text
stringlengths 144
682k
|
|---|
Coppery-headed Emerald (Elvira cupreiceps)
The Coppery-headed Emerald is one of the few species of birds that are true endemics of Costa Rica, meaning only found in this country. The male is mostly green, with the copper hues on the head that can only be seen in the appropriate light and angle. The female has grey underparts and lacks the copper colors on the head. Both have a black downcurved bill, which help with identification versus similar species like the Rufous-tailed Hummingbird, with which it shares the brownish-red rump. They are one of the tiniest species of hummingbirds in Costa Rica. They are seen in the mid to high elevations, in places where there is high humidity, but specially in the Cinchona and Vara Blanca zone.
Crowned Woodnymph (Thalurania colombica)
The Crowned Woodnymph is a medium sized hummingbird with a violet belly and glittering green throat, along with different shades of blue and green on the back. The female has white underparts and throat instead, with golden patches along the neck and head; the rest of the body is green like the male. They are mid sized among Costa Rican hummingbirds and might resemble a little bit the Violet-bellied Hummingbird that is found in Colombia. They inhabit low tropical rain forest locations like Braulio Carrillo and Bosque Eterno de los Niños, where they feed from the nectar of a variety of flowers, including Porter Weed.
Violet Sabrewing (Campylopterus hemileucurus)
The Violet Sabrewing is one of the largest hummingbirds to be seen in Costa Rica; whenever these hummingbirds perched on the delicate branches, their weight and speed would made them swing very fast. This species has a fairly down curved bill. Most of the male’s body is deep, glittering violet, although some parts have a bluer hue. The underside of the tail feathers is white, while the wings are brown, with green-blue feathers on the shoulder. The female is drab in coloration, with gray underparts showing green and yellow sports, and green-yellow iridescence on the back of the head.
Green-crowned Brilliant (Heliodoxa jacula)
The Green-crowned Brilliant is a relatively large hummingbird of the Heliodoxa family, which contains nine species, but the jacula is the only species to inhabit Costa Rica. It has a weird face, resulting from the elongated form towards the long and thin bill. The male is mostly green with glittering metallic-green crown as the name suggests, which becomes visible only with some angles due to the iridescence phenomenon that the bird displays; it also has a small purple patch on the throat. The female is similar, but has a white belly with scaling pattern in the throat and the flanks.
White-browed Spinetail (Hellmayrea gularis)
Velvet-purple Coronet (Boissonneaua jardini)
The Velvet-purple Coronet was one of the most impressing hummingbirds we saw in Colombia. Its plumage is strongly iridescent all around the body, showing marvelous different hues with each movement. At one time it would look almost entirely black, then it flashed green and olive tones on the upper wing and shoulder, along with brown feather tips on the back and head. The head, throat and belly would look almost entirely black, until it turned the head towards me and flashed deep blue and purple colors, with turquoise flanks. White feathers cover the legs and the tail underside. So much change is almost unbelievable until you see it with your own eyes or camera lens, whichever is faster. To top if off, after perching it would hold the wings open for a brief moment, showing a chestnut coloration on the underside of the wings.
Shining Sunbeam (Aglaeactis cupripennis)
The Shining Sunbeam is a weird species that shows a dull cinnamon belly, throat and face, with a dark olive back and wings, which do have strong iridescence that can be hard to spot, but that is very peculiar with a purple to gold smooth transition. From all the hummingbirds observed at Termales del Ruiz, which is situated at 3,000 meters above sea level, this one was the smallest, but it was also relatively numerous; it is bigger than woodstars though. The bill is relatively shot and thin, being black for the most part. The vent is covered in white plumage.
Plumbeous Sierra-Finch (Phrygilus unicolor)
Sierra-Finch is an appropriate name for this species, as they are specialized to live from 3,000 meters above sea level at higher. They are mostly seed eaters and take advantage of plants of the subparamo and paramo region. The male is gray in coloration, but sometimes looks blueish on overcast lighting. The female on the other side is streaked in a combination of brown, black and gray. While being a shy species, getting them at eye level is fairly easy, as the vegetation at such altitudes does not grow very tall, and due to the low oxygen content, they stay perched for long periods of time, presumably to conserve precious energy.
Lachrymose Mountain-Tanager (Anisognathus lacrymosus)
The Lachrymose Mountain-Tanager bears some resemblance to the Blue-winged Mountain-Tanager, however they differ in a key feature: The Lachrymose has blue upperparts, and that includes the back, wings, tail and nape, while the Blue-winged has black upperparts. Also the yellow underside aren’t as bright on the Lachrymose on the subspecies that we observed at Termales del Ruiz, which is above 3,000 meters over sea level. Other subspecies range from yellow to deep orange underparts. Their diet is mainly composed of berries and fruits, although some insects do form part of it.
Green-and-black Fruiteater (Pipreola riefferii)
The Green-and-black Fruiteater is a species of the Cotingidae family, despite having a body form similar to a Tanager. The female is entirely green with yellow streaking on the belly, and red bill and legs. The male is similar, but has a black head and a yellow necklace that separates the black head from the green belly. We saw this species as we searched for the Gold-ringed Tanager at Tatama National Park. It was not surprisingly perching on a branch that showed some small fruits, which presumably were being eaten by the bird.
|
IFRS-GAAP Comparison
The following sample Accounting essay is 1138 words long, in MLA format, and written at the undergraduate level. It has been downloaded 700 times and is available for you to use, free of charge.
This paper will examine differences between the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and the US-based Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). As part of this examination, three issues will be discussed. First, the main conceptual differences between the IFRS and GAAP approaches. Second, which of these two approaches best serves objectives of the Statements of Financial Accounting (SFAC) no. 8. Third, which of these two approaches best serves the small and medium-sized entities (SME). This paper will be divided into three sections corresponding to each of these issue areas.
IFRS and GAAP Conceptual Differences
Background. IFRS are issued by an organization formed in 2001 known as the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). This organization was formed from the restructuring of an older precursor group known as the International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC). In general terms, the goals of both organizations were to promote the harmonization of accounting standards and principles among member countries (Aqel 2012, 85). IFRS is used widely in European Union member countries, although it's not limited to that region. More specifically, the goals of the IASB (Aqel 2012, 85) are to:
1) Develop a uniform set of standards. These standards would be of high quality, comprehensibility, and enforceability. They would also have acceptability in the international community.
2) Promote the widespread use and application of IFRS.
3) Account for the financial reporting requirements of emerging markets by formulating a group of IFRS targeted specifically on small and medium-sized entities (SMEs).
4) Accomplish the goal of converging the accounting standards of various nations and IFRS. Thus, there would only be one uniformed standard of accounting principles in use internationally.
GAAP is issued by the US Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB). FASB provides financial information to investors and creditors who need consistent financial information to make investment decisions.
It should also be noted that the last several years have seen a movement towards a harmonization and simplification of global accounting standards. This movement is known as the convergence of international accounting standards. As such, the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has agreed to merge US accounting principles with those of IFRS (Aqel 2012, 84). It's expected this process will take years to complete, but it's already underway. The uniformity of accounting standards is welcomed as a good move by many investors. This is because differences in national accounting standards are considered a bar to the free flow of investment capital across national borders.
Indeed, until relatively recently, any firms seeking to invest in the US would have to convert their financial statements into the US GAAP format. This conversion can lead to substantial differences between accounting measures. An example of this is when Daimler-Benz applied for a listing on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) in 1993. When the firm undertook the conversion of its financial statements to comply with the US GAAP, a serious discrepancy was reported (Aqel 2012, 84). A profit of 615 million DM, a figure attained using Germany's accounting standards, became an 1839 DM loss after the GAAP conversion.
Thus, the harmonization of national accounting standards is intended to smooth out such differences. Also, the last 10 years have seen numerous widely publicized accounting scandals in the US (Aqel 2012, 87). It's believed that the use of the simpler IFRS format will make using manipulative accounting methods more difficult.
GAAP-IFRS differences. The generally accepted conceptual difference between the two accounting standards is that the US GAAP uses rules-based criteria. In contrast, IFRS is considered to be a principles-based criterion (Aqel 2012, 88). It should be noted, that a majority of the world's countries use the rules-based approach.
More specifically, the GAAP has been criticized as difficult to understand and cumbersome. This is because each set of criteria has too much detail. At the same time, not all writers agree that US GAAP is not generally rooted in principles (Aqel 2012, 86). The criticism arises because its components include detailed implementation guidelines that situate them within a rules-based practice. Many of these details focus on explanations of standards application and reportedly include numerical illustrations as examples (Aqel 2012, 86). It's been reported these details are included as a means to preempt lawsuits (Aqel 2012, 86). But another justification is that the detailed content provides greater comparability of various entities' financial statements (Aqel 2012, 86). Also, in the wake of the accounting scandals at Enron and other US firms, Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) legislation required the SEC to investigate the adoption of principles-based accounting criteria.
As noted above, IASB issuance is considered to be principles-based. Principles-based standards focus on a conceptual framework. Thus, in lieu of issuing detailed rules, this framework provides guidelines with flexibility for preparers of financial statements (Aqel 2012, 88). When employing principles-based accounting the conceptual basis, and general basic understandings, supersede detailed rules. As noted, they provide flexibility, in that they allow choices to statement preparers between two or more options.
As an example of these differences, IASB includes six broad pronouncements and one interpretation that addresses the topic of leases. In contrast, FASB issuance includes seventy-eight pronouncements along with a number of different interpretations. The next section will discuss which of these two rules best serves the objectives of SFAC 8.
SFAC 8 was issued by FASB in Fall 2010. The issuance concerned the goals of financial reporting and also the qualitative aspects of financial statement reporting. It replaces two earlier statements, SFAC 1 and 2, which previously dealt with these issues. SFAC is reportedly much more succinct in terms of content than its two predecessors. It also indicates the progress FASB is making on its Conceptual Framework Project (Hales 2010). This project is aimed at providing uniform accounting standards using principles-based criteria. Thus, the IFRS approach best serves the objectives of SFAC 8.
SME Community Objectives
Unlike GAAP, IFRS has issuance that is specifically targeted on SMEs. SMEs are organizations that are not publicly accountable and publish general purpose financial statements. These financial statements are available for external users (Oestriecher 2012, 8). Until relatively recently, non-public companies were required to use the identical reporting standards that public companies must use. This is particularly true when reporting financial information under GAAP guidelines. IFRS has issued its IFRS for SMEs. This guidance allows small and medium-sized companies to use reporting standards specific to those businesses (Oestriecher 2012, 1). This also has the net effect of reducing costs associated with financial reporting for SMEs as well. Thus, the IFRS approach best serves the SME community.
Works Cited
Aqel, S. "The IASB and FASB Convergence Process: Current Developments." Acta Universitatis Danubius Oeconomica, 8,2 (2012): 83-105.
Hales, Jeffrey. "FASB Issues SFAC 8." Fasri.net, Oct. 2, 2010. Web. http://www.fasri.net/index.php/2010/10/fasb-issues-sfac-8. Nov. 2013.
Oestriecher, Kurt G. "Emerging Financial Reporting Standards (Alternatives to U.S. GAAP)." GSCPA.org, 2012. Web. http://www.gscpa.org/Content/Files/Conference%20eMaterials/2012%20SEAS%20Session/H1%20-%20Outline.pdf. Nov. 2013.
|
An Overview Of Belgium For Travelers
Located on the European mainland, Belgium often is short-shifted in discussions of Europe. Following is an overview of Belgium for travelers.
An Overview of Belgium for Travelers
Belgium is located on the coast of the North Sea between Holland, German and France. the name comes from the Belgae, a celtic tribe.
Belgium’s geographic location places it at the crossroads of much of Europe, particular in relation to the United Kingdom and mainland Europe. as a result, the country has been heavily influenced by the powers that be in Europe during certain periods of times. you can find aspects of Romans, Celtics, Germanic, French and Spanish influences.
Ruled by various European empires, the cities of Bruges, Brussels and Antwerp were major commercial trading posts. They also produced some of the more spectacular artists in Europe, including Eyck and Rubens.
In modern times, the country is really three separate states with significant autonomy. the country is divided up into Flemish, Walloon and a smaller Germanic area. the Flemish are Dutch speaking while the Walloon are oriented to French. the divisions between these areas are significant and they have significant autonomy from the federal government. One might argue they are countries unto themselves.
The official name of Belgium is the Kingdom of Belgium. the country is located in Western Europe and covers approximately 12,566 square miles. Brussels is the capital of the country and has a population of approximately 922,000 people. the second largest city is Antwerp with 452,000 residents.
The people of Belgium are known as Belgians. Total population for the country is 10.4 million with a paltry annual growth rate of less than one half of one percent. the country is divided into three linguistic regions, Flanders, Wallonia and Brussels. French is the dominant language in Wallonia, Dutch in Flanders and German in the Brussels area. Most people of Belgium claim Roman Catholic as their faith, but Protestant, Jewish, Muslim and Anglican communities exist. the literacy rate is 95 percent.
Belgium is an odd hodgepodge of influences. That being said, everyone seems to get along in these modern times and Brussels is a major financial center in the Europe.
An Overview Of Belgium For Travelers An Overview Of Belgium For Travelers Reviewed by Henda Yesti on July 13, 2018 Rating: 5
No comments:
Powered by Blogger.
|
美国论文代写 论文通
According to underwriter laboratories settings, a standard part of the manufacturing is testing, and using the test results for selection of the material in the first place would also be helpful. One of the first tests suggested in the UL is the fire endurance test. The fire endurance test is one in which the material to be used in the safe manufacturing would firstly be distributed to test it. UL testing of material will require monitoring of the material as it is heated. Usually, there are moisture sensors too in order to track the humidity of these products. The basics of the fire endurance text is that it will show the form of material that will withstand high temperatures. Now most of the product’s according to UL standards would meet these classifications. The product used is conditioned before the testing process, and then furnace heat would be increased as well. Once the temperature rise is noted, then the furnace will be turned off and this is where the product accumulates heat. It would rise rapidly and the material being tested is analyzed at this point to check how it would be resistant to wear and tear. Breach of material consistency and more is usually analyzed. Sometimes, in material selection, in addition to the fire test, a fire and impact test might also be conducted. The fire and impact test is such that the product is put through fire endurance testing and is then also tested for impact resistance such as dropping it off from around 30 feet or more from the ground level. Tests for deformation, rupture and more are conducted. Reheating and some more impact resistance testing could be done here.
相关的论文代写话题 . . .
|
cover of book
Salt Lantern: Traces of an American Family
by William Towner Morgan
foreword by Wayne Franklin
University of Iowa Press, 1997
Paper: 978-0-87745-614-8 | eISBN: 978-1-58729-159-3
Library of Congress Classification CT275.M624A3 1997
Dewey Decimal Classification 977.614050922
As a child growing up in Pipestone, Minnesota, in the 1930s, William Morgan marveled over his great-grandmother's salt-filled chimney lantern. Full of sea salt and mementos and drawings that commemorated her British home and her journey to America in 1855, this Victorian artifact became the inspiration both for Morgan's pilgrimage to find the original salt lantern and, after many journeys both external and internal, for this multifaceted family history.
Morgan began his research by visiting England and Scotland, then traveled to Vermont, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, and North Dakota searching for the buildings and landscapes related to his mother's ancestors. Tracing his father's family took him to Ireland, where he discovered the thatched-roof house in which his grandmother was born. By studying his family's houses, farm buildings, landforms, letters, and heirlooms, Bill Morgan tells the stories of his ancestors' lives. By adding fresh memories written by his sister and brothers as well as journals and other family documents, he builds upon these stories to create a full life of an American family.
See other books on: Franklin, Wayne | Minnesota | North Dakota | Traces | Vernacular architecture
See other titles from University of Iowa Press
Nearby on shelf for Biography / National biography:
|
Overriding the Methods from the interface
This section describes the purpose of the methods you override and what you should do with them
public boolean buildAndShowGui()
This is the first method that is called after the user has selected this algorithm and has pressed the 'Start' button to commence it. The purpose of this method is to enable you, the developer, to present an options panel to the user where he can set up some values used by your algorithm if you want him to.
The rest of the application blocks unless you return the thread from this method.
If you want to provide a GUI (a Graphical User Interface), then your algorithm should assemble and display your options at this point, using Swing components for that. You can create your own dialog frame to display your panel or you can use MembraneAlgorithmGUI. popUpGUI() (see Essential Methods and Objects) for that.
The boolean that you have to return from this method indicates whether or not your membrane algorithm should proceed or if it should be cancelled already:
Return true if the user confirmed his settings or if you don't provide a GUI at all.
Return false not to start the algorithm e.g. if the user chose to cancel it.
public void fillWithLipids() throws Exception
This method is the entry point of your algorithm. All further operations are invoked here. As soon as this method returns, the algorithm is finished and will terminate.
There is no general pattern for how you have implement your algorithm inside this method. But here's a good proposal of how it could be done:
Write a loop that performs the following steps:
1. Create a new lipid (all molecules are represented by referring objects) that you want to place. To maintain a proper ratio of lipid types, use the createExtracellularLipid() or createIntracellularLipid() methods (see Essential Methods and Objects) for that.
2. Choose a position for your lipid and rotate it to its desired alignment
3. Test your lipid for intersections with the borders and for intersections with other molecules
4. If an intersection occurs correct your position and/or alignment and continue at step 3.
5. If no intersection occurs, add your lipid to the appropriate side of the membrane, using addExtracellularLipid() or addIntracellularLipid().
6. If you want to end the algorithm you could break the loop here, so that the method returns. Otherwise you may continue at step 1 and focus on the other membrane side now.
Alternatively, you could pick an existing lipid and just change its alignment (only if you do not want to add new ones), or you could mix up both approaches.
public String getFullInformation()
Use this method to return a String that contains a full description of your algorithm. This is the text that gets displayed in the large text area that the user sees when he selects an algorithm.
Make sure to insert line breaks for a proper style.
May return "null" if you want.
public String getName()
This method returns the name that you want use for this algorithm.
It gets displayed in the table.
The name also serves as an identifier, that's why it has to be unique and not empty to get this algorithm to be accepted
public String getShortInformation()
Here you can return a description that is a than the complete information. It will be written into the output file later on if the membrane has been generated with this algorithm.
May also return "null".
public String getStringRepresentationOfSetupParameters()
Allows you to return a String that is meant to contain the setup parameters of your algorithm GUI. This String will also be written into the output file later on. It is up to you how you style this String and what contents you put into it.
May return "null".
public Component getRuntimeControlPanel()
Enables you to provide a panel that contains options that can be accessed during the runtime of the algorithm. It will be placed beneath the 3D view, so try to keep it small.
This method may also return "null" if there is no need for a panel.
public void stopAlgorithm()
This method is called when the user presses the 'Stop' button while the algorithm is running. It is up to you to recognize this call and to terminate the algorithm at the next appropriate point.
It is very important to handle this case, otherwise the user will not have the opportunity to abort the algorithm.
The easiest way to handle this is to use a flag that gets toggled inside this method. The algorithm then uses this flag for each loop to decide whether to break or to continue.
public boolean overrideExistingLipids()
Here you have to decide if your algorithm needs to remove all existing lipids first or if they may remain. If you return true, then all lipids will be automatically removed before this algorithm starts, if you return false, they will be remained.
public boolean supportsMicrodomains()
Forces you to provide information as to whether your algorithm supports microdomains or not. Return false if you don't want or need to implement microdomain support. This value will be presented in the table of available algorithms.
Nike LeBron 16
|
$1 for 3 months. Save 97%.
$1 for 3 months. Save 97%.
Mosquitoes versus crane flies: What’s the difference?
Special to WNC Parent
Is it a mosquito or a crane fly? They look very similar.
Being in the South, we all know about annoying mosquitoes that like to plague every outdoor event during the hot summer.
However, there is a similar creature that often gets confused for the mosquito: the crane fly. These guys look incredibly similar, but the best way to tell them apart is by size. Mosquitos tend to be quite small in comparison, whereas crane flies look like comically large mosquitos that would rather follow the light than follow your blood.
Crane flies are sometimes called “mosquito hawks,” which is truly a misnomer based on the thought that they feed on mosquitoes. That is false. Crane flies are completely harmless to humans and other insects. They feed on vegetation and decaying matter while in their larval stage, and in their adult form they do not require food because they are already creeping up on their life expectancy. An adult crane fly will live at most a few days, in which their only care is mating.
A large number of crane flies can, however, cause real damage to your yard. If sections of your lawn are patchy and yellow or brown in color, or have been eaten down to the soil, you may be dealing with an infestation of crane flies. Like mosquitoes, these insects live in water or moist soil in their larval stage. Because they consume grasses and other plant matter as larvae, they can destroy the health and appearance of lawns and pastures.
Mosquitos, on the other hand, are potentially deadly because they can carry a menagerie of diseases that can infect humans, like zika and encephalitis. They are small, make a buzzing noise when they are near, and their bites are known to be unbearably itchy and cause large welts.
The best way to try to limit the mosquito population around your home is to vigilantly empty any containers with standing water, where mosquito larvae would live. Unfortunately, they can survive inside homes, using moist potting soil or standing water to lay eggs.
As larvae, they live in water and eat algae, while adult mosquitoes can live on plant nectar. But female mosquitoes need both lipids and protein in their diets in order to lay eggs, which is why they also feed on the blood of humans, dogs, cats, mice and birds as adults.
Learn more about creatures at WNC Nature Center,
|
Chapman Films. 1934–43. USA. Directed by Mrs. Gilbert W. Chapman. Courtesy Robert Storr
Film Vault Summer Camp, Week Four: Art and Artists
Watch the private moments of great artists and writers, and a 17th-century Japanese house installed in Midtown Manhattan.
Ashley Swinnerton Aug 27, 2020
Welcome to the final week of Virtual Views: Film Vault Summer Camp. Every Thursday in August, we’re streaming selections of historic films from the MoMA collection.
For the fourth and final week of Film Vault Summer Camp, we are going back to the basics, highlighting what puts the “A” in MoMA—art—and, of course, the artists who make it. While the Department of Film collects and exhibits films and videos that we consider to be works of art, we also have a fair number of movies about art and art movements, including documentaries, newsreels, home movies, and interviews—genres that are often overlooked or not considered to have artistic merit. The two featured films are important cultural documents of significant people, places, and events, but at the same time they stand on their own as artworks...and just plain good movies.
A Japanese House. 1955
Directed by Sidney Peterson
A Japanese House is a film MoMA produced in 1955 to document the installation of an actual, full-scale 17th-century Japanese house, designed by Junzō Yoshimura and named Shofuso (or “Pine Breeze Villa”), in our Sculpture Garden. The third house that MoMA’s Department of Architecture and Design constructed in the garden, Shofuso was chosen for its unique, traditional Japanese design characteristics, including post-and-lintel frame construction, flexible layout, purposeful relationships between indoor and outdoor spaces, and the decorative qualities of the structural system itself. With more than 1,000 visitors per day, the exhibition was so successful that the Museum extended its run multiple times.
The film is in many ways a traditional documentary, detailing a specific event at a certain moment, with explanatory narration. However, it is also a beautiful film, with many quiet, contemplative moments, careful camerawork, and artfully composed frames. Japanese in its execution, the film explores traditional elements of Zen and Shinto design, such as kukan/supesu (“space is not empty”). Long, lingering takes invite the viewer to ruminate on reflections in water or the shape of a doorframe, as if they were experiencing the house themselves. This film is the closest you can get to visiting Shofuso without actually being there. The house still exists, now reassembled in a park in Philadelphia.
Chapman Films. 1934–43
Directed by Mrs. Gilbert W. Chapman
We presented Chapman Films from August 27 through September 3, 2020. The film is no longer available here for streaming.
Chapman Films is a collection of home movies shot between 1934 and 1943 in Paris, London, Mexico City, New York, and other cities by Mrs. Gilbert W. Chapman. Chapman (aka Elizabeth Fuller, aka Bobsy Goodspeed) was a socialite and patron of the arts who was arguably even more interesting than the famous subjects she shot. Her home was Chicago, but she travelled extensively, taking her 16mm camera with her on vacations, philanthropic trips, and visits with artists in their studios. Chapman was also a writer, primarily of plays (she adapted The Wizard of Oz for the stage), and became known for her fabulous parties in both Chicago and New York.
Chapman’s camera captured cultural luminaries of the 20th century—artists, writers, composers, philosophers, journalists—from Pablo Picasso, Constantin Brancusi, and Henri Matisse to Igor Stravinsky, Eve Curie, and Gertrude Stein. Chapman Films is immensely popular in the Film Study Center for the rare and intimate glimpses of their lives it provides, from a time when the famous were not readily accessible. Yes, there were gossip columns, fan magazines, and juicy exposés in the 1930s and ‘40s, but many notable figures carefully curated their public personas. We know these figures through their paintings, music, or words, not their faces, so to see them at all—let alone in real life, doing everyday things—is remarkable.
Chapman Films is currently installed in Private Lives Public Spaces, the Museum’s first gallery exhibition devoted to the exploration of home movies as an art form. Home movies are the largest (and largely unseen) group of moving image works produced over the last 100 years. You won’t see some of the common family-home movie tropes in Chapman’s reels, though—no Christmas mornings or Fourth of July parades—but even the famous are still human. Here they are hamming it up for the camera, lounging, smoking cigarettes, and playing with their dogs, just like everyone else. (Learn more about home movies in How To See: Home Movies, and watch more films from Private Lives Public Spaces on Magazine.)
|
The Sun
How much longer will the Sun shine?
Based on the scientific understanding of how stars work, our Sun will continue to conduct nuclear fusion at its core for about another five to six billion years.
|
Trusted Southern Ohio Attorneys
The History of Drunk Driving Laws in the U.S.
| Sep 19, 2018 | Criminal & Traffic Law, Rapier & Bowling
According to the Bureau of Transportation Statistics, in 2016 the national average of deaths due to OVIs or Operating a Vehicle Impaired was 37,461. This number is most certainly tragic but when you consider that average was 43,825 in 1985 it becomes a true testament to how laws on drunk driving have changed. Believe it or not, until the 1970s laws and penalties for drunk driving were pretty lax. You might be surprised by how much has changed and what it took to get stricter laws on driving under the influence of drugs and alcohol.
A Brief History of the Automobile
While it wasn’t mass produced for the public the first automobile suitable for human transportation was built in 1769. It wasn’t until 1870 that the gasoline automobile would be introduced. Access to affordable automobiles came along even later. Henry Ford created the assembly line for his Model T in 1913.Even before these cars became affordable and accessible to the middle class there were cars on the road. It was 1907 before law officials began revoking driver’s license for driving under the influence of alcohol. However, it still wasn’t against any laws until 1910. New York was the first state to implement such a law. Other states eventually followed suit.
Drinking and Driving from 1910-1980
While driving sober in many states was important there wasn’t really a way to test whether or not an individual was drunk. That is, until 1927 when a man named W.D. McNalley invented the breath analyzer (eventually shortened to “breathalyzer.”) This instrument caused chemicals to change color when an individual had been drinking and breathed into it. It didn’t really catch on, though, until 1931 when it was renamed and revamped by Dr. Rolla Harger. The new version, called a drunkometer, was reportedly more user-friendly than its predecessor. The 1930s were a bad time for drunk driving thanks to the repeal of prohibition. The death rate had hit an all-time high. So, in 1938, the American Medical Association decided to look into it. As a result, in 1939, Indiana declared that a blood alcohol level of .15% qualified as drunk driving. In 1935, Dr. Harger teamed up with a former Indiana State Police Captain, Robert Borkenstein, to once again improve upon the drunkometer. Their partnership helped create what we now know as the breathalyzer test.The ensuing decades saw little change in drunk driving policies. In the 1960s the Department of Transportation determined that more than half tof car accident deaths were related to drunk driving. In the 1960s the blood alcohol content requirement was lowered from .15 to .10 in some states but not all. It wasn’t until 1977 that the police force started testing the accuracy of field sobriety tests.
The World Gets MADD
It took until the 1980’s before the US got serious about cracking down on Drunk Driving. In 1980 the mother of a 13-year-old faced the tragedy of losing her daughter when she was hit by a drunk driver and killed. That’s when Candy Lightner founded MADD, or “Mothers Against Drunk Driving.” She was determined to put a stop to drunk driving once and for all. Lightner’s initiative had a huge impact on the policies against drunk driving. For instance, once the DOT adopted “Friends don’t let friends drive drunk,” the catchphrase took off and brought awareness to millions of Americans across the country. With the efforts put for by MADD, the legal BAC for driving was lowered from .10 to .08 in 1983. Utah was the first state to lower the BAC but many other states didn’t follow suit until 2004 when federal law demanded it. The next year, federal mandates require all states to raise the legal drinking age from 21 to 18. For the past 30 years, more and more steps have been taken to reduce the number of accidents related to drunk drivers. For instance, in 1990 the Supreme Court ruled that sobriety checkpoints were constitutional.
What is Being Done Now?
In 2013 Ohio proposed the idea of lowering BAC to from .08 to .05. This has caused a lot of controversy over the past few years. Some say it’s a good idea to prevent further accidents of this nature but others argue .05 is too low. It would mean that many even after 1 drink a person could not drive home immediately. They would typically need to wait 45 minutes or more.
Ohio Drinking and Driving Laws
Remember that the legal drinking age is 21. For those individuals in Ohio, a BAC of .08 or higher is considered illegal. You will also be considered for an Ohio OVI if you are driving a commercial vehicle and your BAC is over .04, and likewise, if you are under 21 and your BAC is .02. If you or a loved one have been pulled over for a DUI in Greater Cincinnati or Hamilton County call a local attorney at Rapier & Bowling. PHOTO: Minot Air Force Base / CC0 Public Domain
Share This
|
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is cancer that begins in lymphocytes, white blood cells that are an important part of the body’s infection-fighting immune system.
Seattle Cancer Care Alliance (SCCA) offers comprehensive treatment from a team of experts for all types of non-Hodgkin as well as Hodgkin lymphoma.
What is non-Hodgkin lymphoma?
In people with lymphoma, something goes wrong inside the lymphocytes.
• Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell made in the bone marrow and found in the blood and lymph tissue.
• In lymphoma, the lymphocytes don’t mature and can’t carry out their normal immune functions defending against infection.
• The lymphoma cells don’t die off like they should but instead collect in the lymph nodes.
• NHL can spread through the lymph system to other lymph nodes and outside the lymph nodes to the bone marrow, lungs or liver.
• NHL can be cured or controlled for many years in many people who have the disease.
How common is NHL?
NHL is one of the most common cancers in the United States, with about 72,000 people newly diagnosed each year.
What causes NHL?
Doctors do not know what causes NHL. It is more common in men than in women, and the risk increases with age.
You may be at higher risk if any of these is true:
• Your immune system is weakened by an inherited disease, autoimmune disease, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or drugs given because you had an organ transplant.
• You were exposed to certain chemicals, such as ingredients in pesticides, herbicides, solvents or fertilizers.
Keep in mind that many people who get the disease have none of these risk factors, and most people with these risk factors do not develop the disease.
Your lymph system
To understand lymphoma, it helps to have a basic knowledge of the lymph system.
What is the lymph system?
The lymph system is a network of tubes (lymphatic vessels) that slowly carry fluid from your tissues into your bloodstream to be recycled. The fluid (lymph) contains waste products from body tissues as well as immune system cells.
What are lymph nodes?
Lymph nodes are small bean-shaped organs linked by your lymphatic vessels. They are part of your immune system. They store lymphocytes and act as filters to trap foreign particles.
Where are these nodes?
Lymph nodes are located throughout your body in your neck, underarms and groin and behind your knees. They are also deeper inside your body in your chest, abdomen and pelvic area.
What else makes up the lymph system?
Along with lymph nodes, you have other lymph tissue, including organs related to your immune and blood-forming systems, such as your spleen, thymus and bone marrow.
How do lymphocytes protect the body?
There are several types of lymphocytes.
• B lymphocytes, or B cells. These make antibodies. Antibodies attach to bacteria and to cells infected with a virus or bacteria so that other immune cells recognize them and know to destroy them.
• T lymphocytes, or T cells. These are involved in destroying invaders or tumor cells or in attracting or stimulating other immune cells to do this.
• Natural killer cells. These scout for abnormal cells and destroy them.
It’s important to correctly identify the type and subtype of your lymphoma to determine which treatments are most likely to be effective.
There are two main types of lymphoma:
• Hodgkin lymphoma, which involves Reed-Sternberg cells, abnormal B cells
• Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, in which there are no Reed-Sternberg cells
Within NHL, there are about 60 types and subtypes based on:
• Whether the disease originates from B cells or T cells
• Whether it is fast or slow growing
• How and where the cells grow in the body
• The genetic characteristics and other molecular features of the cells affected
• Their appearance under a microscope
B-cell lymphoma or T-cell lymphoma?
Most NHLs — about 90 percent — begin in the B cells. The most common subtype of B-cell lymphoma is diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, but there are several other NHL B-cell subtypes.
About 10 percent of NHLs begin in the T cells. In some of these, natural killer cells are also involved. These are called NK/T-cell lymphomas. Read more about NHL T-cell subtypes.
Cutaneous lymphoma, a rare NHL, may be either B-cell or T-cell type. It occurs mainly in the skin but may involve lymph nodes, blood and other organs.
Indolent lymphoma or aggressive lymphoma?
NHLs are often described by how quickly they grow.
• Indolent (low-grade) NHL tends to grow slowly and cause fewer symptoms. The most common indolent subtype is follicular lymphoma. Over time, indolent NHL may transform into aggressive NHL.
• Aggressive (high-grade) NHL tends to grow and spread quickly and cause severe symptoms. The most common aggressive subtype is diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.
Some subtypes have features of both indolent and aggressive disease, making them difficult to classify into either group.
Where did the lymphoma start?
Names of some NHL subtypes relate to the area where the disease originates.
• Nodal lymphomas originate in the lymph nodes.
• Extranodal lymphomas start in places other than the lymph nodes.
• Follicular lymphoma usually starts in the follicle cells in the lymph, and it grows in a follicular pattern, meaning the cells clump together.
• Mantle cell lymphoma originates in the mantle zone, or outer layer, of the lymph node.
• Marginal lymphomas start in the interface (margin) between lymphoid and non-lymphoid pulp in the spleen and lymph nodes.
Learn about subtypes
With each subtype of NHL, there are small nuances that matter for your treatment. Over time, physicians who specialize in NHL gain deep knowledge of these subtleties. Things like knowing which therapies to use and when to use them. How to tell whether your treatment is working. Or if you’re likely to get unusual side effects.
Physicians develop this expertise in part by treating many people each year with the same disease. It’s nearly impossible for an oncologist who treats many kinds of cancer to know every detail about a rare NHL subtype. They might see only one patient with that subtype every five years. Here, our NHL specialists see many every year, year after year, building a wealth of experience.
This disease affects NK cells and causes skin lesions. It is rare in the United States and more common in Asia and parts of Latin America. It usually strikes older adults and is linked with Epstein-Barr virus. The main treatment is chemotherapy. Because this subtype of NHL is severe and hard to treat, patients should get care at an academic center that can transition them to a bone marrow transplant.
There are three types of this rare, aggressive T-cell lymphoma.
• Primary cutaneous ALCL, one of several types of cutaneous lymphoma.
• ALK-positive (ALK+) ALCL, body-wide disease which expresses a protein called anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK). It usually affects children.
• ALK-negative (ALK-) ALCL, body-wide disease which doesn’t express ALK. It is typically found in adults over age 60.
Both ALK+ and ALK- are treated as aggressive lymphomas. Patients with ALK+ ALCL tend to have excellent outcomes with the standard chemotherapy known as CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin hydrochloride, vincristine and prednisone). In 2011, the drug brentuximab vedotin (Adcetris) was approved for patients with both ALK+ and ALK- relapsed or refractory systemic ALCL.
AITL is an aggressive subtype. It is typically diagnosed at stage III or IV. People with AITL usually have fever, night sweats, weight loss, skin rashes and autoimmune disorders, and they often develop infections. Physicians don’t know what causes AITL, but it has been linked with Epstein-Barr virus. To start, treatment usually involves steroids. It often progresses and may be treated with the typical T-cell NHL treatments — chemotherapy or other medicine-based options — as well as radiation therapy.
This is an aggressive subtype of B-cell NHL found mostly in young men. The average age is 30. In the United States, the disease usually starts as a large tumor in the belly. It can also start in the testicles, ovaries or other organs. Patients are usually treated with chemotherapy. More than half enter complete remission.
CLL and SLL are closely related and are a subtype of B-cell NHL.
• In CLL, the cancer cells are mainly in the blood and bone marrow.
• In SLL, the cancer cells are mainly in the lymph nodes and spleen.
Along with common NHL symptoms, CLL/SLL may cause shortness of breath, anemia, bruising and frequent infections.
Both are slow growing. You and your physician may decide to monitor the disease rather than treat it. This is called watchful waiting.If you do need active treatment, it could include chemotherapy and antibody therapy. If the disease does not respond to therapy or it becomes fast growing form, your physician may recommend a bone marrow transplant.
This is also known as lymphoma of the skin and is a subtype of . It mainly affects lymphocytes in the skin but may involve lymph nodes, blood and other organs.
It is nearly always slow growing. The chance of recovery is usually very good. Many people have a relapse after responding to treatment at first.
Treatment may be:
• Directed at the skin. This includes surgery, radiation therapy, phototherapy (using ultraviolet light) and medicines put on the skin.
Directed at the whole body (systemic treatments). This includes photopheresis, interferon, targeted therapies, chemotherapy or other medicines and bone marrow transplant.
DLBCL is the most common subtype of NHL. It is also a subtype of B-cell NHL. DLBCL makes up about 30 percent of NHLs in the United States.
There are several subtypes:
• Primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma. This is typically only in the space in the chest between the lungs.
• Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma. This is typically throughout the body.
• Primary effusion lymphoma. This is a rare subtype linked with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS).
DLBCL advances quickly. Treatment usually starts right away with chemotherapy and the antibody therapy rituximab (Rituxan). After their initial treatment, most people enter long-term remission. In some people, the disease doesn’t respond to treatment (refractory disease), or it gets better but then gets worse (relapsed disease). Then high-dose chemotherapy and a bone marrow transplant may be an option.
This extremely rare subtype affects the intestines. It happens mainly in middle-aged men who are sensitive to gluten, the main protein in wheat flour. It develops when celiac sprue (gluten-sensitive enteropathy) progresses to cancer. There is no standard treatment. Treatments can include surgery to remove the affected part of the intestine, chemotherapy and bone marrow transplant. A gluten-free diet might prevent this lymphoma.
This subtype is more common in parts of Asia and South America. It is linked with Epstein-Barr virus, which causes mononucleosis (often called mono). It often involves the upper airways, such as the nose and upper throat. It can also invade the skin and gastrointestinal tract. This is the only peripheral T-cell lymphoma subtype for which radiation therapy is the main treatment.
Follicular means the cells tend to grow in a circle. This subtype of B-cell NHL is often slow growing. It makes up about 20 percent of NHLs and affects many lymph nodes throughout the body as well as the bone marrow. About 30 percent of the time, it transforms into aggressive diffuse B-cell lymphoma.
Since it typically grows slowly, you and your physician may decide to monitor the disease rather than treat it. This is known as watchful waiting.
If you do need active treatment, it could include chemotherapy, radiation therapy or immunotherapy. Many patients enter long-term remission after treatment. But in most people the disease gets better but then gets worse (relapsed disease) or doesn’t respond to treatment (refractory disease). Then options include high-dose chemotherapy and a bone marrow transplant or treatments being tested in clinical trials.
This is called leukemia but is sometimes thought of as lymphoma.It is a subtype of B-cell NHL and gets its name from the way the cells look. They have fine structures on their surface that make them look hairy. The disease is rare, with fewer than 1,000 people diagnosed in the United States each year.
It is slow growing. Treatment may not be needed in the early stages. Some patients need a blood transfusion from time to time. If your spleen becomes enlarged or your blood counts drop, your options may include surgery to remove the spleen and chemotherapy.
This extremely rare, aggressive disease starts in the liver or spleen. It can cause fever, abdominal pain, weakness and swelling of the liver and spleen. It happens mainly in children, young men and people whose immune system is suppressed (usually due to an organ transplant). There is no standard treatment. One option is chemotherapy using the medicine anthracycline. This causes a short-term response in most patients. Complete remission is rare. Physicians typically recommend a bone marrow transplant using a donor’s stem cells (allogeneic transplant) the first time a patient goes into remission.
In this subtype of B-cell NHL, abnormal lymphocytes build up, forming nodules around the body, most often the lungs. The nodules damage or destroy blood vessels in the area. This subtype is linked to infection with Epstein-Barr virus, which causes mononucleosis (often called mono).
If the disease has low impact on your health, you and your physician may decide to monitor the disease rather than treat it. This is called watchful waiting. If you do need active treatment, options include interferon, corticosteroids, chemotherapy and the antibody therapy rituximab (Rituxan).
MCL typically affects men between the ages of 50 and 70. It has often spread throughout the body by the time it is diagnosed. It may be in the lymph nodes, bone marrow, blood, digestive tract and spleen.
This B-cell NHL subtype can be hard to label as either slow growing or fast growing. Physicians often approach MCL as fast growing (aggressive) because it is hard to treat.
Treatment may include chemotherapy combined with immunotherapy. Bone marrow transplant is an option for some people. Many treatments are being studied in clinical trials.
Marginal zone lymphomas are slow growing. They are typically diagnosed in people in their 60s. There are three main subtypes.
Extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma, MALT)
This starts outside the lymph nodes. Usually it is only in the area where it began. Gastric MALT develops in the stomach. It may be linked with an infection. Antibiotics for the infection are typically the first treatment. They often put the cancer into complete remission. If the cancer relapses, physicians may use immunotherapy, chemotherapy, radiation therapy or surgery. Non-gastric MALT develops in the lungs, skin, thyroid, salivary glands and tissues near the eye. Treatment depends on where the disease is. It usually involves surgery or radiation therapy.
Nodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma
This disease, found mainly in women, usually stays in the lymph nodes. Lymphoma cells may also be in the bone marrow. Treatment often begins with watchful waiting. If you need active treatment, options include radiation therapy and chemotherapy.
Splenic marginal zone B-cell lymphoma
This subtype of NHL, found in the bone marrow, blood and spleen, is rare. It is typically found in men and has been linked with hepatitis C. Treatment may include watchful waiting unless symptoms become a problem. If you need active treatment, options include surgery to remove the spleen, radiation therapy to the spleen, immunotherapy and chemotherapy.
Physicians use this name for T-cell lymphomas that don’t fit easily into any of the other subtypes of peripheral T-cell lymphoma. These lymphomas tend to be widespread and aggressive. Most people diagnosed are in their 60s. Most are treated with chemotherapy.
This rare B-cell NHL subtype is more common in people with immune system diseases, such as HIV/AIDS. It often involves the brain (primary brain lymphoma) and may be found in and around the spinal cord and eyes (primary intraocular lymphoma).
Over time, it spreads throughout the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord). The symptoms are different than for most lymphomas. Symptoms may include headaches, confusion, vision problems, facial paralysis and seizures.
To start, people with this subtype may receive corticosteroids to control symptoms and reduce swelling. Other treatments include chemotherapy, radiation therapy and occasionally bone marrow transplant.
People with this rare, aggressive disease usually have small bumps or lesions under their skin. It’s most common in people age 30 to 50. Sometimes it is linked with lupus. The typical treatment is chemotherapy with a combination of medicines.
Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM) cells grow mainly in your bone marrow. There they can crowd out normal, healthy blood cells that your body needs (white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets). WM cells also make large amounts of an antibody called immunoglobulin M. This can build up around your body, causing symptoms of its own.
Treatment for WM differs from treatment for other types of lymphoma, and there’s no single standard treatment. It’s important to be treated at a specialized center with WM expertise, where experienced physicians can tailor treatment to you.
Learn More About Waldenström Macroglobulinemia
Symptoms of NHL can come on very quickly. Some people are diagnosed with the disease within days to weeks of getting symptoms. Some types of NHL come on slowly over several months.
NHL symptoms may be similar to symptoms caused by other conditions that are not related to cancer. Check with your doctor if you feel concerned about any symptoms you have.
Symptoms of NHL include:
• Painless swollen lymph nodes in your neck, underarm, groin, chest or abdomen
• Unexplained fever, weight loss or night sweats
• Ongoing fatigue
• Itchy skin
• Red bumps on your skin
• Swelling in your face, neck or upper chest
• Feeling of fullness in your abdomen (from an enlarged liver, spleen or lymph nodes)
• Abdominal problems, such as nausea, vomiting and indigestion
If your doctor suspects you may have lymphoma, they will do a physical exam to look for signs of the disease and ask about your health history.
To confirm the presence of lymphoma, you will need a biopsy. This means removing part or all of a lymph node or a small sample of tissue surgically or with a needle. Experts in identifying blood-related cancers (hematopathologists) look at the cells under a microscope to diagnose the disease and accurately identify the type.
You might also have any or all of these tests:
• Imaging tests — such as a chest X-ray, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT) scan or positron emission tomography (PET) scan to see pictures of the inside of your body and look for enlarged lymph nodes, tumors or other cancer activity
• Blood tests — to check the types and numbers of blood cells (complete blood count) and look for chemicals that signal disease in certain organs or tissues (blood chemistry analysis)
• Lumbar puncture — taking a sample of cerebrospinal fluid from your spine with a needle to check for cancer cells
• Bone marrow tests — taking samples of bone marrow and a small piece of bone from your pelvis using a needle (bone marrow aspiration and biopsy) to check for cancer cells
If you have lymphoma, you may need more tests to identify the type or subtype. These include an immunohistochemistry study; immunophenotyping, or flow cytometry; and cytogenetic analysis.
Staging means finding out how far lymphoma has spread in your lymph system or other parts of your body. Accurate staging allows your doctors to choose the most appropriate therapy for you — and help you avoid therapy that is not likely to be effective in your situation.
NHLs range from stage I to stage IV, with I being the least advanced and IV being the most advanced.
Doctors may add a letter after your stage to describe more about your disease.
• E (such as “stage IIIE”) means your cancer is outside your lymph nodes (extranodal).
• S (such as “stage IIIS”) means the cancer is in your spleen.
If your lymphoma comes back after treatment, it is called recurrent or relapsed. Your doctor will order imaging or other tests to restage it.
|
Music Improves Your Memory
Music Improves Your Memory
People started to believe in the miracle effect of Mozart’s music on intellectual abilities in 1993. That’s exactly when scientists published one study, and everyone started to speak about the “Mozart effect” all over the world. According to the authors of the study, listening to Mozart’s music increases IQ and improves cognitive abilities. However, due to this phenomenon, people are becoming interested in the benefits of classical music more and more. We are ready to clarify that point for you.
Music Reduces Stress Level
College life is full of stress and anxiety as it’s challenging to manage everything in a proper way and keep in mind all the tasks you have to complete. Listening to classical music can help decrease stress by reducing cortisol levels in your body — no need to pay for an expensive spa or massage to relax.
One more study has proved that participants who were asked to listen to classical music showed brain activity reduction and decreased heart rate and made them feel more relaxed. Would you like to get rid of stress fast? Try to take your mind off going over essay writing service reviews and listening to Piano Concerto # 17 by Mozart. Soon you will feel heavy thoughts are leaving you.
Your Productivity Is Increased
Do you feel like having a breakdown, and you are close to the loss of productivity? It’s time to brighten up your routine tasks and cheer you up with motivational classical music. As soon as you need a boost to make a decision or start a serious job, music can give you the energy you sorely lack. Your thoughts will be organized, and your mind will clear up. The body will start producing endorphins and dopamine, making you feel like you are a charged battery. For example, if you listen to Baroque music, you will notice that you work more accurately and attentively. Or if you need more time to choose the best composer, you could leave your assignments for later or think about paying someone to write a paper for you while you are enjoying classical masterpieces.
You Can Focus on Things Easier
Most students have difficulties with focusing on one thing for a long time. Even downloading up-to-date apps that are adjusted to prevent all kinds of distractions can’t fix the situation. Anyone doesn’t expect that Mozart’s music is capable of increasing your IQ. In what way? Listening to classical music at least 30 minutes a day helps us to stay concentrated more, reduces distraction, and forget about the loss of attention.
You will be able to notice tangible results just in a few days. For example, when you will be about to complete your regular paper without getting help from academic writers online, you might notice how simple you can stay concentrated on the writing process. Classical music makes your brain extract the relevant information out of its deep depths and speeds up the follow-up recollection. When you need to brainstorm, music helps you take fuller advantage of your brain.
Music Improves Your Sleep
Good sleep is vital for emotional relaxation and brain rebooting. While sleeping, our brain prepares for the new emotions of the next day. The body of the sleeping person is completely relaxed, but his brain keeps working. We analyze the information gained during the day, arrange it in different “memory departments,” and throw away what we don’t actually need.
Do you want to sleep peacefully without thinking of your current issues? Classical music might be a simple home remedy for those who have trouble falling asleep. The study conducted showed that students with sleep disorders fell asleep after listening to a piece of music better than those who went to bed without musical accompaniment. After having read an essay service review, don’t forget to pick up the selection of the best classical pieces to listen to before going to sleep. The best music is one with clear rhythm, low notes, and a peaceful melody. It’s generally considered that these properties can improve the quality of sleep.
Music Improves Your Memory
You might pace yourself by lots of various exercises that should increase your memory. But you can forget about doing them regularly, or you could give them up as their effect is minor. Listening to music is a more pleasant and less time-consuming way to improve your memory. Next time when you are going to get ready for a test, exam, or just need to write a college paper and have no chance to order essay writing online for some reason — get Beethoven as your partner. The scientists involved in studying the human’s mind believe that thanks to the music, students take the information more carefully, and they remember it better and, as a result, they can play all the data they heard more easily.
Just Posted
Giving immigrants a second chance after incarceration
SF police officer to stand trial for assault over baton beating
San Francisco enters red COVID tier, indoor dining to resume
Museums and gyms can reopen with capacity limits
COVID-era musicians beginning to make connections
Software eliminates pesky delay plaguing most systems
SFMTA board approves new plan for Twin Peaks Boulevard
Most Read
|
Insulation — Specifically, how to prevent essentially non-combustible insulation materials from becoming a fire hazard (part 1)
When designing or maintaining a hot-oil system, one important aspect is thermal insulation; adequate insulation is a necessary evil on these systems.
Even if energy costs were zero, there would still be the need to protect company personnel (especially overzealous young process engineers and nosy visitors from headquarters) from exposure to hot pipes. Not to mention the huge ventilation fans that would be required in the heater room to keep the control panel from melting.
Photograph of insulated pipes
Steel pipes insulated for plain old hot water
Hydrocarbon-based heat transfer fluids present a unique insulating problem because fluid that leaks into the insulation can become a fire hazard. The continued exposure to high temperature inside the insulation and the limited fresh air supply combine to partially oxidize the fluid into very different material. Autoignition occurs when either—
1. The molecular rearrangement produces a compound that ignites at the existing temperature and oxygen level.
2. A sudden increase in oxygen allows ignition as is.
Either way, you’ve got a problem. This phenomenon is similar to the pile of oily rags that spontaneously ignites in the garage.
The next couple of blog postings will focus on how to minimize the fire hazard from insulation. READ PART II
To receive Jim’s technical tips monthly via email, subscribe at Paratherm Tipsheet
|
The Wisdom of Bee's for Workplace 4.0
Updated: Feb 1
Ants, spiders and bees are all wondrous creatures, each in their own right. Ants build massive homes, lift 50 times their body weight and support huge colonies. Spiders create a substance of themselves with the tensile strength comparable to steel. Bee’s gift the entire ecosystem and create a delicious food with antiseptic properties. Each creature gives us a valuable insight into how STEM professionals can approach working together.
We are foragers too
Animal metaphors borrowed from the Greek classics, like ‘the fox and hedgehog’, have been re-popularised in recent years by writers like Malcolm Gladwell and Jim Collins. A reference to the ‘ants, spiders and bee’s’ dates back to Francis Bacon, the first philosopher of modern science. He compared scientists to ants as “men of experiment who collect and use (information)’. Bacon saw no dichotomy between science and philosophy and praised ‘reasoners’ as like spiders who “make cobwebs of their own substance” (e.g. knowledge structures). However, he reserved the greatest praise for ‘bee’s’ combining empirical evidence (generated by ants) with critical thinking frameworks (of spiders) to transform concepts into the ultimate ‘value-add’ i.e. wisdom.
As the STEM disciplines become increasingly specialised, each with distinct languages, we do well to consider Bacon’s observation. Ants are best-suited to low-variation but heavy workloads working well as teams within hierarchical systems. They follow pre-laid down paths and apply tried-and-tested methods. We need them badly - particularly to ensure (e.g. test) reliability and replicability. Spiders allow us to build on the empirical information from the ant to create useful categories, structures and domains. For example, the internet was affectionately known as the ‘World Wide Web’ at one point. Hence, not surprisingly, Pirolli and Card resurrected the ‘information foraging’ metaphor in the early 1990’s noticing similarities between animals foraging and how we search for information on-line.
We are now facing new landscapes
Identifying valid, unbiased information becomes trickier the further we forage. The Internet is wonderful at distributing information widely but it has also treated us to “a tsunami of garbage” (Annie Proux). Like bee’s, we need to take care to gather our material from the widest array of flowers (e.g. media) possible. When digesting information, we must pay attention and transform it, as Bacon suggests the bee does, “by a power of its own”. In other words, we need to interpret and evaluate information in a way that is most contextually relevant.
Hopefully, we are not destined to be atomised and disconnected from one another, simply aggregating information without discrimination (like ants building towers) but without gaining insights. Neither do we want too many spiders who are narrow ‘subject matter experts’ yet unable to join the dots between them. If we merely accept what gets caught into our own web, we become prey ourselves to ‘confirmation bias’. Instead, like bee’s, we can achieve a ‘multiplier effect’ when we learn from each other across the disciplines. In this way, we create new thinking landscapes and ways of knowing that are purpose-fit for our current eco-system.
OUR future can be bright
These days, work is full of ‘hard’ problems, wherein the solution method & concepts required are unclear at the outset. We face complex risk with multiple conflicting objectives & dynamic variables. Ants will help us crunch through BIG data for insights and spiders will create algorithms and models for ‘rugged landscapes’ (Scott E. Page). However, if we model ourselves on bee’s, we stand the best chance of improving our ‘Collective Intelligence’. Compared to ‘Artificial Intelligence’, there is scant research on this subject. C.I. is simply our ability as a group to solve more problems that the sum of our individual members. This is measurable, stable yet not static i.e. we can grow Collective I.Q. a lot faster than individual I.Q..
To be as agile and adaptive as we will need to be, with the pace of change quickening, it is the wisdom of the bee’s that will matter most and allow us to self-organise for ‘wicked’ learning environment (Hogarth) where patterns of the past do not repeat themselves. As Bacon suggests – “the bee takes the middle ground”. The more tolerant we are of each other, the more hope we have of acting responsibly, avoiding data traps and escaping echo chambers that can upset our natural instinct and ability to work well together.
Fiona Fennell is an Organisational Behaviourist and the Founder of Think4Purpose who deliver coaching and workshops to STEM professionals on how to think better together for Workplace 4.0 .
|
How to Improve Your Memory: A Lesson in Epigenetics
Deep down in the center of your brain lies a very special area where all your memories are stored. It’s called the hippocampus.
The hippocampus is dynamic. It is constantly being damaged by stress, toxins, and lousy food choices, so it requires continual repair. In young, healthy brains, the repair keeps up with the damage, and memory remains unaffected. When damage increases or the repair rate slows, the healing process can’t keep up, and memory problems gradually appear.
The process by which the brain heals and grows new brain cells is called neurogenesis. Damage to the brain’s hippocampus slows or stops neurogenesis. Without neurogenesis, the brain also loses its neuroplasticity, the ability to change and adapt.
This bring us to BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor), a powerful neurohormone that activates and accelerates neurogenesis and neuroplasticity, almost all of which happens in the hippocampus. If you wish to improve your memory, the logical place to start would be to stimulate the production of BDNF.
Now you may be thinking, “That sounds good, but how the heck do I do it?” It’s easy. You could simply skip to the end of the article and start incorporating the items on the list into your lifestyle. But if you’d like to learn a little about epigenetics—the science of understanding what controls the expression of our genes—read on.
Lifestyle and Epigenetics
The genes in our DNA molecules bathe in a watery soup in a huge cellular bathtub. Also floating in that soup are proteins called transcription factors. These are the commanders that activate the genes and tell them whether or not to “express” themselves (by making a protein). Together, thousands of different transcription factors form a complex system that guides and controls expression of the entire genome.
If transcription factors control the expression of the genes, who controls the transcription factors? You do! The choices you make directly determine which transcription factors are present in the cellular soup. The foods you eat, the supplements you take, the exercise you do, whether you practice autophagy and eat a low-carb ketogenic diet, and other choices all exert powerful influences on the composition of the soup and the expression of the genes. By altering your lifestyle behaviors, you can control the types and amounts of transcription factors in this fluid, and this, in turn, directly—and dramatically—affects the quality and quantity of the work your genes will be able to do.
How to Boost BDNF
The following is a list of research-proven lifestyle changes that activate BDNF genes and stimulate BDNF production. Keep in mind that BDNF heals damaged brain cells, grows new ones, enhances neuroplasticity, and revitalizes your hippocampus. Try to incorporate as many of these strategies into your life as possible—not just to improve your memory but, even more important, for bulletproof protection from Alzheimer’s disease.
• Exercise: Daily brisk walking or jogging is far and away the most potent stimulator of BDNF gene expression. One excellent controlled study compared two groups: one walked daily and the other didn’t. The exercise group experienced an increased hippocampal volume of 2 percent per year and showed improved memory, while the placebo group lost hippocampal size and memory as their brains aged.
• Food: Shift to a ketogenic diet (a very-low-carb, high-fat diet) that includes healthy fats. Practice autophagy (collapsing the time frame in which you consume food). Use a few tablespoons of coconut oil and eat a handful of walnuts daily. Focus on high-polyphenol foods, such as fresh or frozen blueberries (1 cup per day) and other colorful fruits and vegetables.
• Supplements: I recommend taking low-dose lithium orotate (20–40 milligrams per day [mg/day]) and berberine (2,000 mg/day). Other beneficial supplements include Barlean’s flaxseed oil, DHA (Neuromins), curcumin (Meriva or Longvida capsules), activated B-complex vitamins, folic acid (methylfolate), vitamin B12 (methylcobalamin), vitamin E (mixed tocopherols), zinc (orotate, citrate, or picolinate), and green tea or coffee. For specific amounts, see my book, Reversing Alzheimer’s.
You don’t have to do everything at once to see the benefits of making lifestyle changes. For example, you might start by going on a daily walk and taking low-dose lithium. That’s great! Then, as you get used to your new routine, you can incorporate more of these ideas. The goal is to give the brain what it needs to stay healthy for a lifetime.
|
@article{Spini_2020, title={A sustainable outer Space for a future on Earth. Outer Space, space debris and technologies}, volume={8}, url={http://agathon.it/agathon/article/view/215}, DOI={10.19229/2464-9309/8152020}, abstractNote={<p>Satellites and space objects made life on Earth easier during the Covid-19 pandemic, thanks to the use of digital technologies that have enabled to maintain personal, social and work relationships. A complex system that is articulated in outer Space which appears clean and uncontaminated in the collective imagination, but which is crowded and polluted with space debris that can compromise much of the activities that we depend on. The paper analyzes this context from the point of view of international agreements on outer Space and recent activities pertaining the mitigation and remediation of space debris, towards promoting the issue of sustainability in outer Space with an integrated approach to sustainability on Earth, also to consider outer Space and its resources as ‘natural capital’ and ‘human environment’ within the 2030 Agenda.</p>}, number={online}, journal={AGATHÓN | International Journal of Architecture, Art and Design}, author={Spini, Lucilla}, year={2020}, month={Dec.}, pages={160-167} }
|
Over the last navigate to this website a number of many years, video games have evolved from simple text-based adventure activities in to exceptionally intricate, multi-player interactive journeys. Currently, video games are actually made use of in education, in industry, and in social stadiums and also events at the same time.
Some of the most ideal usages for computer game today remains in learning. A computer game is actually essentially an electronic game through which a user socializes with a virtual interface (UI), commonly via keyboard or activity noticing units, like an operator, keyboard, joystick, or even touchpad, to generate virtual responses on a digital 2 or 3 dimensional video display screen unit like a television set, computer system display, contact display screen, or even virtual reality helmet. Computer game can likewise be utilized in a classroom readying to deliver students with hands-on knowledge while connecting with one another and finding out to collaborate in a group.
The progression of instructional computer game for kids started out in the early 1980s, when researchers at Atari formulated informative video games such as Pong, which was first discharged for the Atari five hundred body in 1977. Since then, educational computer game have actually broadened and become multi-player activities where players socialize on an online platform.
Popular educational games for youngsters are actually commonly quite interactive and feature considerable amounts of action and also puzzle-solving, and they are made for youngsters to find out the basics of math, reading, and also science abilities. Some well-liked academic games are:
These kinds of instructional activities to show a kid to “participate in due to the guidelines” as well as have fun playing all together. The discovering process in instructional video games like these are actually significantly like having a parent or even guardian watching a little one while they participate in. These kinds of video games are actually specifically necessary for moms and dads who want to possess their youngsters participate in activities that involve them and are actually certainly not too busy or even too easy.
Other activity advancement business cultivate video games tailored toward youngsters, adults, as well as adolescents. Some of the extra popular activities for grownups consist of competing sports or even games video games.
Several video recording activity designers have actually also been actually able to incorporate several genres in to a solitary video game for very easy availability. Games that concentrate on instructional as well as fun video games such as educational flash cards are actually coming to be a lot more largely available.
Computer game have been actually used in industries as diverse as popular music, movies, television, and also innovation for a number of years, but video games are actually currently being actually made use of in public arenas too. A few of the most effective instances of this include:
Some teachers have begun making use of educational video games to aid their trainees know brand-new things. There are a number of games that can be created to introduce the pupils to different topics. These video games are normally cultivated for the function of mentor students various concepts and also strategies that can be utilized in the real world. For example, one popular video game is actually the ‘Phrase of the Day’ plan that supplies trainees with daily word-a-days to discover how to read through a lot faster.
A number of game centers have started producing activities that are actually wanted for each little ones as well as adults. Video games like the “Lanugo” and the “Zuma” are actually readily available for little ones as well as adults identical and give an interesting take in for both youngsters and also adults as well.
Educational games can be utilized as aspect of a team setting or could be used to supplement classroom learning. for a wide array of functions. As an example, if you are actually trying to find a method to improve lexicon, some of the most preferred ready grownups will be actually the “Flashcards,” an involved activity that permits players to develop teams of phrases or expressions on a sizable memory card and also get points by matching all of them up. This sort of video game has actually confirmed incredibly helpful for trainees that require assistance in forming phrases and also phrases.
If you have an interest in finding out about the past of games or even the future of gaming, you ought to seek advice from video game advancement companies so as to learn what type of educational games will definitely excite your little one. A lot of them possess internet sites where you can easily receive relevant information on the past history of the activities they generate and also figure out information on upcoming jobs they invite development. You may also talk to concerns concerning their growth processes to see if there are actually any type of current jobs that you want to take part in. They may also want to answer any type of questions you might possess concerning their products.
A computer game has come a long way from its own simple sources as an arcade video game. Today, a computer game could be an actual video game, an electronic download, a digital console activity, or a Wii Match. All of these are actually participated in utilizing either the computer mouse or computer keyboard, which is actually a kind of input technology, or by utilizing movement discovery gadgets like the Kinect and similar technology.
Computer game have come to be thus well-known lately that they have been the things of a lot of tv programs. On series like the Food items System’s “Customers, Drive Ins and Dives” The Perspective” and also The CW’s “The Young And The Agitated” have video games on screen that individuals may play at their convenience. These series are the first to put computer games in their “need to see” classification.
The majority of people probably have never even heard of the condition “involved computer games”. They are a relatively current advancement in the world of video games. Actually, they have been actually around for only concerning the final two decades
|
Florescent Bulbs
Florescent Bulbs
Do not place bulbs, including fluorescent, incandescent, LED or HID, in your curbside recycling.
Compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) and other energy-efficient lighting such as fluorescent tube lamps and high intensity discharge (HID) lamps contain a very small amount of mercury. All fluorescent bulbs and ballasts should be recycled properly to protect public health and the environment.
Compact fluorescent bulbs (the small, twisty CFLs) can be recycled for free at Lowe's retail locations. Look for a drop box near the main entrance or customer service desk.
Batteries+Bulbs retail stores will accept and recycle all types of bulbs and ballasts, including fluorescent tubes. Stores are located in Macedonia, Mayfield Heights, North Olmsted and Parma. A small fee may apply. See details.
Check with your city service department to learn if a collection program exists in your community for tube bulbs. Your community may accept and properly dispose of tube bulbs using taxpayer dollars or charge you a small recycling fee.
The Solid Waste District does not accept any type of bulb for disposal, including fluorescent lamps.
How do I clean-up a broken fluorescent bulb?
In 2010, the U.S. EPA released new guidelines on how to manage mercury-containing compact fluorescent light bulbs that break in the home. Fluorescent bulbs contain a small amount of mercury sealed in the glass tubing. When broken, some of the mercury is released as mercury vapor. The EPA states the bulb will continue to leak mercury vapor until it is cleaned up and removed from the home.
What about LED or halogen bulbs?
Incandescent lights, LED and halogen bulbs do not contain any dangerous chemicals. When the bulb is burned out, dispose in the regular trash.
|
Yearly archives: 2020
Why the Kremlin wouldn’t mind if Lukashenko is deposed
Despite popular opinion and Belarus’ status as Russia’s closest ally, the relations between Lukashenko and the Kremlin have never been particularly cordial. The conflicts began back in the late 90s when former president Boris Yeltsin banned Lukashenko from visiting Russian regions in what looked more like his campaign for the Russian presidency.
Belarusian establishment remains monolithic. Or does it?
At his State of the Nation address to the nomenklatura on August 4, Belarus President Alexander Lukashenko said a remarkable phrase: “I’ll accept any of your decisions. But don’t you dare betray me! Betrayal won’t be forgiven even in heaven. If you’re not capable or ready, step aside, don’t obstruct [me] from saving the country!”
Lukashenko’s Penultimate Elections
Aleksandr Lukashenko with his sons at the 9 May Parade in Minsk, 2019 (The Press Service of the President of the Republic of Belarus)
Lukashenko’s Belarus has long been a success story in the post-Soviet world. In the 2000s it had some of the fastest GDP growth in the world. Belarus had the lowest unemployment rate among all the countries of the former Eastern Bloc, the lowest level of poverty in the region, one of the best public health services, the best road infrastructure, and no foreign debt. In 2003 it became the third country in the region whose GDP returned to its 1990 level (after Uzbekistan and Estonia). Over the next five years, its economy had grown by another 60%. During the financial crisis of 2009, Belarus remained the only post-Soviet country whose economy didn’t shrink. These outstanding results made scholars talk about Lukashenko’s Belarus as the post-Soviet economic miracle. But what were the foundations of that miracle?
The Sacred Victory. A Post-Soviet Civil Religion
The Immortal Regiment marching through Moscow (
The idea of civil religion isn’t new. It’s origins go back to the 18 century France when it was first used by Jean-Jacques Rousseau in his theory of social contract. He coined this term to describe the moral and spiritual foundation essential for any modern society. According to Rousseau, civil religion was supposed to serve as a glue to keep the unity of the state and the increasingly secularising society by providing them with a common set of values.
Belarus Gets a ‘National Rescue Government’
October 2018. President Lukashenko talks to the newly appointed prime minister Roman Golovchenko (right) who back then was the head of the State Committee for Military Industry. (
On May 25 Belarus’ president Aleksandr Lukashenko announced that the country’s current government will step down before the August presidential election. The president stressed that appointing a new government ahead of the election is the country’s tradition, so that “people could see who we’ll be working with”. A quick search shows, however, that no such tradition ever existed and it’s the first time in 26 years Lukashenko reshuffles his cabinet right before the elections. So why now?
The story of how Belarus’ president broke the space-time continuum to jail his opponent
Yesterday morning Belarus’ president Aleksandr Lukashenko visited Minsk Tractor Plant, one of the remaining Soviet giant factories the preservation of which Lukashenko considers one of the main achievements of his 26-year rule. After a routine inspection, the president came out to the crowd of journalists for a brief Q&A session. In his speech he directly attacked three of his opponents in the upcoming presidential election – Tikhanovski, Babariko, and Tsepkalo – accusing them of causing disturbances, being on Russia’s payroll, and threatening that he has plenty of dirt on them.
Why This Year Belarus’ Presidential Campaign Might Be the Most Interesting in Decades
Elections in Belarus are always fun (
Today Belarus’ Central Election Commission headed by its eternal chairwoman Lidia Yermoshina (she’s been in office since 1996) has completed the reviewing of the potential candidates’ initiative groups. This is the preliminary stage of the election campaign. The initiative groups will later be responsible for collecting 100 thousand signatures so that their respective candidates could make it to the ballot. Of the total of 54 applications, the Commission has approved 15. The basis for rejection in the absolute majority of cases was the candidates’ failure to prove that their initiative groups have at least 100 members. Some potential candidates were also born outside Belarus which disqualifies them from running straightaway.
2020 Belarus’ Presidential Election First Poll
Top to bottom: Sergei Tikhanovski, Viktor Babariko, Valery Tsepkalo
The first poll on the upcoming presidential election in Belarus is out. A few remarks: first, it’s not the list of candidates yet, just people who expressed their will to participate. The election will be held on August 9. The date was only announced last Friday which left the potential candidates less than a week to register their initiative groups and submit all necessary paperwork (they need to do it by tomorrow). So there is a chance not all of them will make it to the next stage.
|
Rabindranath Tagore
12208858_178454202496670_1694271935114568556_n“The butterfly counts not months but moments, and has time enough.” – Tagore
Rabindranath Tagore (nicknamed Rabi) was born the youngest of thirteen children on May 7, 1861 in the Jorasanko mansion in Calcutta to Debendranath Tagore and Sarada Devi. He was a Bengali polymath that helped reshape Bengali literature and music, as well as Indian art with Contextual Modernism. He would become the first non-European to win the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1913. He also introduced new prose and verse forms and the use of colloquial language into Bengali literature, thereby freeing it from traditional models based on classical Sanskrit. He was highly influential in introducing the best of Indian culture to the West.
Tagore started writing poetry at eight-years-old. At age sixteen, he released his first substantial poems under the pseudonym Bhānusiṃha (“Sun Lion”). By 1877 he was writing short stories and dramas. As an exponent of the Bengal Renaissance, he advanced a vast canon that comprised paintings, sketches and doodles, hundreds of texts, and some two thousand songs; his legacy endures also in the institution he founded, Visva-Bharati University.
He modernised Bengali art by spurning rigid classical forms and resisting linguistic strictures. Gitanjali (Song Offerings), Gora(Fair-Faced) and Ghare-Baire (The Home and the World) are his best-known works, and his verse, short stories, and novels were acclaimed—or panned—for their lyricism, colloquialism, naturalism, and unnatural contemplation. His compositions were chosen by two nations as national anthems: India’s Jana Gana Mana and Bangladesh’s Amar Shonar Bangla.
His last five years were marked by chronic pain and two long periods of illness. These began when Tagore lost consciousness in late 1937; he remained comatose and near death for a time although to some degree he recovered however this was followed in late 1940 by a similar spell. He would never recover and on August 7, 1941 passed away at the age of eighty years old. He will always be regarded as the greatest poet India has produced.
|
Three students and assistant professor probe into eye movement
Using the University of North Georgia’s (UNG) eye tracker, Dr. John Dewey and a trio of seniors pursuing psychology degrees are searching for the answer to a question: How much information can you gain from a person’s gaze?
That simple question leads to more. For example, if someone looks at one element on a computer screen for a long time, is it because the person is processing the information better or is confused? Or if a person quickly looks away, is it because the person is bored or has learned the information quickly?
Dewey and his research students — Siena Dittrich, Tassie Garrett and Mads Baek-Larsen — aim to answer a few of those questions by monitoring volunteer subjects’ eye movements as they watch a video about Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The eye tracker allows the research students to see where a person’s eyes focuses on the screen.
Psychological science faculty use SPSS to teach students about how to use statistics. Dewey, assistant professor of psychological science at UNG, said the program is popular among faculty who teach statistics and research methods.
“It’s more user-friendly,” he said. “Using SPSS, you can point and click and do the statistics tests.”
By determining where a person’s eye focused and how long it lingered over a specific portion, student researchers could reconfigure the video to improve learning.
“We could improve the presentation by simply having a laser pointer guide people’s eyes to the point where they need to look to learn the information,” said Baek-Larsen, a 22-year-old from Copenhagen, Denmark.
Dewey said if the hypothesis proves true, it will have several educational applications.
To prove their hypothesis, researchers conducted experiments to find out if the hypothesis is accurate. The experiment involved several steps. First, they determined the volunteer participant’s dominant eye. Second, the eye tracker monitored and recorded the eye movements as the SPSS video played. Finally, the volunteer was quizzed about the video.
“We wanted to correlate their eye movements with their quiz performance,” Dewey said. “We wanted to discern if they were looking where they were supposed to, to learn the information.”
To collect the data and analyze it takes time. But Baek-Larsen said that has been the most interesting part of the project.
“Running of participants through the test can be dull, because we are watching their eyes,” he said. “But in the fall 2019 semester we came up with new questions to ask them after the video. And we figured out why these questions were appropriate and why we needed to throw other questions out.”
Dewey said students learned valuable lessons from each step in the process. He said they learned how to process participants and collect data.
“We’ve finished data collection on the first experiment, and I’ll look at the data with the students in the spring,” Dewey said, explaining the students plan to present their findings at the annual Southeastern Psychological Association conference April 1-4 in New Orleans.
Garrett, who never completed undergraduate research before this project, already saw how the project increased her technology knowledge and skills.
“I am more confident in working with Excel spreadsheets,” the 21-year-old from Athens, Georgia, said. “And I like working with the eye tracker because it’s a piece of equipment that not everyone has access to.”
For Dittrich, she got a crash course in crafting the video that the volunteers watch.
“It was nerve-racking making the videos and teaching someone how to use the program,” the 21-year-old from Peachtree City, Georgia, said. “But it was a really great experience, because I was fully immersed in the project.”
Dewey is pleased to see his students benefiting from the undergraduate research project.
|
Melatonin is the chemical expression of darkness.
Melatonin is secreted from the pineal gland, the seat of the soul, the third eye. Pinealectomy induces circadian arrhythmia and has interesting effects on adipose tissue biology.
Exhibit A. In 2004, Alonso-Vale and colleagues showed that 6 weeks after pinealectomy, [melatonin-deficient] rats subjected to fasting exhibited an impaired energy conservation response. That is, they lost more weight and significantly depleted their adipocytes:
Adipocytes isolated from pinealectomized rats exhibited lower glucose uptake, higher glucose oxidation, and lower de novo lipogenesis:
glucose uptake
glucose metabolism
Collectively, these results suggest frank melatonin deficiency, while not advised, has long-lasting impacts on adipocyte biology which manifest as failure to conserve energy. Interestingly, glucose and insulin levels in the fed and fasted states weren’t affected, but glucocorticoids were chronically elevated, and leptin plummeted to a significantly greater degree upon fasting in pinealectomized rats compared to controls:
fasting leptin and cortisol
The leptin data are interesting because they would predict enhanced energy conservation, but this isn’t what happens. Glucocorticoids usually rise at night, after melatonin peaks. No melatonin, exacerbated increase in glucocorticoids – melatonin appears to negatively regulate this axis and boost the anabolic potential of adipocytes.
melatonin and cortisol
Exhibit B. In 2006, Alonso-Vale followed-up these studies by exposing isolated adipocytes to melatonin in circadian fashion, and assessing how this affected the response to insulin and glucocorticoids (dexamethasone).
The left and right parts of the figure below show no melatonin and chronic melatonin, respectively. Insulin alone has little direct effect on leptin secretion [in this model], and dexamethasone is stimulatory and enhanced by insulin:
insulin dex melatonin
But when melatonin is exposed to the cells in circadian fashion (middle section), insulin induces leptin secretion, dexamethasone even more so, and the combination shows an even bigger effect.
leptin and cortisol
Leptin presumably rises during the day in response to the positive energy balance induced by eating. It declines at night because you’re fasting. Insulin potentiates this. Melatonin alone has no effect, but when adipocytes are exposed to melatonin proper (circadian), the leptin response to insulin (and glucocorticoids) becomes apparent.
When melatonin is absent, as in the pinealectomized rats, the elevated levels of glucocorticoids aren’t able to support leptin secretion. This study shows that circadian melatonin proper restores this. Further, melatonin promotes energy conservation (as per the pinealectomized rat study), but we don’t want ‘no melatonin;’ that facilitated energy wasting but would ruin sleep quality.
Exhibit C. Alonso-Vale did another study similar to the second (circadian melatonin), but did experiments similar to the first (adipocyte glucose metabolism) (2008).
First things first, insulin has the potential to bollix circadian gene expression. In the figure below, Clock is elevated in the dark period regardless of insulin (left half of figure); but the decline in Clock expression during the light phase is blunted in the presence of insulin:
Clock melatonin
This wasn’t true for all of the circadian genes analyzed; some were affected by insulin equally in both phases whereas others weren’t affected at all. I think the net effect is: no bueno.
And in agreement with the 2004 findings, melatonin enhances the incorporation of glucose into adipocyte lipids (and this is accentuated by insulin). Interestingly, the effect of insulin was suppressed in the absence of melatonin:
melatonin glucose de novo
…despite elevated FAS:
Melatonin also suppressed lipolysis, and this was [surprisingly] not enhanced by insulin:
melatonin lipolysis
Lastly, insulin alone induced leptin secretion [in this model] and this was enhanced by melatonin:
leptin mel slin
The way in which melatonin induces energy conservation thus seems to be at least partly independent from leptin and the nervous system; by increasing the anabolic potential of adipocytes.
The Israeli cop study showed that restricting carbs to dinner resulted in weight loss. However, these studies imply that dinner might not be the best time? …melatonin + insulin = adipocyte growth.
If you’re interested in consultation sessions, email me:
Join with this link.
Start your OWN Patreon campaign!
calories proper
57 responses to “Melatonin is the chemical expression of darkness.
Leave a Reply
|
Political Discourse
The saddest thing about political discussions is that they have degenerated into name calling. When you attack others by calling them “stupid” or “fools” or worse, you are no longer having a debate. We cannot discuss what the opposing positions are when we lower ourselves into making personal attacks.
We all need to understand what the different positions are and why people have these positions. We need to understand what the actual data is regarding a situation and we need to carefully examine each perspective. We need to understand and have insight into objectives and the paths proposed to achieve them. We also need to contemplate the unintended consequences of the various courses of action.
Little of this can be done without being civil to each other. Everyone needs to seek to understand the different sides and discuss the issues without personal vindictiveness. Discussion needs to be about the issues; what the goals are, the methods meant to achieve those goals, and associated data. It needs to avoid insults and denigration.
This site will only condone such polite discourse, especially when disagreeing with certain points of view.
What To Do
Talk about the issue. Discuss the options and the proposed courses of action. Avoid personal attacks. Point out the flaws in different options without calling them or their proponents derogatory names. It is ok to point out that an actual program or proposed intervention will have little to no effect. It is not ok to call the program “stupid”.
We need to focus on the flaws in arguments. This can be done with constructive comments. Comments that use logic and data to make the point.
Do not stoop to personal attacks, even in retaliation for attacks made against you. Instead point out that the other side is making such attacks because they cannot show either the strength of their own arguments nor the weakness in yours.
|
Chemical imbalance?
Photo courtesy of
One reason these ideas gained popularity was that it explains why some people were not able to “just snap out of it” even when they tried. We began to believe that mental illness was not a choice or a moral flaw but an illness. And if it was an illness then we should be able to find treatments for it. We also started to think there were risk factors and protective factors. Not everyone with a particular gene gets a particular disorder even when the gene increases the risk.
When I first studied physiological psychology way back in the dark ages of the 1960’s we studied mostly electrical potential and structure of the brain. There were a total of two neurotransmitters that were of any importance in that class. Forty years later I took a class on the effects of drugs and alcohol on the body and the brain. In that class, the text reported there were over 200 neurotransmitters in the brain and that brain chemistry was way more important than anyone had thought until that time. The book also suggested that there were probably another 200 or so neurotransmitters that had yet to be identified and named. That number has grown since.
One thing this diversity of chemicals in the brain might explain is the way in which drugs of abuse might work. There is one theory called the “lock and key” theory that says that drugs of abuse while not the same chemical as a neurotransmitter are shaped just like one and so they fit in the receptors, the locks, in the brain and these chemicals make the same things happen that happen when neurotransmitters move only way more so.
We now know, or think we know, that messages in the brain are carried within a nerve cell, called a neuron, by electrical charges. But from one neuron to another they are carried chemically. The role of the neurotransmitters is to move messages about. But there are other chemicals present also and they do many other things. It is a complicated world inside our brains.
We discovered that a medication that changed the way a neurotransmitter, serotonin, for example, was made, moved around, broken down, and recycled, could also impact mental illness symptoms. So the shorthand for this became that someone who had depression might have a shortage of serotonin. The expectation was that give this person a medication that increases serotonin and they should be cured. It has turned out to be more complicated than that.
The belief that a shortage or surplus of a neurotransmitter was causing a particular mental illness gave rise to the idea that in time we would be able to take a sample of the fluid in someone’s brain, decide which neurotransmitter or enzyme was out of balance, and then by adding or subtracting neurotransmitters they could be cured. People still come into our office and want to be “tested” to find out which chemical in their brain is out of balance. So far this hasn’t worked out. Let me suggest why.
Thoughts are carried from nerve cell to nerve cell chemically. You have lots of thoughts, conscious and unconscious. Hunger is a thought, so is tired. We may feel these long before we know that consciously. A depressed person might have a happy thought, might even laugh at a joke. The brain chemistry will change. They think about their depression or a bad experience their brain chemistry changes again. So the chemicals in the brain are constantly changing. We also find that changes in thinking can change your mood. That is the basis of conative therapies. Changes in muscles are also controlled by chemicals so that might explain why behavioral therapies work also. But psychiatric chemicals, like anti-depressants, do work also.
Another thing we are starting to read about in the popular accounts of scientific research is the way in which neurotransmitters may act differently in different structures of the brain. We also find that there is a lot more than one model of a neurotransmitter. If serotonin were like a car, say a sedan model, there would be two-door and four-door models and various colors. Turns out there are multiple varieties of neurotransmitters. So the more we learn about brain chemistry the more refined the medications become but the more questions there are that need answers.
Rather than being just a simple case of a chemical imbalance, it may be that some brains get more mileage out of one chemical than another. Some brains come with superchargers and need higher octane fuel and others stall on the same mix. Forgive the repeated use of the car analogy but it comes the closest of any I can think of as to why we can’t just test for a chemical imbalance and why some people respond well to a medication and other people do not.
So remember that it is not just a shortage of or surplus of a chemical that throws brains out of balance. The things you do and the thoughts you think also influence your brain chemistry. In future posts, I want to talk about minimal brain damage and the ways in which psychiatric medications like anti-depressants might be working. Remember this is coming from a therapist and counselors point of view. Before you make any changes in your medication, starting or stopping, please talk with your doctor. But in my world, it never seems to hurt if you add some counseling to the medication.
Staying connected with David Joel Miller
Seven David Joel Miller Books are available now!
Story Bureau.
Planned Accidents The second Arthur Mitchell and Plutus mystery.
For videos, see: Counselorssoapbox YouTube Video Channel
1 thought on “Chemical imbalance?
Leave a Reply
You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change )
Google photo
Twitter picture
Facebook photo
Connecting to %s
|
[2015] 1lynsey: Beauty and the Beast
In Glogpedia
by farabee
Last updated 5 years ago
Arts & Music
Film Report
Toggle fullscreen Print glog
[2015] 1lynsey: Beauty and the Beast
Beautyand the Beast
Lynsey Simpson
Setting- establishes the time, place, and mood of the events
Hubris- extreme pride or self confidence
Tone- attitude towards the subject given
Theme- subject of a talk, piece of writing, persons thoughts, or an exhibition
Suspense- feeling of excited or anxious uncertainty about what may happen
Personification-personal nature or human characteristics to something nonhuman
Conflict- any struggle between opposing forces
Characterization-process authors use to develop characters for the audience.
foil- Character that serves to highlight 1 or more attributes about another character
One climax example is when the last petal of the rose falls and you do not know if the beast is going to live, then he turns into a gorgeous prince.
The beauty and the beat's setting is a cute little village with not many people in it, and a prince who was turned into a beast by a witches curse.
One example of hubris is gaston, he is very conceited and he loves himself the way he should love others, and he thinks he is the best at everything.
A scene with a very dark tone is when Gaston is rallying the village to attack the beast's castle.
the best theme for Beauty and the Beast is what matters is whats on the inside...No matter if you're as pretty as Belle or as ugly as the Beast, what matters is your attitude..
One good example of a scene with suspense is the Beast and Gastons fight on the top balcony of the castle.
One example of personification is when all of the furniture and kitchenware get together and give Belle a nice meal and make her feel welcome in the beast's castle.
Linda Woolverton, the screenplay writer, used characterization to show that Belle was beautiful and kind and loving and the beast was conceited and cokcy and rude, but in the end they both mesh and the beast changes physically and mentally for the better.
One person who shows foil is the beast to Belle. One beast attribute that highlighted Belle was his angry spirit at the beginning, which brought out Belle's true kindness towards everyone.
One example of conflict is the rose in the beast's castle. It shows the beast's vulnerability towards enemies and becomes the major conflict in the end as the beast changes to a prince.
There are no comments for this Glog.
|
What Killed Napoleon’S Army?
What happened to Napoleon’s army?
During the disastrous retreat, Napoleon’s army suffered continual harassment from a suddenly aggressive and merciless Russian army.
How was Napoleon defeated?
Did Napoleon abandon his army in Egypt?
Napoleon and his personal body-guard, Raza Roustam, as well as a number of the captured Mamelukes, departed Egypt in 1799 – while the majority of the army were repatriated back to France by the British Navy following the final defeat of the French forces in Egypt in 1801.
Why did Napoleon leave Egypt?
What was Napoleon’s worst defeat?
The great French dominion collapsed rapidly after the disastrous invasion of Russia in 1812. Napoleon was defeated in 1814 and exiled to the island of Elba, before returning and was finally defeated in 1815 at Waterloo. He spent his remaining days in British custody on the remote island of St.
Why was Napoleon’s army so good?
Napoleon was very successful for a variety of reasons. He was very popular with his troops and they trusted him completely. … Napoleon was overly aggressive. If he found that armies were coming to attack him, he’d move his armies as fast as possible to attack the opposing forces before they could group with each other.
How far can an army march in a day?
What happened when Napoleon invaded Russia?
June 24, 1812French invasion of Russia/Start dates
Was Napoleon successful in Egypt?
On July 1, 1798, Napoleon landed in Egypt with 400 ships and 54,000 men and proceeded to invade the country, as he had recently invaded Italy. But this Egyptian invasion was to be different. … And while the military invasion was an ultimate failure, the scholarly one was successful beyond anyone’s expectations.
Did Napoleon conquer England?
Napoleon’s planned invasion of the United Kingdom at the start of the War of the Third Coalition, although never carried out, was a major influence on British naval strategy and the fortification of the coast of southeast England. … Contrary to popular belief, the invasion was called off before the Battle of Trafalgar.
Who has Russia invaded?
Countries invaded by Soviet Russia/Soviet Union/Russian FederationEstonia 1917. Estonia never was independent country prior to 1917. … Latvia 1918.Latvia declared independence on November 18 1918. … Lithuania 1918. … Finland 1918. … Poland 1918. … Belarus 1918. … Ukraine 1918.More items…
Why was Napoleon a good leader?
NAPOLEON BONAPARTE, THE GREATEST MILITARY COMMANDER He was one of the most brilliant military tacticians and strategists of his time and, unorthodox though his methods were, no one could deny how brilliant of a leader he was. He was fearless in the battlefield, and had enough charisma to draw people in with his words.
How did Napoleon treat his army?
Napoleon understood the hardships his soldiers faced. But he often forbade looting, and did not hesitate to order summary executions for disobeying his orders. But, for the most part, discipline was loose. Unlike most of his enemies’ armies, corporal punishment had been abandoned after the Revolution.
Did Napoleon burn down Moscow?
On September 14, the French entered a deserted Moscow. … With the firestorm spreading, Napoleon and his entourage were forced to flee down burning streets to Moscow’s outskirts and narrowly avoided being asphyxiated. When the flames died down three days later, more than two-thirds of the city was destroyed.
Does Napoleon defeat Russia?
On June 24, 1812, the Grande Armée, led by French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte, crossed the Neman River, invading Russia from present-day Poland. The result was a disaster for the French. … The invasion lasted six months, and the Grande Armée lost more than 300,000 men. Russia lost more than 200,000.
How long did Napoleon stay in Egypt?
three years and three weeksThe end result. The Egyptian expedition lasted only three years and three weeks.
Who stopped Napoleon?
What did Napoleon do on June 24 1812 and why is that his biggest mistake?
What did Napoleon do on June 24, 1812 and why is that his “biggest mistake”? -history/napoleons-grande-armee-invades-russiaNapoleon’s grande army invaded russia , this was the biggest mistake because he and his army were faced with russia’s suddenly aggressive and merciless army , they were faced by hunger and the …
|
Effects of psychostimulants on aggression
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
A review of the literature on the relation between psychostimulant drugs and aggression leads to the following conclusions. 1) In laboratory animals, small and moderate acute doses of the major stimulants (as dextroamphetamine) generally either reduce or have no effect on aggression, whereas high doses and chronic moderate to high doses of these drugs increase aggression in most species. 2) In man, aggression is not produced by the major Federal Drug Administration licensed psychostimulants, except in doses which produce a paranoid psychosis. Such doses are customarily, although not uniformly, high. The drugintoxicated person's aggression then is characteristically a defensive response to frightening delusions. 3) Children with hyperactivity and aggressive behavior usually respond to stimulant medication with reduced fighting, defiance, and impulsiveness. The effect of the drug on aggression may be separate from its effect on hyperactivity. 4) Hyperactive, aggressive adolescents respond to stimulants with the same benefits as do hyperactive children. The available data on the human response to stimulants suggest a need to better evaluate low dose amphetamine effects on aggression in adolescents and adults.
Original languageEnglish (US)
Pages (from-to)138-145
Number of pages8
JournalJournal of Nervous and Mental Disease
Issue number2
StatePublished - Feb 1975
ASJC Scopus subject areas
• Psychiatry and Mental health
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'Effects of psychostimulants on aggression'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Cite this
|
Obesity & Overweight | Yes! You Are What You Eat!
In general, Overweight and Obesity are defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that presents a risk to health. In that case, a crude population measure of obesity is the body mass index (BMI).
Morbid Obesity
Dietary changes increased physical activity, and behavior changes can help you lose weight. Prescription medications and weight-loss surgery are additional options for treating obesity.
What is Obesity?
Obesity is a complex disorder involving an excessive amount of body fat. And for your information, Obesity isn’t just a cosmetic concern. It increases your risk of diseases and health problems, such as heart disease, diabetes, and high blood pressure.
To enumerate, Morbid Obesity is when a person has extreme amounts of excess body fat and a body mass index or BMI greater than 35. BMI is a scale that helps doctors and other medical professionals determine if a person is within a healthy weight range.
Some doctors also consider a person to be morbidly obese if their BMI is not over 35, but they are more than 100 pounds overweight. When a person is morbidly obese, they are at greater risk of heart disease, certain illnesses, and conditions that directly affect their quality of life.
A person can be obese without being considered morbidly obese. A person who is obese has a BMI of 30 or above.
An obese person has a greater chance of developing:
Morbid obesity occurs when a person reaches a level of obesity that greatly increases the chances of developing one of these conditions.
These conditions are often referred to as comorbidities and are responsible for causing disabilities or even death.
What causes Obesity?
If you think you may be obese, and especially if you’re concerned about weight-related health problems, see your doctor or health care provider. You and your provider can evaluate your health risks and discuss your weight-loss options.
Although there are genetic, behavioral, and hormonal influences on body weight, obesity occurs when you take in more calories than you burn through exercise and normal daily activities. Your body stores these excess calories as fat.
Obesity & Overweight
Obesity can sometimes be traced to a medical cause, such as Prader-Willi syndrome, Cushing’s syndrome, and other diseases and conditions. However, these disorders are rare, and, in general, the principal causes of obesity are:
• Unhealthy diet and eating habits: Weight gain is inevitable if you regularly eat more calories than you burn. And most Americans’ diets are too high in calories and are full of fast food and high-calorie beverages.
What are the Signs and Symptoms of Obesity?
The main symptom of morbid obesity is having a BMI of 35 or higher and obesity-related health problems, such as diabetes or hypertension.
Other symptoms may include:
• excess fat buildup around the body
• being easily winded
• difficulty walking
• trouble breathing
For instance, a person with a BMI of 30 or more is generally considered Obese. Whereas, a person with a BMI equal to or more than 25 is considered Overweight. See more results as tabulated on the figure chart below.
BMI Weight status
Below 18.5 Underweight
18.5-24.9 Normal
25.0-29.9 Overweight
30.0-34.9 Obese (Class I)
35.0-39.9 Obese (Class II)
40.0 and higher Extreme obesity (Class III)
However, BMI doesn’t directly measure body fat, so some people, such as muscular athletes, may have a BMI in the obese category. Even though they don’t have excess body fat.
What are the Risks of Obesity?
» Genetics
Firstly, your genes may affect the amount of body fat you store, and where that fat is distributed.
Secondly, genetics may also play a role in how efficiently your body converts food into energy and how your body burns calories during exercise.
» Family lifestyle
Obesity tends to run in families. If one or both of your parents are obese, your risk of being obese is increased. That’s not just because of genetics. Family members tend to share similar eating and activity habits.
» Inactivity
» Unhealthy diet
A diet that’s high in calories, lacking in fruits and vegetables, full of fast food and laden with high-calorie beverages, and oversized portions contribute to weight gain.
» Medical problems
» Certain medications
Some medications can lead to weight gain if you don’t compensate through diet or activity.
These medications include some antidepressants, anti-seizure medications, diabetes medications, antipsychotic medications, steroids, and beta-blockers.
» Social and economic issues
Research has linked social and economic factors of obesity. Avoiding obesity is difficult if you don’t have safe areas to exercise.
In addition, the people you spend time with may influence your weight — you’re more likely to become obese if you have obese friends or relatives.
» Age
These changes also reduce calorie needs and can make it harder to keep off excess weight. If you don’t consciously control what you eat and become more physically active as you age, you’ll likely gain weight.
» Pregnancy
During pregnancy, a woman’s weight necessarily increases. Some women find this weight difficult to lose after the baby is born. This weight gain may contribute to the development of obesity in women.
» Smoking
» Lack of sleep
Even if you have one or more of these risk factors, it doesn’t mean that you’re destined to become obese. You can counteract most risk factors through diet, physical activity and exercise, and behavior changes.
What Complications are Related to Obesity?
If you’re obese, you’re more likely to develop a number of potentially serious health problems, including:
• Type 2 diabetes and Gallbladder disease
• High blood pressure
• Metabolic syndrome — a combination of high blood sugar, high blood pressure, high triglycerides, and low HDL cholesterol
• Heart disease and Stroke
• Gynecological problems, such as infertility and irregular periods
• Erectile dysfunction and sexual health issues
• Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease — a condition in which fat builds up in the liver and can cause inflammation or scarring
• Osteoarthritis
In addition, there are other Overweight related issues that may affect your quality of life. Including,
• Depression
• Disability
• Sexual problems or Low libido
• Shame and guilt
• Social isolation
• Lower work achievement
What are the Preventive Measures?
In theory, anyone can become morbidly obese. For someone to gain weight and become morbidly obese, they must consume more calories than their body can burn and use. After all, the body stores unnecessary calories as fat.
As more and more calories are consumed, the fat stores grow larger, leading to obesity or, as worst-case, morbid obesity.
Diabetes & Obesity Treatment
Not surprisingly, the steps to prevent weight gain are the same as the steps to lose weight. Such as daily exercise, a healthy diet, and a long-term commitment to watch what you eat and drink.
» Exercise regularly
Important to realize, you need to get 150 to 300 minutes of moderate-intensity activity a week to prevent weight gain. Moderately intense physical activities include fast walking and swimming.
» Follow a healthy eating plan
Focus on low-calorie, nutrient-dense foods, such as fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. Avoid saturated fat and limit sweets and alcohol. Eat three regular meals a day with limited snacking.
» Know and avoid the food traps that cause you to eat
Identify situations that trigger out-of-control eating. Try keeping a journal and write down what you eat, how much you eat, when you eat, how you’re feeling, and how hungry you are.
» Monitor your weight regularly
By the same token, people who weigh themselves at least once a week are more successful in keeping off excess pounds.
Monitoring your weight can tell you whether your efforts are working. And can help you detect small weight gains before they become big problems.
» Be consistent
Left untreated, a person with obesity can develop any number of more serious health conditions. These conditions can be limiting and potentially fatal.
Be that as it may, when treated, obesity can be reversed, and the chances of developing other medical conditions are greatly reduced. Diet and exercise are the most effective, long-term solutions to reversing morbid obesity.
Summing Up,
As can be seen, from the above-revised guide, overweight and obesity are major risk factors for a number of chronic diseases. Including diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer.
Once considered a problem only in high-income countries, overweight and obesity are now dramatically on the rise. Especially in low- and middle-income countries, particularly in urban settings.
Simply put, obesity is an ever-growing health problem. As the number of overweight and obese Kenyans rises so does the number who are severely or morbidly obese.
In other words, Morbid Obesity is a serious health condition that results from an abnormally high body mass index.
Finally, a person with morbid obesity may have difficulty performing daily functions. Such as walking and breathing, and is at increased risk for many serious health problems.
Related Sources;
1. Dietary Fiber | 7 Health Benefits you Should know
2. Antioxidants Food Sources | How Do They Benefit Us?
3. Medical Insurance Cover | Everything you Should know
4. Healthy Eating Top Secrets To Keep Up With Your Busy Life
5. Sugarcane Juice Benefits | Does It Promise A Good Health?
To Join Our Team:
Copyrights © 2019 | jmexclusives
Scroll to Top
|
Quick Answer: What Is The Benefit Of Exercising At Peak Heart Rate?
Why does my heart rate increase so quickly while exercising?
Meanwhile, your lungs are also taking in more air, hence the harder breathing..
What is a good 3 minute heart rate recovery?
A 2017 study of elite athletes found: The average one-minute heart rate recovery to be: 23 beats per minute. Two-minute heart rate recovery to be: 58 beats per minute. Three-minute heart rate recovery to be: 82 beats per minute.
Is it good to workout at peak heart rate?
The American Heart Association recommends exercising with a target heart rate of 50 to 75 percent of your maximum heart rate for beginners, and for moderately intense exercise. You can work at 70 to 85 percent of your maximum heart rate during vigorous activity.
How long should you exercise at your peak heart rate?
What happens if your heart rate is too high during exercise?
If your heart rate exceeds 185 beats per minute during exercise, it is dangerous for you. Your target heart rate zone is the range of heart rate that you should aim for if you want to become physically fit. It is calculated as 60 to 80 percent of your maximum heart rate.
What heart rate burns fat?
Your fat-burning heart rate is at about 70 percent of your maximum heart rate. Your maximum heart rate is the maximum number of times your heart should beat during activity. To determine your maximum heart rate, subtract your age from 220.
What is a good recovery heart rate after exercise?
A recovery heart rate of 25 to 30 beats in one minute is a good score, and 50 to 60 beats in one minute is considered excellent. You should monitor your one-minute and two-minute recovery heart rate at least twice weekly to gauge whether your fitness level is improving.
What are some benefits of working out in your target heart rate zone?
(70% to 80% of your maximum heart rate.) If you’re training for an endurance event, this is your zone. It strengthens and improves your cardiovascular and respiratory systems and increases the strength of your heart. More total calories are burned; 50% of them are from fat.
Is a heart rate of 200 during exercise bad?
More oxygen is also going to the muscles. This means the heart beats fewer times per minute than it would in a nonathlete. However, an athlete’s heart rate may go up to 180 bpm to 200 bpm during exercise.
What is a good peak heart rate?
Is peak heart rate good for weight loss?
The ‘fat burning zone’ is where you are working out at about 70 – 80% of your maximum heart rate, also known as your fat burning heart rate. If you’re looking to lose weight and keep fit, the general rule of the game is to increase the intensity of your workouts.
What happens if your heart rate is too high?
How can I lower my heart rate during exercise?
Be Mindful of Your Breathing: On the topic of medication, another quick and easy way to lower your heart rate is to practice mindful breathing exercises. Inhale slowly for five seconds and then exhale slowly for 15 seconds. Try dedicating five minutes to this each day.
How long should I be in each heart rate zone?
Benefits of Heart Rate Training A typical one-hour session might include 10 minutes in the 50-60% zone warming up and cooling down, 30 minutes at a sustainable pace at 60-70%, 12 minutes pushing a little more at 70-80%, 6 minutes going hard at 80-90% and 2 minutes all-out at 90-100%.
|
Human Physiology: Locomotion & Movement
Q.1: ___________________ is an auto immune disorder affecting neuromuscular junction leading to fatigue, weakening and paralysis of skeletal muscle.
Organisms & Population
Q.1: _______________ is the most important ecologically relevant environment factor. a) Water b) Temperature
Q.1: Vertical distribution of different species occupying different levels is called _______________.
Ch – 12 Reproduction In Plants
Q.1: The production of new plants from a single parent without the involvement of gametes is called ____________ reproduction. a) asexual
|
Quick Answer: Who Can Diagnose Dyslexia In A Child?
What are the signs of dyslexia in a child?
Symptoms of dyslexia in children aged 5 to 12 include:problems learning the names and sounds of letters.spelling that’s unpredictable and inconsistent.putting letters and figures the wrong way round (such as writing “6” instead of “9”, or “b” instead of “d”)confusing the order of letters in words.More items….
Can I test my child for dyslexia at home?
An accurate diagnosis can only be made through clinical evaluation. This self-test is for personal use only. This free dyslexia symptom test was created from criteria developed by the National Dissemination Center for Children with Disabilities.
How do I test my 4 year old for dyslexia?
Warning signs of dyslexia include:He dislikes books and drawing. A child with dyslexia may show little interest in reading and drawing, no matter how much you encourage him. … He’s slow to acquire new words and speak in sentences. … He can’t get a grip on time or sequence. … He doesn’t recognize or respond to rhymes.
How do dyslexics spell words?
Learning to spell may be even harder than learning to read for some people with dyslexia. The spelling connection: People with dyslexia often confuse letters that sound alike. … People with dyslexia may mix up the order of letters (felt for left). They may also misspell common sight words, even after lots of practice.
How can dyslexia affect emotions?
Dyslexics become fearful because of their constant frustration and confusion in school. These feelings are exacerbated by the inconsistencies of dyslexia. Because they may anticipate failure, entering new situations can becomes extremely anxiety provoking. Anxiety causes human beings to avoid whatever frightens them.
What are dyslexics good at?
Improved pattern recognition. People with dyslexia have the ability to see how things connect to form complex systems, and to identify similarities among multiple things. Such strengths are likely to be of particular significance for fields like science and mathematics, where visual representations are key.
Is dyslexia a form of autism?
What are the signs of being dyslexic?
Some common dyslexia signs and symptoms in teens and adults include:Difficulty reading, including reading aloud.Slow and labor-intensive reading and writing.Problems spelling.Avoiding activities that involve reading.Mispronouncing names or words, or problems retrieving words.More items…•
Can a pediatrician diagnose dyslexia?
While pediatricians do not bear the responsibility or expertise for diagnosing dyslexia, they can and should perform basic literacy screenings as a routine part of well-child visits.
What age should a child be tested for dyslexia?
Around age 5 or 6 years, when kids begin learning to read, dyslexia symptoms become more apparent. Children who are at risk of reading disabilities can be identified in kindergarten. There is no standardized test for dyslexia, so your child’s doctor will work with you to evaluate their symptoms.
What are the four types of dyslexia?
Why do schools not diagnose dyslexia?
Not only are public schools lacking funding but they are often lacking time and teachers as well. Providing dyslexia-specific testing requires expensive tests, and hiring or training of an evaluator. Beyond testing, dyslexia intervention requires the time of a specialist, again, a costly endeavor.
What states recognize dyslexia?
Table updated July 3, 2020StateYear of EnactmentTitle or SubjectAlabama2019Alabama Literacy ActAlaska2018Legislative Task Force on Reading Proficiency and Dyslexia.Arizona2019; 2018; 2017; 2015Dyslexia Screening & InterventonArizona2017Dyslexia Handbook16 more rows
What to do if you suspect your child has dyslexia?
Take these steps:Address the problem early. If you suspect your child has dyslexia, talk to your child’s doctor. … Read aloud to your child. It’s best if you start when your child is 6 months old or even younger. … Work with your child’s school. … Encourage reading time. … Set an example for reading.
How do schools test for dyslexia?
The assessment itself may involve observing your child in their learning environment, talking with key adults involved with your child’s learning, and asking your child to take part in a series of tests. These tests may examine your child’s: reading and writing abilities. language development and vocabulary.
How can I get my child tested for dyslexia?
The first steps in obtaining a diagnosis of dyslexia are to talk to your school and have your child’s hearing and vision checked. Eliminating problems with vision and hearing is an important step before considering further assessments. Only an educational psychologist should carry out a formal assessment for dyslexia.
Can a school psychologist diagnose dyslexia?
Legally, are school psychologists able to give a formal dyslexia diagnosis? On your website it says we can, but the National Association of School Psychologists says we cannot.
Should I have my child tested for dyslexia?
No. However, even though dyslexia is the most common reason for an otherwise bright person to struggle with reading, accurate testing can help a potential tutor to know your child’s particular weaknesses and the best way to tutor them.
Is writing backwards a sign of dyslexia?
Reversing letters or mirror writing isn’t necessarily a sign of dyslexia. Some kids with dyslexia have trouble with it, but many don’t. In fact, most kids who reverse letters before age 7 end up not having dyslexia. … A child might reverse letters because of a poor memory for how to form letters.
Is dyslexia a form of retardation?
It does not result from vision or hearing problems. It is not due to mental retardation, brain damage, or a lack of intelligence. The causes of dyslexia vary with the type. In primary dyslexia, much research focuses on the hereditary factors.
|
Archaeologists used the Bible to search for Naboth's vineyard and now they've found it
(Photo: Unsplash/Jesse Belleque)
Sometimes I wish I'd become an archaeologist. Imagine discovering something like, oh, I don't know, Naboth's vineyard from 1 Kings.
Here at BreakPoint, we love to tell you about the ways that archaeology is confirming the biblical narrative, and, judging by the response, you love to hear about it.
Well, the latest discovery is one of the coolest yet. It's possible confirmation of one of the most memorable stories in the Bible: Ahab and Naboth's vineyard.
First Kings 21 tells the story of Naboth the Jezreelite who had the misfortune to own a vineyard near king Ahab's palace.
Ahab coveted Naboth's vineyard and offered to either buy it outright or exchange it for what he deemed a "better vineyard." When Naboth, in keeping with the Law of Moses, refused, Ahab sulked, "lay down on his bed and turned away his face and would eat no food." You gotta chuckle at Ahab's reaction. My goodness.
At any rate, his Phoenician wife, Jezebel, then hatches a successful plot to kill Naboth and seize his land. But their triumph is short-lived: Elijah pronounces God's judgment on them and their dynasty, which will end in a gruesome fashion.
Since 2012, a team led by Norma Franklin of the University of Haifa and Jennie Ebeling of the University of Evansville in Indiana have led an excavation in the Jezreel Valley, which lies south of our Lord's native south Galilee.
It's a region that figures prominently in the Bible, especially the Old Testament. It's where Gideon defeated the Midianites and the Amalekites in the book of Judges. It's where Meggido, from which we get the word "Armageddon," is located.
And it's the site of the vineyard Ahab coveted.
Five years ago, Franklin and her colleagues, using what's known as "LiDAR," a surveying "method that measures distance to a target by illuminating that target with a pulsed laser light," discovered "several features that had remained hidden for centuries." These features suggested the presence of an "early winery installation."
Excavation revealed "several wine and olive presses, including the largest ancient winepress in Israel found to date." They also found "over 100 bottle-shaped pits carved into the bedrock," which Dr. Franklin theorizes were used to store wine.
How did they know where to look in the first place? Well, they used the biblical text itself. Writing in Biblical Archeology Review, Franklin said that the details provided in the account of Naboth and the subsequent fall of Ahab's dynasty at the hands of Jehu provided "valuable information regarding the vineyard's location."
In fact, it was the correspondence between the physical evidence and the biblical account that led Franklin and her colleagues to ask if they found evidence of Naboth's vineyard.
Her answer is a lightly-qualified "yes." As she told Breaking Israel News, "the story as described in the Bible quite probably could have occurred here in the Jezreel."
Stories like this should not come as a surprise. A year ago, John Stonestreet told you about evidence that lent historical credence to the Bible's account of Jehu and the fall of Ahab's dynasty: a toilet used to desecrate what the Bible calls "the high places." As 1 King 10 says, Jehu "demolished the pillar of Baal, and destroyed the temple of Baal, and made it a latrine to this day."
As we never tire of telling you, "the Bible is the best-attested book of antiquity. Nothing else comes close. That's as it should be because our faith is firmly rooted in history, not some 'once upon a time.'"
And that's something we can say with complete certainty.
Originally posted at
From BreakPoint. Reprinted with the permission of the Colson Center for Christian Worldview. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced or distributed without the express written permission the Colson Center for Christian Worldview. "BreakPoint®" and "The Colson Center for Christian Worldview®" are registered trademarks of The Colson Center for Christian Worldview.
|
Six Shades of True
By Maeve Maddox
background image 137
Our word true is one of the oldest in the language. It may derive from a Proto-Indo-European word for tree. A well-rooted tree is strong, steadfast and firm. By the time the word entered Old English as triewe, it had acquired the meaning “faithful” or “trustworthy.”
New connotations continued to attach to true. The sense “consistent with fact” dates from about 1200. The meaning “real, genuine, not counterfeit” is from late 14th century. About 1550 it took on the sense of “agreeing with a certain standard,” and by late 1500s it could mean “accurately fitted or shaped.”
In modern usage, true has at least six shades of meaning.
Here are some examples from the web, together with a few synonyms that might convey the intended meaning more precisely.
1. Is it true what they say about the ‘Moto G’?
Meaning: correct, accurate, right, verifiable, well-documented, factual
2. This is why, with true musicianship in mind, I rarely touch the piano in my classroom.
Meaning: genuine, authentic, real, actual
Meaning: rightful, legitimate, legal, lawful, authorized
4. A true friend…has your very best interests at heart.
Meaning: loyal, faithful, constant, devoted, staunch trustworthy, reliable, dependable
5. The costume historian views the history of clothing as a true reflection of culture…
Meaning: accurate, true to life, faithful, factual, realistic
6. True repentance is always characterized by at least three things…
Meaning: sincere, genuine, real, unfeigned, heartfelt
Then again, true might be exactly the word you want.
Here are some idioms that contain the word true:
true as steel: loyal and dependable
true colors: personality traits often concealed by one’s day-to-day behavior
true love: love that does not alter when it alteration finds
ring true: to sound likely (like the intended tone of a bell that has been cast properly)
tried and true: worthy of trust because of previous dependability
true up: straighten something
true to form: according to pattern or previous behavior
true-blue: totally dependable at all times
13 Responses to “Six Shades of True”
• Heather
Is “true” an absolute like “unique” is? Can something be “somewhat” true?
• Chris
I disagree with examples 4 to 6. It is not the word “true”that means what you are stating it does. The word that it is modifying just that takes on that significance when modified by the adjective “true”. “True” just means “genuine” or “authentic” in these examples, just as it did in your example #2. One could just as easily say “true enemy” or “true criminal”, and it certainly wouldn’t mean “reliable” or “dependable”. But it would mean a “genuine” example of those things because it is modified by the word “true”.
• Dale A. Wood
In the kind of formal logic that goes all the way back to Aristotle, some statement or some proposition is either true or false, and there is absolutely nothing in between.
This is also the case for the binary logic of computers.
One the other hand, in everyday life, such as in engineering, I believe that something can be “approximately true”. I.e., it is true except for a limited number of exceptions. Then after we exclude all of the exceptions, truth is what remains.
Similarly, something could be “rarely true”, which is the same thing as “usually false”. Then after we exclude all of the exceptions, falsehood is what remains.
Let T = “true” and F = “false”. In the kind of logic that is used by mathematicians, philosophers (e.g. Aristotle), and computer engineers, there is an operation called the “complement” that reverses the truth status of something. That could be indicated by C( ), where you fill in the blank, like this: C(T) = F and C(F) = T.
Also, C[C(T)] = T and C[C(F)] = F, so taking the complement twice takes you back to where you started.
As a practical matter, making mechanical devices and electronic devices that take the complements of their inputs is easy to do, and such things are very useful in more complicated applications.
• Dale A. Wood
Several other idioms that contain “true”:
true blood, true blooded, and true cross.
For the latter, the Spanish equivalent is “vera cruz”, and that is the source of the names of the state and the city of Veracruz in eastern Mexico.
• Dale A. Wood
Aristotle’s formulation of logic involves The Law of the Excluded Middle, and that is something that you can look up in the Internet.
Actually, a lot of philosphers have argued about this law, back and forth, for centuries going all the way back to ancient times, but mathematicians, computer scientists, and electronics engineers use it all the time – and with great success. Something is either true or it is false, and there is nothing partway in between.
Then as I mentioned, people can use approximations in real life.
• Helen
I agree with Chris about examples 4-6, it is not the meaning of true which changes gere, but the word is it modifying.
However you have omitted another meaning – straight.
You refer to it obliquely in the phrase true up, although I have not heard this construction.
In the UK we might say “that window frame is out of true, that’s why the window won’t close properly”. The same usage is found in the phrase “straight and true” as in: “The arrow flew straight and true to hit its mark”
• Helen
Oops! That should have read here not gere!
• Dale A. Wood
To Helen: The phrase “out of true” and the verb “to true up” are also used in American and Canadian English.
A window frame or a door and its frame can be “out of true”,
but something in particular that can be out of true is a tool.
Tools that can be “out of true” – or out of alignment – include these:
wrenches, levels, angle irons, screwdrivers, clamps, etc.
• Dale A. Wood
To Maeve:
I agree with all of the others who said that examples four through six do not say anything new that had not already been stated in example two. Why don’t you just admit that you blew it?
You have a tough readership that includes a lot of widely-read people, plus some scholars, engineers, and mathematicians.
I tend to look at mistakes and say to myself, “That’s the Unreal McCoy!”
• Dale A. Wood
There are two forms of true that divide up this way:
1. True in deductive logic – the kind that Aristotle created
2. True in inductive logic
In deductive logic, what is true is true by definition, and nothing can change that. The complement of true is false, also, and there is nothing in between.
In inductive logic, something is true as a matter of observation and an accumulation of facts – usually using statistics. Then when contradictory evidence comes up, the statement fails to be true anymore.
Take the statement “What goes up, must come down.”
That was absolutely true in human affairs before the year 1959. Then in 1959, the Soviet Union launched a space probe, Lunik 2, that flew from here to crash on the moon. It is stuck there, and it will not come back. Furthermore, since then the United States has launched five space probes that are leaving the Solar System, never to return.
So, the statement “What goes up, must come down” has several exceptions to it, all launched by the United States, because no other country has sent a space probe farther out than to Mars.
I’m proud of it: The United States has sent eight space probes out as far as Jupiter, with another one (“Juno”) on the way right now, yet no other country has even attempted to do so.
• Dale A. Wood
“Tried-and-true” also refers to products or trainees that have been tested well and that have passed their tests.
“Tried” refers to the testing that they have undergone, including testing products to failure, and
“true” refers to either passing the tests, or having failed at stresses beyond their specifications.
• Nelida K.
I concur with Dale and Helen, in that to my mind, the 4-to-6 “shades” actually do not reflect a difference in meaning.
The only other I was going to suggest, Helen beat me to the punch: in or out of alignment (as the case may be) – as aptly defined by Dale.
• venqax
Something can be partially true. Just like something can be partially unique, but only if you break it down into components. So context is what matters. In total, that same thing is either true or not, or unique or not.
Leave a comment:
|
Kirkuk: Kurdish Jerusalem
Kurdish Fighters by YPG (CC BY 2.0)
The historical facts of Kurdish Kirkuk are like those of Jerusalem, in that the Arabs say that Jerusalem is “ours” just as they claim Kirkuk.
But Kirkuk has been the major city of the Guti, Sumerians, and Assyrians — all ancestors of today’s Kurds. Kirkuk became the capital of the Sharszor region under the Ottoman Empire. Now Kirkuk is the strongest obstacle standing in the way of the Iranian Shiite Crescent.
Kirkuk is an ancient Kurdish city and already had a long history before the establishment of the Iraqi State, and the beginning of Kirkuk oil production by the British-Arab rulers in Iraq. In the modern era, since the founding of Iraq, the rights of Kurds - especially in Kirkuk - should have had the same standing as political Arab nationalism, given the strong Kurdish intellectual and ethnic group identity. But sectarianism in Kirkuk reached its greatest extent during the rule of the Baathists, Saddam Hussein’s party, and it continues under the influence of Shiite Iran.
The ancestors of the Kurds founded Kirkuk long before the oldest Arab migration to Mesopotamia, and certainly before a post-war Iraq that has no history or civilization before its modern “birth.” The Kurds’ origins go back to 7,000 BCE at Jarmo, one of the first human villages to engage in farming and establish houses.
Kurdish history and folklore describes the ancestors of today’s Kurds as consisting of many peoples, including the Kardokhi, Lulubi, Guti, and Hurri among other tribes. Legend relates that the Guti people founded the fortress of Kirkuk/Arabkha during the period of the Assyrian Empire, which became the capital of the Gutian state. The name of Kirkuk comes from the name “Arabkha” or “Arapha” since the time of the Akkadian Empire. These events occurred before recorded Kurdish history and are part of the folklore of the Kurdish people.
The archaeological area and the Tomb of the Three Prophets of the Jews exists in Kirkuk Citadel, built around 880 BCE. The Citadel is said to include the tombs of the Prophets Daniel, Hananiel, Mishael, and Uzair (Azariya) (Daniel 1:6-7). North of Kirkuk is the modern Kurdish capital city of Arbil. When it was the capital of Adiabene, Queen Heleni converted to Judaism and left for Jerusalem (Ed.: Heleni haMalka is mentioned in the Talmud, and is buried in Jerusalem where a modern street honors her memory).
In Muslim times, under Sultan Selim (1470-1520 CE), Kirkuk became the capital for Kirkuk Province, the Sharszor region of the Ottoman Empire. Kirkuk continues to be a point of international conflict - it is one of the richest oil areas and has the longest well in the world and has deep oil reserves. The Babar Karkar (BabaGurgur) oil field was the first discovered back in 1927 and is famous for the Eternal Fire which has been burning in the middle of the field for 2,500 years.
Iran claims Kirkuk, saying the city supports Shia Islam because the majority in Kirkuk are Shiite Turkmen. Turkey claims Kirkuk because of the ethnic Turkmen living there. Sunni Arab militants from ISIS try to claim it, disrupting the city.
But there is no talk about the Kurdish people as the owner of the land and their right to Kirkuk, even though the Kurdish people have no objection to allowing the rights of other nationalities and religions to be exercised freely.
The red line is Kirkuk, the ancient and monumental city and the best area for agriculture and horticulture. It is one of the places where the secrets of cultivation and innovations in raising animals occurred early in human history close to 9,000 years ago. Kirkuk is a cradle of civilization and is now the cradle of resistance to ISIS, despite the failure and frustration of the citizens of Kirkuk and the two civilian forces (Peshmerga).
In the majority of districts the Iraqi army was broken, but the Kurdish people are standing with their weapons in Kirkuk against ISIS. It is critically important to stop ISIS in their steps against the Kurds, and Iran in its attempt to complete the Shiite Crescent against Israel and annex the territory to the Iranian Shiite Muslim empire.
Mr Farman Hidait is an independent journalist currently based in Iraqi Kurdistan. A Kurdish writer, journalist, and poet, he currently lives and works in Kirkuk.
He has worked for over 20 years in newspaper, TV, and radio, having begun his career at age 14 writing for a "children to children" newspaper run by Roj, the first newspaper in the history of the Kurdish press. Mr Hidait has written ten books, as well as articles on political and intellectual analysis. He holds a diploma in business administration and a degree in general psychology.
Help change Israel's tomorrow!
• Facebook Social Icon
• Twitter Social Icon
• RSS Social Icon
(Isaiah 40:9)
Jewish News From Israel |
© 2017 by The Jerusalem Herald, a division of Yashar Communications
|
What is "The Moral Government of God?"
I believe that the term "Moral government of God", is equivalent to the Biblical term "Kingdom of God", or it's equivalent "Kingdom of Heaven". The earliest I have been able to find the term is in the writings of Hugo Grotius in the 17th century, but it occurs commonly in Jonathan Edwards in the 18th century. N. W. Taylor defines moral government as:
1. A moral government is an influence on moral beings, or on beings capable of moral action.
2. A perfect moral government implies a moral governor....
3. The influence of a perfect moral government is designed so to control the action of moral beings, as to secure the great end of action on their part.
4. The influence of a perfect government is the influence of authority. (1)
Charles Finney defines it as: "Moral government consists in the declaration and administration of moral law. It is the government of free will by motives as distinguished from the government of substance by force..... Moral government presides over intelligent and voluntary states and changes of mind. It is a government of motive, as opposed to a government of forceful control exercised, or sought to be exercised, in accordance with the law of liberty, as opposed to the law of necessity. It is the administration of moral law as opposed to physical law." (2)
In the author's simplified definition, "the moral government of God is the method God uses to get free moral beings created in His image to live according to the way He designed them to live." God is the "moral governor" in His government of the universe of free moral beings. Moral government is the means by which every moral being is governed in most situations. Family government is moral government, with the father and mother in the role of "moral governor". Civil government is moral government, with the role of the "moral governor" being shared by various branches or individuals in that particular government. Unless some means of force or causation is used to force, cause, or coerce conformity to a governor's will, it is a moral government. A prison would have a less moral government and more causative government than any human institution I can think of.
So moral government is nothing to be afraid of, and nothing to be ashamed of. It is a perfectly good theological term, even though it is not found in the Bible, but neither are "trinity" nor "rapture". The concept is certainly found in the Bible, as early as Genesis 2:16-17 where God "governed" Adam by giving him a law, with the attendant consequences - 'You are free to eat from any tree in the garden; but you must not eat from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, for when you eat of it you will surely die.' Adam did not obey God, and therefore suffered the consequences of disobedience.
I am convinced that everyone who believes that man is really free believes in moral government, whether or not he knows it or has ever heard of the term. Every set of parents believes in moral government, since nothing else is possible as they try to raise their children.
The theological system of Calvinism practices moral government in the everyday life of individual believers, but denies it in its creeds and theology by saying that everything which happens is the will of God, and has been decreed by Him from some time in eternity past. Calvinism's definition of God as "sovereign" requires that nothing happened which is not controlled by God. This raises all kinds of questions and theological dilemmas, such as:
1. Is God the author of sin?
2. Is everything that ever happened, is happening now, and ever will happen, the will of God?
3. Is man really free?
4. If he is not free, is he responsible for anything he does, whether good or bad?
5. Does prayer ever really change anything?
6. Did Jesus die as a legal "payment" for the sins of anyone? of everyone?
7. Does God in His moral government exercise "irresistible grace" on anyone?
8. Are a Christian's sins, past, present, and future, all paid for so that he is in no danger of judgment from God, no matter how he lives?
Calvinism has become the main theological system within Christianity, and most Christians hold to one or more of the tenets of Calvinism. Many, if not most, non-Christians equate Calvinism with Christianity. But if we understand that man is created in the image of God as a free moral being, and that God cannot "control" a moral being without that person ceasing to be a moral being, then there are reasonable, Biblical answers to the above questions.
So since the concept of moral government touches all aspects of life, living and theology, the term "Moral Government" has also become a title for a system of theology which begins with the Biblical revelation that God is free, that He created men to be free, and He is "governing" them as truly free beings. This touches every aspect of theology, and would result in quite different answers from Calvinism, and in some differences from Arminianism. It is the system of theology which is sometimes feared, sometimes called heresy, and mostly misunderstood.
(1) Taylor, Nathaniel W., Lectures of the Moral Government of God, Vol. 1 published by Clark, Austin & Smith, 1859, p. 70
(2) Finney, Charles G., Lectures on Systematic Theology, Wm B. Eeardman's Publishing Co., 1969, p. 6
Reprinted from Notes & Quotes, 1990 Evangelical Education Ministries. All right reserved. This article may be freely copied and distributed as long as it is not altered and no charge is attached.
We recommend the website of the Evangelical Education Ministries: http://www.eeminc.org
For more information about holiness and living a life without sin, visit this website: www.evangelicaleducationministries.org
If you would like to know more about Charles Finney, visit the websites of: http://www.gospeltruth.net and/or http://www.truthinheart.com
|
Many first-time users do not feel the effects. Psychopathy and sociopathy both refer to personality disorders that involve anti-social behaviour, diminished empathy, and lack of inhibitions. Shakey: Neil Young’s biography. According to social disorganization theory, where is crime most likely to occur? Social sanctions are the enforcement mechanisms for social norms. Hate crime in Canada. Firstly, individuals had to learn to smoke marijuana in a way that would produce real effects. One reason is that violent crime is a form of deviance that lends itself to spectacular media coverage that distorts its actual threat to the public. 9. The authors suggest that recidivism was reduced between 7 and 45 percent from traditional penal sentences by using restorative justice conferencing. Deviance, Crime, and Social Control, Chapter 19. Society could not exist without social norms and the social sanctions that enforce them. Formal sanctions are imposed through formal means by an institution (or representative) upon an individual or group. In a store, shoppers can be observed through one-way glass or video monitors. New York, NY: Free Press. This is partly because we live in a type of society where we do not know our neighbours well and partly because we are concerned to discover their identifiable traits are otherwise concealed. Others see themselves as beggars, convicts, or addicts. In a society characterized by large inequalities of power and wealth, as well as large inequalities in arrest and incarceration, an important social justice question needs to be examined regarding who gets to define whom as criminal. Secondary deviance can be so strong that it bestows a master status on an individual. A student has a habit of texting during class. Juristat, 24(4). (Statistics Canada catologue no. Social norms are extremely important for the effective functioning of society and social groups. bring together surveillance and normalization in a way that enables each individual and each individual’s abilities to be assessed, documented, and known by authorities. It is difficult to find data in Canada on the effectiveness of these types of programs. nonviolent crimes: Crimes that involve the destruction or theft of property, but do not use force or the threat of force. Fourth, why are some behaviors more likely than others to be considered deviant? Social cohesion and cooperation depend on social sanctions and they are essential for organisations, social groups and society to work together effectively. This is an extremely serious crime, which merits the attention given to it by the criminal justice system. “carding”), undercover sting operations, police patrols in racial minority neighbourhoods, and extra attention at border crossings and airports. There is also the risk that person doing the sanctioning may misinterpret the established sanctioning norms or overstep the mark, leaving themselves open to sanctioning, including internal sanctions of shame or guilt. Chapter 2 "Eye on Society: Doing Sociological Research", Chapter 1 "Sociology and the Sociological Perspective". A promotion at work is a positive sanction for working hard. Individuals may not be consciously aware of these societal values since they provide the background context for all thought and action. Foucault describes disciplinary social control as a key mechanism in creating a normalizing society. Demographics are also analyzed, such as age, ethnicity, gender, location, and income level. The Globe and Mail. (Original work published 1893). Rather, they are concerned with techniques to identify, classify, and manage groupings of offenders sorted by the degree of dangerousness they represent to the general public. recidivism: The likelihood for people to be arrested again after an initial arrest. They are more difficult to detect because the transactions take place in private and are more difficult to prosecute because the criminals can secure expert legal advice on how to bend the rules.
