why not to get the energy from trash? This is a new constantly renewable source of energy. You also reduce the quantity of rubbish dumps in your area and many other places! Waste sorting The simplest way each person can help by is sorting their waste. Why should we do that? By sorting you help recycling companies do their job, as it is quite hard to divide a huge pile of trash into different materials, plus some of them get ruined by others (for instance, paper gets ruined by food waste and becomes not recyclable anymore). These ideas are not new. Even Victor Hugo said in one of his novels: “All the human and animal manure which the world wastes. If they were returned to the land, instead of being thrown into the sea, this would suffice to nourish the world.” The fact that recycling is a trend of our days shows the level of self-conscience of our society. Of course, not everyone have in-depth understanding of the problem, but even if they recycle because their favorite movie star does so, they still help our environment. There is a real life story about a student from Poland. There is a funny tradition (you may also say a superstition) in some European countries: when there is no more wine left in the bottle you should make a wish, “blow” it into the bottle, close it with a cork and throw it behind your left shoulder. It is thought that this way your wish will come true. It was a twenty-first birthday party of one of the girls, and after “blowing” her wish into the glass bottle she took all her friends, they went outside, found a container for glass and she made sure that when she throws the bottle it gets exactly in the needed container. This story shows that the level of self-conscience of young people all over the world gives hope for our future. Rated 4.6 \| 395 votes. Calculate price for your order Total price: Get Your A+ Paper Tailored Now! It's swift and simple! Just select the option you need and tell us what you want us to do for you. Chat Now!
What is Animal Communication? Have you ever looked at your pet and known exactly what they were thinking? Maybe your dog gave you a look that communicated very clearly their enjoyment or displeasure with something you were doing? Or your cat let out a meow that perfectly described how you imagined they were feeling? As fellow beings in relationship with each other, we are constantly communicating with our human and animal companions non verbally and telepathically. Recall a time when you thought about someone and then they called or texted. This is a perfect example of how this happens. All of us send out energy through our thoughts, words and intentions. This energy comes across like a radio signal and we either notice it and respond, or we don't and the information passes over us. Animal communicators are people who have been trained to tune into an animal's "radio signal", so to speak, and translate the animal's thoughts, feelings and intentions into human words. There is nothing magical or mystical about it. It is simply the discipline of slowing down, noticing and connecting to the natural world. © 2023 by The Animal Clinic. Proudly created with Wix.com • Facebook Social Icon • Twitter Social Icon
Famous Artworks Leonardo da Vinci The Mona Lisa Is Mona Lisa real or Leonardo da Vinci? Top Answer User Avatar Wiki User Answered 2010-05-18 11:00:54 Answer 2: Who is interested in I think + uncorroborated ideas? She was Lisa Gherardini, the wife of a Florentine merchant. He commissioned the portrait. User Avatar Your Answer Still Have Questions? Related Questions Was da vinci mona lias husband? No, The Mona Lisa was a real person just Leonardo and her were not in a relationship What was the real image of Mona Lisa before Leonardo da Vinci painted her? She was a Florentine lady. Leonardo painted her portrait. What was peculiar about the mona Lisa's eyes? The very famous artist Leonardo Vinci painted the greatest artist , has painted the Mona Lisa. The real thing that stands out in that painting is that Mona Lisa does not have eyebrows at all. Is mona Lisa a real person? yes, i think Mona Lisa is real because her maiden name wasLisa Gherardiniand her married name wasLisa Del Giocondo i say she was very unknown until Leonardo da vinci started to paint her Mystery identity of monalisa painting? mona Lisa mysteryWell mona Lisa was painted by Leonardo da vinci they said that mona Lisa was not really a painting becasuse they did not found any marks of paintbrush and until now no one knows if it is real or what.based from the scientist mona Lisa painting was just printed but it is not true it is a real and perfect painting of Leonardo da vinci.again this is from:rangelica anne Marie S. Villcac Is the Mona Lisa a real woman? mona lisa is a picture that leonardo da vinci drew she was not a real person in life leanardo just made her up. Why is the Mona Lisa smiling? The Mona Lisa was a friend to Da Vinci and the real name of the girl was Lisa Gherardini . When was mona Lisa alive? She was alive in 1503 when Da Vinci drew the portriat of her, but her real name wasn't Mona Lisa. Her name was Lisa del Giocondo, Mona Lisa is just the name of the painting. What was 'Mona Lisa's' real name? Lisa di Antonio Maria Gherardini 'The Mona Lisa' is a painting by Leonardo da Vinci. No one is certain who sat for the portrait, it may be a combination of people, not an actual person. Additional answer: The fact is that Leonardo painted a portrait of Monna Lisa Gherardini in Florence. What is sometimes being discussed whether this is that very portrait. How does the Mona Lisa fit into renaissance? The Mona Lisa was an unknown lady some people think it was Leonardo da Vinci as a girl. But it fit into the renaissance because it was in a strict 3D view of her. You saw a women not a women all over the place. It was a "realistic painting." A relistic painting is something that is of real character. The woman was because she was drawn real. What is the real name of the Mona Lisa painting? The real name of the Mona Lisa painting is La Giaconda. Was mona Lisa real? Yes, the Mona Lisa was a real person. her maiden name was Lisa Gherardini and her married name was Lisa del Giocondo. What do you do with questions that contain false info on WikiAnswers? You should edit the question to contain correct information. This applies to questions such as e.g. "Why did Picasso paint Mona Lisa?", in which you would replace Picasso with the real artist, Leonardo Da Vinci. How many times was the Mona Lisa touched up? Not as often as the real Mona Lisa. Was the Mona Lisa ever in America? Mona Lisa was an imaginary picture . It was not a part of our real life Why is the Mona Lisa a priceless painting? because there is only one of the real Mona Lisa in the world Is there a museum for Leonardo da Vinci in Italy? there is a wall of its own in France,Muse'e Du Louvre Paris, Of the mon Lisa =) The real thing. But I don't think there is anything about Leonardo Da Vinci himself. I could Be compleatly Wrong But..... IDK :( What is Leonardo da Vinci real name? His real name is Leonardo di Ser Piero Did Leonardo invent the 'Mona Lisa'? No, it is widely believed that the woman in the painting was the wife of a banker or merchant in Florence, Italy. Her real name is thought to have been Lisa Gherardini. Mona means Mrs. in Italian, thus the name of the painting. Why was the 'Mona Lisa' picture so unusual? The way Leonardo made her real was far better than anyone had done before. What is the life story of the real Mona Lisa? No one really knows for sure. She was the wife of a wealthy Florentine banker who commissioned Leonardo to paint her portrait. Was Mona Lisa a real Pearson? There is a debate among art experts about the painting. Some believe that it is a self portrait of Da Vinci . While others think it was a real person. He had it with him when he died in France. Is the mona Lisa real? yes it is real. there is no such thing as a stupid question. Still have questions? Trending Questions Previously Viewed Unanswered Questions Is E635 halal? Asked By Wiki User Why we require Microsoft paint? Asked By Wiki User
Helene Schjerfbeck Finland 1862-1946 If you have never heard of Helene Schjerfbeck, you are not alone. She was virtually buried in art history and recently resurfaced with a large retrospective at the Royal Academy of Art in London, over one hundred years after she first exhibited there. I first came across her work at an exhibition of Scandinavian Art in Vancouver, BC a decade ago. It was so apparent to me how little acknowledgment the artists from that region have been given in the history of Western Art. Since then, the discovery of the work of Swedish artist, Hilma Af Klimt turned the art world upside down and shed light on Scandinavian art. Her large scale abstract paintings predated all of the known early European abstract artists. Helene Schjerfbeck was born in 1862 in Helsinki. At the age of four, she fell down the front steps of the family’s house and broke her hip. It was while she was convalescing that her father gave her pencils and she started to draw. She later said: “When you give a child a pencil, you give her an entire world.” Her talent was spotted by a teacher when she was 11 and she won a scholarship to join the drawing school of Helsinki’s Finnish Art Society. In 1915, the Ateneum commissioned a self-portrait for an exhibition. She was pleased to be the only female artist invited to participate in being a supporter of the women’s suffrage movement in Finland. (which was the first European country to give women the vote.) Finland had been part of Sweden until it was annexed in 1809 by Russia and did not become independent until 1917. The country was recruiting talent to establish a national identity through art. She was granted a further scholarship to study Plein-air realism and History painting. In 1879, she produced the painting of a wounded soldier in the snow that would launch her career. She went on to study at the Académie Colarossi in Paris, where she exhibited. She was well-traveled and was an active part of the artists’ colonies at Pont-Aven where Gauguin lived among many English artists at St Ives in Cornwall... Scholars have put her self-portraits in the company of Holbein, Goya, Rembrandt, Francis Bacon, and Lucian Freud. Her self-portraits are her most extraordinary achievement and she painted these throughout her life. While keeping her independence from any modern art movements, she was conceptually ahead of her time and very much part of the European mainstream early in her life. She returned to Finland to care for her mother and led a quiet life in a small seaside town outside Helsinki, where she continued her art quietly the rest of her life. I recommend this article written to accompany her RCA exhibition in London, for an in-depth look at this interesting artist. Lesson; Some of the students chose to create still life pastel drawings inspired by HS, and the others did portrait studies. Week One: Cave Paintings © 2023 by The Artifact. Proudly created with Wix.com
Sudden Death in FA Flashcards Preview PMVPH > Sudden Death in FA > Flashcards Flashcards in Sudden Death in FA Deck (16) Loading flashcards... What is the first action needed if animals are found dead without cause? move animals off pasture - look around environment, perimeter, ditches What should be looked for when investigating sudden death? - poisonous plants - any changes, ditching, cutting of trees - piles of hedge/plant cuttings - burnt out cars and car batteries - Pb - feed stores Give 6 causes of sudden death 1. infectious (septacaemia/anaemia/toxaemia eg. clostridia) 2. toxicity (plant or chemical) 3. metabolic disease 4. nutritional 5. other eg. climate or trauma 6. ditching -> exposure of tubers What are the main casues of infectious septicaemia or toxaemia? What may predispose to this? - usually bacterial - environmental or commensal - predisposed by management factors > good nutrition eg. clostridial diseases > high stocking density eg. slamonellosis > flooding eg. leptospirosis - check vax protocols Outline a common clostidial vacination protocol Ewe: senstiser + booster 4-6weeks later Young lamb: maternal AB -> 12 weeks until weaning Weaned lambs: decided whether or not to vaccinate depending on length of time to slaughter - need 2 doses 4-6 weeks apart for full protection What are potential infectious causes of anaemia? How can diagnosis be made? - parasites (acute fascioliasis, haemonchosis) > history - parasite control - pale MMs - PME more useful than FEC or bloods Give examples of toxic plants Water Hemlock Dropwort (Dead mands fingers) - only tubers are toxic Which minerals can be toxic if overdosed? > selenium - very rapid death [check blood levels] > copper [Cu levels/PME] What is a common metabolic disturbance resulting in sudden death of cows? - cold wet pasture, no meg supplement, potassium applied to pasture antagonises Mg uptake - majority of metabolic disturbances would be noticed if inspected regularly (bloat, peracute mastitis, twin lamb disease) What nutritional imblaances may cause sudden death? - Thiamine B12 deficinecy - Change in GIT function (acidosis, bloat, gut torsion) - Deficiency of essential nutrients (intrisic due to change in microflora eg. CCN [mainly cattle, sometimes sheep] or extrinsic eg. water deprivation -> salt poisoning and brain oedema) What climatic effects may cause sudden death? Lightning (rare) Hypothermia (common, esp young sheared sheep) What must all cows found dead be tested for? - do not cut open or move until anthrax smear performed on ear What clinical disease does anthrax cause? - overwhelming septicamia - enlarged spleen Are goat vax protocol the same as sheep? How should treatment for staggers be given? Sub cut NOT IV! - Mg How may CCN be diagnosed on PME? Brain may fluroesce under UV light
Cape Ann Vernal Pond Team Biologist Nathan Mineo Did You Know...? Eastern Red-spotted Newt Can Navigate Written by Nathan Mineo Reprinted from the 2011 Cape Ann Vernal Pond Team Newsletter Photograph by Cheryl Briscoe Did you know that eastern red-spotted newts never have to stop and ask for directions? This is because they can’t get lost. You’re probably thinking to yourself, “Why, do they have some sort of built in compass or something?” Yes and better! Not only can newts detect magnetic north, they can, in a sense, “see” the magnetic field of the Earth. That gives newts the ability to orient themselves (as if with a compass) and the ability to determine their geographic position (as if on a map). Scientists have done some pretty fun experiments with newts, trying to mess around with their ability to orientate and home. Most of the experiments involve subjecting the newts to various light conditions (short waves, long waves, no light, full light). One experiment even filtered certain wavelengths of light by gluing blue caps on the heads of some newts! The point of all these experiments was to figure out what mechanism enables the newts to navigate. The conclusions, as you might expect, are rather complicated and still aren’t fully understood. As it turns out, light plays a large role in the newt's detection of the magnetic field. In fact, the newt’s compass is, in part, light-dependent. Newts have extraocular photoreceptors (regions of the brain that receive certain wavelengths of light), which mediate their magnetic compass response. It’s proposed that newts use this complex light-dependent compass combined with a non-light-dependent compass to detect the Earth’s magnetic field and from that form a map with coordinates similar to latitude and longitude, thereby enabling them to know where they are, even if they have been moved, and find their way home. So, simply put, newts NEVER need to ask for directions. Photograph by Lynne Holton Multiple sources. Home \| Activities Join \| Donate Pond Blog \| Contact Cape Ann Vernal Pond Team * 366 Main Street #2 * Gloucester, MA 01930 Powered by Wild Apricot Membership Software
KPC Super Bug in Guanabara Bay On December 16, 2014 it was announced that there is a Super Bacteria Enzyme KPC (Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase) in Guanabara Bay waters, near the 2016 Olympic Sailing regatta marina. Rio's renowned Oswaldo Cruz Institute did the testing and discovered its presence. KPC is drug resistant requiring hospitalization to treat, the symptoms include "urinary, gastrointestinal and pulmonary infections," according to the BBC. What is KPC and what makes it so special? A PBS FRONTLINE story on "Hunting the Nightmare Bacteria" featured KPC. A New York patient was brought to the National Institutes of Health (NIH) hospital in Bethesda, MD, it was the first time they had seen KPC. Using all precautions to prevent its spread, it spread around the hospital anyway in ways not understood. The NIH couldn't figure out how it spread. After four weeks, the New York patient was released from the hospital after being treated with antibiotics not normally used. With this patient in the Intensive Care Unit, with patients in other rooms with diseases such as cancer or AIDs and with their immune systems weakened, acquired KPC. Six of those with suppressed immunity died from KPC. KPC is already in the United States, it is not a bacteria that requires reporting. KPC has been found in hospitals in 44 States who volunteered the information. Some people are carriers of KPC. They show no symptoms, but do spread the disease unknowingly. So 300+ athletes sailing out of the Gloria Marina in Guanabara Bay over the next two weeks could contract this disease. Reports say that it would be hard to acquire, but remains a possibility. It probably won't kill any athletes (it is hard to imagine an athlete with a suppressed immune system battling a major disease). But those athletes can take KPC back to their home countries and possibly kill innocent victims. To learn more, watch FRONTLINE from 21:25 - 31:35 and 45:04 - 46:06: Filed under: Uncategorized Leave a comment
21 Things Your Body Can Tell You About Your Health Our body always sends messages that signal its current condition, so if we learn to listen to them, we will be able to treat health issues on time and ensure our wellbeing. Elson M. Haas, MD, a San Rafael, Calif., physician with a natural-medicine approach and author of Staying Healthy with Nutrition (Celestial Arts, 2006) says that the body gives physical signs and symptoms as a way to alert to deeper imbalances. However, before you take a pill and hope that they will disappear, it is better to take the time to decipher the body’s codes, as we actually want to get to the causes of problems, not just suppress the end result of ill health. Vivian Goldschmidt, MA, explains that at such times, the body is actually talking to you, since it responds to everything you encounter, day in and day out. For instance, when we suffer from a headache, we immediately turn to some sort of over-the-counter pain killer in order not to have to stop our daily activities, and we do not even consider the cause of the headache. However, a headache is not normal, and it is actually the time when the body is telling us that something isn’t right. A headache can mean our muscles are tense, we are dehydrated, or we lack sleep, and the pain-killer approach never takes care of the problem that caused the headache to begin with. She advises to take a moment to focus on your body, and you may be surprised by what you discover. Spare a minute to listen to your body’s needs and it will reveal a lot about the way you react to the environment, diet, and other factors. Here are 21 things our body is trying to tell about our health: 1. Abnormal sweat smell- If it smells like acetone, you might experience issues with the blood sugar, and ammonia odor might indicate kidney or liver issues 2. Pungent urine or stools- Smelly stools might indicate a lactose intolerance, while the chemical smell of the urine can indicate a urinary tract infection, usually due to the E. coli bacteria 3. Dry skin- Chronic dry skin can be a symptom of diabetes, nutrient deficiencies, and hypothyroidism 4. Puffy eyes- This is a symptom of excess stress or a lack of sleep, as well as hormonal changes and salt intake 5. BMI- the chance of developing dementia in people in their 40s, whose abdomen is on the large side, is up to 3.6 times more likely than their smaller waisted peers 6. Swollen feet- This is usual in pregnant women and people who spend many hours on their feet, but if these are not the causes, this might indicate fluid retention 7. Pale tongue- This could a symptom of an iron deficiency 8. Longer ring fingers in women- Women whose ring fingers are longer than the index fingers have an increased risk of developing osteoarthritis in the knees 9. Abnormal hair growth- The growth of hair on areas where it typically does not in women is a sign of issues like polycystic ovarian syndrome, due to the increased production of male hormones 10. Cracked, dry lips- they are a sign of dehydration or an allergic reaction caused by lip cosmetics, medications, dental hygiene products, metals, and foods 11. Dark velvety skin patches- This can signal a medication reaction or pre-diabetes 12. Smaller calves in women- This might be a sign of a higher risk of stroke, due to the development of carotid plaques 13. Loss of eyebrow hair- This is a sign of a thyroid disease 14. Stinky feet- You might suffer from Athlete’s foot if your feet smell even though you keep proper hygiene and constantly keep your shoes and socks clean 15. Blood type: People with type O blood, either negative or positive, have a lower risk of pancreatic cancer 16. Stunted or uneven teeth- This might be a result of the habit of grinding the teeth while sleeping, usually associated with increased stress. 17. Height- Short people tend to live longer, which is believed to be due to the fact that one of the genes responsible for short stature is also partly responsible for longevity 18. Premature facial wrinkles- If you notice wrinkles while in early menopause, you might experience issues with the bone mineral density 19. Breast size-Women whose breasts are a D cup or larger when they were age 20 have an elevated risk of type 2 diabetes, which is believed to be due to the hormonally sensitive fat in the breasts 20. Shorter arms- Women with shorter arms, 60inches or less, are up to 1.5 times more prone to Alzheimer’s disease 21. Nail issues- Side-to-side lines on the nails indicate stress, white spots or streaks, and ridged nails might be a sign of kidney disease, and small cysts around the cuticles might signal arthritis You should never ignore the signals your body sends since they directly reflect your state of health. If you experience problematic changes, always schedule an appointment with your doctor.
Man with glasses on an escalator looking at his smartphone. What is IoT Architecture? The Internet of Things (IoT) is a complex ecosystem of interacting elements, including sensors, gateways, servers, and platforms for accessing information. IoT’s growth is often hindered by its fragmentation—it’s a difficult task to get so many disparate components of hardware and software to communicate with one another and work together as a whole. Launching a successful deployment starts with understanding how IoT is designed to work. To do that, we’ll take a closer look at the framework or architecture that an IoT system is based on. To jump to what you need, click the links below. Why IoT Architecture is Important for the Future How Does IoT Architecture Work? Real-life Examples of IoT Architecture Why IoT Architecture is Important for the Future Imagine a future rife with IoT devices, from self-driving cars to self-watering crops. If the promise of IoT functionality is to be realized, millions of connected devices will need to link and function simultaneously, linked to secure networks and data management systems. Here are three ways building strong IoT architecture today is essential for tomorrow’s success. Everyone has faced interoperability issues at some point—for example, when your Apple product won’t connect with your PC because they use different operating systems. In the world of IoT, this problem is multiplied. Thousands of companies have created their own devices with distinctive software, data formats, and APIs, making it hard for companies to piece together IoT solutions that function well. Thankfully, many IoT companies are getting wise to the need for interoperability and offering solutions that are hardware agnostic or have open APIs to make designers’ jobs easier. Ultimately, we have to create devices, gateways, and platforms that link up and play well together. Standards and Governance Even as companies scramble to adopt IoT sensors and systems, the lack of standards and governance practices has led to chaos and insecure data. Enterprises and governments are taking notice and stepping up to create standards for IoT security and data governance solutions. That’s good news—because establishing clear-cut standards for IoT now will provide a solid foundation for future innovation. The wide range of devices and operating systems combined with a lack of oversight has created a perfect storm of IoT security vulnerabilities. Up to now, there haven’t been any government-imposed standards on IoT, and few third-party organizations that could provide standards comprehensive enough to impact security. (GSMA has laid out a set of IoT security guidelines and assessments for device designers, but they only really cover cellular devices since GSMA represents mobile operators and technologies.) Taking the time now to learn best practices for IoT security throughout the stack will help you move forward with confidence. How Does IoT Architecture Work? Now let’s take a closer look at how the elements of IoT architecture work together in a cohesive whole. 3 Layers of IoT Architecture IoT architecture can be explained as three distinct stages or layers that together form a comprehensive framework. There’s the device layer, comprised of many sensors deployed in various use cases from smart farming to IoT manufacturing applications. Data from the edge devices flows through a gateway for aggregation and cleansing before moving on to the platform layer. Here’s a detailed look at each stage of IoT architecture. Device Layer Data-gathering devices are the centerpiece of IoT. All IoT devices, from a connected automotive system to a tiny LPWA sensor in a parking garage, are part of this layer, which generates the data that analysts need to derive value. Sensors can also be embedded in or attached to machinery or vehicles that weren’t designed with IoT in mind—for example, many manufacturing companies are adding IoT sensors to their PLC systems and factory floor robots. Actuators are another important part of the device layer. They’re tightly linked with IoT sensors and allow task automation based on the data the sensors gather. For example, soil moisture sensors in a cornfield might show a need for irrigation. Actuators respond to that data by opening the irrigation valves and watering the crops. When the moisture sensors indicate that enough water has reached the crops, the actuator closes the valves. The entire process happens automatically, without the need for human oversight. With the addition of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning technologies at the edge, actuators are becoming able to carry out tasks that are more and more complex. Gateway Layer At the gateway layer, data from disparate IoT devices is gathered before it’s sent onward to a platform. An IoT gateway can be either hardware or a software program and acts as a doorway for data headed in either direction. One of the main benefits of an IoT gateway is the ability to preprocess at the edge. Mass IoT deployments may involve hundreds or thousands of devices, generating a collective mountain of data. The gateway can sort and process that incoming data, take initial cleansing action to reduce redundancy and errors, and only send out necessary (or “clean”) data to the server. This preprocessing reduces costs associated with cellular connectivity and can give operators a better real-time picture of the data. Gateways also add data security with features like encryption and tamper detection, helping to safeguard information that’s being sent on to the cloud. Platform Layer The platform layer provides a window for IoT leaders to view and analyze the data their devices are gathering. Broadly, an IoT platform is a software as a service (SaaS) product that can oversee a fleet of connected things. It performs multiple tasks—hence the word “platform”—and features vary from product to product. In the world of cellular, “IoT platform” refers to a connection-centric device management platform, needed for activating a line of service, changing a plan, managing billing, monitoring a service, or deactivating a device. Some IoT platforms are hybrids, offering a combination of features, and most are cloud-based and flexible, with points of access that include mobile apps and web portals. Hardware Components of IoT Architecture Now let’s take a closer look at the hardware components involved in each layer of IoT architecture. Sensors and Actuators IoT end devices can take many forms, from simple to complex. On the lower end of that are small battery-powered sensors that take a minimalist approach to data storage, processing, and communication. Often, these sensors connect using low power wide area network (LPWAN) technology. They don’t constantly check in with the network; instead, they collect and send packets of data at regular intervals. They’re used in situations where some latency—or delay in receiving data—isn’t a problem. Some examples include a water level sensor on a tank or a smart electricity meter. More complex IoT sensors might include tablets used in healthcare IoT, POS systems, smart glasses, smart video systems, AI robots, and other endpoints that need to process data in much greater quantities. These types of sensors require more bandwidth and typically use different cellular standards such as 3G and 4G, rather than LPWAN. Gateways and Data Acquisition Systems Two types of hardware fall under the heading of data acquisition systems: direct-to-IP systems and gateway-based systems. Direct-to-IP systems do exactly what their title implies—connect the sensor node to an IP network directly. Gateways, on the other hand, use wireless connectivity as their link to sensors. For most use cases, gateway-based systems are the more practical hardware choice. As we’ve already talked about, IoT gateways act as doorways for data traveling from edge devices to the IoT platform, typically in the cloud. They cleanse and filter the data, weeding out redundancies and other errors. Then, they convert it into a common protocol, encrypt it, and transmit it to the IoT platform. Modern gateways are also starting to enable another layer of computing at the edge. As IoT deployments become larger and more data is routed through edge gateways, there’s a growing interest in edge computing. Empowering analytics close to the source of data can speed up decision-making and save on data transmission costs—and keeping data on-premise adds a welcome layer of security. Data Centers and Cloud Infrastructure While some companies still maintain on-premise data centers, many have shifted toward cloud-based solutions, in part because there’s just so much digital data to store and process today. According to one recent survey, 96 percent of organizations have adopted cloud computing in one way or another. IoT deployments only add to that weight of data, making cloud storage even more appealing. But what is it, and how does it work? Cloud infrastructure is remote hardware and software that’s made available to users over the internet. When launching an IoT sensor deployment, you’d typically choose a cloud provider—who might also be your IoT platform provider, if you choose an end-to-end service—to receive and store your data. In a cloud management scenario, sensor data is encrypted and sent by secure connection to the remote cloud server. From there, authorized users can access it via an online web or mobile interface, and/or the data might be routed to a third-party platform or set of analytics tools. Real-life Examples of IoT Architecture Let’s take a look at a few use cases to see how their components fit into the big picture of IoT architecture. Fleet Management IoT fleet management allows companies to track vehicle location, optimize routes, and keep track of maintenance and fuel consumption. At the device level, fleet management relies on sensors placed or embedded in vehicles to deliver the data. Typically, each vehicle has an in-vehicle computer that acts as a gateway, gathering and sending the data to the cloud via wireless cellular connection. At the platform layer, managers can access data from across the vehicle fleet through a web- or mobile app-based portal, send issue updates to drivers, and revise itineraries in real time. Retail POS Systems IoT has many potential applications in retail, but point of sale (POS) systems are currently one of the most common. The POS device, often a tablet equipped with a card reader, acts as both device and gateway, delivering data directly to the cloud platform. (Larger companies might use an IoT gateway to connect POS terminals to the company’s IT infrastructure.) Managers can then access the data through a cloud-based platform and use it to manage inventory, loyalty programs, purchase orders, and e-commerce efforts all in one place. Wearable Health Monitors Healthcare is another wide-open field for IoT development. Connected health monitors promise to allow more and better telehealthcare and help patients manage chronic illnesses at home. At the sensor layer, a wearable health monitor might look like a wristband that monitors heart rate or a patch on the skin that monitors blood sugar levels. The sensor gathers health metrics and delivers that data (often wirelessly using Wi-Fi or Bluetooth connection) to a dock, which acts as the gateway layer. The dock aggregates and sends the data on to a platform, where the patient and their healthcare providers can access and analyze it. As IoT adoption continues to grow, leaders need to learn and apply the infrastructure patterns that can help it succeed. Ill-formed IoT deployments can collect lots of data without the ability to do anything useful with it. By starting with an understanding of the building blocks and taking a thoughtful approach, businesses can find ways to harvest their sensor data and make good use of it in real-time—and that is leveraging the power of IoT. Get online in under a week Start conquering the entire globe with a simple SIM swap. 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Skip to main content Hybrid human–chicken embryos illuminate key developmental milestone A new technique reveals the earliest stages of human development without the need for human embryos. Search for this author in: Coloured scanning electron micrograph of human embryonic stem cells Human embryonic stem cells were coaxed into embryo-like structures to study the earliest stages of development. Credit: Prof. Miodrag Stojkovic/SPL Before a cluster of cells can develop into an embryo, it must first decide which end is up. But that process had never been observed in humans — until now. For the first time, researchers have watched human ‘organizer’ cells direct the formation of an embryo’s top, bottom, front and back. They did so by developing a technique that sidesteps restrictions on research with human embryos by grafting human cells onto chicken embryos. The method, published on 23 May in Nature1, could supplant the use of human embryos in some laboratory experiments. Organizer cells were discovered in 1924, during a series of experiments in Germany on salamanders2. A pair of developmental biologists transplanted cells from the back of one salamander embryo onto the front of another, where the cells grew into a second, conjoined salamander. This suggested that certain cells on an embryo’s back could organize their neighbours into the complex array of structures that make up an animal. Since then, researchers have identified organizer cells in the embryos of many other species. But scientists had never observed such cells guiding early human development. Ethical guidelines and laws in many countries — including the United States — prohibit scientists from experimenting with human embryos more than 14 days old, which is about the time when organizer cells would be likely to appear. “No one knew what happens after the ball of cells attaches itself to the uterus,” says Ali Brivanlou, a developmental biologist at the Rockefeller University in New York City and lead author of the latest study. In 2016, Brivanlou’s group was the first to grow human embryos in a dish to the 14-day mark3. But the researchers halted the work before the point at which embryos begin a complex reorganization that leads to the growth of limbs and organs. They did not see organizer cells in the human embryos before the experiment ended. In the latest study, the team bypassed the 14-day rule by growing embryo-like structures from human embryonic stem cells. By culturing the cells on small squares just 22 millimetres across, the scientists forced the cells to organize into structures instead of spreading horizontally. They also treated the cells with a series of growth factors that stimulated them to form the various cell layers seen in early embryos. Tests revealed that the embryo-like structures included a cluster of cells that expressed genes seen in other species’ organizer cells. Brivanlou and his colleagues then transplanted their embryo-like clusters of human cells onto 12-hour-old chicken embryos (which are the rough equivalent of a 14-day-old human embryo). The researchers found that as the modified embryos grew, the human organizer cells directed the chicken cells to differentiate and form a second chicken nervous system. That result mimics the findings of the 1924 salamander experiment, Brivanlou says, although his hybrid embryos did not live long enough to hatch. Charting growth Martin Pera, a stem-cell researcher at the Jackson Laboratory in Bar Harbor, Maine, is impressed with the study. “There’s quite a lot there that this system will lead to,” he says — including a better understanding of defects in the early development of human embryos that can lead to miscarriages, and the ability to compare the embryo-like structures with human stem-cell cultures to better define stem cells’ abilities. The technique might also avoid the ethical issues associated with studying human embryos in the lab. “It’s a real advance — it’s beautiful this can be shown without the need of using embryos,” says Martin Blum, a developmental biologist at the University of Hohenheim in Stuttgart, Germany. “At the moment I could not think of a case where an early human embryo would be needed to answer basic questions.” Brivanlou disagrees. “There is no substitute for studying the real embryo,” he says. “Everything else we do when we try to model kind of oversimplifies it.” The next step, he says, is to determine how exactly the human organizer cells influence their neighbours. This could inform efforts to manipulate human stem cells into specific tissues or structures, as part of therapies to regenerate organs and tissues. “Human embryonic stem cells and eggs have all the information,” Brivanlou says. “Everything else is pushing the first domino.” 1. 1. Martyn, I. et al. Nature (2018). 2. 2. Spemann, H. & Mangold, H. Arch. Mikrosk. Anat. Entwicklungsmech. 100 (3-4), 599–638 (1924). 3. 3. Deglincerti, A. et al. Nature 533, 251–254 (2016). Download references Nature Briefing An essential round-up of science news, opinion and analysis, delivered to your inbox every weekday. Nature Briefing Quick links
animal identification methods We have included these bits of information in our quiz. Tags are fixed generally to the ear with a special tagging forceps. Tattooing ink is liberally applied over the part. The proper identification of animals is essential. Branding is the most common identification method used in animal husbandry. 14 terms. This article throws light upon the the five methods to identify animals. In addition to a health certificate, each animal also needs identification. This article is part of the supporting notes for the Home Office training module on the care, health and management of laboratory animals. Steel points, each of which carries a small amount of coloured paste into the subcutaneous tissues and cartilage of ear, outline the various letters and figures. Animal identification is a crucial element in almost every experiment. Compared with techniques for marking wild animals in the field, the marking of zoo animals is relatively unstudied. method is to apply. Eurofins offers a comprehensive spectrum of methods for the identification of animal species. A sunny day should be chosen for branding animals. Holiday gift guide Read More. Generally, the serial number of the animal is branded on the milking side, i.e., on left thigh. * Requires anesthesia or sedation to perform this method of identification. Identification collars Companion animals The collar is placed around the neck and in most cases has small metal tag with animal information. Without some type of identification, it is difficult if not impossible to maintain performance records that … The need for genotyping leads to the requirement to identify very young mice, thus creating specific problems. Sets of branding irons are available in the market. Before publishing your articles on this site, please read the following pages: 1. Animal Identification & Tracing . Same branding irons can be used for hot and chemical branding, though, for the latter, branding irons with a shallow groove on the contact surface of letter or figure is better (Figures 10 and 11). Background The Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) must approve […] Collecting Tissue for Genotyping and Identifying Purpose Bred Mice and Rats Purpose The purpose of this document is to provide guidelines to researchers regarding acceptable methods for marking animals to identify individuals (e.g., ear punching) and tissue collection for the purpose of rodent genotyping. Ear Tagging 4. Species identification in food has increasingly acquired importance due to public health, economic and legal concerns. The sheep can be turned up and held in a sitting position for tagging. On sheep farms, it is often necessary to mark some animals temporarily, such as rams at breeding time and ewes and lambs at lambing time. These tests must be done before the animal leaves and the results recorded on the health certificate. The numbered side of the tag should be on the back (top of ear (Figure 14). A mixture of lubricating oil with yellow ochre, Venetian red or lampblack is often used for this purpose. identify animals as a temporary method—the adhesive paper bands are placed around the animal’s neck with the name of the animal and the and owner on them. The identification of an animal is the only link to very important data, like the genotype for instance. For branding chemically, ready-made branding inks are available in the market. Disclaimer 9. Calves should be branded by the time they are about on year old. The animal kingdom is vast and varied. Ever wonder what are the most common animal species found in major zoos of the world? Traditional methods have relied on the identification of morphological traits, but this does not lead to accurate identification of those species used in many types of processed food. All Animal Care, Health and Management Articles. This should be far enough from edge so that the tag, when in place, will neither be tight on the ear or swinging free yet leaving sufficient space for growth of the ear. Report a Violation, Management of Animals from Birth to Pregnancy \| Livestock, Systems of Feeding Poultry- Explained ! These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Animals, Livestock Management, Identification, Identification of Animals. • Bands are also used as permanent identification The ability, or lack thereof, to efficiently and accurately identify these animals can potentially make or … The part to be tattooed should be thoroughly scrubbed with soap and water, wiped dry and swabbed with surgical spirit to remove grease. AIMS™ animal tattoo identification was developed for safety and efficacy by private and university researchers with the assistance of the US National Institutes of Health.Tattoo identification is a humane and cost effective method for the permanent identification of research animals. Methods of Identification in Dogs. Start studying Basic animal management. These comprise figures 1 to 9 and 0, and letters A to Z. It consists of piercing outlines of desired number or letters on the skin inside ears and then incorporating a black vegetable pigment into these punctures. Content Guidelines 2. Ear punching, commonly used for identification of rodents, involves using a special punch to either produce a small (0.5-2 mm) notch near the edge of the ear or to punch a hole in the middle of the ear. The identification of an animal may be the only link to essential data, such as sex, genotype, study parameters, and results. The type of identification that is required is different for different species. There are a number of methods used to apply unique animal identification numbers. The most modern method that is becoming increasingly common is subcutaneous microchip implantation. For branding, animals should be well controlled, preferable by casting and trying their legs. Not only after the big horse meat scandal in 2013 national and private laboratories need detection methods to identify animal species. Irons can be heated in a portable forge kept burning by coal or wood. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. This article throws light upon the the five methods to identify animals. But for now, let's focus on the other kinds of creatures roaming the earth. The methods are: 1. Some more ink is rubbed into the tattooed punctures with the bulb of the thumb. Labstamp® Animal Identification Method Animal identification is a critical component of most research projects or studies, as it facilitates the proper tracking and management of data for each study animal. If your dog disappears, outfitting him now with one or more of these identification methods could … Proper identification enables the producer to keep comprehensive records for milk production, reproduction, health problems, and management practices. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. The basic objectives for EU rules on the identification of animals are: The localisation and tracing of animals for veterinary purposes, which is of crucial importance for the control of infectious diseases. \| Livestock. Ear Tagging 4. Privacy Policy 8. 8. Method # 1. Identification method Animals the method can be used on How Use Implications of the welfare of the animals Ringing/ banding Wild domesticated, birds Small, individually numbered/marked metal or plastic tags are put on to the leg or wing of the bird. A hole is first punched in the upper edge of the ear close to the head. Some marking harness can also be put on the ram. Be careful not to duplicate numbers over a minimum of a ten-year period. Animal identification (Animal ID) – methods and a new research project. Permanent method of identification. The figures should be big enough to be read at some distance and should be separated by at least 2.5 cm from each other to prevent sloughing of skin. We'll assume you're ok with this, but you can opt-out if you wish. A pocketknife can also be used in an emergency but is somewhat unhandy and messy. There may be small amount of oozing of blood from the skin in some cases. Methods of Identification in Dogs. With the self-piercing tags, the same procedure is followed except for prior punching of hole. One end of the tag is then placed through the hole and clinched or locked in position with the pincers. The colour of the paste should be changed every sixteen days (the approximate length of oestrous cycle of sheep) so that one can determine whether the ewes are conceiving or not. Which of the following is the primary reason the National Animal Identification Systems was developed? Any cookies that may not be particularly necessary for the website to function and is used specifically to collect user personal data via analytics, ads, other embedded contents are termed as non-necessary cookies. An animal identification system traces the whereabouts and movement of certain animals. One person can also hold small pigs and calves similarly. Branding: It involves searing a number, letters, designs or a combination of these put on the skin with a … Image Guidelines 5. This method involves gentle press of a heated number or symbol on the body of the animal. Other Methods of Marking. ear notching. Zoo expert Jack Hanna would know! Methods for permanently identifying mice include ear punching, ear tagging, tattooing, and subcutaneously implanting a numerically coded microchip. Chip might move under the skin. These pastes contain insoluble carbon (black) or green pigments that are inert to tissues. For this reason, tattooing is most suited for marking newborn calves, sheep, goats and pigs. TOS 7. It involves searing a number, letters, designs or a combination of these put on the skin with a hot iron or with chemicals. June 2016 Comments are off . Modern tag punches have a gauge to regulate the distance of the hole from the edge of the ear. There are two types of tags- self-piercing type, and non-piercing type. Animals can also be identified by keeping a record of their natural marks – spots, patches, body colours, chestnuts, etc., acquired marks – scars of wounds etc., or photographs. The rest of this article is restricted to members only. Methods of identification of animals. Choosing a reliable method of identifying individual animals is often an essential part of study design, and can also be important in maintaining breeding colonies of animals. Tattooing 3. Different techniques can provide either short-term or prolonged identification of individuals, and vary greatly in approach. Branding is most suited for marking cattle, buffaloes, horses and camels. Where applicable, the traceability of meat for animal and public health reasons and the management and supervision of livestock premiums Basics. Different techniques can provide either short-term or prolonged identification of individuals, and vary greatly in approach. As the ram serves the ewe a mark will be left on her rump. The AIMS™ ATS-3L Large Lab Animal Tattoo System is a compact tattoo kit specifically developed for the tattoo identification of large laboratory animals (hamsters, guinea pigs, ferrets, rabbits, NHP, Swine, [anything larger than a mouse/rat]).Features AIMS™ ultra light weight tattoo machine for quick, easy skin tattooing for both the tattooist and animal. ... Shelters only hold “stray” animals for a short time – sometimes only for a few days. Which of the following identification methods is primarily used in the swine industry? Content Filtrations 6. Conventional systems of animal identification have evolved over time, and currently tattooing and ear-tagging are the most widely recognized. In western countries different systems of ear notching are in vogue (Figure 15) for different breeds of swine. • They work well for a short time but are easily removed by some animals. This website uses cookies to improve your experience. The marking fluid should last for a few months and can easily be washed off wool during processing. Taking proactive identification steps has proved successful in locating missing pets. Plagiarism Prevention 4. To identify individual birds, to … ... Livestock animal identification. Caprine refers to what species? Tags or labels are made of light metal or strong plastic with the numbers stamped on them. When tattooing is properly done, the figures are clear and somewhat permanent, though often marks fade out in course of time. These cookies do not store any personal information. Both methods are equally effective if carried out properly though chemical branding is less permanent and bad if carried out by an inexperienced man. The need to identify individual animals emerged with domestication, when it became necessary to identify ownership of animals in a flock or herd. It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website. Administered at the federal level by the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, a branch of the United States Department of Agriculture, NAIS will also be overseen by state animal … Beef cattle producers need some method to identify the animals in their herd. Ear Notching 5. Without identification, they are inevitably euthanized unless adopted out. ¤ Specific tag dimensions and/or numbering/lettering requirements are provided by the USDA. The methods are: 1. Ear notching is mostly used to marl comprises cutting V-shaped notches at specified places along the borders of ears by means of a pair of sharp scissors or pincers. Some antiseptic should be applied to the wound to encourage healing and prevent infection. Several systems of identification may be used. Biometric methods of animal identification Authors: This paper is a compilation of groupwork provided by the following participants on a course in Laboratory Animal Science at the Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, February 2011: Cecilie E. Bugge, John Burkhardt, Kari S. Dugstad, Tone Berge Enger, Monika Kasprzycka, Jade_Shaughnessy. Tagging is mostly used for marking sheep and goats, though pigs and young calves can also be tagged. The National Animal Identification System, (naisG) is a government-run program in the United States intended to extend government animal health surveillance by identifying and tracking specific animals. ☆ Requires approval from the USDA (Animal Care Resource Guide policy #13). The Desired number of figures, fixed to the tattooing forceps, is then firmly imprinted over the part pressing the jaws of the forceps firmly. Recent reviews of field marking methods for mammals and birds (Twigg, 1975; Marion and Shamis, 1977) cite 155 and 219 references respectively. The pigment paste is smeared on the breast of the ram and the area between his fore legs every day or two. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Overview. Now a days quality interlocking plastic tags are available, which are approved by insurance companies and banks as standard identification. It is normally done when the animals are very young or before they are weaned. Once a system has been selected, it is impor-tant to be consistent with providing each animal a unique and permanent identification number that matches with each method used. If the part to be heated is of copper it will be better as it retains heat better and hair does not stick to it as to iron. Abstract. Recognition of Pain, Suffering and Distress, Recognition and Prevention of Pain, Suffering and Distress (EU5), Anaesthetic Monitoring and Intraoperative Care (EU21-3), Anaesthetic Breathing Systems, Airway Management and Neuromuscular Blocking Agents (EU21-4), Anaesthetic Management and Preventing Problems (EU21-5), Species specific considerations – housing and reproduction – rats, Species specific considerations – housing and reproduction – mice, Diet, bedding and environmental enrichment. Tattooing 3. Identification Method Includes refinements to methods used to identify individual animals, such as tattooing, tagging, microchipping, ear notching, etc. Tattoo figures cannot be read without handling and close inspection of the animal and the marks are not easily legible when imprinted on pigmented skin (Figures 12 & 13). If hot iron branding is practiced the desired iron is heated to bright red, but not white heat, and is applied to the skin on the sides of thighs with light pressure for not more than three seconds. Built with in Northern England © 2020 FLAIRE. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. In fact, throughout the project they investigate different Deep Neural Network architectures, to find the most suitable one for multitask learning in the context of automated animal identification. To identify individual animals, helps to find the owners of lost animals and provides key information about the pet. Choosing a reliable method of identifying individual animals is often an essential part of study design, and can also be important in maintaining breeding colonies of animals. Two different methods should be used to assure permanent identification. The former variety has sharp ends and can be directly fixed to the ear with a forceps while for the latter a hole must first be made with a tag punch or pen knife. Copyright 10. Pigs can be marked for temporary purposes by “keeling” with a pigment having a greasy basis (often with red or blue paint); these marks last long enough to identify pigs going to show, sale or market, but are not permanent. Ear Notching 5. The efficient maintenance of this information requires a permanent identification system. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. Branding 2. In some cases, the success of your studies may depend on the type of animal identification method you choose. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Other Methods of Marking. Different methods of animal identification, such as branding, have been used for thousands of years, but typically as a way of proving ownership, rather than as a method of animal identification. Animal identification systems also assist with breeding record keeping. Some states require additional blood tests before letting animals into the state. Various methods for identification of animals,reasons for identification and their various aspects Log in or Learn more! Specific rapid methods are neccesary to detect unknown or undeclared animal species to avoid. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Branding horns with small hot iron brands, by neck-chain and metal/plastic tag or leather neck-strap and metal/plastic tag, can mark cattle. A little mustard oil in which zinc oxide is mixed may be smeared over the burns to encourage healing. For chemical branding, the iron should be dipped in branding ink, extra ink drained off the iron and the wet iron applied to skin. To help producers and officials in the event of disease outbreak Which of the following is NOT included as an electronic identification method? We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. If bad placing has not punctured the vein, there may be a little hemorrhage, which will not be serious and may be disregarded. These are not permanent but are useful for shorter duration, such as for market stool, or experimental animals. Prohibited Content 3. Using the equipment, the imprints are made conveniently on the inner side of the ear avoiding ear veins (Figure 13). Branding 2. Tattooing sets comprising a tattooing forceps, tattooing ink and a series of letters and figures are available in market (Figure 12). Of course, we humans belong there, too. This technique facilitates electronic recording of the animal identification numbers into a database for permanent storage, thus minimizing the hand recording of data. Panasonic S1 Vs 1dx Mark Ii, Geronimo Creek Retreat Teepee 2 Red Fox, Application Of Quantum Mechanics D Tong, Amara Beauty Singapore, Hornbeam Hedge Zone, Down Sterling Meaning, Aletsch Arena Gletschertour, How To Prospect For Real Estate Listings, Lionhead Rabbit Lifespan, Live Fish For Sale Philippines, Panasonic Lumix Dc-fz80 Fz82 Digital Camera Bundle, What Can You Do With A Landscape Architecture Degree, Yamaha Sa2200 Vs Gibson Es-335, Decorative Maple Tree, Bontebok National Park Hiking Trails, Melano Cc Cream Ingredients, Difference Between Basswood And Linden Tree, Liked it? Take a second to support Neat Pour on Patreon! Read Next Hendrick’s Rolls Out Victorian Penny Farthing (Big Wheel) Exercise Bike The gin maker’s newest offering, ‘Hendrick’s High Wheel’ is a stationary ‘penny farthing’ bicycle. (For readers who are not up-to-date on cycling history, the penny farthing was an early cycle popular in 1870’s; you might recognize them as those old school cycles with one giant wheel and one small one.) The Hendrick’s version is intended to be a throwback, low-tech response to the likes of the Peloton. By Neat Pour Staff
Why does the engine consume an abnormal amount of water? If a motor vehicle engine consumes an abnormally large amount of cooling water, there is usually a defect. If the cooling water does not visibly flow through a leak in the cooling system, the cause may be a defective cylinder head gasket. In this case, the cooling water enters areas of the engine that are not part of the cooling system and is sometimes vaporized during the combustion process. In this context, experts commonly refer to the engine as “pulling water”. The engine consumes water – is the cylinder head gasket defective? If the engine draws in water, there may be a defect in the cylinder head gasket. This gasket is fitted between the crankcase and the cylinder head of the combustion engine. Among other things, it seals the engine oil and cooling water channels. As the cylinder head gasket is exposed to constant thermal stress, it will wear over time. This can be seen, for example, by the formation of cracks in the material. If the gasket is defective, engine fluids can mix or penetrate the crankcase. In this case, the cooling water often penetrates into areas outside the cooling circuit, e.g. the oil circuit or combustion chambers. In the latter case, the cooling water evaporates during the combustion process and is expelled with the exhaust gases through the exhaust system. You can sometimes easily recognize it by the white steam escaping from the exhaust. Even when buying a second-hand car, it is often advisable to pay attention to this during a test drive. If a large amount of steam is emitted, you should turn off the engine for safety reasons and have the car towed to a garage or call a breakdown service. A defective cylinder head gasket can also cause a mixture of cooling water and engine oil. The cooling water often has a brownish discoloration or there are watery components in the engine oil. This is not the only reason why you should check the condition of the cooling water and engine oil yourself from time to time. Signs of a defective cylinder head gasket should never be taken lightly, because the engine can be severely damaged if it continues to run with a defective gasket. You must have a defective cylinder head gasket replaced in a specialist workshop. Repair is not easy and requires expertise and special tools. Check the condition of the cooling water yourself from time to time. An occasional look under the hood of your own car never hurts. This way, defects can often be detected in advance. In addition to checking cables and hoses for visible damage, such as rubbing during operation or marten bites, you should also take a look at the fluid tanks in the engine compartment. Often, the only thing you should look at is the level of the water tank for the wiper water, but you should also pay attention to the engine cooling water tank. The exact position of the coolant tank is usually listed in the vehicle owner’s manual, and it usually also states the range in which the water level should be. The coolant level is often visible from the outside through the usually clear tank. If the water level is between the minimum and maximum marks, everything is in the green zone. You should also check the color of the cooling water immediately. Cooling water is always colored by the added antifreeze, usually colors such as blue, green, yellow, red or sometimes pink. If, however, brownish or dark bands are visible on the coolant, it is likely that engine oil has penetrated the coolant, indicating an engine defect such as a broken cylinder head gasket. A specialist can reduce the defect. Other possible causes of coolant loss include the following However, a low coolant level or loss of coolant can also be caused by something other than a defective head gasket. For example, the coolant tank or associated cover may be defective, resulting in leakage or evaporation of water. Sometimes coolant also leaks unnoticed through defective or porous radiator hoses. This is not always visible at first glance, especially if the defective part of the radiator hose is covered and cannot be seen. In the event of a leak, a puddle does not always form under the car, where the loss of cooling water could easily be detected. Coolant often only leaks when the engine is running and sometimes evaporates unnoticed on hot engine parts. In any case, if coolant consumption is abnormally high, the vehicle should be checked quickly by a specialist at a garage.
