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Learn more about the human papillomavirus (HPV)
Questions and answers
The human papillomavirus (HPV) is from the family of papilloma viruses that infect human cells. Considered one of the most powerful human carcinogens, HPV is the cause of 5% of all cancers. There are more than 100 types of HPV; 13 of them are responsible for cervical, vaginal, vulvar, anogenital and oropharynx cancers. HPV 16 is responsible for the majority of HPV-associated cancers.
Those most susceptible to HPV-related cancer are:
- People with compromised immune systems such as those with HIV or organ transplant recipients
- People who engage in high-risk sexual behavior or have numerous sexual partners
Progression depends on the type of HPV strain and on the unique characteristics of the individual who is infected. The longer the virus is present, the higher the potential for a cancer to develop. The good news is that more than 90% of HPV 16 and 18 infections go away within 6 to18 months of initial exposure.
HPV is the most common sexually transmitted disease. About 20 million Americans are infected. Most sexually active men and women will be exposed to HPV at some point during their lifetime. In the U.S. HPV causes 18,000 cancers in females each year, and 7,000 cancers in men. The virus is especially prevalent in regions with high rates of cervical cancer such as Sub-Saharan Africa, India and Latin America.
HPV is passed through genital (skin-to-skin) contact, most often during vaginal or anal sex. HPV also can be passed on during oral sex. Most people never even know they have HPV, or that they are passing it to a sexual partner. So it may not be possible to know who gave you HPV or when. HPV is so common that most people get it soon after they start having sex. All women who have had sex are at risk for HPV and cervical cancer.
HPV gets into the body through tiny scrapes on the skin. Once it reaches the basal layer of the epithelial cells the virus replicates and causes changes to the normal cervical cell, transforming it into a cancer cell.
Experts recommend HPV testing for women who are:
- Age 30 or older — as part of regular screening, with a Pap test, or
- Age 21 or older — for follow-up of an abnormal Pap test result.
HPV is very common in women under age 30 and most of these women will fight off the virus within a few years and never experience health problems as a result of HPV. HPV is less common in women over age 30 and its presence is more likely to signal a health concern. Your doctor can use the results of the HPV test and the Pap test to determine if you need to be more closely followed to look for cervical cancer.
There is currently no FDA-approved screen of HPV for men.
When a doctor finds the HPV DNA, it may signal cervical cancer and prompt further screening. The DNA test also can determine whether the woman is at high or low risk of invasive cancer.
The vaccine uses particles from the HPV to cause the immune system to recognize the HPV if and when infected. The vaccine prevents normal cervical cells from becoming cancer cells.
The vaccine does not treat HPV infections, so it should be obtained prior to initiation of sexual activity when it is most effective in preventing infection. After a woman engages in sexual activity she is much more likely to be exposed to one or more strains of HPV.
In a pivotal randomized trial, Guardasil prevented 98 percent of cervical cancers in women not previously exposed to HPV, and 44% in women with an active HPV 16 or 18 infection. Studies showed a 93% efficacy rate for Cevarix.
The vaccine can cause pain, redness and itching at the site of the shot. The vaccine may also cause a mild fever, which goes away on its own. Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS), which is a rare disorder that causes muscle weakness, has been reported. To date, there is no evidence that Gardasil causes GBS. People have reported blood clots after getting Gardasil.
Three doses are required. The second should be given two months after the first; the third at six months.
A study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association in 2013 showed that two doses are as effective as three, but the immune response may not last as long with two doses.
Booster vaccines are not recommended at this time.
With either vaccine, the cost is about $130 per dose.
In June 2006, the federal Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommended HPV vaccine for 11- to 12-year-old girls and young women through age 26 who hadn't already received the vaccine.
In October 2009, the advisory committee recommended routine 3-dose vaccination of males aged 11 or 12 years to prevent HPV infection and HPV-related disease. They recommended that the vaccination could begin as young as age 9 and that boys and young men 13 to 21 years of age who hadn't already received the vaccine should also be vaccinated.
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Depression and anxiety are common conditions, whose symptoms can cause anything from mild discomfort to severe impairment. There is now a substantial evidence base showing the effectiveness of internet-delivered psychological treatments, such as internet-delivered Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (iCBT), for treating the symptoms of depression and anxiety. It is encouraging to see consumers and healthcare practitioners alike engaging with these treatments, as well as the increasing acceptance of the role that digital technologies can play for our health.
Although there is much evidence supporting the efficacy of iCBT, researchers are yet to arrive at any firm conclusions about how these treatments reduce symptoms. In other words, what is it about iCBT that makes it effective?
The answer is likely that there are several factors at play. However, in one of our recent research trials, we decided to investigate if changes in behaviour were playing a significant role. We set up a trial of iCBT for participants experiencing symptoms of anxiety and/or depression. Participants were randomly assigned to one of two conditions: (1) receiving an 8-week iCBT course; or (2) being on a waitlist control group during the 8-week period. Participants were assessed before and after the 8-week period. We were particularly interested in the frequency that participants engaged in helpful behaviours (such as planning rewarding activities, seeing friends, and challenging unrealistic thoughts) and whether the frequency of these behaviours changed over treatment. We also assessed symptoms of anxiety and depression, as well as life satisfaction.
Participants in the treatment group reported lower levels of depression and anxiety, and higher life satisfaction at the end of treatment. They also reported greater engagement in helpful behaviours compared with the control group. Further statistical analysis demonstrated that the increased frequency of helpful behaviours significantly accounted for the reduction in symptoms and increased life satisfaction. In other words, we found evidence that behavioural change in iCBT is an important mechanism for how these treatments achieve their effects.
In terms of practical application, this research suggests that online psychological interventions should have a significant focus on behavioural change. This includes teaching helpful behaviours to patients, but also using methods to help patients implement these behavioural changes. It further suggests that regularly performing helpful and rewarding behaviours is an effective way to increase satisfaction with life.
Future research should ask if different kinds of behaviours are more beneficial for different types of problems (e.g. is engaging in more social interactions more helpful for social anxiety?), and if different types of people benefit from different kinds of helpful behaviours.
Read the full paper: Terides, M. D., Dear, B. F., Fogliati, V. J., Gandy, M., Karin, E., Jones, M. P., & Titov, N. (in press). Increased skills usage statistically mediates symptom reduction in self-guided internet-delivered cognitive–behavioural therapy for depression and anxiety: a randomised controlled trial. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy. doi:10.1080/16506073.2017.1347195
Photo by: Kiran Jonnalagadda
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Strong reasoning
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"All Day I Hear the Noise of Waters" read by James Joyce
Here's a vitual reading of an exquisite little poem that's likely to leave you with the sound of running water in your minds ear "All Day I Hear the Noise of Waters" The poem was written by James Joyce in 1907. .
"All Day I Hear the Noise of Waters" is the 35th poem out of a set of 36 that made up Joyce's first published work (Chamber Music 1907) It was this book that got him into the Imagist Anthology and so earned him the support of Eliot and Pound who publicized his later works. he poem is about the noise water and wind make. The poem appears to take place near a lake or ocean. There is a large use of onomatopoeia in this poem. For example, in lines 1 - 2 the poem states, "All day I hear the noise of waters / Making moan" causes the reader to hear a noise the water is making. In addition to the water, James Joyce gives the wind noise in lines 5 -- 6 with, "He hears the winds cry to the waters' / Monotone" causes the reader to hear the noise of the wind with the water which to me sounds like a long drawn out yawn. In the first stanza there are three instances of alliteration. These alliterations occur on line two with "Making moans," on line three with, "Sad as the sea-bird is," and lastly on line 5 with, "He hears." In addition to alliteration, there are also several instances of assonance. For example, on lines 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10 and 12 have a similar pattern of using the o vowel with; "Making moan," "Forth alone," "Monotone," "the cold winds are blowing," "Where I go," "Far below," "To and fro." In addition to the o vowel's use of assonance in the poem, the a vowel is used in lines 1, 3, 5, 9, 11 with; "All day I hear the noise of waters," "Sad as the sea-bird is," "He hears the winds cry to the waters'," "I hear the noise of many waters," "All day, all night, I hear them flowing."
James Augustine Aloysius Joyce (2 February 1882 -- 13 January 1941) was an Irish novelist and poet, considered to be one of the most influential writers in the modernist avant-garde of the early 20th century. Joyce is best known for Ulysses (1922), a landmark work in which the episodes of Homer's Odyssey are paralleled in an array of contrasting literary styles, perhaps most prominently the stream of consciousness technique he perfected. Other major works are the short-story collection Dubliners (1914), and the novels A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916) and Finnegans Wake (1939). His complete oeuvre includes three books of poetry, a play, occasional journalism, and his published letters.
All rights are reserved on this audiorecording copyright Jim Clark 2012
All day I hear the noise of waters
Sad as the sea-bird is when, going
He hears the winds cry to the water's
The grey winds, the cold winds are blowing
Where I go.
I hear the noise of many waters
All day, all night, I hear them flowing
To and fro.
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Moderate reasoning
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, week of
Dec. 04, 2017
1. Holiday Shopping
The day after Thanksgiving is one of the biggest shopping days of the year as people head out to malls to start buying holiday gifts. This year, thousands of shoppers were looking for something else — guns. According to USA Today, the FBI received a record 203,086 requests for instant gun background checks on the day after Thanksgiving. That was an increase from the previous year of nearly 10 percent and a new record for background checks in a single day. The surge in sales continued a trend in gun purchases. The previous two records for single-day background checks also were set the day after Thanksgiving. Americans own more guns than the residents of any other nation. Yet gun sales continue to increase. In the newspaper or online, find and closely read stories about gun sales in America. Use what you read to write a short editorial analyzing why so many Americans choose to own guns. Share editorials as a class and discuss.
Common Core State Standards: Writing opinion pieces on topics or texts, supporting a point of view with reasons and information; reading closely what a text says explicitly and to make logical inferences from it.
2. A Royal Engagement
Red-headed and free-spirited, Britain’s Prince Harry has been one of the most adventurous members ever of Britain’s Royal Family. Now he’s getting married and he has broken more traditions. He and American actress Meghan Markle have announced they are engaged to be married in the spring of 2018. Markle is unlike most spouses in the Royal Family. She is just the second American to marry into the family, is half African American and also divorced. Prince Harry said they had been dating since 2016, and he knew she was “the one” for him the “very first time we met.” He has been outspoken in defense of their relationship in the face of what he called “smear” coverage in newspapers and “sexism and racism” in commentary on social media. The engagement of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle has generated excitement and discussion in both the United States and Britain. In the newspaper or online, find and closely read stories about the couple. Use what you read to write a letter to the editor assessing how their marriage could be a positive thing for Britain’s Royal Family.
Common Core State Standards: Reading closely what a text says explicitly and to make logical inferences from it; producing clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization and style are appropriate to the task.
3. Teachers Seek Support
The city of Harrisburg is the state capital of Pennsylvania and the center of debate on government issues. It is also at the center of a growing debate over school violence and behavior. The debate drew national attention late last month when teachers urged the city school district to provide additional support to deal with violence and misbehavior among students. The situation has gotten so bad that more than 45 teachers have resigned since last summer due to disruptions and physical attacks by students, according to the head of the teachers union. “Teachers and students are being hit, kicked, slapped, scratched, cussed at .... and observing other students flip over tables, desks and chairs,” the union leader said. The school district disputed the number of teachers who have resigned and said it was “committed to promoting a safe and healthy work and learning environment.” School safety is an important issue for every community. In the newspaper or online, find and closely read a story about a safety issue facing a school or school district. Use what you read to present a short oral report to the class, detailing the problem and outlining a way to deal with it.
Common Core State Standards: Conducting short research projects that build knowledge about a topic; citing specific textual evidence when writing or speaking to support conclusions.
4. Scarlet Fever
In the 19th and early 20th centuries, the disease known as scarlet fever caused widespread fear among parents of small children. It caused extended, uncomfortable illness in those affected and in the worst cases led to death. The disease was brought under control by the development of antibiotics like penicillin — until recently. For reasons not yet explained, there have been outbreaks of scarlet fever in the European nation of Great Britain and in Asian and Southeast Asian countries like China, Vietnam and South Korea, according to research published in The Lancet Infectious Diseases journal. “The magnitude of the recent upsurge is greater than any documented in the last century,” said study author Theresa Lamagni of the Public Health England group. Identified by a bright red rash, scarlet fever is caused by the same bacteria that causes strep throat. It can be successfully treated with antibiotics. Health issues often are in the news because they affect so many people. In the newspaper or online, find and closely read stories about a health issue important to communities. Use what you read to design a website offering information that communities would want or need about the issue. Design the home page to show categories of information you want to highlight. Pick an image to illustrate each category. Then write headlines and text blocks for each category.
Common Core State Standards: Using drawings or visual displays when appropriate to enhance the development of main ideas or points; integrating information presented in different media or formats to develop a coherent understanding of a topic.
5. Banksy Hotel
The graffiti artist known as Banksy is famous around the world for the way his artworks express his views on politics and social issues. Now a hotel in the Middle East city of Bethlehem is showcasing those views by offering no others. At the Walled Off Hotel, nearly every window of the hotel looks out on a 30-foot wall of concrete decorated with Banksy graffiti art. The hotel — whose name plays off the famous Waldorf Astoria Hotel in New York City — is the first ever designed and financed by Banksy, who has never revealed his identity. Banksy did most of the artwork himself, not only on the wall outside but in each guest room. Banksy uses graffiti art to express his views on politics and social issues. In the newspaper or online, find and closely read stories about issues you feel strongly about. Then think like Banksy and use paper to create graffiti-style art expressing your views on three issues. Feel free to create your own graffiti style.
Common Core State Standards: Reading closely what a text says explicitly and to make logical inferences from it; using drawings or visual displays when appropriate to enhance the development of main ideas or points.
Colorado NIE Weekly lessons
Colorado NIE Youth Content
Lessons & Classroom Activities
Resources by grade level
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It was in Paris, 65 years ago, on Dec. 10, 1948, that the president of the United Nations General Assembly, Herbert Vere Evatt, called for a vote on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Forty-eight nations voted in favor, eight abstained, but none dissented. Thus was adopted a simple, yet powerful declaration, which set out the basic principle of equality and non-discrimination:
“All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.”
— Article 1 of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Discrimination based on sexual orientation occurs on a regular basis around the world. In its worst form, it includes forms of violent persecution such as killings, rape, and torture. A quick Google search can illustrate how the world stereotypes and discriminates against queer people. The International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association’s world survey of laws on criminalization, protection, and recognition of same-sex love reports that consensual same-sex relationships remain criminalized in some 78 countries. In at least five, the legally prescribed punishment for homosexual acts is death. Today’s fight for equality is as much about changing these discriminatory laws and practices as it is about reshaping the hearts and minds of people around the world.
As youth, it is incumbent upon us to work for a world where all people can enjoy their rights fully. The generations before us did not grow up talking about lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender (LGBT) issues. Let’s not repeat their mistakes. Being LGBT is a human reality — all around the world. Like racism and misogyny, homophobia is a prejudice born out of ignorance. Having a different cultural and religious perspective — personally or even societally — does not justify violation of human rights.
Let’s stand on the right side of history.
Human Rights Day, observed every Dec. 10, aims to bring attention to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights as the common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations. The annual tradition, first conceived in 1950, commemorates historic advances in the promotion and protection of human rights, including on torture, freedom of expression, women’s rights, and religious rights. Although a number of important achievements have been accomplished in the last two decades, there is still a lot of work to be done.
Human rights are for everyone.
This Human Rights Day, let’s remember those youth who have died untimely deaths for being who they are and for whom they love. Let’s remember those youth who were driven to suicide out of distress, shame, or despair. Let’s remember those brave activists who have given their lives for this cause. We may never know their names, but they have given us the courage and inspiration — and the choice — to act.
Learn more on LGBT issues:
- Human Rights Watch – Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Rights
- Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) – Combatting discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity
- International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission (IGLHRC) – Website
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Alright, so that’s not how the original quote goes (sorry Ms Rowling) but Dunnottar is just too great of a place to skip writing up a history post. I’ve got a few more photos to share with you but if you saw my little makeshift timeline from last week you’ll know there is so much more to this castle than meets the eye. And if you missed the timeline, no worries! Just click here.
Most sources agree that Dunnottar’s beginnings are a bit hazy, but it was definitely a Pictish fortress in use by the mid-600s. Aside from raids in the late 600s, Dunnottar was the site of a Viking attack in 900. King Domnall II (that’s Scottish for Donald for those south of the wall) was killed in this attack-though his death certainly wasn’t the last on Dunnottar’s grounds. You might remember a little political event known as the 2014 Scottish independence referendum? That may have been the most recent struggle between Scotland and England, but before the two countries settled their differences in the ballot boxes they did so on the battlefield. In 1297, during the Wars of Independence, William Wallace captured Dunnottar from the English. As if that weren’t badass enough, as legend has it he imprisoned 4,000 English soldiers in the church…and then torched the place. Granted, I’m not entirely sure how large the church actually was–if 4,000 University of Maryland graduates filled the basketball court and first-tier stands at my graduation a few years back it would have to be enormous–but gruesome political statement and potential exaggerations aside, Dunnottar has seen some serious action.
Over the next century Dunnottar became an architectural tug-of-war England and Scotland fought over, and was a bit worse for wear by the end of it. Between Wallace’s capture and the 15th century, King Edward III sent ships to repair the buildings–only for the Scots to destroy its defences before years’ end. If it sounds like I’m generalising it’s because I’m hopelessly bad at remembering names and dates; if you’re great at these details, though, I’d encourage looking up more in-depth accounts! While the English kept handing Dunnottar to more southern lords, the Scottish nobility won it back in a rather indirect, if not unsurprising, way. The Marischal of Scotland* married Margaret Fraser, Robert the Bruce’s niece, and was granted the barony of Dunnottar. After a bit of a religious mix-up (he was excommunicated for building on consecrated ground and had to write the Pope directly to be re-instated) the castle stayed in the family. Dunnottar remained the Earl Marischal’s until the last Earl sided with the rebels in the 1715 Jacobite Rising…but I’m jumping ahead a bit.
Just because Dunnottar Castle was recognised as the home of the Earls of Marischal doesn’t mean its role in Scotland’s historical drama came to an end. After Charles I was executed and his heir Charles II arrived in Scotland, Oliver Cromwell led troops after him. When Charles II was crowned at Scone Palace in 1651 the Scottish honours were used–makes sense considering Scone Palace is in Perth, Scotland–but Cromwell’s presence meant the honours couldn’t be returned to their home in Edinburgh. As Marischal of Scotland, the Earl Marischal had official responsibility for the honours. And where does one hide valuable cultural artefacts when threatened by soldiers? In sacks of wool. They were smuggled into Dunnottar and guarded by Sir George Ogilvy and his troops. Cromwell, ever so wise, correctly guessed where the honours were and laid siege to the castle. And it would have worked, too, if it hadn’t been for some exceptionally clever women! Accounts as to how the honours were snuck back out vary, but in any event the honours made their way under the floorboards of Old Kirk in Kinneff–just up the road from Dunnottar. Cromwell left a bit of chaos in his wake, arresting Ogilvy and imposing heavy fines on the Earl of Marischal, but the honours returned home without capture.
The last major event at Dunnottar came in 1685 during the rebellion against King James VII. One hundred and sixty-seven Covenanters** were arrested and held in a cellar, now known as the Whigs Vault (pictured below), for refusing to ally themselves with the new king. From the end of May until the end of July they were held in the vault and, while a few managed to escape, others were recaptured, died while imprisoned, or were sent to New Jersey in a colonisation scheme. The Earl of Marischal finally lost Dunnottar in 1715 when he joined the rebels in the Jacobite uprisings. After the rebellion was abandoned he fled to France and his estates, including Dunnottar, were forfeited to the crown. The castle changed hands a few times and was left to ruin until the Vicount of Cowdray bought the estate in 1925 and his wife began repairs. The Cowdray family still owns Dunnottar Castle and leaves it open to the public–all while continuing restorations.
Dunnottar is, if you couldn’t tell from this series, a fascinating estate with an unbelievably rich–and conflicted–history. If you’re ever in Scotland take the time to visit; only a few hours’ train from Edinburgh and 20 minutes (plus a walk) from Aberdeen. If you can’t get to this rugged country quite yet, read all about it online; the BBC has a few great articles on it, as do many Scottish tourism sites!
*the Marischal of Scotland was the official custodian of the Honours of Scotland, and king’s protector when at Parliament
**Covenanters were part of the Scottish Presbyterian movement which played a crucial role in Scotland’s history, denouncing the Pope and Roman Catholic Church–the other major religious presence in England and Scotland at the time
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Yesterday I toured the site of ITER, the nuclear fusion plant under construction near Cadarache, France. A multinational collaboration is pumping 150 billion Euros into this experimental fusion reactor, which aims to create 500 mega-watts of power, for every 50 that are pumped into.
ITER, which sort of means International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor but is actually just a nice, trans-national word, is an enormous project spanning generations. First conceived in the 1980s, the idea is to create mostly clean, virtually limitless energy through the process of fusing Hydrogen atoms together. This is a process we see at work in the universe in stars and it seems technologically feasible that with a lot of work we can reproduce the conditions on Earth and set ourselves free of not only a limited fossil fuel supply, but also of the cost of using those fuels long term (i.e. climate change).
ITER grew as a collaboration during the 1990s and the decision to locate the experimental plant in France was made early in this century. Europe currently funds the bulk of the project (45%) with Russia, Japan, Korea, the USA, China and India all participating in other major roles, currently they are building many of the reactor components.
The ITER fusion reactor at Cadarache is purely experimental, it will never be used to generate energy for the French grid. The site chosen was a 180 hectare forest and 90 hectares of it will remain as such, to surround the site and keep it looking green. The site is also somewhat seismically active, and earthquakes can occur here. The structure is being built to withstand a 7.2 Richter magnitude earthquake, though such an event has never been recorded in the area, with the biggest being. 6.1 quake over a hundred years ago. To accomplish this the whole site is being built atop 500 special columns, that allow the entire facility to pitch and bend during tremors. It is all very impressive.
ITER is due to be completed in 2020, at which point full-scale nuclear fusion experiments will begin. The reactor itself is a Tokamak: a donut-shaped ring of plasma, contained within intense magnetic fields. This plasma reaches temperatures of 150 million degrees (10 times as hot as the Sun!), and incredible pressure. Under such conditions it is believed that fusion can occur at large scales. Large is necessary in this game, and the aim of the project is to be able to output 10x as much energy as was input to the reactor. Such a multiple of energy return makes fusion a viable power source for the world, and in this case will mean transforming 50 mega-watts into 500.
After 25 years of experiments, the ITER project will be complete and a second reactor will be built, based on the results of the research done in Cadarache. This second reactor, DEMO, will be a functional power station and will lead the way for widespread nuclear fusion for the world.
If all goes according to plan it will have taken a little over a century for the dream of nuclear fusion to become a global reality.
Today, that dream is very much still under construction (see photo below). The place is mostly a levelled building site. A couple of the buildings have gone up, and the power grid is in place. It would be good to return and tour it again in a few years.
One amazing fact about ITER has stood out for me in particular: after the experiments are complete, the whole site will be deconstructed and the location will be turned back into forest.
This decision seemed utterly bizarre to me at first. After thinking about it though, I’m not sure how else you can responsibly plan for something as long term and large-scale as ITER. A century from now, it is hard to know if fusion will have turned out to be the best route to take and rather than leave our descendants with an ageing reactor to deal with, at least this plan means we leave things as we found them. Also, since the successor to ITER (DEMO) is part of the larger plan, it seems prudent to factor in the concept of cleaning up phase 1 as phase 2 ramps up. Perhaps this is how more big ideas should be planned? On the other hand, it seems ridiculous that the first industrial-scale fusion reactor will never be used for civil energy generation, and will not be kept for even the sake of history.
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Strong reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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Multimeters are used by anyone who deals with electricity. They’re very versatile and can be used to characterize an embedded system or troubleshoot a non-functioning lightbulb in your house. Let’s discuss what it is and how to use it.
What is a Multimeter?
Roughly, meter means measure and multi means many. So, a multimeter is something that measures many things. In this case, it means that it measures multiple electrical related things. Specifically, it measures:
You may have heard of ohmmeters (measures resistance) and ammeters (measures current) and voltmeters (measures voltage). A multimeter does all of these in a single device and they’re not only fairly common, they can be quite inexpensive.
Types of Multimeters and Features
Multimeters come in a variety of sizes and packages. And until the last couple of decades, all multimeters were analog but now digital multimeters are much more common. You can also find portable multimeters that are battery operated and can be taken anywhere. These are more likely to be for use by electricians but that 1) doesn’t mean they still can’t be very useful with electronics and 2) have lots of exceptions of portable multimeters that are perfect for lab usage. More commonly in the lab, though, will be a benchtop multimeter that is wall powered. Again, these are generalizations, but benchtop multimeters tend to be more expensive and “better” - though they can be better in different ways.
So high level options we have are:
- Analog multimeters
- Digital multimeters
If you spend more on a multimeter, what should you expect to get? Depending on what you’re looking for, you can get any of the following things:
- More features
- RMS Voltages
- LCR readings, meaning measuring the values of inductors, capacitors, and resistors (this is quite specialized)
- Autoranging, meaning the multimeter can switch ranges such as microvolts to kilovolts (this is pretty common)
- Higher precision
- Higher accuracy and/or certified calibration
- More stability across temperatures ranges and as it ages
- Faster response times
- Less effect on the DUT
How to use a Multimeter
- For everything except measuring current, you will place the probes across the circuit you’re testing. Place the probes on both sides of what you’re trying to measure. Watch what ports your probes are plugged into - you want them in the high-impedance ports where minimal current will flow through the multimeter. If you happen to have the probes plugged into the low-impedance ports and connect it to a low-impedance source, you will blow a fuse or destroy your multimeter. Please be careful.
- For measuring current, you want to put your probes in series with the circuit you’re testing. That means you’ll want to be on one side or the other of the circuit you’re testing - either watching the current flow in or flow out. In this case, you will have your probes connected to the low-impedance port - it will say something along the lines of “A” “mA” “μA”.
Like any measurement device, a multimeter also changes the device under test (DUT).
- In high-impedance mode, it’s very large, but the impedance is still finite. This means that you will be affecting the voltage and resistance measurements. Again, very slightly, but if you need extreme accuracy and precision, you may notice it.
- In low-impedance mode, it’s very small, but the impedance is still there. If you’re measuring current (which, really, is the only time you should be in low-impedance mode) then the minimal resistance will slightly decrease the current you’re reading. Very slightly.
Measurement of devices in circuitry
- You probably don’t want to measure things that are hooked up to power. Not only will it make the measurements practically useless, it will also be dangerous.