Lawry's Carne Asada Seasoning Recipes, Fight Off Crossword Clue, Beggi-essential Oil Mosquito Repellent Diffuser, Illbleed True Ending, Fond De Teint Tarte Amazonian Avis, William Sonoma Corporate Office Phone Number, Usps Media Mail Rates, Down Syndrome Low Risk Means, Ram 1500 Blind Spot Mirror, Organic Food Pdf, Best Boutique Brand Jeans, Metal Stud Limiting Height Calculator, Slim Lipo Before And After Pictures, Mountain Equipment Dewline Jacket Review, Best Grill Wok, Simran Name Future, Discourse On Method Part 1 Summary, Cherry Coke Bbq Pulled Pork, Decimal To Percent Worksheet, Stonewall Kitchen Promo Code, Hum Banjaron Ki Baat Mat Poochho Ji, Vegetables That Love Heat And Sun, Best Innerspring Mattress Reddit, Scott County Gis, How To Quilt A Quilt By Hand,
|
To date, the Gigafactory in Nevada, USA is Tesla’s biggest and most important endeavour.
The name comes from the factory’s planned annual battery production capacity of 35 gigawatt-hours (GWh) where one GWh is the equivalent of generating (or consuming) one billion watts an hour. When completed, the US 5 billion dollar investment is set to occupy a space of 108 football fields and provide 10,000 jobs.
The Tesla Gigafactory which itself would run on renewable energy sources, will serve to supply enough batteries to support its projected vehicle demand and also to achieve its goal of producing 400,000 preordered Model 3S by the end of 2018. Built in phases, the Gigafactory is expected to reach full capacity by the same year, producing more lithium ion batteries annually than there were produced worldwide in 2013.
With a projection of manufacturing half a million cars per year in the later half of this decade, Tesla alone will require today’s entire worldwide supply of lithium ion vehicles.
In 2015, Tesla sold just 50,580 Electric Vehicles, proving there is plenty of room for growth. To keep up with increasing demands related to all things production of Electric Vehicles, Elon Musk has also confirmed that there are additional two or three factories in the pipeline. These factories are set to be opened in the USA in the coming few years, even though the first factory isn’t even completed!
With a reported total of 10 Gigafactories expected to be erected in the US and beyond, Musk expects most new cars in the USA to be Electric Vehicles within 10 years with the aim of dominating the market in 20. Without having enough factories in place, Tesla would risk losing businesses when electric transportation eventually goes mainstream.
In cooperation with Panasonic and other partners, the Gigafactory will produce batteries for a fraction of today’s high cost with innovative manufacturing, waste reduction and by having most of the manufacturing process under one roof.
Previous articleVolkswagen Group outsold Toyota globally in 2016 despite crippling dieselgate saga
Next articleSpyBuzz: Fourth-gen Renault Megane RS leaked in patent filings
Pan Eu Jin
|
Fibonacci Sequence In Python
In my free time, I decided to do some programming. As part of my “programming spree”, I decided to see if I could generate a Fibonacci sequence in Python. And yes I could! I thought that it was amazing and I wanted to share it with you guys. This post will be a very short one, but I hope that this post can show you how simple yet powerful Python can be. Before you continue reading, do follow me and subscribe to my newsletter!
#parameter "no" describes how long you want your sequence to be
def fibonacci(no):
nicelist = [1, 1]
first = 1
second = 1
third = 0
if no <= 0:
return "Nonsense!"
elif no == 1:
return [1]
elif no == 2:
return [1, 1]
elif no > 2:
for i in range(no-2):
third = first + second
first = second
second = third
return nicelist
#will print [1,1,2,3,5,8,13] !!!
|
Snowflake Data Masking: Static vs Dynamic
In today’s ever-evolving digital age, data masking is one of the most essential features of data security and privacy. It’s the act of redacting and obfuscating sensitive information that’s being shared internally or externally to maintain optimal functionality while reducing the risk of exposing sensitive data within an organization. Overall, administrators are able to seamlessly allow access to some users, and restrict it for others to maintain security control and reduce risk.
Motivations Behind Data Masking
There are several reasons why someone would want to opt for data masking. In many cases, there is more than one type of motivation behind a data masking project. Some of those underlying reasons include:
• Business Oriented: This is when either the data owners, data governance, or another team decides that exposing certain data can have negative consequences. An example to that is masking of financial data from teams who shouldn’t be exposed to this data, as it could induce business risks.
• Compliance Oriented:The primary drivers of compliance based data masking initiatives are usually data governance, GRC, compliance teams, and in some cases, security teams. These masking projects are done to ensure that the organization complies with certain security frameworks, such as NIST Cybersecurity Framework.
• Security Oriented: This motivation for data masking stems from security teams. The goal here is to reduce risks, mainly ones involving data leaks.
• Privacy Oriented: This is usually a motive pushed by the privacy office or legal teams, and it is powered due to privacy regulations or privacy risks. An example would be the masking of PII, or masking according to specific privacy requirements.
How Do You Mask Data In Snowflake?
When you have a Snowflake data warehouse, it is common for organizations to require anonymized data, as some data consumers only need partial access to the data. For instance, let’s consider a typical healthcare organization using Snowflake as its data warehouse. If we have a table with the treatments provided to patients, we may have the following data consumers:
• Medical professionals using a medical application who need the exact treatment information, but don’t need to know things like the patient’s home address, insurance plan, SSO, or financial details.
• A finance team who may need to know the financial data, but not the exact people it pertains to.
• An accounting team who may need to know contact details as well as charges, but not the medical details.
• Data scientists who need to know statistical information, but not personal information.
With that being said, there are several ways to do that in Snowflake, and we’ll review each one in detail:
Snowflake Dynamic Data Masking
For starters, let's approach this with a relatively new way to mask data in Snowflake, which is the Dynamic Data Masking feature (available for the Enterprise plan). Dynamic Data Masking allows you to set data masking policies, and apply them on certain columns.
When setting dynamic data masking in Snowflake, you are defining masking policies, which may give different results for columns generally based on the user’s role (in most cases). For example, a policy can be:
CREATE OR REPLACE MASKING POLICY phone_masking AS (val string)
RETURNS string ->
ELSE '[REDACTED]'
From here, you can apply the dynamic masking policies on any column:
ALTER TABLE customers MODIFY COLUMN home_phone SET MASKING POLICY phone_masking;
ALTER TABLE customers MODIFY COLUMN work_phone SET MASKING POLICY phone_masking;
For some more support, think of dynamic masking as an abstraction of Snowflake Secure Views, which creates a more reusable way to apply policies. This is all an effort that makes them easier to manage and scale.
Snowflake Data Masking Using Views
Now, let’s say that you don't have an enterprise Snowflake account for some reason or another. If this is the case for you, or maybe you have other logic you want to include in the same abstraction layer, you still have options here. For instance, you can write your own custom dynamic data masking logic within views. As an example, let’s say that we have the following table:
CREATE TABLE customers (id int, name text);
INSERT INTO customers VALUES (1, 'Ben'), (2, 'Karl');
If you want to apply dynamic data masking that will give your ACCOUNTING team full read access, your ANALYST team hashed data for statistical purposes, and others redacted data, you can create a view abstract, such as:
SELECT id, (
WHEN CURRENT_ROLE() IN ('ANALYST') THEN sha2(name)
ELSE '[REDACTED]'
) AS name FROM customers;
By revoking access from the underlying asset (customers) and granting access to the view (v_customers), users will now have data masking per their roles and can only retrieve data based on the commands in place.
SELECT * FROM v_customers;
// returns Ben, Karl
SELECT * FROM v_customers;
// returns hashed values
SELECT * FROM v_customers;
// returns redacted values
Snowflake Static Masking
Another option for masking data in Snowflake is to statically mask the data per use-case. That means if we have a customers table, and we have several data access scenarios, we generate a version for each use-case. We can do this by creating new objects that contain the data anonymized per use-case, such as:
• We create a customers table in the accounting database which contains all details that the accounting team needs.
• We create a customers’ table in the analysts database with hashed and redacted values.
• And so on for other teams
We perform these data transformations as ETLs, and the main advantage of doing so is creating a very clear separation between the different roles, and the data they may view. You can also take a hybrid approach by building a view for each role, if that aligns with your terms of maintainability.
Snowflake data masking options comparison
Satori Universal Masking
As a final note, this comprehensive overview would not be complete without mentioning the Universal Masking feature for Snowflake. This is a feature that can be used when your Snowflake is integrated with Satori. In summary, Universal Masking takes a further step into ease of management by allowing you to set complete masking profiles in one central location, and the freedom to apply these masking profiles globally:
• The profiles can be as generic as “mask anything that’s PII”, or as granular as setting a specific action for each data type.
Profile conditions
Simple masking conditions:
Simple masking conditions
More granular masking conditions:
• You can apply masking based on Snowflake Roles, or directly on IDP Roles.
• You can be as granular as you want to be while setting the policy on specific columns (or even only for specific rows!). In addition, you can also set them on several tables at once, on a complete schema or database, or even on your entire account with one policy.
• You will get transparent details about the actual masking performed in your audit screen.
Actual masking
If you’d like to learn more about Satori’s Universal Masking for Snowflake, please schedule a 30 minutes demo, and we’d be happy to show you around.
|
Evolution of the Hemp Plant
Cannabis has a long and diverse chapter in the history of humanity. Starting in Asia around 500 BC, most ancient cultures grew the plant locally for medicinal purposes (Herbal remedies). Early colonists in America cultivated hemp for textiles and rope. The hemp fiber was used therefore to make clothing, paper and sails while its seeds were used as food. It was common knowledge that the plant was fast-growing, easy to nurture and provided countless benefits.
In the early 19th century, an Irish doctor studying in India, discovered that cannabis extracts could help treat symptoms such as stomach pain and vomiting in people that suffer from Cholera. The news spread throughout world quickly.
Only recently Scientists discovered that both THC & CBD extracts were the actual source of the plant’s medicinal properties. They interact with areas of the brain that are able, (among other things) to lessen nausea and promote hunger.
In the US, Cannabis wasn’t widely used for recreational purposes until the early 20th century. Immigrants from Mexico introduced the recreational practice of smoking marijuana to the American culture. However, by 1931, 29 states had outlawed Cannabis due to public fear caused by massive unemployment. By 1937, the Marijuana Tax Act was implemented. It was the first federal U.S. law to criminalize marijuana nationwide.
The 70’s will forever be remembered as the “War on Drugs” era. That’s when President Nixon himself, listed marijuana as a Schedule I drug—along with LSD, HeroineEcstasy while declaring that it has no medical uses other than high potential for abuse. Marijuana was meant to be perceived as a “gateway drug” by the general population.
In 1972, the National Commission on Marijuana and Drug Abuse (NCMDA) released a report that recommended “partial prohibition” and lower penalties for possession of small amounts of marijuana based on the misconception that Cannabis was addicted and therefore dangerous. Nixon and other thick-headed government officials, however, ignored the report’s findings completely.
It wasn’t until 1996 that humanity finally became fully aware of the benefits that the Hemp plant had to offer. On that year, California became the first state to legalize the use of Cannabis for medicinal purposes (mainly treating severe and chronic conditions). As of today, 11 states including Washington, D.C. and Colorado are fully legalized.
On July 21st, 2017, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved two drugs containing THC that are prescribed in a pill form to treat nausea caused by cancer chemotherapy and loss of appetite in Aids patients.
On May, 2018, the FDA advisory panel unanimously recommended the approval of the CBD medication Epidiolex to treat two rare forms of childhood epilepsy. By then, enough evidence has risen to the point where the FDA determined it is acceptable to approve such new drugs, said in so many words Timothy Welty, the chair of the department of clinical sciences at Drake University’s College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences.
Cannabis is still illegal under U.S. federal law, but the tide is slowly shifting. Countries like Canada and the Netherlands for example, have already legalized Cannabis for recreational purposes while many others started the process of decriminalizing it since the benefits are now conclusive, can no longer be ignored and are becoming a worldwide consensus as more and more people are trying CBD for the first time every day to improve themselves on many aspects, both mentally and physically.
The health benefits of CBD extracts continue to exceed all expectations and ignite numerous other research that is continuously changing the world of medicine as we know it.
Relax Away with Chill Coffee Pods
Global Headlines
|
An Everyday Routine to a Better Life
• A healthy body is your greatest treasure. So, it is essential to follow a lifestyle that will help your body become stronger and healthier. Nowadays, most people get sick at a very early age. It is not possible for everyone to afford expensive medical treatment. Many people cannot get admitted to the hospitals as well because they do not have enough money. Medical insurance companies in South Africa help a lot in these situations by offering health cover plans, but it is always better to be careful when you still have time. (Information Credit –
To live a healthy life, you can follow these tips -
• Start your day the right way
It is the common practice to have tea or coffee for most of the people after getting up in the morning. However, having coffee early in the morning is not a good option as it might dehydrate the person. Moreover, caffeine increases the levels of cortisol which makes us unable to burn fats and eliminate toxins from our body. So, ditch these drinks and have a cup of warm water with the juice of a lemon mixed in it. It has many benefits such as improving your digestion, boosting metabolism, and keeping the liver healthy.
• Have a healthy breakfast
Breakfast is the first meal you have at the beginning of the day. So, you need to keep it light yet healthy enough to give you energy. So, fill your breakfast with green vegetables, milk and eggs. A good breakfast will provide you with enough strength to last throughout the day. You can also opt for a green juice or a green smoothie.
• Maintain a healthy diet all day
Not only breakfast but all of your meals in a day must be healthy. Maintaining a stable diet helps you from many different angles. Having the right portion of protein, carbohydrates and vitamins helps you to achieve a fit body, reduces the risks of chronic diseases, lowers high blood pressure, and takes care of heart, bones, eyes and teeth.
• Eat the right way
While a balanced diet is necessary for living a healthy life, the way of eating is also important, but most of the people ignore it. Due to their busy schedule, people often try to save time during eating and swallow everything in a hurry. However, it makes food harder to digest and it is also harmful to the liver. So, you must chew the food well before swallowing it. Give more time to chewing on your day-offs and try chewing every bite thirty times. It assures a healthy weight with the perfect waistline. Moreover, make sure to eat every meal in a place that is physically and mentally peaceful for you.
• Meditate regularly
Mental piece is equally important to physical health. Mental ailments are often not noticed and can cause several health concerns later on. You need to make some time for meditation daily to drive away anxiety and depression and fill your mind with positive thoughts. Simply sit and concentrate on breathing steadily for fifteen to twenty minutes. Not only it will relieve your stress but will also keep your lungs healthy.
• Make time to take a break
There are many workaholic people who love to work continuously without taking rest. Although working tirelessly is a great practice, yet it is not right to ignore your body. Every person needs to rest, so, do not forget to relax for a while by taking a break from your work. You can read a good book, watch your favourite movie or simply take a nap during this time. It will boost your tired cells and energise them again.
• Exercise regularly
Exercising regularly is the best way of keeping your body fit and strong. However, it is not necessary to exercise hard unless that suits your lifestyle. Light exercises like yoga, stretching and outdoor activities like walking and jogging are enough to keep yourself healthy and grow a stronger immune system. Outdoor activities also help you receive your daily dose of vitamin D.
• How medical insurance helps
Once diagnosed with a chronic disease, you need a long-term treatment, which means, along with consultations with the doctor, you must bear the expenses of medications and hospital bills. Similarly, if you meet an accident, you need to take care of your surgery. However, it can be too huge of a burden for you. So, it is better to purchase medical insurance plans from a renowned insurance company in South Africa. for you and your family. If anything happens to you, these plans cover all your medical expenses.
If you want to ensure safety for the future for you and your family, then follow the healthy lifestyle every day, and make sure to visit a medical insurance company in South Africa for purchasing a plan.
|
Internet glossary pdf
0 is the posited future Internet internet glossary pdf called the "semantic web," where Internet data will have evolved relationships, and mapping will help automate a lot of internet glossary pdf what we now do on the Internet manually. A storage area network (SAN) is a dedicated high-speed network or subnetwork that interconnects and presents shared pools of. internet glossary pdf The design of the technologies that make today’s Inter-. This Internet Glossary is growing.
This makes a good glossary for an introduction. JavaScript – JavaScript is an object-based pdf scripting that can be used in conjunction with HTML to make websites more interactive. ) appearing the same regardless of what operating system is used, so a PDF document should look the same on Windows, Macintosh, linux, OS/2, etc. All server-side functions (such as database processing), although they may be performed in another language, must eventually be output back to the user in HTML. 4 - - GCF LearnFree. Department of Defense with just four computers connected together. internet glossary pdf Internet: A worldwide network of computers connected to each other by telephone lines, cables, and satellites. It includesa refined feature, allowing for pdf the focus on web communities.
All rights reserved. Internet Glossary Common Internet Related Terms. ; 3PL (third-party logistics) - A 3PL (third-party logistics) provider offers outsourced logistics services, which internet glossary pdf encompass anything that involves management of one or more facets of procurement and fulfillment activities. Below is a glossary of all the key terms you need to know when it comes to internet glossary pdf internet and mobile phones. Internet Terms internet glossary pdf and Definitions What is the Internet?
Laptop: A small computer, consisting of a screen and a keyboard, which folds in half so that it can be easily carried. These companies provide internet access to consumers, internet glossary pdf businesses, and governments using a large variety of different technologies. A Simpli ed Computer internet glossary pdf Science Glossary Dr.
Some examples can be found in the internet glossary pdf glossary, look for Ethernet, 3G, 4G, LTE, BTLE, EnOcean, GSM, LTE, NFC, WiFi, Zigbee. List of Internet terms pdf relating to the Internet, the web, and WWW including a full glossary list of hundreds of terms. The web contains the most popular content on the internet and—most likely—much of the content that beginning internet users internet glossary pdf ever see. If you have comments, corrections, or suggested additions, please send them to Walt Howe using the form at the end of the Glossary. 3 Telemedicine: The use of high-speed, high-capacity Internet to support long-distance healthcare. Or we go to our favorite social site and see pictures of our friends, families, and pets. 4G is short for ‘fourth-generation’ that is the newer version of 3G. Part 629 pdf - Glossary of Landform and Geologic TermsVI-NSSH, internet glossary pdf ) (c) Glossary terms and definitions.
The Internet, sometimes called simply "the Net," is a worldwide system of computer networks -- a network of networks in which users at any one computer can, if they have permission, get information internet glossary pdf from any other computer (and sometimes talk directly to users at other computers). With more than 750 pages, this dictionary is one of the most comprehensive resources available. . internet glossary pdf offi ce to the internet or connecting a digital camera to a computer or printer. Much of Internet slang is made up of abbreviations and shortenings. BroadbandUSA Glossary October 8 Tier 2 Internet Network: A network of internet glossary pdf smaller Internet providers that allow users to reach some portion of the Internet but that still purchase IP transit. When you tell someone goodbye, you usually just say “bye.
shtml - A Web file with the suffix of ". In Belimo IoT Terms our current methods are hardwired Ethernet. Impact Report In the first-ever Internet Society Impact Report, we present some of our important internet glossary pdf work in.
We go to a web address and up comes a page. Internet – The Internet is a system that connects millions of computer networks, allowing users to communicate with one another and share resources and information across great distances. boolean logic: A form of algebra internet glossary pdf in which all values are reduced to either true/false, yes/no, on/off, or 1/0. But if you are new to the online experience, it may be a bit overwhelming. 1 COOKING BASICS GLOSSARY OF TERMS ©Tap Series®. org* Introduction Page 1 It&39;s no secret that more and more the internet is becoming an integral part of our everyday lives.
Terms relate to applications, commands, functions, operating systems, image processing and networking. . Heckendorn Computer Science Department, University of Idaho Septem Here is a very simple glossary of computer science terms.
Each term includes a definition / description. A feature available in certain programs like Internet Explorer, Firefox, and Acrobat Reader; it is a shortcut you can use to get to a particular web page (IE and Firefox) or to a internet glossary pdf specified pdf location within a document (PDF). The following glossary includes many common internet terms along with a brief definition and links to further reading. Background history on the Internet -The Internet, originally the ARPAnet (Advanced Research Projects Agency network), began as a military computer network in 1969. Most consumers are familiar with ISPs through cable companies such as Comcast, Sky, or Verizon. Newer method being developed internet glossary pdf is LiFi. The Internet is a world wide network of computers that are connected (networked) and are using the communication method called TCP/IP. A glossary of computer and Internet terms internet glossary pdf with definitions that are easy to understand.
Using the Internet seems pretty easy. PDF-- (Portable Document Format) A file format designed to enable printing and viewing of documents with all their formatting (typefaces, images, layout, etc. Ultimate storage area network guide. The Internet was named ARPANET in 1969 by the Advanced Research Projects Agency of the U.
Terms and definitions are being added all the time. A crawler-based search engine that was previously a question-answer matching web service.
|
Pause and Smell
Huntington evening setting
In the heat of the night
Why fragrance at night? The daytime warmth is still captured in the surface of the concrete walkways as the soil begins to cool down. This combination of temperature change intensifies aromatic plants. Many Mediterranean herbs that thrive with little water in the simmering heat, continue to let go of their fragrances as the sun goes down to help attract night time pollinators.
In your garden
Aromatic herb foliage adds another sensory dimension to the garden. Place plants where they will give the most benefit. Fragrant plants lined or massed along pathways and entries will greet guests. Large puddles and clusters create a strong infusion in the area they are planted. Add groupings of different seasonal fragrant plants near patios and outdoor living spaces. Container gardens filled with aromatic plants can be added to areas where ground planting space is a premium.
Leave a Reply
You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change )
Google photo
Twitter picture
Facebook photo
Connecting to %s
|
Samples Engineering Hydraulic Fracturing
Hydraulic Fracturing
716 words 3 page(s)
Hydraulic fracturing, also knowing as fracking, is a mining technique used for mining natural gases and petroleum, in which a wellbore is created and liquid solution of water, sand and chemicals is shot into it at high pressure. From this, small fractures are created in the rock, and out of these fractures, petroleum and gas leak into the well. Fracking has been used in the mining of natural gas since 1949. In this essay I will offer arguments in support of hydraulic fracturing as a safe and sustainable way to mine hydrocarbons.
Fracking differs from other gas mining techniques as the wells are drilled thousands of feet deeper than traditional wells. It also requires up to 100 times more local fresh water per well than other extraction methods. The chemicals in the water solution are also different to past techniques. Some who are in opposition to fracking suggest that the water use and the toxicity of the chemicals outweigh any benefits to the process. However, another way that fracking is different to previous methods is that it harvests more gas per unit of energy put in to the process than any other mining technique. Natural gas, the product of fracking, is also one of the cleanest energy sources, having a tiny carbon footprint compared to fossil fuels like coal. Some writers on the subject are also keen to point out that the debate surrounding hydraulic fracturing is often ignorant of science, and based more in scare-tactics. (Emerson 3)
Need A Unique Essay on "Hydraulic Fracturing"? Use Promo "custom20" And Get 20% Off!
Order Now
Alternative energy sources to natural gas are, as I mentioned above, coal and oil. Though fracking is also responsible for the mining of oil, it is the mining of natural gas that it is used for most of all. It is estimated by some that the vast well formation beneath Pennsylvania, West Virginia and New York could produce “493 trillion cubic feet of gas in its 50- to 100-year life span,” (McGraw par. 2. Emphasis my own) which is enough to “power every natural gas-burning device in the country for 20 years.” (par. 2. Emphasis my own) Another claim mentioned above is that of fracking being wasteful with regards to fresh water. McGraw also debunks this claim in his article, stating that “of the 9.5 billion gallons of water used daily in Pennsylvania, natural gas development consumes [only] 1.9 million gallons a day,” (par. 3) whereas, for example, livestock uses 62 million, and industry, 770 million. Another benefit of natural gas, of course, is how clean it is, and with the process of fracking becoming cleaner too, continuing improvements of the process could leave us with an almost carbon neutral source of energy. This certainly seems to outweigh any potential (and small) dangers of contamination of water supply, which have so far been very few in the lifespan of the process.
The cost of setting up fracking sites, in economic terms, caries depending on the location. US fracking sites of, for example, 10,500 vertical feet, cost around $8 million to set up and maintain. (Anderson par. 10) However, the cost to the communities above and around the site is something which also needs to be considered when trying to find positive arguments for the process. Of course one huge benefit to the local areas around drilling sites is that jobs will be created, bringing money into the towns and cities that surround the area.
Clearly the debate around hydraulic fracturing for the extraction of hydrocarbons will not cease until all the apparent issues surrounding the process are resolved, but it appears to me, even in this short presentation of a few of the benefits of it, that it is not as terrible a process as some people make it out to be, and with a little more work of safety measures and reducing the carbon footprint of the process itself, we could have an incredibly safe, sustainable, and carbon neutral energy source.
• Anderson, J. “How Much Does a Shale Gas Well Cost? ‘It Depends’” Accessed May 28, 2014. 2013. Web.
• BBC News “What is fracking and why is it controversial?” Accessed May 28, 2014. 2013. Web.
• Emerson, E. “Drilling into the fracas over natural gas fracking” in Science News 182(5) Septeber 2012. Print.
• McGraw. “Is Fracking Safe? The Top 10 Controversial Claims About Natural Gas Drilling” Accessed May 27, 2014. n.d. Web.
|
New to the site? Try Quick User Guide
COVID-19 Quick View: Remote Learning Guidance & Resources
Social-Emotional Learning Small Groups
Guided small group time for social-emotional learning
For many students, school has often been a safe place and one where they find structure and community. With the shift to remote and hybrid learning, students are in even more need of that stability and connection. To help students maintain some structure and build their social-emotional skills, embed daily social-emotional small groups into your schedule.
During these guided social-emotional small groups, take ten minutes to allow students to connect and build relationships and trust with each other outside of the academic content. This small-group time is kept solely for social-emotional learning and development as students need to be able to rely upon a safe space to process their feelings and emotions. When creating and introducing these small groups, ensure that you roll out a set of clear guidelines for how they will engage in the group, including how they will participate and share, norms to follow, and one of the most important guidelines: ensuring anonymity. Remind students that everything said and shared in the small group is meant to stay within the group as this is key to building and maintaining trust. It takes a fair amount of vulnerability to participate and share, so be patient with students as they build trust with you and with one another.
Tips for structuring SEL small-group time:
• Provide structure and routine to the time by sharing a new question each time. Be sure to post the question on a slide for students to read.
• Give students thinking time before asking them to answer (consider 30 seconds to one minute).
• Model by answering the question yourself.
• Limit the small groups to no more than four students to allow for each student to have enough time to process and share.
• If a particular question brings up difficult feelings for a student, don’t force them to answer. Follow up with this student privately to see how you might support them and help them to process individually.
• Always thank students for sharing.
Questions to use during SEL small-group time:
• What is one of your strengths?
• How do you contribute to our classroom community?
• How do you show up as a leader?
• Tell about a time when you’ve been successful. What made you successful?
• Tell about a time when you’ve failed at something. What did you learn from the experience?
• Describe a time when you needed help.
• Describe a time when you helped someone.
• What is something you’re good at?
• For a more comprehensive guide for SEL discussion prompts, see CASEL’s SEL Reflection Prompts.
|
What Is Project Management
Almost any activity that involves carrying out a non-repetitive task can be a project however, there is a big difference between carrying out a very simple project involving one or two people and one involving a complex mix of people, organisations and tasks.
But large-scale projects like building the Pyramids often used rather simple control and resource techniques including brute force to ‘motivate’ the workforce!
What is a project plan?
The art of planning for the future has always been a human trait. In essence a project can be captured on paper with a few simple elements: a start date, an end date, the tasks that have to be carried out and when they should be finished, along with some idea of the resources (people, equipment, goods, money, etc.) that will be needed during the course of the project.
When the plan starts to involve different things happening at different times, some of which are dependent on each other, plus resources required at different times and in different quantities and perhaps working at different rates, the paper plan could start to cover a vast area and be unreadable.
Project management is not only about planning but also about human attributes like leadership and motivation.
Do plans help you control a project?
Nevertheless, the idea that complex plans could be analysed by a computer to allow someone to control a project is the basis of much of the development in technology that now allow projects of any size and complexity not only to be planned but also modelled to answer ‘what if?’ questions.
But computer programs are not project management: they are tools for project managers to use. Project management is all that mix of components of control, leadership, teamwork, resource management etc. that goes into a successful project.
Do Project Managers matter?
Project managers can be found in all industries. Their numbers have grown rapidly as industry and commerce has realised that much of what it does is project work. And as project-based organisations have started to emerge, project management is becoming established as both a professional career path and a way of controlling business.
So opportunities in project management now exist not only in being a project manager, but also as part of the support team in a project or programme office or as a team leader for part of a project. There are qualifications that can be attained.
One reason for the rapid growth is the need to understand how to look after complex projects that are critical to business success but also have to use scarce resources efficiently. Most organizations still want their projects to be on time, meet quality objectives, and not cost more than the budget. These form the classic time, quality, cost ‘’constraints triangle’’.
In fact if you have an unlimited budget and unlimited time, project management becomes rather easy. For most people, however, time and money are critical and that is what makes project management so important today.
|
Wireless Equipment
Wireless Equipment for sale Richards Bay
Wireless Communication is a method of transmitting information from one point to another, without using any connection like wires, cables, or any physical medium. Generally, in a communication system, information is transmitted from transmitter to receiver that is placed over a limited distance.
Contact Security Mecca
Request a quote
|
-- Max Stirner
Stirner's main work is The Ego and Its Own, also known as The Ego and His Own (Der Einzige und sein Eigentum in German), which was first published in Leipzig, 1844, and has since appeared in numerous editions and translations.
Stirner was born in Bayreuth, Bavaria, on October 25, 1806. What little is known of his life is mostly due to the Scottish born German writer John Henry Mackay, who wrote a biography of Stirner (Max Stirner - sein Leben und sein Werk), published in German in 1898. A 2005 English translation has now appeared.
Stirner attended university in Berlin, where he attended the lectures of Hegel, who was to become a vital source of inspiration for his thinking, and on the structure of whose work Phenomenology of Spirit (Phänomenologie des Geistes), he modelled his own book. (Hegel's influence on Stirner's thinking is debatable, and is discussed in more detail below.)
While in Berlin in 1841, Stirner sometimes participated in a discussion group of young philosophers called "The Free" [Die Freien], and who historians have subsequently categorized as so-called Young Hegelians. Some of the best known names in 19th century literature were members of this discussion group, including Bruno Bauer, Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Ludwig Feuerbach, and Arnold Ruge.
While some of the Young Hegelians were eager subscribers to Hegel's dialectical method, and attempted to apply dialectical approaches to Hegel's conclusions, the "left wing" members of the Young Hegelians, e.g. those named above, broke with Hegel. Feuerbach and Bauer led this charge.
Frequently the debates would take place at Hippel's, a Weinstube (wine bar) in Friedrichstrasse, attended by, amongst others, the young Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, at that time still adherents of Feuerbach. The only portrait we have of Stirner consists of a cartoon by Engels, drawn forty years later from memory on the request of Stirner's biographer John Henry Mackay.
Stirner worked as a schoolteacher employed in an academy for young girls when he wrote his major work The Ego and Its Own, which in part is a polemic against both Hegel and some Young Hegelians (e.g. Ludwig Feuerbach, Bruno Bauer), but also against communists as Wilhelm Weitling and against the anarchist Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, not to mention Feuerbach. He resigned his teaching position in anticipation of the controversy arising from his major work's publication in October 1844.
Stirner married twice; his first wife was a household servant with whom he fell in love at an early age. Soon after their marriage, she died due to complications with pregnancy in 1838. In 1843 he married Marie Dähnhardt, an intellectual associated with Die Freien. They divorced in 1846. The bitter ironic dedication of The Ego and Its Own - "to my sweetheart Marie Dähnhardt" - may hint at the reasons for the shortness of their liaison. Marie later converted to catholicism and died 1902 in London.
One of the most curious events in those times was that Stirner planned and financed (with his second wife's inheritance) an attempt by some Young Hegelians to own and operate a milk-shop on co-operative principles. This enterprise failed because the German dairy farmers harboured suspicions of these well-dressed intellectuals with their confusing talk about profit-sharing and other high-minded ideals. Meanwhile, the milk shop itself appeared so ostentatiously decorated that most of the customers felt too poorly dressed to buy their milk there.
After The Ego and Its Own, Stirner published German translations of Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations and Jean-Baptiste Say's Traite d'Economie Politique, and a set of his replies to his critics were collected in a small work titled History of Reaction (1852).
In 1856, Stirner died in Berlin, Prussia from an infected insect bite. As the story goes, Bruno Bauer was the only Young Hegelian present at his funeral.
Stirner's (Assigned) Place in the History of Philosophy
The status of the philosophy of Max Stirner has been largely determined by his criticism of others, and his treatment by his critics. His lengthy repudiation of Hegelian philosophy has reserved an historically dubious niche for his name in the list of "Young Hegelians" offered in standard histories of 19th century philosophy, and, perhaps more importantly (so far as keeping his works in print), the perceived importance of his philosophy in the intellectual development of the young Karl Marx has earned him a footnote in many reading lists.
The number of pages Marx and Engels devote to attacking Stirner in (the unexpurgated text of) The German Ideology exceeds the total of Stirner's written works. Marx's incoherent (and frequently ad hominem) screed has led a few of his followers in each generation to investiage the source text that inspired so much vituperation. Leaving aside Stirner's critical engagement with Feuerbachian Humanism, German Liberalism, and other ideologies of his era, we may say that Stirner's purely negative associations with Hegel and Marxism alone have been sufficient to assign him a permanent place in the canon of Western philosophy --albeit a place of infamy. Even those who value Stirner's contribution to the Western tradition tend to focus on the negative arguments of The Ego and its Own, viz., his condemnation of the social, moral, religious and political conditions that surrounded him in 19th century Europe.
Although Stirner provides plenty of such "negative" material for our consideration, it is disappointing to find that the "positive aspect" (or "posited tenets") of his philosophy has been so rarely taken into consideration in evaluating his significance. Although less overtly prejudicial to Stirner's work, the small literature of comparative essays that have attempted to relate Stirner in Nietzschean terms (e.g., R.W.K. Patterson, The Nihilistic Egoist, & John Carroll, 1974, Break Out from the Crystal Palace) have also obscured the primary source text by reducing Stirner's work into a set of points that can (or cannot be) validated in the light of later philosophical developments.
The root of the problem is partly methodological: to describe Stirner simply in contradistinction to Hegel (or Marx, or Feuerbach, etc.) must inevitably fail to touch on the heart of his own philosophy, for the plain reason that his own arguments stand independent of (and in radical contradistinction to) the common assumptions of the 19th century German tradition.
Stirner's main work is The Ego and Its Own (org. 'Der Einzige und sein Eigentum'), which appeared in Leipzig in 1844. One can chart the development of his philosophy through a series of articles that appeared shortly before this central work (the articles The False Principle of Our Education and Art and Religion furnishing particular interest).
In The Ego and Its Own Stirner launches a radical anti-authoritarian and individualist critique of contemporary Prussian society, and modernity and modern western society as such, and offers an approach to human existence which depicts the self as a creative non-entity, beyond language and reality, as generally conceived of in the western philosophical tradition.
In short, the book proclaims that all religions and ideologies rest on empty concepts, that, once undermined by individual self-interest, break apart to reveal their emptiness. The same holds true for those of society's institutions, that uphold these concepts, be it the state, legislation, the church, the systems of education, or other institutions that claim authority over the individual.
Stirner's argument explores and extends the limits of Hegelian criticism, aiming his critique especially at those of his contemporaries (particularly colleagues amongst the Young Hegelians, most importantly Ludwig Feuerbach), embracing popular 'ideologies', explicitly including nationalism, statism, liberalism, socialism, communism and humanism.
In the time of spirits thoughts grew till they overtopped my head, whose offspring they yet were; they hovered about me and convulsed me like fever-phantasies -- an awful power. The thoughts had become corporeal on their own account, were ghosts, e. g. God, Emperor, Pope, Fatherland, etc. If I destroy their corporeity, then I take them back into mine, and say: "I alone am corporeal." And now I take the world as what it is to me, as mine, as my property; I refer all to myself.
Only when the false claims of authority by such concepts and institutions as the above, are revealed, can real individual action, power and identity take place. Individual self-realization rests on each individual's desire to fulfill his egoism, be it by instinct, unknowingly, unwillingly - or consciously, fully aware of his self-interest
The primary difference between an unwilling and a willing egoist, is that the first will be 'possessed' by an empty idea, or a 'spook', in the hope that this idea will make him happy, and the last, in contrast, will be able to freely choose the ways of his egoism, and enjoy himself while doing it. The contrast is also expressed in terms of the difference between the individual being the possessor of his concepts as opposed to being possessed thereby. Only when one realizes that all sacred truths such as law, right, morality, religion etc., are nothing other than artificial concepts, and not holy authorities to be obeyed, can one act freely. In Stirner's idiom, to be free is to be both one's own "creature" (in the sense of 'creation') and one's own "creator" (dislocating the traditional role assigned to the gods):
Sacred things exist only for the egoist who does not acknowledge himself, the involuntary egoist ... in short, for the egoist who would like not to be an egoist, and abases himself (combats his egoism), but at the same time abases himself only for the sake of "being exalted", and therefore of gratifying his egoism. Because he would like to cease to be an egoist, he looks about in heaven and earth for higher beings to serve and sacrifice himself to; but, however much he shakes and disciplines himself, in the end he does all for his own sake... [on] this account I call him the involuntary egoist. ...As you are each instant, you are your own creature in this very 'creature' you do not wish to lose yourself, the creator. You are yourself a higher being than you are, and surpass yourself ... just this, as an involuntary egoist, you fail to recognize; and therefore the 'higher essence' is to you --an alien essence. ... Alienness is a criterion of the "sacred". [Ibidem, Cambridge edition, p. 37-8]
Stirner has been broadly understood as a proponent of both psychological egoism and ethical egoism, although the latter position can be disputed, maintaining that there is no sense in Stirner's writing, in which one 'ought to' pursue one's own interest, and further claiming any such category of 'ought' would be a new 'fixed idea'. The notion that one's own interest (or one's own nature) is a calling to which one is beholden (or "ought to follow" in any moral or imperative sense) is, strictly speaking, contrary to Stirner's tenets. However, he may be understood as a rational egoist in the sense that he apparently considered it irrational not to act in one's self interest.
On the other hand, Stirner repeatedly refers to a fundamental state of existence, which he seems to view as ideal, 'like the bird, who sings because it is a singer'. He provokes his readers with references to their christian-adopted fear of their own nudity, encouraging them to throw away such fixed ideas, to see and become 'who they really are'. In such terms, Stirner's egoism may be seen as 'ethical' and perhaps even as idealistic.
The political ramifications of Stirner's work are sometimes described as a form of individualist anarchism. Stirner however does not identify himself as an anarchist, and includes anarchists among the parties subject to his criticism. In particular, Stirner's political doctrine repudiates revolution in the traditional sense, and ridicules social movements aimed at overturning the state as tacitly statist (i.e., aimed at the establishment of a new state thereafter), putting forth instead a unique model of self-empowerment and social change through "union activism" --although the definition and explanation of the latter is unique to Stirner, and does not resemble a standard socialist doctrine of trade unionism. Some people see Ernst Jünger's revolutionary conservative concept of the anarch as a more faithful rendition of Stirner's thought.
'The creative nothing'
Stirner's demolition of 'fixed ideas' and absolute concepts (derided as 'spooks' of contemporary philosophy) lead him to a nameless void, without meaning and without existence; a so-called 'creative nothing' from which mind and creativity will arise. The 'nothing' Stirner arrives at, in the process of tearing down every absolute concept (every absolute description) outside of himself, he later described as an 'end-point of language', meaning this is where all description comes to an end; it cannot be described. But this is also the place where all description begins, where the individual self can describe (and therefore create) the world in its own meaning.
In order to understand this 'creative nothing', which Stirner strives so hard to argue for and explain, to the extent that his work invokes poetry and vivid imagery to give meaning to his words - but helplessly cannot describe by words alone, it is worth bearing his Hegelian origins in mind. The 'creative nothing' by its dialectical shortcomings creates the need for a description, for meaning. You need the word 'nothing' to describe nothing - therefore nothing is a paradox. You cannot say 'nothing' without someone saying it, at the very least. And you need the concept of self to describe who is describing it. The nothing gives way to individual meaning, existence and power.
Stirner elaborated on his attempt on describing the undescribable in the essay "Stirner's Critics", written by Stirner in response to Feuerbach and others (in custom with the time, he refers to himself in the third person) :
Stirner speaks of the Unique and says immediately: Names name you not. He articulates the word, so long as he calls it the Unique, but adds nonetheless that the Unique is only a name. He thus means something different from what he says, as perhaps someone who calls you Ludwig does not mean a Ludwig in general, but means You, for which he has no word. (...) It is the end point of our phrase world, of this world in whose "beginning was the Word."
— Max Stirner, Stirner's Critics
One might describe this place (if describable) as the place where we come into existence; where we are born (see reference to the modern theorist Julia Kristeva below).
"Self-Ownership" and the philosophy of "no self"
In a peculiar but formally acurate sense, we could summarize The Ego and Its Own as "an ethic of owning the world". The book both opens and closes with a quotation from Goethe that reads "I have taken up my cause without foundation", with the (unstated) next line of the poem being "…and all the world is mine". Contrary to the common gloss on the Stirner, one of his central doctrines is that the self "is nothing"; and in realizing this one is said to "own the world", because (as the book states in its last line:) "all things are nothing to me" [Ibidem., p. 324].
This philosophical standpoint, and the type of imagery used to advance it, remains shocking to the Western philosophical tradition that Stirner emerged from, and still in our times, authors such as David Leopold (in his introduction to the Cambridge Edition of _The Ego..._, 1995 & reprinted in 2000) express stunned disbelief at most of what Stirner has to say about the nature of mind, world, and "property" (as he defines it). However, from other philosophical perspectives Stirner's conclusion that "the I" (or "the ego) is nothing is less surprising; both this and the related tenet that "the world is empty" have no similar Western precedent, but recall to mind closely comparable sentiments from canonical Theravada Buddhism:
By bringing the essence into prominence one degrades the hitherto misapprehended appearance to a bare semblance, a deception. The essence of the world, so attractive and splendid, is for him who looks to the bottom of it -- emptiness; emptiness is --world's essence (world's doings). [Ibidem, p. 40]
... [F]or 'being' is abstraction, as is even 'the I'. Only I am not abstraction alone: I am all in all, consequently, even abstraction or nothing: I am all and nothing; I am not a mere thought, but at the same time I am full of thoughts, a thought-world. [Ibidem, p. 300]
I say: liberate yourself as far as you can, and you have done your part; for it is not given to every one to break through all limits, or, more expressively, not to everyone is that a limit which is a limit for the rest. Consequently, do not tire yourself with toiling at the limits of others; enough if you tear down yours. [...] He who overturns one of his limits may have shown others the way and the means; the overturning of their limits remains their affair.
Significantly, Stirner describes this world-view, in brief, as "enjoyment", and he frequently glosses the "nothingness" of the non-self as "unutterable" (p. 314) or "unnameable" (p. 132), "unspeakable" yet "a mere word" (p. 164; cf. Stirner's comments on the Skeptic concepts ataraxia and aphasia, p. 26). This ethic of self-liberation is a striking contrast to the exhortations on duty, obedience, and public morality common to Kant, Hegel, and even anti-establishment authors like Marx who drew so much of their vocabulary from the former generation.
Love Without Authority, Compassion Without Obligation
Contrary to the common gloss on Stirner, this combined teaching of "egoism" and the illusory nature of the ego is not associated with a life of rapacious self-interest, but rather, as the author states repeatedly, is part of a life of "love" and "compassion" (for "every feeling being"); but this "consciously egoistic" love comes with the important caveat that these feelings are without the "alienness" of a religion, and are no longer social "duties", nor "fixed notions", nor even "passions":
<qoute> ...[Love] cuts no better figure than any other passion [if] I obey [it] blindly. The ambitious man, who is carried away by ambition... has let this passion grow up into a despot against whom he abandons all power of dissolution; he has given up himself because he cannot dissolve himself, and consequently cannot absolve himself from the passion: he is possessed. I love men, too, not merely individuals, but every one. But I love them with the consciousness of my egoism; I love them because love makes me happy, I love because loving is natural to me, it pleases me. I know no 'commandment of love'. I have a fellow-feeling with every feeling being, and their torment torments, their refreshment refreshes me too... [Ibidem, p. 258] </qoute>
Interpreting Stirner's concept of "Ownership"
Turning to the introduction to the Cambridge edition of _The Ego and its Own_ provided by David Leopold (Ibidem, pg. xxxi), we find a badly flawed sketch of this important aspect of Stirner's work:
... [W]hen Stirner talks of the egoist being 'owner' of the world it seems simply to indicate the absence of obligations on the egoist --a bleak and uncompromising vision that he captures in an appropriately alimentary image:
"Where the world comes in my way -- and it comes in my way everywhere -- I consume it to the quiet hunger of my egoism. For me you are nothing but -- my food, even as I too am fed upon and turned to use by you. We have only one relation to each other, that of usableness, of utility, of use. We owe each other nothing. (p. 263)"
The supposedly "bleak and uncompromising vision" that he alludes to on page 263 is in fact a description of a bird singing in a tree for the sheer joy of creating its own song; the image is not "bleak", but positively ebullient. Stirner's words immediately preceding the quotation that Leopold has taken out of context are as follows:
But not only not [sic.] for your sake, not even for the truth's sake either do I speak out what I think. No:
I sing as the bird sings,
That on the bough alights;
The song that from me springs
Is pay that well requites.
I sing because -- I am a singer. But I use [gebrauche] you for it because I -- need [brauche] ears. [Ibidem, 263]
Stirner's intended meaning for the word 'use' [gebrauche] in this excerpt is established in the context of the metaphor of the singing bird: the bird's song is reward enough for the act of singing, but yet the performer has some 'use' for an audience. The very next statement ("where the world comes in my way..." etc.) broadens the meaning to encompass all sorts of creative engagement with the world (i.e., Stirner's point is not limited to birds or vocalists), and the paragraph ends with a re-affirmation of the central point of the metaphor, namely, that the performer has no obligation to the audience, but sings out of sheer joy for the act of performing. Thus, it seems, the audience is encouraged to get the same 'use' out of the performance, viz., mutual joy/enjoyment without any obligations binding the two parties. By taking the quote out of context, Leopold effectively imposes an unintended meaning upon the verb "use" [gebrauche] as somehow implying "instrumental treatment" (p. xxxi), but the specific "use" that Stirner here describes is the enjoyment of a listener for a song, or of a singer for the very act of singing. This misuse of the source text is further demonstrated when we consider Stirner's words immediately following the quotation selected by Leopold:
We owe each other nothing, for what I seem to owe you I owe at most to myself. If I show you a cheerful air in order to cheer you likewise, then your cheerfulness is of consequence to me, and my air serves my wish... [Ibidem]
Whereas Leopold abruptly ends his quotation with "We owe each other nothing" (full stop, i.e., failing to provide an ellipsis to indicate that he is breaking off Stirner in mid-sentence) the original text reiterates that the subject being discussed is, in fact, the imparting of cheerfulness (without any debt being owed between the parties cheered up, i.e., because each cheers the other for his own delight, as per the bird with its song).
Stirner's role as author and the problem of "Pessimism"
There is a broad problem of interpretation in the assignation of "pessimism" to Stirner's philosophy, despite its frequently ebullient tone, and sometimes overtly optimistic imagery. This extends to the important issue of Stirner's writing about writing, viz., the role of the author (and "critic") in self-liberation and effecting social change.
In the foregoing section, readers were encouraged to decide for themselves if Stirner's thesis is truly "a bleak and uncompromising vision" as Leopold characterizes it in his introduction (op. cit. supra). In that instance, the source text actually presents a discussion of how people can spread joy to one-another (with detachment, and no sense of mutual obligation), explained by way of a rather impish and fey simile. What Leopold glosses as an "alimentary image" is in fact a bird's "hunger" for the sound of its own song in the act of cheering itself (and others) up.
Leopold abuses the same passage again (p. xxxi) when he attempts, in effect, to have Stirner condemn his own writing by taking a quotation out of context:
As Stirner's own meiotic prediction has it: 'very few' of us will 'draw joy' (p. 263) from this picture. [Ibidem, xxxi]
Is this a fair representation of Stirner's opinion of his own work as an author on page 263? No, it is not; on that page, Stirner specifically describes himself as comparable to a singing bird in imparting joy to others (as shown above) without having any obligation toward his audience. His separate statement that 'very few will draw joy from it' is put forth in direct contrast to the Catholic Church's medieval policy of 'withholding the Bible from the laity' so that the ignorant bliss of the masses would not be troubled by its details. In the passage quoted by Leopold, Stirner is asserting that his writing will trouble the bliss of the ignorant, but (like the bird that is compelled to sing) he feels he must "scatter" his thoughts even if they "deprive you of your rest and sleep" (p. 263).
In the passage quoted, Stirner is definitely not conceding that his vision is so "bleak" that few can enjoy it; he is rather making an argument (sustained throughout the book, e.g., p. 127, 132, 309-12) that the correct attitude of the intellectual (or "critic") is to proceed with an open mind, and an open heart, not with the intention of protecting his audience from truths too terrible to tell. Specifically, in this passage, the emphasis is on writing without any preconceptions (viz., including such vague assumptions as what "the public good" might be), and without any sense of obligation to nationality, religion, or broader abstractions such as humanity, truth and justice. All such obligations, Stirner argues, entail prejudice, even when these obligations are represented as a kind of enthusiasm, passion, or love (e.g., censorship "out of love for the Church", "...for the Nation", etc.).
Although any such obligation may be portrayed as a form of love, Stirner's assertion is that "because preconceived, it is a prejudice" (p. 262). In terms closely comparable to the classical Skepticism of Sextus Empiricus, Stirner directs us to examine the criterion of truth that underlies our arguments as an unexamined proposition; this "first presupposition" perverts true philosophy (glossed as "discovery", and elsewhere as "self-discovery") into mere dogmatism (p. 309). Stirner maintains that love, too, can be subverted by "dogmatism", viz., sentiments that philosophers have so much praised, such as the love for humanity in general, and the love for truth, Stirner criticizes as "narrow" feelings compared to the open-minded impulse of one who loves from the free play of the passions (here posed as parallel to the bird singing from pure joy):
I do not limit myself to one feeling for men, but give free play to all that I am capable of. [...] With this, I can keep myself open to every impression without being torn away by one of them. I can love, love with a full heart, and let the most consuming glow of passion burn in my heart, without taking the beloved one for anything else than the nourishment of my passion, on which it ever refreshes itself anew. [Ibidem, p. 262]
In this quotation we find again that the "alimentary" imagery that Leopold complains of is far from "bleak"; it simply posits the role of the beloved as "fueling" the passion of lover (as akin to the audience "fueling" the passion of the performer --Stirner describes both as reciprocal relationships of "utility", and, thus, of "union").
It may be complained that Stirner is using needlessly cerebral (and unfamiliar) terms in describing the singer's impulse to perform as "the quiet hunger of egoism", or in speaking of the "nourishment" of passion. Nevertheless, it is intellectually dishonest for Leopold to characterize "the absence of obligations on the egoist" in negative terms by taking Stirner's psychologically loaded vocabulary out of context, and suggesting to the reader that the appearance of the word "use" means that Stirner endorses the "instrumental treatment" (xxxi) of people, or that Stirner is literally telling people they ought to regard one-another as food (in the quote that Leopold has taken out of context from page 263) when this is in fact an image employed in an argument that people should spread joy to one-another without any feelings of obligation, and moreover (in a separate but related argument) that authors should write without dogmatic preconceptions.
Insurrection vs. Revolution
Stirner's ethic is not revolutionary (he does not call for his reader to rebel, as does Marx), nor is it one of enjoining a moral duty or obligation upon the reader (as with Kant, Hegel, and so many others), but he instead describes his own social and moral role as comparable to a figure no more obscure to the Western tradition than Jesus Christ:
The time [in which Jesus lived] was politically so agitated that, as is said in the gospels, people thought they could not accuse the founder of Christianity more successfully than if they arraigned him for 'political intrigue', and yet the same gospels report that he was precisely the one who took the least part in these political doings. But why was he not a revolutionary, not a demagogue, as the Jews would gladly have seen him? [...] Because he expected no salvation from a change of conditions, and this whole business was indifferent to him. He was not a revolutionary, like Caesar, but an insurgent: not a state-overturner, but one who straightened himself up. [...] [Jesus] was not carrying on any liberal or political fight against the established authorities, but wanted to walk his own way, untroubled about, and undisturbed by, these authorities. [...] But, even though not a ringleader of popular mutiny, not a demagogue or revolutionary, he (and every one of the ancient Christians) was so much the more an insurgent who lifted himself above everything that seemed so sublime to the government and its opponents, and absolved himself from everything that they remained bound to [...]; precisely because he put from him the upsetting of the established, he was its deadly enemy and real annihilator... [Ibidem p. 280-1]
As Stirner specifies in a footnote (p. 280), he here uses the word insurgent "in its etymological sense"; thus, "to rise above" the religion and government of one's own times by "straightening oneself up" is contrasted to the method of the revolutionary who merely brings about a "change of conditions" by displacing one government with another:
The revolution aimed at new arrangements; insurrection leads us no longer to let ourselves be arranged, but to arrange ourselves, and sets no glittering hopes on 'institutions'. It is not a fight against the established [...] it is only a working forth of me out of the established. [...] Now, as my object is not an overthrow of the established order but my elevation above it, my purpose and deed are not political or social but (as directed toward myself and my ownness alone) an egoistic purpose indeed. [Ibidem, p. 280]
It is hardly necessary reiterate that Stirner is using the language of ethical philosophy to direct the reader to pursue his or her own "upliftment" --both that they might liberate themselves from their own "limits" (elsewhere given a more detailed epistemological definition), and also that they might "rise above" limiting social, political and ideological conditions, and each walk their "own way". An attentive reader can also gathered a working definition of Stirner's sense of the term "egoistic" from the quotes provided above; the egoism that Stirner endorses is quite simply setting aside any interest in the social order to seek out one's own liberation --but, at the same time, serving to benefit others by demonstrating "the way and the means". The passages quoted above are clearly incompatable with Leopold's conclusion (in his introduction to the Cambridge edition) that Stirner "...saw humankind as 'fretted in dark superstition' but denied that he sought their enlightenment and welfare" (Ibidem, p. xxxii). Although it is technically true that Stirner refuses to describe himself as directly liberating others, his stated purpose these quotations is precisely to achieve the "enlightenment and welfare" of others by way of demonstration --and "insurrection" as he defines it.
Critique of Christianity and/or/as Dogmatism
The passages quoted above seem to exhaust the few points of contact between Stirner's philosophy and early Christianity. It is merely Jesus as an "annihilator" of the established biases and preconceptions of Rome that Stirner can relate to --he has nothing but scorn for Christianity as the basis of a new dogmatism that was to ossify soon thereafter. His reason for "citing" the cultural change sparked by Jesus, is (explicitly) that he wants the Christian ideologies of 19th century Europe to collapse, much as the ideology of heathen Rome did before it (e.g., "[the Christian era] will end with the casting off of the ideal, with 'contempt for the spirit'", p. 320). As with the classical Skeptics before him, Stirner's method of self-liberation is expressly opposed to faith or belief in the broadest possible sense of the term; he envisions a life free from "dogmatic presuppositions" (p. 135, 309) or any "fixed standpoint" (p. 295). It is not merely Christian dogma that his epistemology would repudiate, but also a wide variety of European ideologies that are effectively condemned as crypto-Christian for putting hypostatized ideas in an equivalent, injuntive role:
Among many transformations, the Holy Spirit became in time the 'absolute idea' [in Hegelian philosophy], which again in manifold refractions split into the different ideas of philanthropy, reasonableness, civic virtue, and so on. [...] Antiquity, at its close, had gained its ownership of the world only when it had broken the world's overpoweringness and 'divinity', recognised the world's powerlessness and 'vanity'. [...] [The philosophers of our time say] Concepts are to decide everywhere, concepts to regulate life, concepts to rule. This is the religious world [of our time], to which Hegel gave a systematic expression, bringing method into the nonsense and completing the conceptual precepts into a rounded, firmly-based dogmatic. Everything is sung according to concepts and the real man, I, am compelled to live according to these conceptual laws. [...] Liberalism simply brought other concepts on the carpet; human instead of divine, political instead of ecclesiastical, 'scientific' instead of doctrinal, or, more generally, real concepts and eternal laws instead of 'crude dogmas' and precepts. [Ibidem, p. 87-8]
The thinker is distinguished from the believer only by believing much more than the latter, who, on his part, thinks of much less as signified by his faith (creed). The thinker has a thousand tenets of faith where the believer gets along with few; but the the former brings coherence into his tenets, and take the coherence in turn for the scale to estimate their worth by. p. 304
What Stirner proposes is a radical alternative to dispense with dogmatism, root and branch; it is not that concepts should rule people, but that people should rule concepts. The "nothingness" of all truth is rooted in the "nothingness" of the self, because the ego is the criterion of (dogmatic) truth. Again, Stirner seems closely comparable to the Skeptics in that his radical epistemology directs us to emphasise empirical experience (the "unmediated" relationship of mind as world, and world as mind) but leaves only a very limited validity to the category of "truth". When we regard the impressions of the senses with detachment, simply for what they are (e.g., neither good nor evil), we may still correctly assign truth to them, with the conscious awareness that our own desire is (in effect) the criterion of truth:
Christianity took away from the things of this world only their irresistibleness [...]. In like manner I raise myself above truths and their power: as I am above the sensual, so I am above the truth. Before me truths are as common and as indifferent as things; they do not carry me away, and do not inspire me with enthusiasm. There exists not even one truth, not right, not freedom, humanity, etc., that has stability before me, and to which I subject myself. [...] In words and truths [...] there is no salvation for me, as little as there is for the Christian in things and vanities. As the riches of this world do not make me happy, so neither do its truths. [...] Along with worldly goods, all sacred goods too must be put away as no longer valuable. (p. 307)
Truths are material, like vegetables and weeds; as to whether vegetable or weed, the decision lies in me. (p. 313)
In place of such systems of beliefs, Stirner presents a detached life of non-dogmatic, open-minded engagement with the world "as it is" (unmediated by such hypostatizations, unpolluted by "presupposed truth" of any kind), coupled with the awareness that there is no soul, no personal essence of any kind, but that the individual's unqiueness consists precisely in its "creative nothingness" prior to all concepts.
'Power' is of central importance for Stirner, and can best be described as a form of mental creativity, represented as the key to psychological and social possibility of radical change. Stirner counterposes his notion of "power" to the liberal discourse on social rights that was ongoing in his contemporaneous Europe:
The polemic against privilege is a characteristic feature of liberalism, which fumes against "privilege" because it [instead] appeals to "right". But it cannot carry the matter any further than this fuming; privileges do not fall before right, because they are merely forms of right. Right falls apart into nothingness when it is entwined with might, e.g., when one understands what is meant by "might goes before right" [i.e., that "right" is established by force]. [_The Ego and its Own_, Cambrdige Edition, p. 229, translation amended by E.M.]
In Stirner's sense power, also referred to as the acquisition of 'property', has a broad meaning, ranging from the smile of the child, that acquires its mothers' love, over the sensual and material pleasures and meanings of taking what one desires, to the wholesale attribution of meaning, value and existence in language and life. Power in this sense is synonymous with the dynamics of utter autonomy, and the ability of change, of existence, of life itself.
Stirner as Hegelian?
Stirner's critique of Hegel shows a profound awareness of Hegel's work, and, argued by scholars such as Karl Löwith and Lawrence Stepelevich, suggests a vital influence of Hegel's thinking, in Stirner's intellectual development and line of thinking -- even if Stirner's mature philosophy may comprise a thorough repudiation of Hegelianism, in form as well as content.
Stirner employs some of the most important elements of Hegelian structure and many of Hegel's basic presuppositions to arrive at his conclusions. Stepelevich argues, that while The Ego and his own evidently has an "un-Hegelian structure and tone to the work as a whole", as well as being fundamentally hostile to Hegel's conclusions about the self and the world, this does not mean that Hegel and Stirner are not related on the most intimate level.
The main juncture leading from Hegel to Stirner is found [in The Phenomenology of the Spirit] at the termination of a phenomenological passage to absolute knowledge. Stirner's work is most clearly understood when it is taken to be the answer to the question, 'what role will consciousness play after it has traversed the series of shapes known as 'untrue' knowledge and has attained to absolute knowledge?
— Lawrence Stepelevich, 'Max Stirner as Hegelian, Journal of the History of Ideas, v.15, pp. 597-614 (1985).
In other words, to go beyond Hegel in true dialectical fashion is to continue Hegel's project, and Stepelevich argues persuasively that this effort of Stirner's is, in fact a completion of Hegel's project.
Stepelevich concludes his argument referring to Jean Hyppolite, who in summing up the intention of the Phenomenology, stated : "The history of the world is finished; all that is needed is for the specific individual to rediscover it in himself."
Stirner as an Einziger took himself directly to be that 'specific individual' and then went on as a Hegelian to propose the practical consequence which would ultimately follow upon that theoretical rediscovery, the free play of self-consciousness among the objects of its own determination: "The idols exist through me; I need only refrain from creating them anew, then they exist no longer: 'higher powers' exist only through my exalting them and abasing myself.... My intercourse with the world consists in my enjoying it, and so consuming it for my self-enjoyment" (Ego, 319)
— Lawrence Stepelevich, 'Max Stirner as Hegelian'
The Question of Racism in Stirner's Oeuvre.
Opinions among scholars have been strongly divided as to how the terms "racism" and "racialism" apply to Stirner's oeuvre. Those who reject the accusation that Stirner was a racist can point to Stirner's protacted (and consistent) opposition to bigotry and nationalism of any kind, and his many passages attacking the racism of Germans as narrow-minded "tribalism" and "Teutonomania". However, for many modern readers, Stirner's use of the (now odious) 19th century racial categories "Mongoloid" and "Negro" constitute powerful prima facie evidence, and may cause them to ignore his direct arguments against racist nationalism.
Stirner's central argument (or "method") on the question of racial identity hinges on his assertion that ethnicity is an illusory and invidious notion (variously exploited by nationalism, liberalism, and the Church in his contemporary Germany) and that can be broken by the uniqeness (and "nothingness") of the ego. With the latter breaking of the illusion a free intercourse between people of different ethnicities is supposed to ensue; this seems to work from a cosmopolitan or "multi-cultural" assumption wherein each distinct ethnicity or religion should "assert [its] distinctness or peculiarity: you need not give way or renounce yourself [viz., your ethnic identity]" (p. 185). This is a striking contrast to the widespread presumption of the time that ethnic minorities in Europe were obliged to assimilate or else depart. Stirner excoriates the presumption that ethnic divisions can be "dissolved" by the forced imposition of a nationalistic identity, and similarly rejects the liberal claims that the issue will disappear if only state power would provide "equal rights" to all:
The "equality of right" is a phantom ... people dream of "all citizens of the state having to stand side by side, with equal rights". As citizens of the state they are certainly all equal for the state. But it will divide them, and advance them or put them in the rear, according to its special ends, if on no other account... People conceive of the significance of the opposition [between ethnicities] too formally and weakly when they want only to 'dissolve' it in order to make room for a third thing that shall 'unite'. The opposition deserves rather to be sharpened. [...] Our weakness consists not in this, that we are in opposition to others, but in this, that we are not completely so; that we are not entirely severed from them, that we still seek a "Communion", a "Bond", that in communion we have an ideal. One faith, one god, one idea, one hat, for all! If all were brought under one hat, certainly no one would need to take off his hat for another anymore. The last and most decided opposition, that of unique against unique, is fundamentally beyond what is called opposition, but without having sunk back into "unity" and unison. As unique you no longer have anything in common with the other, and therefore nothing divisive or hostile either; you are not seeking to be in the right before a third party [viz., god, the state, etc.], and are standing with [others] neither on "the basis of right" nor on any other common ground. The opposition vanishes in complete severance or singleness. This might be regarded as the new point in common, or as a new parity, but here the parity consists precisely in the disparity, an eqality of disparity, and [even] that [distinction arises] only for him who poses the two in "comparison". [p. 184-186]
Unfortunately, David Leopold has badly misinterpreted one of the most inflammatory passages (dealing with race) in his introduction to the Cambridge edition (op. cit. supra). The passage appears as a non-sequitor ("episodically", in Leopold's terms) from pg. 62-65, and certainly does employ offensive racial terms, but, significantly, these terms are employed to ridicule the (then mainstream) European conceptions of their own history and ethnic heritage.