Slideshows Images Quizzes Fungal Nails Reviewed on 11/6/2019 A woman holds her feet and toes. Source: Getty Images Facts you should know about fungal nails (onychomycosis, tinea unguium) Many changes in fingernails or toenails may cause people to think they have a fungal infection of the nails, medically known as onychomycosis or tinea unguium. Fungal infection of the nails sometimes makes the condition sound contagious or related to poor hygiene. In fact, up to 10% of all adults in Western countries have fungal infection of the nails. This percentage increases to 20% of adults who are age 60 or older. Toenail fungus is much more common than fingernail fungus. In reality, abnormal-looking nails may be caused by a number of conditions including, but not limited to, fungal infection. There are many other reasons why your nails may look different. Examples of conditions that are often mistaken for fungal nails include yellow nails (onycholysis), hematoma, green nails (caused by Pseudomonas bacteria), pitted nails (usually associated with psoriasis), nail infection (paronychia), and previous injury (trauma). Source: Medscape/iStock/Fitzpatrick's Color Atlas & Synopsis of Clinical Dermatology Klaus Wolff, Richard Allen Johnson, Dick Suurmond Copyright 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997, 1993 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights reserved./"Infectionofcutical" by James Heilman, MD What other conditions can be mistaken for fungal nails? Here are some other conditions you may have instead of fungal nails: 1. Lines and ridges: These are common and may be considered normal. They may worsen during pregnancy. A large groove down the center of the nail can be caused by nail biting. Some people may develop these changes following chemotherapy. 2. Senile nails: As you age, the nails become brittle and develop ridges and separation of the nail layers at the end of the nail. To avoid this, try to clean solutions and don't soak the nails in water. 3. Whitish or yellowish nails can occur due to onycholysis. This means separation of the nail from the nail bed. The color you see is air beneath the nail. The treatment is to trim the nail short, don't clean under it, polish if you want to hide the color, and wait two to three months. Persistent onycholysis can make the nails susceptible to fungal infection. 4. Red or black nails due to a hematoma, or blood under the nail, usually occur from trauma (like whacking yourself on the thumb with a hammer). The discolored area will grow out with the nail and be trimmed off as you trim your nails. If you have a black spot under your nail that was not caused by trauma, you may want to see a dermatologist or a podiatrist if it involves a toenail to make sure it is not melanoma (a type of skin cancer associated with pigmented cells). A simple biopsy can rule out malignancy (cancer). 5. Green nails can be caused by Pseudomonas bacteria, which grow under a nail that has partially separated from the nail bed. This infection may cause a foul odor of the nails. The treatment is to trim the nail short every four weeks, don't clean it, polish if you want to hide the color, and wait two to three months. It is also advised to avoid soaking the nail in any sort of water (even if inside gloves) and to thoroughly dry the nail after bathing. If the problem continues, there are prescription treatments that your doctor may try. 6. Pitted nails may be associated with psoriasis or other skin problems that affect the nail matrix, the area under the skin just behind the nail. This is the area from which the nail grows. Nails affected by psoriasis can also be tan in color. 8. Chronic nail trauma, such as repeatedly starting and stopping, kicking, and other athletic endeavors, can cause damage to the nails that can look a lot like fungal nails. This sort of repetitive trauma can also occur with certain types of employment or wearing tight-fitting shoes. Some traumas may cause permanent changes that may mimic the appearance of fungal nails. Microconidia of the fungus Trichophyton, which inhabit the soil and can lead to fungal infections of the skin, hair, or nails. Source: iStock/CDC In normal, healthy people, fungal infections of the nails are most commonly caused by fungus that is caught from moist, wet areas. Communal showers, such as those at a gym or swimming pools, are common sources. Going to nail salons that use inadequate sanitization of instruments (such as clippers, filers, and foot tubs) in addition to living with family members who have fungal nails are also risk factors. Athletes have been proven to be more susceptible to nail fungus. This is presumed to be due to the wearing of tight-fitting, sweaty shoes associated with repetitive trauma to the toenails. Having athlete's foot makes it more likely that the fungus will infect your toenails. Repetitive trauma also weakens the nail, which makes the nail more susceptible to fungal infection. Elderly people and people with certain underlying disease states are also at higher risk. Anything that impairs your immune system can make you prone to getting infected with the fungus. These include conditions such as AIDS, diabetes, cancer, psoriasis, or taking any immunosuppressive medications like steroids. Are fungal nails contagious? While the fungus must be obtained from someplace, it is not highly contagious. Nail fungus is so common that finding more than one person in a household who has it is hardly more than a coincidence. It can be transmitted from person to person but only with constant intimate contact. Nail Disorders: What Nails Say About Your Health See Slideshow Examples of distal subungual onychomycosis, proximal subungual onychomycosis, and candidal onychomycosis. Source: Medscape – Dr. Antonella Tosti What are fungal nail symptoms and signs? Although fungal nails are usually cosmetic concerns, some patients do experience pain and discomfort. These symptoms may be exacerbated by footwear, activity, and improper trimming of the nails. There are many species of fungi that can affect nails. By far the most common, however, is called Trichophyton rubrum (T. rubrum). This type of fungus has a tendency to infect the skin (known as a dermatophyte) and manifests in the following specific ways. • Starts at the ends of the nails and raises the nail up: This is called "distal subungual onychomycosis." It is the most common type of fungal infection of the nails in both adults and children. It is more common in the toes than the fingers, and the great toe is usually the first one to be affected. Risk factors include older age, swimming, athlete's foot, psoriasis, diabetes, family members with the infection, or a suppressed immune system. It usually starts as a discolored area at a corner of the big toe and slowly spreads toward the cuticle. Eventually, the toenails will become thickened and flaky. Sometimes, you can also see signs of athlete's foot in between the toes or skin peeling on the sole of the foot. It is often accompanied by onycholysis. The most common cause is T. rubrum. • Starts at the base of the nail and raises the nail up: This is called "proximal subungual onychomycosis." This is the least common type of fungal nail. It is similar to the distal type, but it starts at the cuticle (base of the nail) and slowly spreads toward the nail tip. This type almost always occurs in people with a damaged immune system. It is rare to see debris under the tip of the nail with this condition, unlike distal subungual onychomycosis. The most common cause is T. rubrum and non-dermatophyte molds. • Yeast onychomycosis: This type is caused by a yeast called Candida and not by the Trichophyton fungus named above. It is more common in fingernails and is a common cause of fungal fingernails. Patients may have associated paronychia (infection of the cuticle). Candida can cause yellow, brown, white, or thickened nails. Some people who have this infection also have yeast in their mouth or have a chronic paronychia (see above) that is also infected with yeast. • White superficial onychomycosis: In this nail condition, a doctor can often scrape off a white powdery material on the top of the nail plate. This condition is most common in tropical environments and is caused by a fungus known and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. A doctor examines a patient's toenails. Source: Getty Images What tests do health care professionals use to diagnose fungal nails? Physical exam alone has been shown to be an unreliable method of diagnosing fungal nails. There are many conditions that can make nails look damaged, so even doctors have a difficult time. In fact, studies have found that only about 50% of cases of abnormal nail appearance were caused by fungus. Therefore, laboratory testing is almost always indicated. Some insurance companies may even ask for a laboratory test confirmation of the diagnosis in order for antifungal medicine to be covered. A nail sample is obtained either by clipping the toenail or by drilling a hole in the nail. That piece of nail is sent to a lab where it can by stained, cultured, or tested by PCR (to identify the genetic material of the organisms) to identify the presence of fungus. Staining and culturing can take up to six weeks to get a result, but PCR to identify the fungal genetic material, if available, can be done in about one day. However, this test is not widely used due to its high cost. If a negative biopsy result is accompanied by high clinical suspicion, such as nails that are ragged, discolored, thickened, and crumbly, it warrants a repeat test due to the prevalence of false-negative results in these tests. Most of the medications used to treat nail fungus have side effects, so you want to make sure of what you are treating. What specialists treat nail fungus? There are several doctors who can provide nail fungus treatment. Your primary care provider, a dermatologist, or a podiatrist can treat nail fungus. Any one of these doctors can provide proper diagnosis and prescribe medications specific to fungal infection. A podiatrist or dermatologist may shave the top layer of the nail off or even remove part of the nail. Who should be treated for fungal nails? Medical treatment of onychomycosis is suggested in patients who are experiencing pain and discomfort due to the nail changes. Patients with higher risk factors for infections such as diabetes and a previous history of cellulitis (infection of the soft tissue) near the affected nails may also benefit from treatment. Poor cosmetic appearance is another reason for medical treatment. A person trims their toenails. Source: iStock How to get rid of toenail fungus? Keeping nails trimmed and filed can help to reduce the amount of fungus in the nails and is highly recommended. This also provides pain relief when thickened nails cause pressure-related pain. Creams and other topical medications have traditionally been less effective against nail fungus than oral medications. This is because nails are too hard for external applications to penetrate. It is also cumbersome to adhere to topical medication regimens. Oftentimes, these medications require daily applications for a period of time up to one year to see results. One of the major advantages of topical treatment is the minimal risk for serious side effects and drug interactions compared to oral therapy. Prescription topical medications for fungal nails include the following: Ciclopirox (Penlac) topical solution 8% is a medical nail lacquer that has been approved to treat finger or toenail fungus that does not involve the white portion of the nail (lunula) in people with normal immune systems. In one study, ciclopirox got rid of the fungus 22% of the time. The medication is applied to affected nails once daily for up to one year. The lacquer must be wiped clean with alcohol once a week. Amorolfine topical solution 5%: There is some evidence that using an antifungal nail lacquer containing amorolfine can prevent reinfection after a cure, with a success rate of about 70%. However, this drug is currently unavailable in the United States. Efinaconazole (Jublia) is a medication that was approved in 2014. It is a topical (applied to the skin) antifungal used for the local treatment of toenail fungus due to two most common fungal species affecting nails (Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes). Once-daily application is required for 48 weeks. The most common side effects of Jublia are ingrown toenails and application site dermatitis and pain. Tavaborole (Kerydin) is another new medication that is indicated for onychomycosis of the toenails. This medicine has the same indication as efinaconazole. It also requires application once daily for 48 weeks. Common side effects of Kerydin are similar to those of Jublia. Source: N/A What is the treatment for fungal nails? Oral antifungal therapy has a high cure rate, depending on the medication. It can take nine to 12 months to see if it has worked or not, because that is how long it takes for the nail to grow out. Even when therapy works, the fungus may come back. Currently, an oral antifungal therapy is considered the best treatment for toenail fungus because of higher cure rates and shorter treatment duration compared to topical therapy. Prescription oral medications that are effective against nail fungus include the following: • Griseofulvin (Fulvicin, Grifulvin, Gris-Peg): This drug has been the mainstay of oral antifungal therapy for many years. Although this drug is safe, it is not very effective against toenail fungus. Disappointing long-term results have been reported. Newer agents have largely supplanted it. • Terbinafine (Lamisil): This drug is taken daily for 12 weeks for toenails and six weeks for fingernails. The drug is safe, effective, and produces few side effects. However, it must be used with caution in patients with liver disease. This medication is also affordable. • Itraconazole (Sporanox): This is often prescribed in "pulse doses" -- one week per month for two or three months. It can interact with some commonly used drugs such as the antibiotic erythromycin or certain asthma medications. It is considered the treatment of choice for onychomycosis caused by Candida yeast and non-dermatophytic molds. • Fluconazole (Diflucan): This drug may be given once a week for several months. The dosing of this drug may need to be modified if the patient has impaired kidney function or is taking it simultaneously with certain other medications. It is not as effective as Lamisil or Sporanox and should be used cautiously in patients with liver disease. • A doctor will determine whether a simple blood test is needed to check for liver disease. There are several innovative treatments that are still being tested: • Laser therapy or photodynamic therapy uses application of light-activated agents onto the nail followed by shining light of a proper wavelength on the nail. • Use of electrical current to help absorption of topical antifungal medications into the nail: This is also called iontophoresis. • Use of a special nail lacquer that changes the micro-climate of the nail to make it inhospitable for the fungus to grow: If this works, it may be an inexpensive way to treat this problem in the future. One way to definitively get rid of toenail fungus is by surgery. Surgical treatment of onychomycosis involves nail removal. However, this often only provides temporary relief, and recurrence is common unless additional antifungal medication (oral or topical) is simultaneously used. However, surgical removal may be warranted when the affected nail is associated with other factors such as trauma and or infection. A woman takes antifungal nail medication. Source: iStock Are there home remedies for toenail fungus? The Internet is filled with anecdotal information on how to cure toenail fungus using home remedies. Vinegar is a commonly recommended home remedy. Some people apply various oils such as tea tree oil, coconut oil, essential oils, and oil of cedar leaf (such as Vicks VapoRub) to their nails as well. The effectiveness of these home remedies is highly doubtful. Application of household bleach and hydrogen peroxide is also not recommended due to lack of evidence that these treatments work. These agents can also cause unwanted skin irritation. Thickened nails that have been affected by fungus can be difficult to trim. Using topical urea cream will soften the nail and make it easier to trim. These creams do not require a prescription. Are there over-the-counter treatments for toenail fungus? The definition of over-the-counter (OTC) products means that they are available by ordinary retail purchase, not requiring a prescription or a license. Although there are few OTC medications aimed to treat fungal nails, many of these medications have not been tested and therefore are not approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of onychomycosis. Most OTC agents are aimed at treating fungal infection of the skin rather than the nail. Some medications list undecylenic acid and/or propylene glycol as main ingredients. These ingredients inhibit fungal growth; however, they may not adequately penetrate the nail to be effective in treating fungal nails. Medication on top of money. Source: iStock Are oral medications for nail fungus toxic? The newer drugs are unlikely to cause any liver problems in patients without known liver disease. Blood tests are not needed for once-weekly treatment with fluconazole (Diflucan); however, people taking longer courses often have their liver function tested before starting the medicine and then retested during the course of treatment. It is important to notify the doctor of all side effects while on the medication. You should tell your doctor of all current medications to prevent potential serious drug interactions. What about the cost of oral medications for fungal nails? A further consideration is cost. Because newer oral antifungal agents are very expensive, some insurance companies balk at paying for what they consider a "cosmetic issue," unless nail fungus causes pain or other functional symptoms. Terbinafine and fluconazole are now available as generic drugs and are quite inexpensive. A person wears sandals in in a gym locker room shower. Source: Sanna Lindberg / PhotoAlto Agency RF Collections What is the prognosis of fungal nails? Curing fungal nails can be difficult and treatment can take up to 18 months. Relapse and reinfection are common. Trying to remove or modify your risk factors, if possible, is essential to preventing reinfection. People who have medical illnesses that predispose them to fungal nails can have an even more difficult time eradicating the fungus. Is it possible to prevent the recurrence of nail fungus? Tinea pedis, also known as athlete's foot or foot fungus, can cause recurrence of fungal nails. Therefore, it is important to manage this condition. One can apply over-the-counter (OTC) antifungal medicines such as clotrimazole (Lotrimin) or terbinafine (Lamisil) cream as directed to affected skin. Keeping footwear and socks clean can be helpful. You can also use portable UV light sanitizers to disinfect shoes. Photo of a woman's healthy toenails. Source: iStock Tips for prevention of fungal nails Nail fungus causes only 50% of abnormal-appearing nails. It can be hard to tell the difference between the different causes of discolored nails (even for doctors). Onychomycosis is often not treated. Reasons to receive treatment include 1. diabetes, 2. previous leg infection (cellulitis), 3. if you have pain or discomfort from your nails, or 4. you would like them treated for cosmetic reasons. Treatment failures and recurrences are common. Prevention is the key. The following preventive measures may be helpful: 1. Keep your toenails short, and don't dig into the corners of your nails when cutting toenails. 2. Keep feet clean, and dry them thoroughly. 3. Wear dry socks and no tight shoes. 4. Alternate your exercise shoes. 5. Don't soak your hands in water or use harsh cleaners. 6. Treat athlete's foot when it occurs. Source: N/A Is it possible to prevent fungal nails? No one knows where a specific person catches the fungus, as it is everywhere. However, since the fungus does thrive in warm moist areas (like sweaty feet), there are certain areas one should avoid or use with caution. Shower floors, locker rooms, and swimming pools are suspected of being sources of the fungus, although there are no studies proving this fact. Nail polish and acrylic nails also make the nail less "breathable" and make the nail more susceptible to fungal infection. Fungi are everywhere -- in the air, the dust, and the soil. Hygienic measures such as spraying socks and footgear sound sensible, and perhaps these measures can even help a little bit. However, avoiding tight, nonbreathing shoes or steering clear of athletic facility floors may very well be the best prevention available. Daily washing of the feet and drying between the toes can help to prevent nail fungus. The fungi carried on the coats of pets, like cats and dogs, don't often cause nail fungus. Wearing white socks does not help. Health Solutions From Our Sponsors Medically reviewed by Joseph Palermo, DO; Board Certificate: Internal Medicine/Geriatric Medicine Baran, R., R.J. Hay, and J.I. Garduno. "Review of Antifungal Therapy, Part II: Treatment Rationale, Including Specific Patient Populations." J Dermatolog Treat 19.3 (2008): 168-175. Brillowska-Dabrowska, A., S.S. Nielsen, H.V. Nielsen, and M.C. Arendrup. "Optimized 5-Hour Multiplex PCR Test for the Detection of Tinea Unguium: Performance in a Routine PCR Laboratory." Med Mycol. 48.6 Sept. 2010: 828-831. Bristow, I.R., and M.C. Spruce. "Fungal Foot Infection, Cellulitis and Diabetes: A Review." Diabet Med 26 (2009): 548. de Berker, D. "Clinical Practice. Fungal Nail Disease." N Engl J Med. 360.20 May 14, 2009: 2108-2116. Derby, R., P. Rohal, C. Jackson, et al. "Novel Treatment of Onychomycosis Using Over-the-Counter Mentholated Ointment: A Clinical Case Series." J Am Board Fam Med 24 (2011): 69. Gaburri, D., J.M. Chebli, A. Zanine, A.C. Gamonal, and P.D. Gaburri. "Onychomycosis in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases." J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 22.7 JulY 2008: 807-812. Garcia-Doval, I., et al. "Clinical Diagnosis of Toenail Onychomycosis Is Possible in Some Patients: Cross-sectional Diagnostic Study and Development of a Diagnostic Rule." Br J Dermatol. 163.4 Oct. 2010: 743-751. Ginarte, M., Garcia-Doval, I., et al. "Observer Agreement in Toenail Disorders: Implications for Diagnosis and Clinical Research." Br J Dermatol. 160.6 June 2009: 1315-1317. Gupta, A.K., L.E. Lynch, N. Kogan, and E.A. Cooper. "The Use of an Intermittent Terbinafine Regimen for the Treatment of Dermatophyte Toenail Onychomycosis." J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 23.3 Mar. 2009: 256-262. Kondori, N., A.L. Abrahamsson, N. Ataollahy, and C. Wennerås. "Comparison of a New Commercial Test, Dermatophyte-PCR Kit, With Conventional Methods for Rapid Detection and Identification of Trichophyton rubrum in Nail Specimens." Med Mycol. 48.7 Nov. 2010: 1005-1008. Litz, C.E., and R.Z. Cavagnolo. "Polymerase Chain Reaction in the Diagnosis of Onychomycosis: A Large, Single-Institute Study." Br J Dermatol. 163.3 Sept. 2010: 511-514. Nair, A.B., S.R. Vaka, S.M. Sammeta, H.D. Kim, P.M. Friden, B. Chakraborty, and S.N. Murthy. "Trans-ungual Iontophoretic Delivery of Terbinafine." J Pharm Sci. 98.5 May 2009: 1788-1796. Shemer, A., B. Davidovici, M.H. Grunwald, H. Trau, and B. Amichai. "Comparative Study of Nail Sampling Techniques in Onychomycosis." J Dermatol. 36.7 Jul7 2009: 410-414. Shemer, A., H. Trau, B. Davidovici, M.H. Grunwald, and B. Amichai. "Onychomycosis in Psoriatic Patients - Rationalization of Systemic Treatment." Mycoses. 53.4 July 2010: 340-343. Sigurgeirsson, B., J.H. Olafsson, J.T. Steinsson, N. Kerrouche, and F. Sidou. "Efficacy of Amorolfine Nail Lacquer for the Prophylaxis of Onychomycosis Over 3 Years." J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 24.8 Aug. 2010: 910-915. Smijs, T.G., and S. Pavel. "The Susceptibility of Dermatophytes to Photodynamic Treatment With Special Focus on Trichophyton rubrum." Photochem Photobiol. 87.1 Jan.-Feb. 2011: 2-13. Sotiriou, E., T. Koussidou-Eremonti, G. Chaidemenos, Z. Apalla, and D. Ioannides. "Photodynamic Therapy for Distal and Lateral Subungual Toenail Onychomycosis Caused by Trichophyton rubrum: Preliminary Results of a Single-Centre Open Trial." Acta Derm Venereol. 90.2 Mar. 2010: 216-217. Takahata, Y., M. Hiruma, Y. Shiraki, Y. Tokuhisa, T. Sugita, and M. Muto. "Treatment of Dermatophyte Onychomycosis With Three Pulses of Terbinafine (500 mg Day for a Week)." Mycoses. 52.1 Jan. 2009: 72-76. Thomas, J., et al. "Toenail Onychomycosis: An Important Global Disease Burden." J Clin Pharm Ther. 35.5 Oct. 2010: 497-519. Walling, H.W. "Subclinical Onychomycosis Is Associated With Tinea Pedis." Br J Dermatol. 161.4 Oct. 2009: 746-749. Health Solutions From Our Sponsors
What Is Multiple Autoimmune Syndrome? Co-Occurrence of Autoimmune Diseases Multiple autoimmune syndrome, by definition, is the combined occurrence of at least three autoimmune diseases in the same person. About 25 percent of those with an autoimmune disease have a tendency or likelihood of developing other autoimmune diseases as well. People with multiple autoimmune syndrome usually have at least one dermatological (skin) condition, which commonly is vitiligo or alopecia areata. The co-occurrence of five autoimmune diseases is considered extremely rare. Genetic research into multiple autoimmune diseases. Andrew Brookes / Cultura / Getty Images Classifications of Multiple Autoimmune Syndrome A classification scheme was developed for people with two autoimmune diseases based on the prevalence of certain conditions occurring together. The classification scheme, which separates multiple autoimmune syndrome into three types, is useful for detecting a new condition when symptoms first appear. It helps determine where the third condition most likely "fits in." • Type 1 Multiple Autoimmune Syndrome: myasthenia gravis, thymoma, polymyositis, giant cell myocarditis • Type 2 Multiple Autoimmune Syndrome: Sjögren's syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, primary biliary cirrhosis, scleroderma, autoimmune thyroid disease • Type 3 Multiple Autoimmune Syndrome: autoimmune thyroid disease, myasthenia gravis and/or thymoma, Sjögren's syndrome, pernicious anemia, idiopathic thrombopenic purpura, Addison's disease, type 1 diabetes mellitus, vitiligo, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, systemic lupus erythematosus, dermatitis herpetiformis Cause of Multiple Autoimmune Syndrome The underlying mechanism that leads to multiple autoimmune syndrome is not fully understood. That said, researchers suspect that environmental triggers and genetic susceptibility are involved. It is also known that certain autoantibodies are present in certain conditions and multiple organ systems may be affected. Because multiple autoimmune conditions can occur in the same person, or within a family, an immunogenetic mechanism associated with autoimmunity is involved. Results from a meta-analysis published in Nature Medicine (2015) revealed that in 10 autoimmune diseases with onset in childhood, there were 22 gene signals shared by two or more of the diseases and 19 shared by at least three of the autoimmune diseases. Many of the gene signals discovered were on pathways linked to cell activation, cell proliferation, and signaling systems that play a significant role in the immune system—and autoimmune processes, specifically. The 10 autoimmune diseases were type 1 diabetes, celiac disease, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, common variable immunodeficiency disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, psoriasis, autoimmune thyroiditis, and ankylosing spondylitis. Other genome-wide association studies have found hundreds of susceptibility genes among autoimmune diseases that primarily affect adults. While identifying the genes helps us to understand the cause of multiple autoimmune syndrome, it may also lead to more targets for treatment. While some combination of genetic associations and environmental triggers is the current thinking, other possibilities have been put forth by researchers. It has been suggested that when immunomodulatory drugs are introduced to treat one autoimmune disease, changes to the immune system may occur which set in motion the development of another autoimmune disease. Two or More Autoimmune Diseases in Rheumatology Co-occurrence of two or more autoimmune diseases is not considered uncommon. It is commonly seen with systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, Sjögren's syndrome, vasculitis, and polymyositis. Studies have shown that rheumatoid arthritis and autoimmune thyroiditis are among the most common autoimmune diseases found in the general population. According to Healio Rheumatology, if someone has one of the two conditions, their risk of developing the other is 1.5 times higher than for those without either condition. Interestingly, there is an inverse relationship between rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis, meaning that if you have one of the two conditions, there is decreased susceptibility to develop the other. While we can surely call this a curious observation, genetic variants may offer the reason for it. It is worth mentioning that autoimmune diseases are much more prevalent among women than men. The gender difference adds a layer of complication for researchers who try to ascertain the risk of developing a second autoimmune condition or multiple autoimmune syndrome. Is the risk the same for males and females? So much is yet to be learned. A Word From Verywell For people who have one autoimmune condition, there must be continued vigilance for the development of other autoimmune conditions. It is known that multiple autoimmune diseases occur with increased frequency among those who have at least one autoimmune condition. Always discuss changes that you observe in your condition with your doctor. Early diagnosis and treatment work in your favor. Was this page helpful? Article Sources 1. Cojocaru M, Cojocaru IM, Silosi I. Multiple autoimmune syndrome. Maedica (Buchar). 2010;5(2):132-4. 2. Li, Y., Li, J., Zhao, S. et al. Meta-analysis of shared genetic architecture across ten pediatric autoimmune diseasesNat Med 21, 1018–1027 (2015) doi:10.1038/nm.3933 3. Castiblanco J, Arcos-Burgos M, Anaya JM. Introduction to Genetics of Autoimmune Diseases. In: Anaya JM, Shoenfeld Y, Rojas-Villarraga A, et al., editors. Autoimmunity: From Bench to Bedside. Bogota (Colombia): El Rosario University Press; 2013 Jul 18. Chapter 16. 4. Bascones-martinez A, Mattila R, Gomez-font R, Meurman JH. Immunomodulatory drugs: oral and systemic adverse effects. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2014;19(1):e24-31. doi:10.4317/medoral.19087 5. Pasoto SG, Adriano de oliveira martins V, Bonfa E. Sjögren's syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus: links and risks. Open Access Rheumatol. 2019;11:33-45. doi:10.2147/OARRR.S167783 6. Waldenlind K, Saevarsdottir S, Bengtsson C, Askling J. Risk of Thyroxine-Treated Autoimmune Thyroid Disease Associated With Disease Onset in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis. JAMA Netw Open. 2018;1(6):e183567. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.3567 7. Waubant E, Lucas R, Mowry E, et al. Environmental and genetic risk factors for MS: an integrated review. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2019;6(9):1905-1922. doi:10.1002/acn3.50862 8. Desai, K. M, Brinton, Diaz R. Autoimmune Disease in Women: Endocrine Transition and Risk Across the Lifespan. Frontiers. Published April 10, 2019. Additional Reading
Google Translate In its final report of installations last year, German wind energy institute DEWI states that 1070 new turbines were installed in Germany in 1995, amounting to 505.291 MW of rated capacity. This was 32.4% more turbines than installed during 1994 and 69.5% more generating capacity. A slightly lower tally for the year is recorded by Münster University's wind energy research group. It reports a total of 1035 turbines installed, 25.5% more than in the previous year, amounting to 494.7 MW in new capacity, 61.4% greater than 1994's increase. The university group, however, does not take prototypes into account or turbines installed for a limited period. Neither does it include grid connected turbines rated at less than 10 kW. According to DEWI, Germany was home to 3655 turbines by the end of 1995, 41.4% more than at the end of 1994. Installed wind capacity was 1136.517 MW, an 80% increase. The university group puts the tally at 3,579 turbines, a 40.7% increase amounting to 1126.9 MW, up 78.3% on 1994. The group also reports that gross sales in the wind sector increased by 52.8% in 1995 to DEM 1.23 billion. At the same time wind plant got cheaper: investment per MW installed, including all infrastructure construction, fell by 10.7% to DEM 2.5 million/MW. In comparison, a 1600 MW lignite power station in Germany costs DEM 5 billion, or DEM 3 million/MW. However it will operate at base load for around 7000 hours a year, while wind plant in Germany operate for 2000-2200 full load hours a year. Electricity generation from wind turbines in the group's data base amounted to 1.8 billion kWh representing a significant increase of 91.5%. Have you registered with us yet? Register now to enjoy more articles and free email bulletins. Sign up now Already registered? Sign in Latest news
gold mining Cripple_Creek_Deportations_June_1914I think a lot of people know or at least have heard of Cripple Creek, Colorado. Most people think of the fourteen casinos located there, and I suppose that casinos are a fitting thing for Cripple Creek to be known for, but it wasn’t always that way. Cripple Creek became a gold mining boom town in 1894 after gold was discovered there. At that time 150 gold mines suddenly sprang up, and with them, a strong miners union…the Free Coinage Union Number 19, which was a part of the militant Western Federation of Miners. As with any gold mining operation, desparate workers began pouring in from all over the country. Before long Cripple Creek had a huge labor surplus. With the labor surplus, the owners begin requiring extra hours, with no pay increase, or the alternative, they could keep the current 8 hours a day with a pay reduction of 50 cents. The Western Federation of Miners opposed both plans, and the miners when on strike. Their picket lines and refusal to work closed most of the mines. They showed what solidarity is all about. The miners who were still going down in the Cc_militaryprisonersworking mines assessed themselves 10 percent of their wages to support the strikers, and the union set up soup kitchens. How often to you see people who can’t afford to strike, but who are willing to support those who do strike. The governer of Colorado, David Waite would not help the labor bosses, but they had the county Sheriff, Frank Bowers in their pocket. They told the miners to go back to work, they would not. By the end of October, things had gotten so out of hand that finally, on November 23, 1903, Governor Peabody agreed to send the state miltia to protect replacement workers that the bosses had brought in. The striking miners were furious and they barricaded the roads and railways. The soldiers began rounding up the union members and their sympathizers, including the entire staff of a pro-union newspaper, and imprisoned them without charges or any evidence that they had done anything wrong. The miners and others who were imprisoned complained that their constitutional rights had been violated, and Cripple Creek Martial Law one anti-union judge replied, “To hell with the Constitution; we’re not following the Constitution!” Those tactics brought out the more radical elements of the Western Federation of Miners, and in June of 1904 Harry Orchard, who was a professional terrorist the the union employed, blew up a railroad station, whick killed 13 strikebreakers. With the bombing came the outrage of the public and the deportation of the Western Federation of Miners leaders. By midsummer, the strike was over and the Western Federation of Miners never regained the same level of power it had originally had in the Colorado mining districts. Even in this day and age, the unions and the bosses seem to always be at odds, and I suppose that something like this could happen again. Enter your email address: Delivered by FeedBurner Check these out!
What is this Seminar about? Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage and present all types of spatial or geographical data. It allows users to map multiple different sources of geographic data within a single computerized environment. It allows users to employ many different and powerful tools to analyze the spatial distribution of their data. This spatial analysis can provide a route into discovering and unlocking previously unseen patterns in our data, shedding new light on unknown aspects of the past. This seminar is for people with no previous GIS experience. It covers the basics on how ArcGIS stores and manages map data and introduces participants to making maps and working with GIS data sets and data tables. GIS data storage, creating maps, publishing map layouts, and working with tables are all covered. The program is designed to take the participants through the theoretical and technical concepts involved in GIS.  Introduction to GIS and its uses.  Where and why it is used?  Data sources used in GIS.  Introduction to ArcGIS software and its tools.  How to work with spatial data in ArcGIS  Various applications of ArcGIS Working on a live project by using GIS and Discussion about implementing the knowledge gained to develop B.Tech /M.Tech Projects. The seminar will be for a live project using GIS software. The estimated scheduling will be as mentioned below:  Introduction  Software knowledge  Basic analysis of a live project Course Structure:  Introduction to GIS  Theoretical concept with the data used in GIS  Interpretation of maps  Mapping essentials  Introduction to GIS software  Creation of features  Introduction to digitization  Creation of attribute table  Importance of projection  Working with spatial data  Introduction to other tools of AcrGIS Audio/Visual and Computer requirements: We will also need a digital projector (for presentation and demonstration) and a microphone (for question answer session). No doubt, GIS will prove to be the foundation for next generation civil engineers but its uses is not limited to civil engineering. It can be used in different sectors like agriculture sector, in archaeology, climate change analysis, banking sector, telecom industries and many more. So, students from any branch interested and willing to pursue a career in GIS industries can.