- Measuring devices while they’re in the circuit, even unpowered, could give very confusing and/or useless readings. Pay attention to what nodes you’re testing and the others connections to that node. Do a common-sense test of whether or not you’re wasting your time.
Electrical outlets - again.
- Electrical outlets are hooked up to mains and are a low-impedance output, meaning they can source a lot of current. Electrical outlets and batteries. Amplifiers, etc.
- Don’t hook up a low-impedance load to a low-impedance output unless you want a huge amount of current, fire and death. At the least, blown fuses.
- Why do I care? When I was a kid, my older brother melted the probes on his multimeter because he had it setup to measure current and then stuck them into the electrical outlet. I was too young to understand what he had done wrong but it terrified me for a decade or two until I learned how to use a multimeter myself. I’m trying to transfer this awareness of danger to you. If you pay attention and know what you’re doing, though, you’ll be perfectly safe.
- Something that we do, and is generally a good plan, is to never leave your probes plugged into their low-impedance ports. After we make a current measurement and are putting away a multimeter, we switch the probes back to the high-impedance ports. Just in case we’re not paying attention the next time we use the multimeter.
That should be it! The most important thing about using a multimeter is surviving the experience. Whenever dealing with electrical outlets (mains voltage), please be very careful and if you do not feel confident about what you’re doing, don’t do it. That being said, play around with batteries and low voltage sources at first and you’ll be fine. You can still spark and melt things with batteries but you won’t kill yourself unless you light something on fire. Okay, I’m just going to be quiet now.
Get the latest tools and tutorials, fresh from the toaster.
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Moderate reasoning
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Hardware
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DIY Electromagnets and Experiments to Try
Electromagnets are easy to make; just a few pieces of hardware and a power supply gets you on your way. First, you'll need the following items:
- one iron nail, at least 6 inches (15 centimeters) in length
- a length of 22-gauge insulated copper wire
- one D-cell battery
Once you have these items, remove the insulation from each end of the copper wire, just enough to provide a good connection with the battery. Wrap the wire around the nail; the tighter you can wrap it, the more powerful the magnetic field will be. Finally, connect the battery by attaching one end of the wire to the positive terminal and one to the negative terminal (it doesn’t matter which end of the wire gets paired with which terminal). Presto! A working electromagnet [source: Jefferson Lab].
Can't get enough of hands-on electromagnetic experiments? We have some more ideas for you to try:
- What is the magnetic power of a single coil wrapped around a nail? Of 10 turns of wire? Of 100 turns? Experiment with different numbers of turns and see what happens. One way to measure and compare a magnet's "strength" is to see how many staples it can pick up.
- What is the difference between an iron and an aluminum core for the magnet? For example, roll up some aluminum foil tightly and use it as the core for your magnet in place of the nail. What happens? What if you use a plastic core, like a pen?
- What about solenoids? A solenoid, you remember, is another form of electromagnet. It's an electromagnetic tube generally used to move a piece of metal linearly. Find a drinking straw or an old pen (remove the ink tube). Also find a small nail (or a straightened paper clip) that will slide inside the tube easily. Wrap 100 turns of wire around the tube. Place the nail or paper clip at one end of the coil and then connect the coil to the battery. Notice how the nail moves? Solenoids are used in all sorts of places, especially locks. If your car has power locks, they may operate using a solenoid. Another common thing to do with a solenoid is to replace the nail with a thin, cylindrical permanent magnet. Then you can move the magnet in and out by changing the direction of the magnetic field in the solenoid. (Please be careful if you try placing a magnet in your solenoid, as the magnet can shoot out.)
- How do I know there's really a magnetic field? You can look at a wire's magnetic field using iron filings. Buy some iron filings, or find your own iron filings by running a magnet through playground or beach sand. Put a light dusting of filings on a sheet of paper and place the paper over a magnet. Tap the paper lightly and the filings will align with the magnetic field, letting you see its shape!
For more on electromagnets and related topics, check out the electrifying links on the next page.
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Moderate reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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You can employ your design sandbox design and to develop more shapes and contours colours, shapes. It’s an enjoyable way to build things.
You have many options when it comes to toys for children, if they be children or adults. Thus, what about if it comes to toys for children? We’ve got a good deal of toys available which will help you and your young ones to develop their imaginative skills, innovative thinking along with also a wonderful creativeness.
But imagine when you have trouble building contours out of cubes, blocks using glue? It seems just such as the physics sandbox would be the best option to get your son or daughter! The physics sand-box is a idea which is intriguing for lots of folks as it calls physics. Kids adore the thought of studying physics and the physics sandbox allows them to build shapes in their own homes.
This idea’s been in existence for a while today and so they keep discovering brand new suggestions to strengthen children’s lives. There are many sorts of sandbox. They vary in layout, form, colour, text rewriter shape, dimension and substances. Youngsters’ educational tasks will be made by each one.
The Physics sandbox is a product that combines three other thoughts. Building blocks are combined by it with a physics simulator. The simulator enables the child play the help of gravity and how it affects their body. You are able to educate and excite the sensations in your child.
One of the remarkable things concerning mathematics may be that it makes sure children could believe logically and can observe the connections between entities. Within this sandbox, kiddies learn the notion of items but likewise on math. They could choose their toys apart and place them back together back, the physics sand-box is an excellent toy for the own children.
Kiddies who play with this cube storage sandbox do that while researching for exams. Instead, they can construct a numbers of contours to suit their desires. These contours include cylinders, spheres, heart, dots, leaves, hearts, butterflies, blossoms, and several others. These contours could be utilised to help build their vocabulary.
If you’re on the lookout to get a location in which your child can construct a room a space in which she can be safe and free, without a policies, then the distance of the physics sandbox is the perfect place in their opinion. In the math sand-box, children can learn new things from a fun environment and in the contentment of of their own home. It’s a great environment for children to play .
If you’re a boy and also you are currently looking for just a, why do not attempt to be a rocket scientist? Why not try and release a satellite into space?
If they decide to try to spell out exactly just what there is a real thing and come to school, this could become http://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/view/year/2016.html your possiblity to bust out your scientific expertise! Just what a great way to begin! Playing science and also the forces of nature really are a lot of learning and fun about physics is actually a good approach.
rewritingservice.net/reword-generator-in-numbers/ Your little one may utilize the math sandbox . One manner of finding out is to help them be more creative. Whether or not they are drawing on shapes, creating their particular arrangement or fixing the puzzle, that can be a terrific way in order for them to state themselves.
Kiddies adore the idea of building things but in an unique creative methods and utilizing the exact math sandbox will allow them to do this. With this particular toy that is particular interactive, children are able to express themselvesto have fun and make something.
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Moderate reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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How to Cite an Image APA: Clear Guideline to Cite Image from Online and Offline SourceJun 10, 2021 08:09 PM How to Cite an Image APA - Photo by Daria Shevtsova from Pexels
Tripboba.com - Adding images in your sources can be an effective way to support your argument and helps the reader to visualize your research. Images should be cited as you would cite any other type of work. So you will need to learn how to cite an image APA for your research paper properly.
In this guide, Tripboba will share with you the right way on how to cite an image APA. These APA image citation formats apply to images and artwork include a drawing, painting, photograph, chart, monograph, map, or diagram.
How to Cite an Image in APA FormatHow to Cite an Image APA - Photo by Anthony Shkraba from Pexels
Images in the text are usually accompanied by a caption that consists of copyright information. Before you learn how to cite an Image APA, there are several things to consider. You should find as much information as possible about the image, including:
Name of author, artist, or photographer:
- Date of publication or creation
- Title of work
- A bracketed description of media type (e.g., [Photograph] or [Painting])
- Publisher, production company, or museum name
- Location of the publisher (if a museum or university)
- URL if accessed online
- type of material (for photographs, charts, online images)
- website address and access date
- name of the institution or museum where the work is located (for artworks and museum exhibits)
- dimensions of the work (for artworks)
For most online images, the above information is accessible since they're usually provided alongside the images. While for digital images, you may use Google's reserve image search to determine the creator and creation date of the images.
How to Cite an Image in APA
Creating an APA citation for the image is easy. The basic APA image citation includes the creator's name, years, image title, and the format of the image (e.g. painting, photograph, map, etc), and the location of where you access the image.
The below tutorial on how to cite an image APA is based on the APA 7th edition. Let's look for the format and example.
Basic format: Last name, Initials. (Year). Image title [Format]. Site Name. or Museum, Location. URL
Reference list: van Gogh, V. (1889). The starry night [Painting]. Museum of Modern Art, New York City, NY, United States. https://www.moma.org/collection/works/79802
In-text citation: (van Gogh, 1889)
In APA citation format, there are two different ways how to cite an image APA; citing images that you accessed online and you viewed in person.
image in a gallery or museum seen in-person
Example: Milne, D. (1924). Old R.C.M.P. Barracks [Watercolour]. Ottawa, Ontario: Carleton University Art Gallery.
image in online source
Example: Baumel, A. (2010). Cholera treatment center in Haiti [Online image]. Doctors Without Borders. https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org
How to Cite an Image from a Website APAHow to Cite an Image APA - Photo by Mikael Blomkvist from Pexels
If you want to know how to cite an image APA from the website, follow the below guideline:
Basic format: Last Name, First Initial. (Year, Month Day of Publication). Title of image. Title of Website. URL
Example: Souza, P. (2016, October 26). President Obama, Vice President Biden, and members of his national security team [digital image]. NPR. https://www.npr.org/2016/10/26/499490029/photos-one-photographers-remarkable-chance-to-cover-the-president
Some images may be available in the gallery or museum website, and you can use them too. The following APA image citation guidelines for artwork from a museum can be used for all types of artwork, such as paintings, drawings, photographs, and sculptures. Here's how to cite an image APA from the museum website:
Example: van Gogh, V. (1887). Self-Portrait with a Straw Hat (obverse: The Potato Peeler) [Painting]. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, United States.https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/436532
Example: Milne, D. (ca.1912). Billboards [Painting]. National Gallery of Canada. Retrieved from http://www.gallery.ca/en/see/collections/artwork.php?mkey=6432.
How to Cite an Online Image APAHow to Cite an Image APA - Photo by Anthony Shkraba from Pexels
Online images APA citation has a similar format to a website. To differ it, you may [digital image]" after the title of the image for clarification, even it is not compulsory. We will share with you how to cite an image APA which sourced from Instagram Post, database, and other image sharing site.
Image from Instagram Post:
Instagram can also be a source of great photos to include on your paper. If the image you find on Instagram is under a username, you can use the username for the author.
Then, if the author doesn't put the title of the image, you can provide a short description from the first few words of the image caption.
So, here is the format on how to cite an image APA from an Instagram post:
Username. (Year, Month, and date). The number of followers! [digital image]. URL
Example: Dressed_Podcast. (2019, January 8). 20,000 followers! [digital image]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/BsYKpQkADCr/
Image from a Database:
Example: Maslowski Photo. (2008). Wood Duck [Photograph]. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service National Digital Library. Retrieved from http://digitalmedia.fws.gov/cdm/singleitem/collection/natdiglib/id/1941/rec/17.
Image from other sites like Wikimedia Commons or Flickr:
Example: Najjar, A. (2005, April 30). Palmyra Tetrapylon, Syria. [Photograph]. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Palmyra_Tetrapylon,_Syria.jpg.
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Moderate reasoning
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Education & Jobs
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This week’s health news roundup has stories regarding fibromyalgia, Lyme disease, psoriasis, and obstructive sleep apnea. More specifically, we discuss fibromyalgia in hyperparathyroidism, Lyme disease inflammation and the nervous system, psoriasis risk in high blood pressure, obstructive sleep apnea and vitamin D deficiency, and kidney failure due to interstitial nephritis. So if you missed the hot topics of this week, here they are all together for your peruse.
Fibromyalgia patients show increased risk of hyperparathyroidism in women, according to a new study. Hyperparathyroidism is a disease caused by an overactive parathyroid. Both fibromyalgia and hyperparathyroidism share similar symptoms.
The researchers uncovered their findings by examining 100 women with fibromyalgia and 57 women without the condition. They measured the levels of parathyroid hormone, calcium, and albumin, correlating them with symptoms in the fibromyalgia group.
Fibromyalgia patients had normal values of mean serum calcium and parathyroid hormone, but their levels of the parathyroid hormones were elevated, compared to the controls. High calcium levels were seen in six percent of fibromyalgia patients, but only 17 percent of these women had high levels of parathyroid hormone exhibiting normal calcium levels.
The study uncovered that women with fibromyalgia have a higher frequency of hyperparathyroidism and normocalcemic hyperparathyroidism, compared to the general public. The research is still in the preliminary stages, and additional research is required to confirm the findings. Continue reading…
Lyme disease-induced inflammation causes nervous system changes, according to new research. Nearly 15 percent of Lyme disease patients develop peripheral and central nervous system involvement, which is accompanied by painful symptoms. Inflammation plays a role in these neurological changes, but the researchers found that the anti-inflammatory drug dexamethasone prevents many of these reactions.
Researcher Mario T. Philipp said, “These results suggest that inflammation has a causal role in the pathogenesis of acute Lyme neuroborreliosis.”
To explore the effects of the infection in Lyme disease, researchers infected 12 rhesus macaques with live B. burgdorferi. Two animals were left uninfected as controls. Of the animals infected, four were treated with dexamethasone, four with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) meloxicam, and four remained untreated. Half the group was studied for eight weeks and the other half for 14 weeks.
Significantly elevated levels of the inflammatory mediators – IL-6, IL-8, CCL2, and CXCL13 – were observed, along with pleocytosis (increased cell counts, primarily white blood cells) in the cerebrospinal fluid of all infected animals – except in those treated with dexamethasone. “Chemokines such as IL-8 and CCL2 are known to mediate the influx of immune cells in the central nervous system compartment during bacterial meningitis, and CXCL13 is the major determinant of B cell recruitment into the cerebrospinal fluid during neuroinflammation,” explained Dr. Philipp. Continue reading…
Psoriasis risk increases with high blood pressure and anti-hypertension drugs. Psoriasis is an immune-related disease affecting nearly three percent of the American population. The researchers found that in women, specifically, long-term hypertension along with the use of anti-hypertension drugs (especially beta-blockers) was associated with a higher risk of psoriasis.
The researchers analyzed psoriasis cases in 77,728 women participants in the Nurses’ Health Study from 1996 to 2008. There were 843 incidences of psoriasis.
Women who had had high blood pressure for at least six years were at the highest risk for psoriasis, compared to women with normal blood pressure. The risk was also higher among hypertensive women who did use the medication and who did not use the medication, compared to normal blood pressure women. Those women who regularly used beta-blockers for at least six years were at a high risk for psoriasis as well.
The researchers noted, “These findings provide novel insights into the association among hypertension, antihypertensive medications, and psoriasis. However, further work is necessary to confirm our findings and clarify the biological mechanisms that underlie these associations.” Continue reading…
Obstructive sleep apnea may be associated with a vitamin D deficiency. A vitamin D deficiency has been linked to numerous health problems including multiple sclerosis, diabetes, kidney disease, asthma, and cardiovascular disease. The recent findings now suggest that a vitamin D deficiency may also be associated with obstructive sleep apnea, too.
The findings come from researchers from Dublin, Ireland who report a higher prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Among the participants of the study, 98 percent who had obstructive sleep apnea were also found to have a vitamin D deficiency. Furthermore, patients with severe sleep apnea were found to be even more deficient in vitamin D.
Some researchers believe that a vitamin D deficiency is associated with weight gain, which is a risk factor for obstructive sleep apnea. On the other hand, some theorize that sleep apnea is an inflammatory disorder and vitamin D deficiency predisposes or exacerbates the condition.
Vitamin D is not a form of treatment for sleep apnea, but vitamin D levels should be monitored in sleep apnea patients and supplementation is encouraged for overall good health. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) recommends 600 IU of vitamin D daily. Continue reading…
Kidney failure due to interstitial nephritis is triggered by an autoimmune attack on the kidney ducts, according to research. Characterized by tubular atrophy and interstitial scarring, interstitial nephritis is a type of morbid lesion seen in kidney failure patients. There are many causes of interstitial nephritis including adverse affects to drugs, hypertension, and diabetes, and yet the underlying cause is never identified.
Researcher Nils Landegren explained, “Our study sheds light on a new pathogenesis of interstitial nephritis and kidney failure. Our findings suggest that mechanisms similar to those that cause diseases like type 1 diabetes and thyroiditis, in which the immune system targets a specialized type of cell, can also cause interstitial nephritis.”
The researchers focused on autoimmune polyendocrine type 1 (APS1) as some patients with APS1 go on to develop interstitial nephritis.
The researchers looked at patients with APS1 who developed interstitial nephritis at a young age and found that their immune systems attacked the kidneys. Antibodies reacted to cells in the collecting ducts of the kidneys as the target was a water-channel protein that is only expressed in the collecting duct. The researchers determined that an autoimmune disease was the cause of interstitial nephritis, but they are unaware of how common this cause is among the general population as opposed to among APS1 patients only. Continue reading…
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Strong reasoning
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Health
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Project IMPACT: Diabetes
The process of care deployed in Project IMPACT: Diabetes was a refinement of that used in the Patient Self-Management Program for Diabetes and the Diabetes Ten City Challenge. These past projects brought together interdisciplinary care teams, innovative payers, and aligned incentives to create a diabetes care model that improved health outcomes, enhanced the quality of care, and reduced costs. In Project IMPACT: Diabetes, the communities are very diverse and care for patient populations that face significant barriers to managing their diabetes, which required a flexible approach to implementing the care model across the US.
Pharmacists' Patient Care Services
The key requirement within Project IMPACT: Diabetes is that all communities include pharmacists on their diabetes care teams. Collectively, more than 80 pharmacists are participating in Project IMPACT: Diabetes. These pharmacists meet one-on-one with patients to provide targeted education based on the Patient Self-Management Credential, medication-related coaching, and goal achievement plans that fits into their lives. Pharmacists talk to patients about what diabetes is, how medicines help address the problem, diet changes, exercise plans, and the many barriers that may keep that patient from being an effective self-manager of their health. Pharmacists hold their patients accountable for good self-management behavior by showing each person how much they care, investing time into frequent visits, and truly listening to the challenges each person is facing.
Interdisciplinary Health Care Teams
Pharmacists do not work alone when helping patients become better self-managers – integration into the healthcare team is essential. Each community brings together a unique group of stakeholders based upon what services are needed and provided within that community. Pharmacists collaborate with these stakeholders to design care plans, select and adjust medications, and bring resources to patients..Collaborating healthcare team members within communities include:
- Family practitioners
- Physician assistants
- Certified diabetes educators
- Social workers
- Patient advocates or promatoras
Innovative Payers and Sustainability
Communities were encouraged to integrate the pharmacists’ services in a way that would make them sustainable even after the project ended. Some communities developed partnerships with self-insured employers that provided payment for the pharmacist to provide care. Groups that care for uninsured or underinsured patients often sought buy-in from the administration at their clinic, which allowed for the pharmacist to dedicate time to patients with diabetes. In each of the scenarios, positive outcomes justify the resources invested in pharmacists’ services, often leading to the continuation or expansion of the care model.
As described in Our Approach, “aligned incentives” means that all stakeholders are motivated to implement the model because of what they will receive in return. For healthcare providers and clinic administrators, interdisciplinary care teams provide efficiency in the system and result in healthier patients. For pharmacists, the ability to provide direct patient care and receive payment for those services supply strong incentives to implement the model. Payers experience reduced total cost of care when they implement models. The incentives that motivate patients change based on culture, health beliefs, access to quality care, socioeconomic status, and many other factors.
Within Project IMPACT: Diabetes, communities were not required to provide patient incentives but they were encouraged to consider what tactics would best motivate patients to visit with the pharmacist and stay engaged in self-management behaviors. Many self-insured employer communities waived copayments associated with diabetes medications and supplies, and some provided additional incentives for goal achievement. In FQHCs, free clinics, and other communities serving the un- or under-insured, incentives were provided in the form of bus tickets, free meals during educational sessions, enhanced social services, and grocery store gift cards. Some communities found that many patients saw the access to quality diabetes care as the incentive and were eager to maintain their relationship with the pharmacist who cared for and spent time helping them.
In partnership with:
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Strong reasoning
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Health
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Tiny Code Examples
In this section we give a very short demonstration of different CindyScript programming techniques. Each example presents a small task and a CindyScript implementation that handles it.
Center of Gravity
Setting a point D to the center of gravity of three other points. Changing its color on a condition.
//in draw D.xy=(A+B+C)/3; D.color=if(D.x>0, (1,1,0), (0,0,1) )
The code is straight forward. Observe that for setting the coordinate of D the assignment is made to
Selecting and Clustering
Separating points above and below the x-axis, and drawing the two clusters.
//in draw pts=allpoints(); above=select(pts,p,p.y>0); below=pts--above; segs=pairs(above); drawall(segs,color->(0.6,0,0)); segs=pairs(below); drawall(segs,color->(0,0.6,0))
The points above the x-axis are distinguished by using the
Computing and Drawing a Convex Hull
Calculate the convex hull of all points in a drawing. Observe the use of the
//in draw pts=allpoints(); leftof(A,B):=select(pts,p,area(A,B,p)~>0); rightof(A,B):=select(pts,p,area(A,B,p)~<0); isedge(A,B):=(leftof(A,B)==%rightof(A,B)==); segments=pairs(pts); hull=select(segments,seg,isedge(seg_1,seg_2)); drawall(hull);
Calculating the convex hull here is performed by a very nice geometric principle: a segment in the convex hull has all the other points on one of its sides. Here two functions
Creating an Analogue Clock
Create a clock that shows hours, minutes and seconds. For this, draw a few arrows whose endpoints have appropriate names and enter the following script.
//in timerstep t=time(); p(x):=(sin(2*pi*x),cos(2*pi*x)); B.xy=p(t_3/60)*4; C.xy=p(t_2/60)*5; D.xy=p((t_1*60+t_2)/(12*60))*3.5; apply(1..12,i,draw(p(i/12)*5)); apply(1..60,i,draw(p(i/60)*5,size->1)); drawtext((3,5),t);
The dots are drawn by the script. The circle was drawn using a geometric object.
This clock takes advantage of the fact that the
Mark the point closest to A by a large green dot.
//in draw pts=allpoints(); s=sort(pts,|#-A|); p=s_2; draw(p,size->20);
Observe that we have to use the second closest point in the script, since A is closest to itself. Another solution would be to remove A from the list before sorting it:
//in draw pts=allpoints()--[A]; s=sort(pts,|#-A|); p=s_1; draw(p,size->20);
Draw a simple ornament by moving points. The color of the strokes should resemble the color of the points.
//in draw forall(pts,p, p:"trace"=p:"trace" ++ [p.xy] ); tr0=[[1,0],[0,1]]; tr1=[[-1,0],[0,1]]; tr2=[[-1,0],[0,-1]]; tr3=[[1,0],[0,-1]]; trs=[tr0,tr1,tr2,tr3]; forall(trs,t, forall(pts,p, connect((p:"trace")*t,color->p.color,size->2); ); ); //in init pts=allpoints(); forall(pts,p,p:"trace"=);
Observe that each point stores its own trace in the key variable
Calculate and draw the line of linear regression to all points. Mark the squares corresponding to the underlying least square approximation.
//in draw //Least-square line pts=allpoints(); m=apply(pts,(1,#.x)); y=apply(pts,#.y); ma=transpose(m)*m; mb=transpose(m)*y; mainv=inverse(ma); v=mainv*mb; f(x):=v_2*x+v_1; plot(f(x)); //Draw the squares sq(x,y1,y2):=( d=y2-y1; p=((x,y1),(x,y2),(x+d,y2),(x+d,y1),(x,y1)); drawpoly(p,color->(1,0.5,0.5),alpha->0.4); connect(p,color->(.8,0,0)); ); forall(pts,sq(#.x,#.y,(f(#.x))));
The code makes use of high level matrix calculations to find the linear regression line. The calculation follows the standard procedure for this calculation given in a basic course on linear algebra. By almost literally the same code it is even possible to calculate approximations (least square) by a whole set of base functions.
Create a nice version of the sunflower applet from the tutorial.
//in draw n=round(100*|B,E|); d=0.01*(|D,F|/|D,C|-.5); ang=137.508°+d; repeat(n,i, w=ang*i; r=sqrt(i)*.2; p=(sin(w),cos(w))*r; draw(p,color->(1,0.8,0)); ); drawtext((-5,-6),"n="+n); drawtext((0,-6),"w="+180*ang/pi+"¡");
This code relies on the effect that a very certain angle
Implement a function plotter with a freely enterable function and adjustable parameters.
//in draw //Parameter sliders a=K.x; b=L.x; c=M.x; d=N.x; drawtext(K+(0.2,0.2),"a="+a); drawtext(L+(0.2,0.2),"b="+b); drawtext(M+(0.2,0.2),"c="+c); drawtext(N+(0.2,0.2),"d="+d); //Parse and plot f(x):=parse(Text0.val); plot(f(x),color->red(0.6),size->2);
The function is entered in a Cinderella input field called Text0. The text in this input field is directly parsed. The parameters are taken from the geometrically drawn sliders.
Simulate additive color mixing of three light bulbs (red, green and blue). The lamps are be represented by geometric points A, B and C.
//in draw colorplot( (1-|#,A|/4, 1-|#,B|/4, 1-|#,C|/4), (-5,-5),(5,5),pxlres->3 )
This color mixer is indeed extremely simple. It makes use of the fact that one can directly calculate the slots of an RGB color vector. The
Calculate and draw the Julia set, a well known fractal, determined by the complex number represented by the point C.
//in draw g(z,c):=z^2+c; julia(z):=( iter=0; while(iter<100 & |z|<2, z=g(z,complex(C.xy)); iter=iter+1; ); 1-iter/100; ); colorplot(julia(complex(#)) ,A,B,startres->16,pxlres->1);
Again using the
Simulate a swarm of fish. Each fish should try to swim in the same direction as its neighbors and try to swim to the approximate place where the neighbors are. All fish should avoid an obstacle given by a point U. To try this create some masses and make sure that one is labelled U or change the according line in the script. Also build a fence with bouncers around the "aquarium."
//in draw ms=allmasses()--[U]; lim=0.5; apply(ms,m, near=select(ms,p,|p-m|<4); avg=sum(near,m,m.v)/length(near); m.v=m.v+.2*(avg); if(|m.v|>lim,m.v=lim*m.v/|m.v|); //Draw connections apply(near,draw(#,m,color->(0,0,0),alpha->0.2)); );
Here all fish (as well as the obstacle) are modeled by masses with a positive charge. By this they push each other away. The script makes corrections to the velocity of each point. The behavior generated by this very simple algorithm is amazingly rich and looks quite convincing.
The content on this page is licensed under the terms of the License.
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CC-MAIN-2021-21
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https://doc.cinderella.de/tiki-index.php?page=Tiny+Code+Examples
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Moderate reasoning
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Software Dev.