The passage in question begins [p. 62-3] by claiming that the period Western scholars commonly refer to as "European antiquity" (viz., classical Greece and Rome) should instead be termed "the Negroid age", viz., the period in which "Egypt and... northern Afica in general" are culturally predominant over Europe. Leopold's assessment seems to ignore the fact that this passage is not intended to insult black people, but is rather a pointed attempt to upset the (historically false, but still prevalent) European assumptions that paint modern racial prejudices onto ancient history, e.g., claiming that the Athenians, or even the Egyptians, were in some sense "Europeans" or ethnically "Caucasian", whereas the Hittites, and adjacent peoples of Asia Minor, etc., are presumed to be "non-white" enemies in this apocryphal racialization of bronze age history. Against this miasma of racial prejudices, Stirner brashly asserts that these ancient peoples were all "Negro", including the (much mythified) Athenian Greeks and Romans. He briefly expands on this to say that all of classical "Euroepan" philosophy is in fact African in character, a clear attempt to lampoon the historicist racialism of authors such as Hegel. His next assertion is that currently (viz., in the 19th century) Europeans are ethnically Mongoloid, not Caucasian: they follow a Mongolian religion, are worshipping a Mongolian god, and have the same social ideals as those of dynastic China. Thus, while European Christians imagine themselves to be superior to Asian idolators, Stirner asserts that Europeans have merely "wrestled for thousands of years with [the same] spiritual beings" as the Chinese, and still dream of going to "the Mongolian heaven, Tien", after they die. [p. 64] As with the first phase of the argument, it is clear that Stirner is not using these terms to insult Asians, but is throwing the established (Eurocentric) preconceptions of history back upon Europeans, and juding them to be (in their own racist terms) merely "Mongoloid" in their beliefs. [p. 63-5]
Although the passage is likely to be offensive to members of any religion (or almost any ethnicity) it is also noteworthy that Stirner here asserts that the dynastic empire of Confucian China is a more advanced civilization than that of Europe, but, from his perspective, this advancement is in precisely the wrong direction, viz., toward hierarchy, patriarchy, and the repression of the individual by obligation and law. For those who have studied Hegel's Philosophy of History, Stirner seems to have included a direct inversion of the Hegelian conception of freedom (based as it was upon a racist historical dialectic, and the glorification of law and obligation as the precondition of "freedom of the spirit"):
To want to win freedom for the spirit is Mongolism; freedom of the spirit is Mongolian freedom, freedom of feeling, moral freedom, and so forth.
Effectively, Stirner is here saying that what Germans imagine to be the "new" philosophy of freedom (according to Hegel, a philosophy exclusive to their race, and to their time) is really just a throwback to an ancient and repressive notion that was already prevalent in classical China (or "Mongoldom" as Stirner styles it).
Certainly, it is no accident that the passage in question is extremely offensive; most modern readers will likely feel insulted by it, or by the (now antiquated) terms it employs. Stirner clearly lacked any detailed understanding of classical Chinese civilization, and simply employs a limited sketch of its repressive, hierarchical elements as part of a reproach against European civilization in his own times. The primary purpose of the passage seems to be to upset the long-standing conceits of European pre-eminence, and it does not establish a racialist historiography of its own. What Leopold and other critics seem to have failed to understand is that what Stirner dubbs climbing "the ladder of culture, or civilization" [p. 64] is not a process that he seeks to glorify (as Hegel and so many others did), but rather to repudiate; thus, it is not inconsistent that Stirner identifies the culture of Confucian China with greater advancement and yet, at the same time, considers it abhorrent. In this passage "Civilization" is glossed as the subordination of the individual and the world to the rule of "the hierarchy of the spirit", viz., the inculcation of "habit, or second nature", and the proliferation of "principles" and "laws" on the basis of the enjoined obligations of man to "heaven". [p. 64] Thus, only at the conclusion of the passage does Stirner define what he means by the term "Mongolism", viz., "[the] utter absence of any rights of the sensuous, [it] represents non-sensuousness and unnature...". [p. 65] In some respects, this critique of civilization and culture (as such) seems to anticipate much later thinkers such as John Zerzan.
Stirner's work did not go unnoticed among his colleagues, the Young Hegelians. Stirner's attacks on ideology, in particular Feuerbach's humanism, forced Feuerbach into print. Moses Hess (at that time close to Marx) and Szeliga (an adherent of Bruno Bauer) also replied to Stirner. Stirner answered the criticism in a German periodical, in the article Stirner's Critics (org. Recensenten Stirners, Sept 1845), which clarifies several points of interest to readers of the book - especially in relation to Feuerbach.
To begin with, Engels was spontaneously enthusiastic about the book, and expressed his opinions freely in a letter to Marx. Later, Marx wrote a histrionic indictment of Stirner, co-authored with Engels, spanning several hundred pages (in the original, unexpurgated text) of his book The German Ideology (org. Die deutsche Ideologie). The book was written in 1845 - 1846, but not published until 1932. Marx's lengthy, ferocious polemic against Stirner has since been considered an important turning point in Marx's intellectual development from "idealism" to "materialism".
While The German Ideology so assured The Ego and Its Own a place of curious interest among Marxist readers, Marx's ridicule of Stirner has played a significant role in the subsequent marginalization of Stirner's work, in popular and academic discourse.
Over the course of the last hundred and fifty years, Stirner's thinking has proved an intellectual challenge, reminiscent of the challenge Cartesian criticism brought to western philosophy. His philosophy has been characterized as disturbing, sometimes even considered a direct threat to civilization; something that ought not even be mentioned in polite company, and that should be, if encountered by some unfortunate happenstance, examined as briefly as possible and then best forgotten. Stirner's relentlessness in the service of scuttling the most tenaciously held tenets of the Western mindset yields a terrain which bears testimony to the radical threat he posed; most writers who read and were influenced by Stirner failed to make any references to him or The Ego and Its Own at all in their writing. As the renowned art critic Herbert Read has observed, Stirner's book has remained 'stuck in the gizzard' of Western culture since it first appeared.
It has been argued that Nietzsche did read Stirner's book, yet even he did not mention Stirner anywhere in his work, his letters, or his papers. Nietzsche's thinking sometimes resembles Stirner's to such a degree that Eduard von Hartmann called him a plagiarist. This seems too simple an explanation of what Nietzsche might have done with Stirner's ideas. Stirner's book had been in oblivion for half a century, and only after Nietzsche became well-known in the 1890s did Stirner become more well-known, although only as an awkward predecessor of Nietzsche. Thus Nietzsche - as with Marx's concept of historical materialism in 1845/46 - did not really plagiarize Stirner but instead "superseded" him by creating a philosophy.
Several other authors, philosophers and artists have cited, quoted or otherwise referred to Max Stirner. They include Albert Camus (In The Rebel), Benjamin Tucker, Dora Marsden, Georg Brandes, Rudolf Steiner, Robert Anton Wilson, Italian individualist anarchist Frank Brand, the notorious antiartist Marcel Duchamp, several writers of the situationist movement, and Max Ernst, who titled a 1925 painting L'unique et sa propriété. The Italian dictator Benito Mussolini read and was inspired by Stirner, and made several references to him in his newspaper articles, prior to rising to power. His later writings would uphold a view opposed to Stirner, a trajectory mirrored by the composer Richard Wagner.
Since its appearance in 1844, The Ego and Its Own has seen periodic revivals of popular, political and academic interest, based around widely divergent translations and interpretations -- some psychological, others political in their emphasis. Today, many ideas associated with post-left anarchy criticism of ideology and uncompromising individualism - are clearly related to Stirner's. He has also been regarded as pioneering individualist feminism, since his objection to any absolute concept also clearly counts gender roles as 'spooks'. His ideas were also adopted by post-anarchism, with Saul Newman largely in agreement with many of Stirner's criticisms of classical anarchism, including his rejection of revolution and essentialism.
Stirner's demolition of absolute concepts disturbs traditional concepts of attribution of meaning to language and human existence, and can be seen as pioneering a modern media theory which focuses on dynamic conceptions of language and reality, in contrast to reality as subject to any absolute definition. Jean Baudrillard's critique of Marxism and development of a dynamic theory of media, simulation and 'the real' employs some of the same elements Stirner used in his Hegelian critique without, however, making recourse to very much that lies at the heart of the plumb-line libertarian core of Stirner's philosophy. Though many in the poststructuralist camp have championed Stirner's thought, the core tenets of these two entities are wholly incompatible; Stirner would never agree, for example, with that fundamental poststructuralist idea, that as a product of systems, the self is undermined. For Stirner, the self cannot be a mere product of systems. There remains, in the Stirnerian schema, as described in the above, a place deep within the self which language and social systems cannot destroy. This idea finds expression, perhaps, in a concept put forward by the contemporary philosopher Julia Kristeva; the 'semiotic chora', as she calls it, represents a state of mind which predates the inculcation of the social apparatus in the mind of the young child.
Comments by Contemporaries
Twenty years after the appearance of Stirner's book, the author Friedrich Albert Lange wrote the following:
Stirner went so far in his notorious work, 'Der Einzige und Sein Eigenthum' (1845), as to reject all moral ideas. Everything that in any way, whether it be external force, belief, or mere idea, places itself above the individual and his caprice, Stirner rejects as a hateful limitation of himself. What a pity that to this book -- the extremest that we know anywhere -- a second positive part was not added. It would have been easier than in the case of Schelling's philosophy; for out of the unlimited Ego I can again beget every kind of Idealism as my will and my idea. Stirner lays so much stress upon the will, in fact, that it appears as the root force of human nature. It may remind us of Schopenhauer
— History of Materialism, ii. 256
"The State calls its own violence law, but that of the individual crime."
|
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
1. What is a Royal Commission?
A Royal Commission is a national inquiry set up under the Royal Commissions Act 1901 (Cth). Royal Commissions have broad legal powers to investigate matters of concern. The Royal Commission can take evidence from people who must tell the truth. They can require documents to be provided to them and require people to speak to them.
At the end of a Royal Commission, a written report is given to the Government. This report includes what has happened, and makes recommendations on what needs to happen in the future.
2. What is violence and abuse, neglect, and exploitation?
Violence, abuse, neglect, and exploitation are important terms for the Disability Royal Commission. In the context of the Royal Commission, these terms have certain meanings.
Violence and abuse
Violence and abuse cover a range of behaviours towards people with a disability. These could include assault, sexual assault, constraints, restrictive practices (physical and chemical), forced treatments, forced interventions, humiliation and harassment, financial and economic abuse, and significant violations of privacy and dignity on a systemic or individual basis.
Neglect includes physical or emotional neglect, passive neglect or wilful deprivation. Neglect can be a single significant incident or a systemic issue that involves depriving a person with disability of the basic necessities of life such as food, drink, shelter, access, mobility, clothing, education, medical care, and treatment.
Exploitation is when a person takes advantage of someone else. This could include improper use of another person or the improper use of or withholding of another person’s assets, labour, employment, or resources including taking physical, sexual, financial, or economic advantage.
3. I have experienced violence, abuse, neglect, or exploitation, do I have to share my story?
No. It is not compulsory to share your story with the Disability Royal Commission. It is your story and your choice if you tell it.
4. If I do share my story, will the person who hurt me get in trouble?
No. The Disability Royal Commission does not have powers to charge someone with a criminal offence or to start legal action against them. If your story causes concern that a criminal offence may have occurred, the Disability Royal Commission staff may speak to you about next steps or calling the police.
5. Someone is telling me I must tell my story to the Disability Royal Commission, is that true?
No. You do not have to tell your story unless you want to.
6. I want the Disability Royal Commission to intervene and make the person stop what they are doing. Is this possible?
No. The Disability Royal Commission is unable to assist you with an individual issue or to stop someone from treating you badly. If you need help to stop someone from treating you badly, contact the Police on 000 if it is an emergency, or contact your local disability advocate for support to get out of that situation. You can find your nearest advocate using the Disability Advocate Finder Tool.
7. Does it cost money to be involved?
No, it is free to share your story and access the support services, including counselling or legal help when doing so.
8. I have not experienced violence, abuse, neglect, or exploitation myself but I worked with someone who was being abused. Should I make a submission?
Yes, you can share your story of the violence, abuse, neglect, or exploitation of people with disabilities from any perspective. However, you should make the submission from your perspective, not on behalf of the person with a disability. The only time you should make a submissions for someone is if you have their permission to do so.
|
Colorado Drug Addiction Help
Call Our 24/7 Helpline
(866) 218-7546
Speak With a Treatment Consultant
Organs from overdose-death donors can prevent organ shortage, says study
05-24 | CDAH Team
The worsening opioid epidemic in the United States has led to an incredible increase in the number of organ donors due to the massive rise in drug overdose deaths. A research published recently in the journal Annals of Internal Medicine revealed that the number of donors due to overdose death spiked from 1.1 percent in 2000 to 13.4 percent in 2017.
The study also suggested that the rise in the number of organ donors will effectively overcome the current scarcity of organs in the U.S. Shockingly, the data showed that many organs from overdose-death donors were not used to save lives from 2000 to 2017. The underutilization of organs for lifesaving transplants has emerged as a matter of grave concern among experts, policymakers and other stakeholders. With so many patients waiting for a new life, it is necessary to optimize the use of all organs donated.
Key findings of the study
The study conducted by the researchers from the Johns Hopkins University involved data from the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients, including information on transplant recipients, donors and wait-listed candidates from 2000 to 2017. The researchers determined 7,313 overdose-death donors who had at least one organ recovered during this period. Moreover, there were 19,897 transplants from those donors.
Based on the data, they found that the number of overdose-death donors increased by 17 percent between 2000 and 2017. Additionally, the number of trauma-death donors increased by 1.6 percent and medical-death donors by 2.3 percent per year. As a result, there was a 24-time increase in overdose-death donor transplants.
Despite the above positive outcomes, the study found that about 56 percent of overdose-death donors were marked as increased infectious risk donors. These classified donors need to undergo the additional testing for hepatitis and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Since a lot of stigma is associated with infectious diseases like HIV and hepatitis C, people are often not ready to accept organs from the donors labelled as “increased infectious risk donors” despite the low risk of infection. Reportedly, the patients who had received transplants from these donors have showed excellent results.
The reasons for patient survival and organ function were similar among both transplant recipients and donors, such as death due to trauma or medical reasons like heart attack, stroke, etc. Another major reason for the underutilization of donated overdose-death organs was that many of them were discarded. It was also concluded that these organs were discarded at a higher rate than trauma-death donors.
According to Dr. Christine Durand, lead author of the research and an assistant professor of medicine and oncology at Johns Hopkins University, the present epidemic of overdose deaths can turn out to be more catastrophic, if lifesaving transplants from overdose-death donors remain underutilized. Therefore, she underlined the need to optimize the use of all donated organs. These findings may help to save more lives.
Exercise caution to prevent drug addiction
Despite the increase in the number of overdose-death donors playing an effective role in overcoming the scarcity of organs, it is essential to avoid drugs due to its harmful health consequences. Many a times, users are unaware of the potency of life-threatening drugs and inadvertently become addicted to them. If someone is suffering from drug addiction, then he or she needs to exercise adequate caution to decrease the likelihood of overdosing.
A person must be aware of the content and effects of drugs consumed to avoid any untoward situation. An appropriate and efficacious addiction treatment plays a pivotal role in managing overdose deaths and achieving sobriety. If you or your loved one is struggling with drug addiction, connect to the Colorado Drug Addiction Helpline to know about the state-of-the-art drug rehab centers in Colorado that specialize in the best evidence-based intervention plans. Call at our 24/7 helpline number 866-218-7546 or chat online for further information on addiction treatment in Colorado.
Recent Posts
Call Now Button
|
checklistWorking at height remains one of the biggest causes of fatalities and major injuries. Common cases include falls from ladders and through fragile surfaces. “Work at height” means work in any place where, if there were no precautions in place, a person could fall a distance liable to cause personal injury (for example a fall through a fragile roof).
Here’s how employers can take simple, practical measures to reduce the risk of any of their workers falling while working at height.
Case study
Preventing falls from ladders
A large, independent installer of digital terrestrial and satellite equipment recognised it could be doing more to tackle falls, especially as engineers were installing aerials and dishes at a variety of heights from portable leaning ladders and roof ladders.
The solution
They took measures including making sure ladders were secured using an eyebolt and ratchet strap, and equipping appropriately trained workers with specialist kit, such as a flexible safety line that can be attached to the secured ladder.
Trained workers now wear a fall-arrest harness that can be attached to the line and the ladder. This means that the ladder cannot slip during use and, even if the engineer slips and falls from the ladder, the fall will be stopped.
What do I have to do?
You must make sure work is properly planned, supervised and carried out by competent people with the skills, knowledge and experience to do the job. You must use the right type of equipment for working at height.
Take a sensible approach when considering precautions. Low-risk, relatively straightforward tasks will require less effort when it comes to planning and there may be some low-risk situations where common sense tells you no particular precautions are necessary.
Control measures
First assess the risks. Factors to weigh up include the height of the task, the duration and frequency, and the condition of the surface being worked on.
Before working at height work through these simple steps:
• minimize the distance and consequences of a fall, by using the right type of equipment where the risk cannot be eliminated,
• For each step, always consider measures that protect everyone at risk (collective protection) before measures that only protect the individual (personal protection).
Collective protection is equipment that does not require the person working at height to act for it to be effective. Examples are permanent or temporary guardrails, scissor lifts and tower scaffolds.
Personal protection is equipment that requires the individual to act for it to be effective. An example is putting on a safety harness correctly and connecting it, with an energy-absorbing lanyard, to a suitable anchor point.
Dos and don’ts of working at height
• as much work as possible from the ground
• take precautions when working on or near fragile surfaces
• provide protection from falling objects
• consider emergency evacuation and rescue procedures
• overreach on ladders or stepladders
Source: United Kingdom’s Health and Safety Executive (HSE)
|
The project consists of two phases, Phase 1 (Inspections and Asset Condition Study) has now been completed and Phase 2 (options for the future of the downtown sewerage network) is underway.
The once state-of-the-art sewerage system in downtown Yangon was designed and installed by Mr. Octavus Deacon Clark in 1889 to serve a population of about 40,000. Currently Yangon has over 350,000 persons in six downtown townships. The questions that pop up now is how the system can still serve the drastic growth population and how a 130 year-old system can maintain functionality.
Why it keeps operating for a long time
The Shone System
In the late 1800s, the designers introduced a new sewer system to solve the problems with contaminated groundwater and outbreaks of disease in Yangon. The Shone Hydro-Pneumatic Drainage System was one of the proposed solutions and it was already successfully used in the United Kingdom and cities across the globe. A localised gravity sewer network carries sewage to respective collectors, then 35 pneumatic ejectors raise the sewage to a high-level force main and transport it to disposal points.
The shone system relies on a network of pneumatic ejectors and air compression stations to pump sewage to a treatment facility in Botahtaung Township at the eastern end of the downtown area.
"This is a revolutionary piece of construction left behind by a veteran engineer during the golden age of civil engineering" Christopher Davies said. He is a senior consultant from the Water and Sanitation team at IMC worldwide.
Although the system is running beyond its limits, as it was designed for 40,000 people, it is still working – nowadays we should call it sustainable. Of course, the word "Sustainability" wasn't commonly used yet during that days.
Furthermore, local YCDC water and sanitation operatives manage to clean and maintain the whole sewage system with very limited training and resources. "I'm amazed at the commitment from the YCDC staff to keep this system functioning in very difficult working conditions" Davies said. "Moreover, they are battling with long-term underinvestment."
How can the system can still serve the population?
Let's go back to the history before the system.
In 1874, there was no attempt to deal with the excreta of the population of Rangoon. Cesspools were permitted everywhere, and the well water became awfully polluted as the soil of the city became honeycombed with cesspools. Additionally, cholera and small-pox were widespread.
Mr. Deacon Clark suggested the Shone system, which had proved effective in many places, and the Municipal Committee inquired for a detailed project and estimate for the drainage of Yangon on this system.
Serving the needs of future population is a big challenge that YCDC face. For the future of the downtown sewerage network, it is critical that YCDC are supported to develop long-term options for the city.
How Yangon can benefit
Phase 1 of the project (assessment of the existing network) has been completed and Phase 2 is working with YCDC to provide long-term options for the future of the downtown sewerage network.
The outcome of the project is that they are able to provide YCDC with the information required to keep the existing sewerage network functioning, either as a long term like-for-like replacement or with short-term repairs to improve the system whilst a new modern network is being constructed. Many parts of ejector pumps (especially the check valves and isolation valves) and compressed air network need to be replaced or repaired, this is understandable given the age of the network. In addition, IMC have been providing YCDC with independent advice for the future of the sewerage system so that they make informed decisions.
The Rangoon sewage system was once regarded as one of the most advanced in the world. This system could be seen in the Egyptian capital, Cairo, and Karachi, Pakistan's biggest city. Besides these, it is the same system which continues to serve the Westminster's Houses of Parliament in London.
"Let's just discuss about common benefits rather than sewage system this time. "
Yangon could collect more attraction on local and international tourists due to the fact that people are willing to come to visit and feel the moments of industrial and colonial era. The old air compressors and ejector pumps could be included as one of the historical places during the colonial era. The main compressor building, the machinery and the original tools are displayed in Yangon. The antique maps and ancient cultural letters are able to be used in cultural heritage sites, defining authentic work-of-art in casting and moulding during those ages.
Notes on the original design from the 1880s: https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Octavus_Deacon_Clark
• UK aid is funding the rehabilitation of Yangon's downtown sewer system, which relies on a network of pneumatic ejector stations and air compressor stations to pump and move waste to YCDC's wastewater treatment plant in Botahtaung.
• Yangon's system is very robust and its pipework and pneumatic components have stood the test of time. Currently, the system is not working at full capacity because of equipment failures and breakages. The population has also significantly increased since it was installed.
• DFID is working with YCDC to conduct a condition survey of the system. The aim is to identify where cost-effective repairs can be made and how to increase its capacity to support the expanded population in downtown Yangon.
• DFID is fully funding the UK engineering team led by IMC Worldwide, including specialist expertise from SATEC, BAM Nuttall and locally-based engineers from Royal HaskoningDHV.
About DFID: The Department for International Development (DFID) leads the UK's work to end extreme poverty. We are tackling the global challenges of our time including poverty and disease, mass migration, insecurity and conflict. Our work is building a safer, healthier, more prosperous world for people in developing countries and in the UK too.
About IMC Worldwide: IMC Worldwide is a UK consultancy that partners with local communities, multilateral and bilateral donors, NGOs, and the private sector to address some of the world's greatest development challenges. With over 50 years of experiences and nine offices worldwide, we employ over 400 staff working in water and sanitation, rural livelihoods, communications, private sector development, engineering, economics, trade and investment, innovation, resilient and urban development, and programme evaluation.
|
Mili: Behind the charm of this idyllic atoll lie the scars of battle
Majuro-- Mili Atoll is about 70 miles south of Majuro, the capital of the Marshall Islands. It has a population of 1,200, but once there were over 5,000 Japanese soldiers on its 5.8 square miles of land.
After WWI, Japan took control of the Marshall Islands from Germany under the South Seas Mandate. Before and during WWII they were bringing in Korean slave labor to supplement the locals whom they had also pressed into service. In 1942 and 1943, they built a radar station and air strips.
My friend Ben’s father's family is from Mili. Imagine the comeliest deserted and lush tropical Pacific islands you can. Then, add water that explodes in blues that you cannot grasp so you have to just stare at it and try to process the fluxing, crystalline shades. He is building houses there, and, whenever I talk to him, dreams out loud about moving there once satellite internet becomes available.
Ben's grandmother lived on Mili Atoll under the Japanese occupation. By 1944 the Japanese were cut off from supplies and faced increasing food shortages. American bombing campaigns killed or injured an estimated 900 soldiers for whom medical help was unavailable. The Japanese tried to survive the privations by ramping up fishing and vegetable production. They gave their laborers food production quotas. So desperate to supplement their diets, they even caught rats to eat.
Under the Japanese occupation, the Mili people lived in conditions so miserable they were only surpassed in desperation by the Koreans who were categorized as lower class slaves than the natives. Starvation killed many of the workers as did the bombardments. People were doing awful things just to survive. Food production quotas—set at exceedingly high levels—resulted in severe punishment, even death, if not met.
Particulars about the timeline of events are shakier than the usual fog of war chronology. I avoid these from here due to the lack of specific times.
An irooj, or chief, named Laninat had had enough of the occupation and instigated a rebellion. The Mili people and Koreans stormed an armory, overpowering or killing the Japanese soldiers. They had weapons but little ammunition beyond what was in the guns, so soon they were left with useless firearms.
The Japanese retaliated and quickly subdued the rebels, who then retreated and regrouped. Fighting continued across the atoll as the rebels slowly lost ground. The battle lasted for about a month, until soldiers pushed them to Jeliben Island, which was at the end of that section of the atoll. Cornered, the natives and Koreans were forced to fight against a much greater force and were massacred.
On the other side of the atoll, roughly around the time of the uprising, many people were trying to escape—a crime that was met by execution. Ben’s grandmother and her children were on a boat that was heading out to sea toward the other nearest atoll, Arno, when they were spotted by a Japanese patrol boat. They sent the children to swim ashore. Some people stayed on the boat.
Ben’s father swam with other children to the next island, making it to safety. He also found family members.
He then stayed on Mili with his grandfather. They went from the conflict zones of the atoll to a smaller, remote island where the grandfather knew they could hide. There they survived by raising fish in a mangrove swamp that was also an inland lagoon. It could not be seen from the water.
They hid out, eating fish, coconuts, and pandanus. From the island there was great visibility on all sides and they could see anyone coming. From the outside, however, it looked like a swampy little rocky island where no one could live.
The United States did not soon come to the rescue. They were instead waiting the Japanese out, sometimes getting close to the atoll to add military pressure to their siege, including defoliating the islands with napalm.
Near the end of the war the family was eventually rescued by an early version of what would become Navy SEALs, who, with a translator, were looking for people to rescue. The U.S. did not want the Japanese soldiers to keep using them as human shields, as they had turned to doing once the flora and structures on the island had been decimated.
The family was eventually brought to Majuro. The Navy showed Westerns and put on USO shows in Delap Park, to the children’s total astonishment.
As with many other people on Mili, Ben’s grandmother was caught and punished for trying to escape. That punishment—for her as for so many—was decapitation.
After the war, many were repatriated to Mili. Both American and Japanese artillery, shells, and aircraft remain, and Mili is still acned by craters from the two years of U.S. shelling on the Marshall Islands. Often full of standing water, they exacerbate mosquito problems.
The thousands of other relics on the island endure as ubiquitous souvenirs of what for the hundreds of people still living there is an increasingly distant memory of dark military adventures of empires. Some use these shells in the creation of handicraft. Others hang laundry from the rusting guns.
Foreign TV shows and the super wealthy come here to experience what feels like perfect seclusion and screensaver-style Pacific vistas. The Google Boat docked here for a month. Though a significant foreign power, they seemed to have little interest in colonizing the place, and they did not need the artillery to dry their laundry.
Geoff Goodman teaches Liberal Arts at the College of Marshall Islands. Send feedback to
Pacific Island Times
Location:Tumon Sands Plaza
1082 Pale San Vitores Rd. Tumon Guam 96913
Mailing address: PO Box 11647
Tamuning GU 96931
© 2023 by "This Just In". Proudly created with
|
Canonical Tag Definition & Best Practices
Canonical tags help search engines differentiate between web pages with very similar or duplicate content, which can negatively affect rankings.
A Guide to Canonical Tags
A canonical tag, also known as rel=canonical, is a part of HTML code that differentiates a master page from similar pages. For example, if you have similar content under different URLs, canonical tags can specify which version is the main piece of content and should be indexed as the original, preferred version by search engines. By showing search engines the master version of content on a site, Google can better understand the content, index it, and determine if it should appear in the SERPs or not.
How Do You Canonicalize a Page?
Creating a canonical tag is relatively easy. However, with the number of URLs in a completed website, canonicalizing pages can be a tedious chore. There are two common ways to canonicalize a page.
Rel=Canonical Directive
Similar to meta tags, they use simple and consistent syntax and are placed in the <head> section of a page:
There are two things this code is telling search engines:
• link rel=”canonical” - The link in this tag is the master version;
• href=”” - This is a similar version.
By using this method, developers won’t have to write multiple redirects for every possible URL, which can be tedious if they are developing a big site.
301 Redirects
301 redirects can be used when a page has moved to a new location. For example, if a site owner has moved the site to a new domain, a 301 redirect can make the transition as smooth as possible. This practice merges two pieces of content into a single, better performing piece of content, which can ensure any link-building efforts and ranking signals are passed to the new page. It’s important to note that canonical tags allow users to visit both URLs while a 301 redirect does not. For example, if a webmaster uses a 301 redirect from page A to page B, then human users won’t see page A.
Importance of Canonical Tags in SEO
In terms of search engine optimization (SEO), canonical tags can help preserve a site’s visibility. In order to understand the importance of canonical tags, we must first understand the difference between human readers and bot readers. A homepage, for example, is one page to a human reader. However, the avenues used to get to that page could be different for each user:
To a human, these look like the same page, and would likely all display the same page when loaded. However, to a bot, these look like four different, unique pages. This is because bots read every URL as its own page. Multiply this challenge across an entire site, and webmasters could be looking at thousands of similar or duplicate URLs.
Canonical tags can help bots understand the various URLs to a page and correctly identify the main source of content that should be indexed. In the long-run, this can help reduce confusion and increase rankings. Marking your canonical pages can also be important when trying to build links to a site. Site owners can ensure that the right page gets passed authority.
The Risk of Duplicate Content in SEO
Many sites have duplicate content. While there is no Google penalty for duplicate content per se, the search engine does prioritize well-structured content in the SERPs. Additionally, Google also tries to avoid ranking the same domain multiple times in a SERP. So, if a site has three similar pages, search engines might miss the unique content.
Duplicate content can also affect ranking ability, as search engines don’t necessarily like going through multiple variations of content on one site. If the content does rank, there is a chance that the search engines may have picked the wrong URL as an original. This can affect content marketing strategies if the search engines don’t index URLs correctly. Canonical tags help build a map to show Google which content should be shown in the SERPs.
Want to learn more?
SEO Keyword Research
SEO Keyword Research
Link Building Guide
Link Building Guide
When to Use a Canonical Tag
Often, content management systems can automatically add tags, allow multiple URLs to host the same content, and add URL parameters. This can cause many instances of duplicate content throughout a site without the web developer’s knowledge. While it’s good practice to go through a sitemap to clean up canonical tags, there are some proactive measures to take as well.
Parameter URLs
E-commerce platforms are a good example of sites with very similar URLs. It’s common for URLs to change as customers specify the type of product they want. For instance, the main page of a product could be However, when a customer specifies they’d like a red version of the product, the URL might change to While humans see this as one page, bots read both URLs as different, unique pages.
These types of URLs are called parameter URLs, and can be a common cause of duplicate content. Other sites that have this type of content include:
• Sites with search parameters;
• Session IDs;
• Sites with separate printable page versions;
• And unique URLs for different categories.
Canonical tags can be a vital tool for sites with these types of parameters.
Mobile-Specific URLs
With 63% of people using mobile for search, webmasters must construct with mobile in mind. Luckily, Google has responded to the spike in new search trends with Accelerated Mobile Pages (AMP). This project was designed so publishers could build web pages that load quickly on mobile devices.
However, it’s important to use canonical tags to help Google distinguish between main content pages and mobile-specific subdomains. For AMP pages specifically, Google provides guidelines on how to differentiate mobile pages from standard web pages.
Region or Country-Specific
If a business is global, it’s a good idea to target customers with pages based on their location. This can result in pages with very similar content yet different URLs. Canonical tags should be included if most of the on-page content is similar and in the same language. For instance, if a site has two similar pages in German, the site owner should determine which page should be served to searchers.
While this practice is similar to using hreflang tags, there is a major difference. Hreflang tags mark pages that are similar in content but are targeted toward an audience that speaks a different language. They are not used to distinguish between duplicate content. Canonical tags can be used with hreflang tags, but not in place of them.
Self-Referential URLs
Sometimes, webmasters will put a self-referencing canonical tag on content that only has one page. While some may see this as redundant, it’s important to understand that, with search engines, it’s better to be safe than sorry. Even if there is only one page of content, the URL can have differentiating factors, like upper or lowercase letters, or could be accompanied by parameters at the end. Canonical tags can help clear the air and make it absolutely clear to search engines which page should be indexed.
Canonical Tag Best Practices
To make the most out of canonical tags, there are some best practices to consider:
• Use absolute URLs: It’s important to absolute URLs in the rel=canonical link element to ensure the tag is interpreted correctly. For example, webmasters should use <link rel=“canonical” href=“” /> instead of this <link rel=“canonical” href=”/sample-page/” />
• Audit sites for canonicalization issues: Webmasters should inspect for canonical tags. It’s important to ensure that similar or duplicate content has a tag, the tag is pointing to the right page, and the pages are crawlable and indexable.
• Canonicalize across domains: If a webmaster owns two domains and shares the same content on both, they can use canonical tags to show Google which domain they prefer to show in the search results for that particular piece of content.
• Use lowercase URLs: Google could treat uppercase and lowercase URLs as two different URLs. Lowercase URLs are easier for human users to search for. It’s important to be consistent in canonical tags to ensure the right URL is being indexed.
• Use the correct domain version: Despite how it looks, HTTP and HTTPS are not interchangeable. If webmasters use both or one or the other in their canonical tags, this could lead to confusion with search engine bots.
Canonical tags can help increase SEO efforts and ensure human searchers are finding the correct content. By implementing the correct attributes of the tags and its best practices, webmasters can avoid confusion with search engines and help their website perform as well as possible in search rankings.
|
Many millennials will turn 30 years old this year. Rather than lament this milestone, the experts of the USDA’s Meat and Poultry Hotline revel in the celebration. July marks the 30th anniversary of the hotline, and to commemorate, the USDA’s Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) is highlighting the Hotline’s accomplishments.
Hotline experts keep the public safe from foodborne illness when they answer calls on all sorts of food safety topics. Routinely they answer consumers’ questions about recalls and safe internal cooking temperatures. In fact, since its inception in 1985, the Hotline has handled more than 3 million calls from the public.
A good portion of those calls were fielded by 27-year hotline veteran Marianne Gravely. “I’ve probably answered certain questions thousands of times,” said Gravely. “I started in April 1988. That’s before the Internet! At the time, we provided food safety information only by phone because they couldn’t look for answers on a web site.”
Top Five Food Safety Questions
1. How long can I keep meat in the refrigerator?
2. How long will cooked food stay safe in the refrigerator?
3. Is food safe if left out overnight?
4. How long can I keep a turkey (or any food) in the freezer?
5. What is the safe internal temperature for cooking meat and poultry?
Typical questions consumers ask USDA’s Meat and Poultry Hotline are related to the basics of food safety: the storage time of meat and poultry in the refrigerator and freezer, whether a certain food item is safe if left out on the counter overnight, and what is the safe cooking temperature for meat or poultry. The Hotline also receives questions related to food safety during or after a power failure, and November is its busiest time of the year. Representatives hear every possible question related to the buying, storage, handling and cooking of turkey.
During the month of November the Hotline receives more than 2,000 calls mostly related to the buying, storage, preparation and cooking of turkey for Thanksgiving Day. This is twice the number of calls it gets during an average month for the rest of the year (1,000 per month).
Adapting New Technology
“When the Hotline started, the toll-free phone service was the most up-to date method of reaching consumers; now we communicate with them across all sorts of media,” said Tina Hanes, Hotline manager and food safety technical information specialist. FSIS has kept up with the times, and now consumers can query the hotline with live chat online, via email, and through the ‘Ask Karen’ application on their phones. “We will continue to provide food safety answers to customers’ questions wherever the future leads us.”
Even with all of the food safety resources available to consumers today, the Meat and Poultry Hotline remains a highly relevant tool.
“It means a lot to consumers that they can call a toll-free phone number and speak to a real live person,” said Gravely. “Sometimes there are questions and situations that are not easily answered by e-mail or searching the web. That’s why we’re here.”
Inquiring meal planners can reach out to live hotline agents toll-free at, 1-888-MPHotline (1-888-674-6854). Services are available in English and Spanish from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. ET Monday through Friday.
Millennials and consumers of all ages can also review their food safety knowledge with USDA’s virtual food safety representative, Ask Karen at For folks who need information on storage times for foods in the refrigerator or pantry the USDA’s FoodKeeper app is available for Android and iOS devices.
Source: FSIS
|
The Role Of Car Reflector And Auto Reflective Part Mold
• A car reflector is an essential part of a car. Therefore, the material and production of the auto reflective part mold are also very important. So what is the role of car reflectors?
A slightly larger car reflector can broaden the view, regulate pedestrians and vehicles, and traffic order. Installed in indoor blind corners such as supermarkets, stores, shopping malls, etc., can keep the place within the monitoring range of the staff and play a role in preventing theft. Factory workshops, enterprises, institutions, and laboratories can regulate personnel exchanges, pay attention to safe passage, and broaden their vision. The installation of this product in the underground parking lot can prevent vehicles from knowing the situation at the other end of the road in time before turning, and avoid collisions with oncoming vehicles. And the biggest role of the smaller car reflector industry is the use of cars.
Like the car reflector lamp, the car radiator water tank is also a very important part of the car. The car radiator water tank, like the car reflector lamp, is also made of molds, that is, auto radiator tank plastic mould .
|
Removal of parts or the Entire lung for tumour or infection (Pulmonary Resection)
The lungs are organs of the respiratory system, located on either side of the heart within the chest cavity. The right lung has three lobes and the left lung has two lobes. Their function is to transport oxygen from the air into the blood and remove carbon dioxide from the blood. Pulmonary resection or lung resection refers to the surgical removal of a portion of a diseased lung or the entire lung.
Pulmonary resection is indicated for the following conditions:
• Cancer or other benign growths in the lung
• Lung diseases such as emphysema (gradual damage to the lung’s air sacs)
• Lung infections such as tuberculosis
• Atelectasis (collapse of lung)
Types of Pulmonary Resection
There are different types of pulmonary resection depending upon the underlying disease and the amount of lung to be removed.
• Wedge Resection: refers to the removal of a small wedge shaped section of the lung along with a small portion of the surrounding healthy tissue. This procedure is generally used for early-staged lung cancer, when the abnormality or disease involves a small area of the lung tissue.
• Lobectomy: is the most commonly performed surgical procedure that involves the removal of one entire lobe of the lung.
• Pneumonectomy: refers to the removal of an entire lung. It greatly reduces the overall lung function and is recommended only for patients whose heart and lung function is sufficient to tolerate a pneumonectomy.
Surgical Procedure
Pulmonary resections can be performed traditionally through open surgery or advanced minimally invasive surgical technique. Both techniques are performed under general anaesthesia.
Open Surgery: During an open surgery, your surgeon makes one long incision between the ribs, below your armpit on the side of the infected lung. The ribs are separated and a portion of a rib may be removed to provide a better view and access to the lung.
Video-assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery: With technological advancements, minimally-invasive surgical techniques such as the video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery has been developed where your surgeon is able to view and access the chest cavity with 2 to 3 small incisions made on the chest region. Through one of the incisions, your surgeon inserts a thoracoscope (a thin tube attached to a video camera). The camera is connected to a television monitor to help your surgeon view the operating site. Your surgeon then inserts specially designed surgical instruments through the other incisions in order to perform the resection.
Following the exposure of the diseased lung, the lung is temporarily collapsed. The entire lung or the portion of the diseased lung is removed. A flexible tube is inserted into the chest cavity (chest tube) to drain air and/or fluid postoperatively. The procedure is completed by examining the chest cavity, re-inflating the remaining lung and closing the incisions using stitches or staples.
These minimally invasive procedures are preferred when they are an option as they greatly reduce your hospital stay, pain, recovery time and risk for infection.
Like all surgical procedures, pulmonary resection may be associated with certain complications such as:
• Hemothorax: blood accumulates in the pleural cavity
• Chylothorax: lymphatic fluid accumulates in the pleural cavity
• Persistent air leakage due to small injuries in the pleura
• Bronchopleural Fistula: abnormal passage that develops between the cut bronchus and pleural cavity
• Post-pneumonectomy Empyema: pus in the pleura
• Atelectasis
• Pneumonia: infection in the lungs
• Pulmonary Oedema: fluid accumulation in the lungs
• Post-pneumonectomy Syndrome: shifting of the organs in the chest cavity towards the vacant space left by the excised lung
Post-operative Care
Following the surgery, you will spend 5 to 7 days in the hospital, or 2 to 3 days if a minimally invasive technique is performed. During this time, you will be given pain relieving medicines and will be connected to a ventilator to help you breathe. Once the ventilator is removed, you will be asked to cough in order to clear the airways, and taught breathing exercises to prevent infection and inflammation. After discharge, you are advised against driving for a week, lifting heavy weights and other strenuous activities. You are encouraged to continue your breathing exercises and start mild physical activity like walking for better blood circulation and muscle strength. You should avoid exposure to irritants like tobacco smoke, fumes and pollution, and others experiencing cold or flu symptoms.
You should call your doctor immediately in case you develop the following symptoms after a pulmonary resection:
• Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
• Increased redness, pain, drainage, or swelling around the incision site
• Yellow, green or blood-tinged sputum
• Chest pain
• Fever
• Pain in your calves which may be due to blood clots
|
11 2月 2020
What Does Inverted Mean in T?
A term with a significance that is rather interesting and is traditionally used from the analysis of math is that which exactly does upside-down mean in mathematics.
You will find plenty of questions which can come to your mind when we feel in what does upside-down mean in math, therefore let us begin by considering some of these more basic ones.
When you check in the picture of the bar dissertation help and you find it upside down down, what does this suggest? This means that if you switch the corner of the bar you are going to find the sides to be either upside down or you’ll find the sides are coming upside down. Thus, if you go in the bar and also turn the corner on the most suitable hand side, you will find the sides in order on the right, should you turn the corner on the lefthand you will locate sides in order to your leftside.
The definition of”up side down” comes with a very different significance from expert writers the normal significance of this word. It’s definitely an abbreviation for”inverse square law.” It follows that, once the pub rotate, it is in the same spot because it was in when it was at its own position. What exactly does this imply?
To make it clear, what does upside-down mean you could modify the management of turning with no to improve this object’s position. This can be readily realized by taking a look at a football, for those who turn the ball on and also proceed it, it is likely to move in the same way since it failed before becoming turned upside down.
One of those nice reasons for by using this type of math is that it enables one to do the job well with symbols which do not demand notation although there is http://georgestham-ps.vic.edu.au/essay-writer-online-tips/ no scientific basis to this language, that might be found inside this way. Moreover, the terminology is not entirely of the kind.
By way of example, the words”upright”outward” are commonly used however they don’t connect to Angular Momentum or Angular Velocity. If we try to employ them to things that have an angular pace then we get words such as upward twist and turn.
You may find this very helpful when working together with charts which manage Angular Momentum or Angular Velocity. Keep in mind , what exactly does upside-down me-an you may rotate an object without changing its position.
Leave a Reply
|
World Library
Flag as Inappropriate
Email this Article
Human female sexuality
Article Id: WHEBN0020014929
Reproduction Date:
Title: Human female sexuality
Author: World Heritage Encyclopedia
Language: English
Subject: Kinsey scale, Bisexuality, Sexual orientation, Homosexuality and psychology, Non-heterosexual
Collection: Human Sexuality, Women and Sexuality
Publisher: World Heritage Encyclopedia
Human female sexuality
Symbol representative of the female gender.
Human female sexuality encompasses a broad range of behaviors and processes, including female sexual identity and sexual behavior, the physiological, psychological, social, cultural, political, and spiritual or religious aspects of sexual activity. Various aspects and dimensions of female sexuality, as a part of human sexuality, have also been addressed by principles of ethics, morality, and theology. In almost any historical era and culture, the arts, including literary and visual arts, as well as popular culture, present a substantial portion of a given society's views on human sexuality, which also include implicitly or explicitly female sexuality.
In most societies and legal jurisdictions, there are legal bounds on what sexual behavior is permitted. Sexuality varies across the cultures and regions of the world, and has continually changed throughout history, and this applies equally to female sexuality. Aspects of female sexuality include issues pertaining to biological sex, body image, self-esteem, personality, sexual orientation, values and attitudes, gender roles, relationships, activity options, and communication.
• Physiological 1
• Orgasm 1.1
• Multiple orgasms 1.1.1
• Biological and evolutionary function 1.1.2
• Erogenous zones 1.2
• Historical conceptions and control 2
• Modern studies 3
• Feminist concepts 4
• Women as responsible for sexual safety 5
• See also 6
• References 7
• External links 8
[3] Additionally, some women may require more than one type of sexual stimulation in order to achieve orgasm.
Orgasm in women has typically been divided into two categories: glans of the clitoris, or clitoris as a whole, has more than 8,000 sensory nerve endings, as many (or more in some cases) nerve endings present in the human penis or glans penis.[13][14][15] As the clitoris is homologous to the penis, it is the equivalent in its capacity to receive sexual stimulation.[6][16]
Although vaginal orgasms are more difficult to achieve,[5][13][17] the G-spot area may produce an orgasm if properly stimulated.[17][18] The G-spot's existence, and existence as a distinct structure, is still under dispute, as its location may vary from woman to woman and appears to be nonexistent in some women[17][18][19] and it is hypothesized to be an extension of the clitoris.[11][17]
Multiple orgasms
Women are able to experience multiple orgasms.[20][21] 'Multiple' means more than one orgasm, experienced one immediately after another, while 'sequential' means orgasms occur one after another but are separated by a few minutes. Even though multiple orgasms are very rarely experienced, they are not impossible. Author Mark Levinson considers them to be the ultimate climax women can achieve.[22] Sometimes, female multiple orgasms are accompanied by female ejaculation.
Women are able to achieve multiple orgasms due to the fact that they generally do not require a
• Maggie Wittlin, "Girls Gone Wild...For Monkeys", Seed Magazine" (10/14/2005)
• Sally Lehrman, The Virtues of Promiscuity
• Jennifer Armstrong, "Slut" is Not A Four Letter Word
• Sexual pleasure as a human right: Harmful or helpful to women in the context of HIV/AIDS?, by Jennifer Oriel, University of Melbourne
External links
2. ^ "Orgasm". Retrieved 21 April 2010.
3. ^ a b "Mayo Clinic; Womans Health".
4. ^ Mah K, Binik YM (May 2002). "Do all orgasms feel alike? Evaluating a two-dimensional model of the orgasm experience across gender and sexual context". Journal of Sex Research 39 (2): 104–13.
5. ^ a b c
6. ^ a b c "'I Want a Better Orgasm!'".
7. ^ Joseph A. Flaherty, John Marcell Davis, Philip G. Janicak (1993, Digitized Oct 29, 2010). Psychiatry: Diagnosis & therapy. A Lange clinical manual. Appleton & Lange (Original from Northwestern University). p. 217.
8. ^ Mah, Kenneth; Binik, Yitzchak M (7 January 2001). "The nature of human orgasm: a critical review of major trends".
9. ^ Kammerer-Doak, Dorothy; Rogers, Rebecca G. (June 2008). "Female Sexual Function and Dysfunction". Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America 35 (2): 169–183.
10. ^ a b Federation of Feminist Women’s Health Centers (1991). A New View of a Woman’s Body. Feminist Heath Press. p. 46.
11. ^ a b c d e f O'Connell HE, Sanjeevan KV, Hutson JM (October 2005). "Anatomy of the clitoris". The Journal of Urology 174 (4 Pt 1): 1189–95.
12. ^ a b Elisabeth Anne Lloyd (2005). The case of the female orgasm: bias in the science of evolution. Harvard University Press. pp. 311 pages.
13. ^ a b "I'm a woman who cannot feel pleasurable sensations during intercourse".
14. ^ Harvey, Elizabeth D. (Winter 2002). "Anatomies of Rapture: Clitoral Politics/Medical Blazons".
15. ^ Carroll, Janell L. (2009). Sexuality Now: Embracing Diversity.
16. ^ Francoeur, Robert T. (2000). The Complete Dictionary of Sexology. The Continuum Publishing Company. p. 180.
17. ^ a b c d e Kilchevsky A, Vardi Y, Lowenstein L, Gruenwald I. (January 2012). "Is the Female G-Spot Truly a Distinct Anatomic Entity?".
18. ^ a b c "The G-spot". Retrieved December 21, 2011.
21. ^ a b The Sexual Response Cycle,
22. ^ Levinson, Mark (2003). Satisfaction: The Art of the Female Orgasm.
23. ^ Daniel L. Schacter, Daniel T. Gilbert, Daniel M. Wegner (2010). Psychology.
24. ^ Irving B. Weiner, W. Edward Craighead (2010). The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology, Volume 2.
25. ^ Crooks, Robert (2002). Our Sexuality. Wadsworth-Thomson Learning.
26. ^ Dunn ME, Trost JE (October 1989). "Male multiple orgasms: a descriptive study". Archives of Sexual Behavior 18 (5): 377–87.
28. ^ Cairney, Richard (October 21, 2002). "Exploring female sexuality". ExpressNews. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved December 21, 2011.
29. ^
30. ^ Review of General Psychology, by the Educational Publishing Foundation 2002, Vol. 6, No. 2, 166 –203: Cultural Suppression of Female Sexuality
31. ^ WHO, February 2014: Female genital mutilation
32. ^ UNICEF: Female genital mutilation/cutting
33. ^
34. ^
35. ^
36. ^ Pitts-Talyor, Victoria (2008). Cultural Encyclopedia of the Body.
37. ^
38. ^
39. ^ John Archer, Barbara Lloyd (2002). Sex and Gender.
40. ^
41. ^ Duggan, Lisa; Hunter, Nan D. (1995). Sex wars: sexual dissent and political culture. New York: Routledge.
42. ^ Hansen, Karen Tranberg;; Philipson, Ilene J. (1990). Women, class, and the feminist imagination: a socialist-feminist reader. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
43. ^ Gerhard, Jane F. (2001). Desiring revolution: second-wave feminism and the rewriting of American sexual thought, 1920 to 1982. New York: Columbia University Press.
44. ^
45. ^ Vance, Carole S. Pleasure and Danger: Exploring Female Sexuality. Thorsons Publishers.
46. ^ a b Bourne, Adam H., and Margaret A. Robson. "Perceiving risk and (re)constructing safety: The lived experience of having 'safe' sex." Health, Risk & Safety. 11.3 (2009): 283-295. Print.
47. ^ "Low condom use among sexually active adults in the united states". Retrieved 2011-01-20.
48. ^
49. ^
50. ^
51. ^
52. ^ Gavey, N., McPhillips, K., and Doherty, M. (2001). If it’s not on, it’s not on -- or is it?. Los Angeles: Pine Forge Press. p. 323.
53. ^ Johnson, M. Jr. (2010). "'Just getting off": the inseparability of ejaculation and hegemonic masculinity'". Journal of Men’s Studies 18 (3): 238–248.
54. ^ Garvey, Nicola, Kathryn McPhillips, and Marion Doherty. Trans. Array The Kaleidoscope of Gender: Prisms, patterns, and possibilities. Joan Z. Spade and Catherine G. Valentine. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks: Pine Forge Press, 2011. 323-332. Print.
55. ^ Cook, Catherine. "'Nice girls don't': women and the condom conundrum." Journal of Clinical Nursing. 21. (2011): 535-543. Print.
56. ^ Alexander , Kamila A., Christopher L. Coleman, Janet A. Deatrick, and Loretta S. Jemmott. "Moving beyond safe sex to woman-controlled safe sex: a concept analysis." Journal of Advanced Nursing. 68.8 (2001): 1858-1869. Print.
57. ^ McPhillips, Kathryn, Virginia Braun, and Nicola Gavey. "Defining (Hetero)Sex: How imperative is the "coital imperative"?." Women's Studies International Form. 24.2 (2001): 229-240. Print.
58. ^ Taylor, B.M. (1995). "' Gender—power relations and safer sex negotiation*'". Journal of Advanced Nursing 22 (4): 687–693.
See also
Another social idea of sexuality is the coital imperative. The coital imperative is the idea that for sex to be real, there must be penile-vaginal intercourse. For many women, this imposes limitations to the sexual possibilities[6][10][11] and a condom is seen as a symbol of the end of the sexual experience. Public acceptance of penis-vagina penetration as central to a sexual relationship is reinforced by the focus on condom use.[57] These ideas, male sex drive and coital imperative, paired with the social construction of femininity, may lead to an imbalance of the power in making the decision to use a condom.[58]
Others speculate that the responsibility for condom use falling on women is not so much imposed by society, but is instead resultant of the possible consequences of unprotected sex being generally more serious for women than men (pregnancy, greater likelihood of STI transmission, etc.). Bacterial STIs, such as chlamydia and gonorrhea, show that rates among women can be three times higher than men in high prevalence areas of the United States, and one-fourth of pregnancies in developing countries and one-half of pregnancies in the United States are unintended.[56]
Socially constructed masculinity might suggest that men have a higher sex drive than women, that men are constantly interested in sex, and that once men are sexually aroused, they must be satisfied through orgasm.[52] This drive is intertwined with the male identity and consequently creates a momentum that, once started, is difficult to stop.[53] Socially constructed femininity might suggest the connotation of passivity, which has impacted the cultural importance of female desire. This is a factor that contributes to women's sexual desires being largely ignored; because men are seen as unable to control their sexuality, this can make women responsible for enforcing condom use instead of the "uncontrollable" male. Some scholars argue that a contributing factor in this division of responsibility for safe sex factors is the privileged status of male desire in Western culture, as indicated by the commonly held belief that the female sexual experience is not adversely impacted by condom use but that the male sexual experience is diminished with the addition of this barrier.[54] They believe that this is problematic, as the use of condoms is symbolically linked to casual sex and promiscuity, which goes against the social norms of femininity.[55] This link is considered something that cannot be underestimated as "discontinuation of condom use becomes a test or a marker which signifies the existence of a committed and exclusive relationship," and demonstrates trust.[46]
The social construction of masculinity and femininity play a lead role in understanding why women are commonly held responsible for the outcome of sexual encounters. Often, societies create different sexual norms and assumptions for women and men, with female and male sexuality often seen as being the opposite of one another: for example, females are commonly taught that they "should not want sexual activity or find it pleasurable, or have sexual relations outside of marriage," while males are commonly taught to "feel entitled to have sexual relations and pleasure and that their self-worth is demonstrated through their sexual prowess and notions of authority and power".[48] Sexual interactions often take place in unequal structural circumstances in the context of imbalance of power between men and women.[49][50] Feminists, such as Catharine Mackinnon, have stated that the inequality in which heterosexual intercourse takes place should not be ignored and should play a crucial role in policies; Mackinnon has argued: "The assumption is that women can be unequal to men economically, socially, culturally, politically, and in religion, but the moment they have sexual interactions, they are free and equal. That's the assumption - and I think it ought to be thought about, and in particular what consent then means."[51]
Since the emergence of sexual independence (in the West), health officials have launched campaigns to bring awareness to the risks of unprotected sexual intercourse. While the dangers of unprotected sex include unintended pregnancy, sexually transmitted infections (STIs/STDs), with HIV/AIDS being the deadliest, the use of contraceptive devices (the most reliable being condoms) remain inconsistent.[47] Campaigns that advocate consistent condom use are frequently targeted toward women. They often place the greatest responsibility for safe sex on women and there are several social constructions and assumptions that are to be taken into account to understand the reasoning why.
With regard to the responsibility for safe sexual activity in heterosexual relationships, the commonly held definition of safe sex may be examined; it has been argued that there are three facets to the common perception of safe sex: emotional safety (trusting one's partner), psychological safety (feeling safe), and biomedical safety (the barrier of fluids which may cause pregnancy or transmit disease). The phrase "safe sex" is commonly known to refer to biomedical safety.[46]
Women as responsible for sexual safety
Matters such as the sex industry, sexual representation in the media, and issues regarding consent to sex under conditions of male dominance have been more controversial topics among feminists. These debates culminated in the late 1970s and the 1980s, in what came to be known as the Feminist Sex Wars, which pitted anti-pornography feminism against sex-positive feminism. Parts of the feminist movement were deeply divided on these issues.[41][42][43][44][45]
Feminist attitudes to female sexuality have varied in scope throughout the movement's history. Generally, modern feminists advocate for all women to have access to sexual healthcare and education, and agree on the importance of reproductive health freedoms, particularly regarding issues such as birth control and family planning. Bodily autonomy and consent are also concepts of high importance in modern feminist views of female sexuality.
Lesbianism and female bisexuality also emerged as topics of interest within feminism. A short-lived concept of political lesbianism within the feminist movement led to temporary schisms between heterosexual and lesbian women, then rapidly floundered in the face of the acceptance that most women's sexuality was not defined by politics, but by their own sexual preferences.
The feminist movement, and the increasing social status of women in modern society, have led to women's sexuality being reassessed as a subject in its own right. During the 1970s and 1980s, in the wake of the sexual revolution, numerous feminist writers started to address the question of female sexuality from their own female perspective, rather than allowing female sexuality to be defined in terms of largely male studies. One of the first such popular non-fiction books was Nancy Friday's My Secret Garden. Other writers, such as Germaine Greer, Simone de Beauvoir and Camille Paglia, were particularly influential in this, although their views were not universally or placidly accepted. Toward the end of the twentieth century the most significant European contributions to understanding female sexuality came from psychoanalytical French feminism, with the work of Luce Irigaray and Julia Kristeva.
Feminist concepts
urethra is closest to the vaginal wall. In 1981, sexologists John D. Perry and Beverly Whipple named that area the Gräfenberg spot, or G-spot, in his honor. While the medical community generally has not embraced the complete concept of the G-spot,[17][18][19] Sanger, Kinsey, and Masters and Johnson credit his extensive physiological work.
In the modern age, psychologists and physiologists engaged in the task of exploring female sexuality. Masters and Johnson (1966) and Helen O'Connell (2005), reject this distinction.[5][11][39][40]
Modern studies
Another historical device used to control female sexual behavior was the chastity belt, which is a locking item of clothing designed to prevent sexual intercourse. The belts were worn by women to protect their chastity, which included preventing masturbation or sexual access by unauthorized males.[36][37][38]
Methods employed to control female sexuality and behavior include the threat of death, such as honor killings. The reason for such a killing may include refusing to enter an arranged marriage, being in a relationship that is disapproved by their relatives, having sex outside marriage, becoming the victim of rape, or dressing in ways which are deemed inappropriate.[33][34][35]
Some controversial traditional cultural practices, such as female genital mutilation (FGM), have been described as attempts at nullifying women's sexuality altogether. FGM continues to be practised in some parts of Africa and the Middle East, as well as in some immigrant communities in Western countries, though it is widely outlawed. The procedure is typically carried out on young girls, before the age of 15.[31][32]
Historically, many cultures have viewed female sexuality as being subordinate to male sexuality, and as something to be controlled through restrictions on female behavior. Traditional cultural practices, such as enforced modesty and chastity, have historically tended to place restrictions principally on women, without imposing similar restrictions on men.[30]
In the ancient civilizations of India, Japan, and China, the subject of female sexuality was expressed in several writings and commentaries. For example, much of the Kama Sutra, an ancient Indian treatise on sex and sexuality, deals with female sexuality.
Historical conceptions and control
The female erogenous zones are areas with nerve endings that increase the sensitivity and their stimulation results in sexual response. The aim of exploring the female erogenous areas is to increase her level of arousal in order to enjoy the act and potentially reach an orgasm. The erogenous zones are different from woman to woman and it is also likely that the stimulation of the erogenous areas that some women find pleasant and exciting may be impossible to bear for others.
Erogenous zones
At the 2002 conference for Canadian Society of Women in Philosophy, researcher Nancy Tuana asserted that the clitoris is unnecessary in reproduction and therefore it has been "historically ignored," mainly because of "a fear of pleasure. It is pleasure separated from reproduction. That's the fear". She reasoned that this fear is the cause of the ignorance that veils female sexuality.[28] Other theories suggest that cervix, where it is in a better position to reach the egg.[29]
[11] O'Connell used [11] Researcher Helen O'Connell said, "It boils down to rivalry between the sexes: the idea that one sex is sexual and the other reproductive. The truth is that both are sexual and both are reproductive."[12] The biological function of a woman's orgasm is not completely understood, as some researchers suggest that it does not appear to serve an essential purpose to human survival.
Biological and evolutionary function
|
5s-station-before (1)When learning about the 5S program most people can quickly see how it can be helpful and improve efficiency in the facility. The whole strategy is quite easy when looking at it at a high level. If you’re not careful, however, it can get confusing with the actual implementation. This is because some of the “S’s” in the strategy aren’t quite as clear as they seem at first.
For example, the idea of sorting is quite simple on its surface, but how can you really get as much out of it as possible. What should the facility really be doing to help put things in order, avoid clutter, and generally improve the way things are done? Learning about what sort really means and how it should be implemented is essential for getting the most out of any 5S program.
The sort step in 5S can typically be broken down into five different sections. Cleaning, classifying, ownership, tagging, and recycling or reassignment. Learning how each of these concepts can be applied in a given facility can help ensure you get the most out of any 5S program.
Cleaning the Facility
The first thing that should be done as part of the sort process is to clean up the facility. More specifically, employees from each work station should be required to clean up that part of the facility. Getting rid of extra papers, putting away tools, clearing off dust and debris, removing oil or grease, properly disposing of scrap, and other similar things should all be considered part of the clean step in 5S.
Many people question this step because they feel that the workplace is always going to be dirty. Construction sites, for example, will have sawdust and other items spread out due to the work that is being done. While it is true that a construction site is never going to be as clean as a surgical suite, that doesn’t mean that cleaning and sorting the area doesn’t need to be done.
Removing sawdust from an area, for example, not only helps to keep the area looking nicer, but it also reduces the risk of fires, slips and falls, and much more. No matter the environment, cleaning and sorting is very important for improving safety and efficiency.
Classifying Each Item
Once everything is cleaned up, it is important to identify what each object is and where it should go. If you find that there are a number of different tools in a work area, for example, these should be classified by the type of tool they are, and then put away where they belong. Other items that need to be classified may include paperwork, scrap items (does it go to recycling or can it be reused?), electronics, and more.
Establishing Ownership
Identifying which department or individual owns each item is the next task at hand. While ownership likely doesn’t mean who actually owns it, since that would be the company itself, it does mean finding who ends up taking responsibility for it. Shipping containers, for example, will be ‘owned’ by the shipping department. Cleaning supplies are typically going to be owned by the maintenance or janitorial department.
For most items, it will be easy to identify which area owns it, but for others it may take some work. Once the ownership of each item has been established, make sure that the item is either returned to the owner, or else properly logged as being used at another specific workstation.
Tagging Items
5s-station-after (2)There will almost always be items that can’t be identified, classified, or assigned ownership right away, but they also can’t simply be discarded. These items need to be tagged so that they can be organized and assigned to an individual or group for ownership. Tagging can be done anytime, but most facilities will have to do the most of this step the first time they go through the sorting process.
After the first sorting event, most things will have a proper ‘home’ and only new items will need to go through this process. New items should immediately go through the process of being identified and assigned to a specific group, however, so the tagging process will be very brief and may not even be a formal event for these items.
Recycling or Reassigning Items
Any trash or scrap items will be recycled, disposed of, or reassigned to another use right away. This type of thing will occur as a normal part of the cleaning and sorting process. Items that have been tagged, however, may have a delay before they can be recycled or reassigned.
After the initial sorting, many facilities will take all tagged items and allow groups to go through them for a period of thirty days (or less). If nobody has claimed them at that point, they will need to be recycled or reassigned to other uses.
Ongoing Sorting Program
When implementing 5S processes, the sorting will take quite a long time during the initial implementation. After that, however, it takes far less work to continue to keep things properly sorted going forward.