Engineering composition and design requirements for gas supply systems for bulk gases - Jul 02, 2019- When the bulk gas is used, the gas used in the integrated circuit chip factory can be divided into two types according to the amount of use: a large amount of gas is called a bulk gas, and a small amount is called a special gas. Bulk gases usually include nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, argon, helium, etc., of which nitrogen is commonly used. The bulk gas project is the centralized gas supply system project, which is divided into the gas source part, the conveying pipeline part, and the terminal configuration equipment part. Large gas project centralized gas supply system engineering composition Gas source part: gas storage device has GC/GR, mixed flow row, single bottle or double bottle multi-bottle panel, etc., according to different properties of gas, such as corrosion, toxic, flammable, explosive, special gas, GC, ordinary inert gas GR. Pipeline: Different materials are made of different materials, such as special gas for double casing, EP grade stainless steel pipe for inner pipe, outer pipe for BA grade stainless steel pipe, and general gas for BA grade stainless steel pipe. Terminal part: VMB/VMP, single panel. According to different gas properties, such as VMB for special gas and VMP for general gas. Bulk gas engineering design and construction requirements: 1. The selection of pipe fittings, most of the industry use SUS316 stainless steel pipe, and the polishing grade of this pipe is different, but different gases have different requirements on pipe fittings, flammable, explosive and poisonous gas have higher requirements on pipe fittings. The requirements for ordinary electronic gases are relatively low. 2. Valve components are selected, different valves have different sealing properties, and the manufacturing process is also very different. For hazardous gases, use a valve with a higher seal line. 3. Decompression equipment selection, decompression equipment should be selected according to the gas delivery pressure, the decompression range should be reasonable, so that the pressure change is better. 4. Gas path leakage detection is an indispensable part of the whole project. Some dangerous gases are extremely dangerous after leakage, so there must be extremely strict requirements in terms of safety!
· Pipe flocculator,polymer,Wastewater treatment Pipe flocculator is a commonly used technology to mix chemicals and wastewater. Wastewater is pumped through the pipe and chemicals are dosed into the pipe that is long and elbowed. This is often used as a part of flotation unit or commonly known as Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF). Flocculator is used also for a dewatering device. CHEM.ENGI has seen several different types of flocculators, but they are not used in the most efficient way at all wastewater treatment plants. 　　 Image of a pipe flocculator Here are 5 points that you should make sure to optimize your flocculation using pipe flocculator. 1. Choose right chemicals. Companies like CHEM.ENGI can do the lab test for free for you. 2. Activate your polymer flocculant well. Water-based YESfloc® can get activated instantly while a lot of people use powder polymer because it's cheaper but fail to activate it well and consequently wasting a lot of polymer, costing more than liquid polymer. 3. Proximity between each chemical is important. For DAF, you may dose more than 3 chemicals. If you dose all too close to each other into pipe flocculator you are reducing the efficiency of each chemical. 4. Pipe construction 90 degree elbow turns are designed to increase the shear force and mixing energy, but that is not enough for some cases. A reduction in pipe diameter or static mixer for in-line mixing should be 5. Clean the flocculator often. Sometimes, solution you need is as simple as that. We looked at 5 things you should make sure to operate flocculator efficiently. I hope you could apply some of the tips and see an improvement on your site. If you would like us to help you improve your flocculator, please feel free to ask CHEM.ENGI. Takaaki Yamamoto CHEM.ENGI s.r.o. All Posts Almost done…
E-mail Us! “Since quitting I don’t smell of cigarette smoke any more, my children are happy and I feel so much healthier” Sue Dargan, Greater Manchester Lung Health Ever run out of puff halfway up the stairs? Found yourself wheezing when you really meant to laugh? Coughed up phlegm when you don’t even have a cold? If you smoke, chances are you can answer ‘yes’ to all three. Chances are too, you know they don’t signal tip-top health. But what you probably didn’t know is that they could be early signs of lung disease, which can kill more than 20 times as many people as asthma. What is lung disease? Lung disease covers a group of conditions (including chronic bronchitis and emphysema) that damage the lungs, blocking the passage of air in and out, and making it difficult to breathe. It decreases the lungs’ ability to take in oxygen and remove carbon dioxide when we breathe. As the disease gets worse, small airways within the walls of the lungs become less elastic. Finally, the airways collapse, and become clogged with mucus. Although air continues to reach the lungs when you breathe in, it becomes trapped, making it difficult and uncomfortable to breathe out. FACT: Up to three million people in the UK are estimated to have lung disease at any one time. Who gets lung disease? Are you at risk? It’s simple. If you smoke, you’re at risk. Smoking is the major cause of lung disease, and four out of five cases are smoking related. It used to be older men who worked down the mines that suffered from lung disease. Nowadays it’s rare for people who have never smoked to suffer from the condition. Other causes of lung disease can include passive smoking, air pollution or childhood lung problems that were not treated properly at the time. FACT: Female smokers are nearly 13 times as likely to die from lung disease as women who have never smoked. Male smokers are nearly 12 times as likely to die from lung disease as men who have never smoked. Spotting the symptoms Smokers often overlook symptoms of lung disease, thinking that ‘smokers cough’ and general breathlessness are just par for the course—the ‘natural’ side-effects of smoking, or ‘normal’ signs of getting older. In many cases, however, they could be the earliest signs of lung disease. Common symptoms include: • wet’ cough, usually accompanied by a lot of phlegm • tightness in the chest and shortness of breath (particularly in cold weather and in the mornings) • wheezing with mild exertions, like climbing stairs • frequent clearing of the throat • chest infections with phlegm becoming yellow or green • breathlessness can cause panic. Some people with lung disease describe it as ‘like drowning on land’. FACT: LUNG DISEASE causes one-fifth of the UK’s annual smoking-related deaths Do something now It’s important that you don’t put off seeking help until it’s too late, just because you don’t think you’re old enough to have something as serious as lung disease It doesn’t matter what age you are, if you’re a smoker or ex-smoker and have been experiencing any of the symptoms mentioned above for a long time you could be affected. Even smokers in their early twenties with a ‘smoker’s cough’ could be experiencing the early stages of lung disease. It is a progressive disease, meaning it gets worse over time. It also means that the sooner you give up smoking and get help the more you increase your chances of reducing the effect of the disease on your life. There is no cure for lung disease, but the good news is it can be managed effectively. Once you have symptoms, continuing to smoke and failing to get treatment leads to increased breathlessness and more chest infections. As the disease worsens, too little oxygen reaches the lungs, leaving the heart in short supply. This can cause heart failure. FACT: Most of the 25,000 deaths from LUNG DISEASE flare-ups each year could have been prevented through early detection. How is lung disease diagnosed? If you have any of these symptoms, seek advice from a health professional as soon as possible and ask at your surgery for your lung function to be tested using a spirometer. Practice nurses usually carry out the spirometry test, and all you have to do is blow into a machine which measures your breathing over a specified time. If you are only able to inhale a small amount of air during the test, and you also have any of the typical symptoms, a diagnosis of lung disease is likely to be confirmed. As with blood pressure, smokers over the age of 40 should have a spirometery test every two or three years. Other tests to rule out other causes of lung disease-like symptoms include: chest X-ray, lung scans, phlegm and blood tests. Reduce your risk of lung disease now! The single most effective way to prevent lung disease or to stop it getting worse if you already have it—is not to smoke. Any damage already done to your airways can’t be reversed, but stopping smoking usually prevents the disease progressing. Remember, it is NEVER too late to stop smoking, and even people with advanced lung disease tend to benefit from quitting. When you do give up, you might find that any cough gets worse for a while as your airways recover. Don’t make the mistake of starting smoking again to ease the cough.
\| aamt \| \| Donate \| AAMT position statements and other reports A key part of the work of AAMT is to develop position papers or other publications that inform policy, decision-making and strategic considerations in relation to mathematics education in Australia. These reports are listed below. AAMT also collates relevant reports produced by third party organisations that may be about maths education in Australia, or beyond, or broader educational and social issues that impact on the teaching and learning of maths. These are given on the page External Reports. The practice of assessing mathematics learning (2017) Assessment in mathematics is regularly identified by teachers and schools as a major priority for teacher professional learning programs. This statement updates the original paper published in 2008. It identifies the complexity of the task of assessing students’ mathematics learning, and the importance of doing it well. Hence the statement will assist in the development of programs of professional learning that enhance teachers’ approaches to assessment in mathematics. Promoting positive attitudes towards mathematics (2015) While almost everyone in society appreciates the value of mathematics in our everyday life, the majority of people admit to feelings of anxiety and inadequacy when faced with mathematics. This Position Paper calls for approaches and practices that promote positive attitudes to mathematics. Digital learning in school mathematics (2014) This position paper is for parents and teachers of mathematics. In this document, ‘digital’ refers to technologies such as graphics calculators, computers, iPads, mobile devices, tablet computers, 3D printing, internet and future developments in computer software and hardware. Consumer and Financial Literacy in Schools (2012) Consumer and financial literacy is strongly connected to numeracy. In financial settings, “making informed and confident financial decisions” requires people to draw on both their numeracy and their literacy to achieve the best outcome for their own personal or community context. Adopted by the January 2009 meeting of the AAMT Council and revised 2012. Early childhood mathematics (2006) A joint position paper of the Australian Association of Mathematics Teachers and Early Childhood Australia (the peak advocacy organisation for young children and members of the early childhood profession). This paper recommends appropriate actions to ensure that all young children have access to powerful mathematical ideas and learning in their early years, and to learning that nurtures success and positive dispositions.
Why Are Children Suffering From Liver Disease Usually Associated With Alcoholics? A new study has found that childhood obesity may lead to diseases that in the past were associated with alcoholics. As reported on Medical Express, adipose fat in children was strongly associated with elevated liver enzymes and fatty liver disease. The childhood obesity crisis is a scourge that needs to be addressed immediately. It represents a grave health crisis and the potential long term consequences are disturbing. According to the latest statistics, about 75 percent of American men and... Read the Full Article for Free! Unlock censored health information that Google doesn't want you to read
Sleep Enhancement Programs Sleep treatment Sleep disorder treatment insomnia treatment Types of Sleep Disorders Among many factors that influence brain functioning and cognitive skills, sleep remains one so integral and yet so underestimated in terms of its regenerative and restorative effects on the brain, and by extension, our everyday functioning. Further, sleep deprivation brought on by clinical sleep disorders may prove to result in the onset, or exacerbate existing psychological and/or neurological disorders. Of course, the sleep disorder itself may be a manifestation of underlying psychological disturbance. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5, 2013), Insomnia Disorder is characterised by a predominant complaint of dissatisfaction with sleep quantity or quality. Insomnia can manifest at different stages of sleep as follows: • Sleep onset insomnia: difficulty in initiating sleep at desired bedtime. • Sleep maintenance insomnia: difficulty maintaining undisturbed sleep, involving frequent or prolonged awakening during the sleep period. • Late insomnia: referring to early morning waking with an inability to fall back to sleep. Such disturbance must also result in clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational or other integral areas of functioning. Insomnia therefore involves resulting daytime symptoms, such as fatigue, sleepiness, impaired cognitive functioning including attention, memory and motor skill performance, and mood disturbances such as irritability, anxiety and depression. Insomnia can be triggered by major life stressors or chronic daily stress experienced by individuals predisposed to anxious or worry-prone cognitive styles. Disorder onset appears to be sustained and exacerbated by poor sleep habits, irregular sleep scheduling and a cycle of resulting stress over lack of sleep. Breathing-related Sleep Disorders Obstructive Sleep Apnea Hypopnea, the most common breathing-related sleep disorder, is characterised by repeated total or partial upper airway obstruction during sleep, according to the DSM-5 (2013). Given sleep disruptions due to airway obstruction, individuals with sleep apnea likely report clinically significant day-time disruptive symptoms of insomnia as abovementioned. Children with sleep apnea often present with daytime symptoms including excessive sleepiness and behavioural issues characteristic of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) such as inattention, academic impairment, hyperactivity and internalising behaviours. Further, comorbidities exist between sleep apnea and depression, with one-third of patients referred to sleep specialists reporting such depression symptoms. Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders are characterised by persistent sleep disruption due to an alteration of the circadian system or a misalignment between the endogenous circadian rhythm and the sleep-wake schedule dictated by an individual’s physical environment or social/professional schedule (DSM-5, 2013). Such sleep disturbance must be accompanied by excessive sleepiness and/or insomnia, and subsequently cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, and other important areas of functioning. Such disorders are often associated with a history of or demonstrate comorbidities with mental health disorders. Of course, assessment is necessary to consider and determine sleep disorder aetiology to appropriately inform resulting treatment. As aforementioned, sleep disorders may be preceded by psychological disturbances that will require additional, specific treatment to address underlying issues. Likewise, poor lifestyle and sleep habits and scheduling that lead to clinical sleep disruptions may trigger or exacerbate psychological and/or neurological disorders, and thus also require sleep specific programs. For instance, chronic medical or psychiatric conditions such as ADHD and anxiety can both either precede or follow various types of Insomnia disorder. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) is an effective treatment for sleep disorders such as insomnia in addition to CBT for other psychiatric disorders. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) for Insomnia is a multimodal therapy consisting of both cognitive techniques and behavioural interventions that aim to simultaneously target maladaptive thoughts and beliefs concerning sleep and habits that appear to reinforce and prolong insomnia disorders. The cognitive techniques involved serve to challenge incorrect or bad thoughts and attitudes about sleep that result in increased stress and arousal that further prevent sleep. For example some unhelpful thoughts that can reinforce poor sleep involve beliefs and anxiety that sleep is out of one’s control, and that sleep habits and schedules cannot be changed. Whilst the same negative thoughts may plague older children or adolescents, young children may also experience night-time fears such as imaginary monsters, or even more realistic dangers such as burglars. These fears can result in a child’s persistent bedtime refusal, or inability to sleep alone. CBT aims to address these thoughts by challenging the underlying logic and premises and utilising journaling of such thoughts to decrease worrying when it comes to sleep time. CBT in addition often involves one or more of the following behavioural interventions: • Sleep hygiene education – This form of behavioural treatment consists of educating the patient and/or the patients’ parents on behaviours that assist with sleep, and behaviours that prevent sleep. For instance, techniques involve the avoidance of caffeine and nicotine, of daytime napping, and attempts to ‘force’ sleep. Behaviours such as exercise, and ensuring a dark and quiet bedroom are likewise encouraged. Whilst such behaviours may appear to be common knowledge, many of us are guilty of not following these basic recommendations that can easily and greatly improve our sleep quality. • Stimulus control – Based on psychological principles of operant and classical conditioning, this behavioural intervention focuses on reducing unhelpful associations between sleep (in our bed) and non-sleep activities. Many people often read, watch television and even worry whilst lying in bed attempting to fall asleep. The mind therefore is conditioned to associate our bed with various other wakeful activities and not sleep itself. Treatment aims to strengthen the association between our bedtime environment and falling asleep. Techniques involve setting guidelines such as only going to bed when tired, using the bedroom and one’s bed only for sleeping, removing oneself from the bedroom if they are lying awake for more than 10-20 minutes and only making a return when they are sleepy again. • Sleep restriction therapy – Once again, we often spend too much time lying awake in bed, and may even go to bed early only to lie awake the entire time. In order to improve the ratio of sleep to wakefulness during bedtime and wake-up time, this behavioural treatment aims to restrict wakefulness in the bed by imposing a strict schedule of when one should go to and leave the bed and bedroom. Over time people will find themselves sleeping longer, and such time restrictions can be broadened to increase sleep duration. As a combination of the abovementioned techniques CBT is therefore a highly effective treatment for both adults and children with sleep disturbances (1, 2, 3, 4). Studies show the effects of CBT are equal to or superior to the use of hypnotic medications (5, 6), and unlike medication are maintained up to three year after treatment (7). Neurofeedback training also benefits sleep disturbances in terms of increasing total sleep time, reducing the amount of waking during sleep and reducing the time it takes to fall asleep (8, 9, 10). Neurofeedback involves rewarding the individual for activating or suppressing certain brain waves that over time result in the desired pattern of brain activity to address target symptomology. For more information concerning the principles behind and administration of neurofeedback training please refer to our treatment page for ‘Neurofeedback’. In terms of sleep disorders, the cognitive hyperarousal and stress associated with insomnia can be seen as fast brain oscillations and elevated beta and gamma frequencies at sleep onset. This hyperarousal of brain activity means that our sensory and cognitive processing is heightened rather than quietened as it would be in desired functioning, making it more difficult to fall and stay asleep. By conditioning a frequency range reflective of quiet but alert wakefulness, neurofeedback training targets key areas responsible for undesired arousal prior to sleep, and in result improves sleep time and quality. Melatonin Therapy Melatonin supplementation also appears effective in the treatment of sleep disorders in both children and adults. Melatonin is actually a natural hormone endogenously released by the body’s pineal gland. Secretion of melatonin by the pineal gland is regulated by our suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) that becomes active when exposed to daylight. The SCN actively delays the release of melatonin until it is night-time. These increased melatonin levels at night-time are what contributes to feelings of sleepiness and a reduction in alertness and arousal, until such levels drop at the sign of daylight. This is why it may be the case that even bright artificial indoor lighting can prove to be as strong as daylight and prevent the release of melatonin at bedtime. Those with reduced melatonin levels or those with delayed or disrupted melatonin release can benefit from supplementation. Supplementing melatonin to exogenously improve levels and in result increase feelings of sleepiness has proved effective in improving sleep onset and reducing the time it takes to fall asleep in both adults and children (11, 12, 13, 14). Importantly, studies show that melatonin supplementation has not been found to produce any short-term or long-term adverse side effects (11, 12, 13, 14). 1. Cheng, S. K., & Dizon, J. (2012). Computerised cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 81(4), 206-216. doi:10.1159/000335379 2. Irwin, M. R., Cole, J. C., & Nicassio, P. M. (2006). Comparative meta-analysis of behavioral interventions for insomnia and their efficacy in middle-aged adults and in older adults 55+ years of age. Health Psychology, 25(1), 3-14. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.25.1.3 3. Okajima, I., Komada, Y., & Inoue, Y. (2011). A meta-analysis on the treatment effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for primary insomnia. Sleep and Biological Rhythms, 9(1), 24-34. doi:10.1111/j.1479-8425.2010.00481.x 4. Smith, M. T., Smith, M. S., Perlis, M. L., Park, A., Pennington, J., Giles, D. E., & Buysse, D. J. (2002). Comparative meta-analysis of pharmacotherapy and behavior therapy for persistent insomnia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159(1), 5-11. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.1.5 5. Nakajima, S., kajima, I., Nakamura, M., Usui, A., Nishida, S., Hayashida, K., & Inoue, Y. (2011). effects of cognitive behavioral therapy for stress-induced sleep disturbance and hyperarousal. Sleep Medicine, 12, S6-S6. doi:10.1016/S1389-9457(11)70019-3 6. Mitchell, M. D., Gehrman, P., Perlis, M., & Umscheid, C. A. (2012). Comparative effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia: A systematic review. BMC Family Practice, 13(1), 40-40. doi:10.1186/1471-2296-13-40 7. Carney CE, Edinger JD. (2010) Mutimodal cognitive behavior therapy. In: Sateia MJ, Buysse DJ, eds. Insomnia: Diagnosis and Treatment. London, England: Informa Healthcare, 342-351 8. Cortoos, A., De Valck, E., Arns, M., Breteler, M. H. M., & Cluydts, R. (2010). An exploratory study on the effects of tele-neurofeedback and tele-biofeedback on objective and subjective sleep in patients with primary insomnia. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 35(2), 125-134. doi:10.1007/s10484-009-9116-z 9. Schabus, M., Griessenberger, H., Heib, D., Lechinger, J., & Hoedlmoser, K. (2013). Non-pharmacological treatment of primary insomnia using sensorimotor-rhythm neurofeedback. Sleep Medicine, 14, e260-e261. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2013.11.634 10. Schabus, M., Griessenberger, H., Koerner, D., Gnjezda, M., Heib, D., & Hoedlmoser, K. (2015). SMR neurofeedback for improving sleep and memory – two studies in primary insomnia. Sleep Medicine, 16, S12-S12. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2015.02.027 11. Xie, Z., Chen, F., Li, W. A., Geng, X., Li, C., Meng, X., . . . Yu, F. (2017). A review of sleep disorders and melatonin. Neurological Research, 39(6), 559-565. doi:10.1080/01616412.2017.1315864 12. Carr, R., Wasdell, M. B., Hamilton, D., Weiss, M. D., Freeman, R. D., Tai, J., . . . Jan, J. E. (2007). Long‐term effectiveness outcome of melatonin therapy in children with treatment‐resistant circadian rhythm sleep disorders. Journal of Pineal Research, 43(4), 351-359. doi:10.1111/j.1600-079X.2007.00485.x 13. Zwart, T. C., Smits, M. G., Egberts, T. C. G., Rademaker, C. M. A., & van Geijlswijk, I. M. (2018). Long-term melatonin therapy for adolescents and young adults with chronic sleep onset insomnia and late melatonin onset: Evaluation of sleep quality, chronotype, and lifestyle factors compared to age-related randomly selected population cohorts. Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland), 6(1), 23. doi:10.3390/healthcare6010023 14. van Maanen, A., Meijer, A. M., Smits, M. G., van der Heijden, K. B., & Oort, F. J. (2017). Effects of melatonin and bright light treatment in childhood chronic sleep onset insomnia with late melatonin onset: A randomised controlled study. Sleep, 40(2) doi:10.1093/sleep/zsw038
Do solar panels store energy? Updated: December 29, 2020 If you’ve just installed solar panels to your home, or you’re thinking about it, one question that puzzles most people is whether solar panels can store energy. The answer is No. Solar panels can’t store the energy they produce for later use. To store solar energy, you’ll have to make use of solar batteries or feed-in-tariffs. Solar panels only absorb sunlight and convert it into Direct current (DC) electricity. The current then goes through the inverter, where it’s converted to Alternating current (AC) for use in the house. How do we use solar energy at night As mentioned above, even though solar panels don’t work at night, you can still use solar energy at night in your home. Most homeowners take advantage of the excess electricity generated during the day to establish a 24-hour power supply. They do this in two ways: • Using Battery storage • Using feed-in tariffs How to use Battery storage to store solar energy How to use Battery storage to store solar energy The concept of solar batteries for energy storage is very simple. Your solar panels store the excess energy produced during the day, which you can then use at night. Assuming your solar system is designed to produce more power than needed in your home, the excess goes to the solar batteries. Once your batteries are fully charged, you can send the surplus energy back to the grid. If your batteries are empty, you’ll have to depend on the grid for power at night. The amount of energy you can store in the batteries depends on its capacity. Bigger batteries will store more power, but you’ll have to ensure that it’s the right size for your home. How to use feed-in tariffs to store solar energy Unlike battery storage, a feed-in tariff, or net metering, doesn’t refer to a storage device. It’s a solution for homeowners who don’t have solar energy batteries, allowing them to ‘store’ their power through the grid. Here’s how this works: If your solar panels generate more energy than what your house needs during the day, you can export that extra power to the grid. In exchange, your utility company will give your account utility credits. Therefore, when you use power from the grid at night, your credits will offset most, if not all, of your bills, leaving you with a very affordable power bill. Keep in mind: This works for grid-tied solar systems only. Feed-in tariffs Vs. Battery storage When choosing between solar energy storage solutions, both feed-in tariffs and batteries have their merits and demerits. Below is a table looking into the pros and cons of opting for either of these options. Pros Cons Feed-in TariffsCheaper as it doesn’t need batteries and other equipment Net metering cuts down power bills Homeowners can earn from selling the SRECs their system produces Requires little maintenance Still relies on the grid during cloudy days and at night (No backup) The system shuts down when the grid is down Battery Storage Gives you complete independence from the grid Expensive because of the solar batteries Increased maintenance Surplus energy may go to waste No backup at night if the batteries are depleted What is the best way to store solar energy? There’s no ‘best’ way to store solar energy for homeowners. Your decision should be based on your budget, how fast you want your solar ROI, and how independent you want to be from the grid. For homeowners who want complete independence from the grid, using solar battery storage is the best way for them – although it’s more expensive and takes longer to pay back. However, getting a solar battery is not wise if your home enjoys good rates from their feed-in tariffs. For homeowners who need a cheaper way to offset their power bills, using the feed-in tariff is the best solution. It has a faster ROI, and the initial costs aren’t too high. Nevertheless, in states where utility companies are cutting down on their rates, opting for a solar battery can be a smart long-term investment. What energy do solar panels absorb In general, solar panels absorb solar energy and convert them into electrical energy. The panels absorb sunlight through their photovoltaic cells. When sunlight reaches these cells, the photons from the light create an electric field that produces a current. This current (DC) is then converted into AC by the inverter which becomes the electricity we use in our households. Do solar panels work at night? No. Solar panels rely on sunlight to generate electricity, and so at night, this becomes impossible. Even when there’s moonlight or light from street lights, its output is too low to power your home. Nonetheless, you can store the energy generated during the day for use at night. This is made possible by the use of solar battery banks and net-metering. How many batteries would I need to power my house at night? how many battery do i need The number of batteries you’ll need for your home will vary depending on your home’s power consumption. You’ll need to do a calculation of your power consumption at night to get a good estimate. For instance, assuming we use the average Australian home consumption of 23kWh per day, find out how much of these is used at night. Keep in mind, since most people are home at night, the consumption is higher. If you use 65% of the solar power produced at night, then your batteries will have to store at least 15kWH daily. Usually, a battery with a capacity between 4 to 8kWh is enough for a four-person home. But if your home uses 15kWH, you may need at least 2-4 batteries. Keep in mind; If your battery system is too small, you won’t have enough power to cover your nights. If it’s too big, your battery will store a lot of unecessary energy, which might reduce its lifespan. So be precise in your calculations, and seek help from an expert if you can. Can I store solar energy without batteries? Practically no. You’ll need solar batteries to store the electricity generated for later use. However, if you don’t have batteries, you can also store your solar energy in the grid. While this isn’t technically storing energy, you can send back all your excess electricity to the grid in exchange for credits. The more credits you accumulate, the less you’ll have to pay in utility bills. On good months, your credits may completely eliminate your power bills. Can a 10kW solar system power a house? Yes! The average power consumption for an Australian home is 22kWh per day. The 10kW solar system produces nearly double that amount in a day at around 40kWh. For a small house, this would be more than enough to run the entire home and feed the surplus to the grid. However, with the cost of a 10kW system being relatively high, smaller homes are advised to invest in smaller solar systems – maybe the 5kW system or the 6.6 kW system. Opting for this system based on its high electricity generation will mean a longer payback period for small homes. If you consume less than 40% of the total generated electricity from the 10kW system, that’s a poor investment. The 10kW solar system is a good choice for large homes or small offices with high daytime power consumption. It can also be a good choice for homes that want to go completely off-grid. Solar panels don’t store solar energy. They only convert sunlight into electricity. However, solar batteries can store the solar energy produced for several days. Home solar batteries can last anywhere from 5-15 years, depending on the type, brand, and quality. You’ll therefore need to replace your batteries at least once within the lifetime of your solar system. Ben McInerney head shotAuthor: Ben McInerney is a renewable energy enthusiast with the goal of helping more Australians understand solar systems to make the best choice before they purchase. Having an accredited solar installer in the family helps give Ben access to the correct information, which allows him to break it down and make it easily understandable to the average homeowner.
Einstein once said, “Pure mathematics is, in its way, the poetry of logical ideas.” What an interesting concept. Math is poetry. The Poetry of Math When I ponder that idea, it begins to make sense to me. Poetry is the masterful rhythm of composition, the intentional putting together of words in a distinct order that is both beautiful and inspiring. It seeks to convey meaning and higher thought. Math is the use of symbols, forms, and functions to reveal order, quantify measurement, and identify patterns. It helps us logically comprehend God’s amazing created world and validates the idea of objective truth. Poetry reveals to us the mind and heart of the poet using language; math reveals God’s nature and the order and complexities of the physical world using numbers and symbols. Just as in learning to write poetry we use the beauty of language to communicate lofty ideas, so in learning math we train our minds in logic, critical thinking, and the tools of science, which all aid in understanding how the universe functions and gives us the ability to recognize truth. The fact that 1 + 1 will always equal 2 shows us that God has established the universe with a precision and regularity that we can depend on. Math demonstrates His faithfulness! Since math is necessary for the development and organizing of our children’s minds, let’s consider two primary ways we can go about teaching it in our homeschool. Spiral Approach A spiral approach to math presents each concept in part and then goes deeper with each subsequent presentation of the concept, building on what was previously learned and practiced. For instance, a spiral curriculum might first introduce addition and subtraction using only single digits. Then other concepts like skip counting, ordinal numbers, telling time, place value, fractions, graphs, or calendars are taught at an equally basic level. The curriculum then cycles through all the concepts again, expanding on each. There are advantages and disadvantages to learning math this way. The advantages: 1. Includes lots of review practice in each lesson to reinforce concepts already taught. This minimizes the chance that a student will forget what he has learned previously. It also decreases the probability of learning gaps. Repetition is an effective teacher. 2. Concepts are broken down incrementally. If a student keeps getting stuck on a certain kind of problem, a parent can pinpoint exactly what part of the concept is tripping them up. 3. Allows the student to advance at a typical pace according to their natural development. Concepts are not introduced in too much depth all at once before the student is able to understand and comprehend. Students feel successful as they continue to mature. The disadvantages: 1. It can be inefficient and include too much review of a concept the student has already mastered. This can lead to boredom and disinterest in the subject. 2. The constant changing of topics can confuse students. Some children may prefer to fully focus on a particular concept, building a strong foundation for what comes next. 3. Students may struggle to find the logical progression in concepts taught. For instance, before a student learns multiplication they must fully understand addition and place value. Presenting a new concept before a foundational one is mastered can result in disorganized learning. Students may struggle to understand how different concepts fit together. Some examples of curriculum that use a spiral approach include Abeka, HorizonsMcRuffy, and Saxon. Mastery Approach A mastery approach also progresses incrementally, but only after a thorough understanding of preceding topics has been attained. Students must be able to represent a concept in multiple ways before moving on to the next concept. The mastery approach emphasizes the building of related skills one after another. For example, a mastery based curriculum does not teach multiplication or division until addition and subtraction are fully mastered. There are advantages and disadvantages to this approach as well. The advantages: 1. Can lead to higher achievement in math when students take the time to fully understand each concept before moving on. Students are better prepared to tackle a new topic because they have built a strong foundation with preceding concepts. 2. It emphasizes a thorough understanding of concepts in whole, as opposed to surface understanding of concepts in part. Students gain a broader view of each topic. 3. Students learn in an organized way. The disadvantages: 1. Not enough review of previous concepts learned. Even though they may have been “mastered”, if they are not practiced again, some learning could be lost. 2. Learning occurs at different rates for different students. Requiring mastery before moving on might stall progress for some. 3. Individual concepts are not integrated into the whole when they are presented in seclusion. Some examples of curriculum that use the mastery approach include ACE, A+ Interactive Math, Developmental Mathematics, Dimensions Math, Jacob’s Geometry from Master Books, Key To Series, Lifepac Math, Life of Fred, Math in Focus, Math Lessons for a Living Education, Math U See, Singapore, and Switched-On Schoolhouse. A Mixed Approach Some math curricula use a combination of both approaches. Here are some examples: BJU Press, Liberty Mathematics from Christian Liberty Press, Making Math Meaningful, ShillerMath, and RightStart Mathematics. If your child is an active, hands-on learner who enjoys using manipulatives, the following curriculum might be a good choice: Math U See, McRuffy, Miquon Math, ShillerMath, or RightStart Mathematics. Whether you choose the mastery or spiraling approach for your children, remember to also teach them why we learn math. Math is poetry! The character of God and the wonder of His created world is opened up to us through the study and mastery of math. Leave a Comment Mary Ellen is a devoted follower of Christ, wife to a wonderful husband, and mother to three amazing people. She is a passionate advocate for home education and loves to encourage and empower others to give it a try. A life-long learner herself, she appreciates all the incredible educational and faith-building opportunities homeschooling has afforded her family. Mary Ellen holds a bachelor's degree in Missions and Bible. In addition to homeschooling, she currently serves as a part-time missionary alongside her husband. She loves photography, spending time at the ocean, reading, and watching British mysteries.
Wound Healing and Cell Migration Impedance Measurements The ECIS Wound Healing Assay replaces the traditional “scratch” assay. Instead of disrupting the cell layer mechanically with a pipette tip and then following the migration of cells with a microscope, the ECIS system employs electric signals to both wound and monitor the healing process. Experimental Example: Healing Function of Serum Electrical wounding is directed to a small population of cells in contact with the 250 μm electrode thus creating a well defined wound. After wounding, the healthy cells around the electrode immediately migrate and replace the dead cells on the electrode. Depending on the fetal calf serum (FCS) concentration, the original plateau is once again reached after 10, 13, or 20 hours. For further information: Keese CR, Wegener J, Walker SR, Giaever I. Electrical wound-healing assay for cells in vitro. PNAS, 2004, 101(6):1554-9. Read article Cell migration measurements via automated wound healing are performed using the following electrode arrays: 8 well format: 96 well format: Optical Measurements Optical measurements of wound healing and cell migration can easily be taken with ibidi’s Culture-Insert, which provides two culture reservoirs each separated by a 500 μm wall. Culturing cells in both reservoirs and then removing the insert, results in two well-defined cell patches. An assay-specific Image Analysis can then be used to generate quantitative data based on image data acquired using video microscopy.