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Pisces (♓️) (//; Ancient Greek: Ἰχθύες Ikhthyes) is the twelfth astrological sign in the Zodiac. It spans 330° to 360° of celestial longitude. Under the tropical zodiac the sun transits this area between February 19 and March 20, [a] and under the sidereal zodiac, the sun transits this area between approximately March 13 and April 13. In classical interpretations, the symbol of the fish is derived from the ichthyocentaurs, who aided Aphrodite when she was born from the sea.
|Duration (tropical, western)||February 18 – March 20 (2018, UT1)|
|Sign ruler||Neptune (modern) Jupiter (ancient)|
While the astrological sign Pisces per definition runs from elliptical longitude 330° to 0°, this position is now mostly covered by the constellation of Aquarius, due to the precession from when the constellation and the sign coincided. Today, the First Point of Aries, or the vernal equinox, is in the Pisces constellation. There are no prominent stars in the constellation, with the brightest stars being of only fourth magnitude. One star in the constellation, Alpha Piscium, is also known as Alrescha, which comes from the Arabic الرشآء al-rišā’, meaning "the well rope," or "the cord." The constellation however is different from the astronomical location in where the sign occupies space. The constellations in earlier times were primarily used as markers to help determine what influence was in the sky. Nevertheless, the sign of pisces remain in the 30 degree span of 330°-0°.
Ptolemy described Alpha Piscium as the point where the cords joining the two fish are knotted together. The astrological symbol shows the two fishes captured by a string, typically by the mouth or the tails. The fish are usually portrayed swimming in opposite directions; this represents the duality within the Piscean nature. They are ruled by the planet Neptune. Although they appear as a pair, the name of the sign in all languages originally referred to only one fish with the exception of Greek, Bulgarian, Dutch, Latvian, and Italian. Pisces are the mutable water sign of the zodiac. They represent emotion, intuition, imagination, escapism, romance, and impressionism.
In Sidereal astrology, the sun currently transits the constellation of Pisces from approximately March 14 to April 14. Individuals born during these dates, depending on which system of astrology they subscribe to, may be called "Pisceans."
In early mythologyEdit
According to one Greek myth, Pisces represents the fish, sometimes represented by koi fish, into which Aphrodite (also considered Venus) and her son Eros (also considered Cupid) transformed in order to escape the monster Typhon. Typhon, the "father of all monsters," had been sent by Gaia to attack the gods, which led Pan to warn the others before himself changing into a goat-fish and jumping into the Euphrates. A similar myth, one which the fish "Pisces" carry Aphrodite and her son out of danger, is resounded in Manilius' five volume poetic work Astronomica: "Venus ow'd her safety to their Shape." Another myth is that an egg fell into the Euphrates river. It was then rolled to the shore by fish. Doves sat on the egg until it hatched, out from which came Aphrodite. As a sign of gratitude towards the fish, Aphrodite put the fish into the night sky. Because of these myths, the Pisces constellation was also known as "Venus et Cupido," "Venus Syria cum Cupidine," "Venus cum Adone," "Dione," and "Veneris Mater," the latter being the formal Latin term for mother.
The Greek myth on the origin of the sign of Pisces has been cited by English astrologer Richard James Morrison as an example of the fables that arose from the original astrological doctrine, and that the "original intent of [it] was afterwards corrupted both by poets and priests."
In modern mythology and religionEdit
Purim, a Jewish holiday, falls at the full moon preceding the Passover, which was set by the full moon in Aries, which follows Pisces. The story of the birth of Christ is said to be a result of the spring equinox entering into the Pisces, as the Savior of the World appeared as the Fisher of Men. This parallels the entering into the Age of Pisces.
An astrological age is a time period in astrology that parallels major changes in the development of Earth's inhabitants, particularly relating to culture, society and politics, and there are twelve astrological ages corresponding to the twelve zodiacal signs. Astrological ages occur because of a phenomenon known as the precession of the equinoxes, and one complete period of this precession is called a Great Year or Platonic Year of about 25,920 years.
The age of Pisces began c. 1 AD and will end c. 2150 AD.[b] With the story of the birth of Christ coinciding with this date, many Christian symbols for Christ use the astrological symbol for Pisces, the fishes. The figure Christ himself bears many of the temperaments and personality traits of a Pisces, and is thus considered an archetype of the Piscean. Moreover, the twelve apostles were called the "fishers of men," early Christians called themselves "little fishes," and a code word for Jesus was the Greek word for fish, "Ikhthus." With this, the start of the age, or the "Great Month of Pisces" is regarded as the beginning of the Christian religion. Saint Peter is recognized as the apostle of the Piscean sign.
In the artsEdit
Venus exalted in Pisces is representative of divine love in the first canto of Dante's Purgatorio. Pisces is the subject of Luca Della Robbia's 15th century Plate with the Month of February. They are also the subject of one of Elizabeth Barrett Browning's poetic works:
And here fantastic fishes duskly float,
Using the calm for waters, while their fires
Throb out quick rhythms along the shallow air.— Elizabeth Barrett Browning, A Drama of Exile
In popular cultureEdit
In the January 1970 edition of the Avengers (No. 72), the supervillain group Zodiac introduced the member "Pisces" whose abilities allowed him to live underwater, which included fins, scales, and gills.
In the 1979 sports fantasy film The Fish That Saved Pittsburgh, the fictitious basketball team the "Pittsburgh Pythons" turn to astrology after a continuous losing streak, and fill the roster with players born under the astrological sign of Pisces. They are reborn as the "Pittsburgh Pisces" and enter into a championship.
- The dates during which the sun is in Pisces, as with all the signs, is dependent on the leap year cycle; the dates February 19 to March 20 are given by Encyclopedia Britannica. Other sources give the beginning on February 20, and ending on March 21.
- There are some discrepancies in when the astrological ages begin and end. The variation in the "Age of Pisces" is said to be from 1 CE until 2150 CE, 498 CE to 2654 CE, and 100-90 BCE until 2680 CE according to the interpretations of Neil Mann, Heindel Rosicrucian, and Shephard Simpson, respectively.
- Astronomical Applications Department 2011.
- Oxford University Press.
- O'Shea, Ellsworth & Locke 1920, p. 4638.
- Atsma 2017.
- Nicholas Campion, (1988) The Book of World Horoscopes Aquarian Press, Wellingborough ISBN 0-85030-527-6
- Louis 1998, p. 169.
- Ridpath 2001, pp. 84–85.
- Star Tales.
- Allen 1899, p. 538.
- Leo 1899, p. 39.
- Roback 1854, p. 41.
- Hutton 1815, p. 368.
- Cross Smith 1828, p. 57.
- Mowat, Cooper & MacTavish 1903, p. 34.
- Guttman, Guttman & Johnson 1993, p. 359.
- Allen 1899, p. 338.
- Cainer 1999, p. 82.
- Battistini 2007, p. 62.
- Guttman, Guttman & Johnson 1993, p. 357.
- Allen 1899, p. 339.
- The Metropolitan 1834, p. 94.
- Bobrick 2006, p. 9.
- Bobrick 2006, p. 10.
- Spencer 2000, p. 116.
- Freke & Gandy 2001, Myth becomes History.
- Scott 1996.
- Freke & Gandy 2001, The New Age.
- Ankerberg 2011, 10.
- Guttman, Guttman & Johnson 1993, p. 360.
- Freke & Gandy 2001, The Greatest story ever told.
- The Open Court 1920, p. 300.
- Guttman, Guttman & Johnson 1993, p. 288.
- Bobrick 2006, p. 114.
- Battistini 2007, p. 63.
- Allen 1899, p. 336.
- Marvel Universe Appendix.
- The Fish That Saved Pittsburgh.
- Carey & Perry 2003, p. 308.
- Allen, Richard Hinckley (1899), Star-names and their meanings, G. E. Stechert, OCLC 1285139
- Ankerberg, John (2011), The Facts on Astrology, ISBN 9781937136154
- Astronomical Applications Department (2011). Multiyear Computer Interactive Almanac. 2.2.2. Washington DC: US Naval Observatory. Longitude of Sun, apparent geocentric ecliptic of date, interpolated to find time of crossing 0°, 30°....
- Atsma, Aaron (2017), "ICHTHYES (Ichthyes) - Fish of Aphrodite in Greek Mythology", Theoi.com, retrieved 8 October 2017
- Battistini, Matilde (2007), Astrology, Magic, and Alchemy in Art, Getty Publications, ISBN 9780892369072
- Bobrick, Benson (2006), The Fated Sky: Astrology in History, Simon & Schuster, ISBN 9780743268950
- Cainer, Jonathon (1999), The Complete Book of the Zodiac, Sterling Publishing Company, Inc., ISBN 9780806959221
- Carey, George W.; Perry, Inez Eudora (2003), Zodiac, Kessinger Publishing, ISBN 9780766138063
- Carus, Paul, ed. (1920), The Open Court, 34, The Open Court Pub. Co., OCLC 1761311
- Constellation of Pisces, International Astronomical Union, retrieved 4 December 2012
- Cross Smith, Robert (1828), A manual of astrology, or the book of the stars, OCLC 243960206
- "The Fish That Saved Pittsburgh", Plot Summary, Imdb, retrieved 1 January 2013
- Freke, Timothy; Gandy, Peter (2001), The Jesus Mysteries: Was the "Original Jesus" a Pagan God?, Random House Digital, Inc., ISBN 9780609807989
- Guttman, Ariel; Guttman, Gail; Johnson, Kenneth (1993), Mythic Astrology: Archetypal Powers in the Horoscope, Llewellyn Worldwide, ISBN 9780875422480
- Hutton, Charles (1815), A Philosophical and Mathematical Dictionary, OCLC 557643793
- Leo, Alan (1899), Astrology for all: to which is added a complete system of predictive astrology for advanced students, L.N. Fowler & Co, OCLC 796904382
- Louis, Anthony (1998), Horary Astrology Plain & Simple: Fast & Accurate Answers to Real World Questions, For Beginners Series, Llewellyn Worldwide, ISBN 9781567184013
- The Metropolitan, 10, James Cochrane, 1834, OCLC 58892017
- Mowat, J. Gordon; Cooper, John Alexander; MacTavish, Newton (1903), The Canadian Magazine of Politics, Science, Art and Literature, Ontario Publishing Company, Limited, OCLC 1553181
- O'Shea, Michael Vincent; Ellsworth, Decatur Foster; Locke, George Herbert (1920), The world book: organized knowledge in story and picture, 8, W.F. Quarrie & Co, OCLC 707067037
- Pisces, Marvel Universe Appendix, retrieved 22 January 2013
- Pisces, Britannica.com Inc., retrieved 13 December 2012
- Pisces, Oxford University Press, retrieved 13 December 2012
- Ridpath, Ian (2001), Stars and Planets Guide, Princeton University Press, ISBN 9780691089133
- Ridpath, Ian, "Pisces the fishes", Star Tales, retrieved 8 December 2012
- Roback, Charles W. (1854), The mysteries of astrology and the wonders of magic, OCLC 609243056
- Scott, John P. (1996), The Four Gospels, Health Research Books, ISBN 9780787307516
- Spencer, Neil (2000), True as the Stars Above, London: Victor Gollancz
- The dictionary definition of Pisces at Wiktionary
- Media related to Pisces at Wikimedia Commons
- Quotations related to Pisces at Wikiquote
- Pisces Zodiac Sign
- Warburg Institute Iconographic Database (over 300 medieval and early modern images of Pisces)
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Strong reasoning
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Religion
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Water clarity is a measure of how much light penetrates though the water column. Water clarity is dependent upon the amount of particles (e.g. suspended sediment and plankton) and colored organic matter present. Water clarity plays an important role in determining bay grasses and phytoplankton distribution and abundance.
Chesapeake Bay - Indicator Details:
Water clarity was measured at approximately 144 stations up to 14 times during the periods of interest (April to October in the tidal fresh, oligohaline and mesohaline regions, and March to November in the polyhaline regions). Secchi depth is the water depth (in meters) that you can just differentiate black and white quarters of a Secchi disc lowered into the water. The proportion of time that water clarity was below the threshold at each station was calculated and then interpolated to provide estimates between the stations.
This map shows average water clarity levels for Chesapeake Bay and the tributaries from March to September 2007. All Chesapeake Bay tributaries exhibited a gradient in water clarity, with lower water clarity (shallowest Secchi depth ? orange-pink shades) in the mid to upper reaches and clearer waters in the lower reaches (deeper Secchi depths ? shade of blue). The Bay's mainstem had a similar pattern, with lower water clarity in the Upper Bay and clearer water in the Mid and Lower Bay regions. Lower water clarity in the mid to upper reaches of the tributaries can, in part, be attributed to the mixing of fresh and saline waters leading to a phenomenon known as a turbidity maximum. While the bay wide patterns of water clarity in 2007 were similar to 2006, there are notable differences in many of the reporting regions. For example, the area of poor water clarity in the Lower Eastern Shore (Tangier) region was much larger in 2007 compared to 2006.
Water clarity was measured at approximately 144 stations up to 14 times during the periods of interest (April to October in the tidal fresh, oligohaline and mesohaline regions, and March to November in the polyhaline regions). Secchi depth is the water depth (in meters) that you can just differentiate black and white quarters of a Secchi disc lowered into the water. Average water clarity (Secchi depth) at each station was calculated and levels between stations were estimated using spatial interpolation software.
Comparison of Bay Health Index scores for 2007 () compared to ()
|0 20 40 60 80 100|
|Upper Eastern Shore|
|Upper Western Shore|
|Lower Western Shore (MD)|
|Lower Eastern Shore (Tangier)|
|Patapsco and Back Rivers|
This figure ranks each region from best to worst water clarity scores for 2007. Overall there was a slight improvement in water clarity in 2007, although this does not reverse the downward trajectory of the water clarity noted in many regions. The Choptank River and Upper Bay region had the highest water clarity score in 2007, while the Lower Eastern Shore, Elizabeth River, and the Patapsco and Back Rivers had the lowest (0).
This graph is dynamic, you can: a) show and hide items by clicking them in the legend, b) select year range (click and drag), and c) export as an image.
|Salinity Regime||Season||Relative Status Thresholds (m)*|
* Lacouture et al., Estuaries and Coasts (2006) & Buchanan et al., Estuaries (2005)
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en
| 0.93426 | 718 | 3.96875 | 4 | 2.706537 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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- 2 fathers and 2 sons ate 3 eggs for breakfast, each eating exactly one egg. How could that be?
- You have a fox, a chicken and a sack of grain. You must cross a river with only one of them at a time. If you leave the fox with the chicken he will eat it; if you leave the chicken with the grain he will eat it. How can you get all three across safely?
- You have 12 black socks and 12 white socks mixed up in a drawer. You’re up very early and it’s too dark to tell them apart. What’s the smallest number of socks you need to take out (blindly) to be sure of having a matching pair?
- I have a head and I have a tail. But I do not have a body. I am not a snake. Guess who am I?
- What does an island and the letter ‘T’ have in common?
- Which letter should replace the question mark in this series? J ? M A M J J A S O N D
- Which is greater- half of quarter or quarter of half?
- In the group of letters below, cross out six letters so that the remaining letters, without altering their order, will spell a familiar word. B S A I N X L E A T N T E A R S
- Can you divide a cake into 8 pieces with just three cuts only? (Hint: You need to think differently)
- You throw away the outside and cook the inside. Then you eat the outside and throw away the inside. What did you eat?
Still thinking the answers? Scroll down to know them all:
Ans 1.) There are three people –a grandfather, a father, and a grandson. Therefore, the father is both a son (of the grandfather) and a father (of the grandson).
Ans 2.) Take the chicken over first. Go back and bring the grain next, but instead of leaving the chicken with the grain, come back with the chicken. Leave the chicken on the first side and take the fox with you. Leave it on the other side with the grain. Finally, go back over & get the chicken and bring it over.
Ans 3.) 3 socks. If the first sock is black, the second one could be black, in which case you have a matching pair. If the second sock is white, the third sock will be both black and match the first sock, or white and match the second sock.
Ans 4.) I am a coin.
Ans 5.) They are both in the middle of wa’T’er.
Ans 6.) The letters are the first letter of each of the twelve months. Therefore, the question mark should be replaced by February, the second month.
Ans 7.) Both of them are equal. A 1/2 multiplied by 1/4 is 1/8. Similarly, 1/4 multiplied by 1/2 is 1/8.
Ans 8.) By crossing out ‘SIX LETTERS’ the word left is ‘BANANA’.
Ans 9.) Four parts in two cuts are easy. Now just cut the cake horizontally (split the bottom and top part). This way, you’ll get 8 pieces of the cake with just 3 cuts.
Ans 10.) An ear of corn.
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| 0.939201 | 711 | 3.078125 | 3 | 1.356887 | 1 |
Basic reasoning
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Education & Jobs
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A recent journalistic investigation shows how a small patch of water between Venezuela’s eastern coast and the shores of Trinidad and Tobago has become a dangerous haven for pirates and criminals smuggling contraband between the two nations, underscoring the consequences of Venezuela’s failure to control the country’s political and economic crisis.
Just 10 miles wide, the Gulf of Paria, which separates the Venezuelan mainland from the Caribbean nation of Trinidad and Tobago, is now infested with pirates and smugglers who deal in diapers, drugs, weapons, food, wild animals and people, Bloomberg reports.
The report examines how smugglers trade in everything from guns, vodka and gasoline. Despite Venezuela’s massive inflation, gasoline still costs around 40 cents per gallon — a fraction of the price at Trinidad’s pumps. In Venezuela, diapers and food are hoarded “like bars of gold,” Bloomberg reported.
SEE ALSO: Coverage of Contraband
Crippling food shortages have wracked Venezuela since the country’s massive inflation and ensuing street protests, and smugglers in the Gulf of Paria take advantage of the high demand. To cite just one example: A $5 bag of flour in Trinidad goes for $20 in Venezuela.
Smugglers also sell weapons — many of them provided by the Venezuelan armed forces — to gangs for tens of thousands of dollars, bribing members of Venezuela’s Bolivarian National Guard (Guardia Nacional Boliviariana — GNB) with US dollars and Huggies diapers to traffic guns onto Venezuelan shores, the report says.
Kidnapping is also rampant, and criminals reportedly hold local fishermen for ransom, including one man who was released for $46,000, according to Bloomberg.
Although Venezuelan and Trinidadian foreign ministries held bilateral negotiations in November 2017 to discuss normalizing the flow of goods and people between the Caribbean nation and Venezuela’s mainland, illicit markets have continued to thrive.
InSight Crime Analysis
The booming black markets in the Gulf of Paria are a result of Venezuela’s prolonged state of political and economic crisis, which has ravaged one of the biggest countries in South America for several years.
Criminality has skyrocketed in Venezuela as the Nicolás Maduro administration struggles to maintain power amid a spiraling economic and security situation as well as ramped-up international pressure. Now considered one of the most dangerous countries in the world, homicides and kidnapping have run rampant in the country, and Caracas is now considered the world’s deadliest city.
SEE ALSO: Venezuela News and Profile
Amid the chaos, new organized criminal groups have emerged in the country’s prisons, in the military and on the streets in the form of megabandas and “colectivos” — pro-government groups armed by the Maduro administration. Many colectivos have reportedly gone rogue.
Even the Maduro administration itself, and those closest to him, have been directly implicated in enabling and participating in criminal activities. Two of Maduro’s nephews, dubbed the “narco nephews,” were convicted in 2016 and later sentenced to 18 years behind bars for plotting to ship 800 kilograms of cocaine into the United States.
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CC-MAIN-2019-22
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https://www.insightcrime.org/news/brief/report-highlights-venezuela-crisis-fuels-piracy-contraband-caribbean/
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| 0.928266 | 665 | 2.609375 | 3 | 3.019434 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
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Crime & Law
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Displacement sensors can measure different types of mechanical movement such as linear, angular, and rotary. A Rotary Variable Differential Transformer or RVDT has the same underlying working principle as an LVDT with modified design to measure rotary movement. An RVDT also uses a non-contact technology to ensure a longer life cycle and reliable measurement which is repeatable even when subject to the harshest working conditions.
What is an RVDT?
An RVDT is an electromechanical transformer that produces a linear output proportional to the angular displacement of the object being measured. The object’s angular movement is detected by the sensor and changed into electrical signals. RVDTs and LVDTs have similar working principles, but an RVDT has a cam core instead of an iron core. The sensor’s core will turn around the two coils using the rod or shaft.
Construction and function of an RVDT
The device consists of two coils or windings and a magnetic cam core connected to the shaft. A standard RVDT has an input voltage range of 3V RMS within the frequency range of 400Hz to 20kHz. Depending on how the shaft moves, the sensor can produce three conditions:
- Core at a null position
- Core moves clockwise
- Core rotates counter clockwise
When the core is at zero or null position, the differential output of the sensor is also zero. With clockwise rotation, the output of the sensor is positive, while counter clockwise rotations will result in negative differential output.
How to choose the right RVDT
A rotary variable differential transformer has many significant advantages over other sensor technologies. In selecting an RVDT, the following characteristics need to be considered.
- The accuracy of an RVDT is not perfect which does not make it suitable for high-precision applications.
- Working environment. RVDTs are robust and reliable and can work well in harsh conditions. This is a significant advantage of RVDTs over other types of sensors.
- Auxiliary power source. An RVDT relies on an AC power source to produce an output. If the application does not have a power source, an RVDT is not a suitable option.
- Compatibility with digital output. Many applications today prefer sensors that are compatible with digital output. The manufacturer can fit an RVDT to have this capability.
Apart from these parameters, the following are the advantages of using an RVDT:
- High measurement consistency
- Longer lifecycle
- Highly repeatable measurements
- Compact and strong assembly
- Infinite resolution
- Excellent linearity
- Wide dimension range
- Simple electronic parts
An RVDT produces a linear output which could be a limiting factor for its application; otherwise, it is an excellent choice for most industrial applications.
Applications of RVDTs
RVDTs are applied in control systems across several industries. Some specific examples are:
- Automotive brakes with cable systems
- Fuel control for engines
- Hydraulics and fuel valves
- Environmental control systems
These are only a few of the most common uses of an RVDT, but the non-contact design of this sensor makes it a preferred technology for many other applications such as in the mining and manufacturing sectors.
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Moderate reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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Study these hamlet soliloquies and trick your english teacher into thinking you actually read and understood the play let's begin our look at famous hamlet soliloquies with this uplifting message from hamlet himself: act i this hamlet soliloquy uses the following literary elements. This article will show you the importance of soliloquy and how to use it a soliloquy is a kind monologue literary terms home (william shakespeare, hamlet) a soliloquy gives the audience an extended look at what the character is thinking and feeling. Hamlet soliloquy act 1, scene 2 the play opens with the two guards witnessing the ghost of the late king one night on the castle wall in elsinore the king at more about the sinister soliloquy: an indepth look at othello 2:1:308-314. Take a look at the parts of the soliloquy you have highlighted, and compare them with a classmate's markings what claim or argument about the value of life does hamlet make 3 what do you think about hamlet's claim thinking critically 1. Look again at the structure of hamlet's soliloquy take a look at the parts of the soliloquy you have highlighted, and compare them with a classmate's markings find a few examples that you both have highlighted, and mark the.
A summary of act ii, scene ii in william shakespeare's hamlet learn exactly what happened in this chapter, scene, or section of hamlet and what it means perfect for acing essays, tests, and quizzes, as well as for writing lesson plans. Read hamlet's oh, what a rogue and peasant slave am i soliloquy below with modern english translation & analysis. Claudius soliloquy hamlet extracts from this document the use of personal pronoun in this soliloquy also contrasts with hamlet's soliloquy whereby generalizing his ideas such as in the middle of his soliloquy where he suddenly says then i'll look up. Act 2 scene 2 hamlet soliloquy at the beginning of the soliloquy, hamlet expresses his amazement of how the actors in the play can create such real emotions towards hecuba, even though they don't really posses the true feelings new-look bar mitzvah. The following analysis reveals a comprehensive look at the storyform for hamlet hamlet's essential nature is revealed in his first soliloquy. English language arts, grade 12: hamlet 421 unit: hamlet anchor text film clips of hamlet's to be or not to be soliloquy from the more closely you look at a word the more distantly it looks back (karl krauss.
If we look at the main themes developed in act two, it is this dichotomy that we find throughout i think hamlet's soliloquy expresses something other than the prince's hesitation in front of suicide. Hamlet themes include the uncertainty of life and death, rotten leadership and the lack of absolute certainty let's take a quick look at the major themes of hamlet and discuss them. In his first soliloquy, hamlet bemoans the fact that he cannot commit suicide he wishes that his physical self might just cease to exist, melt, / thaw, and resolve itself into a dew. Text to text | soliloquies from 'hamlet' and 'les mis rables hamlet soliloquy act 3, scene 1 photo to be, or not to be: for an in-depth look at the novel's transformation to a broadway musical.
Start studying hamlet packet questions learn vocabulary, terms, and more he's going to put lines in the play that act out the death of king hamlet and look at claudius's reactions who will hamlet watch during hamlet's soliloquy, hamlet's mental health changes from rational to an.
1 hamlet's passionate first soliloquy provides a striking contrast to the controlled and artificial dialogue that he must exchange with claudius and his court. Hamlet's soliloquy: tis now the very witching time of night (32380-391) commentary hamlet's plan to catch the conscience of the king has been a success, and claudius has retired, distraught, to his chamber. Soliloquy 530-585 in hamlet's soliloquy in but during the night of the play the truth will be unveiled and hamlet will know for sure march 3, 2008 at 11 it is talking about his father and it seems as if his father is the one that is actually making hamlet look more. Hamlet enters and gives a soliloquy on his thoughts about himself committing suicide hamlet leaves, with horatio sent to look after him and the scene ends with claudius reminding laertes about their previous conversation regarding what to do about hamlet.
Hamlet loses his last soliloquy: how all look at various versions available ask yourself these questions is there a definitive text from which to produce a stage production or a film of 'hamlet' who put together the final folio. From time to time in the play, hamlet delivers a soliloquy, or a speech that the audience can hear, but the other characters cannot these speeches let us know what hamlet is thinking but not saying, and there are seven soliloquies in all. Hamlet's soliloquy as he observes the norwegian soldiers heading for poland represents hamlet's turning point: what is a man / if his chief good and market of his time / be but to sleep and feed. Significance of the soliloquies by hamlet in the play hamlet already the audience is excited at hamlet's promise because it is giving them something to look forward in his third soliloquy, hamlet admits to the audience that he is a coward so for. Free essay: hamlet's soliloquy the purpose of a soliloquy is to outline the thoughts and feelings of a certain character at a point in the play it reveals.