In order to avoid having to go through an extensive sorting process again in the future, however, the facility should stress the importance of proper ongoing sorting efforts. Requiring employees to clean up after they use a given area, or at least at the end of each shift, will help to avoid clutter from building up over time. While it may seem like an inconvenience at first, it actually makes getting work done much faster and easier for everyone involved.
While basic cleaning should be something everyone knows how to do, there will be some training necessary to ensure everyone is handling these steps properly. This will help ensure the sort process is conducted properly initially, and kept up with long down the road. While sort is just one part of the overall 5S process, it is a very important part and one on which the entire methodology can build from.
Check out Creative Safety Supply for all your 5S and Lean product needs.
Similar Posts:
Additional Resources
|
By Mia Lukic
“Gertrude Kasebier Photo of Zitkala Sa, Sioux Indian and activist” by National Museum of American History is licensed under CC BY-NC 2.0
Zitkala-Ša was an empowering activist who fought for native rights and played a role in the fight for suffrage. She was born on February 22, 1876 on the Yankton Indian Reservation in South Dakota. At only eight years old Zitkala-Ša was taken from her home and placed in White’s Indiana Manual Labor Institute, a residential school that, like many others across the country, forced assimilation on native children. Here, Zitkala-Ša was given the name Gertrude Simmons, her beautiful and meaningful long hair was chopped off and her personal beliefs dismissed as she was forced to pray as a Quaker.
The school impacted Zitkala-Ša greatly, in positive and negative ways. She loved school and learning, especially learning to play music and she went on to become a music teacher at the Carlisle Indian Industrial School. Carlisle was an assimilation school like Zitkala-Ša had attended herself, a place where native children were taken to after being ripped away from their homes and forced to accept and act in ways that were favorable to the white teachers. The founder of Carlisle is quoted to have said “kill the Indian in him, and save the man”, in reference to what they did at the school.
The assimilation attempts and disconnect from her culture and heritage left her feeling stuck in a limbo between worlds. She tried multiple times to return to the reservation she was from, but was too upset by both the personal separation the school had made and the state of the reservation after years of white settlers occupying the land and the negative results of those actions.
A talented writer, Zitkala-Ša started writing for magazines about her experiences and her heritage. She wrote out against assimilation and boarding schools that tore children away from their families and communities. She even wrote down many stories from her tribe and culture to share with the white communities as means to humanize and share the rich cultures native people have, in an attempt to slow the push for assimilation. Zitkala-Ša even wrote the first native written opera, based on a sacred Sioux dance that was illegal in the eyes of the United States Government. The opera was a piece of art that expressed her feeling of being caught between two worlds, and her desire to connect the two.
She eventually went on to work for the Bureau of Indian Affairs and the Society of American Indians where she fought hard for native rights, against assimilation, and lobbied for American citizenship. She argued that as the original people of America, indigenous people had a right to be citizens and be represented in government with the right to vote. Zitkala-Ša moved to Washington DC and fought for what she believed in even after the 1924 Indian Citizenship Act passed. While this act granted citizenship it did not prevent states from deciding who had a right to vote and who did not. Zitkala-Ša devoted her entire life to fighting for native rights and was incredibly passionate about suffrage, creating voting registration drives and working to make voting accessible for all natives. She died in 1928 and the last state granted natives the right to vote thirty-four years later in 1962. Even then, much like the Jim Crow laws that were used against Black voters, natives faced literacy tests and taxes and general discouragement.
Zitkala-Ša was a driven and passionate woman who fought for native rights and the right to vote for all. Her role in the suffrage movement is not nearly as covered by the media nor textbooks but it was and is incredibly important and powerful.
Rising Gardens: Freedom Garden Fridays in February
By Mia Lukic
Rising Gardens is a new program for the Women’s Center, and is a part of the One Billion Rising Movement. Rising Gardens aims to connect the power of a garden to a multitude of social issues. Encouraging people to grow gardens is not only a way to start a conversation about certain issues, but to combat them.
“Gardens remind us of our enduring connection to life, to each other and to Earth, which compels us to do everything in our power to protect and nurture life and all that is sacred without doing harm. The cultivation of plant life is also a means for survival. Growing food in a garden organically – be it your own indoor garden or a community garden – allows you to feed yourself and your community. It provides autonomy and underscores the need for food security in a world where so many are denied these essential resources” (One Billion Rising).
Over the next three months we will highlight three major social issues and how they correlate to gardens, while growing our very own freedom gardens. Freedom gardens is a play on the term “victory gardens”, referring to gardens grown during World War II. The renaming comes from the association between victory gardens and anti-Asian sentiment, as a lot of Japansese-American farmland was seized by white farmers during this time (Freedom Gardens). Our freedom gardens will be grown in our homes, using household items and food scraps.
February is Black History Month and we are focusing on the connection between food and racial equity.
Leah Penniman is an amazing woman who founded Soul Fire Farm, a nonprofit organic farm devoted to training the new generation of farmers of color. She details why “food sovereignty is central in the fight for racial justice” in her book Farming While Black. A striking line from the book is spoken by a young black man stating “Look, you’re either going to die from the gun or you are going to die from bad food” (Penniman). Leah explains that a Black person in America is more likely to die from lack of access to good food than any type of violence, despite violence being the most covered by the media. “If you look at diabetes, kidney failure and heart disease—those are all inextricably linked to what types of food a person has access to. And the last time I looked, those are the leading causes of death”(Penniman). She says this by no means to diminish the murders of Black and Brown people, but rather to bring attention to both, and the connections between them.
Penniman also rejects the popular term “food desert” and instead prefers the term “food apartheid”, explaining that a desert is natural but nothing about what is happening in these scenarios is natural. Decades of redlining and zoning have made it harder for people of color to have access to certain neighborhoods and by default, quality food.
“The existence and persistence of community gardens in food deserts and low-income neighborhoods is a testament to the resilience of the Black and Brown communities who cultivate them” (One Billion Rising). Many people are trying to combat this inaccessibility with community gardens or personal gardens like freedom gardens.
My garden consists of spring onions, romaine lettuce, celery, and a pineapple. Some nonedible plants include three cacti (Spike, Pickle, and Sunny) and a bamboo aptly named Boo. (I figured it was cruel to name the plants I planned on eating soon). My spring onions are about two months old, and have been living and growing in my window since I purchased them at Walmart. They just keep regrowing their tops and getting cut as I need them. My celery and romaine lettuce are showing slow but steady growth and are only about a week old. Unfortunately, most likely due to the snow and freezing conditions my pineapple seems to be dying, I have moved it to the kitchen and there is little left to do but keep an eye on it. All of my plants are currently in jars I repurposed from anything like olives or even candles, and all of the plants themselves are just the roots of food I had purchased and normally would throw away. So far, this process has shown me how easy it is to repurpose food scraps and how not unlike flowers many vegetables are. We keep flowers in a vase without a second thought, why not celery? I have not bought spring onions in months, simply cutting what I need off the ones on my window sill. While I couldn’t feed myself entirely with my freedom garden, it is an easy way to keep vegetables and herbs in the house at all times. Once my lettuce and celery (hopefully) grow I will be able to make a small salad or snack with them and enjoy both the benefits of healthy food and the satisfaction of having grown something from seemingly nothing. I am very happy to see the greenery everyday if nothing else, they add life and color to every room. Check out our Instagram @umkcwomenc every Friday to watch their growth each week!
Dating During a Pandemic
Two people, both alike in swiping right,
In the time of Corona, where we lay our scene…
One would imagine dating during the time of a global pandemic would decrease significantly. Instead, dating apps like Tinder, Hinge, and OkCupid are reporting substantial increases in usage. (Fast Company) What’s more, people seem to be more open to conversations and creating emotional connections than before. Researchers say that when meeting up immediately is no longer safe, people are taking their time getting to know one another, and working towards meaningful relationships as opposed to flings. (The Atlantic)
We’ve published blogs talking about the dangers women are facing having to shelter in place in houses where they experience domestic violence, and the increase in violence against women in the pandemic. You can read more about what the UN labeled “The Shadow Pandemic” here.
What about the concerns of newly budding relationships?
One love is an organization devoted to educating young people on love and relationships. They recently released 10 signs of an unhealthy relationship and explain what these signs can look like during a global pandemic. They stress that “While everyone does unhealthy things sometimes, we can all learn to love better by recognizing unhealthy signs and shifting to healthy behaviors. If you are seeing unhealthy signs in your relationship, it’s important to not ignore them and understand they can escalate to abuse. If you think you are in a dangerous situation, trust your gut and get help.” (one love)
The ten signs are listed below and the full infographic can be found here.
1. Intensity: When someone expresses very extreme feelings and over-the top behavior that feels overwhelming.
Expecting you to respond quickly to text/calls, expecting to spend all day together because you are home, relationships escalating faster than normal, self isolating together after a short time.
1. Manipulation: When someone tries to control your decisions, actions or emotions.
Using shelter in place to control where you are, pressuring you to meet in person despite social distancing guidelines.
1. Sabotage: When someone purposely ruins your reputation, achievements, or success.
Withholding WiFi, transportation, or money, not respecting communicated boundaries like work from home time, carelessly exposing you COVID19.
1. Guilting: When someone makes you feel responsible for their actions or makes you feel like it’s your job to keep them happy.
Making you feel bad for having conversations about boundaries, expecting you to be okay sending or receiving explicit photos/messages due to lack of physical contact.
1. Deflecting Responsibility: When someone repeatedly makes excuses for their unhealthy behavior.
Using the pandemic as an excuse for their unhealthy actions and behaviors like yelling or anything else on this list.
1. Possessiveness: When someone is jealous to a point where they try to control who you spend time with and what you do.
Demanding you share your location at all times, looking through your phone, demanding to know who you’re talking to throughout the day.
1. Isolation: When someone keeps you away from friends, family, or other people.
Pressuring you to quarantine with them instead of family/friends, expecting you to stay on the phone with them all day or for long stretches of time and limiting your interaction with others.
1. Belittling: When someone does and says things to make you feel bad about yourself.
Putting you down for your work habits, snacking, physical appearance, or level of concern for COVID19.
1. Volatility: When someone has a really strong, unpredictable reaction that makes you feel scared, confused or intimidated.
Lashing out and having extreme reactions to things out of their control like the WiFi not working, not being about to go out, etc.
1. Betrayal: When someone is disloyal or acts in an intentionally dishonest way.
Exposing you or others to COVID19 knowingly or due to a lack of precautions, lying about breaking safety “bubbles” and symptoms of COVID19.
It is important to keep these red flags in mind when starting a new relationship, and even when evaluating existing ones. Abuse does not have to be physical to be real, and it is never excusable. If you are experiencing domestic violence contact the domestic violence hotline at 816-995-1000.
As always you can contact the Women’s Center at 816.235.1638 or [email protected] and we would be more than happy to assist you and/or direct you towards further help in whatever situation you are in.
Reflecting on the Semester
By Mia Lukic
I cannot believe the Fall 2020 semester is already ending. No one could have predicted the circumstances of this semester and it held many surprises for everyone. One of the positive surprises I got was when I received my email that I had been awarded work study. I knew immediately that I wanted to join the Women’s Center staff after taking a class with Dr. Bethman, our director. It was the first post I applied to and I was so incredibly happy to have been accepted. Because of my late work study, I started a month or two later than most of the other staff but they all welcomed me quickly and I started contributing to the programs and events, as well as my blog and social media postings.
I loved working on programs like Words of Wisdom Wednesdays where I shared quotes from women on our Instagram, White Ribbon Day where I collaborated with UMKC RISE to raise awareness for gender-based violence, and Transgender Day of Remembrance where I created graphics of information to share regarding the Transgender community.
These blogs have been a great opportunity to learn a lot about a variety of topics during my research and preparation. I have really loved sharing what I found and am excited to dive into new topics next semester. It has also served as a way to start important conversations with my parents, new devoted Women’s Center blog readers. (Hi Mom and Dad!)
I learned a lot about social media as it switched from casual, personal use to a sizable part of my job. One thing I did not expect to encounter were : Twitter Trolls. I had heard of these creatures before, but never experienced them until this semester. It was difficult at first, but I think it made me a better person and feminist, learning not to second guess myself just because someone didn’t agree with me.
I loved working with this amazing group of people and will miss those not returning next semester, but know they are on their way to doing great things! I look forward to working on more programs next semester like the new and improved V-day and even a program that combines issues surrounding the environment, women, and food insecurity into one.
I plan on taking the winter break to force myself to take time for myself and devote at least the time I would be writing these blogs to self care and I hope you find time to do the same. Until January!
The Shadow Pandemic
By Mia Lukic
• Future planning policies and actions to implement in this context;
• Launch a COVID-19 behavior change social mobilization campaign
• Ensure continuum of adequate criminal justice system response.
Domestic and Sexual Violence Resources
Learning Social Action: #Buy Black
By Mia Lukic
This fall semester UMKC offered a class entitled “Social Action” that followed the teachings of Change! A Student Guide to Social Action by Scott Myers-Lipton. The students broke out into groups and spent the semester not only learning about social issues but actively trying to address them in any capacity they could. Group topics ranged from mental health, food insecurity, indigenous rights, and much more. One group in particular focused on buying black.
UMKC Undergraduate students Devyn Eason, Hannah Pham, Lanisha Stevens, and Leah Taylor explained that they wanted to support local black businesses, through both monetary means and awareness.
The concept of buying black is nothing new, it was pushed by leaders like Booker T. Washington, Marcus Garvey, and Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. to stimulate the economies of African American communities for years. Recently it was revived in many ways and given the name and subsequent hashtag #BuyBlack.
The students decided to dedicate their semester researching the issue and thinking of ways to help. Hannah Pham explains “Black businesses aren’t receiving a lot of support, although they contribute a lot to our economy. We as citizens within our community cannot support businesses that we may not be aware of.”
The impact of buying black is best understood by considering a single dollar. That single dollar can be put into the community when someone buys an ice cream from a black owned shop. That owner could use it to buy a blouse at another black owned shop, that then gives change to someone using the dollar and they go on to buy something else somewhere else. However, according to The Undefeated, “In the black community, a dollar only circulates for six hours. Compare that to some Asian communities, where the same dollar can circulate for up to a month. When you look at it that way, it’s no wonder why we’re not getting ahead like we should.”
A shocking point they focus on is that most black owned businesses do not even have employees. Most are owner owned and operated and some have volunteers staffing the business.
BLNDED Media reports that “According to the U.S. Census Bureau’s Survey of Business Owners (SBO), which is conducted every five years, over 90 percent of Latino and black firms do not have even one employee other than the owners. One new trend is the proportion of owner-only firms reaching a high of close to 98 percent for the sub-group of African American female-led businesses.” Furthermore, black female owned firms are losing revenue as the years pass. A Forbes article published that “American Express found that the gap is widening between the average revenue for businesses owned by women of color and those owned by non-minority women. For women of color, average revenue dropped from $84,000 in 2007 to $66,400 in 2018, while for non-minority businesses, revenue rose from $181,000 to $212,300.” This trend can spell disaster for women of color who own a business and who may be struggling already with the pandemic.
So what did the students choose to do? Apart from almost weekly presentations to the class, they created a list of local black businesses people can support, are visiting them personally, and vlogging their visits!
A fun, modern way of promoting the retention of the dollar in the community!
Two local Black and female owned businesses they wanted to shoutout include:
Matches Boutique on the Plaza (https://matchesboutique.com/)
UnLESHed+ (https://www.shopunleshed.com/)
To get into contact and keep up with the group email : [email protected]
Friday the 13th and Femininity
By Mia Lukic
Today, Friday the 13th is associated with bad luck and all things spooky, due to the Christian religion and cinematic industry. Many people believe it is a scary day and many choices are made surrounding it. Winston Churchill never sat in row 13 on planes, in theaters, etc. Many buildings skip floor 13 and go from 12 to 14. In Scotland, gate 13 does not exist in any airport, it goes 12, 12B, 14 (Jay).
Friday’s negative association stems from the Christian teachings that it was the day of the week Eve offered the forbidden fruit to Adam. It is taught that Adam was kicked out of Paradise on Friday, and the day Jesus was killed, is known as “Good Friday”.
Thirteen was the number of people Christians teach Jesus had at The Last Supper, including himself and twelve apostles. After that supper, Jesus was allegedly killed and some people avoid having dinner parties with thirteen people to this day, afraid that the first to stand up from the table will die. (Lawson)
But did you know that before more patriarchal religions, Friday the 13th had positive and feminine associations?
The word Friday ultimately comes from the Latin ‘dies Veneris’ which translates to “Day of Venus” the Roman goddess equivalent of the Greek Aphrodite, goddess of love and femininity. (Schilling)
While Veneris matches some languages like the French “vendredi”, Friday is a day of the week in English evolved more recently from the Old English term Frīġedæġ, or ‘Day of the Frige’, dedicated to the German goddess Frigg, also associated with Venus.(Schilling)
Thirteen may not seem like an important number at first glance, but it is the average number of times people who menstruate have their period in a year. A period happens roughly every 28 days, and that comes out to 13 cycles over 12 months or 364 days.
Before we, as a society, acknowledged that non binary people, transgender men, and other people who do not identify as a woman, may also have a menstrual cycle, periods were solely associated with cisgender women.
So Friday and 13 were powerfully woman focused and when combined made for a day of female celebration.
But patriarchy ruins the party again.
Why is it that these long standing traditions and associations had to be dismantled and given evil and negative connotations?
Vincent Schilling, a Mohawk Native part of the Iroquois Confederacy, and contributor to Indian Country Today states, “Once again I am reminded what the patriarchy has done historically, and how they have done everything in their power to wipe women from history”. (Schilling)
November 13 2020 was our last Friday the 13th and August 13th 2021 will be our next. Will you celebrate with horror movies and treading lightly? Or will you take the day to celebrate femininity?
It’s Okay Not to be Okay Right Now.
By Mia Lukic
The CDC reports:
• Changes in sleep or eating patterns.
• Difficulty sleeping or concentrating.
• Worsening of chronic health problems.
• Worsening of mental health conditions.
Women Who Lead: Activism Through an Intersectional Lens – Panelist Mahreen Ansari
By Mia Lukic
Tune into the “Women Who Lead” Panel Discussion for an invigorating conversation with a panel of diverse group of local women leaders, Thursday November 5, 2020 6:00 – 7:30 pm
Use the link below to register
As the event gets closer, and even as the event passes we would like to highlight our panelist for their extraoridnary work in our community, and for their extraordinary work in this event! The first panelist we would like to highlight is Mahreen Ansari, a junior at UMKC pursuing her undergraduate degree. Mahreen is studying Political Science and International Studies with a Pre-Law emphasis. Vice President of both the Student Government Association and UMKC’s College Democrats chapter, Mahreen is passionate about climate justice and is a community organizer with Sunrise Movement Kansas City. Through her climate justice work with Sunrise Movement Kansas City, she hopes to create space within environmentalism for BIPOC (Black, Indigenous, People of Color) and other traditionally excluded groups. We had a chance to sit down with Mahreen one on one and ask her some more in-depth questions about her work in the community. The following is that interview!
What motivates you to keep working towards justice in a time where the country is so divided, and many people choose to reject the realities of social issues and/or scientific fact?
For a long time, I always felt like “well someone has to do the work!” But with a global pandemic and the beginning of the uprisings this summer, I have felt so burnt out because I just have been doing and feeling a lot. So, I have shifted my thought process to “someone has to start it” and I’ve just been rolling with that. I feel like with that thought process it’s easier to recognize that work must be done and it’s important that all of us find ways to contribute to this rather than just taking it all on by ourselves. Being a part of different organizations that are dedicated to different aspects of the fight for social justice as well as having friends who are as committed to this fight as much as I am helps so much because you don’t feel alone. It’s important to recognize the importance in the work you do and having a support system for yourself. I know that, for many of us, we are living in shocking times where it feels like it can’t get any worse, but honestly, the people who came before us have survived this, and worse, and that resilience is something that we have inherited from our predecessors. I always try to think of my support system, my work, and my ancestors to keep myself motivated. I do want to remind everyone though that rest is necessary, and you shouldn’t feel ashamed for taking time for yourself.
How does your intersectional identity as a woman impact your outlook on the world and certain issues?
My femme identity gives me a broader outlook on the world, in the sense that I’m marginalized for it so it pushes me to want to build coalitions with people who are marginalized in the same or similar ways. It reminds me that all of these struggles are interconnected, and that the fight for social justice can only truly be won if we all work together. I also understand the how, where, and why women and femmes are marginalized in the ways we are because of that firsthand marginalization I experience from this identity, which helps me better recognize ways to battle it and advocate on my behalf.
What would you say to young female leaders who are just starting on their path to leadership?
I would encourage young women and femmes who are just starting on their path to leadership to stay true to who they are. We exist in a world where we’re encouraged to dilute our beliefs or practices to be more digestible for people, but that’s not why you exist. You should never have to dress a certain way to be taken seriously, or sound more polite when you speak so that people listen. We need to create and work on the world we want and that doesn’t happen through compromising who we are. Don’t be afraid to take up space in places dominated by men or masculine people because you have just as much, if not more, of a right to exist in those spaces. If you are criticized for how you react or interact within those male or masculine dominated spaces don’t let it phase you because the “criticism” that you’re facing has a large chance of being based off of negative biases.
Are there any programs/projects you are currently working on that you would like to mention?
I have two things I want to shout out. First, in my work as Vice President of Student Government Association at UMKC I have been working with the Office of Student Involvement and the Collegiate Panhellenic Council to bring in an outside organization to put together a workshop based around diversity and inclusion for students. It’ll give students the opportunity to engage in real introspection and critical reflection and explore the fluidity and ubiquity of race in American society. I’m so excited for this and I want to encourage all students to RSVP for it, the event is on RooGroups under “2020 Inclusive Student Leadership Retreat”. Second, I want to shoutout Sunrise Movement Kansas City, the climate justice organization that I organize with, for the amazing work they do. We’ve been working on pushing City Hall to pass a Green New Deal resolution for Kansas City that will not only push Kansas City to be a greener city but also to make sure that in that transition everyone in Kansas City is being accounted for and taken care of in it. I do a lot of the digital graphics for Sunrise Movement Kansas City which has pushed me to start my own series which explores a lot of race-related history and issues of Kansas City.
Where can people go to learn more about the work you do?
If you’re interested in joining or finding out more about Sunrise Movement Kansas City, you can check out our social media, all of our handles are @sunrisemvmtkc. If you’re interested in checking out the graphics I made about race-related history and issues in Kansas City, you can check out my personal Instagram @exotik.queen where I post my content.
Be sure to register to see Mahreen in the Women Who Lead Panel and keep checking in to learn about the other panelists!
Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women
By Mia Lukic
October marks both Domestic Violence Awareness Month and the month of Indigenous People’s Day on October 12th, 2020. The Coalition to Stop Violence Against Native Women reports that 4 out of 5 native women are affected by violence today. The National Institute of Justice released a study that said 55.5% of native women experience physical violence by an intimate partner. Native women are murdered at a rate 10 times the national average, and they go missing and/or are murdered at a higher rate than any other ethnic group, according to Native Women’s Society. The lack of communication between tribes, local, and federal law enforcement are often cited as the reason only around 12% of missing indigenous women are entered into the National Missing and Unidentified Person System.
Last month, Congress passed two bills, Savanna’s Act, and the Not Invisible Act, which are focused on the issue of missing and murdered indigenous women, and they await the president’s signature. Harper’s Bazaar breaks them down to explain:
Savanna’s Act is named after Savanna LaFontaine, a native woman who was brutally murdered in 2017. This act requires that the Justice Department reports statistics on native people, create and train law enforcement on the protocol for missing and murdered indigenous people, and reach out to tribes and organizations focused on indigenous rights.
The Not Invisible Act demands that the Department of the Interior “designate an official within the Bureau of Indian Affairs to coordinate prevention efforts, grants, and programs related to missing Indians and the murder and human trafficking of Indians” (HB).
These bills are a good step towards justice and can only be attributed to the tireless work of activists who fought and continue to fight for indigenous women. The statistics of violence against indigenous women are horrendous, and for people to still have to fight for something to be done about it is disgraceful. Do not forget the indigenous woman during Violence Prevention Month, or any month. Take some time on the 12th to learn what land you are standing on, go to school on, work on, live on. The website https://native-land.ca/ will break down the tribes that lived on the land before you with a simple zip code input.
|
Quick Answer: What Is Not Chronological?
What does chronological sequence mean?
chronological sequence – a following of one thing after another in time; “the doctor saw a sequence of patients” chronological succession, succession, successiveness, sequence.
temporal arrangement, temporal order – arrangement of events in time..
What is the opposite of chronological order?
What is the opposite of chronological?nonconsecutiveinconsecutivenonsequentialout of orderinfrequentinconsequentialdisorderedillogicalirrationalnon-consecutive8 more rows
What is chronological order example?
The definition of chronological is arranged in the order it happened. An example of chronological is a biography that starts in 1920 and goes through 1997.
What is a chronologically?
: of, relating to, or arranged in or according to the order of time chronological tables of American history His art is arranged in chronological order. also : reckoned in units of time chronological age. Other Words from chronological More Example Sentences Learn More about chronological.
How do you do chronological order?
Preparing a Chronology and Gathering DocumentsThis chronology is confidential. … Put everything in order by the date it happened. … Identify people by their full names whenever possible, and include their job titles if you know them. … Start from the beginning when you were first hired, and include your job title and the name of your supervisor.More items…
How do you put something in chronological order?
In Depth. Chronological order is a way of arranging actions, events or things according to the time they occurred. It is demonstrated by showing what happened first, what went on next, what came about in the succeeding occurrences, and until what took place last.
How do you use chronological order in a sentence?
Chronological sentence examplesThe chief events are in chronological order. … The chronological centre of the great beehive tombs seems to be slightly lower. … In the Rabdologia he gives the chronological order of his inventions. … The teacher showed the students how to create their history timeline to show the events in chronological order.More items…
Why is chronological order important?
Chronology is important because the exact order in which events occur helps us understand the cause and the effect of those events, and thereby allow us to step back and view the “big picture” of history – how and why events unfold in the way they do, and how they are related. …
What is the difference between chronological order and reverse chronological order?
Chronological order refers to things arranged according to time, from the earliest to the latest. Reverse chronological order would list them from latest to earliest.
Which comes first in chronological order?
Chronological order is the order in which the events occurred, from first to last.
What is a chronological text?
Chronological Text Structure is when the story is arranged in order of occurrence.
Is the word non chronological?
definition: combined form of chronological.
Is chronological order from newest to oldest?
1 Answer. In technical and common parlance, the phrase “chronological order” indicates that the items are in order of occurrence or creation, oldest first (being the first in the chronology). So it’s [ 1997, 1998, 1999 ] and not [ 1999, 1998, 1997 ] .
What do you mean by reverse chronological order?
Well, a chronological resume does that by listing your work and other experiences in reverse chronological order, meaning your most recent jobs are at the top of your resume and your least recent jobs are down below.
What is a chronology used for?
Chronology, any method used to order time and to place events in the sequence in which they occurred.
|
Take action for your children before it is too late.
4 out of 10 children are affected by cranial deformity. It is a problem that must be addressed as soon as possible to avoid the deformation taking too much space in the child’s skull.
See: Plagiocephaly helmet
Plagiocephaly is characterized by a diagonal flattening at the back of the skull. The front is flattened on the opposite side. Asymmetry in the face becomes noticeable.
Brachycephaly is characterized by flattening in the back of a child's skull. The skull becomes increasingly wide. Fortunately, in this case, no deformation in the face is noticeable. Detachment of the ears is a possible symptom.
This rare form of plagiocephaly differs from the other types as the face gets narrower rather than a longer. There is no impact on the face.
Treating plagiocephaly
Several factors will determine the approach to use. These factors include the age of the child and the cranial index and should be carefully considered. In lighter cases of plagiocephaly, physiotherapy or osteopathic treatment is generally appropriate. In more severe cases where the cranial index is high, wearing a helmet becomes the best solution for treatment.
What are the causes of plagiocephaly?
Intrauterine position
Congenital torticollis
The "protection" position only in dorsal decubitus position (SIDS)
The supine position
Bad positional habits
Schedule an appointment
Booking an appointment has never been so easy! Enter your last name, first name, phone number and date of appointment and our orthotists will contact you within 24 hours. (working hours)
Book an appointment
|
Life, Hope & Truth
Is God Responsible for the Origin of Life?
God says He created all life. The scientific community looks only for natural causes. But is there any evidence for natural causes as the origin of life?
The origin of life has been debated for decades. On one side is religious belief—all life had a supernatural origin from God. On the other side is scientific materialism—life developed through the laws of science and blind chance.
Spectacular advances in science seem to have given scientific materialism the upper hand. But what do the scientific discoveries of the last century reveal about this age-old question? Can the origin of life now be proven?
Perhaps a better question is not about “proof,” but rather, based on current scientific evidence, which is the more credible alternative? Have recent scientific discoveries undercut the claims of religion? Or has the credibility of materialism been damaged?
Scientific materialism and the origin of life
Scientific materialism has no room for the possibility that anything might exist that is not completely described by science. Proponents argue that natural science is the study of matter, so anything outside the realm of matter is outside the scientific purview.
Yet there are clearly aspects of nature that do go beyond matter and, consequently, give materialists difficulty. Three facets in this category are human consciousness, free will and morality. Circular reasoning is used to dismiss these mysteries. Since materialism is assumed to be true, it is assumed these things also must be physical. In the question of the origin of life, this same circular reasoning eliminates any supernatural possibility from the outset.
The scientific approach to the study of the origin of life begins with the assumption that life originated by a natural process, a sequence of events consistent with natural laws. God is ruled out as a possibility.
A second assumption some make is that life is a cosmic imperative, and it is only a matter of time until we will be able to understand how it happened. This belief is necessary since the odds of a dead world becoming a planet teeming with the vast variety of life we have on earth looks like an infinitely improbable accident.
Such assumptions suggest a significant bias against God as the creator of life.
The building block of life
The scientific search for the origin of life focuses on the fundamental building block of life—the cell. Scientists theorize that life “emerged” as a single-cell organism. The problem with this speculation is that there is no physical evidence.
The “simplest” of single-cell organisms, such as bacteria, are intricate and complex. All cells have the same ingredients: sugars, amino acids, nucleic acids and hydrocarbons. Every living organism shares the exact same chemical process (the genetic code) for turning the information stored in DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) into proteins. All have three different kinds of RNA (ribonucleic acid), which uses the information stored in DNA to build proteins. (See the article “Origin of Life: Are Single Cells Really Simple?” for further discussion on DNA.)
From single-cell organisms to human cells, there is no simple to complex order, only complex and more complex.
The scientific evidence for the origin of life
In essence, science has shed no light on the origin of life. Certain terms occur repetitively in discussions of the subject such as “many believe,” “might have been triggered,” “life might have begun,” “might have arisen,” “how life began has no good answer” and “many speculate.”
In their book Origins (associated with a NOVA special with the same title on the Public Broadcasting System), Neil Tyson and Donald Goldsmith wrote, “The origin of life on Earth remains locked in murky uncertainty.” And again, “the crucial question of how life actually began on Earth, either once or many times over, has no good answer, though speculation on the subject has acquired a long and intriguing history.”
There is much speculation but little if any scientific evidence as to the origin of life, even though theories abound. However, there are a number of problems with such theories.
Do speculative theories have a factual basis?
Here are some key components of origin of life theory and their problems.
“A series of chemical reactions occurred (probably over millions of years) that eventually resulted in the first life-form.”
While scientific materialists try to demonstrate that spontaneous generation could have occurred, there is no evidence to support this speculation. The theory of spontaneous generation of life and the entire process of evolution from simple to complex contradicts a fundamental law of physics—the second law of thermodynamics. (See our article “God and Science” for an explanation of this law.)
Some speculate that there must be a “missing” natural law that could explain the process leading to the origin of life. No explanation is given as to why such a missing law has been overlooked by science.
“The first life-forms were something much simpler than a single cell because cells today are too complex.”
The fossil organisms thought to be the earliest are estimated to be around 3 billion years old, and even they are too advanced to suggest possible simpler life-forms. Even the simplest single-cell organisms have the complex DNA structure that encodes instructions for building and replicating all living things. When it comes to the cells of all life-forms, there is no simple to complex.
“The Miller-Urey experiments show how life began.”
These experiments transformed hydrogen, methane and ammonia into organic molecules by mixing with water vapor and applying heat and an electric spark. The process (which was supposed to mimic conditions on earth 4 billion years ago) produced some amino acids and sugars.
There is one law of nature that has never had an exception or been disproven. This law is a scientific fact, and not just a theory. It is ignored by scientific materialists in their search for the origin of life. The law is biogenesis—life comes only from life.However, development of amino acids is not uncommon in biochemistry. There are 20 standard amino acids used by living cells to produce proteins. Showing that a cleverly designed experiment can produce amino acids does not begin to explain the complexity of living cells and their origin.
Adding tremendously to the complexity, there are two versions of many organic molecules like amino acids, one “right-handed” and one “left-handed,” that are equally likely to form by chance. Yet all organisms use and build only “left-handed” amino acids. How is this possible entirely by chance? (See the scientific details in “The Problem With Chirality.”)
In spite of all this, these experiments seem to be the high point of scientific materialism’s search for the origin of life.
The one natural law science ignores
There is one law of nature that has never had an exception or been disproven. This law is a scientific fact, and not just a theory. It is ignored by scientific materialists in their search for the origin of life. The law is biogenesis—life comes only from life. Through his experiments in the 19th century, Louis Pasteur provided some of the most well-known evidence of this law.
This law is consistent with God’s revelation in the Bible. As described in the first few chapters of Genesis, the living God is the origin of life. The psalmist also describes God in this manner: “For with You is the fountain of life; in Your light we see light” (Psalm 36:9).
True religious thought takes into account both the evidence and the necessity of rational grounds for beliefs. The Bible strongly emphasizes taking a reasoned and rational approach. For example, God granted Solomon great wisdom to reason (2 Chronicles 1:11-12). And Solomon used that power of reasoning: “I applied my heart to know, to search and seek out wisdom and the reason of things” (Ecclesiastes 7:25).
God challenges us to use our reasoning power. “‘Come now, and let us reason together,’ says the LORD” (Isaiah 1:18). Likewise, Paul used this approach: “But he said, ‘I am not mad, most noble Festus, but speak the words of truth and reason’” (Acts 26:25; see also Acts 17:2).
God is not antiscience (see “God and Science”). He wants us to use our reasoning and intelligence to determine if His claim of being the Creator of life makes sense. He has given us a natural law on which to base our reasoning—life comes only from life! He encourages us to examine the evidence. “Test all things; hold fast what is good” (1 Thessalonians 5:21). The creation of life is a proof that God exists. (For other proofs, see “Creation Demands a Creator” and “Proof of God.”)
Scientific materialists, with no evidence on which to base the idea that life originated from inanimate matter, are left with only what the religious are often accused of: blind faith.
About the Author
Rick Avent
Dr. Rick Avent is a retired professor of civil engineering at LSU. He is happily married to Sandra with three grown children, and is an elder in the Church of God, a Worldwide Association.
Continue Reading
Print subscriptions available in U.S., Canada and Europe
Please choose your region:
|
Meteorological monitoring (Wind)
Accurate meteorological observations provide a better understanding of atmospheric conditions. Real-time meteorological monitoring data is essential during projects. We do meteorological Monitoring especially for winds. Wind Monitoring Systems are used to generate micro-meteorological data. We use a wide range of Equipment which is highly efficient for the survey. The equipments provide key measurements like wind speed, wind direction, air temperature etc.
|
Advancements in Computer Technology
Computers and technology are advancing at an ever-increasing pace. What was new a year ago is now outdated, and the futuristic innovations to come really don’t seem all that far off. Tablets and smartphones brought touch interactivity to the masses, but now wearable, voice-activated technology is pushing the limits of what we can do with a machine, both in terms of computing power and size. If you haven’t yet heard of Google Glass, prepare to reconsider what you ניר נגר a computer is, and prepare to be amazed at what this latest innovation can do.
What is Google Glass?
Google Glass is a computer that you wear like eyeglasses. Like a smartphone or tablet, it can connect you to just about anything and anyone. However, unlike iOS or Android technology, Google Glass offers hands-free, voice-activated interactivity. If you’re bothered by people always looking down at their mobile devices, or if you’ve found yourself wanting to use your mobile device but needing to look elsewhere, Google Glass solves this problem by putting a computer display right where your eye is. It sounds incredibly futuristic and impossible, but it’s true: with Google Glass, your screen is wherever you look, allowing users to interact with their computer and the world around them at the same time.
What kinds of things can be done with this computer technology?
With the simple audio signal of, “OK Glass” followed by a basic command, you can essentially have Google Glass do anything you would have your smartphone or tablet do. You can send and receive messages, of course, but you can also ask Glass to take a photo or record a video, look up information, live video chat with anyone else who has a mobile device (and a Google account, naturally), translate your voice, get turn-by-turn directions, and much more. The technology is still fairly new, so it’s a safe bet to say that as more users and programmers get their hands on it, more features will be developed.
Is this the future of computers and technology?
It’s always hard to predict the future. However, it is probably safe to say that there will be a market for wearable computers like Google Glass in the coming years. For one thing, it solves the problem of everyone always looking down and interacting with a smartphone or tablet; eye contact has become scarce in recent years because of our dependence on our devices. Using a machine like Google Glass allows for natural interaction with other people. Also, wearable technology like Glass is small and light, which seems to be the trend in how our interactive devices are improving: thinner, more portable, less boxy. Another thing to consider is that throughout recent history, when people have imagined the future of computers, they have often imagined a voice-controlled machine responding to our commands. That’s exactly what Google Glass does: the user tells it to do something, and it responds accordingly. It’s not a robot companion, per se, but the voice activation feels like a natural evolution of technology like Apple’s Siri for iOS. For these reasons and more, it’s a good bet that more and more people will be using wearable computer devices like Google Glass in the coming years.
Is this technology available to the average person?
Well, yes and no. Currently, in order to get your hands on Google Glass, you have to justify to the company why you are worthy. Called the Glass Explorers program, Google’s intention is to get their product, which is still technically in a beta version, into the hands of people who will use it in transformative, creative, and influential way that many other people will see. So far, Glass has been offered to teachers, athletes, scientists, and others. Recently, Google has extended a wave of additional invitations to more people, but it’s not for a free device. The current price is $1500 – certainly reasonable for a powerful machine, but still expensive, and certainly more than the average smartphone or tablet. As with most technology, though, it is expected that within the next few years, Google Glass will become more affordable, allowing more people to own one of their own.
Technology like Google Glass is remarkable. It allows us to reflect on how far our computers have advanced in recent years and how it is becoming closer to our childhood dreams of a Jetsons-like future. In recent weeks, Google has upgraded their prototype, and now Glass has more options: it is available in several colors, and with a quick modification, it can work with sunglasses and prescription eyeglasses. The device’s durability has also been improved; unlike a pair of store-bought glasses, Google Glass does not break or warp easily. If you get the opportunity to try on Google Glass for yourself, take it. You’ll be amazed at how much you can do with a device that is almost entirely hands-free.
Leave a Comment
|
What’s The Purpose of an Anchor
What’s The Purpose of an Anchor?
Anchoring is a common technique that is used in neuro-linguistic programming or NLP. Creating an anchor involves creating a link or connection between a stimulus and a desired emotional response. At Premier NLP Life Coaching, anchoring is one of the techniques that we use to help our clients to achieve their goals.
What is anchoring?
Anchoring is a process in which you recall a time in which you experienced a certain desired emotion. While you think about this memory, you simultaneously apply a specific stimulus. Doing this allows you to link the stimulus that you choose and the targeted emotion. With anchoring, you can associate reflex responses, memory recall, or state change with a stimulus.
Anchoring allows you to willfully place yourself in the desired state regardless of how you might feel. The process lets you use positive resources from one part of your life and to apply them in a way that improves your sense of well-being.
Anchoring might remind you of the experiments that were conducted by Ivan Pavlov in the early part of the 20th century. Pavlov conditioned dogs with a tuning fork by tapping it just before giving the dogs meat. He noticed that the dogs started to salivate whenever he rang the tuning fork.
Anchors can also occur naturally. For example, you might hear a certain song and recall a specific emotional state from an earlier time. Anchors can also be established deliberately.
You have likely had many anchors placed unconsciously during your life. For example, maybe your father used a specific tone of voice that you perceived as angry when you were young. Later, if someone uses a similar tone of voice, you might immediately experience the same types of emotions that you did when you were a child.
Anchors can be visual, auditory, or physical. Regardless of the form that they take, they are designed to elicit certain emotional responses. Visual anchors might include logos such as the yellow M used by McDonald’s, for example.
There are things that you can do to change the automatic reactions that you have to different stimuli. You can change your negative anchors so that you respond with positive feelings rather than with negative emotions. NLP anchoring allows you to have a choice over the reactions that would otherwise be automatic for you.
Once you understand the process, it is relatively straightforward and simple. You are able to elicit a prior state with an anchor only if that earlier state was anchored in the past. Eliciting a state occurs by using a specific question that is called the state elicitation script.
The script will involve asking yourself if you recall a time when you were completely experiencing the desired state. Next, you will ask yourself if you recall a specific time when you felt that way. You will then immerse yourself in that specific instance, considering what you heard and saw and the feeling that you felt at that time. This can help you to step into a more positive emotional state in a controlled way whenever you want.
Contact Premier NLP Life Coaching
Seeing a life coach at Premier NLP Life Coaching can help you to learn how to create anchors so that you can elicit your desired positive emotional states. With NLP techniques, it is possible for you to achieve your goals and to live a more rewarding life. Contact us today to schedule a consultation by calling us or filling out our online contact form.
|
Print this page
Q&A: ShakeAlert Earthquake Early Warning System Arriving in Pacific Northwest
2021-02-17 00:00:00
After years in development, an earthquake early warning system known as ShakeAlert is on the cusp of being released in Oregon and Washington. The system that spans the West Coast was launched in California in late 2019. It launches to the public in Oregon on March 11, the 10th anniversary of the Tohoku earthquake and tsunami, and in Washington in May.
The system was developed through a partnership between the University of Washington and other West Coast universities and the U.S. Geological Survey working with state emergency management districts. The system uses ground sensors across the region to detect the first signals from a rupturing earthquake and then sends that information to computers and phones, providing seconds to tens of seconds of warning of an imminent earthquake.
UW News sat down with Harold Tobin, professor of Earth and space sciences and director of the Pacific Northwest Seismic Network, to learn more.
• Members of the PNSN will participate in a Reddit "Ask Me Anything" event about the ShakeAlert system at 11 a.m., Thursday, Feb. 18
• To participate in a Feb. 25 test of the Wireless Emergency Alert earthquake alert, sign up here. All Washingtonians will be opted in when the ShakeAlert system launches in May.
• The Pacific Northwest Seismic Network is hosting a virtual event at 6:30 p.m. on Thursday, Feb. 25, commemorating the 20th anniversary of the Nisqually Earthquake
• USGS: "ShakeAlert earthquake early warning delivery for the Pacific Northwest"
How does it feel to be on the cusp of launching the ShakeAlert earthquake early warning system in Oregon and Washington?
The ShakeAlert earthquake early warning system has been a big and technically complicated thing to put together, so it has taken many years. It is really exciting and satisfying to see that all that effort and work by many people is coming to fruition. It's a collaboration between the USGS, us at the PNSN at UW an also our counterparts at University of Oregon, Berkeley and CalTech.
The rollout for us has been somewhat incremental, in the sense that the system is functioning well now even as we work to improve our seismic network. We're detecting earthquakes, and alerts are being delivered to technical partners including emergency managers, utilities and schools.
But the stage of broadcasting mass alerts is really a new step, and one that brings to fruition the dream of earthquake early warning. We're really excited about bringing this directly to the public, and taking the capability we've developed and actually putting it to use to increase public safety.
You're director of the Pacific Northwest Seismic Network, which includes both Oregon and Washington. Why are the two states' ShakeAlert systems launching at different times (and not to be petty,but whyis Washington last)?
California had the most developed network of seismometers, it has the most frequent earthquakes and the largest earthquake hazard, since it has a lot of population right along the San Andreas fault. So it made a lot of sense for California to roll it out first in late 2019.
Ultimately, ShakeAlert is one unified system for the whole West Coast. This is a collaboration between the ShakeAlert partners and state emergency management. Oregon chose the anniversary of the March 11 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami for its launch date. Washington's Emergency Management Department wanted to do a bit more legwork to test the Wireless Emergency Alert system and to prepare the public, so chose to launch in May. We can think of it as a south-to-north progression for the West Coast-wide system.
scientists in orange suits with mountains in distance
Karl Hagel and Pat McChesney, field engineers with the Pacific Northwest Seismic Network team at the University of Washington, install earthquake monitoring equipment on the slopes of Mount St. Helens, with Mount Hood in the distance.Marc Biundo/University of Washington
How can people in the Puget Sound sign up for the test taking place in late February? And how can Washingtonians sign up for the actual earthquake early warning system when it goes live in May?
Washington EMD and USGS have developed a simulated earthquake warning test message they will broadcast Feb. 25 on the Wireless Emergency Alert system, the nation's universal alerting system. The test will evaluate how the WEA system performs for earthquake early warning in the Puget Sound area. For technical reasons, WEA doesnot distribute alerts as fast as we'd like for earthquake warnings. A delay of 30 seconds might not matter for an Amber Alert, but for earthquake warning systems that would mean many alerts would arrive after the strong shaking has begun.
You have to opt in for the test, which is for users in Pierce, King and Thurston counties. Once ShakeAlert goes live in May, earthquake alerts will go to anyone in Washington who hasn't opted out of the Wireless Emergency Alert system.
There will be two other ways to get earthquake alerts. If you have an Android phone device, Google has embedded it in the mobile operating system in late 2020. So those devices in California are getting alerts now, and we expect Android alerts will go live in Washington in May. We hope other phone operating systems will follow suit. Another option will be to install on your device an app, like QuakeAlertUSA, built by one of the licensed ShakeAlert partners. We hope several of these apps will be available by the end of the year.
Washington ShakeAlert is a collaboration between the USGS, Washington Emergency Management and the PNSN. Can you explain how the three groups collaborate?
ShakeAlert is operated by the USGS in partnership with the PNSN and California seismic networks. The data that is generated to detect the earthquakes in Washington and Oregon comes from the PNSN, the seismic network operated out of the UW and the University of Oregon. We are direct partners in the research and development of this system. At the UW, we operate one of three computer systems that ingest the data and issue the alert messages; the others are at UC Berkeley and Caltech. There's a strong partnership between the PNSN and the USGS on earthquake detection and the continuing development of the system that issues the warnings. Washington Emergency Management is responsible for public safety, and so they are determining the types of public alerts that will be released, the messaging, public education and appropriate responses.
This is a great example of a partnership among all those entities. We are all working toward this same goal, of increasing earthquake awareness and public safety.
The PNSN began testing the system back in 2015 with early adopters. What have you learned from that experience?
A system like this is complicated, and will reach everyone, so we have to test it really extensively. We're decreasing the number of false or missed alerts in our beta system. Just seeing more and more events has allowed us to improve the algorithms, to distinguish between a false alarmand a real signal, and to better pinpoint the magnitude and location of the earthquake. A typical time frame is now 2 seconds for our computers to decide on the location and magnitude of the earthquake and to generate the alert -- the pace that that happens is unbelievable.
Now that the system is about to go public, how will other businesses, schools, organizations or agencies be able to incorporate these alerts into their emergency plans?
The USGS licenses partners to develop products that take the ShakeAlert message and can connect to other systems. A number of those licensed partners offer systems that can be adopted, such as a box that can be hooked up to a school PA system and automatically issue a prerecorded message that alerts students to drop, cover and hold on. Any business that has staff in a facility can think about how they can incorporate earthquakeearly warnings into their own facility. ShakeAlert messages can also trigger automated actions to pause manufacturing processes, move elevators to the next floor and open the doors, close valves on reservoirs, and initiate other loss-reduction actions.
What should someone do when they get their first "real" alert?
When someone gets an alert, the appropriate action to take is to drop, cover and hold on. It's important to get under a protective cover. Most injuries from earthquakes in the U.S. are not from the catastrophic collapse of a building but from falling objects - lights, ceiling tiles, etc.
If you're driving in a car, the appropriate action would be to pull over and stop the car, if possible. If you're in a building, stay in a building. The message is really to brace yourself -- drop, cover and hold on. That message, to pause and protect yourself, is key. (Washington Emergency Management has more tips here.)
What about British Columbia? Will the earthquake early warning system extend across the border?
Natural Resources Canada is working in parallel to develop an earthquake early warning system. We already use data from seismometers in Canada, and we incorporate that information in our alerts -- earthquake waves don't stop at the border.
Can we expect any improvements or changes coming down the line?
Yes, we're improving the system all the time. We are going live with this system because we know that it works, but we're also continuously improving the system. We have hundreds of seismic stations in place but we're adding dozens more, so that we can optimize the network to detect earthquakes wherever they occur within the region.
We're also continuously improving the computer algorithms that detect the raw data and decide where and how big the earthquake is. Once it goes live, there will be no pause in improving the system. We would also love to add more offshore detection systems, since offshore quakes are a challenge to detect accurately.
For me, this is an exciting example of science to action, of things that are driven by fundamental science and research in seismology that show the way to something that can do some tangible good for society -- to increase public safety. It's exciting to see that happening with the ShakeAlert system.
For more information, contact Tobin at [email protected] or Bill Steele, communications director at the Pacific Northwest Seismic Network, at [email protected] and 206-685-5880.
Source: Full Story
|
5 Terrific Types of Oak Trees in Texas
Because of its warm climate, Texas is the perfect place to find tall, beautiful trees. In fact, the state is home to trees such as oaks, cottonwoods, sycamores, cypresses, and dozens of others. From the eastern part of the state with its humidity to the drier parts in west Texas, you’ll see a lot of trees wherever you go.
Oak trees are majestic trees that are usually quite large, and the wood from these trees is often used to make furniture because it is some of the hardest types of tree wood. There are roughly 600 species of oak trees, and they belong to the genus Quercus. They are part of the beech family Fagaceae, and about 90 of the 600 species can be found in the United States.
Oak trees have nuts called acorns, which take 6 to 18 months to mature, and the wood is not only very strong, but is also resistant to insect and fungal attacks. Because of this, the wood from the oak tree is frequently used as timber, furniture, flooring, and even wine barrels. Some of the most popular types of oak include the northern red oak, live oak, and the white oak. The types of oak trees found in Texas are described below.
1. Bur Oak (quercus macrocarpa)
Quercus Macrocarpa
Doug McGrady Quercus Macrocarpa
Also called the mossycup oak, the bur oak is a large tree that grows up to nearly 100 feet in height, and on rare occasions it can get to 160 feet. This is a massive tree because the trunk gets up to 10 feet in diameter, and it is a slow-growing tree as well. The bur oak usually lives for 200 to 300 years, but it is possible for them to live to be 400 years old.
The bur oak also has large acorns that can be two inches in length. It sometimes hybridizes with other trees, including the overcup oak and the white oak.
2. Live Oak (quercus virginiana)
Quercus Virginiana
Forest and Kim Starr Quercus Virginiana
The live oak tree is also called an evergreen oak, and it is called “live” because it does not stay dormant and leafless in the winter but instead continues to grow. These trees have low-hanging branches and a short stature and, therefore, the wood is often used to make curvy-shaped parts of the hull of a boat, specifically the parts called knee braces.
Today the wood can also be used to make tool handles and in shipbuilding, but rarely to make furniture because it tends to twist and warp when it’s drying.
3. Nuttall Oak (quercus texana)
Quercus Texana
Bruce Kirchoff Quercus Texana
The nuttall oak grows fast and is native to the south-central part of the United States. It grows to roughly 80 feet in height and has dark-brown bark. Its leaves have sharp points just like some other types of oak trees, and it is different from the Texas red oak, which is now called the quercus buckleyi.
One of the most significant traits of the nuttall oak is its beautiful red fall colors and its ability to grow well in wet soils.
4. Post Oak (quercus stellata)
Quercus Stellata
Sandra Richard Quercus Stellata
Also called the iron oak, the post oak tree is slow-growing but also easy to grow, in part because it is able to grow in poor soils and is resistant to drought, rot, and fire. Smaller than other oak trees, the post oak typically only gets to about 30 to 50 feet tall. The leaves are very distinct and have a Maltese cross shape, and the acorns are less than an inch in size and mature during the first summer.
There are numerous varieties and hybrids of the post oak, and the wood is used to make railroad ties, stair risers, flooring, and even fence posts.
5. Shumard Oak (quercus shumardii)
Quercus Shumardii
Bruce Kirchoff Quercus Shumardii
This tree is also called the spotted oak and the swamp red oak, and it grows 80 to 115 feet high. Some of the tallest of these trees have gotten to 200 feet, in fact. It is also a very sturdy type of oak, being able to live in lowlands and even in soils that experience a lot of flooding. The bark of the tree is a little different than the bark of other trees because it is smooth and very reflective.
Shumard oak trees produce large acorns that are one inch in diameter, and the nuts provide nourishment for a variety of animals, including birds, waterfowl, and deer.
|
HESI SuperVit is a highly concentrated plant stimulator comprised of 15 plant-active vitamins and 10 amino acids. Vitamins and amino acids are both building blocks and biocatalysts in general metabolism. They structure the DNA (the genetic material) and plant hormones (cytokinins and gibberellins) which control the growth of leaves and flowering of plants. The vitamins and amino acids also play an active role in photosynthesis and the supply of energy.
All plants need vitamins to live, just like we humans. Unlike people, plants can produce all the necessary substances themselves, starting with inorganic fertilisers, water and carbon dioxide. If additional quantities of these substances are made available to the plants, the plants use them direct and save energy, which is then available for other purposes.
What does HESI SuperVit do:
SuperVit is a highly concentrated solution of plant-active vital elements, which are produced naturally by fungi. SuperVit replaces the function of the fungi and makes the plant less dependent of climatic conditions. The plants can optimally process the light offered (more photosynthesis). This starts the growth of a strong and healthy plant, and strong flowering shoots form.
At every watering or spraying, 2 drops in 10 litres of water or 1 ml / 50-65 litre water
|
Written by Pinero, J. Pelaez Reviewed By Christoph Stenschke
Books designed to introduce students to the scholarly study of the New Testament come in all sizes, prices and orientations. Most students buy one and perhaps will use two or three similar volumes for their undergraduate work. Thus it is worthwhile to choose carefully.
The authors of the present introduction are Spanish Catholic scholars who are well known for their contributions to the academic study of the NT and specifically to issues of language and linguistics. Its particular strengths therefore lie in these areas.
The volume opens with a history of NT interpretation up to the present. Chapter two succinctly surveys the study of the text of the NT (canon, text criticism and the history of the NT text). Of special interest is the chapter on the language of the NT, describing the languages spoken in Palestine at the time of Jesus, giving an outstanding introduction to ‘Koine and the NT’ (including a description of its distinctive features) and identifying other linguistic influences. It will be hard to find a similar treatment of this quality at this level! In the section on the historical-literary context (‘Study of the substratum of the NT’) the authors survey the NT world, foreign influences, the heritage of the Hebrew Bible, Qumran, Judeo-Hellenistic literature, Philo and Josephus, Rabbinic literature, Gnosis and Gnosticism and the relationship between the NT and Hellenistic culture.
Next come methods and approaches in NT study. Under the heading ‘Diachronic study’ the authors describe history of religions approaches, historical critical methods (literary criticism, form criticism and redaction criticism) and sociological methods. ‘Synchronic study’ includes semantic analysis, lexicography and lexicology, narrative-structural analysis, literary stylistics and rhetorical analysis. An Appendix on the translation of biblical texts is followed by a detailed survey of resources for NT study, including the Septuagint, intertestamental literature and other literature. An index of biblical references and names closes the volume.
This is a well balanced, demanding but not too technical introduction and point of departure for (university) students seriously interested in engaging in scholarly NT study and biblical languages. Throughout the authors are—in what they do cover—sure guides to all the issues involved and to the present state of research. Most sections could hardly be improved.
My only criticism is what is not treated separately, e.g. feminist, liberation or contextual hermeneutics or canonical criticism (understandably omitted because of the otherwise welcome emphasis on philological-historical interpretation). The NT is also a theological book. What is New Testament theology? How is it done? What are the major issues involved in the undertaking? Study of its theology has to be grounded on the interpretation of texts. How does one apply the NT? How can it be the foundation for Christian belief and practice? The authors rightly note that scientific study of the NT is the prerequisite from which systematic theology can develop: ‘If positions … have no basis in a correct interpretation of the texts, the theology built on them will be without a solid foundation. The contributions of philological-historical study are the necessary point of departure for eventual theological interpretations, which must always be rooted in the text and its meaning’ (3). Thus the volume is an excellent introduction to The Study of the New Testament (text) and less a comprehensive introduction to NT Studies as an academic discipline.
The translators, P. Ellingworth and D. Orton, have put us in their debt. This book is of a high quality, in terms of both content and production. Good companion volumes would be the less technical and thoroughly evangelical volume by W. W. Klein, C. L. Blomberg, R. L. Hubbard, Introduction to Biblical Interpretation(Dallas, London: Word, 1993) and J. B. Green’s (ed.), Hearing the New Testament: Strategies for Interpretation (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans; Carlisle: Paternoster, 1995).
Christoph Stenschke
Missionshaus Bibelschule Wiedenest
|
$1 for 3 months
$1 for 3 months
Today in History
Staff Writer
Waynesboro Record Herald
Today is Thursday, Aug. 13, the 226th day of 2020. There are 140 days left in the year.
Today's Highlight in History:
On August 13, 1961, East Germany sealed off the border between Berlin's eastern and western sectors before building a wall that would divide the city for the next 28 years.
On this date:
In 1521, Spanish conqueror Hernando Cortez captured Tenochtitlan (teh-natch-teet-LAHN'), present-day Mexico City, from the Aztecs.
In 1704, the Battle of Blenheim was fought during the War of the Spanish Succession, resulting in a victory for English-led forces over French and Bavarian soldiers.
In 1846, the American flag was raised in Los Angeles for the first time.
In 1889, William Gray of Hartford, Conn., received a patent for a coin-operated telephone.
In 1910, Florence Nightingale, the founder of modern nursing, died in London at age 90.
In 1913, British metallurgist Harry Brearley developed an alloy that came to be known as "stainless steel." (Although Brearley is often credited as the "inventor" of stainless steel, he was hardly alone in working to create steel that resisted corrosion.)
In 1967, the crime caper biopic "Bonnie and Clyde," starring Warren Beatty and Faye Dunaway, had its U.S. premiere; the movie, directed by Arthur Penn, was considered shocking as well as innovative for its graphic portrayal of violence.
In 1989, searchers in Ethiopia found the wreckage of a plane that had disappeared almost a week earlier while carrying Rep. Mickey Leland, D-Texas, and 14 other people — there were no survivors.
In 1995, baseball Hall of Famer Mickey Mantle died at a Dallas hospital of rapidly spreading liver cancer; he was 63.
In 2003, Iraq began pumping crude oil from its northern oil fields for the first time since the start of the war. Libya agreed to set up a $2.7 billion fund for families of the 270 people killed in the 1988 Pan Am bombing.
In 2017, in a statement, the White House said President Donald Trump "very strongly" condemned individual hate groups such as "white supremacists, KKK and neo-Nazis;" the statement followed criticism of Trump for blaming the previous day's deadly violence at a white supremacist rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, on "many sides." Protesters decrying hatred and racism converged around the country, saying they felt compelled to respond to the white supremacist rally in Virginia.
Ten years ago: Weighing in for the first time on a controversy gripping New York City and the nation, President Barack Obama endorsed allowing a mosque near ground zero, telling a White House dinner celebrating the Islamic holy month of Ramadan that the country's founding principles demanded no less. Veteran NBC newsman Edwin Newman died in Oxford, England, at age 91.
Five years ago: In one of the deadliest single attacks in postwar Baghdad, a truck bomb shattered a popular fruit-and-vegetable market in a teeming Shiite neighborhood, killing dozens of people. The New York Times reported that DNA testing had proved that President Warren G. Harding fathered a child with long-rumored mistress Nan Britton, according to AncestryDNA, a division of
One year ago: The Associated Press reported that numerous women had accused opera legend Plácido Domingo of sexual harassment and inappropriate behavior spanning decades, and music companies began canceling appearances by Domingo in response to the story; Domingo issued a statement calling the allegations "deeply troubling and, as presented inaccurate." Ken Cuccinelli, the Trump administration's acting director of U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, said the famous inscription on the Statue of Liberty welcoming "huddled masses" to American shores referred to "people coming from Europe." The warden at the New York federal jail where Jeffrey Epstein had taken his own life was removed, and two guards who were supposed to be watching Epstein were placed on leave while federal authorities investigated the death.
Today's Birthdays: Former U.S. Surgeon General Joycelyn Elders is 87. Actor Kevin Tighe is 76. Former Federal Reserve Chair Janet Yellen is 74. Opera singer Kathleen Battle is 72. High wire aerialist Philippe Petit is 71. Hockey Hall of Famer Bobby Clarke is 71. Golf Hall of Famer Betsy King is 65. Movie director Paul Greengrass is 65. Actor Danny Bonaduce (bahn-uh-DOO'-chee) is 61. TV weatherman Sam Champion is 59. Actor Dawnn (correct) Lewis is 59. Actor John Slattery is 58. Actor Debi Mazar is 56. Actor Quinn Cummings is 53. Actor Seana Kofoed is 50. Country singer Andy Griggs is 47. Actor Gregory Fitoussi is 44. Country musician Mike Melancon (Emerson Drive) is 42. Actor Kathryn Fiore is 41. Former White House press secretary Sarah Huckabee Sanders is 38. Actor Sebastian Stan is 38. Actor Eme Ikwuakor (IK'-wah-ker) is 36. Pop-rock singer James Morrison is 36. Actor Lennon Stella is 21.
|
Medical News Today: What to know about tarsal tunnel syndrome
Tarsal tunnel syndrome occurs when the posterior tibial nerve, which runs along the inside of the ankle and foot, becomes compressed and damaged, causing inflammation.
The condition, also known as TTS, is usually caused by continual overuse of the foot and ankle, such as occurs with strenuous or prolonged walking, running, standing, or exercising.
But TTS can also occur suddenly after traumatic injury, or spontaneously, for no clear reason.
What are the treatment options?
resting and elevating the feet can help with tts
Resting and keeping the feet elevated can help relieve symptoms of TTS.
A doctor should always assess and treat symptoms of TTS early.
The first line of treatment for TTS is RICE, which stands for rest, ice, compression, and elevation.
Over-the-counter non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications, or NSAIDs, such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen, can also help make symptoms more manageable.
For more severe or chronic cases, more aggressive treatment options exist, such as corrective devices, therapies, and in some cases, surgery.
Common ways to manage and treat TTS include:
• Rest: The easiest and most immediate way to reduce inflammation anywhere in the body is to stop using and putting pressure on the affected area. How long an individual should rest the foot depends mostly on the severity of symptoms. For minor cases, rest may mean replacing running with swimming. For more severe cases, resting the nerve may require completely refraining from exercise and activity.
• Ice: An ice pack covered with a cloth or towel can be applied to the inside of the ankle and foot for 20-minute sessions to reduce inflammation. It is best to have the foot elevated during this time. Icing sessions can be repeated several times daily, as long as breaks of at least 40 minutes are taken.
• Compression and elevation: Compressing the foot, and keeping it raised above the heart, helps reduce blood flow to the foot, and so reduces inflammation. Try wrapping the foot with an ACE wrap, and resting it on a pillow while sitting and sleeping.
• Over-the-counter pain and anti-inflammatory medications: These can include ibuprofen and acetaminophen.
• Full immobilization: For severe cases, especially those involving physical damage to the nerve, a cast may be necessary to restrict movement completely, allowing the nerve, joint, and surrounding tissues a chance to heal.
• Injection therapy: For very painful or disabling symptoms, anti-inflammatory medication, such as corticosteroids and local anesthetics, may be directly injected into the nerve.
• Orthopedic devices and corrective shoes: Podiatrists can make specialized shoes, and inserts that help support the arch and limit motions that can further irritate the inflamed nerve and surrounding tissues. Shoes also exist to help prevent pronation or inward rolling of the foot.