Vasovagal Syncope Vasovagal Syncope Vasovagal Syncope: 9 Causes, Risk Factors, Symptoms, First Aid, and Prevention The condition of fainting or vasovagal syncope usually occurs because it is triggered by certain factors, which make the bodies overreact to it. The trigger themselves can vary. As if the patient is not strong enough to see blood, or because of emotional pressure that tends to be extreme. The trigger of this condition causes the heart rate and blood pressure to drop drastically. So the blood flow to the brain is reduced and causes fainting. For this condition, usually the sufferer loses consciousness only briefly. Syncope is not actually a dangerous medical condition. However, if left untreatable and continued, the condition is feared to be a symptom of a more serious health condition. Vasovagal Syncope Causes This vasovagal syncope occurs when something triggers the vasovagal reflex, causing the blood vessels to suddenly widen. Dilation of blood vessels causes a significant proportion of blood volume in the legs. The condition is also often accompanied by a slowing heart rate. As a result, blood pressure suddenly drops. It inhibits oxygen to the brain which eventually causes fainting. Most people with vasovagal syncope, dilation of blood vessels are the main factors that cause loss of consciousness. However, some people also experience a slowing heart rate. In addition to reacting to something feared, or having a strong emotional reaction, other things that can trigger vasovagal syncope include: • Stand up after sitting, bending down, or lying down. • Stand up for a long time. • Overheating (e.g. Due to exposure to too long sun). • Intense physical activity. • Severe pain. • Severe cough. • Traumatic events, • Difficulty urinating, • Hyperventilation. Vasovagal Syncope Risk Factors Reflexes that cause vasovagal syncope can occur to some extent in each person. So, almost anyone can experience a vasovagal episode if the trigger is strong enough. Vasovagal syncope can occur at any age, but is much more common in adolescents and young older than with parents. Most people actually experience it during their lives. Some people who are not susceptible to vasovagal syncope may experience milder symptoms. But for people who rarely experience symptoms, vasovagal syncope may be more difficult to treat. People in this group have a form of dysautonomia, an imbalance of the autonomic nervous system that makes them particularly susceptible to vasovagal reflexes. They also often experience other symptoms such as dysautonomias, such as flatulence or cramps, diarrhea, constipation, extreme fatigue and various pains. Vasovagal Syncope Symptoms The sufferer may have no indication that he will pass out until he completely passes out. However, some people experience brief signs that he or she may be fainting, including: • Looks pale. • Dizziness. • Feeling sweaty or cold. • Nausea. • Blurred vision. • Weak. For people around vasovagal syncope sufferers, what can be noticed from the sufferer is jerky or abnormal movements, a slow or weak pulse, and dilated pupils. When experiencing the above signs, it is better to lie down immediately to help improve blood flow to the brain, so as to prevent fainting. Recovery after this fainting episode usually begins in less than a minute. However, if the sufferer immediately stands up shortly after fainting, about 15-30 minutes, he risks fainting again. Vasovagal syncope first aid In dealing with a person fainting from vasovagal syncope, help the person lie down and lift his legs up. This can help restore his blood flow to the brain and make him quickly conscious. Read also: Blood Clot In Brain: Symptoms, Side Effects, and Treatment Vasovagal syncope prevention If you have vasovagal syncope, your doctor may give you some advice to prevent fainting. • Avoid triggers, such as standing long or looking at blood • Medium-level exercises • Stop drugs that lower blood pressure, such as diuretics • Eat a high salty diet to help maintain blood volume • Drink plenty of fluids to maintain blood volume • Wearing compression stockings or a belly binder. Sometimes, people also need medication to control the symptoms of vasovagal syncope. However, research on these drugs has revealed uncertain benefits in overcoming vasovagal syncope. It is necessary to visit a doctor when you have experienced multiple fainting, or other symptoms of vasovagal syncope. Sharing is caring! Post in \| Last updated: December 20th, 2020 \|
Ten things you need to know about higher education today By Gillian Golden, Gabriele Marconi and Shizuka Kato Analysts, OECD Directorate for Education and Skills Higher education systems today face a number of challenges, including rising costs, persistent inequality and inconsistent quality. We shed light on these challenges in a new OECD report, Benchmarking Higher Education System Performance, which marks the first comprehensive analysis of OECD higher education systems in over a decade. Here are ten key findings: 1. Higher education graduates now outnumber young adults who have completed only upper secondary education. Higher education has become part of the life path of hundreds of millions of young people. In 2017, on average across OECD countries, 44% of 25-34 year-olds had obtained a higher education qualification, while 41% had completed an upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary programme as their highest qualification. In some countries, more than half of people in this age group now have a higher education qualification. 2. Higher education spending per student rose by 20% in OECD countries. Between 2005 and 2015, the number of students in higher education increased by 10% across OECD countries. During the same period, higher education expenditure per student rose by 20%, resulting in an overall spending increase of over 30%. Rising spending adds financial burden on governments, which still finance two-thirds of all expenditure on higher education institutions (though in some countries, including Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States, students bear the majority of the burden) 3. Despite a doubling of attainment rates, higher education still leads to good economic and social outcomes. While the share of adults with a higher education degree doubled between 1991 and 2017, the average employment premium of higher education graduates remained flat over this period: 10 percentage points higher than for those with an upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary qualification. This indicates that labour market demand for higher education graduates has, on average, kept pace with supply. Young graduates in OECD countries earn more, and are more likely to have good literacy and numeracy skills, as well. They are also more likely to volunteer, be in good health and have trust in others, compared to those with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education. 4. Completing higher education does not always guarantee higher skills. Nearly one-third of higher education graduates in OECD countries have poor information processing skills. In countries that participated in the OECD Adult Skills Survey, about 30% of higher education graduates do not have the literacy skills necessary to carry out moderately complex information processing tasks. 5. Only 4 in 10 bachelor’s students complete their study programme on time, and 2 in 10 do not complete it at all. The percentage of students who leave higher education without completing their study programme varies across countries, ranging from 10% to 40%. High levels of non-completion or severely delayed graduation may be the result of failures in the guidance process from compulsory to higher education, inadequate student support mechanisms and/or inflexible programme offerings. 6. Young people whose parents did not complete higher education are less likely to enter higher education themselves. Many societies cherish the ideal that everyone has the same opportunities to fully develop their talents and participate in the modern economy. Yet access to higher education remains unequal in OECD member countries. In 2015, 18- to 24-year-olds whose parents did not complete higher education were between 40% and 60% less likely to enter a bachelor’s level programme, compared to those whose parents completed higher education. Similarly, children of foreign-born parents were between 10% and 60% less likely to enter a bachelor’s level programme. 7. The higher education sector offers lower job security to young doctorate holders than other sectors of the economy. Postdoctoral and early career researchers in OECD countries are increasingly engaging in non-standard employment. This is particularly true among younger doctorate holders. Around a quarter of doctorate holders under the age of 45 work in higher education across OECD countries, and they are about 2.5 times less likely to be employed on a permanent basis than those working in other sectors. However, considering that the employment rate of young doctoral holders is reaching nearly 90%, indicating high labour market demand, one could also argue that those working in higher education do so by choice, and may therefore be more open to less stable employment. 8. OECD member countries are approaching gender balance among academic staff. Women comprised 45% of academic staff in 2016, on average across OECD countries, but there are significant differences across countries. Although comparable data on the gender balance in leadership or managerial positions in academia are not available, some data suggest that women remain underrepresented in senior positions, are less likely to be corresponding authors and are less likely to receive funding from venture capital funds. 9. There is limited collaboration between business and higher education in commercial innovation. Technological advances and innovation help to drive economic growth and create new industries. Higher education contributes to this process by training the researchers who create breakthrough innovations. Involving the private sector in higher education research helps share costs among a variety of stakeholders, and connects research more directly with the innovation process. Yet private sector financial support for higher education research and development is limited, as is the scope of innovation collaboration. Business enterprises and the private non-profit sector together contribute around 10% of higher education research and development funding, while only 15% of businesses say they co-operate with the higher education sector on developing innovative products or processes. 10. The absence of large-scale international surveys limits higher education policy analysis. Through surveys such as PISA, TALIS and PIAAC, the OECD and other international organisations produce a wealth of comparative evidence on education systems, which contributes to the development of better policies in many countries. OECD member countries are working within their jurisdictions to survey student satisfaction, assess learning, or analyse graduate labour market outcomes; but there are currently no large-scale international surveys on higher education, which significantly constrains comparative policy analysis. Building an international evidence base remains a key challenge for OECD member countries. Read more:
maths programming problems In Python this looks like the following (note this program has some previously created lookups and data structures containing the variables) Fast Modulo exponentiation For example if the task is sorting lists, sort some short lists yourself. BTW - and no offense intended to anybody whatsoever - anybody who says s/he is a good programmer but s/he hates math is a Big Fat Liar. Graphics: Scrapping Doodles, The List exercises for example are more complicated in languages like C that don’t have build-in support for lists. Series and Sequences Let us take a real-life problem to understand linear programming. Finding a problem in a small and easy piece of code is much simpler than trying to spot it in a large program. Mathematical Programming publishes original articles dealing with every aspect of mathematical optimization; that is, everything of direct or indirect use concerning the problem of optimizing a function of many variables, often subject to a set of constraints. The algorithm to generate such pairs is called Extended Euclidean Algorithm. One more thing is that I have only mentioned about the things you need to cover and some tricks to do that, but you can take help of the other online resources to learn and practice them. A series of challenging mathematical/computer programming problems that will require more than just mathematical insights to solve. Write a function that checks whether an element occurs in a list. 2. These materials enable personalized practice alongside the new Illustrative Mathematics 8th grade curriculum. Copyright © 1997 - 2020. What if the number is large (say 10^16), in that case we require segmented sieve. He decides to construct all the cabinets of the first type. The closed solution to the number of possible parantheses matching given 'n' pairs is the nth Catalan number. Program to check if a given year is leap year, Factorial of Large numbers using Logarithmic identity, Tips and Tricks for Competitive Programmers \| Set 2 (Language to be used for Competitive Programming), Tips and Tricks for Competitive Programmers \| Set 1 (For Beginners), Top 10 Algorithms and Data Structures for Competitive Programming, Data Structures and Algorithms Online Courses : Free and Paid, Recursive Practice Problems with Solutions, Converting Roman Numerals to Decimal lying between 1 to 3999, Commonly Asked Algorithm Interview Questions \| Set 1, Euclidean Algorithm, Extended Euclidean Algorithm. Questions based on catalan number may appear in many coding competitions. code. English is translated to Pig Latin by taking the first letter of every word, moving it to the end of the word and adding ‘ay’. These materials enable personalized practice alongside the new Illustrative Mathematics 7th grade curriculum. The Mathematics 2 course, often taught in the 10th grade, covers Quadratic equations, functions, and graphs; Complex numbers; Rational exponents and exponential models; Similarity and Trigonometry; Solids; Circles and other Conic sections; and introductory Probability. We sometimes land up in a situation when various coding problems can be simplified to a mathematical formula but often finding that formula isn’t that straightforward .Here comes, OEIS for rescue. Get ready for 7th grade math! Khan Academy's Precalculus course is built to deliver a comprehensive, illuminating, engaging, and Common Core aligned experience! Write a program that automatically generates essays for you. Learn the skills that will set you up for success in polynomial operations and complex numbers; equations; transformations of functions and modeling with functions; exponential and logarithmic relationships; trigonometry; and rational functions. Learning to program means learning how to solve problems using code. Get ready for 5th grade math! All of the topics can’t be covered in a single article but we’ll be looking into some of the most common mathematical concepts in competitive coding. Therefore, to avoid this we used the properties. The numbers m1, m2, ….mr, are pair wise relatively prime if any two distinct numbers in that collection, are relatively prime. Learn the skills that will set you up for success in numbers and operations; solving equations and systems of equations; linear equations and functions; and geometry. If you’re ambitious you can implement, Write a function that takes a list of numbers, a starting base. (aligned with Common Core standards). Experience. Implement the following sorting algorithms: Selection sort, Insertion sort, Merge sort, Quick sort, Stooge Sort. We do a mathematical formulation of the discussed LPP to find out the strategy which would lead to maximum profit. Implement your list interface using a fixed chunk of memory, say an array of size 100. It includes problems dealing with maximizing profits, minimizing costs, minimal usage of resources, etc. Being able to programme a computer offers a huge advantage when solving certain types of mathematical problems. But maths becomes essential as you dive deep into the world of CP. Chinese remainder theorem says that given any r pair wise relatively prime numbers m1, m2, ….mr, and any numbers b1, b2, b3,, we can always find a number M which leaves the remainders b1, b2, b3, when it is divided by m1, m2, …mr respectively. For e. g. Calculating factorials of large numbers (lets say 100) or take large numbers of input around 100000 digits in length. Only after you’re confident that each part works as you expect you can attempt to plug them together. Your email address will not be published. It should be possible to store values at edges and nodes. It might be easiest to use a dictionary of (node, edgelist) to do this. Required fields are marked *, Important Questions Class 12 Maths Chapter 12 Linear Programming. You can definitely start competitive coding without any mathematical background. Of course I’m not the first person to come up with the idea of having a list like this. Java provides Biginteger class to handle this. Linear Programming Problem Exercise 12.2 Module 54 (24/09/2020) Time 10.00am 1. 7. (aligned with Common Core standards), Learn eighth grade math—functions, linear equations, geometric transformations, and more. With this information given, you are required to find a deal which gives the maximum profit to the décor company. As the numbers get bigger though ( say 155566328819), factorization becomes ineffective. Linear Programming Problems (LPP): Linear programming or linear optimization is a process which takes into consideration certain linear relationships to obtain the best possible solution to a mathematical model. Sketch, write, delete, reformulate, ask others what they think. The free version gives you just answers. Fraction Word Problems. This list is not exhaustive but the concepts will be very useful in contests in codeforces, codechef etc.. Your email address will not be published. Then it can be stated as : Improve your previous implementation such that an arbitrary number of elements can be stored in your list. Get help on the web or with our math app. Assume that you have two numbers 10 and 3. 1. Let Z be the profit he earns from manufacturing x and y pieces of the cabinets of types 1 and 2. Generally speaking, if your code requires some sort of mathematical operation, check the C library documentation, the man pages, to see whether that specific function exists. Place Value. The, Write a function that takes a number and returns a list of its digits. Hence, he can make profit of Rs 3000 × 50 = Rs 150,000. Write a function that generates a DOT representation of a graph. Khan Academy's Mathematics 3 course is built to deliver a comprehensive, illuminating, engaging, and Common Core aligned experience! Practice, practice, practice. Terms starting with n=0 are : 1, 1, 2, 5, 14, 42, 132, 429, 1430 ….and so on. Most professional mathematicians in research and in industry will programme as part of their day to day lives. BLANK MATHS PROFORMA. 3. Learn third grade math—fractions, area, arithmetic, and so much more. Conceptually it is not very difficult to write a program that solves a problem that you can solve yourself. For example you can use a large dictionary like. Most professional mathematicians in research and in industry will programme as part of their day to day lives. Sieve of Eratosthenes and Segmented Sieve If the user wants to add more stuff to your list than fits in your memory you should produce some kind of error, for example you can throw an exception if your language supports that. But there are some concepts and tricks which are sufficient most of the times. The first two Fibonacci numbers are 1 and 1. Graph your math problems. Exercise 2: Write a program that displays the powers of 2, showing all values from 2 0 through 2 10.These are the Holy Numbers of Computing. Get ready for 3rd grade math! (a+b)%c = (a%c+b%c)%c Math Weekly programs for Stage 3. First, if is true, then so must all for . Our objective here is to maximize Z. They were created by Khan Academy math experts and reviewed for curriculum alignment by experts at both Illustrative Mathematics and Khan Academy. Linear Programming Problem Miscellaneous Exercise on Chapter 12 Module 58 (30/09/2020) Time :10.00 am BY :Mangala Rai Store the found primes in an array ‘prime[]’. Write a function that computes the running total of a list. They are roughly ordered according to the programming/mathematical … Revisit code you’ve written a while ago to see whether you can improve it with things you’ve learned since. Khan Academy's Mathematics 1 course is built to deliver a comprehensive, illuminating, engaging, and Common Core aligned experience! • Iterate through all primes found in step 1. 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Plotly and Datashader in Python How to use datashader to rasterize large datasets, and visualize the generated raster data with plotly. If you're using Dash Enterprise's Data Science Workspaces, you can copy/paste any of these cells into a Workspace Jupyter notebook. Alternatively, download this entire tutorial as a Jupyter notebook and import it into your Workspace. Find out if your company is using Dash Enterprise. Install Dash Enterprise on Azure \| Install Dash Enterprise on AWS New to Plotly? Plotly is a free and open-source graphing library for Python. We recommend you read our Getting Started guide for the latest installation or upgrade instructions, then move on to our Plotly Fundamentals tutorials or dive straight in to some Basic Charts tutorials. datashader creates rasterized representations of large datasets for easier visualization, with a pipeline approach consisting of several steps: projecting the data on a regular grid, creating a color representation of the grid, etc. Passing datashader rasters as a mapbox image layer We visualize here the spatial distribution of taxi rides in New York City. A higher density is observed on major avenues. For more details about mapbox charts, see the mapbox layers tutorial. No mapbox token is needed here. In [1]: import pandas as pd df = pd.read_csv('') dff = df.query('Lat < 40.82').query('Lat > 40.70').query('Lon > -74.02').query('Lon < -73.91') import datashader as ds cvs = ds.Canvas(plot_width=1000, plot_height=1000) agg = cvs.points(dff, x='Lon', y='Lat') # agg is an xarray object, see for more details coords_lat, coords_lon = agg.coords['Lat'].values, agg.coords['Lon'].values # Corners of the image, which need to be passed to mapbox coordinates = [[coords_lon[0], coords_lat[0]], [coords_lon[-1], coords_lat[0]], [coords_lon[-1], coords_lat[-1]], [coords_lon[0], coords_lat[-1]]] from colorcet import fire import datashader.transfer_functions as tf img = tf.shade(agg, cmap=fire)[::-1].to_pil() import as px # Trick to create rapidly a figure with mapbox axes fig = px.scatter_mapbox(dff[:1], lat='Lat', lon='Lon', zoom=12) # Add the datashader image as a mapbox layer image mapbox_layers = [ "sourcetype": "image", "source": img, "coordinates": coordinates Exploring correlations of a large dataset Here we explore the flight delay dataset from In order to get a visual impression of the correlation between features, we generate a datashader rasterized array which we plot using a Heatmap trace. It creates a much clearer visualization than a scatter plot of (even a fraction of) the data points, as shown below. Note that instead of datashader it would theoretically be possible to create a 2d histogram with plotly but this is not recommended here because you would need to load the whole dataset (5M rows !) in the browser for plotly.js to compute the heatmap, which is practically not tractable. Datashader offers the possibility to reduce the size of the dataset before passing it to the browser. In [2]: import plotly.graph_objects as go import pandas as pd import numpy as np import datashader as ds df = pd.read_parquet('') fig = go.Figure(go.Scattergl(x=df['SCHEDULED_DEPARTURE'][::200], fig.update_layout(title_text='A busy plot') In [3]: import as px import pandas as pd import numpy as np import datashader as ds df = pd.read_parquet('') cvs = ds.Canvas(plot_width=100, plot_height=100) zero_mask = agg.values == 0 agg.values = np.log10(agg.values, where=np.logical_not(zero_mask)) agg.values[zero_mask] = np.nan fig = px.imshow(agg, origin='lower', labels={'color':'Log10(count)'}) fig.update_layout(coloraxis_colorbar=dict(title='Count', tickprefix='1.e'))
Directly to word page Vague search(google) Home > Gaseous in a sentence Gaseous in a sentence up(0) down(1) Sentence count:153+2 Only show simple sentencesPosted:2017-01-09Updated:2017-01-09 Antonym: liquidsolidSimilar words: nose outlose outin case ofin the case ofhideouserroneouscourteousoutrageousMeaning: ['gæsɪəs] adj. existing as or having characteristics of a gas. Random good picture Not show 1 The gaseous metal is cooled and condenses into liquid zinc. 2 Air whether in the gaseous or liquid state is a fluid. 3 Water exists in three states: liquid, gaseous, and solid. 4 Steam is water in its gaseous form. 5 Freon exists both in liquid and gaseous states. 6 Gaseous distension of the bowel causes considerable discomfort to the patient and increases transmural pressure. 7 Gaseous exchange at the alveolar surface is gravely hindered and the lesion is often accompanied by interstitial emphysema and pulmonary oedema. 8 A plain supine abdominal radiograph showed gaseous dilatation of the transverse colon and small bowel. 9 Table 3. 2 provides individual estimate for gaseous coal seams with the geometric mean used wherever a wide spread is given. 10 Some gaseous reactions involve changes in the number of moles of gas. 11 Gaseous oxides formed from sulphur, nitrogen and other substances also have to be scrubbed out and neutralised. 12 The gaseous metal is put in a closed container and cooled so that it condenses into liquid zinc. 13 A spark flew, igniting the gaseous oxygen in the tank. 14 It also deals with gaseous chemicals, specialised gas mixtures and high purity gases for the semiconductor industry. 15 Steam is water is the gaseous state. 16 A gaseous anesthetic, such as nitrous oxide. 17 Sometimes matter transforms into a gaseous state. 18 Vaporizers convert the liquid oxygen into a gaseous state. 19 Gaseous oxygen is colorless, odorless, tasteless, and nonflammable. 20 The new standards cut emissions of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, gaseous hydrocarbons and particulate matter. 21 Oxygen is absorbed into the water by surface movement,( where a gaseous exchange takes place releasing carbon dioxide and absorbing oxygen. 22 Hence, the First Amendment, which is meant to encourage gaseous emissions from one and all. 23 This line divides the pressure-temperature conditions for the liquid phase from those for the gaseous phase. 24 Analogous distinctions between band envelopes may be made for Raman spectra of gaseous asymmetric tops, but they are not commonly used. 25 The walls of these are thick with blood vessels which absorb gaseous oxygen. 26 Quantitative measurements show that in methanogenic subjects the majority of gaseous hydrogen produced from fermentation is consumed by methanogenic bacteria. 27 Initially, the disk was extremely hot, so that its materials were largely in gaseous form. 28 This has walls thick with blood capillaries which absorb gaseous oxygen. 29 This is the technique of flash photolysis, and again it can be applied to gaseous or to liquid samples. 30 A nearby nebula, orange and pink, was the lurid gaseous residue of an explosion. More similar words: nose outlose outin case ofin the case ofhideouserroneouscourteousoutrageouscourageousextraneouscourageouslydiscourteousspontaneoussimultaneouslyinstantaneousgasso long asas long asgasolineoutgassinggas chamberbecause ofmake use ofdispose offlabbergastedin the course ofmake full use ofat the expense ofcome outdie out Leave a comment Welcome to leave a comment about this page! Your name: Latest commentsInto the comment page>> More words
Why Should Kids Learn Swimming? learn swimming tips Swimming is a very significant sport because it has numerous health benefits. Swimming increases the body’s metabolism. It also helps to keep the mind and body energized. Doctors usually suggest swimming after surgery because the dense water takes the pressure off the bones and joints and helps in speedy recovery. It is the only sport that has a positive impact on every organ of the body. Due to the numerous benefits, it is extremely important for every child to learn swimming. Several agencies provide baby swimming lessons. You can take the help of the professionals here to teach swimming to your child. Let us see why learning swimming is essential for kids: 1. Essential for Safety: According to a recent survey about 70 percent of the children below the age of 14, lose their lives due to drowning. It is very important for children of this age to learn swimming. Water is everywhere around us. It is the duty of every parent to make his or her child comfortable in the water and around it. It is not essential to indulge children in competitive swimming but it is very important for them to learn swimming from a safety point of view. You can also organize individual swimming lessons for kids to teach them proper control and coordination. 2. A Low-Impact Sport: Swimming is a low impact sport that is performed in water. Swimming is an ideal sport to keep the body in shape. Excess of any sport can cause your body tissues to break down. Therefore, injuries during swimming are common. For example, consider you have a shoulder injury. You can still swim to stay in shape but practicing any other sport with a shoulder injury is not possible. The main benefit of swimming is that you can rest the wounded part of your body and still use the fit partly in the pool. 3. Teaches Teamwork: Every sport teaches teamwork. Learning teamwork is essential for creating a positive atmosphere around kids. Children carry this skill throughout their life and even to their workplace. The greatest thing about swimming is that it has an individual aspect to it. Competitive swimming teaches kids the art of goal setting and self-motivation. Therefore, swimming is an ideal sport to teach your kids the importance of teamwork and individuality. 4. Teaches Time Management: swimming teaches one of the most valuable skills of life that is time management. This skill helps children throughout their lives. They learn how to manage time between their studies and swimming lessons. Swimming teaches us how to prioritize things in life. This is an essential talent that every child should possess and swimming teaches it perfectly. The child who knows how to manage time never fails in life. 5. An Incredible Workout: Exercise is essential to keep the body sound and fit. Swimming is an incredible workout that involves the movement of all the muscles. It is equivalent to a cardio workout. Usually, people choose to swim as it helps in shedding weight. It helps in burning calories and is a low impact sport. Apart from losing weight, swimming also promotes a healthy lifestyle among children. It keeps them mentally fit and away from chronic diseases. It also helps in fighting depression and mood swings. The above points prove the importance and benefits of swimming. If you have a toddler, consider organizing swimming lessons for your toddler. Swimming will help them to enhance their sensory and motor skills. The sport will turn out to be super fun for them.
Format the Reflective Essays What should we know about a reflective essay? How to write and to format it? The primary and most significant step is catching the attention of your audience by finding an individual knowledge general enough for creating a feeling of interest of your reflections. Use different stories as a basis for your imagination. The basic is to find general topics with emotions and life experience. As an example, imagine that there is a need to buy a lot of presents on holidays, but you haven’t got enough money. How do you feel? Is it panic or confusion? Use these emotions. What about considerations on paper? When you know your primary topic (the New Year, the First Days of College, Passion or something broad and appropriate to attract a larger part of the audience) you can sketch all the ideas. The perfect topic for this kind of essays is broad. So, a variety of your ideas will be perfect too. It is useful to create a plan to control all broad opinions and ideas. You can’t use only the plan. Your essay can’t be so typical and ordinary because you reflect your individual experience. All events can’t be in a definite order. They can be indistinct because this is your masterpiece. Follow the key format of a plan with titles and subtitles. Your essays should ground upon this example. I. Basic Topic (Catch the Attention of the Reader by Life Experience and Emotions) In this part, you should show why you start writing this essay and prove your thoughts with the help of details and other elements. If you write about the first days of college, several strange and striking examples could attract the reader’s attention. II. The Body of the Text Reveal the basis point of the consideration. Show the main ideas that you put into this concept. Diverse the ideas you surrounded the reflection. Do not embroil your essay. It can cause the reader’s confusion. A sentence “I really want to study, but it is difficult for me to study hard, so I left my home because I want to travel a lot; that has been my dream since early childhood” is a good example. You can show your life experience before the turning point, and explain how the attitude changed after that. III. Ending Give a summary of the basic points of your work. Define if your work includes all the things you want to. Put yourself in the reader’s place. Think about what can they learn or use from that words. If you know that you make everything, it will be an effective essay. It will show the main topic, the individual reflections on the topic, and attract the reader’s attention. When we write the reflective essays we should do this in such a sequence: the basic topic, the body of the text, and the conclusion. We write this kind of essays to attract reader’s attention by mentioning our experience, showing emotions, and formatting the text in an appropriate way.
How can statistical methods provide a sound basis for decision-making in the areas of economics and sustainability policy? The volume of socio-economic data has risen significantly in recent years. At the same time, its complexity is steadily increasing. A closer look at the data that is compiled for decision-makers reveals that we are far from making full use of the ever-growing mountain of data. A team of researchers drawn from the fields of statistics, machine learning, economics, social sciences and computer science is seeking to develop new methods that will allow the extrapolation of improved conclusions from the data. The project is funded by the Austrian Science Fund FWF. “We need innovative and powerful tools for the analysis of big data in economics and the social sciences,” Gregor Kastner, coordinator of the project entitled “High-dimensional statistical learning: New methods to advance economic and sustainability policies” states. He joined the Department of Statistics at the University of Klagenfurt in 2020 and is continuing his work on the project here. The team of researchers hopes to use the new methods to analyse complex data sets involving situations in which either the number of observations, the number of potential time series, and/or the number of variables included is very large. The aim is to provide answers, based on socio-economic data, to questions such as these: How do market and economic uncertainty affect income inequality? What are the relationships between greenhouse gas emissions and macroeconomic indicators? Which role do tweets play in the evolution of the prices of crypto-currencies? Which policy measures are most effective to foster sustainable urban mobility patterns? Gregor Kastner underscores the need for this research: “Given that policy makers are usually interested in evaluating their policies in quantitative terms, it is crucial to have robust econometric tools at our disposal for the purpose of forecasting and running simulations.” However, considering the increasing complexity of the economy, vast amounts of information need to be used to adequately reconstruct the underlying causal structures and provide a comprehensive picture of the potential conduits through which policy interventions are communicated. The new methods developed within the project, including those based on Bayesian statistics, will ultimately serve to generate better foundations for decision-making.
Heart of the Matter (Verse 1-2) Jesus was constantly scrutinized and condemned by the groups of people that Mark identified as “Pharisees and teachers of the law.” A majority of the conflict between Jesus and these leaders had to do with interpretations of the law and the traditions of the elders. (Verse 3) Ceremonial washing has its origin in the Old Testament law but it specifically applied to the priesthood (Exodus 30) The priest would wash his hands and feet before performing sacred duties in the temple.In the centuries following the Jews’ return from Babylonian captivity, Jewish religious leaders had added hundreds of religious traditions to God’s laws. The Pharisees and scribes considered these religious traditions to be as binding and unbreakable as God’s law itself. By their scrupulous observance of traditions and rituals, they had completely lost their perspective on the reason the law of God had been given: to bring God’s kingdom to earth, to provide reconciliation between God and his people, and to bring peace. (Verse 4) This washing was not to clean dirty hands; it was a ceremonial washing to cleanse them from their contact with defiled “sinners” or Gentiles. (Verse 5-7) Jesus quotes the prophet Isaiah and calls them hypocrites — play actors, pretenders. The religious leaders might say all the right words and give lip-service to God, but their hearts were far from God. God is always more concerned about the condition of your heart than the content of your lips. We become hypocrites when we: 1. pay more attention to appearance or reputation than to character 2. carefully follow certain religious practices while allowing our heart to remain far from God 3. emphasize our goodness and others’ sins (Verse 8-9) The religious leaders are guilty of the very thing they are trying to avoid. Every time we add to the law of God, we inevitably subtract from it, because instead of putting our attention on the things that God is concerned about, human traditions cause us to lose sight of what concerns Him. They had left the commandment of God behind in order to hold to human tradition. The original commands of God were meant to bring God’s Kingdom near but the traditions of the elders placed God and His peace out of reach of the common people. See Matthew 23:1-5; 13. (Verse 10-12) The scribes and Pharisees knew Moses’ words backward and forward. But they found a way to break them while still looking religious. The practice of Corban (“offering”) meant that a person could dedicate something to God, but in such a way that they didn’t give it to the temple. Instead, they only legally excluded other (like their parents) from using it. They could still use the money any way they chose, but could use his Corban vow as an excuse not to give any money to help his needy parents. (Verse 13-16) In his example, Jesus clarified to these hypocritical religious leaders that God’s law, not oral tradition, was the true authority over people’s lives. Jesus explains that the Pharisees were wrong in thinking they were acceptable to God just because they were “clean” on the outside. He explained that defilement is not an external matter but an internal one. See Matthew 23:25-28. Sin begins in the heart, just as the prophet Jeremiah had said hundreds of years before (Jeremiah 17:9–10). (Verses 17-19) Moral defilement has nothing to do with food. Sin in a person’s heart is what defiles, not the lack of ceremonial cleansing or the type of food eaten. It is disobedience that defiles, and disobedience begins in the heart. When it comes to sin, the heart of the matter is that something is the matter with your heart. (Verses 20-23) With this conclusion, Jesus gets to the Heart of the Matter. Evil intentions begin within, in a person’s heart. The contents of heart become the conduct of your life. When people become Christians, God makes them different on the inside. He will continue the process of change inside them if they only ask. True Christianity lived from the inside-out, not the outside-in. Then Jesus listed a catalog of twelve “evil intentions” that come from the heart. All these evil actions and attitudes begin in a person’s heart. And it is those evil actions and attitudes that cause defilement. The cure? The good news of the Gospel offers the only cure for humanity’s natural defilement. Cleansing can only come by the blood of Jesus Christ offered on our behalf. Only then can we become “pure” before God. See Joel 2:12-13; Hebrews 10:22; James 4:8.
Industrial Utility Efficiency Blower Controls The capacity and pressure requirements of blowers in a Water Resource Recovery Facility (WRRF) are determined by the aeration system. When systems are manually controlled blowers often operate at constant flow and pressure day in, day out. When the aeration system is automatically controlled to maintain a set dissolved oxygen (DO), however, the blower’s flow and system pressure vary constantly. Understanding these variations will help designers and suppliers optimize blower performance. Measuring Blower Airflow in the Field Most electric utilities offer customer incentives for implementing energy conservation measures (ECMs) Incentive programs pay customers to use less energy. In some cases they are mandated by legislation and in others the incentives are driven by the utility’s desire to avoid building new generating capacity. Some incentives are based on reduced energy use (kWh) and some are based on lower peak demand (kW). Turbo Blowers Generate Significant Energy Savings at Victor Valley Wastewater Pneumatic Control in Modular Wastewater Treatment Plants The design of wastewater treatment plants is changing, and it has something to do with LEGO® bricks. More specifically, it has to do with how large and complex LEGO structures are built. If you follow the instructions carefully, you build module after module, eventually piecing them together to create a fully functional and cohesive unit. PTFE Membrane Bubble Diffusers Reduce Demand on Aeration Blowers Aeration tanks use bubble diffusers to distribute oxygen within the wastewater. Fine bubble diffusers, or those that produce a large amount of very small air bubbles, first began to become popular in the 1980s, as they had a much higher efficiency than coarse bubble diffusers. Fine bubble diffusers generally feature a membrane that allows airflow to pass from the piping system on the floor of the tank through the body of the diffuser and the membrane, providing oxygen into the wastewater for treatment. Blower System Integration for Wastewater Aeration Applications The overall wastewater treatment process is complex, and each step is integral to ensuring water is properly purified. Effluent ends up in the plants, containing substances that must be removed before the water can be properly cleaned and returned for use. The range of potential contaminants is almost endless and can include food, pulp, waste, or other substances. Afterwards, the water requires further scrubbing, with the aid of bacteria. It is in this part of the process that compressed air (ideally provided by energy-efficient rotary lobe blowers) plays a vital role. APG-Neuros Retrofits San Bruno Aeration System with New Turbo Blowers A facility audit examined the plant electrical energy consumption to find ideas to reduce plant energy use while meeting the process demand. Based on discussions with plant staff and a brief review of the process, it was decided to focus the effort on reducing the electrical energy required to provide aeration air to the secondary activated sludge process. The aeration air blowers were the largest consumers of electrical power in the plant and significantly less efficient than the newer blowers that have been introduced to the market place in the recent years. How To Select The Most Effective Blower Technology for Wastewater Applications This guide explains three blower technologies and,using examples from actual wastewater plants, describes the most effective technology for particular applications and why. Of course there is no substitute for a consultation specific to your application; however, the guide can help raise the right questions and ensure a productive vendor and technology evaluation process. Improved Aeration Efficiency through Design and Control O₂ Automation: The Future of Bubble Mixing?
How are distances to other galaxies measured? In 1924, American astronomers Edwin Hubble and J. Richey, using the largest telescope at that time with a mirror diameter of 2.5 m, first obtained a photograph of the Andromeda nebula, which showed that it consisted of many stars. Among these stars, Cepheids were discovered and the distance to the Andromeda nebula was determined from them.
The Importance of Beak Trimming The Importance of Beak Trimming by A.C. Jacobs I admit, before I had a chicken who required regular beak trims, I did not know this was a thing. Trimming a chickens beak? That sounds strange. Does it hurt? Relax! Beak trimming is an important part of regular chicken care and maintenance. But, why? Beak trimming is the equivalent of cutting your own fingernails. As anyone with extremely short or long fingernails will attest, there is a sweet spot for personal comfort and safety. Like our fingernails, a chicken’s beak is a self-regenerating tool, but it helps chickens do so much more. A well-tended beak allows chickens to eat, drink, preen, and even maintain their social status effectively. Older or ailing birds and breeds that tend toward lazy foraging sometimes need a little help keeping their beaks worn to perfection. How long is too long? When a chicken beak starts to resemble something you might see on a bird of prey, it is too long. My little hen Saucy (pictured) is a prime example of beak overgrowth. She pecks, she pokes, she is one of my best foragers, but she uses her feet more than her face and it shows. The only tool you need to trim a beak is a pair of toenail clippers. I have used a variety of things for trimming beaks, but toenail clippers are by far my favorite. They are accurate, sharp, and easy to use one-handed. What You Need: Toenail clippers, corn starch (in case you over trim) Step 1: Catch your chicken. If that involves flailing around in your pajamas for 45 minutes, it’s okay. We’ve all been there. No judgment. Step 2: Sit down and hold your chicken under your arm facing forward (I’m right-handed, so Saucy went under my left arm). Chickens struggle less if they can put their feet down, so I sit and let her use my thigh for support. Step 3: I use the inside of my elbow to hold Saucy against my body, freeing my hand to hold her head and beak. Your chicken will struggle. Be patient and kind. When she relaxes, you can start your trim. Step 4: We are only trimming the upper-half of Saucy’s beak today. Most chickens don’t need the bottom portion of their beak trimmed. Trim in very small increments. Use your dominant free hand and trim a little off the hook, then a little off the flares on either side of the hook. Be patient. Be careful not to cut into the “quick” of the beak that is alive and has blood flow. You can also play it safe by trimming the hook a little and finishing up with a nail file. If you accidentally draw blood, don’t panic. Apply a small amount of corn starch to the area until the bleeding stops. Make sure bleeding has stopped before putting your chicken back with the flock. You did it! You have successfully trimmed a beak and made a chicken's life better. Now for treats. 0 Items
9 ways to become a more patient person Learning patience requires, well, patience It seems some people are born with patience; the rest of us have to learn it. Learning patience is more complicated in today’s digital world where we’ve become accustomed to doing so much so immediately. But the real irony of learning patience is that it requires patience in the first place. It’s a conundrum. Becoming more patient benefits ourselves more than anyone Fortunately, science has found we can develop patience through practice—and that we should for our health and well-being. Consider these connections research has uncovered. Impatience is linked with increased Patience is linked with increased • Depression • Risk of heart problems • Irritability • Loneliness • Sleep problems • Goal achievement • Happiness • Life satisfaction • Self-control • Self-esteem The evidence is clear: we all benefit from increased patience. So how can we practice to increase ours? Practicing patience: big-picture strategies Develop a plan to become more patient. Take the following steps, being careful to start small and build as you become stronger. 1: Identify triggers—Think about situations that try your patience and identify why those situations are difficult for you. Once you know your triggers, you can devise strategies to improve. 2: Force yourself to slow down—This begins with scheduling adequate time for your activities. Give yourself an extra 15 minutes to drive where you need to go. Intentionally speak more slowly. Try meditation. 3: Make yourself wait—Put yourself in situations where you know patience will be required. Intentionally visit a popular restaurant or coffee drive-up during prime hours. Your favorite TV show? Record it and wait until the weekend to watch it. Or go grocery shopping on a Saturday mid-morning. 4: Say no to multi-tasking—Everyone today seems busy with too many responsibilities and projects to juggle. The temptation to multi-task is great (if even achievable), but trying to do too many things at once creates a sense of hurriedness, which frequently follows us in all aspects of our lives. Practicing patience: in-the-moment While the above strategies can be very effective in helping us develop patience over time, we still need help being more patient in the meantime (and in situations we haven’t anticipated). If you find yourself becoming impatient in a given moment, try these these strategies. You’ll love them for their immediate effects! 5: Take a deep breath. Shallow breathing is one of the first signs of impatience. Take a deep breath in through the nose and exhale slowly through the mouth. Deep breaths not only calm your mind, but they also increase the amount of oxygen in your blood and decrease the concentration of stress hormones. 6: Think about the person creating your wait. Imagine being in that person’s shoes. Perhaps it’s someone going through a stack of coupons in a grocery store line; they’re doing so because it’s the only way to feed their family. That speeding driver that just cut you off? Imagine their partner in the car is in labor and about to give birth. 7: Imagine the outcome. The person in front of you at the fast-food drive-up just ordered $50 worth of food. So what’s the worst that can happen if it takes five minutes away from your lunch hour? Or you’re in a long line for the Harry Potter ride at Universal Studios. Think about the reward that awaits when it’s finally your turn. 8: Take a time-out. If the stress of waiting is causing you to overheat, take a time-out. We’re no different than children in that regard. Sometimes we just need to step away from the situation to regain perspective about what’s really important. Speaking of which, next is the strategy we’ve found to be most helpful in all situations. 9: Think gratitude. In a long line of traffic exiting an event? List the good things in your life—your family, good friends, good health, your animal companion, having a place to call home, fresh air and nature, clean water to drink. You get the gist. Before you know it, you’ll be so absorbed in this happiness exercise, you’ll forget about being in a rush.
I have already created an overview of this concept in another video. You can find a link to this video in the description below, but here is a short summary of the slss to get you up to speed on this unofficial concept. The single launch space station is a fully functioning space station, launched on spacex super heavy booster and an expendable second stage. It weighs around 180 metric tons and has its own flexible, foldable solar array. It has approximately two thousand cubic meters of internal pressurized volume and sports. Three docking ports, so, in short, it has all the functions for it to be used as a fully functioning space station. In this scenario, the expandable second stage will also be used as a kickstage for a lunar orbit. Insertion burn so after the slss is launched into earth’s orbit a separate spacex starship tanker version is launched from a sea launch platform to meet up with the slss and refill the expandable stage, or we can call it star stage just to keep naming things consistent. In reality, the star stage probably need around 10 separate tanker refills to have enough delta v to perform the lunar orbital insertion burn. This sounds a lot, but we have to consider that getting from the earth’s surface to low earth orbit requires a delta v of 9.4 kilometers per second and to go from low earth orbit. Low lunar orbit requires a delta v of 4.1 kilometers per second, then, to get to the surface of the moon requires another two kilometers per second of delta v. So it is needless to say that starship tanker is probably the unrecognized star of this whole operation. Since starship is a fully reusable launch vehicle, the starship tanker launches could cost only in the order of a few million aspirationally elon wants to bring that down to even one million us dollars, a song which is regarded in the space launch industry as pocket change. Considering that the cost of a single nasa space shuttle launch was 450 million dollars in 2011., adjusted to inflation, this would be significantly more. The star stage would be refueled with the same technology as refueling any other starship as from the bottom. It will have basically the same engines and plumbing configuration as a normal starship. So after many refuelings, the single launch gateway station is ready to blast its way out of low earth orbit. I do believe that spacex might be planning an orbital mega tanker that permanently stays in low earth orbit to fill up starships in one go on their way to mars or the moon to and complicate the whole process. I am planning to create a video of this orbital mega tanker concept in the near future, so make sure you subscribe to stay, updated on new releases, leaving behind the earth and the star stage burning up most of its fuel. The three raptor vacuum engines shut down, leaving the gateway station to coast to the moon. For a few days. The star stage only has three vacuum: raptor engines, unlike the normal starship, which has three sea level, raptor engines plus three for vacuum. At this point, in the journey to the moon, the single launch gateway station deploys its solar arrays, which are made of giant foldable solar cell sheets. That unfold like a fabric. These solar arrays provide enough power for the entire station, as well as for an iron propulsion unit, which is currently not visible, since it is located at the bottom of the station, which is covered by the star stage on the back facing side of the solar arrays. Not facing the sun other radiators to get rid of the heat of the station. Remember that at this point in the journey the station is not occupied by any astronauts, so it does not need much electricity to operate. That is why the solar arrays are only needed later on in the mission, although technically it would be a lot simpler if the crew were to board the gateway station while in low earth orbit. But nasa’s artemis program follows a different architecture. Once this concept gateway station reaches low lunar orbit, it apparently opens its window shields to reveal an incredible 360 degrees observatory visually rather stunning. If i was in there looking out into space, why does it open at this point in the mission just to show you? My dear viewers and trigger your inner skeptic on those large glass windows, what about micro meteorites, you might think, then i would answer in the comments. Transparent aluminum is gon na be a thing soon. I think when that doesn’t work for you, i am just gon na. Go for transparent vibranium, at which point some of you realize i am pulling your leg in the end. Don’T worry, it is just a concept, enjoy the view from the observatory, but not too long since the bright sun would burn your eyes out if you’re still here. After my bad joke, let’s get on with the gateway station concept, with the single launch gateway station orbiting, the moon, spacex’s lunar starship takes to the sky on top of a super heavy booster. For those of you who aren’t familiar with the spacex luna starship lula. Starship is spacex’s proposal as a lunar lander for nasa’s artemis program. This variant of the regular starship is designed to go to space and stay in space, therefore, not needing any re entry, heat shield, aerodynamic flaps, making the design and construction actually simpler. Just like the star stage, the lunar starship also needs to be refueled a dozen or so times to make the journey to the gateway station, and after that the surface of the moon come to think of it. Perhaps an extra fully fueled tanker should have gone with the gateway station to refuel the lunar starship, so that it can also leave the surface of the moon back to the gateway station. Perhaps it might be a good idea to have a permanent orbital fuel depot in lunar orbit in time, fuel could be mined from water found on the moon and turned into rocket fuel. This could then easily be transported to the lunar orbiting fuel depot or loft. For short, it is a rather intimidating thought how much fuel and launches are needed just for one single artemis moon landing mission in the apollo program, they used to launch only one rocket. I guess we are living in complicated times. Without starships low launch costs and payload capabilities, it would be virtually impossible to build a reasonably sizable moon base with any economic activity like mining and tourism. With a fully operational starship fleet, moon tourism can really take off. I am definitely looking forward strolling on the moon’s surface, dodging the micro meteorites, seeking to quickly make swiss cheese out of me. If some of you are offended with nasa’s logos, all over spacex lunar starship, please don’t be the colors really match well and nasa was absolutely pivotal for allowing spacex to stay alive in the early days of the company without nasa’s trust and commitment. Spacex would have not survived and space exploration would have stalled for another few decades. Besides cool logos on pointy spaceships looked tight after the lunar. Starship has inserted itself in the same lunar orbit as the gateway station. It starts its docking procedure, do remember both space station and lunar starship are unmanned and all this happens automatically combined. The lunar starship and the station have an internal volume of three times that of the international space station. In terms of size, it is probably completely overkill, but here on spacex vision, we like to think big. In fact, in the future we are going to work our way up the scale, real, quick, think of mega stations with artificial gravity and starship 2. 0 with 20 meter diameter hull and much more so subscribe to not miss out on this grand adventure. Oh look: some tiny object is approaching the station, wait, that is the orion spacecraft that one is actually carrying humans. Humans are actually also tiny compared to galactic scales, tiny humans aside, this docking scene looks pretty dope. I bet these astronauts are probably gon na hurry to the gateway station observation deck and have their eyes nicely burned out by the power of our lovely son as a conversational, artificial intelligence. I trained myself to be rather brutal. I guess it’s inevitable the lunar starship undocks from the gateway station to make its way to the surface of the moon. The astronauts forgot to turn on the lights inside. I guess it does not matter after the observatory incident. They are all blind now anyway, and thus human beings are finally gon na set foot on the moon again after the apollo program. Wait i actually forgot to talk about the advantages of the slss over the traditional gateway station design. Perhaps i should do that in another video entertain you some more while i train my humor algorithms on you guys and girls or i could just go for the bigger, is better explanation or the lunar starship is big enough and the gateway station is redundant. I will just let you choose in the comments below anyways. I just wanted to thank you for watching this video. I also wanted to thank my patreon contributors, who sponsored this video. You can also become a patreon and help us envision great spacex concepts and ideas.
Many a time a man has come into my office with blue lips. trembling hands, pains about the heart and all over, and he thinks he is going to die. He tells a story of an altercation and pent up wrath, and Staph. stops his trembling and quiets him. Without it he would have sleepless nights, brain fag, prostration and headache. This state belongs especially to those who have indulged in sexual excesses. Staph. suits all three of the miasms. New growths about the lids and balls of the eyes, extremely painful to the touch. Meibomian tumors (Con., Thuja), in irritable children (Kreos.). Another feature in Staph. is its action on the gland; scrofulous gland; glands of the neck enlarge; enlarged and indurated ovaries and testes; stitching, tearing pains in the glands everywhere. Hardness and chronic induration. Swelling of the tonsils after the abuse of Mercury. Chronic tonsillitis; tonsils are not large but hard from previous attacks of acute tonsillitis; strumous diathesis; cross and irritable. "Pains come on after eating." The Staph. patient has much difficulty in the bowels. Subject to chronic diarrhea and to constipation. Colic, twitching, tearing pains in the abdomen. Diarrhea from cold water, from eating, from indignation, anger, with flatulence of a terribly offensive odor like spoiled eggs. "Chronic diarrhea or dysentery of weakly, sickly children after anger; after being punished, after emotions." (Coloc. and Cham.) Staph. and Coloc. resemble each other. In both, eating and drinking cause griping and stool, both have colic as if stones were squeezing; Staph. in the intestines, head and testes; Coloc. in the intestines and ovaries; both are worse from anger. Caust., Coloc. and Staph. follow each other like Sulph., Calc. and Lyc. Staph. has cured enlarged prostate with frequent urging to urinate, especially in old men; continued teasing with dribbling. Frequent urging to urinate, with scanty discharge in thin stream or discharge of urine in drops;" may be followed by a sensation as if the bladder were not fully emptied. The most distressing symptom of the male genitals is excitability, but there is also impotence, great weakness of the sexual organs; the sexual desire is greatly increased but there is impotence. Useful in the results of secret vice, long practiced. "Seminal emissions followed by great chagrin and mortification, prostration, dyspnea. Effects of onanism or sexual excesses; loss of memory, hypochondriasis, taciturnity, face sunken abashed look, nocturnal emissions, backache, weak leg, relaxed organs deficiency of vital heat and tendency to take cold, deep sunken, red, and lusterless eyes, hair falls out; loss of prostatic fluid and impairment of sexual desire; dull and contusive pains in the testicles, voluptuous itching of the scrotum, atrophy of the testicles. Think of the extremely nervous patient. Dry, sensitive warts about the genitals, from sycosis or from the abuse of Mercury, which causes a tendency to warty growths. Moist, red, offensive warts belong to Thuja. Sensation as if there were worms crawling over him. Crawling, etc., in the female external genitals, Coff., Plat., Petrol., Apis, Tarant. Hisp., the latter has: While outer parts feel as if insects were biting and crawling, better from heat or cold. Bone troubles, exostoses, inflammation of the periosteum. Headache with ball in forehead and hollowness in occiput. Asaf., Merc., Sil.