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Strong reasoning
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Literature
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Despite a large volume of evidence supporting its cardioprotective properties and its other numerous established health benefits, physical activity is not a serious prescription option for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. On the other hand, health services increasingly focus on pharmacological prevention without considering properly the long-term consequences of medication. Ethical and feasibility considerations suggest that evidence on the protective value of physical activity may need to be evaluated using criteria different from those applying to pharmacological trials. The collateral health benefits of physical activity prescription support its use as standard option in preventive health care.
- physical activity
- cardiovascular disease
This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 3.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/
Statistics from Altmetric.com
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the main cause of death in developed countries and in the UK alone claims over 200 000 lives per year. CVD is aetiologically complex and multifactorial. The majority of CVD risk factors are largely modifiable (eg, physical inactivity, smoking, poor diet, excessive alcohol consumption, stress), while others are less modifiable (eg, psychosocial factors) or unmodifiable (eg, genetic predispositions and age/sex). Complex and often poorly understood combinations of these risk factors result in disturbances to human physiology and biology, leading to the development of disease signs, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidaemia and atherosclerosis. The consequence of these disturbances is expression of fatal or non-fatal CVD.
Physical inactivity and low cardiorespiratory fitness, its direct consequence, have been shown to be some of the largest aetiological contributors (along with smoking and diet) with hundreds of studies showing strong independent links with increased incidence of CVD and overall mortality.1 This is not reflected by current medical practice. Instead, the biological surrogate outcomes of poor lifestyles and stressful environments (eg, hypertension, obesity and raised blood cholesterol), are given “causal” factor status. With the exception of smoking, the actual behavioural causes of CVD are often called “predisposing” risk factors “…whose influence on CVD is due entirely to intensification of the causal factors (e.g. blood pressure, cholesterol, glucose)”.2 Such logic has resulted in a disproportionate focus on pharmacology for CVD prevention, mainly lipid and blood pressure-lowering medications. For example, in the case of statins, the evidence supporting their prescription for primary CVD prevention is highly controversial.3 Nevertheless, prescribing pressure comes from government health policy and in countries such as the United Kingdom general practitioners are incentivised to meet their contracts by prescribing to reduce cholesterol and blood pressure. While physical activity counselling is not a serious option (if an option at all), it is alarming that there are calls to even medicate whole populations regardless of baseline biological risk level.4
But what are the reasons for the apparent neglect of physical activity? First, although physical activity increases even in later life have been shown to decrease mortality risk as much as smoking cessation,5 there is limited randomised control trial (RCT) evidence showing that improvements in physical activity will lead to reduced mortality. In medical evidence hierarchy, RCTs are the only design that can support direct causal inferences but it is neither feasible nor ethical to instruct the control group of such a trial to be inactive for long periods of time. Thus, we may never be able to have the level of medical evidence required to make physical activity the first preventive option.
Second, there is a widespread belief among clinicians that people cannot change physical activity habits6 but we are not aware of any country where a substantial investment has been made to research which interventions might work in a primary care setting. For example, in the UK National Health Service there have only been a handful of physical activity-promoting initiatives in the past decade, all of which were of small scale and with minimal financial commitment. This is not justified as there is evidence showing that even brief consultations (3–10 minutes) or simple pedometer-based programmes delivered through health professionals can lead to substantial increases in patients' activity levels (by ∼30%).7 Conversely, adherence to medication is very low as only one in six patients takes their medication as prescribed8 and approximately half of patients are sufficiently concordant in order to attain therapeutic objectives, yet medication is usually prescribed as a first option. The actual public health benefits of preventive CVD medication may be far lower than the, often questionable,3 RCT evidence upon which current practices are based. Worryingly, many general practitioners are not aware of the importance of physical activity9 and there are clear educational needs to be addressed. In addition, the average patient consultation lasts 9 minutes in the UK and the power to retain control over the consultation and prescribe a “pill for all ills” lies with the doctor. Unfortunately it is often far easier to issue a prescription to reduce blood pressure, cholesterol or body mass index targets than to fully address and follow up the multiple benefits and methods for improving a lifetime of risky lifestyle habits.
Third, the economies surrounding pharmaceutical companies have the power to fund and publicise research that supports the effectiveness of their products (and hence influence policy) and it is a well-known secret that pharmaceutical companies promote their agendas relentlessly by means of sponsorship and gifts among healthcare professionals (and hence influence practice).10 On the other hand, research on physical activity is sparingly funded.
Fourth, the frequently evidenced failure of the physical activity groups to meet the primary endpoint in trials reinforces views against physical activity.11 Again, it is unfair to judge a physical activity trial using the standard medical evidence criteria that invariably are concerned with dichotomous outcomes (success/failure). Because of the multiple benefits of increased physical activity and the different level of benefit any physical activity intervention can have, physical activity trials should be evaluated using multiple endpoints in a continuous fashion (very beneficial, beneficial, moderately beneficial, not beneficial, moderately harmful, etc). The dichotomous outcome research model is more appropriate for drug trials, with very limited or no collateral benefits and targeted action. All drugs have undesirable, known or unknown, side-effects that are often alleviated using other drugs that may in turn have more side-effects, making it nearly impossible to accurately track how medication affects quality of life in the long term. Side-effects are usually evaluated by indices of mortality and morbidity over a short period of time with little regard to how lifetime medication (like statins and β-blockers that are typically used for CVD prevention) may affect quality of life. On the other hand, the collateral benefits of regular physical activity are numerous and evidence suggesting new benefits is constantly emerging. Further, the degree of health benefits physical activity offers is likely to be greater than what the evidence suggests for reasons relating to how evidence has been produced: such evidence comes primarily from prospective studies with a single self-reported exposure assessment at baseline. True effect sizes are bound to be larger than what evidence suggest for at least two reasons: (a) the large measurement error associated with self-reporting weakens the strength of the associations between exposure and outcomes, and (b) unmeasured reductions in physical activity with age over the follow-up period that may subsequently dilute considerably effect sizes.
Finally, we speculate that relying merely on medication for CVD prevention may give a false sense of “I'm doing my bit for my health” and responsibility for health is transferred from the patient to the doctor via their concordance with medication. It has been shown that CVD-free individuals who are on CVD medication have lower adjusted odds to meeting the physical activity recommendations compared to those who are unmedicated.12
There is no doubt that CVD medication such as lipid lowering and blood pressure lowering can save lives but their establishment as a first-and-only primary preventive choice is scientifically unjustified and perhaps socially irresponsible. Developing and prescribing such drugs have taken large private and public investments and effort. It is high time the same investment is made in finding successful ways to facilitate and support active lifestyles for all. This not only will minimise the burden of cardiovascular and other chronic disease but it will also help people to live happier and fuller lives. As Hippocrates said, “if we could give every individual the right amount of nourishment and exercise, not too little and not too much, we would have found the safest way to health” and “walking is the man's best medicine”. Two thousand four hundred years later it is not too late to put these principles into practice.
ES is funded by the National Institute for Health Research.
Competing interests None.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
If you wish to reuse any or all of this article please use the link below which will take you to the Copyright Clearance Center’s RightsLink service. You will be able to get a quick price and instant permission to reuse the content in many different ways.
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Strong reasoning
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Health
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Testosterone is a sex hormone that plays an important role in the health of both men and women. It is produced by the gonads (by the Leydig cells in testes in men and by the ovaries in women). Testosterone is responsible for traits such as body hair, muscle mass, and strength. It is also important for adequate levels of red blood cells, memory, bone growth, sense of well-being and sexual function. Men with low levels of testosterone might notice a reduction in these traits, while too much testosterone in women can cause these traits to be more pronounced.
You may want to take a testosterone level test if you believe your testosterone levels aren’t within a normal range.
Low testosterone symptoms, like low energy and low sex drive, can be caused by lots of problems and conditions. New research suggests that one out of four men over 30 have low testosterone levels… Are you one of them?
How do I find out if I have a testosterone deficiency?
Our doctor will first conduct a physical examination to see if the volume of body hair and facial hair is less than normal or not, check the size of the breasts; Gynecomastia (commonly known as man boobs) is the development of breast tissue in males, with low levels of testosterone production, men may begin to develop breasts.
However, the only accurate way to detect whether your level is low is with a simple blood test. One blood sample is enough to establish circulating testosterone levels.
Inadequate production of testosterone is not a common cause of erectile dysfunction (ED). However, when ED does occur due to decreased testosterone production, testosterone replacement therapy may improve the problem.
What causes testosterone deficiency?
As a man ages, the amount of testosterone in his body gradually declines. This natural decline starts after age 30 and continues throughout life. Research from Harvard Medical School suggests men’s testosterone levels drop by around 1% each year from their 30s on but that doesn’t mean its impact on libido and physique is inevitable.
Other causes of lowered testosterone levels include:
- Injury, infection, or loss of the testicles
- Chemotherapy or radiation treatment for cancer
- Genetic abnormalities such as Klinefelter’s Syndrome (extra X chromosome)
- Hemochromatosis (too much iron in the body)
- Dysfunction of the pituitary gland (a gland in the brain that produces many important hormones)
- Inflammatory diseases such as sarcoidosis (a condition that causes inflammation of the lungs)
- Medications, especially hormones used to treat prostate cancer and corticosteroid drugs
- Chronic illness
- Chronic kidney failure
- Liver cirrhosis
- Chronic pain and use of narcotics for pain control
- HIV and AIDS
What are the symptoms of testosterone deficiency?
Without adequate testosterone a man may lose his sex drive, experience erectile dysfunction, feel depressed, have a decreased sense of well-being, and have difficulty concentrating.
What changes occur in the body due to testosterone deficiency?
- Decrease in muscle mass, with an increase in body fat and weight gain
- Changes in cholesterol levels.
- Decrease in hemoglobin and possibly mild anemia.
- Fragile bones (osteoporosis).
- Decrease in body hair.
- Changes in cholesterol levels and lipid levels
How is testosterone deficiency treated?
At Apex Medical Center, we offer several testosterone treatment options: integrated medications, anti-aging medicine, vitamins, supplements and hormone replacement therapy.
Methods of delivery include Intramuscular injections, testosterone patch, and testosterone gel. Depending in part on the age of the patient and the duration of deficiency, we determine the best option for our patients based on their lifestyles and preferences. Each of these options provide adequate levels of hormone replacement; however, they all have different advantages and disadvantages. Our doctor will discuss the most appropriate options with you, to determine which approach is right for you.
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Moderate reasoning
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Health
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‘My confidence in teaching science has grown; I no longer fear pushing the children, or worrying they will question my understanding.’
Kim Haynes, a teacher with 20 years primary school experience, was part of the pilot scheme that helped shape the launch of Empiribox. Here she explains the impact that Empiribox had on her and her classroom.
Empiribox is an innovative and inspiring new approach to teaching and learning science in primary schools, which has been launched in the UK. It provides teachers with access to all the equipment they need.
“Our initial reaction to the scheme was very positive. Dan (Sullivan, the creator of Empiribox) was very enthusiastic about his ambition to improve the quality of science in primary schools.
“Science is an exciting subject but is often taught by teachers with little science knowledge like myself. Science also requires a lot of equipment for all children to be involved in practical activities.
“The concept of supplying full lesson plans, all the equipment and training provided a fantastic opportunity we wanted to be part of. Dan also introduced some outstanding “wow” moments to excite the children and challenge their thinking.
“The training explained the scientific concepts behind each lesson and the material excited me and the other staff in the training session: we were ‘wowed’ and so couldn’t wait to see the children’s reactions.
“The children were interested in all the equipment that arrived. Safety glasses, risk assessments, and full lesson plans with explanations meant the lessons could happen with confidence. Enough equipment arrived for all children to work in pairs and not large groups.
“A good example was the number of foot pumps supplied for the bottle rockets. Usually we would have one or two, so children would have to stand around watching and waiting for their turn. Dan supplied 10, more than we could store in school for when the topic would be repeated.
“Girls and boys were fully engaged and our science lessons came alive.’
“We noticed the children’s scientific language improving, their independence in gathering and sorting equipment, their confidence in talking about the concepts they are learning; and they were eventually working at a much higher level of scientific understanding.
“Both girls and boys were fully engaged and our science lessons came alive. On visiting the local High School, the children felt confident and excited, both about their existing knowledge, and what they may learn in the future.
“During our time using the scheme we had lots of visitors looking to see how effective it was. The children seized these moments as opportunities to rise to the challenge, impress the adults with their understanding, wowing them with their use of equipment and language and understanding of concepts; about which sometimes the adults were unsure.
“At a practical level, the scheme offers all resources, planning and support needed to teach high quality science; the work has been done for us. My confidence in teaching science has grown; I no longer fear pushing the children, or worrying they will question my understanding.
“The scheme explains everything clearly and takes the adults’ understanding to another level. It also relit my passion for teaching the subject – new equipment, new concepts, new challenges, it was such a fantastic opportunity.
“But most importantly, watching the children taking ownership of their learning has given me some of those special moments, when all the hard work disappears and you’re left with ‘Yes, this is why I do this job’ moments.
“As for the future? I’d like to see it extended to Key Stage 1 and I hope many schools take the opportunity to use the scheme.”
Kim Haynes, who does not have a science background, has over 20 years of teaching experience and most recently was the science and maths co-ordinator at a primary school in Norfolk
“Watching the children taking ownership of their learning has given me some of those special moments, when all the hard work disappears and you’re left with ‘Yes, this is why I do this job’ moments.”
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Strong reasoning
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Education & Jobs
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After spending approximately one month in Independence, Missouri-the New Jerusalem-Joseph Smith and his traveling companions returned to Ohio in late August 1831. Smith- now approximately twenty-five years old-gave a glowing, detailed report to the Ohio Saints concerning the newly discovered land of Zion, and immediately moved to Hiram, Ohio, located approximately thirty miles south of Kirtland, where he began to work again on his new Bible revision and organize his revelations for publication.
The next four and a half years before the Kirtland temple was built-from late August 1831 to March 27, 1836-was a time of new doctrines, new revelations, and the beginning of the practice of polygamy.
Although Joseph Smith had begun his inspired revision of the Bible back in New York during the summer of 1830, it was during his first few years in Ohio that he zealously dedicated much of his time to it. Numerous Ohio revelations recorded in the Doctrine and Covenants are the direct result of Smith's revision of the Bible.
Throughout his life, Joseph Smith emphasized that many salvation truths were missing from the Bible, and that he was the chosen instrument of God to edit and add to its pages. Although Smith announced on July 2, 1833, that his Bible revision was completed, it would never be published in its entirety. Yet the influence of Joseph Smith's revision of the Bible was extremely significant in creating and shaping many of the official Mormon doctrines and practices used today. During this time, along with the revelatory establishment of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles and the Quorum of the Seventy, Joseph Smith received and recorded some of today's most controversial revelations, such as the Mormon belief in three heavenly kingdoms, the preexistence of humans, and the LDS priesthood.
In addition, since 1831, Joseph Smith had kept private his personal belief in polygamy. In 1833, however, he married his second wife, Fanny Alger, putting his faith into practice. From 1833 on, Mormonism's exclusivity from Christianity would harden through the practice of polygamy, especially by Mormon Church leaders.
The Doctrine and Covenants
Approximately three months following the organization of the first Mormon church in April 1830, Joseph Smith had already begun copying and arranging the revelations that he claimed to be receiving directly from God. Smith would often provide written copies of these revelations to leaders and missionaries. Now that William Phelps had opened a Mormon printing shop in Missouri, however, he desired to have his revelations printed and bound in book form.
On November 20, 1831, the Mormon leadership sent Oliver Cowdery and John Whitmer to Missouri with Smith's revelations, in order to have Phelps print three thousand copies of what was then called the Book of Commandments. The Book of Commandments consisted of 160 pages of Smith's revelations. After a major revision, these revelations were republished as the Book of Doctrine and Covenants on August 17, 1835.
Smith's Book of Abraham
An Italian explorer discovered several mummies and papyrus scrolls on the west bank of the Nile River near the ancient Egyptian city of Thebes. During their exhibition throughout the United States, these mummies and papyri were displayed in Kirtland, Ohio, in June 1835.
What is crucial in understanding the origin of Mormon Scriptures is the historical fact that Joseph Smith bought several of these papyri, and declared through revelation that they contained the ancient lost writings of biblical Abraham and Joseph. By the same so-called revelatory spirit and power of divine translation through which he had produced the Book of Mormon, Smith also claimed to have translated these papyri into what is known today as the book of Abraham. The book of Abraham has been officially included in the Mormon scriptural collection of the Pearl of Great Price.
Ohio's Temple and Apostasy Years (1836-1838)
The two years following the completion of the Kirtland temple- from March 1836 to early 1838-were the highest and lowest times for the Ohio Mormons.
The Mormons in Ohio labored for three years, from 1833 to 1836, building the first LDS temple, which cost approximately $50,000. On March 27, 1836-approximately six years after the organization of the first Mormon church in New York-the seven-hour dedication of the first Mormon temple was apparently filled with many supernatural signs and wonders, including speaking in tongues, prophesying, visions, seeing heavenly visitors such as the apostle Peter, and angelic choirs. It was the Mormon day of Pentecost:
A noise was heard like the sound of a rushing mighty wind which filled the temple and all the congregation simultaneously arose, being moved upon by an invisible power; many began to speak in tongues and prophesy; others saw glorious visions; and I beheld the temple filled with angels.
As we have seen, early Mormonism was founded on the reports of heavenly visitations, such as Father God, Jesus, Moroni, John the Baptist, and the apostles Peter, James, and John. Again on April 3, 1836, a week after the official dedication of the temple, Smith recorded that Jesus Christ, Moses, and Elijah had also visited him and Oliver Cowdery in the Kirtland temple to reaffirm their exclusive priesthood authority to administer the keys of the kingdom of God on earth. The appearance of Elijah is very significant to the Mormons in that it represented for them the fulfillment of receiving the promised keys of Elijah recorded in Doctrine and Covenants 2. It was during this special Elijah visitation that the authority to seal, bind, and loose was conferred on the Mormon leaders. The Elijah keys to bind and loose on earth and heaven relate directly to Latter-day Saints' perceived ability to provide salvation to the dead.
Following the first temple dedication, the Mormons faced major financial problems. In a state of desperation, Joseph Smith took a long trip to Salem, Massachusetts, on another treasure hunt in July 1836. Smith hoped to find treasure-a common pattern during his life-that was apparently hidden under a Salem house. In the end, no treasure was discovered, and he returned to Kirtland empty-handed. This is how the official LDS Doctrine and Covenants Student Manual explains Smith's Salem treasure hunt:
There came to Kirtland a brother by the name of Burgess who stated that he had knowledge of a large amount of money secreted in the cellar of a certain house in Salem, Massachusetts, which had belonged to a widow then deceased, and thought he was the only person who had knowledge of it, or of the location in the house. The brethren accepting representations of Burgess as true made the journey to Salem to secure, if possible, the treasure. Burgess met the brethren in Salem, but claimed that time had wrought such changes in the town that he could not for a certainty point out the house and soon left.
Needing money badly, Smith decided to start his own private bank on January 2, 1837, which he named the Kirtland Safety Society Anti-Banking Company. The collapse of Smith's private bank led to the downfall of Ohio Mormonism. In March 1838, a warrant was issued for Smith's arrest on bank fraud. Consequently, late one night, Joseph Smith, Sidney Rigdon, and other church leaders fled to Missouri.
What happened next in Ohio is often identified by Mormons as the "great apostasy." During these dark times of economic trouble and chaos in Ohio, many Mormons simply hit bottom physically and spiritually and made the rational decision to leave the Mormon Church. Between November 1837 and June 1838, several hundred people left Mormonism.
By July 1838, only a few years following the Pentecost dedication of the Kirtland temple, the Mormons who remained faithful to Joseph Smith totally abandoned Ohio for Missouri, the Mormons' holy land of Zion. By early 1838, the past Mormon glory of Kirtland, along with its temple, had all but disappeared.
It is interesting to note that between the dedication of the Kirtland temple on March 27, 1836, until Joseph Smith fled Kirtland in early 1838, only two brief Smith revelations were recorded. In fact, from the flight from Kirtland to his death on June 27, 1844, only approximately twenty new revelations were added to Mormonism's Doctrine and Covenants.
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Overlooking socioeconomic conditions and jumping to a psychiatric diagnosis can prevent us from addressing the real issues behind anxiety.
The list of practical and existential worries that keep mothers up at night runs long. They worry about their children getting hurt or killed in an accident. They worry that their children will not be happy and, on a lesser scale, that they will not be socially and academically successful. They worry, I'm sure, that they stay healthy, that they do the right thing as tricky situations arise, and their children be, overall, good people. They are often more worried about many of these things than their own children are.
For poor mothers, the usual worries are necessarily compounded by life's more immediate realities. Following the families of almost 5,000 children in the earliest years of their lives, the 2011 Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study identified poverty not by household income, but as a manifestation of telling life events. Those included telephone service being disconnected, not being able to pay full rent or mortgage, not being able to pay utility bills, accepting free food, or having to move in with other people due to financial reasons.
When poverty is looked at as a series of problems that must continuously be solved, the worry, one would presume, is continuous. It may very well be extreme, and disruptive. It might even go so far, the data suggests, as to be pathological.
Anxiety seen in poor mothers is caused by poverty itself, not mental illness.
"If you have a genuine problem that you can't solve, that's not actually an anxiety disorder," says Margaret Wehrenberg, Psy.D., author of three books on anxiety management.
And yet, when Fragile Families administered a standard diagnostic interview for Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), it found that the psychological condition was extremely common among the poorest mothers represented in its sample. This piqued the interest of Judith Baer, Ph.D., an Associate Professor of Social Work at Rutgers University. How was it, she asked, that the women having the most financial difficulty were the most likely to be diagnosed with GAD? She wondered: do these women truly have the disorder?
Baer took Fragile Families' data and subjected it to a secondary statistical analysis that looked specifically at the relationship between poverty and diagnosis. Her results indicated that mothers who received free food had a 2.5 times greater chance of being diagnosed as having the mental disorder. Odds were 2.44 times higher for mothers who had problems paying their utilities, and 1.9 who those who had, out of necessity, moved in with others.
She and her team of researchers concluded that the anxiety seen in poor mothers is caused by poverty itself, not mental illness.
GAD is defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (the soon-to-be updated DSM-IV-TR, last revised in 2000) as "excessive anxiety and worry (apprehensive expectation), occurring more days than not for at least 6 months, about a number of events or activities (such as work or school performance)." Diagnosis requires the presence of three or more symptoms from a list comprised of: restlessness, being easily fatigued, difficulty concentrating, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance.
As one public health outlet offering counsel to sufferers of GAD says it, "You may feel like your worries come from the outside -- from other people, events that stress you out, or difficult situations you're facing. But, in fact, worrying is self-generated. The trigger comes from the outside, but an internal running dialogue maintains the anxiety itself."
In a "radical conceptual shift" from the former DSM-III criteria, claims Baer's article, this definition failed to include "an evaluation of the social contextual environment in which symptoms occurred." This means that when the mothers surveyed by Fragile Families were diagnosed in accordance with the DSM standards, their social and economic backgrounds were not taken into account.
Others, Baer claims, have looked at the survey's results and responded that, well, of course these women are anxious. "That's the point," she said, "That psychiatry has gone so far... that they're confusing what's happening in every day life with mental disorder."
Baer works with her colleague Jerome Wakefield's definition of a mental disorder, which says that for something to qualify as pathological it must both be harmful to the person and be due to the failure of some internal mechanism in the mind -- in other words, a dysfunction.
"The 'dysfunction' requirement," he wrote in his seminal critique of the DSM-III, "is necessary to distinguish disorders from many other types of negative conditions that are part of normal functioning, such as ignorance, grief, and normal reactions to stressful environments."
"We have to be careful if we suggest to people, 'Oh you're disordered because you're feeling anxious,'" said Baer.
She gives the example of her own reaction to driving on the New Jersey Turnpike. The road is huge, busy, and crowded with 18-wheelers. She often becomes anxious. And because she is anxious, she drives more carefully than she otherwise might. Anxiety can go so far as to cause paralysis, and were it to prevent one from being able to do what it takes to get from point A to point B, that would make it a disorder.
But, insists Baer, "It's not as if these things are nefarious mechanisms that are in us." A normal amount of anxiety serves innate purposes in terms of our survival.
"Psychiatry has gone so far that they're confusing what's happening in every day life with mental disorder."
The claim that poor mothers are more likely to suffer from GAD, then, is in Baer's opinion the diagnostic equivalent of a therapist talking to someone behind the wheel and, ignoring the high speeds and the trucks blaring past. Then concluding that there's something wrong with them because they seem distressed. The danger of pathologization - calling something a disease when it may not be - is, in this case, that we end up mistakenly ignoring treatable context. With psychiatrists increasingly shifting away from talk therapy, that may mean an increase in prescriptions for poor women when what they really need is social support.
"A therapist would say that a real problem needs real help," says Wehrenberg. She suggests that a diagnosis can be a way of directing attention toward a patient that can lead to help through counseling and perhaps broader social services. But going about things in this way keeps the conversation in medicalized terms instead of focusing it on the social and economic roots of anxiety.
Baer also cautions that insurance coverage and rates often depend on a diagnosis. When people are incorrectly labeled as having a mental disorder, the data about legitimate "failures of an internal mechanism" becomes confounded.
When the fifth edition of psychiatry's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual is released next year, it plans to include a revised definition of generalized anxiety disorder that further broadens its parameters. Patients will only have to exhibit one of two symptoms -- restlessness or muscle tension -- for 3 months in order to be diagnosed as having an anxiety disorder. Baer believes that, like the controversial classification of bereavement as disorder, is going to contribute to more and more people receiving diagnoses.
"Just because somebody's feeling anxious doesn't mean they're mentally ill or something's inherently wrong with them."
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Leadership Development Blog
The Voice of The Salvation Army in Canada and BermudaView RSS Feed
Jun26FriLeadership means showing empathy. June 26, 2020 by Paul Carew and Captain Kathleen Ingram
From time to time, situations occur when being empathetic is the most important characteristic of a leader. The recent COVID-19 outbreak is just such a time. We are all called to be understanding of those we live with, not only in our local community but globally. In this instance, selfish actions will only result in the further spread of a virus that is having global impact. It is difficult to watch some individuals ignore social distancing requirements or buy out stock in our local grocery stores, while vulnerable members of our community are having difficulty acquiring the basic necessities. Where is the empathy in that?
- Filed Under:
The LEADS Leadership Capability Framework (visit salvationist.ca/leads) addresses “empathy” as a characteristic of leaders under the domain of DEVELOPING COALITIONS. All leaders must demonstrate empathy in working with others and developing purposeful partnerships. The DEVELOPING COALITIONS domain also examines how leaders demonstrate a commitment to clients and service; mobilize knowledge; and navigate socio-political environments. The ability to consider the needs of others has a great impact on the effectiveness of a leader in accomplishing these goals.