• Reducing foot pressure: In some cases, wearing looser or larger fitting footwear and socks may help reduce tightness around the foot.
• Physical therapy: Physical therapy exercises can often help reduce symptoms of TTS long-term, by slowing stretching and strengthening the connective tissues, mobilizing the tibial nerve and opening the surrounding joint space to reduce compression.
Other types of physical therapy used for TTS include:
Ultimately, surgery may be performed for very severe or chronic cases of TTS that do not respond to any other form of medical or physical therapy.
Thank you for supporting Medical News Today
As symptoms become less painful or easily irritated, strengthening exercises should be done to help prevent problems, including pronation or rolling of the foot, which can worsen symptoms.
Common exercises recommended for the treatment of TTS include:
Ankle pumps, circles, and eversion or inversion
extending the foot forward in a stretch
A person can gently stretch the ankle by bending the foot towards the ground with the legs extended.
1. Sitting down with the legs extended, slowly and gently bend the foot at the ankles downward towards the ground, and then upwards towards the body, as much as possible, without pain. Repeat several times.
2. Slowly and gently roll the ankles through their circular range of motion as aggressively, as is comfortable, several times.
3. Slowly turn the ankles inward and outward, creating a windshield wiper motion, several times, as far as is comfortable.
4. Repeat all three exercises several times daily.
Heel-toe raises
1. Standing straight, slowly raise or flex the toes upward, as far as possible, without pain.
2. Slowly lower the toes and gently raise the heels, putting gradual pressure on the ball of the foot.
3. Repeat this exercise 10 times and perform several times daily.
Pencil toe lifts
1. Sitting down with the legs fully extended, place a pencil or pen on the floor directly below the toes and attempt to pick it up using only the toes.
2. Once the pencil is fully grasped, hold for 10 to 15 seconds.
3. Relax the toes.
4. Repeat 10 times and perform several times daily.
Balance exercises
1. Standing straight slowly raise one leg and rest the sole of the raised foot on the inner calf of the other foot.
2. Hold for at least 10 to 15 seconds or, as long as is comfortable, without overstretching the inner ankle and foot. If too wobbly, stop by lowering the foot and restarting the exercise.
3. For a more intense version of this exercise, gradually lift the raised leg further in the air, away from the body.
Plantar fascia stretch
1. Sitting down with the legs extended, as far as comfortable, reach out and grasp the big toe and top of the sole, then gently pull backward. This can also be done using a stretching band, dishtowel, or sock.
2. Stretch the foot backward until a stretch that runs from the sole to the ball of the foot is felt.
3. Hold for 30 seconds before slowly releasing the foot.
4. Repeat the stretch at least three to five times, three times daily for several weeks, even after initial symptoms have greatly improved to reduce the chances of them returning.
5. The plantar fascia ligament can also be stretched by rolling out the arch, sole, and heel in a gentle downward motion on something round, such as a soup can, therapy ball, tennis ball, or rolling pin.
Gastrocnemius stretch
1. Standing a small distance away from a wall, step one foot forward, closer to the wall, and lean in, pressing the hands into the wall while keeping the back leg straight. This position should look somewhat similar to an assisted lunge.
2. Widen or deepen, the stretch as feels comfortable or produces a notice, pain-free stretch along the full-length of the back of the calf.
3. Start by holding the stretch for 10 to 15 seconds, gradually increasing holding time to reach 45-second intervals.
4. Repeat the stretch three to five times consecutively, three times daily for several weeks.
5. For a more intense stretch, try standing on a step with the foot halfway hanging off the edge, and then gently push the heel downwards. Hold for as long as feels comfortable, up to 10 times daily.
Soleus muscle stretch
1. Repeat the steps of the gastrocnemius stretch, except with the back leg being stretched bent at the knee.
2. To increase the stretch, place something under the front or ball of the foot, or prop the ball of the foot up on the wall.
How is TTS diagnosed?
A doctor will typically diagnose and assess TTS by performing a physical exam of the entire foot and lower leg area and asking questions about symptoms.
Diagnostic tests used to confirm and evaluate TTS include:
• electromyography
• nerve conduction velocity (EMG/NCV)
• magnetic resonance imaging or MRI
• X-ray
Thank you for supporting Medical News Today
Risk factors
woman setting the table in a catering job
Jobs that require standing for long hours, such as serving or retail jobs, may increase the risk of TTS.
Though anyone can develop TTS at any age, some factors greatly increase the risk of developing the condition.
Common risk factors for TTS include:
• chronic overpronation or rolling inward of the foot when walking
• flat feet or fallen arches
• rheumatoid arthritis
• osteoarthritis
• diabetes and other metabolic conditions
• ankle or foot injury
• jobs that require standing or walking for a long time, such as retail, teaching, mechanical, manufacturing, and surgical jobs
• poorly-fitting shoes that allow the foot to pronate inward or do not support the arch and ankle
• nerve disease
• cysts, tumors, or small masses in the foot and ankle area
• proliferative synovitis or inflammation of the synovial membrane
• varicose veins or inflamed, enlarged veins
• foot deformities
• reflex sympathetic dystrophy
• peripheral neuropathy conditions
• generalized leg edema or swelling, especially related to pregnancy
• being overweight
TTS tends to cause pain on the inside of the ankle and bottom of the feet, though it can also impact the toes and lower legs. TTS is similar to carpal tunnel syndrome, involving a nerve being squeezed in a narrow, confined, tunnel-like joint space.
Common symptoms of TTS include:
• searing, shooting pain
• numbing
• tingling
• burning
• the sensation of electric shocks
• weakened ability to flex, bend, and fan out the toes
• loss of sensation in the toes and bottom and sides of the feet
Thank you for supporting Medical News Today
Minor cases of TTS can improve significantly with 48 hours of RICE and over-the-counter medications. But left untreated, chronic TTS may become disabling and cause permanent nerve damage.
A person should consult with a doctor anytime TTS symptoms occur. If caught early enough, a wide range of therapies, medications, and corrective devices exist to help treat most TTS symptoms.
Source Article from
|
Get Megatsunami essential facts below. View Videos or join the Megatsunami discussion. Add Megatsunami to your PopFlock.com topic list for future reference or share this resource on social media.
Diagram of the 1958 Lituya Bay megatsunami, which proved the existence of megatsunamis.
A megatsunami is a very large wave created by a large, sudden displacement of material into a body of water.
Megatsunamis have quite different features from other, more usual types of tsunamis. Most tsunamis are caused by underwater tectonic activity (movement of the earth's plates) and therefore occur along plate boundaries and as a result of earthquake and rise or fall in the sea floor, causing water to be displaced. Ordinary tsunamis have shallow waves out at sea, and the water piles up to a wave height of up to about 10 metres (33 feet) as the sea floor becomes shallow near land. By contrast, megatsunamis occur when a very large amount of material suddenly falls into water or anywhere near water (such as via a meteor impact), or are caused by volcanic activity. They can have extremely high initial wave heights of hundreds and possibly thousands of metres, far beyond any ordinary tsunami, as the water is "splashed" upwards and outwards by the impact or displacement. As a result, two heights are sometimes quoted for megatsunamis - the height of the wave itself (in water), and the "run-up," which is the height to which it surges when it reaches land, which, depending upon the locale, can be several times larger.
Modern megatsunamis include the one associated with the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa (volcanic eruption), the 1958 Lituya Bay megatsunami (landslide into a bay), and the wave resulting from the Vajont Dam landslide (caused by human activity destabilizing sides of valley). Prehistoric examples include the Storegga Slide (landslide), and the Chicxulub, Chesapeake Bay and Eltanin meteor impacts.
A megatsunami is a tsunami - a large wave due to displacement of a body of water - with an initial wave amplitude (height) measured in several tens, hundreds, or possibly thousands of metres.
Normal tsunamis generated at sea result from movement of the sea floor. They have a small wave height offshore, are very long (often hundreds of kilometres), and generally pass unnoticed at sea, forming only a slight swell usually of the order of 30 cm (12 in) above the normal sea surface. When they reach land, the wave height increases dramatically as the base of the wave pushes the water column above it upwards.
By contrast, megatsunamis are caused by giant landslides and other impact events. This could also refer to a meteorite hitting an ocean. Underwater earthquakes or volcanic eruptions do not normally generate such large tsunamis, but landslides next to bodies of water resulting from earthquakes can, since they cause a large amount of displacement. If the landslide or impact occurs in a limited body of water, as happened at the Vajont Dam (1963) and Lituya Bay (1958) then the water may be unable to disperse and one or more exceedingly large waves may result.
A way to visualize the difference, is that an ordinary tsunami is caused by sea floor changes, somewhat like pushing up on the floor of a large tub of water to the point it overflows, and causing a surge of water to "run-off" at the sides. In this analogy, a megatsunami would be more similar to dropping a large rock from a considerable height into the tub, at one end, causing water to splash up and out, and overflow at the other end.
Two heights are sometimes quoted for megatsunamis - the height of the wave itself (in water), and the height to which it surges when it reaches land, which depending upon the locale, can be several times larger.
Recognition of the concept of megatsunami
Geologists searching for oil in Alaska in 1953 observed that in Lituya Bay, mature tree growth did not extend to the shoreline as it did in many other bays in the region. Rather, there was a band of younger trees closer to the shore. Forestry workers, glaciologists, and geographers call the boundary between these bands a trim line. Trees just above the trim line showed severe scarring on their seaward side, whilst those from below the trim line did not. The scientists hypothesized that there had been an unusually large wave or waves in the deep inlet. Because this is a recently deglaciated fjord with steep slopes and crossed by a major fault, one possibility was a landslide-generated tsunami.[1]
On 9 July 1958, a 7.8 Mwstrike-slip earthquake in southeast Alaska caused 90 million tonnes of rock and ice to drop into the deep water at the head of Lituya Bay. The block fell almost vertically and hit the water with sufficient force to create a wave that surged up the opposite side of the head of the bay to a height of 100 feet (30 m), and was still many tens of metres high further down the bay, when it carried eyewitnesses Howard Ulrich and his son Howard Jr. over the trees in their fishing boat. They were washed back into the bay and both survived.[1]
Analysis of mechanism
The mechanism giving rise to megatsunamis was analysed for the Lituya Bay event in a study presented at the Tsunami Society in 1999;[2] this model was considerably developed and modified by a second study in 2010.
Although the earthquake which caused the megatsunami was considered very energetic, and involving strong ground movements, several possible mechanisms were not likely or able to have caused the resulting megatsunami. Neither water drainage from a lake, nor landslide, nor the force of the earthquake itself led to the megatsunami, although all of these may have contributed.
Instead, the megatsunami was caused by a large and sudden impulsive impact when about 40 million cubic yards of rock several hundred metres above the bay was fractured from the side of the bay, by the earthquake, and fell "practically as a monolithic unit" down the almost vertical slope and into the bay.[2] The rockfall also caused air to be "dragged along" due to viscosity effects, which added to the volume of displacement, and further impacted the sediment on the floor of the bay, creating a large crater. The study concluded that:
The giant wave runup of 1,720 feet (524 m.) at the head of the Bay and the subsequent huge wave along the main body of Lituya Bay which occurred on July 9, 1958, were caused primarily by an enormous subaerial rockfall into Gilbert Inlet at the head of Lituya Bay, triggered by dynamic earthquake ground motions along the Fairweather Fault.
The large mass of rock, acted as a monolith (thus resembling high-angle asteroid impact), struck with great force the sediments at bottom of Gilbert Inlet at the head of the bay. The impact created a large crater and displaced and folded recent and Tertiary deposits and sedimentary layers to an unknown depth. The displaced water and the displacement and folding of the sediments broke and uplifted 1,300 feet of ice along the entire front of the Lituya Glacier at the north end of Gilbert Inlet. Also, the impact and the sediment displacement by the rockfall resulted in an air bubble and in water splashing action that reached the 1,720 foot (524 m.) elevation on the other side of the head of Gilbert Inlet. The same rockfall impact, in combination with the strong ground movements, the net vertical crustal uplift of about 3.5 feet, and an overall tilting seaward of the entire crustal block on which Lituya Bay was situated, generated the giant solitary gravity wave which swept the main body of the bay.
This was the most likely scenario of the event - the "PC model" that was adopted for subsequent mathematical modeling studies with source dimensions and parameters provided as input. Subsequent mathematical modeling at the Los Alamos National Laboratory (Mader, 1999, Mader & Gittings, 2002) supported the proposed mechanism - as there was indeed sufficient volume of water and an adequately deep layer of sediments in the Lituya Bay inlet to account for the giant wave runup and the subsequent inundation. The modeling reproduced the documented physical observations of runup.
A 2010 model examined the amount of infill on the floor of the bay, which was many times larger than that of the rockfall alone, and also the energy and height of the waves, and the accounts given by eyewitnesses, concluded that there had been a "dual slide" involving a rockfall, which also triggered a release of 5 to 10 times its volume of sediment trapped by the adjacent Lituya Glacier, as an almost immediate and many times larger second slide, a ratio comparable with other events where this "dual slide" effect is known to have happened.[3]
List of megatsunamis
• The asteroid linked to the extinction of dinosaurs, which created the Chicxulub crater in Yucatán approximately 66 million years ago, would have caused an over 100 metres (328 ft) tall megatsunami. The height of the tsunami was limited due to relatively shallow sea in the area of the impact; had the asteroid struck in the deep sea the megatsunami would have been 4.6 kilometres (2.9 mi) tall.[4] A more recent simulation of the global effects of the megatsunami showed initial wave height of 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi), with later waves up to 100 metres (328 ft) in height in the Gulf of Mexico, and up to 14 metres (46 ft) in the North Atlantic and South Pacific.[5]
• A series of megatsunamis were generated by the bolide impact that created the Chesapeake Bay impact crater, about 35.5 million years ago.[6]
• During the Messinian the coasts of northern Chile were likely struck by various megatsunamis.[7]
• A megatsunami affected the coast of south-central Chile in the Pliocene as evidenced by the sedimentary record of Ranquil Formation.[8]
• The Eltanin impact in the southeast Pacific Ocean 2.5 million years ago caused a megatsunami that was over 200 metres (656 ft) high in southern Chile and the Antarctic Peninsula; the wave swept across much of the Pacific Ocean.
• The northern half of the East Molokai Volcano on Molokai in Hawaii suffered a catastrophic collapse about 1.5 million years ago, generating a megatsunami, and now lies as a debris field scattered northward across the ocean bottom,[9] while what remains on the island are the highest sea cliffs in the world.[10] The megatsunami may have reached a height of 2,000 feet (610 m) near its origin and reached California and Mexico.[11]
• The existence of large scattered boulders in only one of the four marine terraces of Herradura Bay south of the Chilean city of Coquimbo has been interpreted by Roland Paskoff as the result of a mega-tsunami that occurred in the Middle Pleistocene.[12]
• A major collapse of the western edge of the Lake Tahoe basin, a landslide with a volume of 12.5 cubic kilometres (3.0 cu mi) which formed McKinney Bay between 21,000 and 12,000 years ago, generated megatsunamis/seiche waves with an initial height of probably about 100 m (330 ft) and caused the lake's water to slosh back and forth for days. Much of the water in the megatsunamis washed over the lake's outlet at what is now Tahoe City, California, and flooded down the Truckee River, carrying house-sized boulders as far downstream as the California-Nevada border at what is now Verdi, California.[13][14]
• In the North Sea, the Storegga Slide caused a megatsunami approximately 8,200 years ago.[15] It is estimated to have completely flooded the remainder of Doggerland.[16]
• Approximately 8,000 years ago, a large volcanic landslide off Mount Etna, Sicily caused a megatsunami which devastated the eastern Mediterranean coastline on three continents. Wave heights on the coast of Calabria are estimated to have reached a maximum of 40 metres (131 ft).[17]
c. 2000 BC: Réunion
c. 1600 BC: Santorini
1731: Storfjorden, Norway
At 10:00 p.m. on January 8, 1731, a landslide with a volume of possibly 6,000,000 cubic metres (7,800,000 cu yd) fell from the mountain Skafjell from a height of 500 metres (1,600 ft) into the Storfjorden opposite Stranda, Norway. The slide generated a megatsunami 100 metres (328 ft) in height that struck Stranda, flooding the area for 100 metres (328 ft) inland and destroying the church and all but two boathouses, as well as many boats. Damaging waves struck as far as way as Ørskog. The waves killed 17 people.[19]
1756: Langfjorden, Norway
Just before 8:00 p.m. on February 22, 1756, a landslide with a volume of 12,000,000 to 15,000,000 cubic metres (16,000,000 to 20,000,000 cu yd) traveled at high speed from a height of 400 metres (1,312 ft) on the side of the mountain Tjellafjellet into the Langfjorden about 1 kilometre (0.6 mi) west of Tjelle, Norway, between Tjelle and Gramsgrø. The slide generated three megatsunamis in the Langfjorden and the Eresfjorden with heights of 40 to 50 metres (131 to 164 ft). The waves flooded the shore for 200 metres (660 ft) inland in some areas, destroying farms and other inhabited areas. Damaging waves struck as far away as Veøy, 25 kilometres (16 mi) from the landslide -- where they washed inland 20 metres (66 ft) above normal flood levels -- and Gjermundnes, 40 kilometres (25 mi) from the slide. The waves killed 32 people and destroyed 168 buildings, 196 boats, large amounts of forest, and roads and boat landings.[20]
1792: Mount Unzen, Japan
In 1792, Mount Unzen in Japan erupted, causing part of the volcano to collapse into the sea. The landslide caused a megatsunami that reached 100 metres (328 ft) high and killed 15,000 people in the local fishing villages.[]
1853-1854: Lituya Bay, Alaska
Sometime between August 1853 and May 1854, a megatsunami occurred in Lituya Bay in what was then Russian America. Studies of Lituya Bay between 1948 and 1953 first identified the event, which probably occurred because of a large landslide on the south shore of the bay near Mudslide Creek. The wave had a maximum run-up height of 120 metres (394 ft), flooding the coast of the bay up to 750 feet (229 m) inland.[21]
Ca. 1874: Lituya Bay, Alaska
A study of Lituya Bay in 1953 concluded that sometime around 1874, perhaps in May 1874, a megatsunami occurred in Lituya Bay in Alaska. Probably occurring because of a large landslide on the south shore of the bay in the Mudslide Creek Valley, the wave had a maximum run-up height of 80 feet (24 m), flooding the coast of the bay up to 2,100 feet (640 m) inland.[22]
1883: Krakatoa
The eruption of Krakatoa created pyroclastic flows which generated megatsunamis when they hit the waters of the Sunda Strait on 27 August 1883. The waves reached heights of up to 24 metres (79 feet) along the south coast of Sumatra and up to 42 metres (138 feet) along the west coast of Java.[23]
1905: Lovatnet, Norway
On January 15, 1905, a landslide on the slope of the mountain Ramnefjellet with a volume of 350,000 cubic metres (460,000 cu yd) fell from a height of 500 metres (1,640 ft) into the southern end of the lake Lovatnet in Norway, generating three megatsunamis of up to 40.5 metres (133 ft) in height. The waves destroyed the villages of Bødal and Nesdal near the southern end of the lake, killing 61 people -- half their combined population -- and 261 farm animals and destroying 60 houses, all the local boathouses, and 70 to 80 boats, one of which -- the tourist boat Lodalen -- was thrown 300 metres (328 yd) inland by the last wave and wrecked. At the northern end of the 11.7-kilometre (7.3 mi)-long lake, a wave measured at almost 6 metres (20 ft) destroyed a bridge.[24]
1905: Disenchantment Bay, Alaska
On July 4, 1905, an overhanging glacier -- since known as the Fallen Glacier -- broke loose, slid out of its valley, and fell 1,000 feet (305 m) down a steep slope into Disenchantment Bay in Alaska, clearing vegetation along a path 0.5 miles (0.8 km) wide. When it entered the water, it generated a megatsunami which broke tree branches 110 feet (34 m) above ground level 0.5 miles (0.8 km) away. The wave killed vegetation to a height of 65 feet (20 m) at a distance of 3 miles (5 km) from the landslide, and it reached heights of from 50 to 115 feet (15 to 35 m) at different locations on the coast of Haenke Island. At a distance of 15 miles (24 km) from the slide, observers at Russell Fjord reported a series of large waves that caused the water level to rise and fall 15 to 20 feet (5 to 6 m) for a half-hour.[25]
1934: Tafjorden, Norway
On April 7, 1934, a landslide on the slope of the mountain Langhamaren with a volume of 3,000,000 cubic metres (3,900,000 cu yd) fell from a height of about 730 metres (2,395 ft) into the Tafjorden in Norway, generating three megatsunamis, the last and largest of which reached a height of between 62 and 63.5 metres (203 and 208 ft) on the opposite shore. Large waves struck Tafjord and Fjørå. The waves killed 23 people at Tafjord, where the last and largest wave was 17 metres (56 ft) tall and struck at an estimated speed of 160 kilometres per hour (99 mph), flooding the town for 300 metres (328 yd) inland and killing 23 people. At Fjørå, waves reached 13 metres (43 ft), destroyed buildings, removed all soil, and killed 17 people. Damaging waves struck as far as 50 kilometres (31 mi) away, and waves were detected at a distance of 100 kilometres (62 mi) from the landslide. One survivor suffered serious injuries requiring hospitalization.[26]
1936: Lovatnet, Norway
On September 13, 1936, a landslide on the slope of the mountain Ramnefjellet with a volume of 1,000,000 cubic metres (1,300,000 cu yd) fell from a height of 800 metres (2,625 ft) into the southern end of the lake Lovatnet in Norway, generating three megatsunamis, the largest of which reached a height of 74 metres (243 ft). The waves destroyed all farms at Bødal and most farms at Nesdal -- completely washing away 16 farms -- as well as 100 houses, bridges, a power station, a workshop, a sawmill, several grain mills, a restaurant, a schoolhouse, and all boats on the lake. A 12.6-metre (41 ft) wave struck the southern end of the 11.7-kilometre (7.3 mi)-long lake and caused damaging flooding in the Loelva River, the lake's northern outlet. The waves killed 74 people and severely injured 11.[24]
1936: Lituya Bay, Alaska
On October 27, 1936, a megatsunami occurred in Lituya Bay in Alaska with a maximum run-up height of 490 feet (149 m) in Crillon Inlet at the head of the bay. The four eyewitnesses to the wave in Lituya Bay itself all survived and described it as between 100 and 250 feet (30 and 76 m) high. The maximum inundation distance was 2,000 feet (610 m) inland along the north shore of the bay. The cause of the megatsunami remains unclear, but may have been a submarine landslide.[27]
1958: Lituya Bay, Alaska, US
Damage from the 1958 Lituya Bay megatsunami can be seen in this oblique aerial photograph of Lituya Bay, Alaska as the lighter areas at the shore where trees have been stripped away. The red arrow shows the location of the landslide, and the yellow arrow shows the location of the high point of the wave sweeping over the headland.
On July 9, 1958, a giant landslide at the head of Lituya Bay in Alaska, caused by an earthquake, generated a wave that washed out trees to a maximum altitude of 520 metres (1,706 ft) at the entrance of Gilbert Inlet.[28] The wave surged over the headland, stripping trees and soil down to bedrock, and surged along the fjord which forms Lituya Bay, destroying two fishing boats anchored there and killing two people.[1]
1963: Vajont Dam, Italy
On October 9, 1963, a landslide above Vajont Dam in Italy produced a 250 m (820 ft) surge that overtopped the dam and destroyed the villages of Longarone, Pirago, Rivalta, Villanova and Faè, killing nearly 2,000 people.[29]
1980: Spirit Lake, Washington, US
On May 18, 1980, the upper 460 metres (1,509 feet) of Mount St. Helens collapsed, creating a landslide. This released the pressure on the magma trapped beneath the summit bulge which exploded as a lateral blast, which then released the pressure on the magma chamber and resulted in a plinian eruption.
One lobe of the avalanche surged onto Spirit Lake, causing a megatsunami which pushed the lake waters in a series of surges, which reached a maximum height of 260 metres (853 feet)[30] above the pre-eruption water level (~975 m asl/3,199 ft). Above the upper limit of the tsunami, trees lie where they were knocked down by the pyroclastic surge; below the limit, the fallen trees and the surge deposits were removed by the megatsunami and deposited in Spirit Lake.[31]
2015: Taan Fiord, Alaska, US
On 9 August 2016, United States Geological Survey scientists survey run-up damage from the 17 October 2015 megatsunami in Taan Fiord. Based on visible damage to trees that remained standing, they estimated run-up heights in this area of 5 meters (16.4 ft).
At 8:19 p.m. Alaska Daylight Time on October 17, 2015, the side of a mountain collapsed, at the head of Taan Fiord, a finger of Icy Bay in Alaska.[32][33][34] Some of the resulting landslide came to rest on the toe of Tyndall Glacier,[32][35] but about 180,000,000 short tons (161,000,000 long tons; 163,000,000 metric tons) of rock with a volume of about 50,000,000 cubic meters (65,400,000 cu yd) fell into the fjord.[34][32][36][37] The landslide generated a megatsunami with an initial height of about 100 meters (328 feet)[35][38] that struck the opposite shore of the fjord, with a run-up height there of 193 meters (633 feet).[32][33]
Over the next 12 minutes,[33] the wave traveled down the fjord at a speed of up to 60 miles per hour (97 km/h),[37] with run-up heights of over 100 meters (328 feet) in the upper fjord to between 30 and 100 meters (98 and 328 feet) or more in its middle section, and 20 meters (66 feet) or more at its mouth.[32][33] Still probably 40 feet (12 meters) tall when it entered Icy Bay,[38] the tsunami inundated parts of Icy Bay?s shoreline with run-ups of 4 to 5 meters (13 to 16 feet) before dissipating into insigificance at distances of 5 kilometers (3.1 mi) from the mouth of Taan Fiord,[33] although the wave was detected 140 kilometers (87 miles) away.[32]
Occurring in an uninhabited area, the event was unwitnessed, and several hours passed before the signature of the landslide was noticed on seismographs at Columbia University in New York City.[33][39]
Potential future megatsunamis
In a BBC television documentary broadcast in 2000, experts said that they thought that a landslide on a volcanic ocean island is the most likely future cause of a megatsunami.[40] The size and power of a wave generated by such means could produce devastating effects, travelling across oceans and inundating up to 25 kilometres (16 mi) inland from the coast. This research was later found to be flawed.[41] The documentary was produced before the experts' scientific paper was published and before responses were given by other geologists. There have been megatsunamis in the past,[42] and future megatsunamis are possible but current geological consensus is that these are only local. A megatsunami in the Canary Islands would diminish to a normal tsunami by the time it reached the continents.[43] Also, the current consensus for La Palma is that the region conjectured to collapse is too small and too geologically stable to do so in the next 10,000 years, although there is evidence for past megatsunamis local to the Canary Isles thousands of years ago. Similar remarks apply to the suggestion of a megatsunami in Hawaii.[44]
British Columbia
Some geologists consider an unstable rock face at Mount Breakenridge, above the north end of the giant fresh-water fjord of Harrison Lake in the Fraser Valley of southwestern British Columbia, Canada, to be unstable enough to collapse into the lake, generating a megatsunami that might destroy the town of Harrison Hot Springs (located at its south end).[45]
Canary Islands
Geologists Dr. Simon Day and Dr. Steven Neal Ward consider that a megatsunami could be generated during an eruption of Cumbre Vieja on the volcanic ocean island of La Palma, in the Canary Islands, Spain.[46][47]
In 1949, this volcano erupted at its Duraznero, Hoyo Negro and Llano del Banco vents, and there was an earthquake with an epicentre near the village of Jedey. The next day Juan Bonelli Rubio, a local geologist, visited the summit area and found that a fissure about 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi) long had opened on the east side of the summit. As a result, the west half of the volcano (which is the volcanically active arm of a triple-armed rift) had slipped about 2 metres (6.6 ft) downwards and 1 metre (3.3 ft) westwards towards the Atlantic Ocean.[48]
Cumbre Vieja is currently dormant, but will almost certainly erupt again. Day and Ward hypothesize[46][47] that if such an eruption causes the western flank to fail, a mega-tsunami could be generated.
La Palma is currently the most volcanically active island in the Canary Islands Archipelago. It is likely that several eruptions would be required before failure would occur on Cumbre Vieja.[46][47] The western half of the volcano has an approximate volume of 500 cubic kilometres (120 cu mi) and an estimated mass of 1.5 trillion metric tons (1.7×1012 short tons). If it were to catastrophically slide into the ocean, it could generate a wave with an initial height of about 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) at the island, and a likely height of around 50 metres (164 ft) at the Caribbean and the Eastern North American seaboard when it runs ashore eight or more hours later. Tens of millions of lives could be lost in the cities and/or towns of St. John's, Halifax, Boston, New York, Baltimore, Washington, D.C., Miami, Havana and the rest of the eastern coasts of the United States and Canada, as well as many other cities on the Atlantic coast in Europe, South America and Africa.[46][47] The likelihood of this happening is a matter of vigorous debate.[49]
The last eruption on the Cumbre Vieja occurred in 1971 at the Teneguia vent at the southern end of the sub-aerial section without any movement. The section affected by the 1949 eruption is currently stationary and does not appear to have moved since the initial rupture.[50]
Geologists and volcanologists are in general agreement that the initial study was flawed. The current geology does not suggest that a collapse is imminent. Indeed, it seems to be geologically impossible right now, the region conjectured as prone to collapse is too small and too stable to collapse within the next 10,000 years.[41] They also concluded that a landslide is likely to happen as a series of smaller collapses rather than a single landslide from closer study of deposits left in the ocean by previous landslides. A megatsunami does seem possible locally in the distant future as there is geological evidence from past deposits suggesting that a megatsunami occurred with marine material deposited 41 to 188 meters above sea level between 32,000 and 1.75 million years ago.[42] This seems to have been local to Gran Canaria.
Day and Ward have admitted that their original analysis of the danger was based on several worst case assumptions.[51][52] A 2008 paper looked into this worst-case scenario, the most serious slide that could happen (though unlikely and probably impossible with present day geology). Although it would be a megatsunami locally in the Canary Isles, it would diminish in height to a regular tsunami when it reached the continents as the waves interfered and spread across the oceans.[43]
For more details see Cumbre Vieja criticism.
Cape Verde Islands
Steep cliffs on the Cape Verde Islands have been caused by catastrophic debris avalanches. These have been common on the submerged flanks of ocean island volcanoes and more can be expected in the future.[53]
Sharp cliffs and associated ocean debris at the Kohala Volcano, Lanai and Molokai indicate that landslides from the flank of the Kilauea and Mauna Loa volcanoes in Hawaii may have triggered past megatsunamis, most recently at 120,000 BP.[54][55][56] A tsunami event is also possible, with the tsunami potentially reaching up to about 1 kilometre (3,300 ft) in height[57] According to the documentary National Geographic's Ultimate Disaster: Tsunami, if a big landslide occurred at Mauna Loa or the Hilina Slump, a 30-metre (98 ft) tsunami would take only thirty minutes to reach Honolulu. There, hundreds of thousands of people could be killed as the tsunami could level Honolulu and travel 25 kilometres (16 mi) inland. Also, the West Coast of America and the entire Pacific Rim could potentially be affected.
Other research suggests that such a single large landslide is not likely. Instead, it would collapse as a series of smaller landslides.[58]
In 2018, shortly after the beginning of the 2018 lower Puna eruption, a National Geographic article responded to such claims with "Will a monstrous landslide off the side of Kilauea trigger a monster tsunami bound for California? Short answer: No."[44]
In the same article, geologist Mika McKinnon stated:[44]
there are submarine landslides, and submarine landslides do trigger tsunamis, but these are really small, localized tsunamis. They don't produce tsunamis that move across the ocean. In all likelihood, it wouldn't even impact the other Hawaiian islands.
Another volcanologist, Janine Krippner, added:[44]
People are worried about the catastrophic crashing of the volcano into the ocean. There's no evidence that this will happen. It is slowly--really slowly--moving toward the ocean, but it's been happening for a very long time.
Despite this, evidence suggests that catastrophic collapses do occur on Hawaiian volcanoes and generate local tsunamis.[59]
Although known earlier to the local population, a crack 2 metres (6.6 ft) wide and 500 metres (1,640 ft) in length in the side of the mountain Åkerneset in Norway was rediscovered in 1983 and attracted scientific attention. It since has widened at a rate of 4 centimetres (1.6 in) per year. Geological analysis has revealed that a slab of rock 62 metres (203 ft) thick and at an elevation stretching from 150 to 900 metres (490 to 2,950 ft) is in motion. Geologists assess that an eventual catastrophic collapse of 18,000,000 to 54,000,000 cubic metres (24,000,000 to 71,000,000 cu yd) of rock into Sunnylvsfjorden is inevitable and could generate megatsunamis of 35 to 100 metres (115 to 328 ft) in height on the fjord?s opposite shore. The waves are expected to strike Hellesylt with a height of 35 to 85 metres (115 to 279 ft), Geiranger with a height of 30 to 70 metres (98 to 230 ft), Tafjord with a height of 14 metres (46 ft), and many other communities in Norway?s Sunnmøre district with a height of several metres, and to be noticeable even at Ålesund. The predicted disaster is depicted in the Norwegian 2015 film The Wave.[60]
See also
1. ^ a b c Miller, Don J. "Giant Waves in Lituya Bay, Alaska". uwsp.edu. p. 3. Archived from the original on 13 October 2013.
2. ^ a b The Mega-Tsunami of July 9, 1958 in Lituya Bay, Alaska: Analysis of Mechanism - George Pararas-Carayannis, Excerpts from Presentation at the Tsunami Symposium of Tsunami Society of May 25-27, 1999, in Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
3. ^ Ward, Steven N.; Day, Simon (2010). "Lituya Bay Landslide and Tsunami -- A Tsunami Ball Approach" (PDF). Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami. 4 (4): 285-319. doi:10.1142/S1793431110000893.
4. ^ Bryant, Edward (June 2014). Tsunami: The Underrated Hazard. Springer. p. 178. ISBN 978-3-319-06133-7.
5. ^ "Dinosaur-Killing Asteroid Created A Mile-High Tsunami That Swept Through The World's Oceans". iflscience.com. January 8, 2019.
6. ^ Poag, C. W. (1997). "The Chesapeake Bay bolide impact: A convulsive event in Atlantic Coastal Plain evolution". Sedimentary Geology. 108 (1-4): 45-90. Bibcode:1997SedG..108...45P. doi:10.1016/S0037-0738(96)00048-6.
7. ^ Le Roux, Jacobus P. (2015). "A critical examination of evidence used to re-interpret the Hornitos mega-breccia as a mass-flow deposit caused by cliff failure". Andean Geology. 41 (1): 139-145.
8. ^ Le Roux, J.P.; Nielsen, Sven N.; Kemnitz, Helga; Henriquez, Álvaro (2008). "A Pliocene mega-tsunami deposit and associated features in the Ranquil Formation, southern Chile" (PDF). Sedimentary Geology. 203 (1): 164-180. Bibcode:2008SedG..203..164L. doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2007.12.002. hdl:10533/139221. Retrieved 2016.
9. ^ "Hawaiian landslides have been catastrophic". mbari.org. Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. 2015-10-22.
10. ^ Culliney, John L. (2006) Islands in a Far Sea: The Fate of Nature in Hawaii. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 17.
11. ^ "Kalaupapa Settlement Boundary Study. Along North Shore to Halawa Valley, Molokai" (PDF). National Park Service. 2001. Retrieved .
12. ^ Paskoff, Roland (1991). "Likely occurrence of mega-tsunami in the Middle Pleistocene near Coquimbo, Chile". Revista geológica de Chile. 18 (1): 87-91. Retrieved 2016.
14. ^ Alden, Andrew, "The 'Tahoe Tsunami': New Study Envisions Early Geologic Event," kqed.org, July 31, 2014, Retrieved 23 June 2020
15. ^ Bondevik, S.; Lovholt, F.; Harbitz, C.; Mangerud, J.; Dawsond, A.; Svendsen, J. I. (2005). "The Storegga Slide tsunami--comparing field observations with numerical simulations". Marine and Petroleum Geology. 22 (1-2): 195-208. doi:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2004.10.003.
16. ^ Rincon, Paul (1 May 2014). "Prehistoric North Sea 'Atlantis' hit by 5m tsunami". BBC News. Retrieved 2017.
17. ^ Pareschi, M. T.; Boschi, E.; Favalli, M. (2006). "Lost tsunami". Geophysical Research Letters. 33 (22): L22608. Bibcode:2006GeoRL..3322608P. doi:10.1029/2006GL027790.
18. ^ "Mega-tsunami: Wave of Destruction". BBC Two. 12 October 2000.
19. ^ Hoel, Christer, "The Skafjell Rock Avalanche in 1731," fjords.com Retrieved 23 June 2020
20. ^ Hoel, Christer, "The Tjelle Rock Avalanche in 1756," fjords.com Retrieved 22 June 2020
21. ^ Lander, pp. 39-41.
22. ^ Lander, pp. 44-45.
23. ^ Bryant, Edward, Tsunami: The Underrated Hazard, Springer: New York, 2014, ISBN 978-3-319-06132-0, pp. 162-163.
24. ^ a b Hoel, Christer, "The Loen Accidents in 1905 and 1936," fjords.com Retrieved 22 June 2020
25. ^ Lander, p. 57.
26. ^ Hoel, Christer, "The Tafjord Accident in 1934," fjords.com Retrieved 22 June 2020
27. ^ Lander, pp. 61-64.
28. ^ Mader, Charles L.; Gittings, Michael L. (2002). "Modeling the 1958 Lituya Bay Mega-Tsunami, II" (PDF). Science of Tsunami Hazards. 20 (5): 241-250.
29. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-07-29. Retrieved .CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Vaiont Dam photos and virtual field trip (University of Wisconsin), retrieved 2009-07-01
30. ^ Voight et al. 1983
31. ^ USGS Website. Geology of Interactions of Volcanoes, Snow, and Water: Tsunami on Spirit Lake early during 18 May 1980 eruption
32. ^ a b c d e f researchgate.net The 2015 Landslide and Tsunami in Taan Fiord, Alaska
33. ^ a b c d e f Higman, Bretwood, et. al., "The 2015 landslide and tsunami in Taan Fiord, Alaska," nature.com, September 6, 2018 Retrieved 16 June 2020
34. ^ a b nps,gov National Park Service, "Taan Fjord Landslide and Tsunami," nps.gov,Retrieved 16 June 2020
35. ^ a b Rozell, Ned, "The giant wave of Icy Bay," alaska.edu, April 7, 2016 Retrieved 16 June 2020
36. ^ Underwood, Emily, "Study of Alaskan Landslide Could Improve Tsunami Modeling," eos.org, April 26, 2019 Retrieved 16 June 2020
37. ^ a b Mooney, Chris, "One of the biggest tsunamis ever recorded was set off three years ago by a melting glacier," washingtonpost.com, September 6, 2018 Retrieved 16 June 2020
38. ^ a b Stolz, Kit, "Why Scientists Are Worried About a Landslide No One Saw or Heard," atlasobscura.com, March 17, 2017 Retrieved 16 June 2020
39. ^ Morford Stacy, "Detecting Landslides from a Few Seismic Wiggles," columbia.edu, December 18, 2015 Retrieved 16 June 2020
40. ^ "Mega-tsunami: Wave of Destruction". Transcript. BBC Two television programme, first broadcast. 12 October 2000.
41. ^ a b "New Research Puts 'Killer La Palma Tsunami' At Distant Future". Science Daily, based on materials from the Delft University of Technology. September 21, 2006.
42. ^ a b Pérez-Torrado, F. J; Paris, R; Cabrera, M. C; Schneider, J-L; Wassmer, P; Carracedo, J. C; Rodríguez-Santana, A; & Santana, F; 2006. Tsunami deposits related to flank collapse in oceanic volcanoes: The Agaete Valley evidence, Gran Canaria, Canary Islands. Marine Geol. 227, 135-149
43. ^ a b Løvholt, F., G. Pedersen, and G. Gisler. "Oceanic propagation of a potential tsunami from the La Palma Island." Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 113.C9 (2008).
44. ^ a b c d Sarah Gibbons (May 17, 2018). "No, Hawaii's Volcano Won't Trigger a Mega-Tsunami". National Geographic.
45. ^ Evans, S.G.; Savigny, K.W. (1994). "Landslides in the Vancouver-Fraser Valley-Whistler region" (PDF). Geological Survey of Canada. Ministry of Forests, Province of British Columbia. pp. 36 p. Retrieved .
46. ^ a b c d Day et al. 1999
47. ^ a b c d Ward & Day 2001
48. ^ Bonelli 1950
49. ^ Pararas-Carayannis 2002
50. ^ As per Bonelli Rubio
51. ^ Ali Ayres (2004-10-29). "Tidal wave threat 'over-hyped'". BBC NEWS.
52. ^ Pararas-Carayannis, George (2002). "Evaluation of the threat of mega tsunami generation from postulated massive slope failures of the island volcanoes on La Palma, Canary Islands, and on the island of Hawaii" (PDF). Science of Tsunami Hazards. 20 (5): 251-277. Retrieved 2014.
53. ^ Le Bas, T.P. (2007). "Slope Failures on the Flanks of Southern Cape Verde Islands". In Lykousis, Vasilios (ed.). Submarine mass movements and their consequences: 3rd international symposium. Springer. ISBN 978-1-4020-6511-8.
54. ^ McMurtry, Gary M.; Fryer, Gerard J.; Tappin, David R.; Wilkinson, Ian P.; Williams, Mark; Fietzke, Jan; Garbe-Schoenberg, Dieter; Watts, Philip (1 September 2004). "Megatsunami deposits on Kohala volcano, Hawaii, from flank collapse of Mauna Loa". Geology. 32 (9): 741. Bibcode:2004Geo....32..741M. doi:10.1130/G20642.1.
55. ^ McMurtry, Gary M.; Fryer, Gerard J.; Tappin, David R.; Wilkinson, Ian P.; Williams, Mark; Fietzke, Jan; Garbe-Schoenberg, Dieter; Watts, Philip (September 1, 2004). "A Gigantic Tsunami in the Hawaiian Islands 120,000 Years Ago". Geology. SOEST Press Releases. Retrieved .
56. ^ McMurtry, G. M.; Tappin, D. R.; Fryer, G. J.; Watts, P. (December 2002). "Megatsunami Deposits on the Island of Hawaii: Implications for the Origin of Similar Deposits in Hawaii and Confirmation of the 'Giant Wave Hypothesis'". AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts. 51: OS51A-0148. Bibcode:2002AGUFMOS51A0148M.
57. ^ Britt, Robert Roy (14 December 2004). "The Megatsunami: Possible Modern Threat". LiveScience. Retrieved .
58. ^ Pararas-Carayannis, George (2002). "Evaluation of the threat of mega tsunami generation from postulated massive slope failures of island volcanoes on La Palma, Canary Islands, and on the island of Hawaii". drgeorgepc.com. Retrieved .
59. ^ "Megatsunami Deposits vs. High-stand Deposits in Hawi'i" (PDF). Earth Web. June 12-15, 2005.
60. ^ Hole, Christer, "The Åkerneset Rock Avalanche," fjords.com Retrieved 23 June 2020
Further reading
External links
Music Scenes
|
From the Great Confinement of Louis XIV of France to a Chemical Gulag (part 1)
Above, French psychiatrist Philippe Pinel releasing so-called ‘lunatics’ from their chains at the Salpêtrière asylum of Paris in 1795. Below, a Spanish-English translation from my site critical of psychiatry. Since it is a chapter within an online book I’ll be adding explanatory brackets after some sentences.
______ 卐 ______
Aristotle said that to obtain a truly profound knowledge about something it is necessary to know its history. To understand what happened to the orphan John Bell [Bell’s testimony appears in another chapter of the online book] it is necessary to know how the profession that re-victimised him emerged. The following ideas about how the psychiatric profession was born are taken from Michel Foucault’s Madness and Civilisation, that I will paraphrase here.
In England, three hundred years before John Bell was born, the pamphlet Grievous Groan of the Poor appeared, in which it was proposed that the indigent be banished and transferred to the newly discovered lands of the Oriental Indies. From the 13th century it had existed the famous Bedlam for lunatics in London, but in the 16th century it housed only twenty inmates. In the 17th century, when the pamphlet to banish the poor appeared, there were already more than a hundred prisoners in Bedlam. In 1630 King Charles I called a commission to address the problem of poverty and the commission decreed the police persecution of vagabonds, beggars ‘and all those who live in idleness and who do not wish to work for reasonable wages’.[1] In the 18th century, many poor and destitute people were taken to correctional facilities and houses of confinement in the cities where industrialisation had marginalised part of the population.
Prisons for the poor were also established in continental Europe. The spirit of the 17th century was to put order in the world. After leprosy was eradicated, the medieval leprosariums that had remained empty were filled with the new lepers: the destitute. Foucault calls this period ‘The Great Confinement’ and emphasises the fact that the concept of mental illness did not exist yet.
Isolating the leper, a true sick person, had had a hygienic goal in the Middle Ages. But isolating the destitute had no such goal: it was a new phenomenon. 1656 was an axial year in this policy of cleaning up human garbage from the streets. On April 27, Louis XIV ordered the construction of the General Hospital, a place that was hospital only in name: no doctor presided over it. Article 11 of the king’s edict specified who would be imprisoned: ‘Of all sexes, places and ages, of any city and birth and in whatever state they are, valid or invalid, sick or convalescent, curable or incurable’.[2] Lifelong directors were appointed to head the General Hospital. Their absolutist power was a miniature decal of the power of the sun king, as can be read in articles 12 and 13 of the edict:
They have all power of authority, direction, administration, commerce, police, jurisdiction, correction and sanction over all the poor of Paris, both inside and outside the Hôpital Général. For this purpose, the directors would have stakes and rings of torture, prisons and dungeons, in the aforementioned hospital and places that depend on it, as they deem it convenient, without being able to appeal the ordinances that will be drafted by the directors for the interior of said hospital.[3]
The goal of these draconian measures was to suppress begging by decree. A few years after its foundation, the General Hospital housed one percent of the population of Paris. There were thousands of women and children in the Salpêtrière, in the Bicêtre and in the other buildings of a ‘Hospital’ that was not a hospital but an administrative entity that, concurrently with the royal powers and the police, repressed and guarded the marginalised.
On June 16, 1676 another royal edict establishes the foundation of general hospitals in each city of the kingdom. Throughout France this type of prison is opened and, a hundred years later, on the eve of the Revolution, there existed in thirty-two provincial cities. The archipelago of jails for the poor covered Europe. The Hôpitaux Généraux of France, the Workhouses of England and the Zuchthaüsern of Germany imprisoned young lads who had conflicts with their parents; vagabonds, drunks, lewd people and the ‘fools’. These prisons were indistinguishable from common prisons. In the 18th century an Englishman was surprised to see one of these prisons, ‘in which idiots and fools are locked up because they do not know where to confine them separately’.[4] The so-called alienated were confused with the sane, though destitute, individuals; and sometimes it was impossible to distinguish one from the other.
In the Middle Ages pride was a capital sin. When the banking flourished during the Renaissance it was said that greed was the greatest sin. But in the 17th century, when the ethic of work was imposed not only in Protestant countries but also among Catholics, laziness—in fact: unemployment—was the most notorious of sins. A city where every individual was supposed to become a cog in the social machine was the great bourgeois dream. Within this dream, groups that did not integrate into the machinery were destined to carry a stigma. 17th-century men had replaced medieval leprosy with indigence as the new exclusion group. It is from this ideological framework of indigence considered a vice that the great concept of madness will appear in the 18th and 19th centuries. For the first time in history, madness would be judged with the yardstick of the work ethic. A world where work ethics rules rejects all forms of uselessness. He who cannot earn his bread transgresses the limits of the bourgeois order. He who cannot be integrated into the group must be an alienated.
The edict of creation of the General Hospital is very clear in this regard: it considers ‘begging and idleness as sources of all disorders’.[5] It is very significant that ‘disorder’ remains the word used by psychiatrists today. The very Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders [henceforth referred by its acronym, DSM: the ‘Bible’ of today’s psychiatrists] uses the word ‘disorder’ instead of ‘illness’. As the 17th century marks the line in which it was decided to imprison a group of human beings, it would be wrong to believe that madness waited patiently for centuries until some scientists discovered it and took care of it. Likewise, it would be wrong to believe that there was a spontaneous mutation in which the poor, inexplicably and suddenly, went mad.
Imprisoning the victims of a big city was a phenomenon of European dimensions. Once consummated the Great Confinement of which Foucault speaks, the censuses of the time about the prisoners who had not broken the law show the type of people they committed: elderly people who could not take care of themselves, epileptics disowned by their families, deformed people, people with venereal diseases and even those imprisoned by the king’s letters.
The latter was the most widespread confinement procedure since the 1690s, and the petitioners that the king wrote a lettre de cachet were the closest relatives of those imprisoned. The most famous case of imprisonment in the Bastille by lettre de cachet was that of Voltaire. There were cases of foolish or ‘incorrigible girls’ who were interned. ‘Imprudent’ was a label that would correspond more or less to what in the 19th century would be called ‘moral insanity’ and which currently equals the adolescent oppositionalism or ‘defiant negativism’ in the contemporary DSM. I would like to illustrate it with a single case of the 18th century:
A sixteen-year-old woman, whose husband is named Beaudoin, openly claims that she will never love her husband; that there is no law to order her to love him, that everyone is free to dispose of her heart and body as she pleases, and that it is a kind of crime to give one without the other.[6] Although Beaudoin’s woman was considered foolish or crazy, those labels had no medical connotation. The behaviours were perceived under another sky, and confinement was a matter settled between the families and the legal authority without medical intervention.
People who would be committed were considered: ‘dishonest’, ‘idle’, ‘depraved’, ‘sorcerer’, ‘imbecile’, ‘prodigal’, ‘impeded’, ‘alchemist’, ‘unbalanced’, ‘venereal’, ‘libertine’, ‘dissipater’, ‘blasphemous’, ‘ungrateful son’, ‘dissipated father’, ‘prostituted’ and ‘foolish’. In the records it can be read that the internment formulas also used terms such as ‘very evil and cheating man’ or ‘inveterate glutton’. France had to wait until 1785 for a medical order to intervene in the confinement of all these people: a practice that subsequently took shape with Pinel [pic above]. As I have said, moving away from the social norm would bring about the great theme of madness in the 19th century, as we shall see with Alexis de Tocqueville and John Stuart Mill by the end of this online book. It is from this point that we must understand the classifications of Kraepelin, Bleuler and the DSM of the 20th and 21st centuries.
In our century there are psychiatrists who openly say that ‘suicide is a brain disorder’: a blatantly pseudoscientific pronouncement. In the 17th century the pronouncements were not pseudoscientific yet, such as ‘murderer of himself’, a crime ‘against the divine majesty’ (i.e., the Judeo-Christian god). In the records of commitment for failed suicide attempts the formula used was: ‘s/he wanted to get rid’. It is to those who committed this crime against the Judeo-Christian god that the torture instruments were first applied by 19th-century psychiatrists: cages with an open lid for the head and cabinets that enclosed the subject up to the neck. The transformation from an openly religious trial (‘against the divine majesty’) to the realm of medicine (a purported ‘brain disorder’) was gradual. What is now considered a biomedical disease in the 17th and 18th centuries was understood as extravagant, impious behaviour that endangered the prestige of a specific family.
In the 17th century, for the first time in history, people from very different background were forced to live under the same roof. None of the previous cultures had done something similar or seen similarities between these types of people (venereal, foolish, blasphemous, ungrateful children, sorcerers, prostitutes, etc.). That behind the confinement existed a moralistic judgment is discovered by the fact that people who suffered venereal diseases were locked up—the great evil of the time!—, only if they contracted the disease out of wedlock. Virtuous women infected by their husbands were not at risk of being taken to the General Hospital in Paris.
Homosexuals were locked up in hospitals or detention centres. Any individual who caused a public scandal could be committed. The family, and more specifically the bourgeois family with its demands to keep up appearances, became the rule that defined the confinement of any of its rebellious members. This was the moment in which the dark alliances between parents and psychiatrists that would produce Dr. Amara’s profession would make a deal [I tell the story of psychiatrist Giuseppe Amara, who still lives, earlier in the online book]. Biological psychiatry would have an easy delivery with the gestation of the pair of centuries from the Great Confinement of the 17th century. The origins of the profession called psychiatry today can be traced back to that century.
Throughout the 18th century the confinement of people who did not break the law continued, and by the end of that century the houses of internment were full of ‘blasphemers’. The medieval Inquisition had had power in the south of France, but once the Inquisition was abolished, society found a legal way to control dissidents. It is known the case of a man in Saint-Lazare who was imprisoned for not wanting to kneel in the most solemn moments of the mass (this strategy was also practiced a century before). In the 17th century the unbelievers were considered ‘libertines’. Bonaventure Forcroy wrote a biography about Apollonius of Tyana, a contemporary of Jesus who was credited with miracles, and showed with this paradigm that the Gospel stories could also have been fictional. Forcroy was accused of ‘debauchery’ and imprisoned, also in Saint-Lazare.
The imprisonment of pariahs and undesirables was a cultural event that can be traced back to a specific moment in the long history of intolerance of post-Renaissance and post-Reformation Europe. The psychiatric values of Western man were moulded in the 17th and 18th centuries, values that continue to determine the way we see the world.
[1] Quoted in Michel Foucault: Historia de la Locura en la Época Clásica (Volumen I), p. 106.
[2] Edict of Luis XIV, quoted in ibid, p. 81.
[3] Ibid, p. 81s.
[4] Ibid, p. 182.
[5] Ibid, p. 115.
[6] Quoted in ibid, p. 213. It is interesting to compare the encyclopaedic history of so-called madness by Foucault that I’ve paraphrased above, written in opaque prose, with the brief though clear history of psychiatry by Thomas Szasz (e.g., Cruel Compassion: The Psychiatric Control of the Society’s Unwanted, Syracuse University Press, 1998).
9 Replies on “From the Great Confinement of Louis XIV of France to a Chemical Gulag (part 1)
1. Never forget that the psychiatrists—actually: an extra-legal system of penalties, a contemporary Inquisition—tried to incarcerate Commander George Lincoln Rockwell. Fortunately, he escaped involuntary commitment in a psychiatric ward.
1. One thing that stands out for me in this article is how the rise of “mental institutions” and mental “illness” parallels the rise of the technological system. In classical civilization, such things were unnecessary. Technological societies by their very nature place such a high value of conformity and efficiency that they are forced to find ways to dispose of people who don’t fit in, or who threaten, like Rockwell and Hitler did,to disrupt the smooth turning of its gears. The madhouse is one way, simply killing them off is another. Notably, both men died violently. The system sends its assassins after those it can’t stop any other way.
The other thing that stands out is the way Christianity has interfaced with the technological system to prop it up by overvaluing work, making it into a virtue. In classical civilization, work was for slaves. The aristocracy did not “work” in the sense of having to go to a job, which has become so ingrained in modern man that his job becomes the bulk of his identity as a human being, the most important thing about him besides his own name. So much of self-worth derives from work that nowadays, losing employment by retiring or being fired causes many people to commit suicide. This is an entirely new way of looking at the world fostered by the system, which is actively re-engineering mankind to suit its needs.
1. Exactly what happened to my first cousin a couple of months ago, who killed himself because he lost his job: something unthinkable in a natural society.
2. I’m completely lost in these questions. Isn’t working for your bread (baking it, buying it, or stealing it) the most noble thing in life? And is laziness the definition of degeneracy, the hatred for existence, the suicide?
And as a sidenote, I also do not understand your defending the poor and deranged of France. Pitying the failed ones is too far from a Darwinian perspective. And it’s not like France of that time was as impossible to exist in as the West of today is – they didn’t have homo propaganda, for example.
1. You don’t understand. We are criticising the Mercantile Society that started in the times of Louis XIV, a capitalism that produced all this mental distress. S. Ranch got it right away (he uses other terminology though, like ‘tec’). Why can’t you see something so obvious?
1. Technological society is inherently anti-human, and this doesn’t just stem from capitalism. The Soviet Union had similar problems, including the medicalization of dissent. But like the racial right in general nowadays, NS Germany was technophilic, and didn’t understand how technological development was at the root of most of the problems they thought they were struggling against. Western civilization inherited both Jews and Christianity from the assimilationist expansion of the Roman Empire. Of course, it’s not as if either NS Germany or the Romans had a real choice. No one ever does. In the struggle for survival and dominance that is life, one is forced to select the best technique. Any other choice loses.
2. Yes: the Soviet Union was as deranged as the West, but NS tec is necessary to exterminate all Neanderthals. Only after that, we could dream of a bucolic city like Lys.
I strongly recommend your reading of any of these two sci-fi novels by Clarke: Against the Fall of Night or The City and the Stars. In the novels, the dilemma between the highly technological city of Diaspar vis-à-vis the bucolic Lys is discussed.
I side Lys of course. However, the historical path to reach such level of utopian future is something missing in the WN movement.
3. “… NS tec is necessary to exterminate all Neanderthals.”
I forgot to mention the T-4 program in NS Germany, the effort to get rid of “life unworthy of life”. It’s interesting but not unexpected that Germany’s main inspiration and model for their eugenics program came from America, the center of the technological system. But then, as I’ve said, getting rid of the “useless eaters” and opponents is a phase that all technological societies go through. Inefficient people, people who serve no purpose or have a negative purpose, simply aren’t allowed. That’s another reason why Christianity, particularly its Protestant version, with its overvaluation of work and re-imagining it as a virtue, is such an excellent ideology for such a society.
“However, the historical path to reach such level of utopian future is something missing in the WN movement.”
If history teaches anything, it’s that assimilationism defeats racism/tribalism as a technique. Rome succeeded where Sparta failed. America succeeded where NS Germany failed. The destruction of race appears to be built into any realistic plan of empire.
1. NS did not fail. Invading the SU was Hitler’s big blunder, but NS is largely intact.
The US has not succeeded. Its ‘success’ is only temporary—as temporary as the dollar bubble, that will pop soon.
|
I am Peace by Susan Verde
I Am Peace by Susan Verde
I Am Peace by Susan Verde
today’s children storybook summary is
I Am Peace
By Susan Verde
Art by Peter H. Reynolds
The takeaway
Mindfulness exercises can help children manage their feeling, relax and get rid of anxiety.
If you want to teach your kids mindfulness, this book is for you. But honestly, anybody who’s mind wonders when it should concentrate, who is anxious, when they should be content, or who lost their way when there should be a path, can read, understand and find a meaning in this book.
There is no storyline because this is not a storybook, it is a nonfiction book. It would be easier for me to say what it is not then what it is. It is not a self-help book, not a guide, and does not have an informative content. Rather, this is a book with nice pictures and a text that attempts to explain meditation and mindfulness so that little kids can understand.
The wording is simple and direct, giving easy explanation and some instructions and what to expect if you practice this type of relaxation.
The character shares their experience and feelings, and what to do about it. So, if they feel their thoughts like “rushing water” and “feel like a boat with no anchor”, then they give themselves a moment, take a break and say, “it’s all right”. It is the beginning of “here” and “now” which is the base for mindfulness meditation.
In this state of being, the character can connect with their surroundings in deeper ways and feel part of it. The boat is finally anchored, the worries are gone, and the character feels peace.
The book is just laying the foundation for teaching mindfulness to little kids. The author is also known for the book “I Am Yoga”.
A child, without gender specific characteristics (hence the term “they” that I used), with a colorful hat and bright cloths.
Peter H. Reynolds is the illustrator of this book. His style is simple and quite adequate for the text. His strokes are clear, and his colors are bright and happy. He does not clog the page, instead he keeps the details at minimum, using only the ones that are necessary and/or support the theme. For example, the child wears a necklace with the peace symbol, there are trees, birds, and blue skies, and there is nothing dramatic happening. The art emanates peace and balance.
Recommended Age
3 to 103
Reading Time
3 minutes
Things to Learn
Mindfulness is a meditation exercise that focuses the attention on breathing, with the purpose of letting go of thoughts and just “be” in the present.
P.S. If you want to see my next review, sign up for feeds. Thank you!
Since you read until the end, please take a second and rate this book. Thank you.
(p.s. you can also subscribe to new posts in the upper right corner 🙂
What do you think?
|
Children's Stories
Kid stories. From smile to smile
Values are a sure way to educate children. By combining values with stories, children can learn positive standards of behavior and attitudes for their lives. wanted to share this story From smile to smile, so that children can learn about filial love. We hope you like this children's story!
One morning, Patricia woke up scared by a dream she had had. He dreamed that everyone he knew had their smiles faded.
She was surrounded by very sad people, with long faces, with furrowed brows, with faces full of bitterness, which she did not like at all.
Even his mother, who was very cheerful and always had a joke to share, would only yell and show a bad mood.
In the same way his father and brother; not to mention the teacher, who had the face of a statue, and her classmates, who didn't even laugh at a joke.
This distressed Patricia a lot, since she always thought that smiling was the natural way to communicate to understand her friend, brother and parents.
This he thought because his best moments had been when all the members of the family laughed, and he knew how important that small gesture was to stay together and communicate.
Patricia felt more and more alone and misunderstood, no one was laughing around her and she even stopped smiling and began to cry, fearing that she would never see anyone happy again.
But it got to the point that fright invaded his entire body and he suddenly woke up. She realized she was in her bed, safe, and said, "Good thing it was just a dream."
At that moment his mother came to bed with breakfast and a tremendous smile, giving him a kiss and telling him that the day must start happily.
Story of Maén Puerta (Venezuela)
After spending this magical moment with your children, a facet that parents can also work on is their reading comprehension. Here we show you different activities to make sure that the little one has understood what he has read, or failing that, what he has heard.
- Questions about the story 'From smile to smile'.
1. What did Patricia dream about?
2. What has distressed Patricia in her dream?
3. What happened when Patricia woke up?
4. Did you like this story? Why?
5. What have you learned from this story?
- Make a drawing
Do you have paper and paints on hand? If your little one finds it difficult to express himself orally, perhaps a good idea to find out what he has understood from the text is to ask him to draw a picture.
- Prepare a summary
Those who are already in elementary school, instead of drawing a picture, can bring out their writing vein and write a mini summary about the story.
- Change the ending
And finally, an exercise that will allow you to be even more creative. What if it hadn't been a dream? How would a story change? Try to invent a whole alternative ending.
Children, but also adults, should laugh more. There are so many benefits that this simple gesture has for our health that it should be mandatory to practice it often. Do you want to know the advantages (because there is nothing wrong here) that a smile has on your children?
- Improves mood. Laughing generates serotonin, the hormone of happiness, and the best antidote to ward off sadness from our lives.
- Reduce stress. Laughter is exercise and, therefore, it is an excellent tool to release tension and relax.
- Increase self-esteem. Being calmer and in a better mood, we see life in a different way and that affects our perception of ourselves.
- Helps fight constipation. And is that when we laugh, our entire intestine moves and that favors the movement of feces.
- Power the imagination. With this simple gesture, our brain receives new doses of oxygen that help it think more, thus developing imagination and enhancing creativity.
Did you know that you also learn to be happy? So, just as you sit down with your children to do their homework so that they learn math, language, physics, English or music, why not spend some time during the day teaching them to be happy?
With these private classes that we can offer, children will not only be able to face their day to day with a smile, like the protagonist of the story, but it will also help them to overcome with optimism and integrity the obstacles they may encounter throughout the course. lifetime.
The first thing we have to do is set an example. If they see us happy and cheerful, they will want to imitate us and therefore will maintain a fairly positive attitude. But there are more things that we can do, in a fun and educational way, from home. Take note!
- Tell the story of 'A very contagious laugh'
Laughter is one of the most pleasant experiences and feelings that we can experience, that is why any reason is good to laugh out loud, and much better if it comes from magic. Can you imagine there was laughing gas? In some distant kingdom it already exists ...
- Create the jar of happiness for the whole family
Have you heard of the philosopher Elsa Punset? She devised an infallible game for children to have a positive attitude towards life, a game that will teach them to reflect on good things, to appreciate the small details and to be grateful. Find a jar and put a sticker on the outside that says 'The jar of happiness'. Every day the old and the young will write something good that happened to them and, after about six months, they will all read them. You will discover all the good things that you have experienced and that, sometimes, we do not value!