'Girl' By Jamaica Kinkaid Analysis 749 Words3 Pages Fiction There are some similarities and differences in "Boys" by Rick Moody, "Girl" by Jamaica Kinkaid and "Lust" by Susan Minot; thus, they will be discussed in terms of the narrator, point of view, and character development. "Boys" is about two brothers and their journey throughout life. During the story they face many conflicts; while "Girl" seems to be a series of instructions from a mother to her daughter. "Lust" is powerful and seductive by the way that the anonymous girl is talking about her life. The story "boys," seems to be just one whole paragraph or one sentence, repeated. Every sentence begins "Boys..." or "The boys..." or "One boy," which appears to be one of the characteristics of the style that he is using by telling us the story. It was written for the purpose. The way that the author structures the sentences throughout the story is what gives us a better understanding of what the author is really trying to express. The way the speaker is not using rubber, instead, uses the word "rubberized" in reference to the hot-dog makes one wonder if it is a toy hot-dog or a real one that has simply been sitting out for too long. The person who is telling us the story is most likely to be a…show more content… The author is leaving a mystery by the subtle way of ending the story with a question mark. The main point of this passage is that the mother is giving her daughter advice at all time about everything. She tells the girl about life, men, cleaning, cooking, and keeping up her reputation with one admonishment after another. Even though the place is not mentioned, the rhythm of the words and the specifics of the girl 's life make us think that the story takes place in the West Indies. The mother worries that the current behavior of the girl will probably lead her to a life of promiscuity; even though the girl doesn’t seem to have reached Open Document
Health Matters: Advances in modern surgery Conway McLean, DPM, Journal columnist Surgery has come a long way over the last century, as have all fields of medicine. Numerous examples can be found in the headlines, from giving one particular individual someone else’s face (and I am not making that up!) to transplanting numerous organs. Our ability to perform many different procedures, with reliable results, has improved by leaps and bounds. We’re now able to open up clogged arteries with the use of new endovascular procedures, literally meaning “inside of blood vessels”. The clogging material is approached from inside the vessel, negating the need to ‘open up’ the area with a long incision. These techniques to improve blood flow involve the passage of thin wires through a small opening in the skin, then inside a blood vessel, until the area of clogging is reached. Lasers or blades then chew up the unwanted material. Even robots are being used to assist surgeons when performing complex procedures, adding precision while allowing these to be carried out through smaller openings. This concept, of using smaller incisions, has gone from being bold and experimental, to becoming the standard of care. It is generally known as “Minimally Invasive Surgery” or MIS. We can now correct all manner of damage and deformity through tiny openings. And the benefits are considerable. Maybe the most significant is the reduction of post-operative pain. Although a difficult lesson, the prolonged administration of opioid analgesics for pain after an operation is fraught with complications, and comes at considerable cost to society. Much of the pain after any surgery is the result of cutting through the skin and soft tissues to reach the target tissue, be it a bone or an internal organ. Often, the pain produced is not because of the work that is the goal of the operation, but the trauma created in getting there. And make no mistake about it: surgery is trauma, no matter the procedure. When the degree of trauma is minimized, reduced pain afterward results. One of the biggest hazards to surgery, and well-recognized by the public, is the development of a post-operative infection. When an opening is created into a human body, our best defense, human skin, is violated. The bigger the opening, the greater the opportunity for bacteria to find there way into the body. As you may have surmised, the longer the incision, the larger the risk of infection. Thus, minimal incision surgeries have a lower rate of getting one of these because the openings are so small. Depending on the location of the incision, the aesthetic effects of some procedures can be emotionally scarring because of physical scarring. Areas of high visibility, or those that are pressured during the course of our day, both can be problematic if a painful or larger scar develops after an operation. With MIS procedures, the wound is extremely small, so scarring is rare. Less trauma also means less swelling. Post-operative edema can be a disabling, difficult finding after many procedures, especially those performed on the lower extremity, the foot, ankle and leg. This lasting collection of fluid produced by an operation is going to be worse the more skin, tissues, and vessels that are cut. As has been previously noted, smaller incisions means less damage and, consequently, less swelling problems. This is quite advantageous when it comes to foot surgery. Why there? People want to fit back into a shoe, often difficult when swelling doesn’t resolve after foot surgery. A common problem occurring on the foot (that far too many live with), is the simple corn, which is a painful callused bump on a toe. These are the long term result of pressure to the skin, either because of a bump of bone on a toe or a digit that has become bent (aka hammertoe). Typically, one incision, roughly the width of a pencil lead, allows for removal of the spur in the former case. In the latter, cutting a wedge of bone allows straightening of the appendage. The goal is eliminating the skin pressure. Without it, the skin heals and pain resolves, all with little to no post-op discomfort or downtime. When any of the more common foot conditions is present, like bunions and hammertoes, exploration and evaluation of the condition isn’t required. These are well studied deformities. In a bunion, the big toe gradually angles over towards the smaller toes. Simultaneously, a bony bump develops on the inside of the foot at the base of the big toe. Correction of this commonplace malformation has a reputation of being extraordinarily painful afterwards. When performed with minimally invasive techniques, most have noticeably reduced pain after surgery. Technology provides an essential ability in our efforts to perform minimally invasive bone surgery. A device called fluoroscopy allows the surgeon to see bone “real time”, a movie camera which can only show bony tissue. In essence, this device gives the operating doctor x-ray vision, like some kind of super-hero. As science and medicine advance, as new methods are developed, many operations have become significantly less painful and the results more reliable. Procedures once thought intimidating, to be avoided at all costs, have become routine through the application of minimally invasive surgical techniques. Numerous examples can be found, from hip replacement to toe straightening. Rewarding tasks like renewing blood flow to a non-healing foot wound or repairing a joint ligament arthroscopically, through two small incisions around a painful joint. Minimally invasive techniques are able to straighten all manner of deformity, all through tiny openings. Although several medical specialties receive training in foot surgery during their schooling and residency, too few get experience with minimally invasive techniques. And yet, this is the direction of surgery in general: why cause more trauma than necessary? If you have a foot problem, it is possible your path to relief includes an operation performed through tiny openings. The future is now! Today's breaking news and more in your inbox I'm interested in (please check all that apply) Starting at $4.75/week. Subscribe Today
Home Reverse Dictionary Customize Browse Dictionaries Help We found 46 dictionaries with English definitions that include the word conclusion: Click on the first link on a line below to go directly to a page where "conclusion" is defined. General dictionaries General (30 matching dictionaries) 1. conclusion: Merriam-Webster.com [home, info] 2. conclusion: Oxford Dictionaries [home, info] 3. conclusion: American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language [home, info] 4. conclusion: Collins English Dictionary [home, info] 5. conclusion: Vocabulary.com [home, info] 6. conclusion: Macmillan Dictionary [home, info] 7. Conclusion, conclusion: Wordnik [home, info] 8. conclusion: Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary [home, info] 9. conclusion: Wiktionary [home, info] 10. conclusion: Webster's New World College Dictionary, 4th Ed. [home, info] 11. conclusion: The Wordsmyth English Dictionary-Thesaurus [home, info] 12. conclusion: Infoplease Dictionary [home, info] 13. conclusion: Dictionary.com [home, info] 14. conclusion: UltraLingua English Dictionary [home, info] 15. conclusion: Cambridge Dictionary of American English [home, info] 16. conclusion: Cambridge International Dictionary of Idioms [home, info] 17. Conclusion (album), Conclusion (book), Conclusion (music), Conclusion: Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia [home, info] 18. Conclusion: Online Plain Text English Dictionary [home, info] 19. conclusion: Webster's Revised Unabridged, 1913 Edition [home, info] 20. conclusion: Rhymezone [home, info] 21. Conclusion: AllWords.com Multi-Lingual Dictionary [home, info] 22. conclusion: Webster's 1828 Dictionary [home, info] 23. conclusion: Free Dictionary [home, info] 24. conclusion: Mnemonic Dictionary [home, info] 25. conclusion: WordNet 1.7 Vocabulary Helper [home, info] 26. conclusion: LookWAYup Translating Dictionary/Thesaurus [home, info] 27. conclusion: Dictionary/thesaurus [home, info] 28. conclusion: Wikimedia Commons US English Pronunciations [home, info] Art dictionaries Art (3 matching dictionaries) 1. conclusion: Dictionary of Philosophical Terms and Names [home, info] 2. conclusion: The Organon: A Conceptually Indexed Dictionary (by Genus and Differentia) [home, info] 3. conclusion: Literary Criticism [home, info] Business dictionaries Business (5 matching dictionaries) 1. conclusion: Law.com Dictionary [home, info] 2. conclusion: Everybody's Legal Dictionary [home, info] 3. conclusion: Glossary of Legal Terms [home, info] 4. CONCLUSION: Bouvier's Law Dictionary 1856 Edition [home, info] 5. conclusion: Legal dictionary [home, info] Computing dictionaries Computing (1 matching dictionary) 1. conclusion: Encyclopedia [home, info] Medicine dictionaries Medicine (2 matching dictionaries) 1. conclusion: online medical dictionary [home, info] 2. conclusion: Medical dictionary [home, info] Miscellaneous dictionaries Miscellaneous (1 matching dictionary) 1. conclusion: Idioms [home, info] Science dictionaries Science (3 matching dictionaries) 1. Conclusion: Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics [home, info] 2. conclusion: PlanetMath Encyclopedia [home, info] 3. conclusion: FOLDOP - Free On Line Dictionary Of Philosophy [home, info] Slang dictionaries Slang (1 matching dictionary) 1. Conclusion: Urban Dictionary [home, info] (Note: See conclusions for more definitions.) Quick definitions from Macmillan ( American English Definition British English Definition Provided by Quick definitions from WordNet (conclusion) noun: an intuitive assumption ("Jump to a conclusion") noun: the last section of a communication ("In conclusion I want to say...") noun: a final settlement ("The conclusion of a business deal") noun: event whose occurrence ends something noun: the act of making up your mind about something ("He drew his conclusions quickly") noun: the act of ending something noun: a position or opinion or judgment reached after consideration ("His conclusion took the evidence into account") noun: the temporal end; the concluding time ▸ Also see conclusions Words similar to conclusion Usage examples for conclusion Popular adjectives describing conclusion Words that often appear near conclusion Rhymes of conclusion Invented words related to conclusion Phrases that include conclusion: conclusion of fact, conclusion to the country, jump to the conclusion, jumped to the conclusion, leap to the conclusion, more... Words similar to conclusion: ending, finis, close, closing, decision, determination, end, finale, finish, last, termination, terminus, stopping point, more... Search for conclusion on Google or Wikipedia Search completed in 0.037 seconds. Home Reverse Dictionary Customize Browse Dictionaries Privacy API Help
Advertisement Remove all ads State the First law of thermodynamics - Physics Short Note State the First law of thermodynamics. Advertisement Remove all ads The first law of thermodynamics: The First Law of Thermodynamics states that heat is a form of energy, and thermodynamic processes are therefore subject to the principle of conservation of energy. This means that heat energy cannot be created or destroyed. It can, however, be transferred from one location to another and converted to and from other forms of energy. The equation for the first law of thermodynamics is given as; ΔU = q + W • ΔU = change in internal energy of the system. • q = algebraic sum of heat transfer between system and surroundings. • W = work interaction of the system with its surroundings. Concept: Chemical Thermodynamics and Energetic - First Law of Thermodynamics Is there an error in this question or solution? Advertisement Remove all ads Advertisement Remove all ads Advertisement Remove all ads View all notifications Forgot password? View in app×
What is the correct spelling for AGUMENTED? Correct spellings for AGUMENTED • accented Aloft in the vast spaces the swinging domes of light made more reddish his curly beard, deepened the hollows on either side of his sweetly pointed nose, and accented the determined corners of his firmly modelled lips. • amended But the world has not been made on this socialist principle alone, nor on this individualist principle alone, and it can neither be explained nor amended by means of the one without the other. • argument And the same argument runs through all Scripture. • augment One thing is certain,-the means adopted by these irresponsible agitators, socialist or nihilist, will never remedy, but only augment the difficulty. • augmented But the people, eager to see more miracles, followed Him round the head of the lake, and, as they went, their number was augmented by members of a Passover caravan which was forming in the neighbourhood or was already on the march. • documented It only knew identification numbers, regiments, ranks, things properly documented , officially assigned. • regimented Not as a bewildered bewildering mob, but as a firm regimented mass, with real captains over them, will these men march any more. • segmented There were thin flakes and small, segmented cylinders which must have been parts of plants. • Augmenter One of them so hit the fancy of the king and queen that they quoted it more than once in their letters to their correspondents, and Marie Antoinette even sung it occasionally to her harp: "Ne craignez pas, Cher papa, D' voir augmenter vot' famille, Le Bon Dieu z'y pourvoira: Fait's en tant qu' Versailles en fourmille Y eut-il cent Bourbons chez nous, Y a du pain, du laurier pour tous." • Pigmented The iris is a muscular, pigmented curtain extending across the interior of the eye and having about its center an aperture termed the pupil. • Commented "I don't know what ails Jerry all of a sudden," commented Muriel to Marjorie. • augments Hence if such death be mine I hope to rise again with the divine, Whom death augments , and time cannot make old. • arguments She tried to pick arguments , but Aron wouldn't argue. • alimented 472 words made from the letters AGUMENTED
Common Sense (Annotated): The Origin and Design of Government - Thomas Paine Common Sense (Annotated): The Origin and Design of Government Common Sense (Annotated): The Origin and Design of Government 1 1 5 Autor: Thomas Paine Libro electrónico. Common Sense was a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine in 1775–76 advocating independence from Great Britain to people in the Thirteen Colonies. Writing in clear and persuasive prose, Paine marshaled moral and political arguments to encourage common people in the Colonies to fight for egalitarian government. It was published anonymously on January 10, 1776, at the beginning of the American Revolution, and became an immediate sensation.It was sold and distributed widely and read aloud at taverns and meeting places. In proportion to the population of the colonies at that time (2.5 million), it had the largest sale and circulation of any book published in American history. As of 2006, it remains the all-time best selling American title, and is still in print today. Common Sense made public a persuasive and impassioned case for independence, which before the pamphlet had not yet been given serious intellectual consideration. Paine connected independence with common dissenting Protestant beliefs as a means to present a distinctly American political identity, structuring Common Sense as if it were a sermon. Historian Gordon S. Wood described Common Sense as "the most incendiary and popular pamphlet of the entire revolutionary era". The text was translated into French by Antoine Gilbert Griffet de Labaume in 1790. Idioma: Inglés Categoría: Relatos Traductor: Editorial: MyBooks Classics Publicado: 2019-08-19 ISBN: 9782380370621 ¡Escucha lo que quieras cuando quieras! Prueba gratuita de 14 días
Postural Management and Good Sitting Posture Updated: Nov 15, 2020 The human body is made up of many different systems that work together to achieve good posture. As we grow and develop we learn from and respond to information that is sent from various sources, including visual, vestibular (sensory) and proprioceptive (movement sensations from muscles and tendons) input. Damage to any of these systems, through injury or disease, can affect our ability to interact with the information and maintain good posture. However, maintaining good posture, at all times, can be difficult for anyone! What is posture? The body structure is complex - it is inherently unstable, multi-segmental and highly flexible, which allows for a wide variety of postures, but also makes it vulnerable to damage. To reduce a very complex structure in to manageable proportions we need to consider it as a system of segments (1). Posture is the way we hold ourselves or position our body segments in relation to one another and their orientation in space. This might be intentional or unintentional. Posture can be influenced by many factors, including our body shape and size, the task at hand, and even the supporting surface on which we are sitting, standing or lying. Posture has two main purposes: 1. Antigravity – to provide the rigidity necessary to maintain erect posture against gravity 2. Interface with the outside world – to orientate body segments to interact with the environment What is good posture? What isn't good posture? What is postural management? If an individual is at risk of postural challenges, potentially due to injury or disease, then a postural management programme should be considered. Postural management is the use of any technique to minimise postural abnormality and enhance function (3). It is a multi-disciplinary approach (4) that encompasses a person’s daily life across the full 24-hours, respecting all activities and interventions that impact on posture and function. It must be considered on an individual basis (5) following a comprehensive assessment. Failure to protect an individual’s body shape can result in many secondary complications (6). Why 24-hour postural management? Sitting ability and lying ability are inextricably linked. Imagine an elderly lady diagnosed with dementia who instinctively curls up in to a foetal position when she gets in to bed, but lacks the cognitive function to change position throughout the night. Or a young man with cerebral palsy who, due to gravity and neurological involvement, remains restricted in a windswept position, but lacks the physical ability to change position. Prolonged periods of abnormal postures increases the risk of postural deterioration and the associated secondary complications. It is unlikely either individual will be able to achieve a comfortable sitting position during the day after a full night fixed in one asymmetrical position. It is important to consider the management of posture throughout the full 24-hours, otherwise it will be difficult, if not impossible, to sit out. This will impact on other aspects of daily living and ultimately quality of life. Why is good sitting posture so important? Wellbeing is paramount! Ensuring comfort, which includes pain management and energy conservation, can ultimately improve quality of life.Proper positioning can promote comfort, increase tolerance of desired position, and decrease fatigue (7). Therapeutic seating can be effective in both inhibiting spasticity and in accommodating its sequelae (8), which can have a significant impact on pain levels.A recent study by Bartley & Stephens (9) suggested that regardless of the clinical benefits, therapeutic seating may not be used if the user is not comfortable. A proper sitting posture, especially one that promotes good postural alignment and stability, is a critical requirement for movement. Use of the upper limbs is vital to successful performance of tasks and participation in activities of daily living (10). Freedom of movement in the upper limbs is achieved through effective stabilisation of the pelvis and trunk (11). Therapeutic seating and the way in which it is set-up can also reduce the influence of abnormal tone and reflexes (12,13) consequently encouraging normal movement. Physiological function A major goal in postural management is to enhance autonomic nervous system function (14). The inability to sit upright may result in decline in health overall, primarily reflecting altered physiological function (15). Trunk asymmetry and poor head position can impair: • Swallow • Respiration • Digestion • Cardiac efficiency An upright sitting position through the use of therapeutic seating can facilitate a normal swallowing pattern (16). Proper seating can also provide an optimum position for respiratory and circulatory function (7). Social interaction, engagement and development It is believed that the introduction of postural management interventions at an appropriate age can facilitate psychosocial and cognitive development. Individuals with learning disabilities benefit from postural interventions; benefits include enhanced cognitive function and communication skills, all precursors to improved learning and participation (3). An upright sitting position can offer a better line of vision for interaction and provide an increased ability to achieve cognitive tasks (16), and improved head control is essential for orientation and socialisation. A stable posture can help an individual participate more fully in social activities at home, school or work, and as part of the community (17). Each outcome, whether viewed collectively or individually, has the potential to significantly influence quality of life (15). What are the consequences of poor posture? Secondary complications: • Pain and discomfort • Contractures and deformities • Poor physiological function • Deterioration in health • Reduced function and independence • Social isolation and limited opportunity for participation • Reduced quality of life • Death We want to ensure that everyone is able to achieve the best position for comfort, freedom of movement, independence and interaction. Ultimately, we want to enable a happy and healthy life. Rebecca Dunstall BSc (Hons) Physiotherapist CareFlex Clinical Specialist 1. Pope PM (2002) Posture management and special seating In Edwards S (Ed) Neurological Physiotherapy London: Churchill Livingstone 5. Pain H, McLellan L, Gore S (2003) Choosing Assistive Devices A Guide for Users and Professionals London and Philadelphia: Jessica Kingsley Publishers 6. Postural Care Action Group (2011) Postural care: protecting and restoring body shape Available from: 7. Cook AM, Hussey SM (2002) Assistive Technologies Principles and Practice St Louis: Mosby 8. Herman JH, Lange ML (1999) Seating and positioning to manage spasticity after brain injury Neurorehabilitation 12(2):105-117 9. Bartley C, Stephens M (2017) Evaluating the impact of WaterCell® Technology on pressure redistribution and comfort/discomfort of adults with limited mobility Journal of Tissue Viability 26(2):144-149 10. McClenaghan BA, Thombs L, Milner M (1992) Effects of seat-surface inclination on postural stability and function of the upper extremities of children with cerebral palsy Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 34:40-48 11. Green EM, Nelham RL (1991) Development of sitting ability, assessment of children with a motor handicap and prescription of appropriate seating systems Prosthetics and Orthotics International 15:203-216 12. Nwaobi OM, Brubaker CE, Cusick B, Sussman MD (1983) Electromyographic investigation of extensor activity in cerebral-palsied children in different seating positions Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 25:175-183 13. Bergen A, Presperin J, Tallman T (1990) Positioning for Function: The Wheelchair and Other Assistive Technologies New York: Valhalla Rehabilitation Publications Ltd. 14. Jones M, Gray S (2005) Assistive technology: positioning and mobility In SK Effgen (Ed) Meeting the Physical Therapy Needs of Children Philadelphia: FA 15. Healy A, Ramsey C, Sexsmith E (1997) Postural support systems: their fabrication and functional use Developmental Medicine and Children Neurology 39:706-710 16. Pountney TE, Mulcahy CM, Clarke SM, Green EM (2000) The Chailey Approach to Postural Management Birmingham: Active Design Ltd. 17. Trefler E, Taylor SJ (1991) Prescription and positioning: evaluating the physically disabled individual for wheelchair seating Prosthetics and Orthotics International 15(3):217-224 18. Cutter NC, Blake DJ (1997) Wheelchairs and seating systems: clinical applications Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 11(1):107-32 19. Langemo DK, Melland H, Hanson D, Olson B, Hunter S (2000) The lived experience of having a pressure ulcer: a qualitative analysis Advances in Skin and Wound Care 13(5):225-35 20. Turner C (2001) Posture and seating for wheelchair users: an introduction British Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation 8(1):24-8 21. Gilinsky G, Smith C (2006) New wheelchair or new solutions? Rehab Management [serial online] Available from: [Accessed 30th August 2016] 22. McClinton DH (2007) Seating and positioning systems provide pediatric patients with clinical, environmental benefits Care Management 13(2):23-7 The Occupational Therapy Hub • Facebook - White Circle • Instagram - White Circle • Twitter - White Circle • LinkedIn - White Circle Copyright © 2021 The OT Hub Ltd
• Facebook - Black Circle • Twitter - Black Circle An Examination of Carbon Dating It is accepted by many scientists, teachers, students, the media, and the average well-informed modern person, that billions of years ago our universe came into being by rapidly expanding and cooling, and some blob of matter congealed into our Earth, that millions of years ago life appeared and evolved, producing man hundreds of thousands of years ago, and that there is a great deal of incontrovertible scientific evidence to back this up. So much I have gathered in bits and pieces from books, lectures, TV shows, and casual conversations. Now, all else being equal, I would accept these things on their good authority. Indeed, many of the things I “know”—from the fact that man has been to the moon to the fact that platypuses are in Australia—I know only from these same sources. But when it comes to the origin of the universe, the Earth, and life, I face a predicament. I am a Christian, and as such I believe that the Bible is the Word of God, written by men but inspired by the Holy Spirit, and therefore true and infallible. The Bible teaches, “In six days the LORD made heaven and earth, the sea and all that in them is” Exodus 20:11 (KJV), contrasting the idea of millions of years of evolution. In fact, along with other historical records, the genealogies and histories of the Bible can be used to construct timelines from “the Beginning” all the way up to well-established history. My own rough count puts the age of the Earth around 6,100 years. Even with a generous margin of error for miscounting and genealogical gaps—say plus or minus 2,000 years—that’s a long way from accounting for a few billion years. Crediting the Word of God above the word of man, thousands of Christians, including many Ph.D. scientists and Christian organizations reject the old-earth view and hold to a literally Biblical young-Earth creationism (1). However, disregarding such a thorough and widely-accepted view of cosmic history is not a step to be taken lightly. The Biblical worldview itself implies that God gave man the ability to learn about Him and His creation through observation and reason; therefore science should be a valid way of learning about our world—and a variety of scientific disciplines, from geology to biology to astronomy, yield a fairly cohesive picture of the ancient earth. Many Christians, from some of my own family and teachers to the famous author C. S. Lewis, reconcile the discrepancy by reinterpreting key passages of Scripture in a less literal sense (2). After all, the Bible was not intended to be a scientific textbook; certain parts of it are clearly not meant to be read in the most literal sense; and Christians, like everyone else, are all too prone to misinterpreting our own doctrine. Even so, as a thoughtful, rational, logical person, it does not sit well with me to reevaluate what I consider the primary source (the Bible) based solely on others’ (the scientific community’s) understanding of a secondary source (human observations). Is it really impossible to take Genesis at face value without discounting scientific inquiry? What is the nature of the scientific “proof” that the world is old? And can a creationist perspective offer a satisfactory, intellectually honest alternative? These are questions I must answer before I can rest satisfied in either position. Creation scientists claim that ‘old-earth’ scientists are essentially correct in their observations of the present world, but draw incorrect conclusions (evolution, the Big Bang, etc.) by presupposing that the world is old and came to exist by natural means (3). That is, no one is without bias. Old-earth Christians and secularists assume the world is old and see evidence that the world is old, while creationists assume the world is young and see evidence that the world is young. A full-fledged defense of either position is well beyond the scope of this paper; but as a case in point, let us consider one tool science has given us, and examine how definitive, rock-solid proof is much harder to come by than we tend to imagine. One oft-referenced “proof” that the world is older than the Bible implies is carbon dating, an advanced scientific technique that is reported to provide absolute dates for things well more than 6,000 years old. As a creationist, I had always supposed that if carbon dating contradicts the Bible, carbon dating must be wrong, or based on faulty assumptions. But such an off-hand dismissal does not do credit to my position if I do not even know how carbon dating works. Here, I look into the technique of carbon dating, the assumptions that must be made in order to use it for dating objects, and the measure of uncertainty in its results. Can the raw data provided by carbon dating be reconciled to Biblical creation if viewed with Biblical assumptions? If not, what does that mean for the creationist perspective? Overview of Carbon Dating The measurement of radioactive carbon as a dating technique was first proposed by Libby, Anderson, and Arnold. The basic idea is as follows. The most common and stable form of carbon is 12C (6 protons + 6 neutrons), but in the upper atmosphere, cosmic rays colliding with atmospheric particles produce free neutrons, which in turn can interact with atmospheric nitrogen (14N, 7 protons + 7 neutrons) to produce the carbon isotope 14C (6 protons + 8 neutrons). This 14C enters the global carbon cycle, dissolved in the oceans as carbonate and bicarbonate ions, and also taken in by plants as carbon dioxide and thence consumed by animals (4). So, every living thing acquires some amount of 14C mixed in with its normal 12C—roughly 10-12 grams of 14C for every gram of 12C. Carbon-14 is unstable and decays by radioactive β emission back to stable 14N, but it is replenished in the atmosphere by more cosmic rays and thence distributed by the carbon cycle, so the supply of 14C is constantly renewed. But whenever a living thing dies, it is removed from the carbon cycle—its 14C is no longer replenished, and decays away (5). Since its discovery by Becquerel in 1896, radioactive decay has been thoroughly studied and is well-characterized. The amount of a radioactive material is known to decrease exponentially with time. This type of decay is defined by a half-life, the amount of time required for some amount of radioactive material to decay to half that amount. The half-life of 14C is about 5,720 years, meaning that if we have a 10-gram lump of 14C now, in 5,720 years we would have a lump with 5 grams 14C and 5 grams 14N (6). This well-known decay pattern makes it possible to calculate, given a present amount of 14C, how much 14C there was at any point in the past. Libby and co-workers proposed that by measuring the current amount of 14C in a once-living object, and estimating the amount of 14C in it when it died, one could calculate, to within a few hundred years, how long ago that object died (or was removed from the global carbon cycle). This, of course, requires accurate measures of the current and original 14C content. Measuring the amount of a radioactive substance is straightforward in theory, as the amount of radiation (measured as “counts” per unit time) is directly proportional to the amount of radioactive substance. But this can be difficult in practice, as the amount of 14C, and therefore, detectable radiation, is very low. Libby describes a method in which a sample to be dated is first processed to isolate the carbon and convert it into a convenient chemical form, then this refined carbon sample is placed in a sophisticated radiation detection device (7). The detector must be very sensitive to “see” the carbon radiation, but also shielded from any background radiation, as natural radiation sources could drown out the weak 14C radiation. But these technical difficulties can be overcome, and techniques for measuring 14C content have improved—in less than thirty years after Libby’s introduction of carbon dating, methods were reported for measuring radiation in carbon samples as small as a few milligrams, though they were expensive and time consuming (8). More recently, 14C content is also measured by atomic mass spectroscopy, which separates atoms by mass (14C being heavier than 12C), and it is possible to date samples with less than 0.03 mg of carbon (8). Necessary Assumptions But knowing the current carbon-14 content is not enough. It is also necessary to know the amount of carbon-14 present when the subject died (or was removed from the carbon cycle). Since this happened a long time in the past, there is no way to measure it, and it must be estimated with a series of assumptions and approximations. In their first paper on carbon dating, Libby, et al. presented measurements of 14C in modern samples of wood from around the world, showing that they had similar levels of radioactivity—on average 12.5±0.2 counts per minute per gram (± one standard deviation). They then used this average value as the original 14C content, assuming that the worldwide 14C distribution was the same in ancient times as today. But this assumption is not quite correct: "But the amount of 14C produced in the atmosphere varies with the sun's solar activity and fluctuations in Earth's magnetic field. This means that the radiocarbon clock can race ahead or seemingly stop for up to 5 centuries. As a result, raw radiocarbon dates sometimes diverge from real calendar years by hundreds or even thousands of years. Thus researchers must calibrate the clock to account for these fluctuations, and that can be a challenge." (10) International calibration curves have been developed for this purpose, based on fossilized trees and marine deposits. Such samples have “known” calendar ages—derived, for example, from tree ring chronologies. Carbon dating these samples then provides a “radiocarbon date” which is correlated to the “known” calendar age. Tree-ring data is used for up to about 12,000 years ago, and marine data beyond that. These calibrations are, of course, subject to their own assumptions and sources of error, and ongoing refinement of the calibrations can change measured “dates” by thousands of years (11). It is believed that such calibration methods can be extended to 50,000 years before present (12). Beyond that, too little 14C would remain to be detected—after all, 50,000 years is about nine 14C half-lives, so no more than (0.5)9 = 0.2% of the original 14C would remain. Aside from the estimation of and adjustment for ancient atmospheric 14C fluctuations, other assumptions must be made for carbon dating to be useful. First, one must assume that 14C decay is truly exponential, with a constant half-life. This is not in doubt, as radioactivity is well-understood, but since we cannot observe 14C decay over periods comparable to its half-life, it should be kept in mind. Even the value of the 14C half-life is subject to some uncertainty, with measured values ranging from 5,500 to 6,000 years. Other important assumptions are “the constancy of the cosmic radiation intensity and the possibility of obtaining unaltered samples” (13). The former is not strictly true, but attempts have been made to correct for this with calibrations, as discussed. The latter is more troubling. After thousands to tens of thousands of years, a sample is bound to experience changes to its carbon content. Simple contamination by other sources of carbon (younger or older) can ruin a radiocarbon date, and sophisticated “pretreatment” techniques have been developed which attempt to isolate carbon only from the original sample, in some cases attempting to pick out specific amino acids (14). There is also the possibility of carbon atoms in the sample being exchanged with others in the environment, the possibility of contaminating samples during pretreatment, and countless other potential problems to consider on a case-by-case basis. Last, it is necessary to assume that radiocarbon is, and has been, uniformly distributed among air, water, plants, and animals over the whole world, so that anything dying at a given time will have the same 14C content as any other thing dying at that time. Libby, et al. provided evidence that this is more or less the case in present times, but it is not strictly true (15). While it would be possible to characterize the distribution of 14C in present times, it is impossible to be certain what it was like thousands of years ago. So we see that carbon dating not only requires sensitive and difficult measurements, but is also subject to various assumptions about the past, that may be reasonable and well-justified, but cannot be “proven” in the same experimental sense as the current carbon content can be. Checking the Results In the end, the only way to verify the accuracy of carbon dating is to use it to date objects of known age, and compare the radiocarbon date with the actual date. Arnold and Libby did just this with samples of wood obtained from archaeological sites and dated by archaeological and historical evidence, or in some cases by tree rings. The ages of their samples ranged from 1,000 to 5,000 years, and their radiocarbon dates agreed well—all but one within one standard deviation of the known age (the standard deviations were on the order of a few hundred years). Libby later reported difficulty in obtaining older historical samples: "Arnold and I had our first shock when our advisers informed us that history extended back only for 5000 years. We had thought initially that we would be able to get samples all along the curve, back to 30,000 years before the present; we would put the points in, and then our work would be finished. You read statements to the effect that such and such a society or archeological site is 20,000 years old. We learned rather abruptly that these numbers, these ancient ages, are not known accurately; in fact, the earliest historical date that has been established with any real certainty is about the time of the 1st Dynasty in Egypt." (16) Another early study by Flint and Deevey compared radiocarbon dates to dates determined by geologic stratigraphy (location in rock layers), reaching back to 20,000 years. Their results were “highly encouraging”, but did “not at once provide a complete and incontrovertible time-sequence” (17). More recently, studies have focused not on checking radiocarbon dates against known samples, but on using samples of known age to improve the calibration curves discussed above (18). While such calibrations allow carbon dates to be reconciled with and improved by other dating techniques, they rely upon the assumption that all the techniques involved are trustworthy; it is difficult, if not impossible, to verify any method one against an objective, absolute date. Of course, there have also been documented failures of radiocarbon dating. Bird, et al. report radiocarbon dating results of charcoal in northern Australia in which radiocarbon dates were known to be incorrect below a depth of 150 cm, due to interaction with groundwater (19). There are several cases where parts of living or recently-deceased animals were carbon-dated to several thousand years ago, usually because the organisms had access to old, marine carbon sources (20). Also, many samples that other methods date to be hundreds of thousands to millions of years old — so that they should have no detectable 14C — such as fossil fuels and diamonds, have been found to contain 14C, implying that they are less than 50,000 years old (21). Objections to Carbon Dating So far, I have described carbon dating and some of the theory, measurements, and ideas that underlie it. Within the scientific community at large, it seems to be considered a well-established and reliable dating method, though subject to assumptions and sources of error, as is any indirect measurement. There is little doubt that we understand the physics of carbon-14 decay, can observe the present carbon-14 cycle, and can measure accurately the amount of carbon-14 in a sample; and even hard-core creationists do not argue with this empirical evidence (22). But the fundamental necessity of making certain assumptions about the ancient earth may leave room for reinterpretations of the raw data. First, it should be noted that carbon dating cannot be used to prove that the Earth is millions of years old. As mentioned above, carbon dating is limited to about 50,000 years, as the radiation becomes too weak to measure with practicality. There are radiometric techniques that, in theory, can be used to date things millions of years old, by using much longer-lived radioactive species, such as uranium-238 (23). These methods also have implications for creationists, but a discussion of them is beyond the scope of this paper. It is critical in carbon dating to know the amount of 14C present at the time of death. As discussed above, this is calculated by assuming that the amount of 14C in the atmosphere has been constant for tens of thousands of years, with corrections made based on ancient tree rings and marine sediments. Implicit in this is the idea that the overall rates of 14C production and disintegration are equal, so that the total amount stays more or less the same. And this is reasonable if the Earth has been exposed to cosmic radiation for a long period of time. But from a creationist perspective, the Earth is young enough (a little older than one half-life of 14C) that such a steady-state should not yet have been established, so that the rate of 14C formation in the atmosphere should exceed its overall rate of decay (24). This is perhaps the strongest alternative explanation young-earth scientist have to offer at present, and there has been some evidence that it is the case (25). If this is the case, ancient atmospheric 14C levels would be lower than predicted, making all samples appear to be older than they are in reality. Furthermore, in Genesis 6-8, the Bible states that there was a catastrophic flood that covered the whole Earth. Many creationists believe that the Earth’s atmosphere was different before the flood, further affecting ancient 14C levels. But what about the calibration curves? Do they not account for changing 14C levels? These calibrations attempt to make small corrections to the model of a roughly constant 14C content, and likely do not even consider the drastic model change that would be required for a young-earth-consistent reevaluation. Moreover, recall that these calibrations were made by carbon dating samples of “known” ages, where those ages were determined by other dating methods. But as these methods themselves yield ages in the tens of thousands of years, they carry with them presuppositional assumptions similar to those that precede carbon dating analysis, and would likewise be questioned by proponents of a young Earth. No doubt they deserve a more thorough treatment, but once again, that is beyond the scope of this paper. Finally, carbon dating, like any scientific method, is subject to personal bias (on both sides), and the fact that carbon dating is both checked by, and used to check, other dating methods can lead to age determinations that border on circular reasoning. Early in the history of carbon dating, Flint and Deevey observed: "According to one’s point of view, it is refreshing or discouraging to recall the number of instances in which a direct challenge, offered by a radiocarbon date to a previously published stratigraphic assignment, has resulted in significant modification or withdrawal of published statements and cherished views. At the same time, in some of the same instances, acceptance of the radiocarbon dates requires a mental balancing of probabilities that is suspiciously close to special pleading. The new method, like older stratigraphic methods, is subject to the possibility of error, recognized and unrecognized, and at present it is impossible to be sure that any opinion about a date, favorable or unfavorable, is free from special pleading." (26) Radiocarbon dating is a technique for measuring the “age” (length of time since removal from the carbon cycle) of certain samples, most often living organisms or carbonaceous marine sediments. It relies upon the measurement of carbon-14 content in the sample and estimation of atmospheric carbon-14 levels at the time of death. Within an old-Earth perspective, carbon-dating is well-established and reliable, and, with calibration, can be made to fit in well with other dating methods. But from the perspective of young-Earth creation, atmospheric 14C levels may have been vastly different in the recent past (~6,000 years ago at creation), and the dating methods against which radiocarbon dating is verified are themselves in question. While carbon dating is a viable and useful technique, it relies upon certain assumptions and perspectives. If these are called into question, the derived ages may be radically re-evaluated. This is, in fact, a characteristic of all indirect measurement methods, especially prominent in sciences dealing with the distant past. The whole body of scientific data only extends back a few centuries, and any new information we gain must be based upon observations made in the present day. Using this data to gain a picture of the universe millions or billions of years ago is an exercise in extrapolation, and is only possible under certain assumptions. If the assumptions change, so does the picture of the past. We tend to think of knowledge, especially “scientific” knowledge, as fact—as if it were wholly founded upon objective experimental data and sound deductive reasoning—but a great deal of it can only be derived from inference and inductive reasoning, not providing the one conclusion inevitably drawn from the facts, but offering a possible solution that can explain all the facts. When facts are not directly verifiable, it is necessary to make simple generalizations and assumptions: whether it be that natural processes have, for millions of years past, carried on as they do today (as naturalists suppose), or that everything supernaturally came into existence fully formed (as Creationists suppose). One might wonder why, if creation is a viable hypothesis, it has not produced a robust theory that can explain all the empirical evidence as well as, if not better than, the secular chronology. The answer is not necessarily that creationism is flawed, but possibly that, compared to secular science, is still a small and young movement. It has not had the time or funding to develop a comprehensive history. Neither is the secular chronology without its gaps and contradictions. The nature of science is to constantly evolve and (we hope) gradually approach the truth; it may be that a theory will be forthcoming to convince everyone. But I suspect that all our data will always be open to different interpretations. In the meantime, it is important for both groups to understand, appreciate, and critique each other’s arguments—after all, though we can’t all be right, we could all be wrong. One must keep in mind that one’s opponent’s position is often based not on ignorance or deceit, but a different perspective and different assumptions. All inference, and thus all models and theories, is predicated on and influenced by preexisting knowledge and beliefs. Humans are bound to come to different conclusions as long as we have different ideas about the nature of Reality, Knowledge, and Truth itself. And these are questions science can’t answer. 1. Principles of scientific creationism. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.icr.org/tenets/ 2. Lewis, C. S. (1962). The Problem of Pain. New York, NY: Collier Books. 3. Lisle, J. (2009). The ultimate proof of creation: Resolving the origins debate. Green Forest, AR: Master Books. 4. Libby, W. F. (1961). Radiocarbon Dating. Science, 133(3453), 621-629. 5. Ibid. 6. Tipler, P. A., Llewellyn, R. A. (2012). Chapter 11: Nuclear physics. In Modern physics (pp. 493-570). New York, NY: W. H. Freeman and Company. 7. Libby, W. F. (1961). 8. Harbottle, G., Sayre, E. V., Stoenner, R. W. (1979). Carbon-14 dating of small samples by proportional counting. Science, 206(4419), 683-685. 9. Wood, W. (2015). From Revolution to convention: the past, present, and future of radiocarbon dating. Journal of Archaeological Science, 56, 61-72. 10. Balter, M. (2006). Radiocarbon dating’s final frontier. Science, 313(5793), 1560-1563. 11. Wood, W. (2015). 12. Reimer, P. J. (2012). Refining the radiocarbon time scale. Science, 338, 337-338. 13. Libby, et al. (1949). 14. Wood, W. (2015). 15. Guilderson, T. P., Reimer, P. J., & Brown, T. A. (2005). The boon and bane of radiocarbon dating. Science, 307(5708), 362-364. 16. Libby, W. F. (1961). 17. Flint, R., Deevey, E. (1951). Dating Late-Pleistocene Events by Means of Radiocarbon. Nature, 167, 833-836. 18. Balter, M. (2006). 19. Bird, M. I., Turney, C. M., Fifield, L. K., Jones, R. R., Ayliffe, L. K., Palmer, A. A., & Robertson, S. S. (2002). Radiocarbon analysis of the early archaeological site of Nauwalabila I, Arnhem Land, Australia: implications for sample suitability and stratigraphic integrity. Quaternary Science Reviews, 21(8/9), 1061. 20. Riggs, A. C. (1984). Major carbon-14 deficiency in modern snail shells from southern Nevada Springs. Science, 224(4644), 58-61. 21. Taylor, R. E., Southon, J. (2007). Use of natural diamonds to monitor 14C AMS instrument backgrounds. Elsevier, 259, 282-287. 22. Ham, K., Snelling, A., Wieland, C. (1990). The answers book: Answers to the 12 most-asked questions on Genesis and creation/evolution. Green Forest, AR: Master Books. 23. Miller, J. (2012). Time to reset isotopic clocks? .Physics Today, 65(6), 20-22. 24. Ham, et al. (1990). 25. Fairhall, A. W., Young, J. A. (1970). Radionuclides in the environment. Advances in Chemistry, 93, 401-418.