We recently shared a LEADS learning series with a group of Salvation Army leaders in the Ontario Central-East Division. One of the participants, Captain Kathleen Ingram, now corps officer at Kingston Citadel, was intrigued with one of our learning strategies called the “empathy toy.” In the following paragraphs, Captain Ingram describes how she was able to use this exercise to direct a group she was preparing to lead the following week.
While participating in the LEADS training sessions recently, we used the empathy toy to help create a cohesive team. Groups of three or four were asked to replicate a previously created wooden puzzle, despite being blindfolded and receiving only verbal assistance. The debriefing that followed was key, as participants were asked to consider not only their role, but the role of others, during the activity. The entire process was then repeated, with another debrief focusing on how participants changed their behaviour given their new learning.
Our group enjoyed the activity and I immediately began thinking about how I could use this tool in the emotional and spiritual care foundations course for emergency disaster services (EDS) training. After arranging to borrow the empathy toy, I created a script to adapt the material. It wasn’t difficult, considering empathy is one of the fundamental principles of emotional and spiritual care. I asked members of my staff to participate in a simulation and asked for their feedback on whether this activity helped them understand the need for empathy as a leadership characteristic.
The following week, I used the empathy toy during the EDS training, and it was well received. It helped the students engage in conversation around empathy, and their understanding of the role empathy plays in emotional and spiritual care became tangible.
Here are several other take-aways:
1. EDS, especially in the field of emotional and spiritual care, requires an extra dose of empathy when interacting with survivors of emergencies and disasters who are experiencing a great deal of stress.
2. EDS requires significant understanding of the role of others. It is helpful if you can empathize with other team members and volunteers.
3. EDS can be chaotic, and sometimes it feels as if you are indeed working blind.
4. EDS requires an incredible amount of teamwork.
5. EDS requires good communication— both giving and receiving instruction and details—while working in high stress environments.
As leaders, we must strive to be empathetic in all situations. Whether we are providing client service or trying to understand a particular problem, to lead effectively we must consider others and their circumstances. It’s a key part of being a Salvation Army that presents Christ’s message of love and hope for the world.
Paul Carew is the leadership development secretary. Captain Kathleen Ingram is the corps officer at Kingston Citadel in Ontario.
Photo: Radachynskyi/iStock via Getty Images Plus
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Friday, 8 February 2019
New University of Otago research is warning doctors to be wary of potential health risks for Māori and Pacific patients taking a common blood thinner.
The breakthrough study published in the Journal of Primary Health Care has revealed Māori and Pacific peoples are more likely to be affected by Dabigatran, which is used by 51 per cent of patients who take oral blood thinners and is used to prevent and treat blood clots.
Lead author Bryan Simpson, a PhD student with Otago’s School of Pharmacy, says the risk of haemorrhages is significantly higher among Māori and Pacific patients.
“This study provides real-world evidence that demographic factors, such as ethnicity, deprivation and age directly affect outcomes for people treated with dabigatran,” he says.
“Māori and Pacific Peoples are at a greater risk of harm with dabigatran etexilate, either having a bleed which can occur from having too much blood thinner, or a stroke from a blood clot.”
The study is the first of its kind to analyse the outcomes for all people taking the medication throughout the country. Dabigatran has been fully subsidised since July 2011, and this is the first study of its kind to study the outcomes of people taking the medication.
It analysed results from more than 52,000 patients who were given the blood thinner between July 2011 and December 2015.
While Māori and Pacific Peoples were more likely to experience greater risks of harm, there were also serious risks for those over 80 years of age, and those who lived in the most deprived populations.
The paper notes that nearly 75 per cent of Māori and Pacific patients sampled lived in the most deprived quintiles, compared to almost a third of New Zealand European patients.
“Doctors need to be aware that some patients are at greater risk of adverse events and may require additional monitoring.”
While some groups are more vulnerable to risks associated with dabigatran, Mr Simpson is calling on all patients to be vigilant.
“It is important to be remember all people prescribed with this medicine should have blood tests once a year, or more frequently in certain situations, to check the kidney function. The kidneys really need to be working well to process this medicine.”
This study is part of a larger programme of research focusing on dabigatran use within New Zealand with the aim to translate research into improved clinical practice and patient outcomes.
For more information, please contact:
School of Pharmacy
University of Otago
Communications Adviser (Māori)
University of Otago
Mob +64 21 279 9139
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In my previous ‘Brain Breaks’ post, I’ve talked about how much of a detrimental impact sitting for long periods can have – especially when learning. And we’ve also seen what a phenomenal contribution movement and the body has to the learning process. With a few simple activities, we saw how Brain Breaks can be an interesting and conclusively helpful method to re-introduce activity and movement in classrooms thereby helping students learn better, faster and also make teaching more effective and less tedious.
Actually, some might say that the term ‘Brain Break’ is a misnomer. Brain Break activities actually require using the brain a great deal! It’s just that they require intelligence of a different kind – Kinesthetic Intelligence!
Kinesthetic Intelligence is the body’s innate intelligence which it uses in order to move about in space efficiently and safely. Ever tripped on your own foot while walking? Ever walked into a door while entering a room? Ever got confused about how to climb stairs? No? Well you have to thank your body’s kinesthetic intelligence for that! Every moment, your brain is making vital decisions and controlling your movements so that you can move about in different environments safely. The more you move, and the more differently you move – the better your kinesthetic intelligence becomes. Athletes typically have very high kinesthetic intelligence – but anyone can easily train and hone it. As you can see – Bhains (Brawn) is just as important as Akal (Brains)!
With kids, developing kinesthetic intelligence is very important because their bodies, like their minds are ‘kaccha’ – that is – raw. Developing kinesthetic intelligence helps them make sense of the world around them – and that’s exactly what Brain Breaks do!
What brain breaks do for students
- Break monotony: Ever sat through a 3-hour seminar? Remember how bored and how tired you felt after it? This can happen, even if the seminar was on your favourite topic. The problem is, the human body (and brain) are not meant to be sitting for long periods. Your students could be going through the exact same thing in class. Not an ideal scenario to learn at all!
- Help Refocus: Distraction is good! Ample studies have shown that taking breaks even if it’s just a few minutes – helps the brain refocus.
- Promote Blood Circulation: Remember the brain uses 80% of the body’s glucose and there’s a whole artery exclusively devoted to supplying it with blood. Sitting for long period makes circulation sluggish – if it’s not flowing elsewhere, it’s not going to the brain either.
- Increase Attention: Excitement = Attention. Being in a state of excitement puts the body and brain on alert mode. Nothing causes more excitement to children than a physical challenge!
- Develop Kinesthetic Intelligence. As mentioned above – Brain Breaks are vital to developing the body’s natural intelligence
What Brain Breaks Do For You
As a teacher, the primary benefit you get from managing brain breaks in your class is the renewed enthusiasm and attention of your students. Contrary to popular opinion, children are not averse to learning. They are, in fact, extremely eager to learn. However, since children primarily learn through movement, they need to be taught in the same manner. Hence, these activities are immensely enjoyable for them. This creates a positive emotional response in them, which facilitates both – their grasping & learning as well as their connection with you. As every teacher knows, students learn best when they are better connected with you.
In the previous post, we focused on solo brain breaks – which we hope you tried with your class. If you’re teaching a slightly older class (5 years and up) and you’ve known them for a while, it’s definitely good to try some dual or partner-work brain breaks! These help students bond and connect with each other, and also help them develop social skills. It’s particularly beneficial for shy kids – giving them an opportunity to interact!
Mirror Drill / Echo
This activity requires each partner do be a ‘Leader’ and a ‘Follower’ in turn. Have partners face one another and hold up their right hand in front of their chest, palm facing the partner (A good time to explain ‘palm of the hand’ and ‘back of the hand’). The leader starts to move his hand (any way he likes but at a slow speed) and the follower has to mirror the movement. When you call out ‘Switch’, the leader switches his hand and the partner has to follow. After one session, leader and follower trade places. Ensure each session goes on for at least five minutes and hands are switched every minute.
Not all kids may be able to quickly think of and execute hand movements on-the-spot. This may cause some dullness or disinterest in this activity. To avoid this, in preparation of this activity, you can have the class do a variety of hand movements – up and down, in and out, flapping, flying, circling, waving. Ask children to come up with their own unique movements. This way, during the activity they have something to fall back on.
Shake It Up!
Ask your students to partner up and create a handshake that involves 8 counts. Each count must involve a different action. For instance, clapping, hi-fiving, tapping on the shoulder, spinning in place and so on. Actions can be as simple or as complicated as the partners want. To make things a bit more challenging, you can give students a time-limit. To give them an example, show them your own 8-count handshake. For inspiration, take a look at this video of how a teacher uses fun handshakes to motivate students to learn.
A unique handshake is almost a must in every friendship. You probably had a secret handshake or signal or even a code name for your group in school. They are not just cute or childish but also require quite some creativity. This type of Brain Break is easiest to execute since it does not require any preparation, only supervision. Most of the work is to be done by students in pairs and this gives them ample time to get as creative as they like.
Around the age of 5, children start developing their social personalities. They start interacting with their peers, make friends, form groups. This is also where they start navigating social situations and learning the rules of social conduct – a skill that proves extremely vital for thriving in the adult world. Partner brain breaks encourage interaction, communication and co-operation among students. While it may look like a simple activity, what partner brain breaks really teach is how to work with ANYONE to get a job done.
Do you think you’ll try these with your class? Let us know in the comments!
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The EPA will hold the train company accountable for the Ohio train disaster
The Norfolk Southern Railroad Commission’s open house meeting on toxic chemicals in the East Palestinine region canceled by a train wreck incident
The people of EAST PALESTINE have questions about whether they’re safe from the toxic chemicals that were spilled or burned off during the train wreck.
State officials told worried people that testing so far has shown the air and water are safe to breathe in, and that more testing would be done.
Representatives of Norfolk Southern planned to give information to residents about how they are responding to the chemical crisis at the meeting. But the company backed out, citing threats against its employees.
Norfolk Southern was not attending the open house because of a growing physical threat to its employees and members of the community, according to a statement.
Concerns over potential threats to pets and wild animals, odors, and potential impact on drinking water are some of the issues raised in Wednesday’s meeting.
Why are the people around East Palestine being hush-hush? A public awareness campaign to end the environmental harm caused by pollution on the East Palestine Railroad
“Why are they being hush-hush?” Kathy Dyke said of the railroad. They aren’t out here answering questions and they aren’t out here supporting. For three days we didn’t even know what was on the train.”
In and around East Palestine, near the Pennsylvania state line, residents said they wanted assistance navigating the financial help the railroad offered hundreds of families who evacuated, and they want to know whether it will be held responsible for what happened.
In a letter to the company, Yost said that the pollution caused environmental harm and created a nuisance around East Palestine.
Water from the municipal system, which comes from five deep wells, is safe to drink, state officials have consistently said. However, the state’s EPA encouraged residents who get water from private wells to get that water tested, the governor’s office said.
Despite the assurances, a chemical smell lingered days after the event and officials say thousands of fish were killed by water and air pollution.
Norfolk Southern announced Tuesday that it is creating a $1 million fund to help the community of some 4,700 people while continuing remediation work, including removing spilled contaminants from the ground and streams and monitoring air quality.
Alan Shaw, President and CEO of Norfolk Southern, said that they would be judged by their actions. We’re cleaning up the site in a way that’s responsible and we’re also helping the people of East Palestine recover and thrive.
The Norfolk Southern Railroad Disaster of February 3, 2003: EPA Administrator Michael S. Regan apologizes to Norfolk Southern for a train accident in Salem, Ohio
The EPA and the CDC say the vinylchloride gas that caught fire could end up being a chemical weapon used during the first world war. Maria Doa of the Environmental Defense Fund told CNN that vinylchloride is known to cause cancer, attacking theliver, and can also affect the brain.
The train passed through Salem, Ohio at around 8:11PM on February 3 and there were sparks from a wheel bearing overheating. A rail car is emitting bright light and sparks.
State and federal officials have repeatedly said air monitoring has not detected any remaining concerns despite the spread of misinformation on the internet. Ohio’s health director said Tuesday that even low levels of contaminants can create residual odors or headaches when they are not considered hazardous.
The head of the US Environmental Protection Agency traveled to East Palestine, Ohio, on Thursday and said the agency plans to hold the train company Norfolk Southern accountable for its role in the derailment of a train carrying hazardous chemicals earlier this month.
Speaking to CNN’s Jason Carroll Thursday morning, EPA Administrator Michael S. Regan said the agency has full authority to use its enforcement capabilities over the crisis.
“We issued a notice of accountability to the company, and they’ve signed that, indicating that they will be responsible for the cleanup,” Regan told CNN. “But as this investigation continues, and as new facts arise, let me just say, and be very clear, I will use the full enforcement authority of this agency, and so will the federal government, to be sure that this company is held accountable.”
Taming the Fate of East Palestine: State Remediation after the Derailment of a Heavy-Ion Train, and Ohio Gov. Mike DeWine
Hundreds of East Palestine residents attended a town hall Wednesday night to express their frustrations and mounting distrust. The operator of the train had agreed to be at the event, but withdrew due to safety concerns.
During the visit, Regan observed some of the ongoing remediation efforts following the hazardous train derailment. Regan noted that the federal arm is prepared to provide aid when needed, since the state EPA takes the primary responsibility.
We are testing the entire train for toxic chemicals that were on it. We have the capabilities to detect every single adverse impact that would result from that spill, and that’s what we’re doing,” he said.
Ohio Gov. Mike DeWine asked the CDC to immediately send doctors to East Palestine to evaluate and help members of the community with questions or health symptoms.
In anticipation of rainfall, emergency response teams have plans in place to prevent contaminants not yet removed from the derailment site from washing into local waterways during the storms, DeWine said in a statement.
The governor said that abutyl acrylate will be in Huntington, West Virginia, sometime tomorrow. The chemical is currently below what the CDC deems a hazardous level, he said. He noted that no vinyl chloride had been detected in the Ohio River and agencies would continue sampling river water out of caution.
DeWine said the Ohio Department of Agriculture continues to assure Ohioans that its food supply is safe and the risk to livestock remains low following the train derailment.
When Is The City Safe? Lenny Glavan, an East Palestine resident, told CNN: “I’m not going anywhere”
“Is it OK to still be here? Is my kids safe? The people are at risk. Is the community safe? East Palestine resident Lenny Glavan told reporters at the meeting. We are all aware of the severity of the question and what it means. Some people think they are downplaying; some people don’t think so – let’s find out.”
The decision to conduct detonations of some of the tanks carrying toxic chemicals which could kill at high levels and increase cancer risk prompted further questions about the safety of the area.
“I need help,” Conaway told reporters Wednesday night. “I have the village on my back, and I’ll do whatever it takes … to make this right. I’m not leaving and I’m not going anywhere.
The company said in a release that they were concerned about the physical threat to their employees and members of the community due to the increasing likelihood of outside parties.
Velez told CNN that the company’s absence from the meeting was “a slap in the face,” because he lives less than half a mile from where the train derailed.
Velez and his family are temporarily staying in rentals away from the town. He previously told CNN that when he visited the town Monday, a chemical odor left his eyes and throat burning, and gave him a nagging headache.
Some people wanted to go home, but they had to. He said that all the people who had to go home complained of smells, headaches, and sickness. “I have gone back a few times, and the smell does make you sick. It hurts your head.
The East Palestine Train Accident Survivor Jami Cozza: Why did the train derailing in Ohio last month happen to derrail and how does FEMA respond?
“I was extremely disappointed that they didn’t show up at the town hall meeting last night. The public has a right to be transparent, he said. “The public deserves to have the latest information. We have a duty as the federal government to hold this company accountable.
While her family has lived in East Palestine for many years near the contaminated creek, Jami Cozza is staying at a hotel due to the toxicity of the train wreck.
She explained that the train company told her it was a good idea to return home. She demanded that the company do soil and water tests and only after did the toxicologist deem her house unsafe.
Cozza said that had he not thrown a fit, he might have been sitting in that house right now.
In the wake of a train carrying hazardous materials derailing in Ohio, the federal government has put in place experts to help assess the risk, while the governor requested more federal support.
“This request for medical experts includes, but is not limited to, physicians and behavioral health specialists,” DeWine wrote in a letter to the CDC. “Some community members have already seen physicians in the area but remain concerned about their condition and possible health effects – both short- and long-term.”
The Biden administration approved the request and began deploying teams from both federal agencies in part for public health testing and assessments, White House press secretary Karine Jean-Pierre said Thursday.
That is in addition to aid the Federal Emergency Management Agency is providing, according to Jean-Pierre, who noted Thursday that the train derailment situation is “much more expansive” than what FEMA can offer.
Some residents along the Ohio-Pennsylvania state line have become concerned about the safety of living in some areas, which has given the federal support boost a boost.
Investigating the Ohio Railroad Collision at East Palestine: A Clean and Clean Environment Assessment of the Van Buren County Area after the Norfolk Southern Railroad Derailed Thursday
An evacuation order that was in place for areas near the crash site was lifted February 8 after officials said air and water sample results led them to deem the area safe, officials said.
Some residents in the area said the chemical smell left them with headaches and throat pains. Officials believe that thousands of fish were killed due to polluted water.
On Thursday, the head of the federal Environmental Agency Administration visited East Palestine and made it a point to assure residents that the agency has their backs.
Norfolk Southern signed a accountability document acknowledging they will be responsible for the clean up.
There was no evidence that the Van Buren Charter Township area was exposed to hazardous materials after the Norfolk Southern train derailed Thursday morning.
Around 30 rail cars were derailed when the first responders arrived. Van Buren Township public safety said that one of the overturned rail cars was filled with agricultural grain.
The head of the National Transportation Safety Board said in a thread that investigators are working hard to determine the cause of the Ohio train crash.
The board chairwoman wrote that she is committed to sharing all information publicly as soon as possible. Once decontaminated, the tank cars will be thoroughly examined by the investigators. As always, we’ll issue urgent safety recommendations as needed.”
The agency Homendy works for is the one responsible for investigating aviation, railways, and other transportation crashes.
When EPA discovered it, residents were warned against releasing the poisons that had been released,” East Palestine Mayor Trent Conaway told a community meeting
The train was carrying a range of toxic materials, the EPA has said.
During an intense community town hall meeting Wednesday in a high school gym, East Palestine Mayor Trent Conaway addressed the February 6 controlled detonations, saying the only option was to release the chemicals manually or risk greater danger to residents.
“Yes, harmful chemicals went into the air. I am sorry, but that was the only other choice we had. They were going to blow up if we didn’t do that, and we were going to have shrapnel all over the town.
Expenses related to residents evacuating during the incident, which include the costs of hotels stays, food and more, will be reimbursed by the company.
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Strong reasoning
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Transportation
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A set of stamps commemorating the world’s endangered species was issued last month by the United Nations Postal Administration (UNPA).
Issued on March 2, a day before World Wildlife Day, it was the 25th set issued by the UNPA to highlight the need for the protection of endangered species throughout the world. The set was issued in panes of 16 stamps, each of which feature four se-tenant designs. There is also a separate pane for each United Nations post office, including New York, Geneva and Vienna.
Since 1993, the series has featured plants and animals from the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), an agreement between governments to safeguard trade in specimens of wild animals and plants. About 5,800 species of animals and 30,000 species of plants are protected by the agreement.
The four $1.15 stamps issued for use at the United Nations’ New York City post office feature:
- a goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis), a perennial herb native to southeastern Canada and the eastern U.S.;
- a red-crested turaco (Tauraco erythrolophus), a frugivorous bird endemic to Southern Africa;
- a Luristan newt (Neurergus kaiseri), a salamander from Iran; and
- an Andean hairy armadillo (Chaetophractus nationi), which is endemic to Bolivia and northern Chile.
The four 1.50-franc stamps issued for use at the post office at Geneva’s Palais des Nations feature:
- a saiga antelope (Saiga tatarica), from central Asia;
- a sesame flower (Uncarina grandidieri), from Madagascar;
- a Cuban land snail (Polymita picta); and
- a silky shark (Carcharhinus falciformis).
Lastly, the 0.80-euro stamps issued for use at the post office at the Vienna International Center feature:
- a hoodia succulent (Hoodia pilifera);
- a Malagasy painted mantella (Mantella madagascariensis), which is endemic to Madagascar;
- an Assam roofed turtle (Pangshura sylhetensis), which is found in India and Bangladesh; and
- a zebra seahorse (Hippocampus zebra), which is found near Australia.
The stamps were designed by Rorie Katz using illustrations by Rhonda Nass, of the U.S., Bridgid Edwards, of the U.K., and Juan Munos, of Spain.
Each stamp measures 39.2 millimetres by 28.6 millimetres.
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Moderate reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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Still life (cellular automaton)
In Conway's Game of Life and other cellular automata, a still life is a pattern that does not change from one generation to the next. A still life can be thought of as an oscillator with unit period.
A pseudo still life consists of two or more adjacent islands (connected components) which can be partitioned (either individually or as sets) into non-interacting subparts, which are also still lifes. This compares with a strict still life, which may not be partitioned in this way. A strict still life may have only a single island, or it may have multiple islands that depend on one another for stability, and thus cannot be decomposed. The distinction between the two is not always obvious, as a strict still life may have multiple connected components all of which are needed for its stability. However, it is possible to determine whether a still life pattern is a strict still life or a pseudo still life in polynomial time by searching for cycles in an associated skew-symmetric graph.
There are many naturally occurring still lifes in Conway's Game of Life. A random initial pattern will leave behind a great deal of debris, containing small oscillators and a large variety of still lifes.
The most common still life (i.e. that most likely to be generated from a random initial state) is the block. A pair of blocks placed side-by-side (or bi-block) is the simplest pseudo still life. Blocks are used as components in many complex devices, an example being the Gosper glider gun.
The second most common still life is the hive (or beehive). Hives are frequently created in (non-interacting) sets of four, in a formation known as a honey farm.
The third most common still life is the loaf. Loaves are often found together in a pairing known as a bi-loaf. Bi-loaves themselves are often created in a further (non-interacting) pairing known as a bakery. Two bakeries can extremely rarely form next to each other, forming a set of four loaves known as a tetraloaf alongside two more bi-loafs.
A tub consists of four live cells placed in a diamond shape around a central dead cell. Placing an extra live cell diagonally to the central cell gives another still life, known as a boat. Placing a further live cell on the opposite side gives yet another still life, known as a ship. A tub, a boat or a ship can be extended by adding a pair of live cells, to give a barge, a long-boat or a long-ship respectively. This extension can be repeated indefinitely, to give arbitrarily large structures.
A pair of boats can be combined to give another still life known as the boat tie (a pun on bow tie, which it superficially resembles). Similarly, a pair of ships can be combined into a ship tie.
Still lifes can be used to modify or destroy other objects. A still life is called an eater when it can be used to absorb some other pattern (often a glider, spaceship, or the debris from a more complicated reaction) and returns to its original state after the collision. Many examples exist, with the most notable being the fish-hook (Also known as eater 1), which is capable of absorbing several types of spaceship. A similar device is the reflector, which alters the direction of an incoming spaceship. Oscillators with similar properties may also be called eaters or reflectors, but are more difficult to apply as they must be synchronized to the pattern they modify. Still life eaters and reflectors, on the other hand, work correctly regardless of the timing of the pattern they modify, as long as successive reactions occur with enough separation in time to allow the eater or reflector to recover its original shape.
|Live cells||Number of still lifes||Examples|
|6||5||Barge, Carrier, Hive, Ship, Snake|
|7||4||Fish-hook, Loaf, Long boat, Python|
|8||9||Canoe, Mango, Long barge, Pond|
The problem of fitting an n×n region with a maximally dense still life has attracted attention as a test case for constraint programming. In the limit of an infinitely large grid, no more than half of the cells in the plane can be live. For finite square grids, greater densities can be achieved. For instance, the maximum density still life within an 8×8 square is a regular grid of nine blocks, with density 36/64 = 0.5625. Optimal solutions are known for squares of all sizes. Yorke-Smith provides a listing of known finite maximum-density patterns.
- "Still Life - from Eric Weisstein's Treasure Trove of Life C.A." Retrieved 2009-01-24.
- Cook, Matthew (2003). "Still life theory". New Constructions in Cellular Automata. Santa Fe Institute Studies in the Sciences of Complexity, Oxford University Press. pp. 93–118.
- Achim Flammenkamp. "Top 100 of Game-of-Life Ash Objects". Retrieved 2008-11-05.
- Number of stable n-celled patterns ("still lifes") in Conway's game of Life (sequence A019473 in the OEIS).
- Bosch, R. A. (1999). "Integer programming and Conway's game of Life". SIAM Review. 41 (3): 594–604. Bibcode:1999SIAMR..41..594B. doi:10.1137/S0036144598338252..
- Bosch, R. A. (2000). "Maximum density stable patterns in variants of Conway's game of Life". Operations Research Letters. 27 (1): 7–11. doi:10.1016/S0167-6377(00)00016-X..
- Smith, Barbara M. (2002). "A dual graph translation of a problem in 'Life'". Principles and Practice of Constraint Programming - CP 2002. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. 2470. Springer-Verlag. pp. 89–94. doi:10.1007/3-540-46135-3_27..
- Bosch, Robert; Trick, Michael (2004). "Constraint programming and hybrid formulations for three Life designs". Annals of Operations Research. 130 (1–4): 41–56. doi:10.1023/B:ANOR.0000032569.86938.2f..
- Cheng, Kenil C. K.; Yap, Roland H. C. (2006). "Applying ad-hoc global constraints with the case constraint to still-life". Constraints. 11 (2–3): 91–114. doi:10.1007/s10601-006-8058-9..
- Elkies, Noam D. (1998). "The still life density problem and its generalizations". Voronoi's Impact on Modern Science, Book I. Proc. Inst. Math. Nat. Acad. Sci. Ukraine, vol. 21. pp. 228–253. arXiv:math.CO/9905194.
- Chu, Geoffrey; Stuckey, Peter J. (2012-06-01). "A complete solution to the Maximum Density Still Life Problem". Artificial Intelligence. 184–185: 1–16. doi:10.1016/j.artint.2012.02.001.
- Neil Yorke-Smith. "Maximum Density Still Life". Artificial Intelligence Center. SRI International.
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Strong reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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Why is it Important to Read and Tell Stories? (Part 3)
As a primary teacher and mother of 4, Rachel offers some advice on how to support your child's reading
My Family Care asks Rachel Vecht: In the high tech world we live in, why is storytelling and reading important for all ages? And how do we get more families away from the TV, computer and hand held devices?
Reading is a subject I am passionate about: I worked as a full time primary school teacher, am a mother of 4 children and have spent the last 11 years delivering 'Educating Matters' seminars to thousands of working parents on the subject of how they can support their children's reading.
In all my experience and research, one very powerful thing I read always sticks out in my mind. A study back in 2002 covering 31 countries concluded that 'Being more enthusiastic about reading and a frequent reader was more of an advantage, on its own, than having well-educated parents in good jobs.' Children from deprived backgrounds performed better in tests if they enjoyed reading, than those from more affluent families.