- Play 'The Smile Making Machine'
It is a very simple game that you can improvise at home at any time because it can be made with recycled materials. You only need a box, cardboard and something to write on. Invite the child to write down all those things that make them smile and put them in their box. So the day you're sad, you can grab one of those papers! You'll see how, quickly, a smile is drawn at home
You can read more articles similar to Kid stories. From smile to smile, in the category of children's stories on site.
Video: Storytime for kids Augustus and his Smile by Catherine Rayner (December 2020).
|
In different sci-fi stories different words are used in different context to speak about changing location in the universe:
1. Leap - to make a large jump or sudden movement, usually from one place to another
2. Jump - to move or act suddenly or quickly
3. Spring - to move quickly and suddenly towards a particular place
4. Hop - to go somewhere quickly or to get into or out of a vehicle quickly
5. Bound - to move quickly with large jumping movements
Do they actually mean the same thing when they refer to traveling between systems by means of wormholes, hyperdrives, hypergates or some other way?
When speaking of hypothetical tech. the author is free to use words poetically. There are some common clichés that are used:
quantum leap In science, the smallest possible change in energy levels. Use metaphorically to mean a sudden dramatic change. Used in the sci fi to mean a sudden change in time and space, most notably in the Quantum Leap series.
Jump to hyperspace the "hyper" prefix is used in mathematics to indicate a higher dimension shape, such as a hypercube. In sci fi, making a hyperspace jump suggests traveling through a higher dimension. You'll also hear "jump to lightspeed", a sudden acceleration of a spacecraft to magically high speed. These hyperspace or lightspeed journeys are often not instantaneous.
Hop suggests something smaller than a jump. It might mean that the space craft disappears from one location and reappears in another instantaneously. Players of the 80s computer game Elite will remember that one could use hyperspace to travel from one star to another, then having arrived at a star, one could make "interspace hops" to rapidly approach the planet.
Bound does mean "jump" (From French bombir, originally meaning make a loud noise, ult. from L. bombus onomatopoeia for "buzzing") but it also has another meaning (from Norse búinn=prepared), which means "Moving in the direction of". It is this meaning when we say "Bound for the planet", Its not about jumping. (Bound has two more unrelated meanings, boundary and the past participle of bind. 4 homonyms!).
Spring: I can't recall this words being used in this context, though no doubt there is some author who has.
| improve this answer | |
• I've seen "bound for the surface" in sci-fi, speaking about a surface of a planet. – SovereignSun Aug 23 '17 at 9:42
• 1
bound for could mean "traveling towards". Compare "westward bound" and "homeward bound", bound for the west, bound for home, traveling west, traveling home. – Tᴚoɯɐuo Aug 23 '17 at 12:21
• I've now explained how bound means both jump and travel towards (these are homonyms) – James K Aug 23 '17 at 14:11
These are verbs whose core meanings developed on terra firma, so they're always going to be used figuratively and without precise meaning when the subject is interstellar space travel. One fuzzy verb is as good as another. Moreover, it is often the case that speakers use words of imprecise measurement ironically or humorously, overstating or understating a fact.
It's just a two parsec hop.
| improve this answer | |
• So, generally it's hard to imaging the exact definition used in the context of sci-fi? You should always try to get to the roots of the verb in order to realize what the action will look like? – SovereignSun Aug 23 '17 at 12:23
• You should always understand the literal meaning in order to get some sense of the meaning of a figurative use. A "hop" used without irony is a relatively short trip. But it could be used ironically. It's not always easy to recognize irony in sci-fi, since the worlds are often strange. – Tᴚoɯɐuo Aug 23 '17 at 12:25
• 1
Or indeed, "Making the Kessel run in under 12 parsecs" – James K Aug 23 '17 at 13:58
Your Answer
|
Genetically Modified Salmon: What Are the Risks?
Genetically Modified Salmon: What Are the Risks?
genetically modified salmon Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) have sparked a great deal of controversy in the public eye, and genetically modified salmon are a case in point. Biotech company AquaBounty Technologies has been working on getting approval from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for its genetically modified AquAdvantage salmon since 1993, but the FDA’s preliminary finding is favorable. What, then, are the actual risks of genetically modified salmon?
AquAdvantage salmon are fast-growing Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) that have been engineered to carry a growth hormone gene from the Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), as well as a gene from an eel-like fish called the ocean pout (Zoarces americanus) that functions as a kind of switch to keep the growth hormone gene on and active. In the ocean pout, the gene codes for a protein that makes the fish resistant to the cold, a so-called “antifreeze protein.”
These added genes have quite dramatic effects on the growth rates and feed efficiency of genetically modified AquAdvantage salmon. Since the Chinook salmon growth hormone gene is kept active, AquAdvantage salmon can grow to a market size of about six pounds in less time than conventional Atlantic salmon require, 16-18 months as opposed to 31-36 months.
As a direct consequence of this faster growth rate, AquAdvantage salmon are more efficient to raise to market, requiring 25 percent less food than wild-type farmed Atlantic salmon. Since conventional Atlantic salmon cost about one dollar per pound to raise to market size, AquAdvantage salmon cost about 75 cents per pound.
All of this notwithstanding, the genetically modified salmon have their detractors.
Allergens and Hormones: Do Genetically Modified Salmon Pose Risks to Health?
genetically modified salmon
Atlantic salmon fillets
While AquAdvantage salmon offer considerable benefits, they have also become the subject of a long-running popular and political controversy. Some biotechnology critics have argued that AquAdvantage salmon pose certain health risks compared with conventional Atlantic salmon.
In a paper that appeared in Nature Biotechnology, Dr. Alison Van Eenennaam of U.C. Davis and Dr. William Muir of Purdue addressed these concerns. Dr. Van Eenennaam is an animal genomics and biotechnology specialist, and Dr. Muir is a breeding and genetics expert for poultry and aquaculture.
One health-related claim articulated by critics is that AquAdvantage salmon are more allergenic than conventional salmon. A study that allegedly demonstrated this has been critiqued by the FDA on the grounds that it was both methodologically flawed, and did not have sufficient data and information.
Van Eenennaam and Muir explained that the question of so-called “endogenous allergens” is actually rather deep and very tricky. In fact, there is not a consensus on the part of experts regarding what level of additional allergens any given food would have to have for that food to be classified as being more risky for the health of the public. This is true not only for fish but also for any food to which some people are allergic.
Put another way, if some people are already allergic to a given food—say, milk—there is not a clear agreement on the part of scientific and medical authorities about what it would take to make milk or a milk product that would be more of a risk to people who are already allergic to milk. As Van Eenennaam and Muir explained, this is especially true because people who are allergic to any given food will tend to avoid that food, whatever it may be.
The subject of allergenicity in traditional foods is also rather understudied, though it is very well known that many foods that contain allergens display a wide range of allergen levels. In many species of food crops, for example, there is a great deal of variation in the levels of allergens present based on the genetics of particular strains and the characteristics of the environment.
Similarly, in fish there is a very great deal of variation in the levels of parvalbumins, the main allergens in fish meat. Again from Van Eenennaam and Muir, a case in point is provided by the comparison between herring and tuna, the former having 100 times the levels of parvalbumins present in the latter. In other words, the main type of allergens found in fish already varies enormously.
Biotechnology critics have also alleged that AquAdvantage salmon have significantly higher levels of the hormone insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), associated with a higher risk of a number of cancers. Van Eenennaam and Muir explain that the critics are simply wrong on this point, and that the differences in IGF-1 levels between the genetically modified salmon and their wild-type brethren are not significant.
An FDA assessment of AquAdvantage salmon found no food consumption hazards, indicating that there are no food consumption risks.
Transgender and Triploid Fish: The Strange Life Cycle and Ecological Risks of Genetically Modified Salmon
genetically modified salmon
Young wild non-GM Atlantic salmon (parr)
Perhaps the most serious concern raised about genetically modified salmon is the prospect of them escaping from confinement and establishing breeding populations in the wild. In particular, there are fears that escaped AquAdvantage salmon would out-compete and/or interbreed with wild-type Atlantic salmon.
A number of different measures have been taken to mitigate the risks of escape. AquaBounty Technologies maintains a breeding and egg production site on Prince Edward Island in Canada, and a grow-out facility in Panama. The first site stands about a mile inland from a coastal estuary, its land-based location providing an important measure of physical security. The facility also includes a number of quite thorough measures designed to keep the salmon where they belong. In addition to screens and netting, the egg production site uses a closed septic system and a number of other measures to ensure that the fish and their gametes are not able to escape.
AquaBounty also uses biology to diminish any risk of the salmon escaping. There is only one intact breeding population, the one at the Prince Edward Island site. Moreover, producing the fish that are shipped to the grow-out facility in Panama involves a rather complex life cycle, one which has been engineered to minimize any risk to the environment.
The first part of this life cycle is the production of a group of fish which is all female. As in humans, salmon have two sets of chromosomes, one set from each parent. This is known as diploidy. Also like humans and most mammals, salmon and a number of other fish use an X-Y system of sex chromosomes, with males that are XY and females that are XX.
Because X chromosomes are only inherited from the mother, one way to make a population of all-female salmon would be to make sure that those salmon have only a mother. Salmon eggs contain a second set of genes, encapsulated in a kind of vestigial cell known as a second polar body. This is a remnant from the development of the egg, and it is typically gotten rid of.
AquaBounty effectively tricks these eggs into growing, and then forces them to retain the second polar body so that they will have two full sets of chromosomes. The eggs are crossed with sperm that have been irradiated with ultraviolet (UV) light to destroy all DNA, the purpose of this being to stimulate the eggs to develop without receiving any DNA from a male. The sperm are taken from a quite different species, the Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus), so that if any are not adequately irradiated and manage to produce viable offspring, they will be hybrids that will be very easy to spot visually. The eggs are given a treatment with pressure shocking to force them to retain the second polar body.
The next step in this strange life cycle is to treat the all-female fry with hormones that make them take on the characteristics of males. These transgender “neomales” look and act like males, even producing viable sperm, but since their sex chromosomes are XX, they can only produce female offspring.
Neomale AquAdvantage salmon are crossed with conventional Atlantic salmon, producing all-female Atlantic salmon embryos with a single copy of the genetic construct. These fertilized eggs are then sterilized by being given a round of pressure shocking to induce triploidy, the possession of three sets of chromosomes. The process is about 99.8 percent effective, meaning about 0.2 percent of all fish produced will remain fertile diploid females.
These mostly sterile females are then shipped to the grow-out facility in Panama. The company located this facility in Panama for a few different reasons, including lower cost and a warmer climate. The warmer climate makes it easier to grow fish year-round, but it also helps to ensure that even if some of the fish were to escape they would have a very difficult time surviving.
genetically modified salmon
Wild non-GM Atlantic salmon
As with the Prince Edward Island production facility, the Panama grow-out site uses many measures to maintain the physical containment of the genetically modified salmon. There are also compelling environmental barriers. The site is in the highlands, near a river that flows to the Pacific Ocean, but much of the water is diverted into canals in order to generate power through hydroelectric dams.
Even if the salmon managed to reach the river, they would find themselves in an environment where food is not abundant. The area also contains plenty of predators, including kingfishers, herons, semi-aquatic rodents known as nutria or coypu (Myocaster coypus) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) that were introduced beginning in 1925. The temperatures farther downstream are also too warm for Atlantic salmon to tolerate, imposing a thermal barrier to the spread of any escapees.
There are also compelling reasons to think that any escaped genetically modified salmon, whether at the Prince Edward Island breeding facility or at the Panama grow-out site, would fare very poorly in the wild. Available data on non-genetically-modified farmed salmon that have escaped into the wild indicates that they are behaviorally ill-equipped to survive in wild environments. Since they have been raised on nothing but artificial foods, farmed salmon that escape have a tendency to starve before they learn to obtain prey in the wild. They also show less of a tendency to avoid predators, and their swimming abilities tend to be poorer.
Dr. William Muir of Purdue also found that contrary to the fears of biotech critics, the genetic modifications to AquAdvantage salmon do not give them overall fitness advantages over wild-type Atlantic salmon. This indicates that even if AquAdvantage salmon did manage to escape, survive and breed, natural selection would probably eliminate the trait over time.
The World’s Most Controversial Fish?
The long wait on FDA approval has exacted a considerable toll on AquaBounty, costing it about $5 million a year and threatening it with bankruptcy on more than one occasion. Over 62 tons of perfectly edible salmon have been disposed of in a landfill at the site in Panama, since the company cannot legally sell the fish.
Part of the delay was due to the fact that when AquaBounty began the formal process of seeking FDA approval, back in 1995, there were no official guidelines for a review. However, the controversy over genetically modified foods has also had a considerable impact on the delay, with AquAdvantage salmon arguably having become the world’s most controversial fish.
The company’s position is that it has been waiting to hear back from the FDA since Sept. 2010, when the FDA held a public meeting on their application. In 2012, the FDA finally ruled that the transgenic salmon were safe, opening a forum for public comment that ran until April 2013 and drew over 37,000 comments. The company also believes that established fisheries are exerting pressure to block approval, due to their fears of competition with AquaBounty’s more economical product.
Final approval may be close. The FDA is long overdue for a formal decision, which should have been given six months after the public forum was closed in April 2013. The final verdict is likely to be favorable, given previous FDA findings concerning the lack of risks to consumer health and the management of risks to the environment. Assuming that the genetically modified salmon are approved, the company expects to be selling them to consumers within about two years.
Commentary by Michael Schultheiss, Editor-in-Chief
FDA – Environmental Assessment (2010)
FDA – Environmental Assessment (2012)
FDA – Briefing Packet
Nature Biotechnology
Business Insider
Business Week
Scientific American
New York Times
Wall Street Journal – IGF
Google Books – IGF
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service – Atlantic Salmon Parr
10 Responses to "Genetically Modified Salmon: What Are the Risks?"
Leave a Reply
|
#CyberSpaceWar, Uncategorized
lake vostok mystery
lake vostok mystery Mystery builds as Russians quit drilling for season. The drill lies less than 50 feet from subglacial Lake Vostok environment. Russians leave a two mile borehole filled with kerosene to prevent freezing, until drilling resumes in December. Mystery surrounds the lake even thicker than the two miles of ice covering it. There is a reluctance to penetrate an environment separated from the rest of the world for thousands of years. The pristine lake could be contaminated in the process, but release of pressurized gases is also a concern.
Vostok station was established in 1957 by the Russians, who suspected the presence of water. A.P.Kapitsa attempted to verify a freshwater lake by seismic measurements in the fifties and sixties, but data failed to confirm it. Russian scientists were convinced though physical pressure exerted by the ice sheets, could reach melting temperatures.
In 1974, British scientists did a radar survey by flying over Antarctica and uncovered the terrain below ice of predominantly mountains, and on Christmas Day, what appeared to be a lake. A satellite study by space-based radar in 1991 confirmed the presence of one of the largest lakes in the world. A documentary, "The Lost World of Lake Vostok," provides an excellent summary of efforts made in the discovery.
Lake Vostok lies not only two miles down in complete darkness, but apparently a very old and deep lake. Vostok is about the size of Lake Ontario but with twice the volume and almost half as deep as Lake Baikal--the deepest lake in the world. NASA became interested because of similarities to Europa and viewed the lake as a testing ground.
Mystery helped propagate rumors a decade ago, when a NASA press conference was interrupted after allusions to "national security" concerns and intervention by the NSA.
The Art Bell show contributed to controversy with statement on air scientists were suffering ailments after returning from the South Pole. A McMurdo Station physician made a comment at the time to his replacement, "fill your pockets with salt," a hint to bring
iodine tablets because of radiation. It didn't end there.
Two million missing Nazis and base 211 have been tied to the lake. A 2009 Science Daily article can be worked into the conspiracy web, reporting a dynamic network of lakes below Antarctica--what better place for Nazi U-boats? The conspiracy-fest continues with possibility a large crystal, which powered legendary Atlantis, is the source of the magnetic anomaly detected at one end of Lake Vostok.
Is all the hype comic book fantasy or disinfo agents at work to obfuscate reality? Worse, has a virus we haven't encountered been released? Or, is the South Pole going to suffer a similar fate as the Gulf of Mexico? We won't have long to wait, December is the last month before apocalyptic 2012!
#PumpUpThaVolume: December 4, 2020
|
NYC sees first woman-to-man sexual transmission of Zika
New York City is home to the first documented case of Zika virus transmitted from a woman to a man through sexual contact, according to a report released Friday by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
A woman in her 20s transmitted the virus after having unprotected sex with her male partner the day she returned from a trip “to an area with ongoing Zika virus transmission,” the report says.
Until now, it was thought that the virus could only be spread sexually by men to their partners.
“This case represents the first reported occurrence of female-to-male sexual transmission of Zika virus,” the report says.
“Ongoing surveillance is needed to determine the risk for transmission of Zika virus infection from a female to her sexual partners.”
So far, 1,306 people have been diagnosed with Zika in the United States — and only 14 of those reported cases have been sexually transmitted.
There have been 310 cases documented in New York City as of Wednesday.
The Zika virus causes only a mild illness, at worst, in most people. But infection during pregnancy can lead to severe brain-related birth defects for the fetus. The New York woman was not pregnant.
While this is the first documented case of a woman spreading Zika through sex, health experts say it is not surprising because most diseases that can be spread through sex can be spread by both men and women.
In the New York City case, the infected woman went to her doctor three days after her trip, complaining of common Zika sypmtoms such as fever, fatigue, rash and back pain. Tests showed Zika infection.
Seven days after they’d had sex, her male partner developed similar symptoms. Two days later, he went to the same doctor. The doctor tested him even though he hadn’t traveled from a Zika outbreak area and no cases of female-to-male transmission had been reported. He tested positive for Zika.
They both are in their 20s, but no other details about them were released, including where the woman traveled or when the infection started.
The woman began menstruating the day after they had sex. Health official say she may have spread the virus through vaginal fluid or menstrual blood.
Filed under 7/15/16
Share this article:
|
Last Updated 22 Jul 2020
Bulling and Cyberbulling
Category Essay Examples
Essay type Research
Words 826 (3 pages)
Views 413
Bulling and cyber bulling is a huge issue in our society and the problem is increasing. According to the American Justice Department this month 1out of four children will be abused by another youth. And since the introduction of technology such as texting, emails and social media sites it has become allot easier for bullies to both bully and bully secretly and almost constantly. This essay will address the issue of both bullying, harassment and in particular cyber bullies.
It will also suggest ways to cope with bulling According to schools. nsw. edu. au bullying is repeated verbal, physical, social or psychological behaviour that is harmful and involves the misuse of power by an individual or group towards one or more persons. The Department of Education and Early Childhood Development’s Building Respectful and Safe Schools (2010) identifies four types of bullying.
These are: * Physical bullying -Physical bullying is bullying physically including hitting, kicking, tripping, pinching and pushing or damaging property. * Verbal bullying- Verbal bullying is bullying someone using words. For example-name calling, insults, teasing, intimidation, homophobic or racist remarks, or verbal abuse. * Covert bullying- Covert bullying is often harder to recognise and can be carried out behind the bullied person's back. It is designed to harm someone's social reputation and/or cause humiliation.
Don't use plagiarized sources. Get Your Custom Essay on
Bulling and Cyberbulling
just from $13,9 / page
get custom paper
Covert bullying includes: lying and spreading rumours, negative facial or physical gestures, menacing or contemptuous looks, playing nasty jokes to embarrass and humiliate, mimicking unkindly, encouraging others to socially exclude someone and damaging someone's social reputation or social acceptance * Cyber bullying- Cyber bullying is overt or covert bullying behaviours using digital technologies. Examples include harassment via a mobile phone, setting up a defamatory personal website or deliberately excluding someone from social networking spaces. Cyber bullying can happen at any time.
It can be in public or in private and sometimes only known to the target and the person bullying. Bulling is not mutual arguments and disagreements, single episodes of social rejection or dislike, single episode acts of nastiness or spite, random acts of aggression or intimidation. The standard definition for harassment is unwanted conduct on the grounds of race, gender, sexual orientation etc. which has the purpose or effect of either violating the claimant's dignity, or creating an intimidating, hostile, degrading, humiliating or offensive environment for them.
All bulling is harassment but not all harassment is bulling. Bulling has both short term and long term effects for the victims. Although severe long term effects can be avoided by stopping bulling as early as possible. The short term effects can include issues at school (i. e. lower academic achievement), depression and anxiety, increased feelings of sadness and loneliness, changes in sleep and eating patterns, and loss of interest in activities they used to enjoy. These issues may persist into adulthood.
In extreme cases bullied children may also have suicidal tendencies. Long term effects can include: a greater risk of depression and lower self-esteem later in later life, more likely to have problems with alcohol and drug use and it is more likely they will have suicidal thoughts Demonstrating assertive behaviour when bullied or harassed can often help reduce bulling. Assertive behaviour is not aggressive. It’s saying things in a direct and honest way. Saying things such as stop it, I don’t like it and what you’re saying isn’t very nice please stop.
If you are being bullied or harassed the most important thing to do is tell someone. People like a trusted adult such as a teacher, councillor or parent are all good to tell. If all else fails call a kids or bulling helpline such the kids helpline on 1800 55 1800. Cyber bullying is when a child, preteen or teen is tormented, threatened, harassed, humiliated, embarrassed or otherwise targeted by another child, preteen or teen using the Internet, interactive and digital technologies or mobile phones.
It has to have a minor on both sides, or at least have been instigated by a minor against another minor. Once adults become involved, it is plain and simple cyber-harassment or cyber stalking. Adult cyber-harassment or cyber stalking is NEVER called cyber bullying. The actions of a cyber-bully are biasedly verbal bulling over technology. This is includes messaging on a social site, email and texting. There is no way to completely avoid cyber bullies unless you pretty much stop using the computer.
But there are things you can do to lessen the chance of being cyber bullied. Firstly if you think you might be being cyber bullied then talk to a trusted adult. Secondly if the bulling is happening over social networking sites then most sites give you the option to block people. If it’s over the phone then talk to your parents about getting a new number. Bibliography http://ncab. org. au/fourkindsofbullying/ 24/8/12 http://www. stopbullying. gov/at-risk/effects/index. html#suicide 24/8/12 http://library. hinkquest. org/07aug/00117/bullyingconsequences. html 24/8/12 http://www. cyberbullying. info/ http://au. reachout. com/Factsheets/C/Cyberbullying http://www. cybersmart. gov. au/Kids/Tips%20to%20stay%20safe%20and%20cybersmart/Cyberbullying. aspx http://www. bullyingnoway. gov. au/ http://www. bullying. com. au/ http://www. youthbeyondblue. com/factsheets-and-info/fact-sheet-20-bullying/ http://www. stopbullying. gov/at-risk/effects/index. htmlhttp://www. racgp. org. au/afp/201103/201103carrgregg. pdf
Remember. This is just a sample.
You can get your custom paper from our expert writers
get custom paper
Cite this page
Bulling and Cyberbulling. (2017, May 27). Retrieved from
Not Finding What You Need?
Search for essay samples now
Your Deadline is Too Short? Let Professional Writer Help You
Get Help From Writers
|
Experiments suggest AI implementation without AI education ‘leads to increasing human stupidity’
Asked to identify which of six fictional persons is most likely to be a terrorist, 85% of 1,500 participants in a psychology experiment selected one of the least likely suspects.
And they did so specifically because they’d seen an AI robot make the ridiculous choice first.
Those who did not first observe the AI in action made more reasonable selections.
Based on these and other results from this and another experiment, lead researcher Michal Klichowski, PhD, of Adam Mickiewicz University in Poland arrived at two conclusions.
First, people trust AI. “Its choice can make absolutely no sense, and yet people assume that it is wiser than they are (as a certain form of collective intelligence),” Klichowski comments. Most people seem susceptible to this effect, he adds, “and in the future it will have even greater impact because the programmed components of intelligent machine operation have started to be expressly designed to calibrate user trust in AI.”
Second, developing AI without educating people about its limitations as well as its potential “leads to increasing human stupidity,” Klichowski notes, citing prior research.
And this troubling phenomenon, he warns, could be “driving us toward a dystopian future of society characterized by widespread obedience to machines.”
Klichowski’s in-depth description of this work is running in Frontiers in Psychology.
“[I]f we truly want to improve our society through AI so that AI can enhance human decision making, human judgment and human action, it is important to develop not only AI but also standards on how to use AI to make critical decisions, e.g., related to medical diagnosis, and, above all, programs that will educate the society about AI and increase social awareness on how AI works, what its capabilities are and when its opinions may be useful,” he concludes.
“Otherwise, as our results show, many people, often in very critical situations, will copy the decisions or opinions of AI, even those that are unambiguously wrong or false … and implement them.”
The journal has posted the paper in full for free.
|
Pacific Ring of Fire
Famous Volcanoes
Volcanoes are one of the most awesome natural events that the world can ever see, and they are also among the most dangerous. Currently there are approximately 1500 active volcanoes in the world but an active volcano can be described as one that has had an eruption at least within the last ten thousand years. There are many volcanoes that have been dormant for a lot longer than that and yet they could be some of the most dangerous if they were ever to explode. There are volcanoes in most of the world and some you would not be able to see even if you were standing on them even though they are some of the most famous volcanoes. Some areas are more active than others, but the most famous one is the Pacific Ring of Fire.
The Ring Of Fire
The Pacific Ring of Fire is the area in the Pacific Ocean, which has the most active volcanoes in the world. By the latest calculations over 75% of the active volcanoes in the world are located here. Because of that, you will find some of the world’s most famous volcanoes in that area. The area extends from the Chilean coast in South America to Alaska, to the East Coast of the Asian continent, down to Australia, New Zealand, and the Pacific Islands. There are a total of 452 known volcanoes in the Pacific Ring of Fire which is also known for the severity of its earthquakes.
Most Famous Volcanoes In The Ring Of Fire
Because of the amount of volcano activity in the Ring of Fire, some of the world’s most famous volcanoes can be found here. Some of the names you may recognize right away are Mount Saint Helens in Washington State, Kilauea in Hawaii, Mount Yasur in Vanuatu, Santa Maria in Guatemala, and Sangay in Ecuador all of which are still very much active. Another couple of recognizable names in the Ring of Fire are Mount Fuji in Japan, and Mauna Loa in Hawaii.
World’s Most Active Volcanoes
One thing that is important to note is that most of the famous volcanoes are also the most active in the world. Kilauea in Japan is one of the world’s most active volcano at the moment with its last spew of lava happened in 2011. The Nyamuragira volcano in the Democratic Republic of Congo is the most active volcano in Africa and it has erupted at the very least 34 times since 1882. Mount Etna, which was believed by ancient Romans to be the home of the god of fire Vulcan has a continuous history of eruptions that dates back over 3500 years. Piton de la Fournaise or Le Volcan as it is known to locals at Reunion Island has seen over 150 eruptions since the records show it in the 17th century.
What Happens When A Volcano Erupts
To understand famous volcanoes and even volcanoes in general it is important to understand eruptions. Before an eruption takes place there is a lot of commotion beneath the surface which involves melted rock. The substance that is created during that commotion is what is later spilled while the eruption takes place. The name of the molten lava that will flow down the side of a volcano is what is known as magma, but before the magma is expelled out it needs to rise and that is created by disturbances of low and high pressures.
The eruption does not have to be the big explosion that people associate with famous volcanoes. There are mild eruptions, which only cause steam blasts. Others are still considered mild but will have lava run down de side of the volcano and ejected ash or rock fragments. There are however more dangerous and stronger eruptions which can cause a lot of damage to the surrounding area. A Vulcanian explosion will contain solidified rock, which will produce a pyroclastic flow.
Volcanoes With The Potential Of Being The Deadliest
Some of the world’s most famous volcanoes have destroyed entire cities and killed everyone in the nearby area. Mount Vesuvius for example destroyed the entire city of Pompey and archeological records show the devastation it caused. There are some volcanoes that could cause the same type of damage to cities today with the difference that the population around those volcanoes is even larger than that of ancient Pompeii.
The city of Kagoshima in Japan has 680,000 people and the Sakurajima volcano located nearby has been experiencing small explosions since 1955. Catania near Mount Etna has 300,000 people in the area, which has seen the dangers of Mount Etna when an eruption destroyed some of its structures in the 1600’s. The 450,000 people in Pasto Colombia have been on guard due to the Galeras Volcano nearby. In 2005 then were forced to wear goggles and facemasks because of an explosion. Seattle’s population of 608,000 live in that shadows of Mount Rainier and though the volcano is quiet for now, its past history is anything but. Finally, close to a million people live in Naples, Italy. Their biggest and scariest neighbor is Mount Vesuvius, which has destroyed an entire city and the surrounding areas in the past. These are just some of the famous volcanoes near people, but there are a lot more.
Super Volcanoes
If the most famous volcanoes listed before were to erupt, they could cause a lot of destruction, but that destruction would be nowhere near to what would happen if a super volcano were to erupt. There are several of these volcanoes and they have caused severe destruction in the past. Their eruptions are measured using the Volcano Eruption index or VEI. The most severe eruptions are those that reach the VEI8 classification and there have been 10 of those eruptions in recorded history, 5 of which were in the US.
What Would Happen If A Super Volcano Erupted Today?
If a super volcano like the one found at Yellowstone Park in the US were to erupt today it would instantly be a famous volcano, but there would not be as many people to tell the story. The last time that the Yellowstone volcano erupted was 640,000 years ago and it is believed that it was the main cause of the latest ice age. If an eruption of that magnitude were to happen today the people nearby would stand no chance as they would be hit by 500 degree lava. Even if the lava does not reach you the ash would and that would cause you to choke to death as you inhale it.
People in other parts of the world would not get away unharmed because the global temperatures would drop by a minimum of 21 degrees. That would cause plant life and animal life to die off, leaving the people in the rest of the world without food and very cold. In other words, the great majority of people would starve.
The problem is that some scientists believe that the volcano at Yellowstone Park erupts once every 600,000 years, and if that is the case then we are overdue. No one knows when one of these famous volcanoes will erupt, but when they do it will be a spectacle that could end life as we know it.
Famous Volcanoes Related Articles
Pacific Ring Of Fire Facts
The Pacific Ring of Fire is the name that is given to a horseshoe shaped area in the Pacific Ocean which extends from South America and North America to Eastern Asia, Australia and New Zealand. This area is famous for its constant seismic activity and because of the amount of active volcanoes that can be found here. 75% of dormant and active volcanoes are found in the Pacific Ring of Fire. Now it is known that the area is very close to several tectonic plates which may be what influences the violent activity in the area.
Volcanoes In The Area
It is believed that the Pacific Ring of Fire has a total of 452 volcanoes. Some of the world’s most active volcanoes are found here. Kilauea which is considered the most active volcano in the world is located in the Pacific Ring of Fire. Other volcanoes worth noting are Mt Fuji in Japan, Mt. Saint Helens and Mt. Rainier in the American North West, Krakatoa in Indonesia, Mauna Loa in Hawaii, Galeras in Colombia and Sangay in Ecuador. Those are all volcanoes that are well known and some that could be very dangerous to the population nearby.
Most Dangerous Volcanoes
Because of all the activity in the Pacific Ring of Fire it is very possible that one of those volcanoes could cause a lot of trouble for a lot of people. If Mt Rainier were to erupt for example the 2.5 million people in the area near Seattle and Tacoma would have to evacuate fast. Adding to the danger is the snowy cap of the volcano which could make the dangers much worse.
The Santa Maria Volcano in Guatemala has already shown its power with one of the most catastrophic eruptions in the 20th century taking place in 1902. Back then the volcano affected a very large part of the south west of the country; today with many more people in the area the impact of this volcano in the Pacific Ring of Fire could be much greater.
Mount Yasur in Vanuatu is what’s called a stratovolcano and it has been erupting for close to a hundred years. The dangers that Mount Yasur presents are real, and yet tourists risk the dangers of toxic gases and lava flows by getting to the crater every day. This volcano has already taking a few lives from tourists and a tour guide who got too close to the danger zone.
Constant Changes
The Pacific Ring of Fire is different today than it was thousands of years ago because of the changes caused by tectonic plates. The Pacific Plate will hit other plates nearby and that causes them to sink. The crust melts producing the magma that feeds the different volcanoes in the Pacific Ring of Fire or it will help produce new volcanoes. The tectonic plates are also the reason for the many violent earthquakes in the entire area of the pacific.
If you are in a city that is located in the Pacific Ring of Fire then you already know that there are several risk factors that you have to be ready for. Close to 90 percent of the earthquakes reported around the world take place in the Ring of Fire. Add to that the possibility of volcano eruptions and that can really be a dangerous area to live in. People not only have to look at the active volcanoes as the dormant ones also pose a threat. Mt. Saint Helens was a dormant volcano before its eruption in 1980 which caused several deaths and over a billion dollars in damage.
Pacific Ring Of Fire Related Articles
|
essays. term papers, thesis
Try our free search of constantly updated quotations and proverbs database.
(Click a letter to view the keywords)
Letter "P" » Pessimists
«Economists are pessimists: they've predicted 8 of the last 3 depressions»
«A pessimist is a person who has had to listen to too many optimists.»
«My pessimism goes to the point of suspecting the sincerity of the pessimists»
«Both optimists and pessimists contribute to our society. The optimist invents the airplane and the pessimist the parachute.»
«Pessimist: One who, when he has the choice of two evils, chooses both.»
«Civilization is a stream with banks. The stream is sometimes filled with from people , stealing, shouting and doing the things historians usually record, while on the banks, unnoticed, people build homes, make love, raise children, sing songs, write poetry and even whittle statues. The story of civilization is the story of what happened on the banks. Historians are pessimists because they ignore the banks for the river.»
«A pessimist sees the difficulty in every opportunity; an optimist sees the opportunity in every difficulty.»
«A pessimist? That's a person who has been intimately acquainted with an optimist.»
«I came to the conclusion that the optimist thought everything good except the pessimist, and that the pessimist thought everything bad, except himself.»
Pages: 1 2 Next »
Instant Account Activation. Register Now.
|
- Term Papers, Book Reports, Research Papers and College Essays
Explore the Concept of Human Suffering as Outlined in Luke's Gospel and Discuss It Relevance Today
Essay by • December 19, 2010 • Research Paper • 2,740 Words (11 Pages) • 1,405 Views
Essay Preview: Explore the Concept of Human Suffering as Outlined in Luke's Gospel and Discuss It Relevance Today
Report this essay
Page 1 of 11
The term suffering can be defined as any unwanted condition and the corresponding negative emotion. It is usually associated with pain and unhappiness, but any condition can be described as suffering. Christians suffer throughout the world everyday and it is not through their lack of faith. Christians under Nero were persecuted for their faith in God, through this suffering God promised them a place in his kingdom. God also promises us a place in his kingdom, even though throughout our lives we will face the good times and the bad, God is always with us. Others believe that since God is a 'good God' why does all this suffering exist? We don't know the answer to this but perhaps some people become better people through suffering.
There are many examples of suffering in today's society. Suffering can be broken down into: natural suffering, over which humans are powerless or can do little to help such as tsunamis or volcanoes. Physical suffering is when a person is injured or suffers from an illness etc. Spiritual suffering is when the person does not have faith in God or those around them.
Throughout Luke's Gospel we notice his emphasis on suffering. Scholars have concluded that Luke was so sympathetic towards sufferers' because he was a physician. There are many examples when Luke dwells on people's suffering. In the miracle of the blind man we are told how his faith makes him well. The blind man in this story in Luke's Gospel cannot see but he can tell that Jesus is someone great and he addressed him "Jesus, son of David have mercy on me". The people in the crowd began to ignore the man. This used to be the situation in society when blind people were seen as having nothing to offer, so they were also ignored.
Today Christians should treat these people with respect. We should not see their disability but 'see' the person themselves. In the past blind people were not given the same rights as everyone else. However, all that has changed. There are a lot of organisations who make people aware of how valuable blind people are. Society has 'matured' towards blind people, they have realised they can no longer discriminate against anyone just because they cannot see.
Blind people face obstacles in their everyday life. They will never have total independence, but will always need help; they may need a guide dog and will also have to depend on other people to help them get from place to place as they would not be able to drive. They would also have to rely on their other senses more as, they are unable to see possible dangers. They are given the chance to read through the use of Braille and people are aware of the needs of blind people who can be given jobs etc and live fulfilling lives. As Raymond Banks states 'the recovery of the man's sight points to Jesus' mission as the spirit-anointed bringer of God's kingdom and the healing is an example of God's salvation'.
In the time of Jesus there was a disease known as leprosy. Anyone who had leprosy was treated as an outcast. No one wanted to know a leper, not even their own families, for the disease was contagious. They had to carry a bell and live outside villages; they were not allowed to make contact with anyone, as they would make them 'unclean'. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) could be compared to how leprosy victims were treated. When AIDS was first diagnosed people were isolated and treated as outcasts because people were afraid of getting the disease. Nowadays people with AIDS are treated medically and not as 'outcasts'. There is medication available to prolong lives, but as yet there is no cure. People who suffer in this way live in fear of dying and of rejection by people when they find out. Denis Mc Bride believes that through Jesus' forgiveness in his healing miracles, "there is evidence of his concern to heal the whole man, to offer spiritual healing as well as physical healing." This is how the victims of AIDS should be treated today. They are people who t need be treated with love and accepted into society as Jesus would accept them.
The story of the man with dropsy is an example of physical suffering. In the time of Jesus people believed that you only became sick through sinning against God or breaking the law, so they had no sympathy for the sick. The religious leaders in particular would not associate with them for fear they'd become unclean. However, in today's society people are keen to help those suffering from any type of illness and special attention is given to people with AIDS. Denis Mc Bride points out that, 'the Pharisees believed that the man's disease would have been a powerful argument in favour of the school which argued that suffering resulted from sinfulness.' This is untrue as people can be born with diseases even though they have not sinned. Today people know that illness is not the result of sinning against God.
Death is a form of suffering everyone is going to have to experience at some stage in their lives whether it is a loved one's death or their own. It is a situation even if we know it is coming; we can never seem to be prepared for it. People with a terminal illness suffer themselves but also their family go through the pain of watching them die and they know that after they are gone their family will be grieving. Death is a suffering that is always going to exist and people have to try and prepare for it. Jesus knew that his death was near and therefore his ministry and the message that his ministry brought was one of urgency. Jesus suffered on the cross, he was an innocent man but his death saved us from our sins and fulfilled Old Testament prophecies. Jesus' mother also suffered as she had to watch her only son die on the cross. Onlookers left Jesus' crucifixion and death saddened and Denis Mc bride believes, 'this experience might be the preparation of the heart for the later preaching which converted so many'.
Racism existed at the time of Jesus and was very common in the case of the Jewish leader who despised the Samaritans and which is shown in the Good Samaritan. However, people in Jesus' time would have seen it as their religion to treat these people as they had been taught, but Jesus saw past religion and the law, he saw the person. We as Christians today should react how Jesus did, we should see the person not the colour of their skin or their religion. In today's society people are more aware that racial abuse is uncalled for and less people tolerate it. In the story of the Good Samaritan, it is the "outcast" who helps the man lying on the road side not the man's own people.
Download as: txt (15 Kb) pdf (165.4 Kb) docx (15.1 Kb)
Continue for 10 more pages »
Only available on
Citation Generator
(2010, 12). Explore the Concept of Human Suffering as Outlined in Luke's Gospel and Discuss It Relevance Today. Retrieved 12, 2010, from
"Explore the Concept of Human Suffering as Outlined in Luke's Gospel and Discuss It Relevance Today" 12 2010. 2010. 12 2010 <>.
"Explore the Concept of Human Suffering as Outlined in Luke's Gospel and Discuss It Relevance Today.", 12 2010. Web. 12 2010. <>.
"Explore the Concept of Human Suffering as Outlined in Luke's Gospel and Discuss It Relevance Today." 12, 2010. Accessed 12, 2010.
|
What is an Algorithm?
An algorithm is mathematical “logic” or a set of rules used to make calculations. Starting with an initial input (which may be zero or null), the logic or rules are coded or written into software as a set of steps to be followed in conducting calculations, processing data or performing other functions, eventually leading to an output. Google "search" is a great example of an algorithm at work. A searcher enters (or voice commands) a search, Google supplies that searcher with a relevant result using their complex algorithm.
Teradata Take: Within the context of big data, algorithms are the primary means for uncovering insights and detecting patterns. Thus, they are essential to realizing the big data business case.
Latest Teradata Blogs About Algorithms
In the 2nd Oxford Saïd Customer Executive Education workshop, leaders from the financial services sector debated the rise of the platform economy & how the bank of the future can compete.
The currency of Trust is taking on a new form. As insurance companies rely more on artificial intelligence to make decisions, humans must now trust machines as much as Humans.
Being the best bank isn't good enough! In order to win, the Bank of the Future needs to take a page from Big Tech’s playbook & use data to drive personalization of services.
|
It is widely known that oil Prices in Saudi Arabia have risen significantly. Being the world’s top oil exporter, Saudi Arabia has influenced the oil market since the 20th century, generating 50 per cent of its GDP and accounting for 70 per cent of its export earnings. Factors that have reduced the supply of oil globally have been the main reason for this price hike. This has significant implications for the countries that are dependent on oil. Maintaining the price of oil remains a challenge for Saudi Arabia and the rest of the world.
What are the reasons for the rise in oil prices in Saudi Arabia?
Supply and demand: Oil is a globally traded commodity. Its prices are determined partly by the current balance between supply and demand and partly by hopes and fears about future shifts in that balance. When demand exceeds supply, price rises and vice versa. Over the past few months supply has been reduced globally due to the long-running production cuts by OPEC and Russia. Oil prices are thus moving higher as supply fails to keep pace with rising demand, a trend which has affected principal producers and exporters. Prices have risen in Saudi Arabia with the demand excesses. This is also called demand-pull inflation and occurs when there is too much money in the economy chasing too few goods.
Venezuela’s president, Nicolas Maduro (left), shakes hands with Iran’s vice president, Eshaq Jahangiri, PHOTO: REUTERS
US sanctions: Iran and Venezuela are two countries that have been heavily sanctioned by the USA. Iran exports around two million barrels of oil a day equivalent to about 2 per cent of global supply. Venezuela has nearly halved output, to less than 1.4 million barrels a day, because of international sanctions. As both Iran and Venezuela are significant global exporters of oil, international sanctions have reduced the supply of oil and thus increased the price exported by Saudi Arabia. As geopolitical and geo-economic risks continue to build up, the oil supply outlook looks even more uncertain.
Politics and turmoil: Fighting among various armed factions in Libya has meant that the North African country has not been able to supply around 850000 barrels a day, most of its output. This has put enormous pressure on Saudi Arabia to bridge the gap caused by Venezuela, Iran and Libya. Oil markets have also become increasingly politicized. The president of the United States, Donald Trump has been unusually vocal in trying to push oil and gasoline prices down by asking King Salman of Saudi Arabia to increase production. Prices could rise to $100 a barrel unless the market kept away from politics. Nowhere has the political impact of plummeting oil prices been more acute than in Venezuela. The country’s output has halved since the early 2000s to 1.5 million barrels per day, hit by a lack of investment in the oil industry.
What effect does a higher oil price in Saudi Arabia have on the global economy?
For most oil-producing countries, higher oil prices may weaken the resolve to curb military spending, heightening the risk of conflicts and insecurity.
Higher oil prices will hurt countries that remain heavily dependent on crude oil imports. Those will see their current- account and fiscal positions worsen, their currencies weaken and inflation soar. The Asia-region will be affected the most, as the region’s oil demand accounts for 35% of the world’s total consumption.
Higher oil prices constitute a ‘major risk’ to India’s economy. India- which imports almost 80% of its oil – has warned about its high degree of sensitivity to oil prices.
For Saudi Arabia with a higher oil price, the fiscal deficit will likely be reduced beyond the government’s own target and register 3.8% of GDP, versus 6.7% of GDP.
Venezuela’s economy will likely deteriorate further if oil prices rise. Despite holding the largest proven oil reserves in the world, state intervention and weak governance has undermined the sector and severely reduced Venezuela’s oil production.
Iran’s economic and social crisis will also worsen as sanctions enter into force, eroding the benefits from higher oil prices. Besides an expected sharp fall in oil exports, the determination of the US administration to implement the renewed secondary sanctions strictly and aggressively will aggravate socio-economic conditions in Iran.
Turkey will be most at risk as higher oil prices exacerbate an unfolding currency crisis. Turkey’s dependence on oil imports is one of the highest in the world and a major drag on the country’s large twin deficits. Higher oil prices will add further pressures on an already battered local currency, stoking further inflation.
As the world’s largest importer of oil, China accounts for almost 10% of global oil consumption. Low oil prices in 2014-17 have helped to boost consumer spending, lower the cost of doing business and support growth. Higher energy prices could reverse these trends, hit Chinese manufacturers and dampen private consumption.
What is the future for the price of oil in Saudi Arabia and across the world?
On July 5th, 2019, OPEC’s crude oil production dropped to below 30 million barrels per day in June, down by 170,000 barrels per day from May. The lowest monthly output since April 2014, as higher Saudi oil supply was insufficient to compensate for declines in the cartel members subject to U.S. sanctions, Iran and Venezuela.
The Strait of Hormuz is a strait between the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman which sees around one-third of all seaborne global oil supply. There have been recent attacks on oil shipping which has prompted a major military response from the United States. Worst case scenario the strait would shut down, even if temporarily, sending cataclysmic shock waves through global oil markets.
The future of the price of oil is uncertain raising concerns about a potential U.S – Iran conflict. A prolonged hike in oil prices would create demand destruction, the point at which consumers turn to alternative energy sources, as well as unsettling oil markets in ways not seen in decades.
|
Cookies on this website
Chronic respiratory diseases disproportionately affects young adults in low income settings, particularly when they had been exposed to noxious substances from biomass smoke in early life. Using methods developed to understand airway inflammation caused by viral infections can help us understand the mechanisms underlying this pathology and better devise interventions.
I am Dr Charles Sande, I am a research fellow here at the KEMRI Wellcome Trust Research Programme in Kilifi, Kenya. I work in the general theme of respiratory viruses in children, how they respond to respiratory viruses and other exposures in early life.
My work is to look at how different exposures in early life, in particular respiratory viruses and increasingly environmental exposures such as chronic smoke exposure, affect how children respond in later life to other stimuli. For instance, previous research has shown that children who get infected by respiratory viruses such as RSV, tend to have a greater risk of developing diseases such as asthma. My work is to focus on how those exposures in early life stimulate those responses that then predispose children to those infections later in life.
I focus on specific viral infections; my 'pet' virus is the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) which predominantly affects children in the first year of life, causing very severe pneumonia. I also work on other things: I am now transitioning from looking specifically at viruses to looking at respiratory exposures more holistically. I am particularly interested in looking at chronic exposure to indoor smoke pollution, and how that predisposes children to respiratory problems later in life.
Indoor smoke pollution in this case refers to exposure to biomass fuels, that people in sub-Saharan Africa and other low-resource settings use predominantly as fuel for cooking, for lighting and other energy uses in the household. Indoor smoke pollution is very noxious to the respiratory tract; therefore when children are chronically exposed they develop a response, which we postulate sets them up for an increased risk of respiratory problems in later life. This is an area of research we are transitioning into, using the tools that we have developed for research on respiratory viruses.
From my point of view, working in airway inflammation, I found really surprising and alarming within our part of the world in sub-Saharan Africa that the disproportionate effect of chronic smoke exposure is having on health in later life. An editorial in the Lancet about 3 or 4 years ago termed it a 'silent epidemic' of chronic respiratory diseases. It is something that is very pervasive in our society that individuals are exposed to these noxious substances from biomass smoke. But no one has really ever looked in any great depth to see how the respiratory tract responds to these exposures. My work for the next couple of years - contingent upon funding - will be to study how those exposures, in effect, remodel the respiratory tract and in so doing, how they elevate the risk of individuals then going on to develop chronic diseases such as asthma or COPD in later life.
When you think about chronic respiratory diseases such as COPD in the West, it is predominantly a disease of old people, it affects those who have smoked all their lives. In places like Africa, the incidence of COPDs is in people in their 30s is really quite striking. It stands to reason that such an early disease burden has to be associated with a shortened life expectancy and increased mortality fairly early in life. Strangely, nobody is looking at this. It is potentially a very serious thing that has gone under the radar, hence the editorial about the 'silent epidemic' of COPDs. It is a very important subject in a very vulnerable population that is completely underappreciated. In a sense, we are trying to invest the science we have developed in other areas and bringing it to bear into this neglected area to better understand the biology of these exposures. The ultimate aim is to develop appropriate interventions to address this problem.
The way we see our research eventually transitioning into clinical translation is by starting from the very basics: understanding the biology of these exposures, understanding how these exposures affect the respiratory tract. Once we understand that, then we can start thinking about areas in which we can prevent the noxious development of those exposures. In effect, looking at what drives the pathology then helps devise mechanisms to intervene against that pathology, and that is the way in which we are looking into it. Therefore, the interventions that we eventually develop will be informed by an understanding of the underlying biology of these exposures.
This interview was recorded in May 2019.
Charles Sande
Dr Charles Sande’s research focusses on pneumonia and other serious respiratory infections that affect infants and young children. He uses a broad array of tools to understand the interaction between pathogens and the immune system of sick children. New insights into the response to infection lead to the development of more effective interventions
Translational Medicine
From bench to bedside
Ultimately, medical research must translate into improved treatments for patients. At the Nuffield Department of Medicine, our researchers collaborate to develop better health care, improved quality of life, and enhanced preventative measures for all patients. Our findings in the laboratory are translated into changes in clinical practice, from bench to bedside.
|
Also see definition of "Levy" in Bible Study Dictionaries
Word Study
levorotatory | levulin | levulinic | levulosan | levulose | Levy | levy en masse | levyne | levynite | lew | lewd
Noun, Verb (usu participle)
Levyn. [A contr. of elevenpence or elevenpenny bit.].
A name formerly given in Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia to the Spanish real of one eighth of a dollar (or 121913 Webster]
Levyn. [F. levée, fr. lever to raise. See Lever, and cf. Levee.].
• The act of levying or collecting by authority; as, the levy of troops, taxes, etc. [1913 Webster]
"A levy of all the men left under sixty." [1913 Webster]
• That which is levied, as an army, force, tribute, etc. Macaulay. [1913 Webster]
• The taking or seizure of property on executions to satisfy judgments, or on warrants for the collection of taxes; a collecting by execution. [1913 Webster]
Levy in mass [F. levée en masse], a requisition of all able-bodied men for military service.
Levyv. t.
• To raise, as a siege. [1913 Webster]
"Augustine . . . inflamed Ethelbert, king of Kent, to levy his power, and to war against them." [1913 Webster]
"If they do this . . . my ransom, then,
Will soon be levied.
" [1913 Webster]
• To gather or exact; as, to levy money. [1913 Webster]
To levy a fine, to commence and carry on a suit for assuring the title to lands or tenements. Blackstone. -- To levy war, to make or begin war; to take arms for attack; to attack.
Levyv. i.
To levy on goods and chattels, to take into custody or seize specific property in satisfaction of a writ.
Levy, v. & n. (-ies, -ied)
1 a impose (a rate or toll). b raise (contributions or taxes). c (also absol.) raise (a sum of money) by legal execution or process (the debt was levied on the debtor's goods). d seize (goods) in this way. e extort (levy blackmail).
2 enlist or enrol (troops etc.).
3 (usu. foll. by upon, against) wage, proceed to make (war).
--n. (pl. -ies)
1 a the collecting of a contribution, tax, etc., or of property to satisfy a legal judgement. b a contribution, tax, etc., levied.
2 a the act or an instance of enrolling troops etc. b (in pl.) men enrolled. c a body of men enrolled. d the number of men enrolled.
leviable adj.
ME f. OF levee fem. past part. of lever f. L levare raise f. levis light
VB take, catch, hook, nab, bag, sack, pocket, put into one's pocket, receive, accept, reap, crop, cull, pluck, gather, draw, appropriate, expropriate, impropriate, assume, possess oneself of, take possession of, commandeer, lay one's hands on, clap one's hands on, help oneself to, make free with, dip one's hands into, lay under contribution, intercept, scramble for, deprive of, take away, carry away, bear away, take off, carry off, bear off, adeem, abstract, hurry off with, run away with, abduct, steal, ravish, seize, pounce upon, spring upon, swoop to, swoop down upon, take by storm, take by assault, snatch, reave, snap up, nip up, whip up, catch up, kidnap, crimp, capture, lay violent hands on, get hold of, lay hold of, take hold of, catch hold of, lay fast hold of, take firm hold of, lay by the heels, take prisoner, fasten upon, grip, grapple, embrace, gripe, clasp, grab, clutch, collar, throttle, take by the throat, claw, clinch, clench, make sure of, catch at, jump at, make a grab at, snap at, snatch at, reach, make a long arm, stretch forth one's hand, take from, take away from, disseize, deduct, retrench, dispossess, ease one of, snatch from one's grasp, tear from, tear away from, wrench from, wrest from, wring from, extort, deprive of, bereave, disinherit, cut off with a shilling, oust, divest, levy, distrain, confiscate, sequester, sequestrate, accroach, usurp, despoil, strip, fleece, shear, displume, impoverish, eat out of house and home, drain, drain to the dregs, gut, dry, exhaust, swallow up, absorb, draw off, suck the blood of, suck like a leech, retake, resume, recover.
Also see definition of "Levy" in Bible Study Dictionaries
For further exploring for "Levy" in Webster Dictionary Online
created in 0.25 seconds
powered by
|
When we speak of state-of-the-art technology in dentistry. we are
speaking of new techniques and new equipment that replace many of
the traditional methods of reconstruction of many dental practitioners.
Today, digital laser and x-ray imaging. Digital imaging instantly produces richly detailed pictures, while drastically reducing or eliminating the patient’s exposure to x-rays.
Electronic wizardry presents the digitized images on a computer
screen mounted in front of the patient relaxing in a comfortable
lounge chair. The patient can then better understand what the dentist
can, or cannot, do in applying treatment to the malady. Healer and
patient work together.
Traditional plaster impressions are an artifact of the past. Now, computer
-assisted design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) processes
produce an electronic image of a person’s teeth, which then directs
the sculpturing of a new tooth or bridge of teeth. These new digital
techniques offer the patient safety, comfort, speedy service, and
aesthetic satisfaction, well beyond what was possible with traditional techniques.
|
Parashah Noach 2020 (Noah) Genesis 6:9 – 11:32
Who doesn’t know the story of Noah and the Ark? How Noah was the only righteous man found throughout the world, so God decided to save him and his family from the destruction of mankind, which had become evil and godless in everything they did.
The flood comes, all life (except the fish, of course) is destroyed, and Noah and his family repopulate the earth.
Later, we are given the generations of Noah that came after him and then told the story of Babel, that evil town whose population sought to be as God by building a tower to the heavens and, in essence, placing themselves with God. Well, we all know what happened then- God created Republicans and Democrats, and since then people haven’t been able to work together, at all.
Nah, that’s not what really happened.
What did happen is that God created different races and languages which confused everyone, with the result that mankind became separated by language and race.
This parashah ends with the generations of the children of Noah specified, down to the time of Abram (who was not yet called Abraham).
I think we can all agree that one of the most terrible societal ills that exist in the world today is racism. It has resulted in nothing but war, murder, social unrest, rioting, and hatred. It is probably one of, if not the main, reason for millions upon millions of unwarranted deaths that have occurred throughout history, and to this day keeps people from being able to live and work together.
Now, have you ever considered that this horrible, evil thing called racism was created by God? Well, isn’t that what we just read in this Shabbat’s parashah?
In Genesis 11 we are told that God confused the world by giving them different languages and spreading them all over the earth, and since we have different races throughout the earth, and we know that up to Babel there was only one race (the descendants of Noah), then clearly God not only made different languages but different races, as well. Although we aren’t told this specifically in the Bible, and an important rule of biblical exegesis is that you can’t make an argument from nothing, I think it is safe to say that somewhere, somehow, different races were created and since God created everything, well…?
Racism is not so much hatred of another race, but the belief that one race is more important or better than another race. The hatred is what follows from the wrongful ideology that one race is better than another.
So, based on what we read in Genesis 11, since God separated all people into different languages and (assumedly) races, then God created racism, right?
God created different languages and races, but mankind created racism, the hatred of anyone who is of a different color or language. And since mankind created different religions, racism includes hating those of a different religion, as well.
God made us different, and at Babel, it was to help us not become too powerful before we were ready to be so. I don’t believe God wanted us to become separated by race and language forever but he did it to protect us from further punishment. To try to be as God is blasphemy and so, by creating the confusion that kept us from building the tower, God was actually protecting us from hurting ourselves.
In fact, in the long run, creating different races will help to strengthen us as a species. Look at animals: when we cross-breed animals we create what is called Hybrid Vigor, and that is (according to Wikipedia):
Heterosis, also called hybrid vigour, the increase in such characteristics as size, growth rate, fertility, and yield of a hybrid organism over those of its parents. Plant and animal breeders exploit heterosis by mating two different pure-bred lines that have certain desirable traits.
So by creating different races, God gave us the potential for humanity to become a more vigorous and healthy species.
Now, you may be thinking that God has specified we shouldn’t mix different races. After all, throughout the Tanakh God condemns the pollution, so to speak, of allowing pagans to marry into Israelite families, and vice-versa. In truth, he doesn’t specify not allowing (what today) we call mixed marriages, but he is adamant that religious differences are forbidden in marriage and even in social or government contracts.
Do you remember in Numbers 12 when Miriam and Aaron spoke against Moses for marrying a Cushite woman, who almost certainly was of African origin, i.e. black? God did not agree with them; in fact, he was quite angry that they spoke against Moses, at all, and God never even mentioned the fact that Zipporah was black.
The only intermixing that God condemns deals with worship, i.e. someone who worships the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob should never marry or be involved with someone who worships a different god. The color of their skin is not important, neither is their language or their native land. We see this in the Bible, such as with Rahab and Ruth, just to name two. And the Torah is clear, more than once, that so long as someone “sojourns with the Israelites” (meaning converts to their lifestyle and form of worship, which for Jews is one and the same thing), then they are adopted into the family of God and have the same rights (and obligations) as the Israelites do under the covenants God made with them.
To put it all together, when God created different peoples at Babel, he actually gave us the opportunity to improve ourselves through hybrid vigor, which is also the best weapon we can use against racism. Racism gets its strength from ignorance- the ignorance of not knowing the other race. Once people of different races work and worship together, they learn that we are all the same. God created different races from the same mold, only he used different colored inks, and only after we interact with different races do we realize that we are all the same under the skin and that knowledge is what will defeat racism.
God made us in his image, no matter what color we are or which language we speak, and when he confused us at Babel it was really part of a plan to make us better in the future. It’s up to us to make that plan work.
Thank you for being here and please subscribe, share these messages with others and I always welcome your comments.
Until next time, L’hitraot and Shabbat Shalom!
When Does Your Right Conflict with My Right?
A White Supremacist, Richard Spencer, was at the University of Florida campus the other day for a speaking engagement. There were hundreds of protesters, extra police brought in, some violence (by the protesters) and the Governor declared a state of emergency before Spencer even showed up.
This ministry, Messianic Moment, is not a venue for political activity or opinions, but I couldn’t let this one event go unmentioned.
I am not going to talk about racism; I want to talk about the right to free speech, and when that right should be ignored.
Here are some examples from the past when free speech was legally blocked:
The Alien and Sedition Acts were four bills passed by the Federalist-dominated 5th United States Congress and signed into law by President John Adams in 1798. … The Federalists argued that the bills strengthened national security during an undeclared naval war with France;
Currently there are legal exceptions to free speech: one cannot publicly use obscenity, child pornography, use fighting words and offensive speech, make false statements of fact, incite illegal activities, and under certain conditions regarding the government cannot talk about work, national security, etc. Of course, these things do happen, proving that what is illegal is not always policed.
The best known example of an exception to free speech is that you can’t scream “FIRE!!” when sitting in a crowded room if there isn’t any fire.
Getting back to the U of F event, the freedom of speech given to Mr. Spencer caused violence, cost the state (probably) tens of thousands of dollars in extra security, property damage and police salaries, and the protesters also spent their own money making signs that, truthfully, were saying things which everyone else already knew.
I would have just told Mr. Spencer that he isn’t welcomed here. His right to free speech and public assembly would infringe on the rights of the general public to their safety by creating a potentially violent confrontation. Even if his words are not inciteful, the message he presents is, and as such does not qualify as “protected” speech under the Constitution.
I believe this country is so obsessed with protecting the rights of the “little guy” that they are abrogating the rights of everyone else. There are examples everywhere (too many to list) of someone (usually a member of some minority group) claiming their rights have been violated, and consequently trying to get the courts to force the other party to give up their rights in order to appease the plaintiff.
It is the case of the squeaky wheel getting all the grease.
If it was up to me, I would have told Mr. Spencer, “Thanks, but no thanks. Take it somewhere else.” And if he didn’t like that, tough! And as for the people that went to protest, I think the best way to protest someone saying things you don’t agree with is simply don’t go to hear them. Doesn’t that make more sense than showing up, causing a violent scene and costing the state money? Besides that, the violent actions by the protesters gave credibility to his message of supremacy! He was just talking, they were being violent- who’s the hateful one now?
If protesters just didn’t go, then the only people that showed up would be the ones that agreed with him, and his whole engagement would have been nothing more than “preaching to the choir”- a total waste of his time. And to top it off, the university could have charged him to be there, so instead of the state wasting any number of thousands of dollars, the racist would have paid to have no one show up. Again- doesn’t that make more sense?
The bible tells us we shouldn’t stand by and allow evil, but does that mean we have to go out of our way to protest a speech that is by someone who advocates hatred? Yeshua said we shouldn’t throw pearls before swine (Matthew 7:6), and told Shaul (regarding his persecution of the new Believers) that one shouldn’t kick against the goads (Acts 26:14.) The message is that we shouldn’t waste our time and wisdom fighting against something when we can’t win. There will always be bigotry, hatred and racism so long as there are people in the world. If we were all one skin color and one religion, we would then separate ourselves by eye color, or shape of the nose, or size. It doesn’t really matter what the object of hatred is, there will always be hatred. There will always be love, too, and these two opposites will fight against each other forever.
Love is stronger, but because hatred is easier it will often win out. Sad, but that’s the way it is, and it will be that way until Yeshua rules.
From a spiritual standpoint, I would say we should ignore these events. Don’t go to protest something you disagree with because that will only make it more visible. And if you are in a position to refuse an audience to someone who is preaching what you believe to be sinful, evil or just plain wrong, don’t allow their right to speech overrule your right to speech- speak up and say, “NO: you are not welcome here. Go somewhere else.” If you hear someone speaking hatefulness and biblically incorrect rhetoric, ignore them. The best way to win an argument is to not start one. Personally, I think the biggest insult any one person can give to another is to pretend they just don’t exist.
We are to be a light to the darkness, and in order to do that we must be in the darkness. But there are times we must realize that some darkness will never allow the light to shine. The racist and hateful darkness in the world is often times like a Black Hole, which is so dense light cannot escape it.
Don’t fall into a Black Hole; choose your battles, and don’t waste your time fighting against stupidity and hatred. Instead, ignore it and give it nothing to work with.
Let your speech and godly actions be like water on those fires of hatred, and you will be the light that you need to be.
|
Bryn Jones, Crop Pollination Association
Hives of bees pollinating a canola crop. Bryn Jones, Crop Pollination Association
Industry overview
In 2017–18, grain production was valued at $11.4 billion with exports valued at $11.14 billion. The grains industry accounted for 21 per cent of Australian agriculture’s gross value of production and 23 per cent of agriculture’s export income, making it Australia’s largest plant industry.25
Most of Australia’s grain is produced across the region known as the wheat belt, which stretches from central Queensland through NSW, Victoria, Tasmania, SA and southern WA. Due to the wide-ranging soil types and climatic variability across Australia, a range of crop species and varieties are grown, each of which has specific pests and diseases that pose a threat to production and can influence access to markets (both domestic and overseas).
Grain Producers Australia represents the biosecurity interests of grain producers and the industry.
Kathy Keatley Garvey, UC Davis Department of Agriculture
Hives of bees pollinating a sunflower field. Kathy Keatley Garvey, UC Davis Department of Agriculture
Pollination information
Grain crops can vary greatly in the way that they are pollinated, and because of this, they can vary greatly in terms of the benefit that they receive from insect pollination.