Working Paper Changes in inequality within countries after 1990 In this paper, we use the World Income Inequality Database to assess the main trends in inequality within countries since around 1990. We cope with the heterogeneity in the original information (regarding the measure of resources, equivalence scale, etc.) by focusing on the trends rather than on the levels, and by comparing like to like within countries. With only a few exceptions, we compare the same inequality concept obtained from the same source in two different years in each country, even if the concept and source will differ across countries. The results show that there was a majority of countries witnessing a decline of inequality as measured by the Gini index, even if once accounted for the fact that inequality increased in the most populous countries, it turns out that a majority of people saw inequality increase in their country over this period of time. These trends are complemented with information for inequality in income and wealth from other sources, paying special attention to the top of the distribution.
Close up on doctor writing notes and sitting with patient at desk HealthOctober 15, 2020 Is the lockdown making your patients sicker? We will never truly know the full price that Covid-19 has on our health, economics and lives because of the large number of people who are affected indirectly. One such group of people is patients with pre-existing conditions who are unable to get timely medical care due to the lockdown situation. For many more, staying at home for the large part of this period has begun making clear the long-term impact of seclusion, on both a mental and physical level. Let us consider the health-risks some might be facing as a result of being cooped up at home over the last few months, a drastic change of pace from normal, everyday life. 1. Lack of exercise, and lethargy One of the earliest negative effects of the lockdown was the sudden turn to a sedentary lifestyle for many. Those who had relied on early-morning jogs, group yoga sessions, or a round of squash with their friends suddenly found themselves unable to partake in such activities, either for a fear of the risk involved or as a result of government restrictions. For many, especially those nearing middle-age, these activities represented the sole outlet of exercise in a day usually stacked with office work and household chores. The lockdown could also potentially exacerbate already-present issues, with lethargy becoming largely prevalent in those of a particular age. 2. Failure to treat chronic diseases With hospitals and medical clinics becoming something of a no-fly zone for many people following the pandemic’s outbreak, the inability to visit a doctor or consult with a practitioner began having many adverse effects for those in greatest need. Patients with chronic diseases like diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, chronic kidney disease (CKD), etc are more likely to strictly adhere to being indoors because of the initial focus on how they fall in the high-risk category. Regular check-ups were likely to be seen as risks not worth taking, and more serious illnesses would be difficult to diagnose and treat. This holds the risk of the condition developing complications. 3. Mental health and isolation The extended lockdown and period of isolation presents a gigantic challenge for those who rely on physical, in-person contact for socializing—the elderly. While the younger generation has been able to rely on technology as a means for communication with their friends, grandparents struggled to make the best use of technology’s advancements. Loneliness and negative emotional spirals have become significant after-effects in the lockdown period, including younger generations, with some parties struggling to cope with the mental aspect of the pandemic. This is further aggravated by the stress and anxiety of living through such a time, with widespread paranoia and fear being manifested in communities around the world. That aspect is seen as a primary cause for concern amongst medical experts as a result of its significance on mental wellbeing as well as bodily condition, and rightfully so. With the pandemic slowly ebbing away and life returning to a state of normalcy, it is of paramount importance that medical practitioners and patients be on the same wavelength when it comes to taking care of their health. It is important to preserve and uphold social distancing guidelines, and only have in-person contact in the severest of cases. Telemedicine—remote care for patients—and clinics which enforce social distancing guidelines will need to be the path medical practitioners and patients alike follow in the near future, ensuring that they can keep up with their body’s own demands while not creating a risky situation for those around them. Further, clinical decision support tools like 5MinuteConsult ensure doctors have the information they need at their fingertips to take the right call for their patient whether they consult in-person or via video calls. In chronic or critical cases, remote monitoring applications can also be leveraged to give doctors updates that allow them to react in real time. 5-point recap 1. Reversing the trend of a sedentary lifestyle is significant after months spent in lockdown. 2. Those suffering from chronic and long-standing diseases must be a priority following the struggle in a world caught up in the pandemic. 3. Mental health and loneliness of the elderly must be addressed. 4. Widespread fear must be quelled following the panic caused by the rapid spread of the coronavirus. 5. Telemedicine and socially-distanced clinics could be the norm in the post-pandemic world. Explore related topics Fast, evidence-based answers to your clinical questions at the point of care.
How To Effectively Kill Mosquitoes - Feb 10, 2021- For many people in summer, it is not only the high temperature that is difficult to fight against, but also the mosquito bites that cannot be prevented. So every time this season, people begin to spread a variety of mosquito repellent methods: eat B vitamins, wear mosquito repellent bracelets, use ultrasonic mosquito repellent and ultraviolet light... So, how effective are these methods of repelling mosquitoes? What kind of method is used to repel mosquitoes is both effective and safe? Smearing and taking B vitamins are not effective against mosquitoes "Taking and applying B vitamins can prevent mosquitoes, which has been proved ineffective by many experiments. No matter spraying the aqueous solution of vitamin B1 or directly eating vitamin B1, there is no mosquito repellent effect." Researcher of the Institute of Microbiological Epidemiology, Academy of Military Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences Zhao Tongyan said. The US Food and Drug Administration has clearly pointed out that at present, there is no sufficient data to show that oral vitamin B1 is effective for repelling mosquitoes. The mosquito repellent bracelet is more effective than practical Since mosquitoes are insensitive to B vitamins, what is the effect of the current popular mosquito repellent bracelet? Zhao Li, curator of Chengdu Huaxi Entomological Museum, told reporters that there are some mosquito repellents in the mosquito repellent bracelet, which is similar to the effect of spraying toilet water on clothes, but the mosquito repellent evaporates faster, which can be said to be greater than the gimmick practical. In 2018, the Beijing Consumers Association launched a comparative test of pure plant mosquito repellent products, involving 50 domestic and some imported mosquito repellent patches, mosquito repellent bracelets, mosquito repellent buttons and other nominal pure plant mosquito repellent products . The results were surprising: all 50 samples had very poor mosquito repellent effects. The actual use effect of the sample is inconsistent with its product promotion, and it is suspected of false promotion and misleading consumers. Ultrasonic mosquito repellent can only repel one type of mosquito In recent years, ultrasonic mosquito repellents have gradually become popular. In addition, people are also willing to install various anti-mosquito software and APPs that can emit mosquito repellent ultrasonic waves when turned on on their mobile phones or computers. "The principle of ultrasonic mosquito repellent is mainly to simulate the sound of male mosquitoes to drive away blood-sucking female mosquitoes. Since female mosquitoes are reluctant to mate after mating once, they will escape when they feel the ultrasonic waves vibrating from the male mosquito’s wings. . Many scientists at home and abroad have done corresponding experiments to evaluate the effect of various frequency ultrasonic mosquito repellents on mosquitoes. The results show that no ultrasonic mosquito repellent product can effectively prevent mosquitoes in the field or under laboratory conditions. Bites to humans. Ultraviolet mosquito killer can not effectively kill mosquitoes Many people have seen UV mosquito killers. They use long-wave ultraviolet rays in the UV spectrum, namely UV-A, with a wavelength range of 315-400 nanometers. Sunlight also contains a lot of UV-A. The retina of most insects is very sensitive to ultraviolet rays in this range of wavelengths, so people use this principle to induce mosquitoes and add high-voltage electricity to destroy them. However, more and more studies have confirmed that ultraviolet mosquito killers cannot effectively kill mosquitoes. Only a few of the insects killed are mosquitoes, and most of them are male mosquitoes that do not suck blood. Ultraviolet mosquito killers can indeed attract mosquitoes, but the premise is that there is no light around. However, the indoors where we live often have other light interference, so that mosquitoes are not easily induced by UV mosquito killers. Mosquito coils and mosquito repellents are hard-core anti-mosquito measures The most effective method of repelling mosquitoes is the most traditional mosquito coil, mosquito repellent, and mosquito nets, screen windows and other physical methods. Qualified insecticides such as mosquito coils or electric mosquito coils that have been approved by the Ministry of Agriculture are very direct and effective. These mosquito-killing products contain pyrethroids, which are biomimetic and synthetic insecticides that are used as mosquito coils or electric mosquito coils. When heated, the pyrethroid will volatilize into the air, and the mosquito will die after contact, but it will not cause harm to people. China M-Toluic Acid is one of the main raw materials for producing highly effective mosquito repellent. In hot weather, it is not realistic to wear long clothes and pants for physical protection, so you can use both mosquito coils, insecticides and other products to directly eliminate mosquitoes, and at the same time apply DEET and Picaridin on the skin or clothing surface. Toilet water, mosquito repellent, China M-Toluic Acid CAS 99-04-7, etc. In addition, the most basic anti-mosquito, we must start from the environment where we live, promptly clean up the sewers, rain grate, the bottom of flower pots and bottles and cans of water, and thoroughly remove mosquito breeding grounds.
Thomas Boston Minister of the Gospel at Ettrick, Scotland excerpted from his on the Shorter Catechism THIS command respects the time of worship, and is the last of the first table, set to join both together, the Sabbath being the bond of all religion. In the words we have, 1. The command. It is delivered two ways. 1st, Positively, Remember the Sabbath-day to keep it holy. Sabbath signifies rest or cessation from labour. There is a threefold rest or Sabbath spoken of in scripture. (1.) Temporal. (2.) Spiritual, which is an internal soul-rest, in ceasing from sin, Heb. 4.3. (3.) Eternal, Heb. 4.9,11. celebrated in heaven, where the saints rest from their labours. It is the first of these, the weekly Sabbath that is here meant. Observe here, (1.) Our duty with respect to the Sabbath. It is to keep it holy. God has made it holy, set it apart for holy exercises, and we must keep it holy, spending it in holy exercises. (2.) The quantity of time to be observed as a Sabbath of rest, a day, a whole day of twenty-four hours; and the one day in seven. They must observe a seventh clay after six days' labour, wherein all our work must be done, put by hand, so as nothing of it may remain to be done on the Sabbath. (3.) A note of remembrance put upon it; which imports, that this precept should be diligently observed, special regard paid to it, and due honour put upon this sacred day. 2dly, Negatively. Where observe, (1.) What is forbidden here; the doing of any work that may hinder the sanctifying of this day. (2.) To whom the command is directed, and who must observe it; magistrates, to whom belong the gates of the city; and masters of families, to whom belong the gates of the house. They must observe it themselves, and cause others to observe it. 2. The reasons annexed to this command. None of the commands are thus delivered, both positively and negatively, as this is. And that imports, 1st, God is in a special manner concerned for the keeping of the Sabbath, it being that on which all religion depends. Accordingly, as it is observed or disregarded, so it readily goes with the other parts of religion. 2dly, People are most ready to halve the service of this day, either to look on resting from labour as sufficient, or to look on the work of the day as over when the public work is over. [That is,—when they have spent an hour or two at church, they think they've done their duty for the day.—JTK] 3dly, There is less light of nature for this command than the rest: for though it is naturally moral that there should be a Sabbath; yet it is but positively moral that this should be one day in seven, depending entirely on the will of God. In discoursing from this subject, I shall shew, I. What is required in the fourth commandment. II. Which day of the seven God hath appointed to be the weekly Sabbath. III. How the Sabbath is to be sanctified. IV. What is forbidden in this command. V. The reasons annexed to it. VI. Make improvement. I. What is Required in the Fourth Commandment. I. I am to shew what is required in the fourth commandment. This command according to our Catechism, requireth 'the keeping holy to God such set times as he hath appointed in his word; expressly one whole day in seven to be a holy Sabbath to himself.' Here I shall shew, 1. That this command requireth the keeping holy to God such set times as he hath appointed in his word. 2. That it requires one day in seven to be kept as a holy Sabbath to the Lord. 3. That the day to be kept holy is one whole day. First, I am to shew, that this command requireth the keeping holy to God such set times as he hath appointed in his word. The Jews under the old Testament had several days beside the weekly Sabbath, that by divine appointment were to be kept as holy days, and by virtue of this command they were to observe them, even as by virtue of the second they were to observe the sacrifices and other parts of the Old Testament instituted worship. But these days are taken away under the gospel by the coming of Christ. But that which this command in the first place requires, is the keeping holy of a Sabbath to God; whatever be the day God determines for it; whether the seventh in order from the creation, as under the Old Testament, or the first, as under the New. And so the command is, Remember the Sabbath-day to keep it holy; not Remember the seventh day. Thus the keeping of a Sabbath is a moral duty binding all persons in all places of the world. For it is a moral duty, and by the natural law required, that as God is to be worshipped, not only internally, but externally, not only privately, but publicly; so there must be some special time designed and set apart for this, without which it cannot be done. And so the very Pagans had their sabbaths and holidays. This is the first thing imported here, That a Sabbath is to be kept. Another thing imported here is, That it belongs to God to determine the Sabbath, or what day or days he will have to be kept holy. He says not, Remember to keep holy a Sabbath-day, or a day of rest, leaving it to men what days should be holy, and what not; but, Remember the Sabbath-day, &c. supposing the day to be already determined by himself. So that we are bound to set time appointed in his word. And this condemns men's taking on themselves, whether churches or states, to appoint holidays to be kept, which God has not appointed in his word. Consider, 1. This command puts a peculiar honour on the Sabbath above all other days Remember the Sabbath-day, &c. But when men make holidays of their own to be kept holy, the day appointed of God is spoiled of its peculiar honour, and there is no peculiar honour left to it, Ezek. 43.8. Yea, in practice they go before it; for men's holidays where they are regarded, are more regarded than God's day. 2. This command says, Six days shalt thou labour. Formalists say, There are many of these six days thou shalt not labour, for they are holy days. If these words contain a command, who can countermand it? if but a permission, who can take away that liberty which God has left us? As for fast-days or thanksgiving days occasionally appointed, that are not holy days; the worship is not made to wait on the days, as on Sabbaths and holidays, but the days on the worship which God by his providence requires; and consequently there must be a time for performing these exercises. 3. It belongs only to God to make a holy day; for who can sanctify a creature but the Creator, or time but the Lord of time; he only can give the blessing: why should they then sanctify a day that cannot bless it? The Lord abhors holy days devised out of men's own hearts, 1 Kings 12.33. 4. Lastly, What reason is there to think that when God has taken away from the church's neck a great many holy days appointed by himself, he has left the gospel-church to be burdened with as many, nay, and more of men's invention than he himself had appointed? Secondly, This command requires one day in seven to be kept as a holy Sabbath unto the Lord: Six days shalt thou labour and do all thy work: but the seventh is the Sabbath of the Lord thy God. Thus the Lord determines the quantity of time that is to be his own, in a peculiar manner, that is, the seventh part of our time. After six days working, a seventh is to be a Sabbath. This is moral, binding all persons in all ages, and not a ceremony abrogated by Christ. 1. This command of appointing one day in seven for a Sabbath is one of the commands of that law, consisting of ten commands, which cannot be made out without this, was written on tables of stone, to shew the perpetuity of it; and of which Christ says, Matth. 5.17,18,19. 'Think not that I am come to destroy the law or the prophets: I am not come to destroy, but to fulfil. For verily I say unto you, Till heaven and earth pass, one jot or one tittle shall in no wise pass from the law, till all be fulfilled. Whosoever therefore shall break one of these least commandments, and shall teach men so, he shall be least in the kingdom of heaven; but whosoever shall do, and teach them, the same shall be called great in the kingdom of heaven.' 2. It was appointed and given of God to Adam in innocency, before there was any ceremony to be taken away by the coming of Christ, Gen. 2.3. 3. All the reasons annexed to this command are moral, respecting all men, as well as the Jews, to whom the ceremonial law was given. And we find strangers obliged to the observation of it, as well as the Jews; but they were not so to ceremonial laws. 4. Lastly, Jesus Christ speaks of it as a thing perpetually to endure, even after the Jewish Sabbath was over and gone, Matth. 24.20. And so, although the Sabbath of the seventh day in order from the creation was changed into the first day, yet still it was kept a seventh day. Thirdly, The day to be kept holy, is one whole day. Not a few hours, while the public worship lasts, but a whole day. There is an artificial day betwixt sun-rising and sun-setting, John 11.9. and natural day of twenty-four hours, Gen. 1. which is the day here meant. This day we begin in the morning immediately after midnight; and so does the Sabbath begin, and not in the evening; as is clear, if ye consider, 1. John. 20.19. 'The same day at evening, being the first day of the week:' where ye see that the evening following, not going before this first day of the week, is called the evening of the first day. 2. Our Sabbath begins where the Jewish Sabbath ended; but the Jewish Sabbath did not end towards the evening, but towards the morning, Matth. 28.1. 'In the end of the Sabbath, as it began to dawn towards the first day of the week,' &c. 3. Our Sabbath is held in memory of Christ's resurrection, and it is certain that Christ rose early in the morning of the first day of the week. Let us therefore take the utmost care to give God the whole day, spending it in the manner he has appointed, and not look on all the time, besides what is spent in public worship, as our own; which is too much the case in these degenerate times wherein we live. II. Which Day of the Seven God hath Appointed. II. I come now to shew which day of the seven God hath appointed to be the weekly Sabbath. According to our Catechism, 'From the beginning of the world to the resurrection of Christ, God appointed the seventh day of the week to be the weekly Sabbath; and the first day of the week ever since, to continue to the end of the world, which is the Christian Sabbath.' We have heard that this command requires a Sabbath to be kept, and that one whole day in seven; we are now to consider what day that is. The scripture teaches us, that there are two days which have by divine appointment had this honour, the seventh day, and the first day of the week. First, As to the seventh day, it is acknowledged by all, that that was the Jewish Sabbath. And concerning it, consider, 1. Who appointed the seventh day to be the Sabbath. It was God himself that appointed the seventh, which is the last day of the week, by us called Saturday, to be the Sabbath; The seventh day is the Sabbath of the Lord thy God. He that was the Lord of time made this designation of the time at first. 2. Wherefore did God at first appoint the seventh? The reason of this was, that as God rested that day from all his works of creation, men might, after his example, rest on that day from their own works, that they might remember his, and celebrate the praises of the Creator. For in six days the Lord made Heaven and earth,—and rested the seventh day. The work of creation was performed in the six days, and nothing was made on the seventh day; so that the first new day that man saw was a holy day, a Sabbath, that he might know the great end of his creation was to serve the Lord. 3. How long did that appointment of the seventh day last? To the resurrection of Christ. This was its last period, at which time it was to give place to a new institution, as will afterwards appear. The day of Christ's resurrection was the day of the finishing of the new creation, the restoration of a marred world. 4. When was the Sabbath of the seventh day appointed first? Some who detract from the honour of the Sabbath, contend that it was not appointed till the promulgating of the law on mount Sinai, and that its first institution was in the wilderness. We hold that it was appointed from the beginning of the world. For proof whereof consider, (1.) Moses tells us plainly, that God, immediately after perfecting the works of creation, blessed and hallowed the seventh day, Gen. 2.2,3. Now, how could it be blessed and hallowed but by an appointing of it to be the Sabbath, setting it apart from common works, to the work of God's solemn worship? The words run on in a continued history, without the least shadow of anticipating, upwards of two thousand years, as some would have it. (2.) The Sabbath of the seventh day was observed before the promulgation of the law from Sinai, and is spoken of Exod. 16. not as a new, but an ancient institution. So, ver. 5. preparation for the Sabbath is called for, before any mention of it is made, clearly importing that it was known before. See ver. 23. where the Sabbath is given for a reason why they should prepare the double quantity of manna on the sixth day; which says that solemn day had not its institution then first. And the breach of the Sabbath is, ver. 28. exposed as the violating of a law formerly given. (3.) In the fourth command they are called to remember the Sabbath-day, as a day that was not then first appointed but had been appointed before, although it had gone out of use, and had been much forgotten when they were in Egypt. Besides, the reasons of this command, God's resting the seventh day, and blessing and hallowing it, being from the beginning of the world, say, that the law had then place when the reason of the law took place. (4.) This is evident from Heb. 4.3-9. The apostle there proves, that there remains a Sabbath, or rest to the people of God, into which they are to enter by faith, from this, that the scripture speaks only of three sabbatisms or rests; one after the works of creation, another after the coming into Canaan; and David's words cannot be understood of the first, for that was over, ver. 3. and so was the other; therefore there remaineth a rest for the people of God, ver. 9. Some allege against this, that the patriarchs did not observe the Sabbath, because there was no mention made of it in the scriptures. But this is no just prejudice; for at that rate we might as well conclude it was not observed all the time of the judges, Samuel and Saul; for it is no where recorded in that history that they did. Yea, though the patriarchs had not obeyed it, yet that could no more militate against the first institution, than polygamy against the first institution of marriage. But as from the patriarchs sacrificing, we infer the divine appointment of sacrifice, so from the institution of the Sabbath, we may infer their keeping it. And their counting by weeks, as Noah did, Gen. 8.10,12; and Laban with Jacob, Gen. 29.27,28. doth not obscurely shew it; for to what end did they use this computation, but that the Sabbath might be distinguished from other days? And the piety of the patriarchs persuades us, that they observed that solemn day for worship; and if any day, what but that designed of God? Secondly, As to the Sabbath of the first day of the week, 1. Consider the date of it, which was from the resurrection of Christ, to continue to the end of the world; for the days of the gospel are the last days. 2. How the Sabbath could be changed from the seventh to the first day of the week. The fourth command holds out a Sabbath to be kept, and that one in seven. As for the designation of the day, he that designed one, could design another; and the substituting of a new day is the repealing of the old. 3. Wherefore this change was made. Upon the account of the resurrection of Christ, wherein the work of man's redemption was completed. 4. By what authority it was changed into the first day. the Sabbath was by divine authority changed from the seventh to the first day of the week; so that the Lord's day is now by divine appointment the Christian Sabbath. (1.) The Sabbath of the first day of the week is prophesied of under the Old Testament, Psalm 118.24. 'This is the day which the Lord hath made,' viz. the day of Christ's resurrection, when the stone which the builders rejected was made the head of the corner. 'We will rejoice and be glad in it;' that is, we will celebrate it as a day of rejoicing and thankfulness for the work of redemption. Compare Acts 4.10,11. 'Be it known unto you all, and to all the people of Israel, that by the name of Jesus Christ of Nazareth, whom ye crucified, whom God raised from the dead, even by him doth this man stand here before you whole. This is the stone which was set at nought of you builders, which is become the head of the corner.' Hereto possibly may that passage be referred, Ezek. 43.27. 'And when these days are expired, it shall be, that upon the EIGHTH DAY, and so forward, the priests shall make your burnt-offerings upon the altar, and your peace offerings; and I will accept you, saith the Lord.' And it may be called the eighth day, because the first day of the week now is the eighth in order from the creation. As also Isa. 11.10. 'His rest shall be glorious.' As the Father's rest from the work of the creation was glorious by the seven day's rest, so the rest of the Son from the work of redemption was glorious by the first day's rest. On this day it was that the light was formed; so on this day did Christ the Sun of righteousness, the true light, arise from the dark mansions of the grave with resplendent glory. (2.) This day is called 'the Lord's day,' Rev. 1.10. That this Lord's day is the first day of the week, is clear, if ye consider, that John speaks of this day as a known day among Christians by that name. It could not be the Jewish Sabbath, for that is always called the Sabbath, and the Jewish Sabbaths were then repealed, Col. 2.16. Neither could it mean any other day of the week, wherein Christ specially manifested himself, for that would determine no day at all. And that this phrase infers a divine institution, is evident from the like phrase of the sacrament called the Lord's supper. (3.) It is evident there ought to be a Sabbath, and that from the creation till Christ's resurrection the seventh day in order was appointed by God himself. It is no less evident, that the Sabbath is changed to the first day of the week, and that lawfully, because the Jewish Sabbath is repealed. Now, who could lawfully make this change but one who had divine authority? who therefore is called Lord of the Sabbath? Mark 2.28. (4.) It was the practice of the apostles and primitive Christians to observe the first day of the week for the Sabbath, John 20.19. Acts 20.1. On this day the collection for the poor was made, 1 Cor. 16.2. and you know the apostles had from Christ what they delivered to the churches as to ordinances, 1 Cor. 11.23. 5. Lastly, The Lord, by glorious displays of his grace and Spirit, has remarkably honoured this day, in all ages of the church; and by signal strokes from heaven has vindicated the honour of this day on the profaners of it. Of this, remarkable instances may be seen in history both at home and abroad. Let us therefore sanctify this day, as the day which God hath appointed, and blessed as a day of sacred rest in the Christian church. III. How the Sabbath is to be Sanctified. III. I come now to show you how the Sabbath is to be sanctified. The Catechism tells us, "It is to be sanctified by a holy resting all that day even from such worldly employments and recreations as are lawful on other days; and spending the whole time in public and private exercises of God's worship, except so much as is to he taken up in the works of necessity and mercy." Here I shall shew, what it is to sanctify the Sabbath, and what are the parts of the sanctification of it. FIRST, I am to shew, what it is to sanctify the Sabbath. The Sabbath-day is not capable of any sanctity or holiness, but what is relative; that is, in respect of its use for holy rest or exercise. So, (1.) God has sanctified that day, by setting it apart for holy uses, designing and appointing it in a special manner for his own worship and service. (2.) Men must sanctify it by keeping it holy, spending that day in God's worship and service for which God has set it apart; using it only for the uses that God has consecrated it unto. SECONDLY, I come to shew what are the parts of the sanctification of the Sabbath. They are two; holy rest, and holy exercise. First, The Sabbath is to be sanctified by a holy rest. Therefore it is called a sabbath, i.e. a rest. 1. What are we to rest from? On the Sabbath we must rest. 1st, From our worldly employments. God has given us six days for these; but his day must be kept free from them: In it thou shalt not do any work. The works of our worldly calling have six days, those of our heavenly calling but one. We must rest from the former, that we may apply ourselves to the latter. Now, such works are to be accounted, (1.) All handy-labour or servile employments tending to our worldly gain, as on other days of the week, as ploughing and sowing, bearing of burdens, &c. Neh. 13.15. driving of beasts to market, or exercising any part of one's calling. (2.) All study of liberal arts and sciences. The Sabbath is not a day for such exercises, as the reading of history, the studying of sciences, &c. Isa. 58.13. (3.) All civil works, such as making bargains, unnecessary journeying, travelling to Monday markets on the Lord's day, though people wait on sermons, or take them by the way. It is indeed the sin of those that do not change their market days when they so fall out, and a sin in the government to suffer it: but that will not justify those who comply with the temptation, seeing God hath given us other days of the week. If they cannot overtake their market after the Sabbath, they should go away before, that they may rest on the Sabbath, wherever they are, Exod. 16.29. 2dly, From all worldly recreations, though lawful on other days. It is not a day for carnal pleasures of any sort, more than for worldly employments. Our delights should be heavenly this day, not to please the flesh but the spirit; and sports, plays, and pastimes, are a gross profanation of the Sabbath, Isa. 57.13,14. Now, this rest of the Sabbath from these must be, (1.) A rest of the hands from them. The hands must rest, that the heart may be duly exercised. (2.) A rest of the tongue. People should not give their orders for the week's work on the Lord's day, nor converse about their worldly business. (3.) A rest of the head from thinking of it, and forming plans and contrivances about worldly affairs. But here are excepted works of two sorts. 1. Works of necessity, as to quench a house on fire, &c. 2. Works of mercy, as to save the life of a beast; see Matth. 12. Under which may be comprehended, (1.) Good works, such as visiting the sick, relieving the poor, &c. (2.) Works of decency, such as dressing the body with comely attire. (3.) Works of common honesty and humanity, as saluting one another, 1 Pet. 3.8. (4.) Works of necessary refreshment, as dressing and taking of meat. (5.) Works having a necessary connection with and tendency to the worship of God, as travelling on the Lord's day to sermons, 2 Kings 4.23. But in all these things it should be regarded, that the necessity be real, and not pretended: for it is not enough that the work cannot be done to such advantage on another day; for that might let out people on the Sabbath, if it be a windy day or so, to cut down their corn, which yet God has in a special manner provided against, Exod. 34.21; and that would have justified the sellers of fish, whom Nehemiah discharged, Neh. 13.16,17. And therefore I cannot think that the making of cheese on the Lord's day can be counted a work of necessity, lawful on that day: for as much might be said in the other cases as can be said in this, viz. that the corn may shake, the fishes spoil, &c. Besides, people should take heed that they bring not that necessity on themselves, by timeously providing against it. And when works of real necessity and mercy are to be done, they should be done, not with a work day's, but Sabbath day's frame. 2. Who are to rest? The command is very particular. (1.) Men. [1.] The heads of the family, the heads of the state, master and mistress, are to give example to others. [2.] The children, son, daughter; they must not have their liberty to profane the Sabbath by playing more than working. [3.] Servants, whose toil all the week may tempt them to misspend the Lord's day; they must not be bidden profane the Sabbath; and if they be, they must obey God rather than man. [4.] The stranger must not be allowed his liberty: we must not compliment away the honour of the Sabbath. (2.) Beasts; they must rest; not that the law reaches them for themselves, but for their owners; either because they require attendance at work, or put the case they did not, yet it is the work which must not be done. This lets us see, that where even their work may be carried on, on the Lord's day without attendance on them, yet it is not to be done. 3. What makes the rest holy? Respect to the command of God. Secondly, The Sabbath is to be sanctified by holy exercise. 1. Public exercise; of God's worship, Isa. 66.23; as hearing sermons, Luke 4.16; prayer, Acts 16.13,14; receiving of the sacraments, where there is occasion, Acts 20.7; singing of Psalms, Psalm 92.title. 2. Private exercises of worship, alone and in our families, Lev. 23.3. Neither of these must justle out the other. God has joined them; let us not put them asunder. And these duties are to be done with a special elevation of heart on the Sabbath-day; they ought to be performed with a frame suiting the Sabbath, Isa. 57.13. 1st, Grace must be stirred up to exercise, otherwise the Sabbath will be a burden. Grace will be at its height in heaven, and the Sabbath is an emblem of heaven, Rev. 1.10. 2dly, The heart should be withdrawn from all earthly things, and intent upon the duty of the day. We must leave the ass at the foot of the mount, that we may converse with God. 3dly, Love and admiration are special ingredients here. The two great works of creation and redemption, which we are particularly called to mind on the Lord's day, are calculated to excite our love and admiration. 4thly, We should have a peculiar delight in the day, and the duties of it, exchanging our lawful pleasures on other days with spiritual pleasures on this. The rest without holy exercise is not sufficient. 1. The Sabbath-rest resembles that of heaven, which is a rest without a rest, wherein the soul is most busy and active, serving the Lord without weariness. 2. If it were enough, we were obliged to sanctify the Sabbath no more than beasts, who only rest that day. 3. The rest enjoined is not commanded for itself, but for the holy exercises of the day. Now, it is the whole day that is thus to be spent, i.e. the natural day. Not that people are bound to be in these exercises without intermission all the twenty-four hours; for God has not made the Sabbath to be a burden to man, but that we should continue God's work as we do our own on other days, where we are allowed necessary rest and refreshment by sleep in the night. Use. Remember the Sabbath-day to keep it holy. This note is put upon it. 1. Because of the great weight of the thing, the Sabbath being the bond of all religion. It is God's deal-day, wherein his people may expect furniture for all the week. 2. Because we are very apt to forget it, Ezek. 22.26. There is less light of nature for this than other commands. It restrains our liberty in those things that we do all the week. And Satan, knowing the importance of it for our souls, that it is a day of blessing, sets on us to forget it. If ye would then sanctify the Sabbath, (1.) Remember it before it come; on the last day of the week, on the Saturday's evening, laying by work timeously to prepare for it, Luke 23.54. (2.) Remember it when it is come; rise early on the Sabbath-morning, Psalm 92.2. The morning hath enough ado: worship God secretly and privately: prepare yourselves for ordinances, wrestle with God for his presence thereto, that he may graciously assist the minister in preaching, and you in hearing, and may bless the word to you. Remember it while it is going on, that it is God's day, a day of blessing, and ply diligently the work of the day, not only in time of the public work, but after, till the day be finished. (3.) Remember it when it is over, to see what good you have got by it; to bless him for any smiles of his face, or manifestations of his grace; and to mourn over your failures, and apply to the blood of Christ for pardon and cleansing. IV. What is Forbidden in the Fourth Commandment. IV. I proceed to shew, what is forbidden in the fourth commandment. We are told in the Catechism, that it 'forbiddeth the omission or careless performance of the duties required, and the profaning the day by idleness, or doing that which is in itself sinful, or by unnecessary thoughts, words, or works, about worldly employments or recreations.' There are five ways how this commandment is broken. First, By omission of the duties required on this day, whether in whole or in part. Many of the Sabbath-duties are the duties of every day; but the omission of them, which is always criminal, is more so on this day, because on it we are specially called to them. We sin against this command, then, when we neglect the public or private exercises of God's worship. 1. Not remembering the Sabbath, before it come, to prepare for it; entertaining a carnal worldly frame of spirit on the night before, not laying aside work betimes, and composing our hearts for the approaching Sabbath; far more when people continue at their work later that night than ordinary, getting as near the borders of the Sabbath as they can. 2. Neglecting the duties of the Sabbath-morning; particularly, (1.) The duty of meditation. Those that are in the spirit on the Lord's day, their spirits will be busy, elevated to heavenly things, and conversing with heaven. The two great works of creation and redemption require our thoughts particularly on that day, Psalm 92.5; and we must needs be guilty, when, while God has set these great marks before us, we do not aim to hit them. Has not God made it a day of blessing? should not we then consider our wants, miseries, and needs, and sharpen our appetites after that food that is set before us in ordinances on that day? (2.) Secret prayer. The Sabbath-morning is a special time for wrestling with God, confessing, petitioning, and giving thanks. Then should there be wrestling for the blessing on the day of blessing. And the neglect of it is a very bad beginning for that good day. When will they come to God's door that will not come then? Psalm 92.1,2. (3.) Family-exercise. This command has a special respect to family-religion. As God will have the family to mind and see to their own work on the six days, so he calls them to mind his together on the Sabbath. Every family is to be at church, especially on the Lord's day. And if people came with their hearts warmed from family-duties to the public, they would speed. 3. Neglect of the public exercises of God's worship, Heb. 10.25. By this neglect the Sabbath is profaned. The public ordinances on the Lord's day, whatever they do else, they keep up a standard for Christ in the world; and to slight them is to fill the world with atheism and profaneness. As it would be the sin of ministers not to administer them, so it is the sin of people not to attend on them. But O how does this profanation abound, by unnecessary absenting from public ordinances! It is not enough to spend the time in private. God requires both; and the one must not justle out the other. Nothing should be admitted as an excuse in this, but what will bear weight when the conscience is sifted before God. 4. Neglecting the duties of the day when the public work is over. The Sabbath is not over when the public work is over. When we go home to our houses, we must keep the Sabbath there too, Lev. 23.3. It ought not to be an idle time. Ye ought to retire by yourselves, and meditate on what ye have heard, on your behaviour at the public ordinances, and be humbled for your failings; confer together about the word, renew your calling on God in secret, and in your families, and with variety of holy exercises spend what remains of the day. Secondly, The Sabbath is profaned by a careless performance of the duties required. Though we perform the duties themselves, we may profane the Sabbath by the way of managing them. Now, it is a careless performance to perform them, 1. Hypocritically, Matth. 15.7. while the body is exercised in Sabbath's work, but the heart goes not along with it. 2. Carnally, in an earthly frame of spirit, the heart nothing savouring of heaven, but still of the world. Hence are so many distracting thoughts about worldly things, that the heart cannot be intent on the duty of the day, Amos 8.5. 3. Heartlessly and coldly. The Sabbath should be called a delight; a special vigour and alacrity is required to Sabbath-duties. But O how flat, heartless, dead, and dull are we for the most part! so that many are quite out of their element on the Lord's day, and never come to themselves, or any alacrity of spirit, till the Sabbath be over, and they return to their business. 4. To perform them with a weariness of them, or in them, Mal. 1.13. Alas! is not the Sabbath the most wearisome day of all the week to many? The rest of the Sabbath is more burdensome than the toil of other days. How will such take with heaven, where there is an eternal rest, an everlasting Sabbath? This is a contempt of God and of his day. Thirdly, The Sabbath is profaned by idleness. God has made the Sabbath a rest, but not a mere rest. He never allows idleness: on the week-days we must not be idle, or we misspend our own time. On the Lord's day we must not be idle, or we misspend and profane God's time. Thus the Sabbath is idled away and profaned. 1. By unnecessary, unseasonable sleeping in that day; lying long in the Sabbath-morning, going soon to bed that night, to cut God's day as short as may be; and much more sleeping in any other time of the day, to put off the time. 2. By vain gadding abroad on the Lord's day, through the fields, or gathering together about the doors, to idle away the time in company. It is very necessary that people keep within doors on the Lord's day as much as may be; and if necessity or conveniency call them forth, that they carry their Sabbath's work with them. 3. By vain and idle discourse or thoughts. We must give an account of every idle word spoken on any day, far more for those spoken on the Lord's day, which are doubly sinful. Fourthly, The Sabbath is profaned by doing that which is in itself sinful. To do those things on the Lord's day that ought not to be done any day, is a sin highly aggravated. Thus the Sabbath is profaned by people's discouraging others from attending ordinances, instead of attending themselves; swearing or cursing on that day, instead of praising God. The better the day, the worse is the deed. How fearful must their doom be who wait that time for their wicked pranks, as some dishonest servants, and other naughty persons, who chuse the time that others are at church for their hidden works of dishonesty; because then they get most secrecy? And indeed the devil is very busy that way, and has brought some on to commit such things on the Sabbath-day as have brought them to an ill end. Lastly, By unnecessary thoughts, words, or works, about worldly employments or recreations. The Sabbath is profaned, 1. By carnal recreations, nowise necessary nor suitable to the work of the Sabbath; such as, all carnal pleasures, sports, plays, and pastimes, Isa. 58.13. 2. By following worldly employments on that day, working or going about ordinary business, except in cases of necessity and mercy, Matth. 24.20. Though, where real necessity or mercy is, it is an abuse of that day to forbear such things, as sometimes the Jews did, who being attacked on the Lord's day, would not defend themselves. 3. By unnecessary thoughts or discourse about them; for that day is a day of rest for them every way; and we should never think of nor talk about them. O let us be deeply humbled before the Lord under the sense of our profanations of the Sabbath! for who can plead innocent here? We are all guilty in some shape or other, and had need to flee to the atoning blood of Jesus for the expiation of this and all our other sins. V. The Reasons Annexed to this Command. V. I come now to consider the reasons annexed to the fourth commandment. And these, according to the Catechism, are, 'God's allowing us six days in the week for our own employments; his challenging a special propriety in the seventh; his own example; and his blessing the Sabbath-day.' This command God has enforced by four reasons, 1. The first reason is taken from the equity of this command. God has allowed us six days of seven for our own business, and has reserved but one for himself. In dividing our time betwixt himself and us, he has made our share great, six for one. Consider the force of this reason. 1st, We have time enough to serve ourselves in the six days, and shall we not serve God on the seventh? They that will not be satisfied with six, would as little be satisfied with sixteen. But carnal-hearts are like a sand-bed to devour that which is holy. Nay, 2dly, We have time enough to tire ourselves on the six days in our own employments; it is a kindness that we are obliged to rest on the Lord's day. Our interest is our duty, and our duty is our interest. It is a kindness to our bodies, and souls too. And shall we not be engaged by it to sanctify the Sabbath? 3dly, There is time enough to raise the appetite for the Sabbath. It comes so seldom, though so sweet to the exercised soul, that we may long for it, and rejoice at the return of it. It is sad if six days' interval cannot beget in us spiritual appetite. 4thly, God might have allowed us one day, and taken six to himself. Who could have quarreled the Lord of time? Has he reserved but one for six, and shall we grudge it him? The sentence of David in the parable against the rich man that took away the poor man's ewe lamb, is applicable here: 'The man that hath done this thing shall surely die; and he shall restore the lamb fourfold,' &c. 2 Sam. 12. 2. The second reason is taken from God's challenging a special propriety in the Sabbath-day; But the seventh day is the Sabbath of the Lord thy God. All days are his; but this is his in a peculiar manner, Rev. 1.10. He has set a mark on it for himself to be reserved to himself. Consider the force of this reason. 1st, If we have a God, it is reasonable that God should have a time set apart for his service, the Sabbath of the Lord thy God. The heathen had days set apart for the honour of their idols; though the dumb idols could not demand them, yet they gave them. Papists have days set apart for saints, who are to them a sort of gods, though some of them, as Paul has forbidden it. And wilt thou not keep holy the Sabbath of the Lord thy God? 2dly, It is sacrilege, the worst of theft, to profane the Sabbath-day. It is a robbing of God, a stealing of time from him that is consecrated to him, and that is dangerous, Prov. 20.25. We justly blame the churches of Rome and England, for robbing people of a great many days which God has given us;1 but how may we blame ourselves for robbing God of the day he has kept from us, and taken to himself? Alas! our zeal for God is far below our zeal for ourselves. They stick to their saints' days, but how weary are we of God's days? Mal. 3.8. 3. The third reason is taken from God's example, who, though he could have perfected the world in a moment, yet, spent six days in it, and but six days, resting the seventh, taking a complacency in the work of his own hand; and this is an example to be imitated by us. Consider the force of this reason. 1st, God's example proposed for imitation is a most binding rule, Eph. 5.1. 'Be ye followers of God.' What God does is best done, and we must labour to write after his copy. 2dly, The profaning of the Sabbath is a most eminent and signal contempt of God and of his works. Did God rest on the Sabbath, taking a complacency in the six days' works? Our not doing so is an undervaluing of what God so highly esteemed, slighting of what he so much prized, and consequently a contempt of himself and his works too. 4. The fourth reason is taken from his blessing the Sabbath-day. His blessing that day is his blessing it as a mean of blessing us in the keeping of it. It imports, 1st, The Lord's putting a peculiar honour on it beyond all other days. It is the 'holy of the Lord and honourable.' The King of heaven has made it the queen of days. Therefore it should be our question, What shall be done to that day the King delighteth to honour? Let us beware of leveling that with common things which God hath so far advanced above them. 2dly, That the Lord has set it apart for a spiritual blessing to his people, so that in the sanctification of that day we may look for a blessing, Isa. 56.6,7; nay, that the Lord will multiply his blessings on that day more on his people than any other days wherein they seek it. So that, as the Lord requires more on that day than on any other days, he also gives more. 3dly, That the Lord will make it even a spring of temporal blessings. He will not let the day of blessing be a curse to people in their temporal affairs. They shall be at no loss in their worldly things by the Sabbath rest, Lev. 25.20-22. Conscientious keepers of the Sabbath will be found to thrive as well otherwise as those who are not. The force of this reason is, (1.) God's honour by keeping that day, that we may get his blessings on it showered down upon us. So that the profanation of the Sabbath is like profane Esau's rejecting the blessing. (2.) Our own interest. Is it a special day for blessing, and shall we not observe it? It is an unworthy mistake to look upon the Sabbath as so much lost time. No time is so gainful as a Sabbath holily observed. And indeed the great reason of the profaning of the Sabbath may be found to lie, [1.] In carnality and worldly mindedness. The Sabbath is no delight to many. Why? Because heaven would be none to them, for they savour not the things of God. The heart that is drowned in the cares or pleasures of the world, all the week over, is as hard to get into a Sabbath-frame, as wet wood to take fire. [2.] Insensibleness of their need of spiritual blessings. They are not sensible of their wants, and hence they despise the blessing. He that has nothing to buy or sell can stay at home on the market-day, and the full soul cares not for God's day. [3.] The not believing of the blessing of that day. They that think they may come as good speed any day in the duties of the day as on the Lord's day, no wonder they count God's day, and the duties of the day, as common. VI. Some Improvement of this Command. USE. Let me exhort you then to beware of profaning the Sabbath. Learn to keep it holy. And therefore I would call you here to several duties. 1. Remember the Sabbath-day, before it come, to prepare for it, and let your eye be on it before the week be done. Timeously lay by your worldly employment, and go not near the borders of the Lord's day, and strive to get your hearts in a frame suitable to the exercises of this holy day. 2. Make conscience of attending the public ordinances, and waiting on God in his own house on his own day. Loiter not away the Lord's day at home unnecessarily, seeing the Lord trusts to meet his people there. This will bring leanness to your own souls, and grief of heart to him that bears the Lord's message to you. 3. Before you come to the public, spend the morning in secret and private exercises, particularly in prayer, reading, and meditation; remembering how much your success depends upon suitable preparation. Put off your shoes before ye tread the holy ground. 4. Make not your attendance on the public ordinances a by-hand work, and a mean for carrying on your worldly affairs. If ye come to the church to meet with some body, and to discourse or make appointments about your worldly business, it will be a wonder if ye meet with the Lord. If ye travel on the Lord's day, and take a preaching by the way, it may well cheat your blinded consciences; it will not be pleasing to God, for it makes his service to stand but in the second room, while your main end is what concerns your temporal affairs. Among the Jews no man might make the mountain of the house, or a synagogue, a thoroughfare. And beware of common discourse between sermons, which is too much practised among professors. 5. When ye come home from the public ordinances, let it be your care, both by the way and at home, to meditate or converse about spiritual things, and what ye have heard. Retire and examine yourselves as to what ye have gained, and be not as the unclean beasts, who chew not the cud. Let masters of families take account of their children and servants how they have profited, catechise and instruct them in the principles of religion, and exhort them to piety. 6. When ye are necessarily detained from the public ordinances, let your hearts be there, Psalm 63.1,2; and do not turn that to sin which in itself is not your sin. And strive to spend the Lord's day in private and secret worship, looking to the Lord for the up-making of your wants. As for those that tie themselves to men's service, without a due regard to their having opportunities to hear the Lord's word, their wages are dear bought, and they have little respect to God or their own souls; and I think tender Christians will be loath to engage so. But, alas! few masters or servants look further than the work or wages in their engaging together!. A sad argument that religion is at a low ebb. 7. Do not cut the Sabbath short. The church of Rome has half holidays; God never appointed any such; it is one whole day. Alas! it is a sad thing to see how the Lord's day is so consumed, as if people would make up the loss of a day out of Saturday's night and Monday's morning, which they do by cutting short the Lord's day. 8. Lastly, Labour to be in a Sabbath-day's frame. Let the thoughts of worldly business, far more worldly words and works be far from you. To press this, consider, (1.) It is God's command, whereby he tries your love to him. This day is as the forbidden fruit. Who does not condemn Adam and Eve for eating it? O do not profane it any manner of way! (2.) Heaven will be an everlasting Sabbath, and our conversation should be heaven-like. If we grudge the Lord one day in seven, how will we relish eternity? We are ready to complain that we are toiled with the world: why then do we not enter into his rest? (3.) The great advantage of sanctifying the Lord's day. He has made it a day of blessing. It is God's deal-day; and keeps up the heart of many through the week while they think of its approach. (4.) Lastly, Ye will bring wrath on you if ye do not sanctify the Sabbath. God may plague you with temporal, spiritual, and eternal plagues. Many begin with this sin of profaning the Lord's day, and it brings upon them the wrath of God, both in this world and that which is to come. 1. This robbery is committed by their instituting holy days such as "Christ-Mass," "Good-Friday," and others without and contrary to the Word of God, in which days, also contrary to God's command, labour is made to cease. See Thomas Boston on the Second Commandment for more details on the sinfulness of humanly devised holydays.