Parents are a child's first and most important teacher and play a vital role in motivating their child and trying to instil a love of reading.
75% of brain development occurs in the first two years of life and reading aloud to children from birth has enormous benefit. It introduces babies to the structure and rhythm of language, forming the building blocks for reading and writing. This early experience will shape their future social, communication and learning skills. As they move to the toddler years and beyond, reading helps to develop their vocabulary, listening skills, concentration, stimulates their imagination, exposes them to new situations and supports their emotional development.
From around the age of 7 upwards, reading is the key to gaining knowledge and enables children to access all areas of the school curriculum. It plays a vital role in children's social and intellectual development, teaching compassion, sensitivity and how to make judgements.
How do we encourage a child to read for pleasure?
Most young children enjoy being read aloud to by an adult and the majority will learn to read independently at primary school. Although many children can read they are not all 'readers'. There are hundreds of other things they would rather be doing, usually involving some form of technology.
Here are a number of key tips to establish the habit of reading and encourage your child to read for pleasure:
- The absolute key is finding 'The Right Book'. Every time your child experiences reading something boring, too challenging or too easy they will be put off. I have witnessed children's attitude to reading simply transformed by the experience of reading one book they really enjoy. They need that feeling of not being able to put a book down and once they have found one, they may get into a whole series or genre and then the habit of reading becomes established. Finding that right book takes time. It may involve going to a specialist bookshop, speaking to the class teacher or your child's peers, reading online reviews etc.
- Reading does not always have to involve a book: it should be an integral part of everyday life. It may be newspapers, magazines, comics, magic tricks, instructions to a game, road signs, TV guide or the back of a cereal packet. Just ensure that they have access to a full range of genres and if possible equal amounts of fiction and non- fiction.
- Parents act as a role model for their children. Make sure they see you reading regularly, particularly relevant for fathers and sons. Make a 'family reading time' at the weekend where everyone sits together and reads their own thing.
- Read aloud to your children even if they are confident, independent readers. Nearly everyone enjoys being read to from babies through to the elderly. With older children it gives you an opportunity to discuss what they are reading and ensure that their comprehension is solid.
- Make time for reading. Don't overload your children with too many activities. By the time they have been to after school clubs, had dinner, a bath, music practice, completed their homework, a bit of down time etc etc they fall into bed exhausted and have very little time to read. 10 minutes a night doesn't really allow you to 'get into' a book. Longer periods of uninterrupted time such as weekends or school holidays are a more productive time for reading. One trick is to say lights out unless you are reading!
Rachel Vecht, Education Specialist, Educating Matters
Receive our Work+Family Update for HR and diversity:
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Moderate reasoning
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Education & Jobs
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In broad terms, childhood trauma refers to adverse childhood experiences that affect one’s lifetime. More specifically, the National Institute of Mental Health defines childhood trauma as “The experience of an event by a child that is emotionally painful or distressful, which often results in lasting mental and physical effects.”
Every adult in the world has had their own fair share of childhood experiences but not all adults suffer from childhood trauma.
While some have been able to move past their experiences to create strong personalities with good character and integrity, others have allowed their childhood trauma to define their personalities, turning cold on the inside.
But what exactly causes childhood trauma and how can we nip it in the bud beforehand?
For what it’s worth, there are 10 childhood traumas and they include physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, physical neglect, emotional neglect, mental illness, divorce, substance abuse, violence against your mother, and having a relative who has been sent to jail or prison.
People who lived through these traumas are likely to struggle as adults. Adverse childhood experiences, more commonly referred to as ACEs, cause childhood trauma.
These negative experiences shape your relationships and perspective on life. They affect how you interact with others. This is partly because they remain unresolved leading to a barrage of problems like anxiety, depression, and heart issues.
How can we nip these issues in the bud?
1) Process your thoughts- It’s easy to just sweep childhood trauma under the rug and say, “Oh I’m good!” But truth is, unresolved trauma will always resurface. You need to heal from within by first processing what happened.
2) Understand that it wasn’t your fault- Maybe you did something that made you the recipient of some form of verbal, physical or emotional abuse. But as a child, you didn’t know any better. How were you supposed to know right from wrong. You were too young! Don’t beat yourself up for it! It was never your fault. You had no control over the other person’s actions, they had control over their actions.
3) Heal and deal- Healing has a lot to do with how you feel inside. Now that you know you’re not the cause, start by forgiving yourself for all the guilt you’ve felt. Go on to reassure yourself of how worthy you are. You are not a mistake. You were created with purpose. Deal with those unresolved emotions. Cry if you have to. But know that what is gone is gone, you only have control over the years ahead.
4) Take charge of your life again- Maybe you had surrendered your life to the approval of others. You allowed people to walk all over you because you thought you weren’t worthy. Those days of self-sabotage are over. Take charge of your life and move in the direction of your dreams.
5) Do what you love- Maybe childhood trauma made you lose your love for drawing, painting, singing and writing. It’s time to feel those emotions again. Ignite your passion by focusing on what you love and what makes you happy. You will be glad you did!
6) Be kind to yourself- You may have spent years putting the needs of others before your own. Now is the time to indulge yourself. Be kind to yourself. Give yourself treats every now and then. You are worthy. You deserve it. But do it within reason so you don’t complicate an already complicated situation.
7) Do something purposeful- Is it sharing your problems with others to inspire them to deal with their own? Or volunteering at a shelter to help people with mental health issues? Convert your pain to purpose! Take the energy spent in suffering and recycle it to empower others. Write, teach and share your story with people who may be tempted to make the same mistakes as you. Remember the past is gone, but you can create a meaningful future by contributing to the well being of others.
8) Therapy- I cannot overemphasize the importance of therapy in dealing with childhood trauma. If you want professional advice with practical solutions, talking to a trauma therapist will help you navigate through the dark parts of your childhood and proffer solutions for a healthier future.
You don’t need to be a rebel or people pleaser. You just have to know how to express yourself without acting out or seeking approval.
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Health
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The Effects of Elections on Mental HealthAlyssa
Elections can be nerve-wracking, especially amidst the things our nation is currently undergoing — the COVID pandemic, climate change, social and economic instability, and many other stressors. It’s understandable why a person would be struggling with mental health problems during these times. The time before and after elections can be worrisome. You may be worried about the results and how they may affect the state of the nation. It’s important, both before and after the elections, to get help if your mental health has been negatively affected.
At our Palm Beach rehab center, we offer several programs designed to treat various forms of mental illness and substance abuse. Addiction and mental illness often go hand in hand, and we encourage you or someone you know to seek proper mental health treatment to avoid turning to other dangerous coping methods.
How Mental Health is Affected During Elections
The connection between elections and mental health is a growing topic as the nation waits on the final results. Factors including social disparities, climate change, the coronavirus pandemic, and the state of the economy have contributed to the anxiety and stress of voting and elections. You may not realize how much your mental health has been affected by elections. The effects of elections on mental health stem from things you’re doing and political issues you’re worried about. Factors like social media, news, and conversations with others about the elections can take a toll on your mental health. Maintaining a healthy balance between staying involved and taking a break can free you from feeling overwhelmed.
Tips for Managing Your Mental Health Before and After Elections
There are ways to stay informed and share your opinion without endangering your mental state. Here are some ways you can avoid the unsightly effects of elections on mental health.
Limit Your Social Media Time
It’s easy to become overwhelmed when you’re constantly finding new things on social media that may ignite arguments or debates. Although social media is a great platform to use for staying updated, it’s important to take a break. Limit yourself to a certain amount of time per day that you’ll spend on social media. Don’t neglect your mental health or other responsibilities by scrolling through Instagram or Facebook for hours. This is also a great way to avoid participating in any online arguments that may be stressful.
Many people may not realize they’re addicted to social media and the internet until it begins to take over their lives. That’s why we offer an internet addiction treatment where our patients learn to overcome their dependency on the internet and change their lives for the better.
Limit Your News Time
Yes, it’s important to stay informed by watching the news, but it’s also the source of much anxiety. Although news channels are excellent platforms for keeping up with the latest changes, they are also meant to arouse an emotional response from its viewers. Whether these emotions are positive or negative, limiting how much time you’re watching the news can prevent you from becoming anxious about elections and other events that are taking place.
Remember Everyone is Different
It’s no surprise that people become so emotionally invested in elections that they begin to argue with each other. It’s important to keep in mind that certain debate points may affect some people more deeply than others. If a specific issue affects you more, it could also affect your mental health. Remember this when discussing political issues with others so you can avoid mental health problems and potentially affecting someone else’s mental health in the process.
Create a Self-Care Routine
Creating a self-care routine is a great way to avoid developing mental illness. Self-care refers to doing positive things that help you relax and let go of any negative emotions or stress. You can take a walk, paint, draw, read, have a spa day, get your nails done, go swimming, essentially anything positive and relaxing.
If you are struggling with mental health problems during elections, the best thing you can do is get treatment. Mental illness affects the individual as well as their loved ones. Mental health problems can cause people to act out in ways they normally wouldn’t.
At Behavioral Health of the Palm Beaches, we know that presidential elections and mental health are a dangerous duo. With treatments like our anxiety management treatment, people can learn about the roots of their mental illness and gain the tools they need to recover.
If you’re struggling with your mental health, do not wait to get help. Call us now at 561-220-3981 to find out how we can help you recover.
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Content on this page was developed during the 2009-2010 H1N1 pandemic and has not been updated.
- The H1N1 virus that caused that pandemic is now a regular human flu virus and continues to circulate seasonally worldwide.
- The English language content on this website is being archived for historic and reference purposes only.
- For current, updated information on seasonal flu, including information about H1N1, see the CDC Seasonal Flu website.
CDC Health Alert Network (HAN) Info Service Message: NEW and UPDATED Interim CDC Guidance Documents on H1N1 Flu
Distributed via Health Alert Network
May 6, 2009, 14:30 EDT (2:30 PM EDT)
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention continues its response to the novel H1N1 Flu outbreak. As of May 6, 642 human infections with novel H1N1 flu have been confirmed in 41 states in the United States. As testing continues in many other states, more cases and more states are expected to be added. There have been two confirmed deaths in the US associated with the H1N1 virus to date.
CDC's goals continue to be to reduce transmission and illness severity and provide information to assist health care providers, public health officials and the public. To this end, CDC continues to develop and update interim guidance documents.
- Flyer: Clean Hands Save Lives: This is a one-page flyer discussing and illustrating proper hand washing practice and proper use of alcohol-based sanitizers.
There are no new recommendations in this document. It is a general educational piece regarding how, when, and why to maintain good hand hygiene.
- Interim transcript and audio file for May 1 Maternal and Child Health Issues Clinician Outreach and Communication Activity conference call
This is an audio recording and 36-page transcript of the May 1 conference call.
Recommendations are as of May 1 and may be superseded by more recent information posted online. Topics discussed include recommendations for pregnant women, recommendations regarding children with special health care needs, considerations for breast feeding mothers and infants and what is known about infant feeding decisions relating to treatment and prophylaxis (including discussion of control of transmission from infected mother/nursing mother to newborn child), childcare institution issues, and discussion of use of rapid influenza testing.
- What Adults with HIV Infection Should Know About the Novel H1N1 Flu (formerly called swine flu): This document summarizes recommendations for protective behavior relative to Novel H1N1 influenza virus for individuals with HIV infection.
Recommendations include: symptom recognition, treatment recommendations, self-protective recommendations, recommended adherence to currently taken medications prescribed for HIV infection, chemoprophylaxis advice for HIV+ close contacts of individuals with H1N1 infection, and notation that HIV+ individuals do not appear to be at elevated risk of H1N1 infection although they may be susceptible to greater complications if infected.
- Press Briefing Transcripts: CDC Briefing on Public Health Investigation of Human Cases of H1N1 Flu (Swine Flu): This document is the transcript and audio file of the May 5 press briefing by DHHS Secretary Kathleen Sebelius and Acting CDC Director Dr. Richard Besser.
Recommendations include change in school dismissal guidance (see "Update on School (K – 12) and Childcare Facilities: Interim CDC Guidance in Response to Human Infections with the Novel Influenza A (H1N1) Virus," below), advice to parents regarding not sending sick children to school, reiterated advice for adults and children on personal protective behaviors (e.g., hand washing, staying home from work if sick).
- What to Do If You Get Flu-Like Symptoms: This document summarizes symptoms and recommended preventive behaviors for the general public. Recommendations include: contact avoidance, treatment options for the seriously ill, and how to recognize symptoms.
- Update on School (K – 12) and Childcare Facilities: Interim CDC Guidance in Response to Human Infections with the Novel Influenza A (H1N1) Virus: This document provides updated interim guidance for schools and childcare facilities regarding the prevention of the spread of novel influenza A (H1N1) virus.
Recommendations include: to reduce spread of influenza in schools, focus on early identification of ill students and staff, staying home when ill, and good cough and hand hygiene etiquette. Decisions about school closure should be at the discretion of local authorities based on local considerations, including public concern and the impact of school absenteeism and staffing shortages.
- H1N1 Flu (Swine Flu) and You: This document has changed to reflect the new name for the illness.
- Audio Public Service Announcements (PSAs) for Novel H1N1 Flu: These PSAs have been updated to reflect the new name for the illness.
- Interim Guidance for Clinicians on Identifying and Caring for Patients with Swine-origin Influenza A (H1N1) Virus Infection: This document has changed as more ill persons have been identified and more epidemiologic and clinical information has been gathered. CDC recommends that testing be prioritized for those with severe respiratory illness and those at highest risk of complications from influenza, as reflected in this document.
Additional documents for health care providers, public health officials and the public are available. Information for the public is posted daily in both English and Spanish. Also, CDC’s toll-free hotline, 800-CDC-INFO (800-232-4636) TTY: (888) 232-6348, is available 24 hours a day, every day.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) protects people’s health and safety by preventing and controlling diseases and injuries; enhances health decisions by providing credible information on critical health issues; and promotes healthy living through strong partnerships with local, national and international organizations.
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES
This Message was distributed to State and Local Health Officers, Public Information Officers, Laboratory Directors, Weapons of Mass Destruction Coordinators, Epidemiologists and HAN Coordinators as well as Association and Clinician organizations
The HAN Info Service is utilized by the CDC's Health Alert Network to distribute general correspondence from CDC which is not necessarily considered to be of an emergent nature.
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Health
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Fifty two many years in the past, American Physicist Thomas Kuhn arrived up with an example of just about the most controversial theories in relation to the philosophy behind the scientific breakthroughs together with the seriously material belonging to the composition of scientific revolutions through the ages. These hints were being produced by Kuhn in his well known book “The Composition of Scientific Revolutions” and it absolutely was in this particular book that the generally abused expression “Paradigm Shift” was to begin with second hand. Inspite of the controversial character in the guide, it turned one in all probably the most influential guides in the twentieth century printed from the Chicago College push. His book spawned a complete new genre of scientific assumed. This is the reason his tips had been so influential mainly because despite the fact that loads of haven’t read his unique guide or works but his coined phrases specifically Paradigm Shift have thrived in frequent tradition and turns up a minimum of eighteen,three hundred textbooks on Amazon.com. The guide can be certainly one of essentially the most commonly cited guides of all time. (Naughton 2012)
What was in his Principle and how it impacted the scientific wondering?
What adjusted the modern http://www.gurudissertation.net/ scientific wondering was the fact that he single handedly gave an from the box explanation of changing scientific developments greater than the centuries which ended up tricky to understand in accordance with their heritage. By way of example the traditional Greek experts and philosophers agreed to the Earth currently being spherical but they believed that the Earth was the center for the universe and then the universe revolved all around Earth. In the same way abiogenesis which is taken into account an absolutely absurd notion these days was thought by a large amount of for the significant gents of science like Copernicus, Galileo, Aristotle and several people as a result of the general acceptance amongst the scientific community. So dependant on these illustrations Kuhn arrived with the conclusion that the latest thinking about the future scientific development is predicated on our understanding of how it ought to create which stands out as the way we’ve been viewing properly now. Or to paraphrase, the science of these days is inside the precise route as a result of general approval belonging to the local community and we could search just the progress that cement the results for the old researches only. So he put forward in his theory that rather then the scientific procedure really being an exponential and steadily rising entity, it really is choice and disjunctive sometimes and dependant upon the “Paradigm Shifts”. He considered that these paradigm shifts are actually the nice functions of Science which have specified substitute routes with the scientific advancement and imparted groundbreaking modifications to as how we grasp the universe. These paradigms are just about everywhere for us to check out. Like Copernicus’ guide De Revolutionibus, Newton’s Principia Mathematica and Einstein’s principle of Relativity. Only a few from the performs were being correct paradigms for the reason that they ended up “sufficiently unprecedented to catch the attention of a permanent team of adherents away from competing modes of scientific activity”. These performs were the basis of latest eras of development and until such time as a new paradigm is located, the science progresses within a typical curve. But if the new paradigm is discovered, a sudden shift is noticed and the further more course follows this paradigm. He also prompt the scientific discoveries or paradigms which can modify just how of science are really challenging to imagine seeing that the general expectation the scientific growth obscures our vision.
Do I concur with Kuhn’s Idea?
I concur with the majority of the points of your Kuhn’s principle. I think that scientific development at so many levels is upset by these paradigm shifts and there are already several horizons of further growth viewed once these paradigms happen to have been unveiled. Persons believe that on the outdated paradigms rigorously and squander their instances wanting to show it when the truth is there may be desire for your new one particular like with the situation of Ptolemy’s astronomical sights and compounded circles which were alternated simply to “fit the model”. But I do disagree with just one level that inside the typical science, the theory IS questioned. It is usually questioned and tried using to show on scientific principles even so it does undoubtedly require a genius brain to return up with the actual paradigm change.
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| 0.962294 | 918 | 2.671875 | 3 | 2.877516 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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Cornell researchers have created a solar wildlife tag, an innovation that solves key challenges in bird-tracking devices: how to make them lightweight and long-lasting.
Batteries that power wildlife trackers make them too heavy for small bird species and limit the lifespan of such devices. By going solar and using efficient chips that coordinate processes to transmit a signal, the new tags weigh less than a gram.
“We got rid of the battery entirely,” said David Winkler, professor of ecology and evolutionary biology, who led the development of the solar tags through a bioengineering development group on campus called TABER (Technology for Animal Biology and Environmental Research). “These are the first really small, totally solar-powered wildlife tags.”
Michael Lanzone, CEO of Cellular Tracking Technologies (CTT), signed a licensing agreement with the Center for Technology Licensing at Cornell University last summer and is now commercially producing the trackers, called Life Tags. A patent is also in the works.
Using 3-D printed harnesses developed by TABER and CTT, Life Tags can be permanently attached to birds without discomfort or hindrance, allowing researchers to track small birds over the course of their lifetimes. Ornithologists may now gather invaluable data on migration routes and dispersal, the movement from a young bird’s natal site to where it first breeds. The data promise to reveal valuable information about dispersal patterns, a life event that is poorly understood even though it affects every aspect of a species’ population biology, Winkler said.
One challenge of the small solar tags is they lack the power to connect with a satellite, which limits their range to just a mile or two. “That places the burden on you to get a receiver near your bird, by putting receiver stations in places where you think the birds will collect, a roost site or a migratory concentration point,” Winkler said.
To address this issue, Winkler and Lanzone and colleagues are testing a concept of using larger birds to track smaller birds, the first trial of which they are calling “VultureNet.” Turkey vultures with a battery-run receiver tuned to the frequency of the Life Tags will share air space and migration routes with smaller birds, such as tree swallows or sanderlings, that ornithologists want to study.
When the bigger bird flies within a mile of a swallow fitted with a Life Tag, it will transmit the tags ID along with GPS location and time to a satellite or cellular tower, enabling researchers to collect data remotely. “We want to do this in habitats around the world,” Winkler said.
Winkler and Lanzone are already planning an AlbatrossNet, to distribute receivers in the open ocean. Among other projects, they are also working with a colleague in Canada to design a tag and harness for eared grebes, an aquatic diving bird, and with colleagues in Monterey Bay, California, to design a Life Tag for sea otters.
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| 0.933129 | 622 | 3.359375 | 3 | 3.000357 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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The success of your business depends mainly on the real GDP (gross domestic product). At the most basic level, it is a monetary measure that represents economic production and growth. When a country's real GDP is stable or increasing, companies can afford to hire more people and pay higher wages. As a result, spending power goes up as well.
Real GDP is one of the most important topics in macroeconomics. Its role is to measure the average level of national income adjusted for inflation. Even a slight decrease in GDP can impact customer purchasing power and spending patterns, which in turn affect your business.
A country's real GDP can drop as a result of shifts in demand, increasing interest rates, government spending reductions and other factors. As a business owner, it's important to know how this number fluctuates over time so you can adjust your sales strategies accordingly.
Changes in Customer Spending
Any reduction in customer spending will cause a decrease in GDP. Customers spend more or less depending on their disposable income, inflation, tax rate and the level of household debt.
Wage growth, for example, encourages more expensive purchases, leading to an increase in real GDP. If inflation increases, customers can no longer afford to buy their favorite products at a reasonable price, so they reduce their expenses. These shifts in demand will negatively impact the real GDP.
Rising Interest Rates
When interest rates go up, so does the cost of borrowing money. As a result, disposable income decreases, which limits customer spending. These factors cause a reduction in GDP, affecting economic growth.
Companies that sell high-end goods, such as automobiles, are particularly vulnerable to rising interest rates. Since most customers need to borrow money to purchase these products, they will either postpone their plans or choose cheaper models.
Government Spending Reduction
Governments spend money on a variety of goods and services, such as buildings for schools and hospitals, housing programs, public safety, social protection and more. Additionally, governments pay public employees and independent contractors who work on various projects. One impact of government spending reduction is a decrease in GDP.
For instance, if the government decides to cut wages and reduce social benefits, public employees will earn less. Furthermore, individuals who receive social benefits can no longer afford to buy certain goods. As a business owner, you may lose customers and revenue. These factors affect a country's real GDP and the overall economy.
Economic activity depends on environmental factors, such as weather and climate. For example, customers will spend less and save money during extended periods of cold weather. Furthermore, fast rises in the prices of oil and other commodities affect their spending habits. Any changes in the availability of natural resources will impact the economy and hence, the real GDP.
Rising unemployment rates, inflation, trade balance changes and falling real wages play a role, too. Each of these factors can negatively affect the real GDP, leading to a loss of revenue for businesses.
Andra Picincu is a digital marketing consultant with over 10 years of experience. She works closely with small businesses and large organizations alike to help them grow and increase brand awareness. She holds a BA in Marketing and International Business and a BA in Psychology. Over the past decade, she has turned her passion for marketing and writing into a successful business with an international audience. Current and former clients include The HOTH, Bisnode Sverige, Nutracelle, CLICK - The Coffee Lover's Protein Drink, InstaCuppa, Marketgoo, GoHarvey, Internet Brands, and more. In her daily life, Ms. Picincu provides digital marketing consulting and copywriting services. Her goal is to help businesses understand and reach their target audience in new, creative ways.
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en
| 0.940268 | 752 | 3.3125 | 3 | 2.789847 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
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Finance & Business
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$3.7M to fund research partnerships and leading-edge facilities
Damage from the massive 1998 ice storm that affected Ontario and Quebec. McMaster's Altaf Arain is leading a project titled Quantifying the response of Canadian forests to climate change, extreme weather events and management activities.
Nineteen researchers from five faculties are leading projects and research programs awarded funding boosts from the CFI’s John R. Evans Leaders Fund and NSERC’s Strategic Project Grants (SPG).
One of the NSERC-funded grants – led by Altaf Arain, director of the McMaster Centre for Climate Change – is particularly timely, given the latest wallop of weather and the resulting severe damage to tree canopies across the country.
Arain is leading a project with collaborators from local, provincial and federal conservation services, the University of Toronto and McMaster colleagues Joe Boyce and Paulin Coulibaly on a project titled Quantifying the response of Canadian forests to climate change, extreme weather events and management activities.
“Forest ecosystems cover about 40 per cent of Canada’s surface area and represent an important sector of our economy,” says Arain, a professor in the School of Geography and Earth Sciences, “It’s more than just wood and lumber – forests have a big impact on our water resources and our environment. This research will improve our understanding of forest carbon and water cycles, sensitivity to climate change, and extreme weather events that can range from drought, to freezing and thaw in one year alone.”
Arain will use the $535,457 grant to add more graduate and undergraduate students to the research team that operates the Turkey Point Flux Station, which he describes as “our backyard lab”, located in the Long Point region.
Four conifer and deciduous forest stands, ranging in age from 11, 39, 74 and 80 years, provide the continuous data for the models that will ultimately provide better prediction for future climate changes. By testing and developing these next-generation climate models, Arain’s research team can help private sector and conservation authorities better manage Canada’s forests, and assist government agencies with climate change mitigation and adaptation policies.
The goal of NSERC’s Strategic Project Grants is to increase research and training in targeted areas that could strongly enhance Canada’s economy, society and/or environment within the next 10 years. Todd Hoare associate professor, chemical engineering, and Igor Zhitomirsky, professor, materials science and engineering, were also awarded grants from the program.
Sixteen researchers also received $2.72M in infrastructure funding January 8 from the CFI for state-of-the-art equipment to either upgrade or augment their current facilities, or to create new labs on campus.
The John R. Evans Leaders Fund (JELF) – formerly the Leaders Opportunity Fund – offers universities the opportunity to acquire infrastructure for their leading research faculty to undertake cutting-edge research.
John R. Evans was the founding dean of McMaster’s Faculty of Health Sciences (1965-1972) and the CFI’s first Board Chair.
Mo Elbestawi, vice-president, research and international affairs, welcomed this latest investment from CFI and NSERC.
“The 19 investigators awarded funding reflect the depth and breadth of McMaster’s strength in developing novel technologies, mining big data and ensuring our country’s health and welfare,” said Elbestawi. “Whether it’s new lab equipment that will help develop the next knowledge breakthrough, students trained in the latest research techniques or key technologies that will be transferred to industry to strengthen our economy, this federal investment in our University helps us retain today’s best research talent and train tomorrow’s researchers and highly qualified personnel.”
Researchers awarded infrastructure funding from the CFI’s JELF program:
Kjetil Ask Assistant Professor, Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, has been awarded $199,204 for Immunohistochemical profiling of the unfolded protein response in chronic respiratory diseases.