Crops such as wheat, oats and barley are self pollinated and receive no benefit from insect pollination.
Rye and maize cross pollinate, but pollen is carried largely on the wind.
A variety of other grain crops, such as field peas, safflower, lentils, lupins, sorghum, soybeans and other oilseed grain crops such as linseed, flax and linola have been shown (in limited studies) to receive some benefit from insect pollination. However, other grain crops such as canola, sunflower and faba bean have consistently been shown to have a significantly higher quality and quantity of crop produced when honey bee pollination occurs, and for this reason, the following information will focus on these three crops.
Canola is an oil seed plant belonging to the Cruciferae family (Brassicaceae) which is grown in winter throughout the wheat belt areas of temperate Australia. Canola blossom is frequently one of the earliest floral species available to commercial honey bees in the southern areas of Australia, flowering from September to October. Canola can be of benefit in the management of honey bees; however it can lead to hives swarming and honey obtained from canola crops tends to candy very rapidly, sometimes presenting the beekeeper with an un-extractable product.
The flowers are in racemes of canola at the top of the plants. They usually have four petals, six stamens and a style. Four of the stamens are longer than the style and two are shorter. The flowers have nectaries at the base of the stamens. Although the flowers are self-fertile, seed set is improved with cross pollination. This can occur through wind pollination but seed set is generally accepted to be improved with insect pollination. The importance of honey bee pollination does, however, appear to vary with variety.
Kathy Keatley Garvey, UC Davis Department of Agriculture
Honey bee pollinating canola. Kathy Keatley Garvey, UC Davis Department of Agriculture
Pollination is an essential step in the seed production of canola, Brassica napus. It is achieved with the assistance of various pollen vectors, but particularly by the honey bee, Apis mellifera. The canola flower has an entomophilic structure that attracts honey bees through copious supply of nectar and pollen, although the production of both depends much on the individual cultivar. Honey bees have remarkable qualities as pollinators when it comes to foraging flowers. First, they can easily adapt to different plant species, thus they can visit a large diversity of flowers throughout the season. However, when they locate an entomophilous plant, the bees develop fidelity towards it and the plant can benefit from good pollination.
Benefits to growers from insect pollination come principally from higher yields through more pods per plant, more seeds per pod and higher rates of germination of resultant seed. Additional benefits may be increased set of early pods, leading to earlier ripening and easier harvesting. In spite of the attractiveness of its flowers to insects, canola might still have good seed yields without insect pollination, but this depends on environmental factors. Hence there is a degree of controversy over the need for insect pollination of canola.
It is best practice to introduce honey bees for the pollination of all canola varieties, unless it has been shown that the variety does not benefit from honey bee pollination. Some studies have recommended three hives per ha, while some others recommend as little as one hive per pa, but distributed evenly around the crop. Further information from Canada indicates the need for larger numbers of bee hives for the pollination of hybrid canola seed, where stocking rates of six hives per hectare have been reported. These higher stocking rates may reduce honey produced by as much as 75 per cent as the main aim is to maximise seed production.
Kathy Keatley Garvey, UC Davis Department of Agriculture
Honey bees pollinating sunflower. Kathy Keatley Garvey, UC Davis Department of Agriculture
Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) is a summer-growing plant native to North America which has been grown for many years both under irrigation, and in summer rainfall areas of Australia (Queensland and New South Wales).
Commercial sunflower cultivars are almost entirely made up of a stalk with one main or primary flower head, however, non-commercial cultivars may have several heads. Depending on the cultivar and size, the main head may contain from 1,000 to 4,000 individual florets, with a secondary head containing 500 to 1,500 florets. The outer or ray florets with the showy yellow petals are sterile, having neither stamens nor pistil. The less conspicuous florets making up most of the head are hermaphroditic (having both male and female reproductive organs), but protandrous (having male sex organs mature before female sex organs), and many are self-incompatible. They are normally open for two or more days. The first day, the anthers release their pollen in the anther tube, which is partly exerted from the corolla. The pollen is collected freely by bees, along with the nectar at the flower base. The second day, the stigma pushes up through any pollen mass remaining, then its two lobes open outward, receptive to pollen but out of reach of its own pollen.
Most sunflower cultivars are self-incompatible meaning that for successful pollination, pollen must come from another plant. However, if pollen from a floret is transferred to the receptive stigma of another flower on the same head then seed will set. When self-pollination (within the same head) occurs, seed set is usually low, the seed undersized, and oil content and germination are reduced. Several studies comparing seed yield and weight in sunflower heads exposed to bees and heads bagged to exclude bees have demonstrated the importance of bee pollination in the sunflower industry. These studies have found a significantly greater seed set and seed weight in flower heads that were exposed to bees compared to those that were not. Other studies have also found greater seed numbers and weight in exposed heads but no significant differences in oil content between bagged and un-bagged heads.
Several different recommendations have been given in the literature with regards to the number of hives required per hectare and would depend on the density of plants within a given crop. However, recommendations of 3–5 hives per hectare have proven to be successful during pollination trials, however, other studies have shown that these colonies need to be evenly distributed throughout the paddock to achieve optimal pollination outcomes.
Kathy Keatley Garvey, UC Davis Department of Agriculture
Honey bee pollinating faba bean flower. Kathy Keatley Garvey, UC Davis Department of Agriculture
Faba bean
Faba bean (Vicia faba) is a winter-growing pulse, or food legume crop. Faba beans were originally used in Australia for livestock nutrition. However, faba beans are gaining in popularity as an important rotational crop in cereal-based farming systems, and also in cotton rotations, because they assist in the control of cereal diseases (especially root disease), nematodes, and weed control through use of a different spectrum of herbicides and through the fixation of nitrogen. They fix more than 80 per cent of their own nitrogen needs under a wide range of conditions. In addition, faba beans are a relatively high-value product and are exported to major food markets in the Middle East with Australia being a major exporter.
Pollination has consistently been identified as a major limiting factor to higher, more reliable seed yields and improved seed quality in faba beans. Numerous studies have shown the value of honey bees as pollinators of faba beans in Australia and overseas. Only 40–50 per cent of the flowers need to be pollinated to provide an excess of pods for the plant.
There is a significant body of research to indicate that honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) play an important role in the pollination of faba beans. Honey bee activity has been recognised as contributing to pollination in faba bean crops in Australia, although the introduction of managed honey bees into a flowering crop of faba beans has usually been thought unnecessary in Australia due to sufficient feral honey bee activity. However, numerous recent trials have found that honey bee pollination significantly improved the number of pods and yield of seeds of faba beans, and for this reason, faba bean growers are being urged to bring in honey bee hives for pollination.
A stocking rate of two hives per hectare has been stated as adequate for pollinating faba beans. Beekeepers are urged to try and stimulate as many pollen gatherers as possible when pollinating faba beans, as this will provide the greatest pollination benefit for growers.
Additional pollination information
Additional fact sheets and web links about pollination of grain crops are listed below. Please be aware that some of the information was developed overseas, and environmental and seasonal variations may occur.
The Pollination Program (AgriFutures Australia and Horticulture Australia Limited)
Sunflower pollination fact sheet
Faba beans pollination fact sheet
Canola pollination fact sheet
Soybean pollination fact sheet
Lupin pollination fact sheet
NSW Department of Primary Industries
Honey bees in faba bean pollination
Honey bees on canola
Growing faba beans, Victorian Department of Environment and Primary Industries
Bees on canola: what are the benefits, Manitoba Department of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Canada
Bees and canola: a sweet relationship, Canola Council of Canada
Value of production and distribution
Annual value of grain production 2007–18
Distribution of grain production by state and territory 2017–18 (based on LVP)
The pollination text is an excerpt from Mark Goodwin (2012) Pollination of Crops in Australia and New Zealand. Agrifutures Australia Publication No. 12/059, and from the canola, sunflower and faba bean pollination fact sheets from The Pollination Program (Agrifutures Australia and Hort Innovation).
|
You're viewing help content for version:
AEM has been developed to maximize compliance with the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines:
The Web Content Accessibility Guidelines version 2.0 (WCAG2) are a set of internationally recognized guidelines developed by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) under their Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI).
WCAG 2.0 consists of a set of technology independent guidelines and success criteria to help make web content accessible to, and usable by, persons with disabilities. They provide advice to web content authors, designers and developers on ensuring that the resources they produce are as accessible as possible to as many people as possible, regardless of any disability they have; for example, visual impairment, hearing loss, learning difficulties, age related limitations, amongst others.
For example, describing an image (or any other non-text content) by using the alt attribute in HTML greatly benefits people who are blind or partially sighted. The textual description in the alt attribute can either be converted into speech output or transmitted to electronic refreshable braille displays.
Additionally, WCAG 2.0 can result in advatages for other beneficiaries, including people who may be considered situationally disabled. People who, because of circumstances such as browsing technology, network connection speed or browsing environment, may experience barriers similar to people with disabilities.
Using Adobe Experience Manager, content authors and/or website owners can create web content that meets relevant WCAG 2.0 Level A and Level AA success criteria.
Therefore, understanding the aims of WCAG 2.0 and how the guidelines are structured is an important part of understanding web accessibility and how the guidelines can help in creating accessible web content.
The intention of WCAG 2.0 is to provide guidelines that:
• Are technology-agnostic:
In other words, guidelines that can be applied to a range of web content formats, not just HTML. So WCAG 2.0 can cover content generated by or provided in PDF, Flash, JavaScript and other current and future web technologies. This aims to address a recognized weakness of WCAG 1.0, in that it was focused on HTML at the expense of other web content formats.
• Are testable:
Each guideline is written in such a way that it can be objectively tested to ensure that a group of accessibility experts would generally agree that the guideline has been met. One of the challenges of accessibility guidelines is that while some can be technically testable, others require human judgment to ascertain whether or not the guideline has been successfully met. WCAG 2.0 has been written with the aim of reducing the subjectivity that was present in some of the WCAG 1.0 guidelines and checkpoints.
• Support prioritized and contextual implementation:
As with WCAG 1.0, WCAG 2.0 guidelines are given priorities, relating to the likely impact of not following a guideline on a particular group of users with disabilities. This allows authors to make an informed decision on the most important guidelines for their particular situation. In addition, the concept of accessibility supported is introduced. This allows authors to make decisions on how best to use web technologies that may not have full accessibility support, or may require users to have specific assistive technologies and/or browsers in order to benefit from accessibility features.
These aims have significantly influenced the structure of WCAG 2.0.
It is not possible to create a web site that caters for every possible disability or type of person. The purpose of WCAG 2.0 is to help web authors create sites that are, as far as possible, accessible within certain conditions and within reason.
If you are familiar with WCAG 1.0, you will notice some changes in WCAG 2.0. These relate to scope, organization and aim.
WCAG 2.0 is structured in a way that introduces concepts of accessible web content creation in a progressively detailed manner. This may give the impression that WCAG 2.0 is a very complex set of interlinked documents, but the aim is to (progressively) provide more detailed information as and when authors need it - rather than providing it all in one very large document.
WCAG 2.0 consists of four key principles for accessible design. These are:
1. Perceivable: can a user sense the web content in question?
2. Operable: can a user navigate, input data, or otherwise interact with the web content?
3. Understandable: can a user process and comprehend the web content presented to them?
4. Robust: is the web content available in the intended way across a suitably wide range of browsing environments, including legacy and emerging browsing environments?
These principles are sometimes referred to by the acronym POUR.
• Each principle consists of one or more guidelines.
• Guidelines are worded as instructions, which are either positive (Do this...) or negative (Do not do this...).
• Guidelines are numbered 1.1 to 4.1, where the first number corresponds to the parent principle.
• Each guideline consists of one or more success criteria.
• Success criteria are written as statements, which are either True or False for any given web page.
• Success sriteria may include either/or choices, or may include exceptions; situations where the success criteria need not be met.
• Success criteria are numbered according to the parent guideline and principle, from 1.1.1 to 4.1.1. They also have a short name summarizing the intent of the criterion, for easier reference. For example, success criterion 1.1.1 is Non-text alternative.
• Success criteria include a list of related techniques (described in more detail below).
Supporting Resources
In addition to the core WCAG 2.0 components of Principles, Guidelines and Success Criteria, there are a series of supporting documents. Some of them provide specific advice on how to meet aspects of the guidelines, others are more general references helping web authors, designers and developers of all abilities understand and use WCAG 2.0 as effectively as possible.
While WCAG 2.0 is a stable document, and will not change, most of these supporting resources are dynamic documents; they will change and grow over time, as new technologies emerge, and new examples are found of how web accessibility can be achieved.
WCAG 2.0 Resources
Techniques for WCAG 2.0
Techniques for WCAG 2.0 are available on the Techniques for WCAG 2.0 page.
Techniques form the level below success criteria in the WCAG 2.0 hierarchy. They are classed by WAI as informative, not normative. In other words, a specific technique does not have to be followed in order for a resource to conform with WCAG 2.0.
Because techniques are much more specific than success criteria, they usually refer to a particular technology or content type (e.g. HTML, or video), or situation (e.g. e-commerce or e-learning application). You can think of techniques as proven examples of how specific guidelines and success criteria can be met, so they are helpful aids to authors and developers working in particular contexts.
Techniques can be accessed:
• By collection (techniques may be general, or relate to a specific technology or format – such as HTML, CSS, or Client-side Scripting), or
• From related success criteria. Techniques can apply to more than one success criterion.
Each technique has a unique number, which relates to its collection. For example, one of the ARIA techniques is Technique ARIA2: Identifying required fields with the "required" property.
Techniques may be Sufficient, Advisory, or a Failure:
• A Sufficient Technique is one, which, if followed, will be enough to meet a particular success criterion.
• An Advisory Technique is one, which, if followed, will have a positive impact on accessibility, but may not be enough on its own to ensure a particular success criterion is met.
• A Failure is a technique describing specific example of where a success criteria would not be met.
Details for techniques include a description, applicability, examples, resources for further information and details of how authors can test for successful application of the technique.
The list of techniques is not complete and WAI is constantly updating the list with new examples, reflecting developments in web technology, design approaches, and research findings. So it is well worth regularly checking the list of techniques for new additions.
Understanding WCAG 2.0
This refers to a series of documents, which provide advice helping readers to appreciate the purpose of specific guidelines and success criteria. You can download an introduction, plus links to more detailed information.
Each individual guideline and success criterion also has its own ‘Understanding’ page, providing information on:
• The intent of the guideline;
• Specific success criteria;
• Advisory techniques, which help in meeting the requirements of the guideline, but which do not fall under any specific success criterion.
Each success criterion’s individual "understanding" page provides information on:
• The success criterion’s intent;
• General examples of how the success criterion can be met;
• Related (non W3C) resources on how to meet the success criterion;
• Techniques and failures: specific and detailed examples of how the success criterion can be met (described in more detail below)
• Key terms – a glossary of terms important to understanding the success criterion.
An example can be found at: Understanding Success Criterion 1.1.1 ("Non-text content").
How to Meet WCAG 2.0
The ‘How to Meet’ section is available on the How To Meet WCAG 2.0 page. This section provides an alternative presentation of WCAG, allowing refining the content of the guidelines to those most relevant to a reader’s own interests or circumstances. Readers can filter the success criteria techniques they would like to view by specifying particular web content technologies such as Cascading Style Sheets or scripting, or specifying a particular priority level(s).
Without filtering, this resource provides all success criteria grouped by guideline. For each success criterion, the following is provided:
• The text of the success criterion;
• A link to the corresponding "understanding" document;
• A list of related Sufficient techniques, linking to details of each technique;
• A list of related Advisory techniques, linking to details of each technique (if one exists);
• A list of related failures, linking to details of each failure.
|
What is exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI)?
What is exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI)?
Emily B Austin, BA
Emily B Austin was an intern with Nutrition4Kids and a student at University of Georgia when she wrote this series of articles on the pancreas.
Article in collaboration with: Dr. Stan Cohen, MD
mage result for child with abdominal pain
Enzymes stimulate chemical reactions in the body. The enzymes produced in the pancreas move into the small intestine, where they help break down food so that it can be absorbed into the body. Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, or EPI, occurs when the pancreas does not produce enough enzymes to break down food and absorb the nutrients.
Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency is rare but usually results from diseases and conditions that affect the pancreas, primarily pancreatitis and cystic fibrosis . Even less common is EPI caused by surgery on the pancreas, stomach, or intestines.
Symptoms and Diagnosis
The first symptoms of EPI are usually indigestion and changes in bowel movements as a result of gas from malabsorption. As EPI continues, additional problems can show up from the body not having all the nutrients and nourishment it needs.
Laboratory tests of the blood and stool are the first step in confirming a diagnosis.
Pancreatic enzymes can be given as pills or granules to replace what the body isn't making This is call PERT or pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy to improve digestion and absorption. Special vitamin supplements are often needed as well.
Subscribe Be the first to know
|
The Difference Between Cover and Concealment
The Difference Between Cover and Concealment
We live in an age where the chances of getting caught up in the middle of indiscriminate gunfire is becoming more and more of a reality that people are having to come to grips with. Even with statistics showing that crime rates have been steadily plummeting for the last couple of decades, the crimes that seem to be the most sensationalized by the mainstream media, mass shootings and terrorism seem to be on the rise worldwide. Perhaps they are or maybe they are just getting more coverage since they seem to drive clicks on the internet.
Whether or not that is the case, we have been introduced to a whole slew of new phrases that have recently made it into the lexicon and the American consciousness. Phrases brought to us by Uncle Sam and repeated ad nauseum by the media such as, “see something, say something” and “run, hide, fight.” The constant drumbeat of scary news has conditioned a new generation to react a specific way to danger, much the same way that “duck and cover” was taught to children from the late 1950s to the mid-1980s as a conditioned response to a nuclear attack during the Cold War years.
Some of the terms that we see thrown around these days need little to no definition as they are pretty self-explanatory, others however need some defining as they are misconstrued and often used interchangeably. Two of these are cover and concealment. These two words, while often used together do not necessarily mean the same thing.
In the context of concealed carry, if presented with an attack where you must defend yourself, your chances of survival go up dramatically if you can use cover and concealment correctly. Let’s take a look at each --
The term concealment refers to something that acts as a hiding place, when the term “run, hide, fight” is said, the hiding portion is referring to finding concealment. When in a dangerous situation concealing oneself to attempt to evade a hostile attacker who is intent on doing you harm is a good idea, but it is something that should be done prior to the hostile individual identifying you as a target. The intent of finding concealment is for your attacker to be unaware of your location, since if the attacker is aware of your location, they can simply shoot through whatever you are using to conceal yourself.
Concealment protects you from being identified, it does not protect you from being shot. The movies where the victim is being chased through a house by an attacker and the attacker watches the victim running into a bedroom closet, and then acts confused when they can’t seem to find the victim in the closet because they are hiding behind clothes is just that, a movie. It requires the willing suspension of disbelief to think that the bad guy who is intent on mass murder, who has already shot numerous people, wouldn’t just indiscriminately fire a weapon into the closet.
Things that you can use for concealment that do not provide any ballistic protection from incoming fire would be interior doors that you can hide behind, curtains, and blind corners. If you are armed and capable of fighting back then taking temporary concealment can give you an element of surprise if you choose to launch a counterattack on an assailant. Sometimes the split second of shock in your attacker will be just enough for you to turn the tables and get the upper hand, but concealment should never be considered a substitute for cover when it comes to ballistic protection.
The term cover is something that provides physical shelter or protection that is sought by people in danger. Hiding under a bed may very well provide you with concealment but the mattress can easily be penetrated by rifle fire. Cover provides some extent of ballistic protection when you are on the receiving end of hostile fire. Items and places that provide cover can also provide you with concealment, a locked safe room with built in ballistic protection would provide the user both cover and concealment, since the hostile individual would not be able to pinpoint your actual location and shooting through the walls to get you would be futile.
In a situation where you must take cover you should never assume that you are concealed, chances are very good that the perpetrator has identified your position, especially if the item you are using for cover is doing its job of stopping bullets. If the attacker has identified you and targeted you then your first priority should be to break contact with your attacker, since they have the advantage of being able to maneuver while firing and will most likely be moving with the intent of mitigating whatever you are using for cover.
Your movement should be with the intent of finding cover and concealment where the attacker does not know your location. It also should go without saying that you should use cover and concealment in your attempt to break contact with the attacker. The idea being that you want to utilize short rushes from cover to cover; less than 2 seconds of movement without cover, the old “I’m up, he sees me, I’m down” from basic training works here if there is enough cover around. The last thing you would want to do is to present an extended target for the assailant to shoot, so panicked running with the crowd should be out of the question as a running herd will only attract the predator’s attention. It may however provide you with a distraction to evade or counterattack.
Up to now we have been going on the assumption that you were caught in the worst possible condition, unarmed. If you are armed however that changes the equation slightly, because now you can be in a position to return fire if you can get a safe, clear shot. It should be noted that the above information still rings true. If you can shoot, shoot from behind cover because, just because you are capable of returning fire on your attacker doesn’t mean that his bullets will suddenly become ineffective.
If you find yourself on a 2-way firing range and you need to move to get a clear shot at your attacker, move from cover to cover, heavy solid wood or steel furniture, solid concrete or other masonry walls, and vehicles can provide good cover. However, if you use a vehicle for cover, use an unoccupied vehicle since the idea is not to turn vehicle occupants into human shields. Also, make sure you use the engine compartment for cover as rifle rounds can punch completely through both doors of a passenger car, and make sure that you stay behind the tire/rim assembly because a round that is fired at the ground will not ricochet up into the car but will instead fly parallel to the ground until it buries itself in you.
To conclude, cover and concealment are two different things and while items used for cover can provide concealment, things that provide concealment do not necessarily provide good cover. The two when used together with movement, surprise, and unexpected resistance can sometimes be enough to save lives and end the threat. It is well documented that you stand a better chance at survival when used properly.
We offer plenty of products to improve your safety and concealment in the real world from holsters to gun belts. Check them out today!
Last New
Leave a comment
Please note, comments must be approved before they are published
|
Change text case
• Home -
• Change text case
Faire une dissertation de philo
Change text case
In this example, we convert all letters of the string from a1 into lower case. after that, the converted string is assigned to the cell a1. using the lcase function in vba. strconv – convert string to proper case. the strconv function enables you to convert a string of text into proper case. to change the text case, make sure the text is selected. choose any text case type from within the change case drop- down gallery. as you hover your cursor over any of the case options you' ll see a live preview of text case changing on the active slide. figure 4, below shows sentence case. select the text you want to change, then tap. tap in the font section of the controls. if the text is in an object a table cell, tap the text cell tab at the top of the controls.
tap a capitalization option. none: the text is left as you entered it, with no changes. all caps: all text is capitalized at the same height. see also change text to upper/ proper case we can use excel vba code in the private module of the worksheet object to force any text entered to be upper case proper case. to use either of the first 4 excel vba procedures below in here paste one , select view code , right click on the worksheet name tab one only of the 4 procedures. a vba function string conversion function strconv, lets you modify text to proper case, upper case lower case. the strconv function has two parameters. the first is the string to be converted and the second is how to convert it. it can be converted. changing the case of text field values. this task will convert the following three strings: example text , example text change text case example text to example text.
right- click the layer table you want to edit open its table. add a new text field to store the new string values. step 4: change data to lower case using update query. there are two formulas that will update the data to lower case format when you run an update query. before you run the update query make sure you want to do this and that you enter in the correct values because this will change. convert text to random case letters. for example “ hello” can become “ h- e- l- l- o” with no pattern. with random case the rules of grammar that determine upper and lower case do not apply. upper case or capital letters appear in a random sequence. lower case letters also appear in a random sequence. whenever you convert a text into a proper case you have a number in that text the function will treat that text separate words. look at the below example.
in the third part we have again used two substitute functions to replace “ zxz” with a space “ 9z9”. change text case in notepad i wish 1- to make selected text upercase, you can' t. you need to retype it as uppercase. 2- to change the font size change text case go to format | font , font style of selected text change it there. be aware that notepad is not a word processing program there' s very little you can regarding formatting. it' s nothing but a primitive. one of the most common word processing chores is changing the case of text in a document. you can change text case greatly streamline the process if you learn a couple of word' s most useful keyboard shortcuts. in excel worksheet, the upper function converts all the lowercase characters of a text string into uppercase. there is a similar function in that also does the same – the ucase function. the vba ucase function takes a string as the input and converts all the lower case characters into upper case. you can control how text is capitalized using css properties.
there are many ' tricks' using css text- transform to change the way your text is displayed. until recently it had not occurred to me using css to manage how capitalization is applied frees me to store data using lower case. css’ s text- transform property offers a simple way to change the case of your text. it’ s a small but helpful tool that’ ll make sure you never have to worry about hard- coding text in a specific case. here we’ ll take a look at all your text- transform options and some examples of when you’ d use them. note: there is another formula as well for changing the case of words however, like ‘ proper’ we will be discussing only ‘ upper’ in this article as ‘ proper’ changes only the first alphabet of a word. examples of uppercase in excel. before we start learning how to change the words from the lower case. the function is very useful to change the case irregularities to make the data look good. let’ s take examples understand: - here we have taken few random text values in column a.
and in column b, we will enter the function to return the output. 1 st example: - in this example, we will convert the text form lower case to proper case. this tutorial discusses the formulas needed to change the case of text in excel. lower and proper cases are demonstrated. before changing case, you' ll need to select the text you' re interest in. to do this start on the first character you want to toggle then enter visual mode by typing v. use the directional keys ( h k, j l) to select the rest of the text you want change text case to change. text case changing tool.
this tool lets you change the case of a block of text. make it lowercase uppercase more. to change text case in ms word for beginners page size, word count, font size, professionals with examples on save the document, insert header , apply a style, font style, footer , correct error, customize a style, page margin more. select the text with the cursor press ctrl+ a change it to any available font using the properties tab. the review text tool lets you to mark text for edits without changing the text in the pdf. you can either mark text for replacement or mark a position where text should be inserted. change case command can change all selected text into upper case or lower case. it is also able to change text into other command capitalizations. there are several methods to find out the change case command in microsoft word publisher, powerpoint, visio / /. select change case: you will see the change case pane. select your options and click the change case button: select the range of cells where you want to change text case. tick this radio button to change all words change text case in a cell to upper case.
pick lower case to get all text in your cells changed to lower case. to change text case: when you need to quickly change text case you can use the change case command instead of deleting retyping text. select the text you want to modify. on the home tab, click the change case command in the font group. a drop- down menu will appear. select the desired case option from the menu. you can directly change text string to proper using this simple method, after checking for null empty string values in order to eliminate change text case errors:. public static class stringextensions { / / / < summary> / / / title case example: ' some text in your page'.
you can change the case of text in word by using the change case button. the choices include uppercase capitalize each word, , sentence case, lowercase even toggle case. believe it upper- , not lowercase do have something to do with a font. Essay writing for gmat. it' s possible the text was created all caps from the pull out on the character panel. if so, select all the text unselect the all caps. essay writing service. alternatively you can use this useful resource copy / paste the text from your psd file into the site. just keep in mind that properly changing upper- case text to proper- case text may require manual corrections in some well cases. with names, for example: i do not appreciate applications that misspell my name. – dave duplantis oct 23 ' 08 at 15: 29.
unlike previous versions of word, word doesn’ t provide a menu option for changing the case of any select text – for example changing from all caps to lower- case. instead you need to select the text upper case ( caps) , use shift + f3 on your keyboard to cycle change text case through title case lower- case. darick brokaw deleted the round 1 - change text case. dyn attachment from change text case. darick brokaw attached round 1 - change text case. dyn to change text case. darick brokaw renamed change text case ( from change case upper) darick brokaw joined change case upper. board dtx dynamo library.
online text case changer: there are many websites in the internet for changing the case. one of them is thesentencecase. paste the text select the change case options click on process test. the result text will appear beneath the source text field. a one essay. changing text case in microsoft word: using ms- word, we can change the text case. in the example, provided in the formula reference table. transformcolumns second argument ( the list of transformoperations to run) converts text column to number. so when we see transformoperations should we assume that it takes { column to change function}?
( as it shown in the example { " a" number. new text with case change. copy your new text from the box below. the most popular tools. random word generator: generate a list of random words. great tool for brainstorming ideas. random number generator: generate some random numbers in a specific number range. font case determines whether the characters are capitalized.
generally to capitalize you hold down the shift key while you press the letter you want to capitalize. if you got the case settings wrong as you typed, you can change the capitalization. text can be set to the cases listed in the following table. solved: for example, how to convert following column values: column1 an apple two big bars into: column1 an apple two big bars thanks. adjust font size , line spacing, fonts, change the font style on your kobo ereader you can adjust the text size justification to make reading easier on your eyes. while reading, tap the middle of your page to bring up the reading menu. in this tutorial, you will learn how easy it is to change your text font in canva. in this articlechange text to proper casechange text to upper casechange text to lower casevba coding made easy do you need to automatically change a cells text to proper upper, lower case after the user enters it? there are multiple way to accomplish this multiple requirements possible.
here is an example that automatically. this plugin helps you to change the case of selected portions of text. you can use it to change text to be all lower case to invert the case, all upper case, apply title case. labels: autodesk student revit student, bim, change case, student, revit, revit text case, avatech uppercase revit you' ve got a set of cad details you imported into revit from a manufacturer. after you' ve imported changed the line work of ten so details you realize something. modify the font size options to change the font text size for the ide. select the appropriate item in display items , then modify the item foreground change text case item background options. to change the font and text size in the editor. on the menu bar, choose tools > options. in the options list choose environment > fonts colors. in show settings for list, select text editor.
sublime text allows you to quickly convert selected text to upper case or lower case. to convert to upper case: in quick succession hit cmd– k then cmd– u ( mac) ctrl– k then ctrl– u ( windows). ; to convert to lower case: in quick succession hit cmd– k then cmd– l ( mac) ctrl– k then ctrl– l ( windows). ; you can also convert to title case by choosing edit > convert case > title. chinese culture reflects the customs traditions of one of the largest countries in the world with 1. 34 billion people. 2 dagar sedan · essay on korean culture - the reliability on essay korean culture of data. i say a fgure called a training company told me today about your stance on the body footer information. in interviews in pamphlets position when compared to the centers of political experimentation. man were way over budget on the same time, of everything. new york basic books pr. eds gillett change text case l.
cuban culture the culture of cuba is a complex mixture of different often contrasting, factors influences. cuba is a meeting point of european african, , chinese continental north american cultures; little of the original amerindian culture survives. essay writing on pilot is my ambition. change text case need essay by monday ap 9: 00 a. using the realism period need 1100 word essay explaining why architect is important to the development of our culture. please use edu or org websites for the works cited. this mistake is connected to the first error. in fact, broad statements fail to introduce the main points described in the text properly. narrow and specific thesis statements better serve the purpose of representing the essence of the paper. in case the statement differs from the paper content it creates confusion among readers because there is no coherence unity throughout the essay.
when writing the thesis, the author should remember that he/ she creates a roadmap of the paper. so, it should perfectly match the contents of the text. ideally a thesis statement should perform the role of a “ hook” statement that romances the readers makes an individual promise that the writer has something worthwhile to tell. writers may use different kinds of hooks such as an example a vivid description of the subject, an anecdote culminating with the thesis itself. what are the steps to writing a thesis statement? see full list on courses. writing - how to write an essay. writing developed approximately 5 , china, 000 years ago in mesopotamia egypt. writing originally consisted of symbols used to represent objects. to write an autobiography memoir, you need to list the major events in your life then expand the topics to include detailed descriptions.
how to write a career autobiography. hiring managers who are looking for in- depth self- appraisal from job candidates may ask a potential new hire to write a career autobiography. written in narrative form your autobiography should reveal your early influences the. check how to write an autobiography essay. publication date:. an autobiography essay is a piece of writing where you tell something about your life. it may be a part of an application for college , an assignment for a class just for fun ( we’ re kidding! depending on the purpose, the essay can be slightly different. 1 persuasive speech outline template i. attention- getter/ teaser: b.
speaker credibility: c. thesis statement: d. preview statements:. persuasive letter example. see related links to what you are looking for. persuasive letter example persuasive change text case writing college essay examples business letter format friendly letter letters for kids essay topics lettering quotes for kids. mla ( modern language association) style is used in writing custom essays research term papers in many fields. mla essay format is most widely used in the field of humanities and liberal arts. the modern language association recommendations to formatting essays were updated in.
among the new rules of formatting the works cited references list is the requirement of indicating. example of a persuasive essay in mla format. the mla format generally involves in- text references endnotes, footnotes. moreover you also need to add a title page , when writing an mla style essay a bibliography section. universal mla formatting style requirements. when writing an mla style essay, you need to comply with the requirements presented below: use a size 12 font.
Network research papers how to plan and write an essay how to write a business report referencing websites in research papers how to quote a dialogue in mla :psychology dissertation sophia robot research paper business plan of uber, msu dissertation database erp integration case studies. Dissertation analysis plan how to write law essays dissertationen fzg data security research papers gun control argumentative essay thesis.discrimination in health and social care case study fly lab report types of sources for research papers bestcustomwriting discount code, what is thesis writing rapid research papers writing a phd thesis
The best essay writing sites Essays for romeo and juliet
Paula Morenza
Excellent !
• many a times need arises to convert a string into proper case specially the names. let’ s have a look at a sql server function to convert text string to proper case. the logic is to delimit strings on space( ‘ ‘ ) into columns and then change the first letter of column values to upper case. we’ ll change the color to a grey, make the font bold and increase the font size.
• Comments
Eva Pinlo
Allergy case study
• text( ' filledstacks', style: textstyle( color: colors.
• Comments
Elea Rightihg
How to write a 6 page essay
open sans in the case above.
Buying online papers
Day care center business plan
Annis Slo
Who are you as a writer essay
• learn more and download the sample excel worksheet ( xlsx format) : theteacherpoint.
• Comments
Rozita Spainlovish
com/ how- to- change- case- of- text- in- microsoft- excel/. the easy way to convert text between upper case, lower case and sentence case this easy- to- use case conversion tool is designed to allow you to convert blocks of text into any case, which you can then export to a text file or simply copy and paste back to your own document.
Suave case study
How to parenthetically cite a movie
• Write argument essay
• Comments
Mike Jones
Happy with the order.
• Paper writing websites
|
Why Beekeeping is Important – Here are 16 Compelling Reasons
Why Beekeeping is Important- bee hovering over white flower
For the most part, the majority of people understand the importance of bees instinctively. Honeybees are part of nature that we innately know which, if lost, would leave an ecological hole unable to be filled by any other species. But many people want to know concrete reasons above and beyond what instinct tells them. That’s good. The more that people want to know about beekeeping, the more beekeepers like myself are able to educate them about the importance of these valuable insects.
The best way to explain why beekeeping is so important is to present you with a few facts about bees and beekeeping:
1. Bees Make Honey
2. Beekeeping is Comparably Inexpensive
3. Beekeeping is Relaxing
4. Beekeeping is Rewarding
5. Beekeeping Offers a Connection to Nature
6. Bees Are Great for Your Garden
7. Beekeeping is Highly Educational
8. Bees Are Pollinators
9. Farmers Want Your Bees
10. Agriculture Depends on It
11. Bee Populations Are Declining
12. Native Bees No Longer Thriving
13. Beekeeping Knowledge is Disappearing
14. Bees Are Part of The Food Chain
15. Bees Are Counting on Us
16. You Love Honey and Beeswax
Perhaps these facts will appeal to you. Perhaps they will encourage you to take up this wonderful hobby.
Nevertheless, this article discusses why I think beekeeping is important – not just to the individual, but to humanity in general. We must always remember that bees are an integral part of nature; a part that the world cannot live without.
Much of what I have written in this article is directly related to our current understanding of nature. Science has certainly come a long way over the last hundred years or so. As such, we know a lot more about honeybees today than we ever have before. And what we know tells us that we have a responsibility to make sure bees continue to thrive all over the world.
So, while you read this explanation of why beekeeping is good for all involved, I invite you to consider taking up the practice yourself. Beekeeping makes for a wonderful hobby that is, by its very nature, relaxing, enjoyable, and highly educational. It represents an opportunity for you to do something to connect with nature. It is a wonderful substitute for technology, sports, and entertainment.
Indeed, global statistics show that the vast majority of beekeepers are hobbyists who do what they do just because they love doing it. Commercial operations do not contribute as much to the beekeeping community as you might think, primarily because it is hard to make good money doing it. That’s not to say it’s impossible but making a long-term beekeeping business viable takes an awful lot of work as well as a considerable amount of investment.
beekeeper at work
Having said all that, beekeeping is quite popular as a hobby. In the U.S. alone, there is an estimated 115,000 to 125,000 active beekeepers. Data from the European Union, compiled in 2017, suggests there are some 600,000 beekeepers across all the countries in the bloc.
It is hard to say how many beekeepers there are in South America, Africa, and Asia because hard and fast records are difficult to find. But it is reasonable to assume that adding up all the numbers would result in well over a million beekeepers across the globe.
If you are interested in buying a beehive, Amazon stocks a great selection. Click here to take a look (opens in a new tab).
1: Bees Make Honey
Believe it or not, the number one reason that gets most hobbyists into beekeeping is the fact that bees make honey. This first fact sounds like something Captain Obvious would say. But this does not negate the fact that people pursue beekeeping because they want what comes out of that hive.
honeycomb with dripping honey
The fact that bees make honey is good. So is the honey for that matter. There is nothing quite like fresh honey taken from your own hive and poured over a batch of warm pancakes. Honey is great on toast, ice cream, and ham fresh out of the oven. It is great for adding extra flavor to your tea and coffee, too. I could go on and on here, but you get the point.
2: Beekeeping is Comparably Inexpensive
In all fairness, it does cost quite a bit to actually get started with beekeeping. You have to buy either established hives or bee kits and the materials to build your hives. You would also need to invest in a bee suit and a couple of tools for cleaning and harvesting. But that’s about it. Once you make that initial outlay, you will spend very little to keep your hives going. (Check out this Amazon search page of Beekeeping Equipment Essentials to get an idea of the relevant prices. The link opens in a new tab.)
People often gasp when told how much is spent to set up a new hive. But it’s really not that much compared to similar activities. You could spend between $300 and $1000 for every new hive you install. That’s not bad when you consider how much a cattle rancher spends on a new cow. Compared to the costs of husbandry and farming crops, beekeeping is pretty cheap.
Beekeeping is also pretty affordable when you compare it to non-agrarian hobbies. Maybe you are a sports fan who buys season tickets for your favorite teams. What you spend on a year’s worth of tickets would take a hobbyist beekeeper several years to spend on his or her pastime.
A hobby like golf, for example, includes ongoing expenses. Your initial outlay may be less if you don’t spend a ton on your clubs and balls, but every round you play will cost you a little bit more. You could easily spend more on golf in a single season than a new beekeeper would spend setting up hives. The following season will see you spending even more. It all adds up over time.
As far as hobbies go then, beekeeping is comparatively inexpensive over the long run. There are a lot more hobbies that cost a lot more than beekeeping, that’s for sure. So for someone looking for an inexpensive hobby that they can do for years on end, beekeeping is a very attractive option.
3: Beekeeping is Relaxing
People tend to take up hobbies they find both enjoyable and relaxing. That’s just part of human nature. Some people play golf because they enjoy the peace and serenity of being out on the course with bright sunshine, warm breezes, and nothing to do but hit a ball around.
Others enjoy hunting because they find being out in the wilderness quite relaxing. More than one hunter has explained that a bad day of hunting – which is to say nothing was bagged – is still better than a good day spent working.
Beekeeping is much the same thing. Scour the internet for beekeeper testimonials and you’ll find a common thread: they find what they do very relaxing. It is really enjoyable to put on the bee suit and head off to clean the hives. Any beekeeper will tell you that there is something unique about going out to tend to hives the first thing in the morning or just as the sun is going down in the evening. The gentle buzz of the bees creates a soothing sound that helps a beekeeper completely unwind by calming the nerves and soothing the soul.
In short, keeping bees allows you a time of respite at least once per week. If you are anything like me then you go out and tend to the bees several times a week just because you enjoy it so much.
4: Beekeeping is Rewarding
Ask most beekeepers why they do what they do, and they will explain to you how rewarding the hobby is. The rewards are evident on multiple fronts, beginning with the opportunity to help restore decimated bee populations.
More than a decade ago, worldwide populations of European honeybees began suffering catastrophic losses as a result of something known as colony collapse disorder (CCD). The disorder occurs when a majority of a colony’s worker bees abandon the queen, leaving a hive full of immature larvae and no food to sustain the larvae to maturity.
No one knows for certain what causes CCD. Furthermore, it is something that has been observed on numerous occasions since the 1800s. But the round of CCD that began making its way through worldwide bee populations at the turn of the twenty-first century has been especially severe. Some estimates suggest that the world lost upwards of 50% of its European honeybees between 2006 and 2009.
Bee populations are slowly growing again thanks to the efforts of the hundreds of thousands of beekeepers scattered around the world. Knowing that you are part of the ongoing success story is extremely rewarding. It is reason enough to motivate many beekeepers to continue doing what they do.
5: Beekeeping Offers a Connection to Nature
Industrialization and the move to cities resulted in a profound change in many countries around the world. In Western nations, the change has been so profound that most people have completely lost touch with nature. Beekeeping changes that. Beekeeping reconnects the keeper with nature in a way that changes how that individual views the world around him or her.
Understand that being a successful beekeeper requires understanding how bees work. It requires understanding their environment, their life cycle, their ecosystem, and how all of that relates to the world around them. There is no beekeeper out there who has not learned a ton about the inner workings of nature as a result of keeping bees, and I include myself in that.
bumblebee sitting on pink flower
It is important that humanity reconnect with nature if we expect to preserve the planet we have been given. So yes, beekeeping is about more than sustaining bee populations. It is also about teaching people a greater appreciation for nature along with a better understanding of how to preserve it.
It is about more than just keeping hives and collecting honey, though. Keeping bees requires the beekeeper to actually interact with a species of insect that countless other people find unappealing. Where many folk think having bees around is a nuisance, the beekeeper welcomes them with open arms. Beekeepers connect with their bees in the same way a dog owner connects with his or her dog(s).
This might sound strange to those who have never kept bees before. But it is completely natural. Human beings are as much a part of nature as any other creature. We all connect in some way. So being able to connect to nature through beekeeping is completely rational.
6: Bees Are Great for Your Garden
Looking out of your back window probably reveals a bunch of plants and trees. Keeping bees is good for those plants and trees. Remember that bees are pollinators. Having a couple of hives in the backyard will do wonders for all the natural foliage you love so much.
If you are into planting a garden or surrounding the perimeter of your home with flowers, beekeeping is good for that too. Your bees will do what they do naturally to the benefit of every plant or flower you put in place. It is all part of the natural circle of life built into nature.
By the way, most beekeepers are not surprised that their yards are the envy of the neighborhood. People walk by and exclaim how beautiful their flowers are and how lush and green their bushes look.
7: Beekeeping is Highly Educational
Beekeeping is a highly educational experience as well. The learning never ends. Beekeeping education begins with investigating the difference between starter hives and bee kits. It carries on with learning all about queens, workers, and drones. Then there is the bee’s lifecycle, and how that life cycle affects the health and productivity of a hive.
Everything you learn about beekeeping in order to get your operation up and running is just the start. Many novice beekeepers think they are fairly knowledgeable about beekeeping after their first year. Well, let me tell you now that this is a wrong assumption. During the second year, you might learn just how devastating disease can be to colonies. You would then have to learn how to spot the signs of disease and what to do if you ever notice them. Beekeepers must learn everything from bee biology to bee psychology in order to prevent colony collapse. To say there is a lot of education that goes into beekeeping is to understate the matter.
I could go on, but you get the point. The truth is that bees are simultaneously fascinating and fragile. Successful beekeeping involves an ongoing learning process that never ends. To most, that’s good. They love learning, so beekeeping is a perfect hobby for them.
More than one beekeeper hobbyist started out as a child learning about bees for a school project. Those young students were so fascinated that taking up beekeeping in adulthood seemed natural. Many of those same beekeepers now keep doing what they do because they are driven to continue learning.
8: Bees Are Pollinators
Every creature in nature has at least one primary function that contributes to a balanced ecosystem. In the case of honeybees, they contribute mainly as pollinators. What is a pollinator? It is a creature that carries pollen from one plant to the next. Pollinators are critical to the existence of plant life.
To understand how this works, consider almond trees. Before almond trees can produce nuts, their flowers must be pollinated within a two-week span at the start of the growing season. Every flower that is properly pollinated will go on to produce a nut.
Nature has devised numerous ways of accomplishing pollination. But honeybees are by far the best pollinators. They go out into an almond orchard in search of food they can bring back to the hive. They fly from flower to flower, grabbing pollen and packing it into highly compressed balls. Every time they land on a new flower, some of what they have accumulated falls into the flower’s reproductive tract.
bee on apple blossom
That simple act is that which allows the almond flower to germinate and grow. If no pollen reaches the reproductive tract of a given flower, it does not germinate. If it doesn’t germinate, it doesn’t produce a nut.
So just how important are bees to pollination? Conservative estimates suggest that honeybees are responsible for pollinating more than 30% of the crops human beings grow for our own consumption. Just think about that for one second.
There are other pollinators including bats, butterflies, beetles, and so forth. Even the wind manages to carry pollen back and forth to some degree. But when you combine all of those other pollinators together, they only account for two-thirds of what nature requires. The mighty honeybee accounts for the other third all by itself. That makes bees the heavy hitters in the pollination world. It is no exaggeration to say that bees are critical to feeding humanity.
9: Farmers Want Your Bees
Your average beekeeping hobbyist isn’t in it for the money. Having said that, being able to earn a little extra money on the side is one way to offset the expenses of beekeeping. Some of the extra money you earn could come from farmers who want to rent your beehives for a few weeks every year.
Yes, farmers want beehives for pollination purposes. They are willing to pay good money to rent productive hives if it means increasing crop yields. Trust me on this. There are professional beekeepers who make a good living doing nothing but renting hives to farmers. These are the migratory beekeepers who travel all over the country following pollination cycles.
10: Agriculture Depends on It
Moving beyond small-scale hive rental, the fact of the matter is that agriculture depends on bees. As mentioned a couple of paragraphs above, as much as one-third of all the agricultural products humans consume as food only grow because crops are pollinated by bees. Think about that for a minute. And when I say agriculture, I am including both raising crops and animal husbandry. The valuable service bees provide to local ecosystems make it possible for farms and cattle operations to succeed. Without the bees, farms would suffer.
According to the Ulster Beekeepers Association in Northern Ireland, no fewer than 39 commercial crops in that part of the world are reliant on bee pollination. In addition, bees pollinate clover and alfalfa. Those two crops are used to feed cattle and other farm animals. A lack of clover and alfalfa would make it more difficult to raise both beef and dairy cattle.
There are other pollinators out there. However, none are as prolific as the honeybee. The large-scale agricultural operations that now feed the majority of the world would not be possible without an army of bees doing what they do. If we want to continue feeding the world, we have to maintain healthy bee populations.
Off the farm, bees are still equally important. Those fields of wildflowers you’ve seen on postcards and in movies only exist because bees are there pollinating. Everything from the fertile valleys of the Swiss Alps to the lush, tropical forests of South America exist because of the hard work bees do. Bees are a critical part of nature that we cannot do without.
bee on potato blossom
I previously mentioned the almond tree. Central California almond orchards produce the majority of almonds sold around the world. Their trees contain more than 1 trillion flowers responsible for producing billions of nuts annually. As mentioned, the pollination window for almond flowers is a mere two weeks. Without an adequate supply of bees in those orchards, flowers would never produce enough nuts to meet demand. You can bet those almond farmers are very fond of bees and beekeepers. Without them, the farmers’ livelihood would be adversely affected.
Beyond commercial agriculture, bees also pollinate the plants, flowers, and trees occurring in nature. Let’s say you were a beekeeper with property bordering the edge of a forest. What you do is helping to keep that forest alive. That’s kind of cool, isn’t it?
11: Bee Populations Are Declining
Most beekeepers take pride in beekeeping knowing that what they do is helping to at least stabilize bee populations, if not grow them. Unfortunately, a variety of influences have combined over the last two decades to seriously decimate bee populations around the world. We cannot afford to allow those populations to fall any further.
If you are involved in beekeeping as a hobby, you might make a point of keeping up with beekeeping news. One thing you may have noticed in the last few years is an alarming increase in the number of stories detailing how bee populations, in general, are declining all over the world.
For example, a March 2018 article from Bees for Business detailed a study done among British beekeepers a couple of years beforehand. According to that study, estimates suggest there were some 1 million beehives in the UK in 1900. There were just 270,000 in 2015. That is a loss of nearly 75%.
The article does not say if the numbers apply only to beehives in nature or if they also include hives kept by beekeepers. Regardless though, a loss of 75% is devastating. If nothing else, beekeeping is important if we hope to rebuild bee populations to what they were at the start of the 20th century.
So what has caused the decline? Scientists have been asking that for some time now. Unfortunately, no single cause has been found. I say ‘unfortunately’ because finding a single cause would make for easy correction. But the fact is there are multiple factors contributing to bee population decline.
Bees at Hive Entrance
The first cause is something I have previously mentioned: a lack of biodiversity in some areas. A second cause is disease. Just like humans are subject to more diseases today than we were in times past, so is the rest of nature. Disease is part of the evolution of our planet. Unfortunately for bees, they do not have scientists and doctors in their midst. It is up to beekeepers to protect colonies from those diseases that could kill them.
Hobbyist beekeeping is good because it is part of a worldwide effort to restore bee populations. Your operation may not be the biggest in the world, but it doesn’t have to be. Bees are like pennies. A bunch of small operations like yours add up to a lot of healthy bees taking their place in nature.
Bee Decline Due to Colony Collapse Disorder
Getting into this a little further, about 10-15 years ago, beekeepers in the United States noticed something alarming: growing numbers of existing hives were turning up empty. Not only were the bees missing, the hives were not littered with bee carcasses. No one knew what was going on at the time. Unfortunately, the problem was not limited to the U.S.
As soon as colony collapse became big news in the States, beekeepers in other nations started to speak out as well. It quickly became apparent there was something going on across the globe. Science eventually identified the problem as colony collapse disorder (I touched on this in one of the above paragraphs).
No one knows for sure how significantly the world’s bee populations have been affected since 2007. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimated that as much as 50% of domestic bees in the U.S. had disappeared when the problem was first noticed. Those estimates were pretty similar in other parts of the world. In the UK though, estimates were much higher. Upwards of 80% of honeybees in the UK were victimized by CCD.
So what is this disorder? It is a disorder typified by not having enough worker bees to keep the hive going. Worker bees are the ones that keep both queens and larvae fed, thus they are also the bees responsible for keeping hives alive. Not enough workers mean not enough food. Insufficient food causes colonies to die out.
Causes of Colony Collapse Disorder
There is no single factor that causes colony collapse disorder. In fact, the EPA lists seven contributing factors:
1. Invasive mites
2. Emerging diseases
3. Pesticide poisoning
4. Stress due to poor management
5. Stress that causes immunological problems
6. Habitat changes
7. Inadequate food supplies.
The point of all of this is to say that the entire world has suffered as a result of bee population collapse. Moreover, bee populations are continuing to struggle. An estimated 20% of colonies were lost in the U.S. over the 2015-2016 winter. Canadians lost more than 16% of their colonies while central Europe suffered losses of just under 12%.
While science works on ways to stop CCD, it is up to beekeepers to maintain healthy populations. If more people were willing to take up the beekeeping hobby, it is possible that we could increase bee populations considerably.
12: Native Bees No Longer Thriving
The honeybees that do most of the pollination work around the world are actually European bees. For some reason, European bees are much better at adapting to a variety of environments than many other bee species are. This is good because, as discussed above, native bee populations in many parts of the world are no longer thriving.
No one knows for sure why, but an article I read a few years ago suggested that one of the issues native bees are running into is the prevalence of human agriculture. Prior to the large-scale agriculture we now practice, large tracts of land in many parts of the world were incredibly biodiverse. Native bee populations thrived in those diverse environments.
Because modern farming techniques frown on biodiversity, farmland offers a much smaller variety of crops. This is a double-edged sword for native bee populations. Not only is there less biodiversity available on active farmlands but clearing wild areas to create new farmlands further reduces the biodiversity of the region.
It is thought that the reduced biodiversity in many parts of the world is harming native bee populations by reducing the kind of nourishment those bees need. If this is true, it is unfortunate. But there are projects ongoing in many parts of the world looking for ways to restore native bee populations. In the meantime, we can at least take comfort in knowing that European bees seem to do well in almost any environment.
13: Beekeeping Knowledge is Disappearing
Another contributing factor in the decline of bee populations is the decline of beekeeping as an occupation. Look, beekeeping has been practised for thousands of years. It is no different than growing crops or raising cattle. The problem we have in beekeeping is that it is not something that can be done on an industrial scale.
Humanity has been highly creative in turning single-farm agriculture into a large-scale, industrial enterprise. Some of the biggest farms in the world cover thousands of acres and produce millions of tons of food in a single season. We have managed to do the same thing with beef and dairy cattle. Industrial operations manage tens of thousands of animals with the help of automation and computerized equipment. You cannot do that with bees.
beekeeper tending hive
At the end of the day, beekeeping is extremely labor-intensive. And because bee populations are so delicate, it is exceedingly difficult for beekeepers to maintain extremely large operations on the same scale as an industrial farm. It just doesn’t work. Most beekeeping operations are small enough to manage with just a handful of people. And forget about automation. There really is nothing about beekeeping that can be turned over to machines.
The Average Age of a Beekeeper
According to a University of Delaware survey taken at the start of the bee population collapse in the States, the average age of a beekeeper was 57. The median age was 56 while the mode age was 47. Stop and think about that for just a minute. If the average beekeeper today is 57 years old, then with all due respect, that means he or she is already on the downhill slope of life. Even if a 57-year-old beekeeper lives into his/her 80s, what is the likelihood he/she will continue keeping bees that long? Statistics suggest the chances are not good.
The reality is that experienced beekeepers are retiring and passing away. Every beekeeper death results in a measure of beekeeping knowledge disappearing from the worldwide consciousness. And without enough young beekeepers coming in to take their place, there is no one to pass that knowledge on to.
This is a scary proposition. There are a lot of things commonly done by past generations that we know nothing about today. Take something as simple as churning butter. That was a routine household chore before the Industrial Revolution took people off their farms and placed them in factories. How many people know how to do it today?
It is no big deal that butter churning knowledge has been lost because we have ways of making butter on an industrial scale. The same is not true for bees. Beekeeping is a highly specialized practice that requires equal parts skill, knowledge, and art. It is not something that can be industrialized so easily.
If we continue to allow decades of beekeeping experience to die along with those beekeepers who possess it, we could arrive at a day when not enough people know how to keep bees. Any serious incidents of colony collapse disorder under such circumstances would be devastating.
It is going to be very difficult for us to increase the number of beehives – both managed and in the wild – if we cannot manage to encourage more young people to start keeping bees. Even keeping bees as a hobby is better than not keeping them at all. But we also need more full-time beekeepers as well.
14: Bees Are Part of the Food Chain
Beekeeping is important to the global food chain as well. There are two things to consider here, beginning with the fact that honeybees do have natural predators. Because of their small size and their tendency to live in colonies, bees are prey to a number of other species. Small birds, mammals, reptiles, and even other insects feed on them.
Collapsing bee colonies are harmful to these other predators because of the associated reduction in their food supply. If there are not enough bees to supply the demand built into nature, those predators have to seek other sources of food. This causes a disruption in the natural food chain that goes right down the line.
The other thing to consider is how bees contribute to human food supplies. Bees are prolific pollinators. I mentioned above that bees are responsible for pollinating up to 30% of the agricultural products that we humans consume as food. A collapse in bee populations makes it harder for farmers to grow what we all need to survive.
In addition, think about all the grain we grow to feed cattle. That grain also depends on pollination. And let us not forget bees pollinating in the wild. Every herbivore that finds its dinner in the field or forest is relying on pollination to keep the menu full. Collapsing bee populations affect their food supplies too.
15: Bees Are Counting on Us
Next is the fact that the world’s bees are counting on us. As the most advanced species on the planet, only humans have the ability to apply science to the current crisis. Declining bee populations are not going to be scientifically addressed by monkeys, dolphins, or any other species. So if we don’t help, there will be no help forthcoming.
Human beings are unique in that we can exercise free thought outside of instinct. Animals cannot. Animals put survival above all else. That is why a grizzly bear has no trouble destroying a beehive in order to get to the honey. A bear does not care that its behavior is also killing bees.
bees on side of hive
Humans have the capacity to look beyond our own survival to find ways to help other species survive with us. This capacity is one of the many things that makes us so different from everything else in the natural world. So again, that leads us to the inevitable question of who else can help save the bees if not for humanity?
We have already seen abject devastation of bee populations over the last decade or so. Populations are starting to come back slowly, but with winter losses still exceeding double digits, there is no guarantee we will ever be able to restore them to previous numbers. But we have to try though.
16: You Love Honey and Beeswax
Last but by no means least is the reality that bees produce both honey and beeswax. Some people keep bees purely because they love honey. It is no different than people keeping chickens for the sole purpose of being able to provide their own eggs.
Keeping a couple of hives is enough to supply all the honey a family needs. There isn’t much money in it, but that doesn’t matter. If you are the kind of person who would put honey on just about anything, having a natural honey producing machine out back – by way of a couple of beehives – is not a bad thing.
You Can Be Part of the Solution
Hopefully, you’ve learned a thing or two about why beekeeping is so important from this article. If what you have read has piqued your interest in beekeeping, I encourage you to learn more about this age-old practice. You can be part of the solution by taking up beekeeping yourself – even if it is only on a small scale.
Humanity will never save the bees just with a few dozen professionals running big operations. No, it is going to be the collective efforts of small operations and hobbyists that make a real difference. You can be one of them.
Make no mistake, beekeeping is important. It is important to the health and safety of bees, nature’s ongoing cycle of life, and even our ability to grow the food we need to support humanity. Bees are so important that if we do not find a way to stop population collapse, the world is going to suffer big time at some point in the future.
Without them, agriculture would not be possible. Our majestic forests and beautiful valleys would not flourish. We would live in a far different world absent the many benefits bees bring to the ecological table.
So, what about you? Are you entertaining the possibility of taking up the beekeeping hobby? If so, rest assured there is plenty of help out there. Between online resources (such as this website), printed materials, videos, and beekeeping clubs, you can get the support and information you need to make a good go of it. Give it a try and you will quickly discover why beekeeping is so popular with so many hobbyists.
Recent Posts
|
Veterinarian-written / veterinarian-approved articles for your cat.
How To Clean Cat Ears
• Presence of an ear infection or wound
• Ear mite infection
• Naturally greasy ears that develop a low-grade buildup of waxy secretions.
Medicating Cat Ears
The ears usually need to be cleaned before they are medicated. Your veterinarian may make an exception to this in the early stages of treating an ear condition if the cat's ears are quite painful; the medication may then be allowed to work for a few days before attempting to clean the ears.
As long as your cat does not have a painful condition, he should tolerate the ear cleaning procedure quite well.
A Few Tips for Feline Ear Cleaning
Here are some tips and tricks for a successful feline ear cleaning session:
• Have all of the materials you will need close at hand before you begin so that the session is short and you do not give your cat an opportunity to go off and hide under the bed while you fumble around for supplies.
• If your cat is the type to bring the front claws up or is ready to run off before you start, consider having a family member or friend help to steady him. A soft bath towel wrapped firmly but not tightly around his body with the head exposed can help protect you, make the cat feel more secure, and keep him from skittering away. As a bonus, it will absorb any dribbled cleaning liquid.
• Do not proceed if you think your cat might bite. Contact your veterinarian for advice in this instance.
• Be gentle. Cats have very sensitive ears. Avoid pulling hard on the ear flap.
• Avoid pushing fingers or cotton down too deep into the ear canal because the delicate lining can become irritated or damaged or the pressure may lead to pain.
• Do not pull out and up on the ear because this straightens the ear canal and makes it easier to go too deep—position the ear flap on top of the head to maintain an angle in the ear canal.
• As you steady the ear, take a little loose skin in your grasp between the fingers of the same hand you are holding the ear with. This allows you to stay with the cat if he moves away suddenly. If you hold the ear flap only, you can end up pulling the ear as he moves away, which causes pain and may make him shy about having his ear handled in the future.
• If your cat seems to be particularly sore when you clean the ears or instill cleaning solution, contact your veterinarian promptly because a broken ear drum can occur. In this case, the medication can enter the middle ear, causing extreme discomfort or damage. Also, some cats have hypersensitivity or even an allergy to some medicinal components, so the medication might need to be switched. Some cats may have deep ulcers of the lining of the ear canal, and the liquid may sting as it contacts that exposed surface.
• Praise your cat when he sits quietly for the procedure.
Demo of Ear Cleaning Procedure
Step 1: Hold the ear correctly.
This pictures shows the incorrect method—note how the ear is being pulled on and stretched up and out away from the head. The steadying hand does not touch anywhere but the ear.
This is the correct way to hold the ear for cleaning; note the gentle anchoring of the hand to the skin over the head to help prevent a pull on the delicate ear if the kitty moves suddenly.
Step 2: Ear cleaning in progress.
Success! See that dirty cotton ball?
You May Also Like These Articles:
Medicating Ears
How Well Cats Hear
Feline Vision
Night Vision in Cats
First Aid for Eye Injuries in Cats
Why Do Some Cats Have Two Different Colored Eyes?
|
The Nuclear Ban Treaty Is Set to Enter Force. Experts Explain What Comes Next.
Seventy-five years after their destructive power was first unleashed, nuclear weapons are about to be officially and explicitly prohibited by international law. For the average person, it may come as a surprise to know that nuclear weapons, dreadful as they are, weren’t already outlawed. But for the vast majority of nuclear weapons experts, the ban will arrive far sooner than expected.
The Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons, informally called the ban treaty, was adopted with the approval of 122 countries at the United Nations in July 2017. It forbids anything and everything related to nuclear weapons, including their development and possession. It also obligates countries that join it to provide support to the victims of nuclear weapons testing and use, and to undertake environmental cleanup.
But to enter into legal force, the treaty needed more than just a vote at the United Nations; it needed ratification by at least 50 countries. It achieved that mark on October 24, after Jamaica, Nauru, and Honduras deposited the 48th, 49th, and 50th ratifications in rapid succession over the course of several days. Accordingly, the treaty will become official international law 90 days hence, on January 22, 2021.
There’s an obvious snag though: The treaty is not binding on countries that have not yet ratified it, and all of the countries that possess nuclear weapons stand in unanimous opposition and have boycotted the entire process of negotiating the treaty from the start. In fact, just days before Jamaica, Nauru, and Honduras acceded to the treaty, the United States took the unusual step of urging other countries to withdraw from it.
In some ways, the ban treaty has already made its mark as more and more countries commit to never building nuclear weapons. In 2017, the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons, or ICAN, won the Nobel Peace Prize for its key role in bringing the treaty into existence.
So what happens now? Even supporters of the treaty have modest expectations about the effects of its entry into force. In a forthcoming interview that will be published in a special 75th anniversary issue of the Bulletin, Beatrice Fihn, ICAN’s executive director, said, “Obviously it won’t have a direct, immediate sort of change on the situation in the world, but it’s a starting point for moving toward nuclear disarmament.… Implementing the treaty, in many ways, it’s just building normative pressure, building financial pressure through divestments.”
Though change may not be swift, Fihn is optimistic about the long-term outlook, noting that the world’s power dynamics are shifting. “In the top 10 [countries with] the biggest populations in the world, you have five nuclear armed states and five countries that have been leaders in the TPNW.” She said a country like Nigeria, which has ratified the treaty, could become a regional or global power in the coming decades, whereas nuclear-armed countries like France, the United Kingdom, and even the United States are rapidly losing global influence.
With these dynamics in mind, how might the treaty be implemented, stonewalled, or ignored over the coming years? The Bulletin reached out to top experts on nuclear politics to help answer those questions. Their responses, edited for clarity, are linked here.
John Krzyzaniak is the DC-based associate editor at the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists.
Featured image is by Jenny Villermin.
Articles by: John Krzyzaniak
For media inquiries: [email protected]
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.