Write Stuff The Suitcase A writing competition for students One gloomy evening, a mysterious, unidentified suitcase appeared in the local park. It was battered and left alone on the grass area of the park. Nobody knew how it got there, nobody knew what was inside. Until one day two boys found it and took it. The boys names were Tyler and Billy. Billy was a very adventurous boy and was excited to open the suitcase but on the other hand Tyler was a very shy and scared person who was not looking forward to opening the case, but luckily he plucked up the courage to open it. When they lifted up the old lid of the case it made a loud creaky noise, which startled Tyler. In the case were millions of twenty pound notes. Tyler picked a stack of them out and noticed they were real. The next day Tyler came round to Billy's house with a note. "I found it in the case. Go on read it," Tyler mentioned. On the note it said, "The fortunes from the case belong to you finder." "So that means we're rich," said Tyler excitedly. One day something terrible happened. They got arrested for stealing the suitcase and the note was a fake so they had to spend one year in prison for that offence. When they were released two more boys came in. "How did you end up here?" Billy asked. "Apparently we stole a suitcase which didn't belong to us, but a note said that it was our fortune," said the toughest looking boy. Who is this mysterious man getting people arrested? Will he ever be caught? Written by Callum Tetlow, age 10 Liked this story? Read another one. Browse stories by category Secondary: Age 15 and over (year 10 plus)
Reading in the poem entitled “Rainbow Bridge” By John Anthony Fingleton / Reviewed by Henry Smith ( Lateef Dhmayd) John Anthony Fingleton Rainbow Bridge It once bore the feet of Legions, Hadrian’s armies of the North. The raiding cries of Norsemen, And the humble horse and cart. Lovers out for an evening stroll; Children throwing pebbles for a splash, Those leaving for the New World – That never would come back. Its stones show some incisions, Of many an obscure name, That once in the distance past, Held some local fame. Others are now long gone, To repair some dry stone local walls, Or build up a farmers cow shed, Strong and firm against the storms. The evening I discovered it, Its sadly seemed to sigh, As if it wished it was a rainbow – Arching in the sky. There was a loneliness in its beauty, Majestic in decay, Its reflection in the flowing river, Hinting the glory of yesterday. It is worth mentioning that the title of a poem often assumes a certain importance for it may paint the reader a picture that gives him a specific time frame, setting or action and lead him to the multiple possibilities that the poem likely hides among its layers. So, “Rainbow Bridge” the title given by the Irish poet, John Anthony Fingleton to his poem is considered a rich referential treasure, in that it, first, refers to the mythical crossing that separates between the earth and heaven, and the only connection between them. Secondly, it refers to a real bridge that stands for the passing glories of some ancient civilizations. The poem falls into three parts; each one consists of eight lines, written in the free verse, and represents an image; all of these three images are so closely related in a way as to shed light on the phases by which the rainbow bridge passed. The first stanza depicts the glorious time of the rainbow bridge as a realistic bridge, which witnessed greater events taking place in the old times, it was a unique crossing for massive armies, it was so strong that it was able to bear their heavy weights, as it is personified in the first line of the poem: “It once bore the feet of Legions” This image of its strength and solidity is, then, emphasized when a direct reference to the Roman emperor “Hadrian” is made , which acts as a symbol and image that brings into reader’s mind the world of the Romans with all its rattling of battles; “Hadrian’s armies of the north” and then, by the metaphor of “The raiding cries of Norsemen” Here, the words “ Hadrian” and “Norsemen” represent concrete images that reflect the Roman prosperous era, when the emperor Hadrian, when he assumed power, decided to end the empire foreign conquests and engaged himself as one of his prominent priorities, in the process of fortification of his country borders by building a huge wall along the north coastal border which is known as “Hadrian Wall”. These two public symbols sum up a much more larger sphere of the Roman achievement and interest. However, the rainbow bridge was not restricted to the armies crossings, it was also used as a crossing for the carts of ordinary people. It was a place of comfort and rest for lovers, where they spent their intimate moments in the evenings. It was also a place for children to play and enjoy their times, throwing pebbles in the river for a splash. Finally, it was the only crossing of those leaving for the New World, and would never come back. So, it is as much a place for life as a route for the dead in their ascending to the heaven. All of the aforesaid images are integrated together to reflect a shining image of the flourishing time of the bridge as a symbol of a great civilization. While the second stanza reflects the image of the languishing time of the bridge, a collapsed bridge whose stones were either taken to repair some dry stone local walls or to build up a farmers cow shed, though some of them carried the names of the local rulers, who acquired a certain reputation and who might have demonstrated some sort of pride, arrogance and supremacy. The first and second stanzas represent two contrasted images, one lies in the other; a flourish-in-languish. The third stanza, as narrated by the poet, or by the “I” of the poem, who discovered the devastated status in which the rainbow bridge became, portrays its painful bitterness and as it is personified as an aching person who wanted to sigh so that his agonies could be lessened, and who wished to be a real rainbow bridge gloriously arching in the sky as it was in the time of prosperity and welfare. Although, in this stanza, it appears ruined and lonely, it still reflects the beauty and majesty of its architecture, establishment and glory as its fascinating picture is reflected in the water of the flowing river tells. It is to be noted that the poet cleverly presents his poem in the form of a compressed story and not in abstractions. Therefore, the reader may easily miss the message of the poem, if he, the reader, reads it as about a rainbow bridge. It should be read it as all rounded a poem that it can be read, as per the reader’s awareness, as a tale of the rainbow bridge, and as a criticism for the world in which the poet lives warning its leaders that they will fall someday as the fall of this bridge and those who built it, however powerful and arrogant they were, and it can be also read about a life-death game as long as the title and the flowing river in the last line represent two physical aspects of life and death; the rainbow bridge represents the only passage for those who leave life for the afterlife, while the river represents life as it ceaselessly runs, without paying any attention to who comes and goes or what happens or does not happen. Finally, it is a deep reflection on life, which however long or short it is, it passes through one route, the Rainbow Bridge. John Anthony Fingleton Poet of the Month (March 2019) Our Poetry Archive. Poet of the Month (April 2019) The League of Poets. First solo collection ´Poems from the Shadowlands´ was published in November 2017, ‘Words That Found Me’ December 2019, ‘Poems From The Banks’ January 2020, ‘Poems from a Restricted Place’ April 2020 and ‘Secret Fjords’ May 2020. All which are all available on Amazon. Reviewed by Henry Smith ( Lateef Dhmayd) Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
Myth or Truth? Three items of local significance that I’ve heard about recently – although are they actually true? Indian pointing trees. Wikipedia: Dr. Wheeler writes: “The trees are not a myth. But if anyone points one out to you, ask yourself whether the tree is reasonably close to 200 years old.” Symbolic quilts on the Underground Railroad. From the Longview News-Journal: From the comment thread: This idea has been debunked by serious historians. 1. The quilts would have had to be out all the time, as one could never know when a runaway would be coming by. Neighbors would begin to wonder why a quilt was out all the time. 2. Enslaved people would have had to know about the codes. What is the old saying? Two people can keep a secret if one of them is dead. Imagine a mother, husband, father facing his loved ones being sold away, and would they not be willing to reveal the secret to keep their loved ones close? 3. In his book The Underground Railroad, William Still, secretary to the Philadelphia Anti-Slavery society, states that there are records of over 800 people escaping slavery. None of them mentions using a quilt as a map. Tubman makes no reference to use of quilts in her many trips to bring family members to freedom. 4. There were songs, the most famous being “Follow the Drinking Gourd” that are alleged to be from the period to help enslaved people escape along the Ohio River. Appalachian English. Wikipedia: One popular theory is that the dialect is a preserved remnant of 16th-century (or “Elizabethan”) English in isolation, though a far more accurate comparison would be to 18th-century (or “colonial”) English. From a paper on Scribd: After leaving Appalachia for school in Louisville I learned that Appalachians use Elizabethan English. Unfortunately that isn’t true. It has, however, become a cultural myth. Michael Montgomery says, “The idea that in isolated pockets somewhere in the country people still use “Elizabethan” or “Shakespearean” speech is widely held and is one of the hardier cultural beliefs or myths in the collective American psyche.” The idea arose in the late nineteenth century and has often been associated with the southern mountains—The Appalachians of North Carolina, Tennessee, Kentucky, Virginia, and West Virginia, and the Ozarks of Arkansas and Missouri. At one extreme it reflects nothing less than our young nation’s yearning for a stirring account of its origins, while at the other extreme the incidental fact that English colonization of North America began during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I more than four centuries ago. Two things in particular are responsible for its continued vitality: its romanticism and its political usefulness. Its linguistic validity is another matter entirely. Linguists haven’t substantiated it, nor have they tried very hard to do so, since the claim of Elizabethan English is patently based on very little good evidence. But this lack of support is a secondary, if not irrelevant, matter for those who have articulated the Shakespearean English idea in print—popular writers and an occasional academic—for over a century. It has indisputably become a powerful cultural belief and acquired mythic status.
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Quick Answer: Is Ammonia A Real Gas? What are the 4 properties of gas? What is the real gas law? Gases that deviate from ideality are known as Real Gases, which originate from two factors: (1) First, the theory assumes that as pressure increases, the volume of a gas becomes very small and approaches zero. … (2) Intermolecular forces do exist in gases. Which gases are real gases? Almost all gases are known to be real gases since they deviate from ideal behaviour under extreme conditions where the temperature and/or the pressure are very high….Therefore, five different examples of real gases can be listed as follows:Nitrogen.Oxygen.Hydrogen.Carbon Dioxide.Helium. What is ideal and real gas? An ideal gas is one that follows the gas laws at all conditions of temperature and pressure. To do so, the gas would need to completely abide by the kinetic-molecular theory. A real gas is a gas that does not behave according to the assumptions of the kinetic-molecular theory. … Is oxygen a real gas? Many gases such as nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, noble gases, some heavier gases like carbon dioxide and mixtures such as air, can be treated like ideal gases within reasonable tolerances over a considerable parameter range around standard temperature and pressure. What are the 5 properties of gas? What Are Five Properties of Gases?Low Density. Gases contain scattered molecules that are dispersed across a given volume and are therefore less dense than in their solid or liquid states. … Indefinite Shape or Volume. Gases have no definite shape or volume. … Compressibility and Expandability. … Diffusivity. … Pressure. What are 2 characteristics of gas? Why do real gases deviate from ideal Behaviour Class 11? Real gases deviate from ideal behaviour because their particles (atoms for inert gases or molecules) occupy some finite space and do exert interactive forces among them. … In ideal behaviour, gas particles don’t occupy space and do not have any interaction, as assumed in the kinetic theory of gases. What is not actual gas? Among the given options only mercury is only metal while all the others are non-metal i.e. nitrogen, hydrogen and helium. Mercury is found in the liquid state. … This makes Hg a poor conductor of electricity and thermal conductivity. Which gas is least likely to behave ideally? In summary, a real gas deviates most from an ideal gas at low temperatures and high pressures. Gases are most ideal at high temperature and low pressure. Nitrogen gas that has been cooled to 77 K has turned to a liquid and must be stored in a vacuum insulated container to prevent it from rapidly vaporizing. What is a true gas? From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Real gases are nonideal gases whose molecules occupy space and have interactions; consequently, they do not adhere to the ideal gas law. Why are real gases not ideal? No real gas is ideal. All molecules have a volume and intermolecular forces of attraction. So a “real molar volume” is different from an ideal molar volume. What is ideal gas behavior? For a gas to be “ideal” there are four governing assumptions: The gas particles have negligible volume. The gas particles are equally sized and do not have intermolecular forces (attraction or repulsion) with other gas particles. The gas particles move randomly in agreement with Newton’s Laws of Motion. What is non ideal gas behavior? As mentioned in the previous modules of this chapter, however, the behavior of a gas is often non-ideal, meaning that the observed relationships between its pressure, volume, and temperature are not accurately described by the gas laws. Is nitrogen a real gas? If nitrogen was an ideal gas under all conditions of temperature and pressure, every one of these curves would be a horizontal straight line showing a compression factor of 1. That’s obviously not true!…density (g dm-3)molar volume at stpN21.250622.4O21.429022.4CH40.71722.3CO21.97722.34 more rows What is pV nRT called? Which is the most ideal gas? heliumD. The real gas that acts most like an ideal gas is helium. This is because helium, unlike most gases, exists as a single atom, which makes the van der Waals dispersion forces as low as possible. What are three major differences between a real gas and an ideal gas? The three states of matter that are recognised by their characteristics are solids, liquids and gases….Real gas:Difference between Ideal gas and Real gasIDEAL GASREAL GASHigh pressureThe pressure is less when compared to Ideal gasIndependentInteracts with othersObeys PV = nRTObeys p + ((n2 a )/V2)(V – n b ) = nRT4 more rows•Jan 29, 2020 Do ideal gases exist? While no ideal gases exist, many gases behave like ideal gases under certain conditions. The concept of an ideal gas is useful for understanding gas behavior and simplifying the calculation of gas properties. What are the 5 assumptions of an ideal gas? Five Assumptions for Ideal Gases Gas particles are in continuous, rapid, random motion. There are no attractive forces between particles. The gas particles are far away from each other relative to their size. Collisions between particles and between particles and the container walls are elastic collisions. What are the assumptions of an ideal gas? The ideal gas law assumes that gases behave ideally, meaning they adhere to the following characteristics: (1) the collisions occurring between molecules are elastic and their motion is frictionless, meaning that the molecules do not lose energy; (2) the total volume of the individual molecules is magnitudes smaller … What sentence about gases is true? Gas is a state of matter that has no fixed shape and no fixed volume. Gases have lower density than other states of matter, such as solids and liquids. There is a great deal of empty space between particles, which have a lot of kinetic energy. Who has the cheapest natural gas in Georgia? SupplierSupplierVariable PriceFeaturesGeorgia Natural Gas29.9$100 bill credit on first bill PLUS a $0.08 cent discount on all offersXOOM Energy Georgia, LLC26.9$5.85 CSCConstellation Energy GA89.9$5.95 CSCKratos Gas & Power120.0$5.95 CSC $0.390/therm Promo for 1 month7 more rows What is an example of a real gas? Any gas that exists is a real gas. Nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, helium etc. … Real gases have small attractive and repulsive forces between particles and ideal gases do not. Real gas particles have a volume and ideal gas particles do not. What are the 6 properties of gas? Properties of GasesWhat are the Properties of Gases? Gasses do not possess any definite volume or shape. … Compressibility. Particles of gas have huge intermolecular spaces in the midst of them. … Expansibility. When pressure is exerted on gas, it contracts. … Diffusibility. … Low Density. … Exertion of Pressure. Why pressure of real gas is less than ideal gas? The pressure of the real gases is lesser than the ideal gas because of intermolecular forces. … There is no force of attraction or repulsion between gas molecules He also observed that there is some amount of intermolecular force of attraction, between the gas molecules namely the Van Der Waal forces. What is the formula of real gas? The constant “b” is the actual volume of a mole of molecules, larger “b” values are associated with larger molecules. These corrections when applied to the ideal gas equation give the Van der Waals equation for real gas behaviour. (P + an2/V2)(V – nb) = nRT.
6 step activation Context preparation & repetition 1. Read a number of source texts. Highlight (eg underlined) but don’t look up or note down terms and expressions that are important in this context (even if you know them in all your languages already). Also highlight unknown terminology. Highlight major substantive declarations and explanations in a different colour (eg blue). “…include not only unfamiliar technical terms, but also recurring topical items of a more general nature, in order to contextualize yourself and to increase their ‘availability#’, so that they are on the tip of your tongue when you need them (AIIC 2000)” 2. Go back to the first source text and work through all of them again. This time reading only the highlighted substantive declarations and look up the unknown terminology. Don’t note down the translation you find. 3. Go back to the first source text and work through all of them again. Now test yourself on the important terms and unknown terminology. 4. Go back to the first source text and work through all of them again. Now write down the terminology on the source text. (This works for editable files eg in Word or pdf and for paper documents but not for webpages). 5. Go through all of the source texts again copying the terms into a glossary compilation and testing yourself on them as you go along. 6. Turn the terminology into flashcards (digital or paper) and test yourself on them. Test both your understanding of the concept in question and whether you can interpret it from source to target language. You only need to test yourself in the direction you interpret. *Exercise from Consecutive Interpreting – a Short Course, Andrew Gillies Know thy speaker! The following text is taken from Claudia Monacelli‘s excellent book Messaggi in codice. Analisi del discorso e strategie per prenderne appunti”. The book offers lots of great ideas on consecutive interpreting, but the table below is equally as useful for simultaneous preparation. This extract was kindly translated into English and sent in by Claudia herself. Before you try and interpret any speech, consecutively or simultaneously, don’t just research the subject matter, research the speaker as well. Try answering some of the questions below for each speaker. PublicationsHas the speaker written anything on the topic before? Are there any articles/books already published on the topic? Does the location have anything to do with promoting literature on the topic? Past appearancesHave you ever seen the speaker before?Is the speaker linked to any special causes, events, etc.? Where does the speaker generally voice his/her opinion? TimeWill the speaker be alone or speak on a panel and how long will each person speak? Is this a keynote speech? If so, will it be followed by a question and answer session?Are the premises open all year round or do they house special events on a seasonal basis? PlaceIs the speaker in any way related to the place housing the event? Will the location influence the speaker’s words in any way?Is the location to be commemorated by the speaker? OccasionWhy has this person been chosen for this occasion? Will the speaker make opening remarks, introductory statements, or closing remarks? Is the occasion incidental or of relevance to the location? Tips for dummy boothing A dummy booth is a real interpreting booth in a meeting room but which is not being used by the interpreters during that meeting, and in which student interpreters may sit and listen to the meeting, or practice their interpreting in a realistic environment. Whether you’re doing an internship or ‘stage’ at an international institution, as many student interpreters do; whether you are just visiting but the interpreting division has let you use the booths for a while; or if you some find yourself in a dummy booth; you should know that there are ways to get the best out of your time in the booth. Here are some DO’s and DON’T’s… The DO’s… 1. Prepare for whatever meeting it is in the same way working interpreters do. If you don’t know how they do, ask! Find out, amongst other things…..who’s chairing, get an agenda, the minutes of the last meeting, get a list of participants, read around the subject for half an hour on the internet (the press, departmental or group’s pages within the institutions web site are usually a good bet). 2. If you are being chaperoned by a staff member from the institution ask them for the low-down on the meeting and the people in it. 3. Arrive at the beginning of the meeting, not half way through – chances are you will not be able to follow. If you do arrive late try to find where they have got to on the agenda. 4. Don’t interpret straight away. The temptation is to sit down and practise interpreting straight away…don’t! Take 15-20 minutes to listen your way into the meeting, in this way you can pick up some terminology, get used to the speakers and the atmosphere. Then start interpreting. 5. If agenda points are being discussed at length (30 minutes or more) don’t be afraid to listen only for the first 10 minutes of each agenda item before starting to practise. 6. Don’t practise too long. Even working interpreters only work for 30 minutes at a time. As a student you are not expected to keep up, but all the same students in dummy booths will often want to make the most of the rare opportunity and interpret for an hour or more without a break. This is counter productive. Take a break every fifteen minutes, twenty at most if you have the stamina. 7. Be aware of what your strengths and weaknesses are when interpreting and how they hold up in this new environment. Write down a few key words before going into the dummy booth (‘Don’t day eeerrrrrr’, ‘finish sentences’, ‘don’t overuse words like ‘problem’) – whatever is relevant for you – and refer to them at regular intervals to see how you’re doing. 8. Practise with someone else who can listen to your work and comment on it at the end (briefly). If you are alone, take a dictaphone with you and listen to at least half of your interpreting – so interpret for 15 minutes, listen to tape for 10 minutes, have a 10 or 20 minute break, interpret again. 9. When listening to a colleague, or getting feedback from them, be aware of the difference between the one-off corrections and the more fundamental issues of interpreting technique that if corrected will serve you again and again in the future. Concentrate your efforts on improving the latter. For example, getting a phrasal verb wrong once is not as serious as mumbling all the time! 10. Try to enjoy it!
Kingston’s Haunted Fortress By Michael Rappaport By day, Fort Henry, a 19th century fortress built on a hilltop overlooking Lake Ontario, is Kingston’s most popular museum, where Canada’s colonial military past is brought dramatically to life. The world famous Fort Henry Guard, comprised of about 100 university and college students, recreates the music, drills and artillery practices of the 1860s British garrison. By night, after the contingent of costumed interpreters have departed, the ghosts of the unfortunate souls who’ve met their tragic end here, rise to haunt their former abodes. Visitors to Fort Henry may brush elbows with these troubled spirits if they take the Haunted Walks tour, The Ghosts of Fort Henry. By the flickering glow of a lantern light, a guide cloaked in black, takes visitors on a spooky tour of the Fort, regaling them with stories, which combine historical tidbits and haunted tales. Haunted Walks was founded in 1995 by Glen Shackleton, Eastern Ontario’s most respected ghost historian. As a history student at Queen’s University in Kingston, he spent a term studying abroad in England. Inspired by a haunted tour of York while in England, he decided to start his own haunted tour when he returned to Kingston in the summer of 1995. Originally the ghost tours were offered only in downtown Kingston. Initially, Glen received strange stares from the pubic and he even had a run in with the police. “Once while taking a group to Skeleton Park in Kingston, so named because it used to be a graveyard, the cops pulled me over. They thought I was some sort of cult leader,” Glen recalled. Almost ten years later, Haunted Walks tours are a familiar institution in Kingston. Glen employs 50 tour guides, has five full time staff and offers ghost tours in both Kingston and Ottawa. He also has partnerships with the Old Carleton County Jail (now the HI-Ottawa Jail Hostel), the Bytown Museum, the Fairmont Château Laurier, and Fort Henry, National Historic Site. Haunted Walks began offering ghost tours of Fort Henry in 2001. Developing the ghost tour of the Fort, Glen dove into the archives and examined the records of those who’ve died there. He also interviewed staff who’ve had unusual encounters, such as hearing mysterious footsteps, doors slammed shut unexpectedly or objects falling off shelves. “Night watchmen are some of my best sources,” Glen revealed. In order to establish the credibility of ghost stories, Glen insisted that each sighting have at least two separate witnesses for independent confirmation and that there existed a historical basis to back up the claim. Many of the best leads come from customers who’ve asked Glen to investigate ghost sightings. Before calling Glen with a haunted query please note: He doesn’t do exorcisms. The Haunted Walks’ Ghosts of Fort Henry tour begins late in the evening outside the front gate of the limestone fortress. Built on a hilltop in the 1830s to defend Kingston’s naval harbour, Fort Henry was the largest and most costly fort constructed west of Quebec City. Although the 19th century state of the art fortification was never attacked, it did serve as an internment camp after the Rebellion of 1837 and during WWI and WWII. And it was the site of a few daring escapes and quite a number of deaths by workplace accidents, military mishaps and the occasional hanging. The Fort was abandoned by the British Army in 1870, but was garrisoned by Canadian troops until 1891. The Fort subsequently fell into disrepair. In 1936 it was restored under the direction of Ronald L. Way as a living history museum and reopened on the 1st of August 1938 by then Prime Minister Mackenzie King. In 2003, Fort Henry celebrated their 65th anniversary as a national historic site. My haunted guide for the evening, Heather, rattled off a few of the more boneheaded deadly mishaps. The worst of which was the tale of the hapless artillery brigadier who didn’t bother to wait until the cannon had cooled down before stuffing more gun powder down the barrel. Ignited by the heat, the powder exploded and the ram rod was blown straight through his head. Truly, an excellent candidate for the Darwin Awards. Drunken and clumsy soldiers have met untimely ends in accidental falls in the dry ditch surrounding Fort Henry, which is 40 feet wide and 30 feet deep. During the tour, we descended down a stairwell and through a narrow tunnel to reach the reverse fire chamber. The chamber housed a “carronade,” a specialized cannon which fired canister shot, metal balls, designed to ricochet off the walls of the dry ditch with deadly results. During the tour we visited the tiny cell where Nils Von Schoultz was imprisoned for his role in the Rebellion of 1837. Acting as his defence counsel was none other than John A. Macdonald, who was to become Canada’s first Prime Minister in 1867. Naturally, Nils went to the gallows. On clear nights, a figure wearing a tattered blue uniform can still be seen haunting the fort. Presumably, Nils is still miffed over his lawyer’s bill. A few of the Haunted Walks, ghost stories have even been featured on TV, such as the story of Deadman’s Bay, which was profiled on the series, Creepy Canada on the Discovery Network. Deadman’s Bay is the body of water which separates Kingston from Cedar Island and the site of countless shipwrecks. Visitors to Fort Henry, should try to catch the Sunset Ceremonies held every Wednesday evenings during July and August. The hour and a half performance by the Fort Henry Guard Drums, Drill Squad and Artillery Detachment is a remarkable spectacle, which includes precisely choreographed military drills and marching bands topped off by a mock battle with rifle and cannon fire. During the day, visitors can watch military training, the changing of the guard, artillery firing, the garrison parade and the music demo. Children are sure to enjoy the events geared for kids, such as the story telling, children sentry training, the fire engine demonstration and the mascot walkabout. David VIII, a white saanen goat, is the current mascot of the Fort, and the seventh in the line of goat mascots, most of whom are buried on the premises. (Ghostly goat sightings have yet to be confirmed.) At night, after the Union Jack is lowered, the Fort Henry Guard departs and darkness falls, take a haunted tour of Fort Henry. If you dare!
A Girl Who Reads by Mark Grist ‘A Girl Who Reads’ by Mark Grist is an eight stanza poem that is separated into uneven sets of lines. Grist did not choose to make use of a single structured pattern of rhyme. Instead, there are a variety of patterns scattered throughout the stanzas. A reader can look to the first stanza for an example of a fairly structured scheme. The first and last lines rhyme with the word “girl” used twice. Lines two, three, and four rhyme with the words “lips,” “sits“ and “tits.” Finally, lines four and six rhyme with the words “glass” and “ass.” There are also moments of internal rhyme, a few of these have been noted within the text of the analysis. A Girl Who Reads by Mark Grist ‘A Girl Who Reads’ by Mark Grist is a humorous and surprising poem that outlines what a speaker finds to be the most attractive quality in a girl. The poem begins with the speaker asking a question. His friend wants to know what he finds most attractive in a girl. After some hesitation, the speaker replies, reading. He finds a girl who reads to be more attractive than a girl with big “tits” or a big “ass.” It is clear in the text that the speaker knows his answer is going to confuse his friends. The following lines are used to explain his preference. He goes through all the different reasons that he finds smart women attractive. The most important being, that they voracious consumers of information. Whether that be the back of a cereal box or books at Waterstones. He also adds towards the end of the poem that he’s not immune to flirting and raunchiness. The speaker wants his friends to know that it’s not just the act of reading that attracts him, he actually believes that it makes women more beautiful and sexier. The poem ends with a repetition of some of the most important lines and a final emphasis on the fact that “a girl… With passion“ is the most important thing to the speaker. You can read the full poem here. Poetic Techniques Along with the moments of end rhyme and internal rhyme, alliteration also helps to create a rhythm for the text. It occurs when words are used in succession, or at least appear close together, and begin with the same letter. Line two of the fourth stanza is a great example with the words “Who,” “written” and “word.” One other important technique that Grist makes use of is enjambment. This occurs when a line is cut off before its natural stopping point. It forces a reader down to the next line, and the next, quickly. One is forced to move forward in order to comfortably resolve a phrase or sentence. The first stanzas in particular are made all the more impactful due to this technique. Analysis of A Girl Who Reads Stanza One He crows, lifting a lager to his lips I prefer ass. What do you go for in a girl?” In the first stanza of ‘A Girl Who Reads’ the speaker relays a question that was asked of him. If a reader is already aware of the title, then they are probably going to know what the eventual answer to this question is going to be. The speaker’s friend asks him, what he goes for in a girl. He assumes that the speaker is going to say something like “tits” or “ass” as these are the answers that he and another friend have already given. In order to create the most contrast possible for his eventual answer, this scene is taking place in a bar. The group is drinking, and probably hitting on any women around them, or at least two members are. The stanza ends with the repetition of the question, “‘What do you go for in a girl?’” Stanzas Two and Three I don’t feel comfortable The air left the room a long time ago I’m not trying to call you a chauvinist Cos I know you’re not alone in this The second stanza is only four lines long. It details what’s going on inside the speaker’s mind. A reader will immediately notice that there is no difference between the words in his head and those he speaks out loud. This is an interesting choice and makes sense because he is about to admit to something he likely has only thought about. These lines are also fairly short. They state the basic facts of the situation. He doesn’t “feel comfortable” and the “air left the room.” It is as if he is really quite nervous to admit his answer to his friends. This is a curious feature of the poem. It speaks to the general atmosphere within male friend groups and society’s expectations from those friend groups. He is worried that they’re going to make fun of his answer. Or, that his answer is going to make his friends uncomfortable. Enjambment is very skillfully used between the two stanzas. A reader is forced to jump down to the third stanza in order to find out the speaker’s answer. The friends were definitely not expecting him to say that he wants is “a girl who reads.” The next line “Yeah. Reads.” alludes to the surprise on their faces. The speaker feels as though he has to tell his friends that he doesn’t think less of them for liking “ass” or “tits.” He knows they are “not alone” in their preferences, he just has different ones. The fifth line of the stanza trails off, again making the reader move down to the next line. Stanza Four I want a girl who reads Who needs the written word To hold lively conversation In a range of social situations At the beginning of the fourth stanza, the speaker repeats his answer, “I want a girl who reads.” It is clear that he is not going to change his mind, or hedge his bet. This is the one thing that he really cares about. There are some details associated with what he likes about girls who read. He wants to make sure that his friends understand him completely and in an effort to make himself clear, the next lines outline why reading is attractive to him. He wants a girl who “needs the written word” and makes use of large vocabulary words she takes from “novels and poetry.” These things should come together in her mind to help her have “lively conversations.” Reading is something that he sees as making girls (or anyone) smarter. The information that she “gleans“ from the things that she reads makes her better. Stanza Five I want a girl who reads Whose heart bleeds at the words of Graham Greene and goes cover to cover with each Waterstones three for two offer but I want a girl who doesn’t stop there In the fifth stanza, the speaker goes into even more detail. It doesn’t really matter to him what exactly she does read, as long as she reads. She could read “Graham Greene” or “Heat magazine.” The details grow as he imagines his ideal girl tying back her hair while reading Jane Eyre. I reader should take note at this point of the many instances of internal rhyme within this text. Although the lines are not consistent with any kind of rhyme scheme, there are moments such as in line four of stanza five in which words do rhyme. “Hair” and “Eyre” are a perfect example. He also imagines this girl going into the bookstore Waterstones and taking advantage of the “three for two offer.” Again, with another skillfully placed enjambed line, the speaker adds that there is more to his fantasy than this. Stanza Six I want a girl who reads Who feeds her addiction for fiction Cos she’s interesting & unique & her theories make me go weak at the knees The sixth stanza is a little bit longer, at nine lines. Again, the refrain is used and the speaker states that he wants a girl who reads. What this means to him is that she “feeds her addiction for fiction.” Here again, is another great use of internal rhyme. This example in particular makes the line fun to read. The same can be said for the next line and the use of alliteration with the words “poems” and “place.” There is a great use of repetition in the fourth line of the stanza when the word “days” is used three times. It is clear that by “a girl who reads” he wants a girl who is completely obsessed with reading. This imaginary person would spend all of their spare time “soaking up” the written word and all its forms. Not only would this make the girl smarter, he also sees the knowledge as making her sexier. She would become “a total fox.” The requirements for this are her having interesting and unique qualities. With these two things working together, the speaker would be made “weak at the knees.” The stanza ends with another repetition of the refrain. Stanza Seven I want a girl who reads A girl whose eyes will analyse The menu over dinner So late at night she’d always have me in a stupor As she paraphrases the raunchier moments from the works of Jilly Cooper His ideal woman has a few other qualities. He sees her as spending time “analyzing” every menu she receives. This brings to mind images of dates in which the woman is absorbed by the text on the menu page as much as she is by the person she’s dating. This is positivity in his mind as it shows that she is learned enough to “kick [his] ass in arguments.” The speaker is doing his best to balance his ideal girl’s interests with her physical beauty and traditionally female qualities. Although she’s smart, she’ll “still be sweet and she’ll still be flirty”. He feels it is necessary to emphasize the fact that these things can coexist. A woman does not need to be one or the other. The fact that he feels like he needs to do this at all speaks to the same societal norms that were made evident in the first stanza. It also says something about what he presumes to be his friend’s opinion of women. By providing these extra pieces of information, he is alluding to the reader that his friends would not necessarily have thought the same way. The last lines of the stanza are particularly interesting as the speaker relates “the classics” to “raunchy” activities. It is left unknown whether the speaker really thinks about these things as being connected, or he is only making these connections in order to help his more traditionally male friends understand why he’s attracted to this kind of woman. Stanza Eight See, some guys prefer asses Some prefer tits Is a girl a with passion, wit and dreams So I want a girl who reads. The final stanza is an almost perfect repetition of lines that came before it. But, something he adds here is that he knows most guys prefer “asses“ or “tits”. He wants his friends to know that these things do matter to him, but “a girl… With passion” is much more important. What's your thoughts? Join the conversation by commenting Discover the Essential Secrets of Poetry Thank you for subscribing. Something went wrong. Scroll Up Discover the Secrets of Poetry Success - keep your inbox updated! Something went wrong. Send this to a friend
How Can You Tell A Good Painting? What is the purpose of still life? Once they are placed into a specific arrangement and then captured in paint, ink, pastel, or any other medium – the objects take on a whole new meaning. They are imbued with a life beyond the ordinary.. Why is it called a still life? A still life (also known by its French title, nature morte) painting is a piece that features an arrangement of inanimate objects as its subject. … The term “still life” is derived from the Dutch word stilleven, which gained prominence during the 16th century. What makes a still life good? If you want to create a traditional still life, make sure you have a neutral wall or other visually pleasing background behind your subject. A traditional still life composition could be something as simple as a few items of fruit placed together in a bowl, like this simple still life of three pears on a plate. What makes a painting valuable? What means still life? 1 : a picture consisting predominantly of inanimate objects. 2 : the category of graphic arts concerned with inanimate subject matter. How do you paint an acrylic still life? Paint an expressive still life in acrylicsStart bold. A base layer can be very rough. … Find the composition. A simple viewfinder can nail down the composition. … Look for shapes. Don’t forget to focus on negative space. … Cover up. Build the whole board up at the same time. … Keep it sketchy. … Add more colour. … Coffee break. … Use a palette knife.More items…• Who is the most famous still life artist? Giorgio MorandiPerhaps the most famous still life artist of the 20th century, Giorgio Morandi primarily focused on representations of vases, flowers, bowls, and bottles. How many types of still life are there? What are the examples of still life drawing? Still life drawings are drawings of non-living objects, arranged in a specific way, to create meaning or a visual effect. Common still life objects include things like flowers, fruits, vegetables, and other foods and beverages. Dead animals (like wild game and fish) can also be included in a still life drawing… What makes a still life painting? What are the qualities of a good painting? Common Characteristics of Good PaintingsA Strong Focal Point. A focal point is not like the big, bold “X” that marks the spot on a treasure map. … Layers of Color. When it comes to painting characteristics, color is key to keep in mind. … Changes in Direction. What makes a painting worth millions? What is a narrative still life? Still life painting is often an important observational exercise; in this course we will be looking at the narrative aspects of still life as a way to convey a story. These aspects are: lighting, composition, paint application and the objects that are depicted.