Emily Cranston, assistant professor, department of chemical engineering will be receiving $140,000 for Atomic Force Microscopy for Force Measurements, Adhesion Studies, Nanotribology and Mechanical Testing of Cellulose Nanomaterials
Marie Elliot, Canada Research Chair in Microbial Genomics and assistant professor, biology, will receive $60,000 for her project Control of chromosome dynamics and genome integrity
Elkafi Hassini, associate professor, operations management, $173,563 for Infrastructure for Advanced Business Analytics: Creating and Analysing Big Data for Canadian Distribution Channels
Rafael Kleiman, professor, engineering physics, has been awarded $399,940 for Time and Frequency Domain Hyperspectral Imaging for Photovoltaic Applications
Dimitrios Konstantinidis, assistant professor, civil engineering, $100,000 for Multi-Axis Dynamic Simulator for Testing Operational and Functional Components and Advanced Seismic Isolation Devices
Mark Larché, Canada Research Chair in Allergy & Immune Tolerance and professor in the department of medicine has been awarded $80,000 for Infrastructure to Support the Development of Peptide Vaccines for Peanut Allergy, Rheumatoid Arthritis and Transplant Rejection
Grant McClelland, associate professor, biology, $270,001 for A Facility for Multi-stressor Biology on Aquatic Organisms
Joe McDermid, professor, mechanical engineering, has been awarded $110,000 for a Galvanizing Simulator Upgrade for NSERC-USSC IRC
Cheryl Quenneville, assistant professor in the department of mechanical engineering, has been awarded $80,000 for Infrastructure to establish an injury biomechanics laboratory for experimental and numerical investigations
Eduard Reinhardt, professor, school of geography and earth sciences, will receive $326,053 for an ITRAX core scanner for geoarchaeological and paleoenvironmental studies
Petra Rethman, professor, anthropology, has been awarded $108,735 for a Sensory Ethnography Research Laboratory
Gregory Steinberg, Canada Research Chair in Metabolism, Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes, associate professor, medicine, and co-director of the Metabolism And Childhood (MAC) Obesity Research Program has been awarded $60,000 for Infrastructure to support obesity and metabolism research
Eva Szabo, Canada Research Chair in Metabolism in Human Stem Cells and Cancer Development, and a scientist in the Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, $240,000 for Infrastructure for modeling human adipose tissue development in the context of metabolic disorders
Ray Truant, professor, biochemistry and biomedical sciences, has been awarded $300,000 for a High Content Analysis Nanoscope to Study Neurodegeneration and Discover New Compounds for Neurodegenerative Disease
Rong Zheng, associate professor, computing and software, will be receiving $79,918 for her project Software-Defined Radio Enabled Wireless Surveillance and Security
Total funding award from the CFI’s John Evans Leadership Fund is $2,727,414
The three NSERC Strategic Project Grants are:
Altaf Arain, $535,457 for Quantifying the response of Canadian forests to climate change, extreme weather events and management activities. Contributing partners: Natural Resources Canada – Canadian Forest Services; Environment Canada – Climate Research Branch; Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources; Ingegneria Dei Sistemi, North America Ltd.; Long Point Region Conservation Authority and St. Williams Conservation Reserve Community Council
Todd Hoare , $310,000 for Accelerated development of smart biomaterials for stem cell therapy and production. Contributing partner: Prosensus Inc.
Igor Zhitomirsky, $208,500 for Advanced flame retardant materials and fabrication methods. Contributing partner: Advanced Ceramics Corporation.
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en
| 0.905899 | 1,635 | 2.578125 | 3 | 2.874411 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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|Regions with significant populations|
|Arauca, Boyacá, Casanare, Santander and Northern Santander|
|Uw Cuwa, Spanish|
|Related ethnic groups|
The U'wa people are an indigenous people living in the cloud forests of northeastern Colombia. Historically, the U'wa numbered as many as 20,000, scattered over a homeland that extended across the Venezuela-Colombia border. Some 7-8,000 U'wa are alive today.
The U'wa are known to neighboring indigenous peoples as "the thinking people" or "the people who speak well". They were formerly called Tunebo, but today prefer to be known as U'wa, meaning "people".
Struggle to prevent oil drilling
They gained international visibility in a 14-year-long struggle to prevent oil drilling on their land, which secured the withdrawal of Royal Dutch Shell and Occidental Petroleum (Oxy), and continues as Ecopetrol and Repsol YPF seek to drill on their land. Their representative to the outside world in this struggle, Berito Kuwaru'wa, won the Goldman Environmental Prize in 1998. The conflict came to a head as Oxy prepared to drill at the Gibraltar 1 test site. The U'wa, who had previously threatened to commit mass suicide if the oil extraction project went forward, constructed a small village on the site of the drillsite. They also set up numerous roadblocks and a coordinated (together with neighboring campesinos and the Guahibo people) a regional social strike that paralyzed the surrounding area. Although the Colombian military dislodged the protesters from the site, no commercially viable deposits were found. The U'wa are now in a new dispute with Ecopetrol, which is seeking to prospect for oil on their lands.
The U'wa ancestral homeland, known as Kajka-Ika or Kera Chikara, lies in the Sierra Nevada del Cocuy Mountains and covers more than 3 million acres (12,000 km²). The area includes the headwaters of the Orinoco River. Historically, substantial portions of their homeland have been protected from any human access.
The U'wa have been engaged in a major project of land recovery, expanding their recognized territory from 247,700 to 543,000 acre (1000 to 2200 km²) Unified Reserve (Resguardo Unido) in 1999.The U'wa live near the amazon river which flows through all of South America.
Their religious tradition includes an obligation to gather in the summer months and "sing the world into being" as well as to maintain equilibrium between the layers of the world: earth, water, oil, mountains, and sky. Their identification of petroleum, which they call Ruiria, with the blood of Mother Earth, stiffened their resolve in their conflict with oil corporations in the 1990s.
The U'wa consider non-U'wa to be impure, and place high importance on purification rituals, which makes interaction with outsiders difficult.
The U'wa organize their political life in a collection of institutions known to the outside world as the U'wa Traditional Authorities. This body is made up of Werjayás (wise elders) and Karekas (medicine people) from each of the U'wa clans. The system of Cabildos mandated by the Colombian state includes and upper and lower council or Cabildo Mayor and Cabildo Menor, as well as the positions of President, Vice President, Secretary, Treasurer, Public Prosecutor and Speaker. Berito KuwarU'wa has served as president in recent years.
The U'wa have affiliated with the Guahibo people in the Association of Cabildos and Traditional Indigenous Authorities of the Department of Arauca (ASCATIDAR), officially founded in June 2003 to promote the local autonomy of the department's Indian peoples. The Association's president is Dario Tulivila, a Guahibo leader.
The U'wa were grouped into eight clans from time immemorial to the 20th century. Three clans survived their dramatic population loss in the last hundred years and structure their communal life today: Kubaruwa (Cobaria), Tagrinuwa (Tegria) and Kaibaká (Bokota), each of which includes multiple communities. The U'wa population includes some 822 families.
- Goldman Environmental Prize (South & Central America 1998): "Berito Kuwaru'wa" (Retrieved on January 6, 2008)
- Ángela Uribe, Petróleo, economía y cultura: El caso U'wa, Bogotá: Universidad del Rosario / Siglo del Hombre Editores, 2005.
- Vidal, John (October 12, 1997). "A tribe's suicide pact". Manchester Guardian Weekly. p. 8.
- UNESCO Centre of Catalonia, U'wa Dossier.
- Rainforest Action Network background
- (Spanish) Luis Angel Arango Library; Mythology and structure among the U'wa
- U'wa Dossier
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CC-MAIN-2015-48
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%27wa_people
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en
| 0.934144 | 1,053 | 3.1875 | 3 | 2.839117 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
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History
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April 1965 | Volume 16, Issue 3
The furnaces were cooled, and Carnegie’s great steel plant stood empty—but dawn would bring one of the bloodiest labor-management struggles in U.S. history
By 1892 Andrew Carnegie, so-called “angel of the workingman,” once a penniless lad from Scotland, had established himself as steel master of the world and majority shareholder in the all-powerful Carnegie Steel Company, focussed in western Pennsylvania. Of all the iron, steel, and coke works contained within his peerless semimonopolistic empire, none compared in magnitude and output with the unit at Homestead.
By 1892 Andrew Carnegie, so-called “angel of the workingman,” once a penniless lad from Scotland, had established himself as steel master of the world and majority shareholder in the all-powerful Carnegie Steel Company, focussed in western Pennsylvania. Of all the iron, steel, and coke works contained within his peerless semimonopolistic empire, none compared in magnitude and output with the unit at Homestead.
That grim borough lay near Pittsburgh on the south bank of the Monongahela River. Together, Homestead and the adjacent town of Munhall had a population of 12,000, and practically every able-bodied man and boy was employed by the mill. The unalleviated peril and harshness of their working conditions are hard to believe by modern standards. In and near Pittsburgh during 1891 alone, about three hundred men were killed and over two thousand injured while “working aside of hell ahead of time,” as one employee put it. Except for a few isolated acts of feeble generosity, the Carnegie company offered no financial compensation to the mutilated men or their survivors. On the other hand, wages were adequate and the men and their families by and large were satisfied with their way of life. The great majority worked twelve hours daily, seven days a week. Only Christmas and the Fourth of July were holidays.
Semiretired, Carnegie spent half of each year in Europe and left affairs to his lieutenant, Henry Clay Frick. A multimillionaire in his own right, general manager of the company and its second largest shareholder, this withdrawn, gelid individual detested the concept of labor organization and was determined to break the union’s grip on Homestead. Of necessity this narrative must deal with superlatives; thus it should be noted that the American Federation of Labor, though only six years old, was already the world’s largest and wealthiest union, and that its most powerful component—the world’s mightiest single craft union, in fact—was the conservative Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers, almost twenty-five thousand strong. Its president was a huge, amiable former steelworker named William Weihe.
Although Amalgamated members at Homestead numbered only 325 out of the work force of 3,800, they ran the local show. This small, elite group of highly paid specialists, a bone in the throats of Carnegie and Frick, negotiated wage scales for all employees (except the thousand-odd illiterate Slavic day laborers, who earned fourteen cents per hour), fought incessantly over work rules, enforced the adjustment of complaints, and in general badgered the company into acceding to most of its demands. By the mere threat of a strike, the Amalgamated had won a moderate victory in 1889. A contract rather humiliating to management had been signed, to expire June 30, 1892. As the deadline neared, a battle of giants loomed. That spring Mr. Carnegie had left for Scotland. Now, in essence, it was Frick vs. the Amalgamated.
Suddenly it dawned upon the Homestead local that a showdown was imminent and that the union’s very existence in all Carnegie plants was at stake. Hurried recruitments brought in four hundred new members. An advisory (strike) committee was formed, headed by an intense, quick-thinking young man named Hugh O’Donnell. Measures were taken to block ingress to the mill, should negotiations fail. A launch (the Edna ) was chartered, arrangements were made for dozens of skiffs to patrol the river, especially near the mill’s waterfront entrance, and an elaborate picketing system was drawn up.
Meanwhile Mr. Frick had not been idle. He had a twelve-foot board fence, topped by barbed wire, erected around the plant. It curved from the waterfront east and west and contained loopholes, shoulder high, every twenty-five feet. Sardonically the workers termed the arrangement “Fort Frick.” He began preliminary correspondence with the Pinkerton Detective Agency to furnish guards for the purpose of taking over the mill.
Three conferences between union and company officials took place between March and late June; but despite compromises on both sides the talks collapsed. Frick then announced that he would no longer deal with the Amalgamated and that work would commence as usual on July 6, on management’s terms and without recognition of the union.
In a mass meeting, all 3,800 workers voted to strike—a shock to Frick, who had expected to confront only the small minority of union members. He then contracted definitely with William and Robert Pinkerton for an armed force of three hundred men (at five dollars per day per man) to be towed up the river in two barges early on July 6 and placed inside the works. The stage was set for one of the most murderous and dramatic tragedies in U.S. labor-management annals.
During the last week of June, Frick (through his gun-happy superintendent, John Potter) began laying off Homestead employees in large numbers. When the July 1 deadline arrived, the plant was empty, the furnaces cooled, the machinery idle. An unearthly silence reigned.
In alarm William H. McCleary, the sheriff of Allegheny County, tried to form a posse. His efforts were ludicrously unsuccessful. Nobody cared to confront 3,800 strikers who were well armed and in an ugly mood. The lockout was now in effect. Both sides, in fact, were locked out. The company could not operate its mighty plant, surrounded by thousands of belligerent steelworkers who refused admittance to one and all, even Superintendent Potter. The advisory committee took over the borough. From its headquarters above a grocery store it enunciated ad hoc laws, operated the utilities, kept the peace, whipped the strikers into line, distributed cash strike benefits, caused all saloons to close, and administered justice.
The situation was, of course, legally unstable and likely to lead to intervention by the Pennsylvania State Guard. Despairingly, Sheriff McCleary wired Governor Robert E. Pattison in Harrisburg to that effect. The Governor did not respond, and five tense days passed. A flurry of cables between Carnegie and Frick indicated their determination to smash the Amalgamated local once and for all.
In Homestead the strikers issued badges to approved newspapermen. All others, and sundry suspicious strangers, were bounced out of town. The Homestead and Munhall railroad depots were guarded intensively. Gradually the nation at large became aware that this was the most serious lockout-strike in its history. As yet, however, not a man had been physically harmed; and Governor Pattison stood pat while the final hours ticked by.
The opening phase of Mr. Frick’s maneuver had proceeded like clockwork. The Pinkertons had collected a total of 316 men in New York and Chicago. Mostly unemployed or drifters, with a few college lads trying to earn a little money between semesters, a hard core of Pinkerton regulars, some hoodlums and outand-out criminals on the run, they comprised a typical group of agency guards. The superintendent of the Chicago office had tried to be reassuring. “You men are hired to watch the property of a certain corporation, to protect it from harm,” he told them. “The element of danger which is usually found in such expeditions will be here entirely lacking. … A few brickbats may be thrown at you, you may be called names, or sworn at, but that is no reason for you to shoot.” He refused to answer the question, “Where are we going?”
John W. Holway, a twenty-three-year-old medical student, was one of many who began to feel qualms. Shoot whom? With what? No weapons were visible. But the papers were full of stories about the great Homestead lockout, and Holway had a feeling he was going there, and that there would be gun play. After dark he and the rest of the Chicago contingent were placed (smuggled, one might say) aboard a train standing at the Lake Shore depot. As it rolled east, Pinkerton detectives stood guard to prevent anyone from departing, particularly during stops at Toledo and Cleveland. The thought struck Holway, annoyingly, that he was a sort of prisoner. An identical procedure was meanwhile taking place on a train speeding westward from New York. Both journeys, no doubt, were sufficiently gloomy.
Ashtabula, Ohio, on Lake Erie, lies halfway between Chicago and New York and roughly a hundred miles north of Pittsburgh. The darkened trainloads of Pinkertons met there on July 5, were sidetracked, recoupled, and placed behind a different engine. Unlabelled crates of weapons and ammunition, which had been on the Chicago train, were transferred to the last car. Through gentle farm lands and harsh coal country the train clattered south, nonstop and at a good clip. Near Youngstown it crossed the Pennsylvania border. Not a man was armed—the letter of interstate commerce law was obeyed. The final destination was the town of Bellevue, five miles down the river from Pittsburgh. When the men detrained there after sunset they saw two barges, looming motionless in black waters that lapped at the wharf. The Carnegie company owned them and had long used them to move steel rails, supplies, and sundry equipment for short hauls. Both the Iron Mountain and the Monongahela were about a hundred feet long, and broad of beam; their only noticeable difference from others working the river was the heavy wooden housing that almost completely covered them. Hatches had been built into the superstructure, from which ladders led below.
It is not entirely clear what Frick planned to do with his Pinkertons after they were landed at the waterfront and deposited within “Fort Frick”; perhaps it was merely an instinctive desire to regain physical possession of his property, before using the men as escorts for strikebreakers. The elaborate efforts which had gone into reconstructing the interiors of the barges afford a clue to his long-range intentions, when we bear in mind that the trip from Bellevue to Homestead—even upstream—would consume four hours at most. Beyond question his plan was to use the scows repeatedly. Their hulls and decking were partially reinforced with metal plating. The Iron Mountain had been converted into a dormitory containing cots and tiers of bunks, the Monongahela into a huge dining hall supplied by a kitchen aft. She was intended to carry a cook and twenty waiters.
It had not been possible to keep these preparations secret. People in the vicinity had watched them with uncommon interest for over a week, and had asked questions which were answered with a simple explanation: the barges were being refitted to accommodate laborers for dam construction near the town of Beaver, on the Ohio River thirty miles to the northwest. At Amalgamated headquarters this statement had been received with skepticism, nor were the union men now pleased by a telegraph message announcing the sudden gathering of several hundred strangers at the Bellevue shoreline. Tentatively the strikers assumed that they were faced by a naval invasion. The river patrol was intensified, and an alert was sent to lookouts on Pittsburgh’s Smithfield Street Bridge. Cautiously the union’s launch, the Edna , headed downstream. The hour was ten. At the same time, the Pinkertons and the nailed-down crates—containing 250 Winchester rifles, 300 pistols, and ammunition—began to be put aboard the scows. By midnight they were ready to cast off.
Pinkerton Captain Frederick H. Heinde, forty-two, the head of the expedition, took his place on the Iron Mountain with the eastern contingent. His deputy, Charles Nordrum, a tough professional detective of long standing, aged thirty-five, commanded the Chicago men in the Monongahela . Nordrum was in a morose frame of mind, feeling that surprise was utterly impossible. Nor was he thrilled over the quality of his men. Most of them had never experienced a strike before, and, as he later remarked, “There were some of the worst cowards on that barge I ever saw in my life.” Moreover, a good deal of squabbling had occurred during and after the boarding. The men wanted to know where they were going and what they were to do; but still, even at this late hour, they were officially kept in the dark. By now they all were fairly certain, however, that they were assigned to Homestead. They discussed the prospect glumly as they donned their Pinkerton uniforms, consisting of slouch hats with gaudy bands, blouses with metal buttons, and darkblue trousers with lighter stripes running down the outside seams. On both barges some of the more sophisticated volunteers asked when they were to be deputized. Heinde and Nordrum ignored them.
If the men were to be sworn into the service of Allegheny County, Colonel Joseph H. Gray would have to do it; but he had not yet set foot on either barge. Nobody even knew where he was. Sheriff McCleary had deputized Gray to act as his representative—a vague title—and Knox & Reed, attorneys for the Carnegie company, had given him a communication to present to Superintendent Potter: “This will introduce Col. Joseph H. Gray, deputy sheriff. … You will understand that Col. Gray, as the representative of the sheriff, is to have control of all action in case of trouble.” An aging war horse with a Civil War limp, armed with broad instructions, generally confused, uninterested in this tomfoolery about swearing in 316 potential gunmen, Gray was a perfect match for his somewhat imperfect superior.
It was all in the day’s work to William Rodgers, who operated the Tide Coal Company—not actually a coal company but a tugboat service employed by Carnegie and by other industrial firms in the neighborhood. To Rodgers, the only novelty was that he was to haul men rather than merchandise; he had therefore taken out a passenger license for the occasion. Two tugs would handle the job: the Tide and the Little Bill . Each powerful little steamer took one barge in tow. From the pilothouse of the Little Bill , Captain Rodgers led the way, followed by the Tide . Colonel Gray finally made his appearance in another boat, which intercepted the Little Bill . Gray was taken aboard. Ready and anxious, Superintendent Potter in the Tide was already carrying his pistol in a holster.
Nothing unusual had yet taken place. Rodgers left the wheelhouse and walked around the deck, talking softly to his crew and to a Pinkerton officer named Anderson. At about 3 A.M. , July 6, the fleet negotiated Lock No. 1 near the Baltimore & Ohio bridge. They were now nearing the mouth of the Monongahela. Lights from Pittsburgh spectrally illuminated the surface of the water, but the fog was quite dense. Haze and darkness veiled the river. As they approached the Smithfield Bridge in downtown Pittsburgh, a union lookout was struck by the sight of dim red and green running lights coming his way. He strained his eyes and hurried to a telegraph shack near the northern end of the bridge, where he wired: “Watch the river. Steamer with barges left here.”
Off Glenwood, the last bend in the Monongahela before Homestead, the Tide ’s engine broke down. A few minutes were spent trying futilely to get her under way, but there was no time to waste. She dropped anchor while Potter and her crew climbed aboard the Little Bill , which took both barges in tow on short lines, the Iron Mountain to port. It was an awkward arrangement. The scows scraped and jostled against each other, awakening the men inside and jarring their nerves. What the hell was going on? they asked apprehensively.
In the pilothouse of the Little Bill , Rodgers applied full power. The three vessels struggled against the current, and several union lookouts in a skiff were almost run down by the tug. Startled, they reached for revolvers, fired blindly at the cabin, and missed. The enemy armada chugged ghostlike beyond their range and vision.
The time was nearly 4 A.M. when, at the Homestead Light Works, Hugh O’Donnell yanked the steam whistle. The long, steady, moaning sound, indicating that a river landing was in progress, awakened and galvanized the town. In homes, shacks, tenements, and rooming houses a myriad of lights were turned on. Thousands of men, women, and children began to get dressed. A mounted sentry clattered across the bridge and burst into Homestead á la Paul Revere, shouting, “The Pinkertons are coming!” Within minutes the streets were a surging mass of yelling, cursing, laughing people. Some women carried babies in their arms. Stolidly, inexorably, the Little Bill pushed on. Captain Rodgers changed course slightly to starboard, to bring the scows into the landing area parallel with the shore line. As yet none of the vessels could be seen from land, and it would appear that the operation was proceeding almost according to Prick’s plan.
But confusion was growing aboard the tug and within the barges. The shots fired from the skiff had indicated that a dangerous reception was likely, and Captain Heinde, disgusted at the turn of events, had already authorized (with Potter’s consent) a dozen rifles to be distributed to Pinkerton regulars. Crates of weapons and cartridges were pried open. Suddenly the strikers’ Edna spotted the enemy and emitted a series of piercing blasts. They were answered by the yowling of every steam whistle in Homestead and the crackle of firecrackers. A roar went up from the crowd when the Little Bill and her barges, running close to the shore, were detected less than a mile west of town. The strikers opened up with rifles, pistols, and shotguns, but the fusillade did little damage, except for one bullet which shattered windows in the tugboat’s pilothouse. As the three vessels continued on their way, swarms of men followed them by running along the shore, firing from close range. The crack of small arms, the scream of sirens, the shouts of strikers and their families, could clearly be heard inside the barges, where morale was sinking fast.
All the Winchesters and pistols were distributed, and each man was given fifty rounds of ammunition. A few refused the weapons. They had not been hired to fight, they complained; they had signed up simply for guard duty. Pinkerton officers walked through the barges and tried to calm the inexperienced men, many of whom were bordering on panic. Nordrum cornered Colonel Gray and demanded that everyone be deputized. The Colonel was evasive, and Nordrum fumed. They were under heavy fire, he pointed out; wasn’t it time for Gray to act? “If you are sheriff of this county, why don’t you deputize us, give us authority?” Heinde also entered the argument, but the Colonel would not be budged. He had not been instructed specifically to swear anyone in, he said; furthermore, there would be plenty of time to do so when the Pinkertons were inside the company grounds. Nordrum remonstrated with Gray a few minutes later, and again Gray refused him: the Pinkertons would not be deputized now, and that was that.
The point was fast becoming academic. Rodgers reduced power, brought the Little Bill in front of the mill entrance, and then deliberately ran both scows aground with a soft, crunching sound of gravel under their keels. It was journey’s end for the Pinkertons.
Dawn was breaking when the barges hit the beach and Rodgers’ crew, working fast, secured the inshore Monongahela (containing the Chicago men) against her sister ship. They were safe for the time being, but the matter of disembarking the Pinkertons was a race against time. They were within the mill grounds, adjacent to the company pumping station. Frick had assumed, or hoped, that his fence, which curved down to the low-water mark so as to block access to the entrance by land, would keep the mob away. They now numbered ten thousand, some of whom had taken positions on the opposite bank of the river; and they were heavily and strangely armed. The exact number of armed strikers will never be known, but several hundred of them carried weapons dating back to the Civil War: carbines and rifles, some shotguns, but mostly pistols and revolvers. Thousands more, including women and young boys, moved toward the excitement with sticks and stones and alarming-looking nailed clubs torn from fences.
The board-and-barbed-wire fence at the water’s edge stopped them only for moments. It was knocked over like matchsticks. Wild with excitement, they swarmed into the mill grounds and came to a stop at the landing. They were met by a lone figure, Captain Nordrum, standing on the Monongahela ’s deck. There was a pause, a fragile moment of silence, broken by his commanding words, “We are coming up that hill anyway, and we don’t want any more trouble from you men.” He walked to the stern of the barge and helped his men throw out a gangplank to the shore. Again bedlam broke loose. Nordrum retired below and cautioned his men not to shoot. Nobody had been hit yet, he observed. “It’s no use returning the fire until some of us are hurt.” His advice was hardly inspiring. Meanwhile Captain Heinde, within the offshore barge, was recruiting some forty reluctant volunteers to walk the plank.
The crowd did not know who was coming ashore. Some thought correctly that the entire enemy force was composed of Pinkertons, some figured that they were almost all scabs, but the most widely held opinion was that one barge contained strikebreakers and the other their Pinkerton guards. In the event, these viewpoints were irrelevant. Amid the uproar, cries of “Don’t let the black sheep land!” and threatening gestures, Heinde and Nordrum emerged, followed by Pinkertons carrying .45-70 Winchester magazine-fed repeaters. Tenseness, or desperation, was written on their faces as they walked toward the plank. Once more there was a dead silence. Heinde addressed the crowd, announcing that his men were taking over the works and advising the strikers to disperse. The reply was a chorus of jeers and a shower of stones which fell around the Pinkertons like hail. They hesitated. “Don’t step off the boat,” someone from the shore said distinctly.
Three strikers ran forward; two grabbed the end of the gangplank while the third deliberately lay down upon it, as if to dare the enemy to cross his body. Led by Heinde and followed by the other volunteers, seven Pinkertons stepped on the plank. As Heinde was trying to shove the prone striker aside, the man pulled a revolver and shot him through the thigh. The heavy slug knocked him over backward. A torrent of gunfire swept the men on the plank. Heinde was hit again, this time in the shoulder. A guard named Klein was killed instantly by a bullet through the head, four of the others were wounded, and only Nordrum found himself untouched. A swarm of Pinkertons rushed topside, joining those already there. Firing point-blank into the crowd, they could hardly miss; and with stunning celerity over thirty Homestead men went down. The first casualty was Martin Murray, a rougher, who fell wounded into a pile of ashes. Joseph Sotak came to his aid and was killed by a bullet in the mouth. Somewhat farther up the hill a worker named Streigle, firing at the barges, was shot through the throat and died instantly. His body, lying in a clearing, was riddled with bullets from the barges.
There was no letup in the massed firing from the shore, and it was augmented by scattered gun play from the opposite bank. Little Bill got more than her share. One bullet struck a crewman named John McCurry and wounded him seriously in the groin. Everybody hit the deck, including William Rodgers, who tried to steer the tug from an almost prone position. She began going around in small circles. On the barges all the Pinkertons dived below, dragging most of their wounded comrades and the body of Klein with them. Now the firing stopped. The engagement had lasted no more than three minutes, and already several men were dead and many more wounded.