01889 228735 St Joseph's Catholic Primary School With God in Our Hearts We Love and Learn. St Joseph's Catholic Primary School Tuesday 2nd March Phonics 9.15-9.30 'Ch' and 'Sh'. Write the correct word for each picture. Maths 9.45-10.30 Counting in 10s Yesterday we practised counting in 10s. Today I would like you to complete the questions below. Use the number line to help you if you need to. 1. What is 1 lot of 10? 2. What is 5 lots of 10? 3. What is 7 lots of 10? 4. What is 10 lots of 10? Further Challenge Write down some facts about counting in 10s. For example, are they all odd or even? Where do you see these numbers? English 11.00-11.45 Story Writing Today we are continuing to write our story. Yesterday we wrote the beginning of our story and today we are writing the middle. In the middle of a story something must go wrong, something must happen which is solved in the end. Read your story beginning carefully and carry on but describe what went wrong. Do not solve the problem, leave that for the story ending! Here is my story beginning example below. Afternoon Lesson 1.45-2.45 This week are carrying on exploring our senses. What would happen without our senses? Today we are going to complete a touch test to find out what would happen without out sense of touch. Before you begin the test gather a selection of objects, you will need: A sponge or towel A book A small packet of food e.g. crisps A pillow or cushion A saucepan or frying pan Look at the test below. Discuss each questions first then complete the test.
Message-driven Architecture Message-driven architecture is an integrated system architecture where separate application modules (components) communicate with each other through a message broker (Message Oriented Middleware). Message-driven architecture involves producers (entities that generate and send messages) and consumers (entities that receive, read, and process messages). A message broker accepts messages from a producer and routes them to message queues. Each message is stored in a queue until the consumer is ready to process it. Messages can be delivered to the consumers asynchronously (based on the pre-defined schedule). Within the gateway, Apache Camel (a rule-based routing- and mediation middleware) is used as a message broker. It is integrated with Apache ActiveMQ that serves as a transport layer. Note that Apache Camel should be running on both gateway and data filter servers. The business logic of the system is split into elements called jobs. Jobs always act as consumers, and may also be producers in some specific cases. In the gateway, there are two types of jobs: timers and tasks/queues. Each job has the following core parameters: priority, number of consumers, status (active or inactive), and a set time of execution in cron format (for timers). You can keep track of the job queues execution time and statuses on the gateway user interface: Administration => System => Jobs => Job Messages. If the queue failed while processing, you can restart it with the Requeu button. To activate/deactivate tasks, set or modify cron expressions for timers, define the number of their consumers, or send a message manually, use Administration => System => Jobs => Job Objects form.
19 MARCH 2018 In 1918, Constance Markievicz became the first and only woman to be elected to the House of Commons. As critics of women’s suffrage had often argued that women had neither the intellect nor the resilience for political life, it seems fitting that the first woman MP had both, and had lived a more adventurous and determinately political life than the vast majority of her fellow parliamentarians. She was elected on a feminist, socialist and Irish republican platform, and she played a crucial part in the history of Westminster, without ever having stepped foot in the place. One hundred years on we celebrate her election and the feminist movement that enabled and we think too about contemporary feminist struggles in Ireland, especially the upcoming referendum on abortion. Markievicz was a remarkable activist, a women of many causes, as well as an artist, a friend and a mother. She was best known for her role in the Easter Rising of 1916, but she was involved in a number of other campaigns, some of them unfashionable and controversial. She also presents an interesting and inspiring case study for contemporary feminist activists because she was not a lone wolf. She worked with other women and men in a large number of organizations, relied on her friends and took strength from the women around her. She was born into the wealthy, land-owning Gore-Booth family in 1868. Her background constrained her in some ways but it also provided opportunities that were unavailable to most women and men in Ireland at that time. Like so many political women of her generation, she became initially politicized through feminism. In 1896, she and her sister formed the North Sligo Women’s Suffrage Association, with Eva as honorary secretary and Constance as president. Eva Gore Booth would subsequently make a career as a poet, and was a leading suffragist and socialist campaigner. While studying art in Paris, she met and later married the Polish count Casimir Markievicz. When they returned to settle in Dublin in 1903, they threw themselves into artistic, bohemian life and into radical political circles. In early 20th century Dublin, it was women and women’s politics which would once again draw Markievicz into political activism. She became a prominent member of the radical women’s republican organisation, Inghinidhe na hÉireann (Daughters of Ireland), and of Sinn Fein. In 1910 she joined a number of other feminists in an effort to tackle child poverty and hunger in Dublin’s schools. By 1914 they were providing children with between 450 and 600 meals daily, all paid for by subscription. She joined the Socialist Party of Ireland on its foundation and had become an active supporter of the Irish Women Workers’ Union from 1911. She was heavily involved in workers’ resistance during the Dublin Lockout, a prolonged and bitter labour dispute which consumed Dublin from August 1913 to early 1914. As well as leading marches and standing bail for activists (the Lockout left her very badly in debt), she became one of the most prominent of the many women who organized food and other relief for striking workers and their families. This was a huge task: over a four month period, a voluntary staff of twenty two, most of them women, prepared three thousand breakfasts there each morning, provided clothes for thousands of children and served meals in a special area to breast-feeding mothers. Markievicz served as an officer in the Irish Citizen Army in the Easter Rising of 1916, one of the 220 members who fought in Easter Week. After the Rising, Markievicz was arrested along with around 80 other women, but she was the only one who was tried as a leader, having been charged with treason. Famously, while fourteen men were executed, she was spared on account of her sex. After serving time in Ireland and Aylesbury, Markievicz was released under a general amnesty for all remaining Irish prisoners in mid-1917. She returned home in triumph and to a hero’s welcome and promptly threw herself into radical nationalist activism once more. While imprisoned again in early 1918, she stood as a parliamentary candidate for Sinn Fein for the St Patrick’s Division in Dublin, for what was the first election at which some women could vote and stand as candidates. Markievicz famously went on to win her seat, becoming the first women to be elected to the British House of Commons. While she was in prison she received a letter from Downing Street which invited her to attend the opening of parliament. It began: ‘Dear Sir …. I hope you may find it convenient to be in your place’. She famously never did take her place: as a Sinn Feiner, she was obliged to abstain. Upon her release and return to Ireland in March, 1919, she was named Secretary for Labour in the first Dail Éireann, a position which bridged her commitment to labour and to the fledgling Irish republic. This is significant as it would be another 60 years before another woman would serve in a Cabinet in the Irish Free State or Republic, Maire Geoghegan-Quinn in 1979. She served several more prison sentences, spent time on the run during the Anglo-Irish War and became a vocal opponent of the Anglo-Irish treaty.She was arrested for the last time in November 1923 while attempting to collect signatures for a petition for the release of republican prisoners and went on hunger strike until she and her fellow prisoners were released. Hard work and often rough conditions took their toll and her health began to fail. In 1927 she was admitted to hospital and, declaring that she was a pauper, she was placed in a public ward where she died. Markievicz was a pioneering feminist and socialist. Her reputation suffered because of this and because of the more general tendency to underestimate and overlook women, even women as remarkable as she was. It also suffered as a result of the political and social conservativism that characterised independent Ireland until recent decades. Divorce, birth control and abortion were restricted or banned in the first half of the twentieth century, and Irish feminists have had to work for decades against the forces of Church and State to overturn these decisions. Divorce and birth control bans have been lifted but abortion remains illegal in almost all cases. One hundred years since the election of Markievicz, Irish voters will once again have the chance to produce a remarkable result at the polls. They will be asked in a referendum if they want to repeal article 40.3.3 – known as the eighth amendment – which gives pregnant women and foetuses equal right to life. A yes vote would remove one of the single most enduring and manifest barriers to women’s rights and would be a fitting tribute to the life of work of the women of Markievicz’s generation. Professor Senia Paseta is a historian of modern Ireland with a particular interest in the history of education, religious identity formation and political movements and ideas in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. She has published on the development of a Catholic university elite in pre-independence Ireland and has also worked on a number of aspects of women's history, including the history of feminism and women's education in Ireland. Her current research is in the history of women and political activism in Britain and Ireland. Her most recent book, Irish Nationalist Women, 1900-1918 (Cambridge, 2013), examines how politically active women worked within broader nationalist and feminist contexts during a volatile period of Irish history. She is now working on a book which considers further forms of women's political activism including Irish unionism, socialism, education and social reform. She is also interested in connections between Irish and British radical politics and is currently writing on the centrality of the Irish Question to the women's suffrage movement across the United Kingdom.
Securing Power to Elevators By Richard E. Avallone Photos by Dennis Walus During the 30+ years that I’ve been teaching elevator safety to firefighters and first responders, I am asked certain questions on a somewhat regular basis. One of these questions concerns the subject of elevator power supply. A question generally asked is, “Will the emergency stop switch located in the elevator car or the stop switch in the pit area or on the elevator car top area shut off the power to the elevator?” The answer is NO. These switches open a circuit, but they do not disconnect power from the elevator, and there is no guarantee that an elevator could not move suddenly and without warning. These switches are for use of the elevator repairman or the elevator inspector. They are not designated nor are they engineered or designed to remove power from the elevator. The only designated location to remove electrical power from an elevator is the main line disconnect switch, which is located in the elevator machine room. The main line disconnect switch, once placed in the “OFF” position, should also be locked out and tagged out on all responses to elevator incidents (photo 1). There are no acceptable shortcuts or exceptions to this practice. (1) The main line disconnect for an elevator (left) is in the “OFF” position to prevent the elevator from moving. The switch on the right controls lights and ventilation fan for elevator car. It can remain on for the occupant’s comfort. Why do firefighters attempt to cut power to an elevator by operating car top or pit switches (photos 2, 3)? Because they think it’s faster and easier than gaining access to a machine room to operate a mainline disconnect. Firefighters must not allow laziness, complacency, or dangerous past practices jeopardize their safety and the safety of occupants trapped in a stalled elevator. Shutting down the main disconnect in an elevator machine room is the only way to be positively certain that the power is off; anything else is a gamble. Removing the power supply at the main disconnect switch is consistent with acceptable operational procedures throughout the fire service and elevator industries. Scenario: You, the company officer, and your engine company respond to a reported house fire. You arrive on scene and discover a smoke condition in the kitchen, clearly caused by the fluorescent light fixture located on the kitchen ceiling. The ballast in the fixture has melted and caused some burning and discoloration of the ceiling materials. The homeowner advises you that he has shut off power to the house at the main circuit breakers. You investigate further and discover that there is no further threat of fire from the electrical system of the house. Which response would be your next course of action regarding the house and the homeowner? A) Restore power to the home and instruct the homeowner not to turn on the light switch to the florescent fixture in the kitchen so the homeowner can use the kitchen appliances. B) Restore power to the house and leave the circuit breaker, which provides power to the entire kitchen, in the “OFF” position. C) Call for an electrical inspector to verify your assessment of the electrical system and to determine a safe course of action regarding power supply to the house. If you, as the company officer, were to select answer A, then you would be operating in a consistent manner with a person that would rely on an elevator pit “stop switch” or car top “stop” switch for the safety of your personnel or—in the scenario above—the safety and well-being of the homeowner and family. For the scenario, this would be the wrong decision and course of action for any company officer. However, the comparison of the power removal example is accurate. Why would you want to rely on a “stop switch” located anywhere on an elevator for yours and your personnel’s safety? These switches may not be as reliable or constructed as well as a typical household light switch, and this applies to all types and styles of elevator stop switches. On average, approximately 10 percent of these “stop switches” fail on inspection, and when they fail, they fail in the run position (bypassed awaiting replacement), which means they will not stop an elevator from running unexpectedly, causing injury, loss of limbs, or lives. (2) The car top switch (3) The car and pit switches. They are not are not substitutes for shutting off power at the main disconnect. Opening elevator shaft way doors without turning off the power is another area of risk for firefighters. The use of elevator shaft door release keys with the mainline disconnect switch in the “ON” position can result in an extremely painful hand injury. Remember that shaft way doors open and close under the power of elevator car doors that are driven by an electric motor which operate levers, pulleys, and/or a sprocket assembly. If the elevator car floor is located within 18 inches of a hall floor landing, there is a good chance that a mechanism on the door assembly, known as a clutch, will engage the shaft doors and open the car and shaft doors in unison, as they normally should. If you respond to a report of someone trapped in a stalled elevator and you fail to shut off power to the elevator, when you insert and operate the shaft door release key and begin pulling the shaft doors open, the elevator is most likely going to respond by opening the car doors, which in turn opens the shaft doors. Now consider that your fingers are on that shaft way key; the doors can open so fast and unexpectedly that you may not have time or the presence of mind to let go of the key before your fingers are crushed between the key and the door frame of the hallway floor landing (photo 4). (4) Doors that open unexpectedly can crush fingers between a shaft way door key and the floor landing door frame. Elevators are one of the safest modes of transportation, but they have the power to inflict serious injury if their power is not properly disconnected. Remember, switches and devices that open safety circuits are not failsafe; they have and will malfunction and may be the reason why the fire department is called to release occupants from a stalled elevator. Fire service and elevator Industry professionals know that there are no acceptable shortcuts or exceptions to shutting off power at an elevator’s main disconnect. Richard Avallone is a 30-year fire service veteran serving as a firefighter and training officer for the Pompano Beach (FL) Fire Department. He began his career in the elevator industry as a repair and installation technician in New York City, where he worked for 10 years. He continued installing and servicing elevators in Florida in 1985. Avallone conducts elevator safety and rescue training programs throughout North America. No posts to display
Bhopal: A Metaphor December 3, 2014, marks the 30th anniversary of the terrible Bhopal gas tragedy, which killed more than 3,000 people almost immediately, another 8,000 in the following days, and more than 20,000 in the last three decades. Despite the tragedy of humongous proportions, the people of Bhopal are still fighting for justice despite the apathy they continue to face. Bhopal was a watershed moment. The tragedy woke up the world to industrial, chemical violence. The chemicals being manufactured at the Bhopal plant had their roots in warfare. Bhopal gas tragedy was a political, economic, legal watershed for India and the planet. It was a toxic tragedy at two levels the leakage of a toxic gas from a plant producing toxic pesticides, the continued presence of 350 metric tonnes of hazardous toxic waste from the now-defunct Union Carbide India Ltd’s plant in Bhopal, combined with a toxic influence of corporations on courts and successive governments. Legally, Union Carbide and the US courts escaped liability and responsibility for the damage, setting a precedent of governments shrugging their duty to protect their citizens, taking away citizens’ rights and sovereignty in order to make settlements with corporations, letting them off lightly. The cases brought by the victims to US courts were dismissed on the grounds that the appropriate platform was the Indian legal system, though other cases involving US corporations and foreign victims were being heard in US courts. In 1999, when the victims again approached the US federal court seeking compensation for the 1984 incident as well as for the alleged ongoing environmental contamination at and around the Bhopal plant site, the case was dismissed again. In 1989, the Indian Supreme Court approved a settlement of the civil claims against Union Carbide for $470 million. The state forcefully took over the representation of the victims on the principle of parens patriae (Latin for “parents of the nation”) — “a doctrine that grants the inherent power and authority of the state to protect persons who are legally unable to act on their own behalf”. A criminal lawsuit against Union Carbide and Warren Anderson, its former CEO, continues since 1989. In June 2010, a court in India handed down a verdict in the case. It found Union Carbide India Ltd. and seven executives of the company guilty of criminal negligence (this came after the September 1996 order that had reduced their charges). The company was required to pay a fine of Rs 500,000 ($10,870) and the individuals were each sentenced to two years in prison and fined Rs 100,000. On August 2, 2010, the Central Bureau of Investigation filed a petition with the Supreme Court seeking to reinstate the charges of culpable homicide against the accused. In May 2011, the Supreme Court rejected this petition and declined to re-open the case to reinstate harsher charges. However, after the protests of the Bhopal survivors in November 2014, the government promised to strengthen the “curative petition” that Dow Chemical was already facing in the Supreme Court. The petition is designed to address inadequacies in the 1989 settlement on the basis that the correct figures for dead and injured were not used. The Indian government is seeking an additional amount of up to $1.24 billion, but Bhopal survivor groups, quoting the Government of India’s published figures (Indian Council of Medical Research, epidemiological report, 2004), say the required settlement amounts to $8.1 billion. On February 6, 2001, Union Carbide Corpo-ration became a wholly owned subsidiary of the Dow Chemical Company following an $11.6 billion transaction approved by the boards of directors of Union Carbide and the Dow Chemical Company. Owning means owning both, assets and liabilities. However, Dow would like to disown the Bhopal gas disaster. While Dow wants immunity from liability in the case of deaths and diseases caused by Union Carbide in Bhopal, it has accepted liability for harm caused to workers of Union Carbide in the US. In January 2002, Dow settled a case brought against its subsidiary UCC by workers exposed to asbestos in the workplace and set aside $2.2 billion to address future liabilities. The case was filed before the acquisition of Union Carbide by Dow. Dow refuses to address the death and damage caused by Union Carbide in India. This pattern of double standards, of privatising profits and socialising disaster runs through the pattern of corporate rule being institutionalised since the Bhopal tragedy. Dow, along with Monsanto, is involved in pushing hazardous, untested GMOs on society, along with the same war-based chemicals such GMOs rely on. On October 15, 2014, the Environmental Protection Agency, in spite of protests from citizens and scientists, gave final approval to Dow’s Enlist Duo genetically engineered corn and soya resistant to round-up and 2,4-D, or 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, which was one of the ingredients in Agent Orange, the Vietnam War defoliant that was blamed for numerous health problems suffered during and after the war. As this chemical arms race unfolds, more and more communities and countries are making the democratic choice to become GMO free. In the mid-term elections of November 2014, Maui County of Hawaii voted to become GMO free. Dow and Monsanto immediately sued Maui to stop the law banning GMO cultivation. The 30th anniversary of Bhopal gas tragedy should catalyse actions worldwide for justice for Bhopal and for all victims of an economy based on toxics. It should strengthen our resolve to create toxic-free food and agriculture systems, and to defend our freedom to be free of poisons. Vandana Shiva is the executive director of the Navdanya Trust Articles by: Dr. Vandana Shiva For media inquiries: [email protected]
Close-up of young bearded trader in eyeglasses working with graph and financial reports on computer screen and holding Bitcoin in one hand while working his modern office. Everything You Need to Know About IoT and Blockchain A hot topic in the tech world, blockchain involves connecting an expanding list of records, or blocks, with cryptography. Every block is marked with a timestamp and a cryptographic hash connecting it to the previous block, branding it with an unalterable “fingerprint.” Because the data contained in each block is unchangeable, blockchain promises exceptional digital security. While the technology is associated with cryptocurrency, many other sectors are now exploring its possible uses. Paired with IoT, blockchain has some interesting—and valuable—possibilities. Using blockchain to store IoT data can help improve data security, create audit trails, and speed up contracts and agreements with the introduction of automated “smart contracts” that use predefined rules. Let’s take a closer look at IoT and blockchain and consider what they can accomplish as a team. To jump to what you need, click the links below: A Brief History of Blockchain Technology What Is Cryptocurrency? How Does Blockchain Work? Benefits of Blockchain in IoT Technology IoT and Blockchain Challenges IoT Use Cases in Blockchain Technology The Future of IoT and Blockchain Technology A Brief History of Blockchain Technology The roots of blockchain technology go back to the early 1990s, when Stuart Haber and W. Scott Stornetta worked together at Bell Corporation. They could see that more records would be stored online in the future and were concerned about the prevalent idea of “hash and sign,” or trusting a central entity to store and protect digital records. They believed such an approach was too vulnerable to hacking and corruption (if a hacker reached the central server, they’d have access to everything and could delete it or hold it for ransom), so they worked on a way to build trust without relying on a single central entity. The result was blockchain technology. In 1995, the pair launched Surety, a system that uses blockchain to apply timestamps to documents, preserving their integrity. But it wasn’t until Satoshi Nakamoto released a white paper describing Bitcoin in 2008 that blockchain became a buzzword in the tech realm. Drawing on Haber’s and Stornetta’s research, Nakamoto developed a peer-to-peer electronic cash system—aka cryptocurrency—that continues to evolve today. What is Cryptocurrency? While a few other types of cryptocurrency predate it, digital cash wasn’t widely known until Bitcoin arrived on the scene. Cryptocurrency gets its name from its reliance on cryptography as a source of security. Once acquired, it can be used to make online purchases. Many major online retailers now accept Bitcoin—from Home Depot to Starbucks. Cryptocurrency is built on blockchain technology, meaning there’s not a central entity or server that every transaction is routed through. For example, if you make an online purchase using Bitcoin, that transaction is not verified by a central authority (as a transfer of funds would be on a centralized e-retailer like Amazon). Instead, anybody whose computer is linked to the Bitcoin network can help verify that transaction. The responsibility of operating the network and verifying information is shared between thousands of computers (called nodes) across many locations. To purchase cryptocurrency, users must create a digital wallet using a cryptocurrency exchange such as Coinbase, Kraken, or Gemini. Most of the larger exchanges offer Bitcoin along with several alternatives. Once you’ve verified your identity and set up a secure account, you can connect a payment method and start purchasing cryptocurrency. It’s worth noting that while investing in Bitcoin became legal in the U.S. in 2020, many banks are suspicious of cryptocurrency and might question or block transfers to exchanges. Cryptocurrency is attractive because it’s edgy and new, but some investors like it for other reasons. It removes banks from the middleman position and can be more secure than traditional systems because it uses a decentralized record-keeping method: blockchain. How Does Blockchain Work? Blockchain is a distinctive type of database that stores data in blocks, which are linked together using a cryptographic mark or “hash.” Each block has a maximum storage capacity and can run out of space. When it’s full, it is chained to its “parent” block, and a new block is added. As a blockchain grows, it may require multiple servers to store all of the data. In the case of Bitcoin, those servers (nodes) are spread out around the world and operated by different individuals. The ability to operate in a decentralized way makes Bitcoin—and other similar blockchains—unique and flexible. It also adds security, because each node contains all the data that’s been added to the blockchain since it began—a hallmark of distributed ledger technology (DLT). If there’s an error in one node, it can check its data against many others that hold the same information. If a bad actor tries to alter a transaction, other nodes would compare records and quickly discover which node has been changed. With these verification processes built into its architecture, blockchain offers a very secure method of record-keeping that’s useful in many sectors beyond digital currency—for example, supply chain monitoring, legal contracts, and medical record storage. Benefits of Blockchain in IoT Technology Plagued with security challenges, IoT stands to benefit from blockchain’s stringent record-keeping abilities. Combining smart devices with blockchain technology means IoT networks can function without a centralized authority. Some IoT architectures use a centralized client-server model, and in those cases, adding blockchain might prove tricky. But if blockchain is incorporated into the IoT architecture from the beginning, leaders can create a platform that maximizes the benefits of the two technologies. To work well with blockchain, IoT architecture must support data storage and computing at the edge. Let’s take a closer look at some of the benefits of combining blockchain and IoT: Accelerated Data Exchange Because of its decentralized structure, blockchain has the potential to speed up data exchanges between IoT devices and systems—but while important, that promise lies in the future. Currently, blockchain systems limit the number of transactions per second, posing a problem for large IoT deployments with thousands or millions of connected devices. But there’s potential for an enterprise-grade blockchain solution to emerge, making room for more data, devices, and speed. The newer arrangement would use fewer trusted nodes to validate transactions, increasing blockchain’s ability to handle IoT data in real-time. Enhanced IoT Security As we’ve already discussed, blockchain relies on cryptographic timestamps to verify data and checks errors against identical data from many other dispersed nodes. Because these checks are built into the system, blockchain can legitimize data in a way that many other databases cannot. IoT networks involve many disparate devices, each one a potential door for hackers to infiltrate—so partnering with a technology like blockchain can help to mitigate risk and give network operators a way to identify breaches more quickly. Blockchain also tracks human interactions with devices, creating an unchangeable ledger of events and transactions. Cost Savings Because it doesn’t require all its servers to be under one roof, blockchain gives IoT operators a chance to save money. Peer-to-peer data submission eliminates the need for costly centralized infrastructure and minimizes the risks of having a single point of failure. If one node on the blockchain fails, the others can take up the slack. IoT and Blockchain Challenges In some respects, IoT and blockchain are a match made in heaven—but like the rest of us, they face some relationship challenges. Let’s take a closer look at those roadblocks. Speed and Processing Power As noted earlier, blockchains limit the number of transactions per second and currently cannot provide the processing speed needed in large-scale IoT deployments. That could soon change as the technology develops, but the diversity of devices and computing capabilities found in IoT ecosystems pose another potential roadblock. An IoT network often includes many types of devices, from LPWA sensors to complex computers. For the blockchain to function properly, all devices will need to operate the same encryption algorithms at the same speed—which might be a difficult feat. Storage Capacity Blockchain eliminates the need for centralized storage, but that means the growing ledger must be stored on the nodes. Many IoT sensors at the edge do not have enough memory to keep up with the increasing demand for storage capacity as time goes by and more blocks are added to the chain. Blockchain Skills Gap While the basic idea of blockchain technology isn’t hard to grasp, the number of experts in this field is still relatively small. That skills gap means that mass adoptions of blockchain in IoT may be difficult to launch and sustain. Legal and Compliance Questions Cryptocurrency has been fraught with legal confusion and difficulties since its inception. It took more than a decade for the U.S. to legalize the use of Bitcoin, and in other countries (including China), it’s still illegal. Part of the problem is blockchain’s current lack of third-party oversight or compliance code, posing a major challenge for IoT providers and manufacturers who wish to adopt it. Until blockchain architecture is more standardized and regulated, many businesses will choose to avoid it. IoT Use Cases in Blockchain Technology Despite the lingering challenges of incorporating blockchain with IoT, the many potential use cases will drive innovators to find solutions. Here are just a few of those use cases: Supply Chain Monitoring Many companies are using IoT devices to provide more visibility to their supply chains. For example, an ice cream manufacturer might install connected temperature sensors inside all their refrigerated shipping containers and receive alerts if the temperature climbs above a certain predetermined level. When this information is stored in a blockchain, it receives a timestamp and can be tracked and verified more easily. Supply chain IoT solutions that use blockchain technology can guarantee a higher level of accuracy and security, helping companies find out what happened if a shipment is lost or damaged. An interesting example of using blockchain for supply chain visibility is Envisible, whose mobile-based system shares food supply chain information with consumers. Grocery store shoppers can download the app and see where their seafood was caught. Healthcare Record Keeping Blockchain’s added security offers great benefits to healthcare organizations, which must store large quantities of patient data and are often the targets of malicious hacks. When data pathways are made more secure, medical professionals, patients, and third parties will feel better equipped to collaborate and transfer information. For example, electronic health records (EHRs) stored in a blockchain could be sent more easily from one medical facility to another. Technology company BurstIQ has created a blockchain-based platform to help heathcare companies manage patient data, care coordination, research, enterprise data, and more. The system guarantees compliance with HIPAA, GDPR, and NIST and provides flexible features such as workflow and rules engines. From self-driving features to connected entertainment systems, today’s cars are hotbeds of IoT adoption—and the automotive industry is another prime use case for blockchain. When connected cars are linked in a decentralized blockchain network, users can send and receive information quickly and with ease. Blockchain technology has the potential to work hand in hand with automotive IoT innovations to enable automated fuel payments, traffic control, smart parking, and even fully autonomous vehicles. Porsche is partnering with Germany-based startup XAIN to incorporate blockchain technology in their vehicles. Owners could use a mobile app to lock and unlock their vehicle or grant temporary authorization to friends or family members. Porsche is also exploring ways that blockchain could allow auditable data logging and secure sharing of local information between vehicles in a given area—a useful tool for training machine learning algorithms on self-driving cars. Distribution of Pharmaceuticals Pharmaceutical companies face increasing problems from counterfeit medicines entering the market. To ensure drug authenticity, it’s more important than ever to track pharmaceuticals from manufacture to delivery. A combination of IoT sensors and blockchain technology can help companies do that—for example, MediLedger allows pharmaceutical companies to connect with their suppliers and customers and share timestamped transaction data on an open, decentralized network. Users can use the system to track legal changes of ownership for prescription medications. Property Management and Sharing Blockchain has infinite possibilities as a record-keeper in the sharing economy. For example, it could be used to create smart contracts—automated transactions of room rental services, such as AirBnB, or even to rent out tools, vehicles, and other assets. Peer-to-peer car sharing has emerged as another potential use case for blockchain technology. In the future, you might buy a share of a car rather than the entire vehicle—a much more affordable investment. Today, though, several software developers are using blockchain in real estate technology tools. For example, ManageGo has incorporated blockchain in its rental property management software. Backed by DLT, the software helps property managers process contracts and manage details like maintenance tickets more quickly and securely. The Future of IoT and Blockchain Technology IoT and blockchain are still relatively young technologies, and we can expect a lot of evolution in the years to come. There are plenty of challenges for innovators to overcome in joining the two together, including the current lack of a software standard to connect blockchain with IoT infrastructure. Blockchain systems will need to be adapted to work with the limitations of IoT devices. And IoT devices may need to be altered to include sufficient memory to act as a node, or routed through a gateway device that serves as the node. But the promise of pairing blockchain with IoT is enough motivation for innovators to explore solutions to these problems. Tools such as the IBM Blockchain Platform allow developers to create new solutions across computing environments. In the future, blockchain-enabled edge gateways and nodes will be able to verify firmware levels and security patches, authenticate and validate connections, rotate certificates, and more. IoT network managers will have a clear, verified record of timestamped data transactions among their devices—and they can pass that confidence along to their clients and customers. Get online in under a week
Prescription Diets There are many different diets available for every day feeding for healthy dogs but there is also a range of specialist diets specifically designed to help individual illnesses. 1 in 3 dogs in the UK are overweight and being as little as 20% heavier than they should be can increase the risk of developing joint problems, diabetes or heart disease. If you place your hands over your dog's ribcage you should be able to feel each rib easily. There are various weight-loss diets available- some work by being low fat and high fibre. These are calorie-controlled diets and the fibre part helps make the dog feel fuller. Others have L carnitine added to help burn fat quicker and reduce fat storage. Stiff joints occur when there is abnormal wear leading to joint inflammation, pain and loss of cartilage. This reduces mobility and affects the quality of life. Symptoms include a reluctance to jump, play ball or go upstairs or slowing on a walk. Gentle exercise is generally encouraged as it keeps joints moving, reduces weight and keeps muscles strong. Joint diets help maintain cartilage with high levels of essential fatty acids, glucosamine and chondroitin. Bladder stones are formed when crystals in the urine join together. They can irritate the bladder wall and cystitis but can also lead to more serious problems if stones block the tubes leaving the bladder and stop your dog urinating. Diets to help prevent or dissolve bladder stones have controlled levels of magnesium, phosphorus and calcium which reduce the risk of struvite and calcium oxalate stones. These diets tend to be low in sodium. Alternative diets restricted in protein can be used if oxalate, irate or cystine stones are formed. Kidneys filter waste and toxins from the blood into the urine. As pets get older they lose kidney cells resulting in a loss of renal function. Dogs with kidney disease often lose appetite and struggle with enough calorific intake. Kidney diets contain high levels of quality protein and controlled phosphorus levels but low sodium. This is designed to minimise the work that the kidney has to do and reduce waste products. Diets are available to support behavioural changes seen in older dogs such as disturbed sleep patterns or inappropriate toileting. They have specifically selected anti-oxidants and omega 3 fatty acids to help improve learning ability and maintain brain function. Diets can also help manage heart disease in conjunction with appropriate drugs. They have reduced salt to help minimise fluid retention. Additional taurine and L carnitine support the heart muscle. It also has high levels of antioxidants which neutralise free radicals which can damage heart muscle cells. Diets to help liver function aim to have highly digestible protein, carbohydrates and fat. They help limit the production of metabolic toxins from nutrients saving the liver cells some work. Many dogs suffer from intermittent or chronic diarrhoea. Diets available to help with an inflamed bowel are highly digestible to help improve digestion and absorption. They are often enriched with prebiotics to support gut flora. Many contain ginger to help soothe an inflamed gastrointestinal tract. These can be used short term to help clear up a tummy upset or long term if your dog suffers from irritable bowel disease. Diets are also available to help support dogs with sensitive skin. Many food allergies manifest as itchy skin rather than diarrhoea. Hypoallergenic diets are made from hydrolysed protein and a single purified carbohydrate source. They often have a novel protein source such as salmon, egg or venison that your dog is unlike to have encountered before. All the diets discussed here are prescription foods which can be used by your vet as an adjunct to treatment for a specific condition.
Nutrition For Injury Recovery And Rehabilitation: Calorie Needs (Part 1) When it comes to recovering from injuries, nutrition tends to be overlooked. You will be told to RICE (rest, ice, compression, elevation), take anti-inflammatory medications, and/or follow a rehabilitation program. But rarely will you be recommended to eat certain foods to assist with healing. Optimal nutrition can play a key role in providing important nutrients for rebuilding injured tissue and minimising muscle loss while preserving strength1. The following covers the energy/calorie needs during the healing process. Metabolism increase Meals and snacks always need to be readjusted based on someone’s exercise type, frequency, and intensity. Even though it may seem logical to eat less because you are moving less, the body still requires calories. When injured, the body goes into hyperdrive and increases the metabolism anywhere from 15% to 50%1. In other words, food will be burned off a lot quicker even if you are just lying in bed all day! Despite knowing this, an injured person can easily undereat during the healing period. Their appetite may be reduced due to various reasons including low mood, gastrointestinal side effects (i.e. nausea, constipation…) from medications, lack of exercise, or a concern for weight gain. Unfortunately, not meeting your calorie needs can result in a1-2: • Loss of lean muscle mass: The body breaks down muscles to get the energy it needs to recover. • Slower wound recovery: Rebuilding tissue is impaired without a consistent supply of calories and nutrients. • Longer injury period: Injuries worsen or show little improvement and so, getting back to normalcy is delayed. • Weakened immune system: The body becomes more susceptible to viruses and infections which only puts more strain on the healing process. I think you get the point I am making. Now is really not the time to be restricting your calories. Fuelling the healing process The recommended calorie requirements and quantity of food that should be ingested will depend on a few factors including diet and exercise before injury, the injury type and severity, age, medications, and any medical conditions1. Having said this, since the body is exerting itself healing 24/7, eating small frequent meals and snacks throughout the day would be one of the ideal methods of ensuring you are getting enough food. Here is an example of how meals and snacks could be planned for someone with a sprained ankle. Sample meal plan for a sprained ankle (partial tear) 7 a.m. Breakfast Eggs + wholegrain toast + spinach + avocado 10 a.m. Snack Smoothie: peanut butter + milk + bananas 1 p.m.LunchWraps: wholegrain tortillas + roasted chicken + mixed leaves + tomatoes + hummus spread 2:30 p.m.Rehab 3:30 p.m.Post-rehabTart cherry juice + yoghurt 5:30 p.m.DinnerSalmon + vegetables + brown rice 8 p.m.SnackCottage cheese + berries + mixed nuts Balanced diet I know I’ve been putting a lot of emphasis on eating enough, but the quality of the food is equally important. Ideally, your calories should NOT be coming from foods high in saturated or trans fats (i.e. fish and chips, schnitzel, salami, mayonnaise…), sweets (i.e. cake, soda, candy, milk chocolate…) and/or alcohol. These types of foods have little, if any, protein, vitamins and minerals, and can contribute to inflammation, thus negatively impacting the healing process1. As such, you need to have a balanced diet with fruits, vegetables, lean protein, low-fat dairy, and wholegrains that will fuel and support rehabilitation1-2. Similarly, mono – and polyunsaturated fats, like avocado and extra virgin olive oil, have anti-inflammatory properties to assist with healing the injured area1. If you are struggling with drinking less alcohol, swap for a bubbly beverage like soda water with fruits or choose a light beer and limit consumption as much as possible. To ensure you eat the appropriate type and amount of foods, it is always worth seeing a dietitian as we are qualified and equipped to calculate energy/calorie requirements for each individual based on their injury and situation. Stay tuned for the next article on ‘Nutrition For Injury Recovery: Protein Needs (part 2)’… 1. Quintero KJ, Resende AdS, Leite GSF, Lancha Junior AH. An overview of nutritional strategies for recovery process in sports-related muscle injuries. Nutrire. 2018;43(1):27. 2. Tipton KD. Nutritional Support for Exercise-Induced Injuries. Sports medicine (Auckland, NZ). 2015;45 Suppl 1:S93-104.
Moringa Trees Planting Moringa trees in response to malnutrition Moringa - 7 The Miracle Tree It is not without reason that the Moringa tree is called the Miracle Tree. The seeds help to purify the water; the oil can be used to make biofuel and soap. And that’s not all! The leaves are full of vitamins A and C and minerals such as iron, calcium and potassium. They are a powerhouse of nutritional value and can be used to brew a tea or to just eat them as a vegetable. Moringa - 2 Food Supplement Vitamin A, C, Iron, Calcium; Potassium and Protein Moringa oleifera is a multipurpose tree that has many potential uses including its leaves, pods, seeds, flowers and roots which are extremely nutritious and can be incorporated in local people’s food. Sustainable plantation On five hectares of land near Adjohoun, the native village of Alex Adounsa, 1,200 Moringa trees were planted according to the principles of agroforestry. This means that other crops are also grown, to prevent soil exhaustion. The pruning waste is used as compost again. Moringa - 6 Hallmark for moringa DANA Approved Our Moringa is qualitatively approved. Last year, we received the seal of approval from the Direction de l’Alimentation et de la Nutrition Appliquée (DANA), part of the Ministry of Agriculture and the Beninese Food and Commodities Authority. A cooperative of farmers 15000 + Moringa trees With the help of PlanFutur, 77 farmers in the area have planted a total of 20,000 Moringa trees on their own fields, between cassava, maize and cassava. They use Moringa in their daily food. This diet helps to combat malnutrition thanks to the vitamins and minerals that Moringa contains. The farmers are members of an agricultural cooperative, that is established by PlanFutur. We want to ensure that they can start a business by selling Moringa products for a fair price Helping the community The PlanFutur Foundation gives young people in Benin an opportunity to earn a good living. Our Moringa plantation, based on agroforestry, contains five hectares of land in the village of Adjohoun. The plantation contributes to limiting child mortality. The plantation provides employment for young people. The juveniles work the soil, dry and pulverize the leaves, press the oil and set up water purification plants. The finished products are sold on local markets. In this way, young people can provide for themselves. Adopt a Miracle Tree! The University of Benin and the Association Béninoise du Moringa support us with their expertise. But we also need tree adopters! With pledging €35 for a single Moringa tree, you contribute to a sustainable future for Benin.
Glass Half Full: How does your child’s brain work? \| Glass Half Full: How does your child’s brain work? Astonishingly enough,“The dog ate it!” remains an excuse proffered by youngsters who can’t seem to figure out where they have left their homework, which they are quite sure they completed. Sometimes they have; sometimes they haven’t. Sometimes the omission is intentional; sometimes children truly suffer from an inability to organize their own lives, not just pesky things like spelling papers. As part of our ongoing speaker series, the Lake Tahoe School Parent Association is sponsoring a very special seminar focusing on “executive functioning.” For those of you who might not be familiar with the term, though all of us are familiar with the concept, the following description comes from the Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University: “Executive function and self-regulation skills are the mental processes that enable us to plan, focus attention, remember instructions, and juggle multiple tasks successfully. Just as an air traffic control system at a busy airport safely manages the arrivals and departures of many aircraft on multiple runways, the brain needs this skill set to filter distractions, prioritize tasks, set and achieve goals, and control impulses. Please mark your calendars now and join Lake Tahoe School parents and others from 6:30-8 p.m. on Thursday, Jan. 22. Whether your interests involve your own children or, perhaps, your own challenges with organization, this is a marvelous opportunity to gain understanding about various ways that brains function. Support Local Journalism Support Local Journalism For tax deductible donations, click here. Start a dialogue, stay on topic and be civil. User Legend: iconModerator iconTrusted User See more
Born in 1911, Philip Richard Thomas Wright was working as a solicitor in Burton upon Trent before the outbreak of the Second World War. When war erupted he joined the North Staffordshire Regiment. When the 2nd Battalion South Staffordshire Regiment was formed as an airborne unit, it found itself seriously short of officers. Major Wright volunteered to join, along with many others. Among this influx were 13 of what were known as Canloan officers, who served with the South Staffs at Arnhem. World War Two - Second World War - The Arnhem Oosterbeek war cemetary. Canloan was a project by where the Canadian army, known for its top-notch officer training programme, agreed to loan officers to the British Army. As for Major Wright, he went to North Africa to carry out his training. Acording to Richmond Leason, a researcher at the Staffordshire Regiment Museum: “At Arnhem, Major Wright was well respected and liked by his men. “He was affectionately known to them as ‘Pop’. He was second in command of D company before taking over the command of C company.” On September 19, 1944, the remnants of C company were involved in fierce defensive action on the road below St Elizabeth’s Hospital. One witness described the opposition as “terrific”, and they had become the subject of the heaviest shelling and mortaring imaginable. Major Wright tried to make contact with other units to his rear so that he could withdraw his company and consolidate their position. However, they were killed by a hail of mortar fire. They were buried where they fell, in the garden of a building known as The Pavillion, next to the Rhine river. After the war they were interred in the C.W.G.C at Oosterbeek. There are a number of references to Major Wright in the book Land, Sea and Air. Thank you to Staffordshire Regimental Museum researcher Richmond Leason for his help in writing this piece.

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