The strikers retreated in confusion up the bank, and scattered. They began throwing up barricades of steel and pig-iron scrap, while Hugh O’Donnell, a dynamo of activity, beside himself with anxiety and realizing that he had no influence over his men at this stage—especially the impetuous and semihysterical Slavs—herded all the noncombatants away from the firing line. The women, in the words of one historian, “screaming in twenty-two languages and dialects, then grabbed their kids and took to the near hills, the better to see their men shot down.” The dead and wounded Homestead men (a few of whom were not strikers but had come to the scene as interested observers) were carried to their houses or to doctors’ offices. At the same time, Rodgers managed to get the Little Bill alongside the Iron Mountain . He took Klein’s body and fourteen wounded men aboard. One of them was Captain Heinde, who said to him, “I don’t feel like lying here and bleeding to death.” Superintendent Potter, carrying both a rifle and his pistol and somewhat overwrought, begged Nordrum to attempt another landing. Nordrum refused. He was not keen on the idea personally and he doubted if he could coax any sizable number of men to accompany him; anyway (he told Potter) Captain Heinde was in charge.
They dashed across to the Little Bill , where the wounded were huddled in and around the cabin. Heinde was in pain and bleeding profusely, and other men were in an equally bad way. Nordrum crouched next to the Pinkerton commander and told him he had vetoed Potter’s demand for another rally. “Suit yourself, use your own judgment,” murmured Heinde.
Rodgers, impatient over the delay, wanted to leave for Pittsburgh at once with Potter, Gray, and the rest of his wretched cargo. He promised to come back as soon as possible. Nordrum returned to the offshore scow, and the lines to the tug were cast off. As soon as the Little Bill got under way she was raked by another flurry of bullets and buckshot; and again Rodgers, at the wheel, tried to steer while lying on his stomach. The effort was hopeless, and at length he simply let the little tug drift. The current slowly brought her away from the shore and moved her downstream, and when she was a mile and a half away from the landing Rodgers came to his feet, applied power, and headed for the city. En route another Pinkerton man died.
It was almost full daylight now, and gradually the fog was being burnt off by the slanting rays of a newborn sun. From shattered windows atop the barges the Pinkertons watched in despair as the Little Bill , with maddening lassitude, crept away. When would she return? Below decks the temperature was rising; it was going to be a scorcher. Like sitting ducks, the two hulks lay stranded. On shore the Homestead men were accumulating sticks of dynamite and hauling a small cannon into position about halfway up the hill south of the river. The opening skirmish was over, leaving both antagonists in a dilemma. The Pinkertons were trapped. Another landing in force was out of the question, and even if the tug should come back, it was difficult to imagine her fastening lines to both scows under heavy fire—the attempt would be suicidal.
The strikers, on the other hand, were baffled by the problem of forcing the enemy out of the barges so that they could be killed or beaten, or at least captured. For half an hour, while the Homestead men pondered, continued their lethal preparations, and consolidated their defense, not a shot was fired. O’Donnell called out for the Pinkerton commander. When Nordrum emerged, O’Donnell asked if he were “man enough” to come ashore for a conference. Nordrum walked the plank and was asked by O’Donnell how the affair might be settled. “I am not in command here,” replied the Pinkerton. “You will have to come and see other people.” He suggested a talk with Potter and Gray. O’Donnell, who was angling for a total surrender of the men in the barges, was apologetic; he admitted that there were many hotheads among his people who would not consider allowing the engagement to end in a draw. Nordrum made one more try at influencing the throng. “Men, we are Pinkerton detectives,” he shouted. “We were sent here to take possession of this property and to guard it for the company. … If you men don’t withdraw, we will mow every one of you down.” Receiving no response, he turned abruptly and walked back to the Monongahela . Courage, not tact, was Nordrum’s forte.
Shortly before eight, some of the regular detectives made a final effort, astonishingly enough, to get ashore. Four were shot down in a flash. The others wounded several more strikers before retiring. For two hours ragged firing continued, while most of the Pinkertons hid under tables and behind mattresses and piles of life jackets. Regular detectives and Grand Army of the Republic veterans tried to keep them cool, but a few managed to dive into the river and swim toward the other shore. As time went on, about a dozen made their escape in this fashion. Meanwhile an exodus was taking place from the inshore barge. One at a time, the Chicago men rushed onto the offshore Iron Mountain , until by late morning the Monongahela was almost empty. Firing from the shore became more selective. The workers tried to pick off individual men who exposed themselves, and concentrated on the offshore scow. More Pinkertons were wounded, and pools of blood began to collect below.
“Big Bill” Weihe, the union leader, hurried to the scene from Pittsburgh, and found matters so plainly out of control that he decided, for the time being, not to address the strikers. From the county courthouse in Pittsburgh Sheriff McCleary wired Governor Pattison in Harrisburg: “Situation at Homestead is very grave. My deputies were driven from the ground and watchmen sent by mill owners attacked. Shots were exchanged and some men killed and wounded. Unless prompt measures are taken to prevent it, further bloodshed and great destruction of property may be expected. The striking workmen and their friends on the ground number at least 5,000 and the civil authorities are utterly unable to cope with them. Wish you would send representative at once.”
Pattison responded laconically: “Local authorities must exhaust every means at their command for the preservation of peace.”
The battle, a rather one-sided affair now, continued. From Pittsburgh more arms and ammunition reached the strikers, who moved toward the shore line as though to close in for the kill. They were reinforced by armed nonstrikers from Braddock and Duquesne. A swarm of skiffs harassed the Iron Mountain , and fired at her incessantly from point-blank range. Sticks of dynamite weighing about half a pound were tossed at the barge. They exploded on or near the target without creating any appreciable damage at first. Carrying a basket of dynamite sticks, one huge workman ran toward the river, followed by about twenty men. They threw the sticks simultaneously, and most of them landed on the Iron Mountain , which almost leaped out of the water. Boards and metal plating whipped through the air. Two sticks which hit near the bow tore open substantial holes through which Pinkertons could clearly be seen. Riflemen got to work on them. Several wounded Pinkertons were still lying on deck, and when other guards tried to pull them below they also were fired upon. Two more were shot during this flurry.
Every time a Pinkerton was seen to be hit, a shout issued from the dense mass of people packing the slopes on both sides of the river, hundreds or thousands of whom had hastened there from Pittsburgh and various suburbs to watch the fun. They were treated to a rare sight, and their mood was gay, as though they were at a carnival. The dynamiting was best of all, but it dwindled as time passed, for the strikers were running out of the “stuff,” as they called it; it was dangerous to operate so close to the shore line and several of them had been wounded; furthermore, despite its spectacular noise and occasional effect, dynamite was too slow. The barges were still fairly intact—it would take a week to sink them with explosives. Another way would have to be found.
When a guard shoved a white flag of surrender through a porthole, it was shot to ribbons. By noon, hundreds of additional workers were armed, and had erected clusters of steel and coal forts almost at the water’s edge. The Pinkertons huddled together, complaining bitterly and waiting for the Little Bill , or evening, or a miracle. Another guard leaped into the river. No shots were fired at him, but it was believed that he drowned before reaching the north bank.
The heat within the barge was brutal, but whenever a man gasping for air showed himself at a porthole or hatchway he was greeted by bullets. From the G.A.R. Hall in Braddock, across the river, strikers hauled out a brass cannon dating back to Antietam—a twenty-pounder used since then for holiday celebrations—and mounted it on the hill behind a camouflage of bushes. The first shot tore a hole in the roof of the outer barge. Meanwhile, the smaller cannon was firing from Homestead. Except for the first direct hit, these weapons proved ineffective. Every subsequent shot went long; and when a striker named Silas Wain, sitting innocently on a pile of beams, was beheaded by a stray cannon ball, the Braddock gun was abandoned. A formula for getting at the Pinkertons still eluded the men of Homestead.
Another telegram sped from the Sheriff to the Governor: “The works at Homestead are in possession of an armed mob … The boat … was fired on from the shore and pilot compelled to abandon pilot house. I have no means at my command to meet emergency; a large armed force will be required … You are, therefore, urged to act at once.” The Governor, caught between two fires and stalling for time, inquired: “How many deputies have you sworn in and what measures have you taken to enforce order and protect property?” McCleary, who had sworn in nobody and taken no measures of any kind, at last left his courthouse for Homestead.
The strikers’ next move was to pour hundreds of gallons of oil, pumped by a hand engine attached to an oil tank, into the river upstream from the barges. Repeated efforts were made to set it afire. This scheme failed also; the wind was wrong, the oil was a lubricating type which burned feebly, if at all, and even when it came into contact with the scows they remained unscathed.
The strikers loaded a raft with oil and greasy scraps, set everything aflame, and let it drift toward the enemy. There was a low moan of fear from the Iron Mountain when the Pinkertons saw it coming. An officer aboard stated that he would blow out the brains of anyone who jumped ship. Another said, “If you surrender you will be shot down like dogs; the best thing is to stay here.” The raft passed the barge at a snail’s pace without touching it, and continued on its fiery but harmless way.
Some of the more enterprising Pinkertons hacked out holes in the sides of the barges; these, coupled with the portholes and other cavities caused by cannon and dynamite, gave them plenty of openings through which they could fire. They cut loose again sporadically and caused a few more casualties. An old Amalgamated member and Civil War veteran named George Rutter was shot in the thigh, and another worker, John Morris, was also badly hit. (Both later died.) Only a few Pinkerton regulars were continuing the battle. The rest lounged about, silent and inert and sweltering. A few sipped tepid coffee. Directly overhead, the July sun beat down on the roof and converted the interior into a hothouse. Except for an active handful of riflemen, the remainder—almost three hundred able-bodied men—had set aside their weapons.
The sight of them made John Kennedy’s blood boil. A Pinkerton regular, he could not fathom their docility, their apparent unwillingness even to defend themselves. He cried out, “What in the name of God did you men come here for; now is the time to make a strike!” He received the usual muttered answer: they had come for guard duty, not to fight.
Their lethargy was disturbed by the strikers, whose ingenuity seemed to know no bounds and who were still intent on setting fire to the barges. This time their weapon was a small rail car, resting at the top of a long incline which led, coincidentally, on a direct line toward the Monongahela . It was loaded with barrels of oil which were set aflame, and released from its switch. In horror the Pinkertons watched it gather speed and hurtle toward them. When it reached the end of the line it soared feebly through the air and crashed to earth, far short of its target.
One of the strikers next conceived the plan of enveloping the barges in natural gas from a large main adjacent to the pumping station. Fourth of July rockets were then fired into the gas, and a small explosion actually took place, but it did no damage except, perhaps, to the nerves of the trapped men. The workers were running out of ideas. There were those like Hugh Ross and Jack Clifford, both of whom had been in the thick of the fighting all morning, who advocated boarding the barges and finishing the job with no more nonsense. Conceivably such an assault might have succeeded, but the carnage would have been severe, and very few had any stomach for it. The idea was never seriously considered.
A lull set in, broken by the occasional dry, echoing crack of a rifle. Hot and bored, the huge audience blanketing the Braddock and Homestead hills awaited developments. Men on the firing lines behind breastworks were served lunch by friends and women of the town, while at union headquarters on Eighth Avenue the entire strike committee, a concerned group of men, assembled and deliberated. Shortly after midday they were aroused by a new cacophony of gunfire and thousands of voices shouting with joy and excitement. The detested Little Bill , flying the Stars and Stripes from bow and stern, was returning to the fray.
Eight strikers were now dead or dying, scores were wounded, and the men of Homestead were seeking an eye for an eye, or more. Hugh O’Donnell had not yet made any attempt to curb them. Occasionally, along with a few local newspapermen, he had climbed up on the new converting mill for a better view. The streets of the town were full of anxious women begging for news of their men. One of them, an English girl named Mary Jones, had fainted and was now delirious; Silas Wain, the man killed by a stray cannon shot, had been her fiancé.
The heat and stench below decks on the Iron Mountain were intolerable by early afternoon, and water was running low. Even some hardened Pinkerton regulars were willing to throw in their cards, if they could do so and survive. Few shots were fired from the barge after midday, although it continued to be peppered by strikers hidden behind barricades. Several guards received light flesh wounds from ricochets, but the major damage was already done. Having reached Homestead (where he was ignored), Sheriff McCleary rushed back to Pittsburgh and fired off a new telegram to Harrisburg along familiar lines: “The guards have not been able to land, and the works are in possession of the mob, who are armed with rifles and pistols and are reported to have one cannon. The guards remain on the barges near landing. … The civil authorities here are powerless to meet the situation. An armed and disciplined force is needed at once to prevent further loss of life. I therefore urge immediate action on your part.”
To this plain request for militia support, Governor Pattison, a patient gentleman, responded as he had before: “How many deputies have you sworn in and what measures have you taken to enforce order and protect property? The county authorities must exhaust every means to preserve peace.”
There was no reply from McCleary. The Governor wired again in phrases more irate: “Your telegram indicates that you have not made any attempt to execute the law to enforce order, and I must insist upon you calling upon all citizens for an adequate number of deputies.” But the recruitment of deputies was out of the question, and the only current problem that really mattered was how to extricate the Pinkertons.
Rodgers craved only a few moments to bring the Little Bill alongside the port bow of the barge, attach a single line, cut her loose from the deserted Monongahela , and get under way. If he had hoped that the mob, possessed by “fiendish delight” (to employ his later description), would nevertheless abstain from desecrating a vessel showing two American flags, he was wrong. Some five hundred small arms, plus the little cannon on the Homestead side of the river- which, as usual, missed repeatedly—opened up on the tug the moment she came within range.
Two crew members were wounded at once. It was clear that nobody in the pilothouse could expose himself to such a swarm of bullets from both flanks and remain alive. The earlier episode repeated itself. Rodgers, Potter, Gray, the two wounded employees, and four others on board dropped to the deck and let the Little Bill , a splendid target, turn in slow circles. Rodgers, remarked one writer, “lay down and steered by dead—or at least dazed—reckoning” until the tug floated past Homestead and returned to Fort Perry, near Pittsburgh. Despairingly the Pinkertons within the shattered scow stared after her: their last and best hope, gone forevermore. Cheered by this latest success, the strikers again concentrated on the outer barge. A Pinkerton picked this unfortunate moment to wave a white flag and was shot down. Another guard was caught in an open doorway and shot through the right arm; the main artery was severed and he died later that afternoon. He was, it seems, the last casualty of the formal engagement. A. L. Wells, a medical student from Chicago and a volunteer guard on the expedition, was caring for the wounded Pinkertons as best he could.
The strikers’ advisory committee continued its conference in a turmoil. Superficially the situation seemed favorable: it was known that the Governor had refused, thus far, to turn out the Pennsylvania guard. Sheriff McCleary had thrown in the sponge. The Little Bill was hors de combat . Already, only about ten hours after the battle had begun, news of it had crossed the nation. Messages of sympathy from other Amalgamated members were pouring in from as far away as Texas. Yet somehow the Pinkertons had to be dealt with. Some conservatives uneasily suggested allowing the Iron Mountain to be floated down the river and out of harm’s way. They were hooted down as defeatists and even traitors. But what was to be done with the enemy? O’Donnell insisted that they should be allowed to surrender. His suggestion was unconditionally rejected; but, as the afternoon wore on, the idea of accepting the Pinkertons’ capitulation gradually took hold—at least at union headquarters.
O’Donnell walked to the shore line, where the shooting had all but stopped and the workmen were amusing themselves by throwing Roman candles, skyrockets, and other fireworks at the barges. In plain view of the Pinkertons, he addressed part of the throng with a plea for peace. Reactions were generally unfavorable. Majority sentiment was still for destroying the enemy by some brilliant method not yet concocted. O’Donnell was answered by cries of “No quarter!” “Not one must escape alive!” Nobody paid much attention to him—discipline had collapsed. He gave up and awaited the arrival of other union officials, mainly Bill Weihe, Vice President G. N. McEvoy, and President-elect William Garland.
It was three o’clock, and within the barge sentiment for surrender was mounting. A captain of detectives named Cooper asked the men to hold out until six, when he expected (for reasons unknown) another company attempt to haul the Iron Mountain free. Sullenly the Pinkertons assented, while another miserable hour passed. Those suffering from gunshot wounds could not hold out indefinitely. The Little Bill had already failed twice, and surely no one expected Captain Rodgers to make another try. As for salvation by the sheriff of Allegheny County, that was even more hopeless. Yet no more white flags were put out. Even Nordrum, watching the shore for any sign of truce or trouble, had relapsed into apathy and appears to have turned over his command to Cooper. It was up to the strikers to break the stalemate.
An impromptu meeting within the mill grounds, attended by about a thousand workers, came to nothing. The commotion was such that Weihe could not be heard. He stepped down and was followed by Garland, a heater who was scheduled to take command of the union in November. Mounting a boiler, Garland begged the strikers to disperse. “We have positive assurance,” he yelled, “that these deputies will be sent away and all we want is the statement that you will not do any more firing.” The reply was a babble of boos and imprecations—“Burn the boats!” “Kill the Pinkertonsl” “No quarter for the murderers!” Garland tried again. “For God’s sake, be reasonable. These men have killed your comrades, but it can do no good to kill more of them.” Thunderous disapproval silenced him.
McEvoy was next, and he began, “This day you have won a victory such as was never before known in the history of struggles between capital and labor. But if you do not let these men go, the militia will be sent here and you will lose all you have gained.” The word “militia” had a sobering effect, but he was interrupted by a crash of dynamite from the river. No further attention was paid to him, and in disgust he allowed the meeting to break up.
The union officials and Hugh O’Donnell were in a quandary now being aggravated by other factors which had not been anticipated. A few anarchists had arrived from Pittsburgh and were mingling with the men, and the ranks had also been infiltrated by an assortment of hard-boiled outsiders looking for a fight. Many women, especially those whose men had been killed or wounded, were wild with hate. Hundreds of Slavs—who did not understand English and could not be reasoned with—were the most bloodthirsty of all. Half a day had slipped by, with time working against the advisory committee: the forces of law and order were certain to coagulate before long. It was essential to end the affair quickly; further destruction of the enemy would do more harm than good. The strike leaders walked among the workers and tried to reason with them individually. By five o’clock the peace faction was in fair control.
Waving an incongruously small American flag, O’Donnell once more harangued the throng, demanding a cease-fire and safe-conduct for the Pinkertons. His suggestion that he be allowed to fly a truce flag was scornfully refused—the enemy would have to make the overtures. “What will we do then?” he asked, and a striker replied, “We will hold them in the boats till the Sheriff comes, and we will then swear out warrants for every man on a charge of murder.” The idea—a most unrealistic one—nevertheless received overwhelming support; more important, it indicated that both antagonists were now willing to stop the war.
The men trapped and stifling within the Iron Mountain had just voted, almost unanimously, to give themselves up. When a white handkerchief was dangled from a porthole, it was not fired upon. O’Donnell ran down the embankment, came aboard the outer barge, and was met on deck by Captain Cooper. “This is enough of the killing,” said O’Donnell; “On what terms do you wish to capitulate?” Cooper asked for assurance that there would be no violence toward the Pinkertons, and also requested permission to box the Winchesters in order to carry them to the railway depot. O’Donnell agreed and departed. The Pinkertons donned their blouses and slouch hats (ridiculous; but it seemed important to make a decent appearance), and nailed up the rifle crates.
One hundred armed strikers swarmed aboard the Iron Mountain . The situation was delicate, for the guards were still carrying pistols and a murderous battle at close range might easily have been precipitated. However, the disembarking was nonviolent. As each man emerged from below, his pistol was taken away and his blouse removed and tossed into the river. The Pinkertons submitted passively to this treatment and raised no objection even when their crates of rifles were seized. One by one they were shoved across the gangplank to congregate on the shore line. A few of the younger guards were weeping. The three hundred waited there, surrounded, while the strikers looted both barges. Cases of food were pried open and their contents passed out to women and children; mattresses, tools, cooking equipment—everything portable and of the least value—were confiscated and distributed.
After dousing the barges with barrels of Mr. Carnegie’s oil, the workers put the torch to them. Hot, dry as dust, they blazed beautifully, the process being accelerated by light northerly breezes. The crowd cheered the great flames and billows of black smoke, and cheered again when the nearby company pump house also caught fire. With surprising speed the Iron Mountain and the Monongahela burned down to their waterlines, the pump house to the ground.
Temporarily these diversions had distracted the onlookers, but now they turned their hard, collective attention upon the prisoners forlornly awaiting escort to the Homestead railroad depot. They were marched around the western edge of the plant toward deliverance, about half a mile away, fortunate that O’Donnell was an honorable man and that the crowd, at long last, was under control. They were sneered at, laughed at, sworn at, even threatened; but as they started up the long slope not a man had been touched.
Bedlam did not break loose until the first captives were halfway up the hill, when a few were slapped across the face. Next, clubs were used, and children pelted the prisoners with rocks. Then the women started in. One shoved an umbrella into a Pinkerton’s eye and poked it out. When a guard dropped to his knees in tears and begged for mercy he was kicked sprawling; while trying to flee he was clubbed into unconsciousness. Blocked right and left by the mob, the Pinkertons were unable to break through and escape. One striker carefully slugged one captive after another behind the ear with a large stone wrapped in leather, tied to the end of a short rope. An elderly gray-haired Pinkerton man, already streaming blood, was shown no more mercy than the others; and while in general those suffering from bullet wounds were spared, a few received additional whacks for good measure.
Reluctantly, young John Holway started up the embankment, appalled at what was taking place ahead of him. Three strikers knocked him down. “You have killed two men this morning,” said one; “I saw you!” As they shoved Holway up the hill, he was hit in the head by a stone. He decided to make a break for it. He bulled his way through the crowd and began to run, pursued by perhaps a hundred people. In his words: “I ran down a side street and ran through a yard. I ran about half a mile, I suppose, but was rather weak and had had nothing to eat or drink, and my legs gave out, could not run any further, and some man got hold of me by the back of my coat, and about 20 or 30 men came up and kicked me and pounded me with stones. I had no control of myself then. I thought I was about going and commenced to scream, and there were 2 or 3 strikers with rifles rushed up then and kept off the crowd. …” Ironically, Holway does not appear to have fired a shot all day.
Sand was thrown into the eyes of some of the Pinkertons, temporarily blinding them. Most of the Slavs disdained weapons; they simply grabbed men around the neck and punched their faces with bare fists. Over forty victims, severely pounded and unable to move, were dragged toward the skating rink and its adjacent theatre, while the rest staggered on. A few were divested of their money and watches. One striker pumped a bullet into a guard named Connors and then clubbed him; another bashed in the head of a wounded man with the butt end of a musket. Both victims died that evening. One Pinkerton may have lost his mind as a result of his beating, for he killed himself with a pocketknife.
In tiny print two days later the New York Tribune meticulously listed the dead and wounded: “Peter S. Prash, kicked in the back and badly cut back of right ear … J. Emmet, New York, shot in the body in three places with buckshot, and struck on right ear with a club … Edward Milstead, Chicago, mouth terribly bruised and lacerated …”—the list went on for 118 lines. Hardly a man among the Pinkertons avoided injury. Hugh O’Donnell and other Amalgamated members were struck and bruised in attempting to protect the Pinkertons, but they were able to save many of them from further mistreatment.
Without food or water the Pinkertons were shoved into the town theatre, which was surrounded by armed strikers. Their job was to keep the prisoners in and the mob out. The Slavs, by and large, were in favor of murdering all the captives, a solution rejected as too extreme. Meanwhile members of the advisory committee were in earnest conversation with Sheriff McCleary at the county courthouse. It was important to hospitalize the more severe casualties, and the possibility of another violent outbreak still existed. Early in the evening they agreed that the Sheriff and twelve unarmed deputies would be allowed to escort the Pinkertons to the West Penn Hospital in Pittsburgh. McCleary, William Weihe, and Amalgamated attorney W. J. Brennen left for Homestead by train, after the Sheriff had failed to round up a single deputy.
The debate outside the theatre was still in lively progress. Assuming that all the Pinkertons were not to be slaughtered, which in particular should be selected for a mock trial and then hanged? How many others should be held as hostages? Eventually Weihe managed to stop all this nonsense, but it was after midnight when the Pinkertons were placed, not without difficulties and further unpleasantness, aboard a special five-car train which carried them to Pittsburgh and out of history. As it huffed from the station, its battered occupants were given three sarcastic cheers.
It is difficult to estimate the casualties emanating from this episode, one of the most sanguinary in American labor annals. Sources differ; and men continued to die here and there for weeks to come. Bullets, beatings, drowning, and suicide brought the death toll to approximately nine strikers and seven Pinkertons. Some forty strikers and twenty Pinkertons were shot, and nearly all of the Pinkertons were injured in varying degrees while running the gantlet.
The workers had won the battle but not, by any means, the war. Events had forced Governor Pattison’s hand, and with utmost reluctance he ordered the state militia to Homestead on July 11. Under its protection, imported strikebreakers seeped into the mill. Meanwhile, at every other Carnegie plant all employees had walked out on sympathy strikes. For weeks the entire company was idle, but in time the new men (the use of whom Mr. Carnegie had formerly deplored time and again, in print) pushed the production curve almost back to normal.
Stubbornly but with decreasing hope the strikers—a total of thirteen thousand now—held out. An unsuccessful attempt by a lone-wolf anarchist named Alexander Berkman to murder Frick harmed their cause badly. When the strike finally collapsed in November, thirty-five men were dead as a result of the July 6 battle and subsequent violence. The Amalgamated was smashed locally and, except on paper, nationally. Wages in all Carnegie mills were cut even more brutally than Frick had promised in June. The average slash (on a tonnage basis) came to about fifty per cent. For example, a heater’s helper earning $0.0485 per ton in February, 1892, was receiving $0.0222 per ton in February, 1894. The twelve-hour day was enforced with a vengeance, and all members of the union’s advisory committee were black-listed for life throughout the iron and steel industry.
Many so-called anti-Pinkerton state laws, plus soulsearching within the agency itself, ended the role of “detectives” as armies-for-hire after Homestead, although individual agents continued to operate in a big way as spies among the steelworkers.
Company profits soared spectacularly, reaching $40,000,000 net in the year 1900, as against $4,300,000 in 1891 and (curiously) almost the same amount in 1892. In 1901 a supertrust, the United States Steel Corporation, was organized by J. P. Morgan, with the Carnegie grouping as its backbone. Steelworkers struck time and again after the Homestead debacle. They always lost. The nonunion era ended finally in 1936, when the Steel Workers Organization Committee—soon to be part of the C.I.O.—reorganized the workers. Following this victory, a tall, somber monument was erected at Eighth and West streets in Homestead. It still stands, and its inscription reads:
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Strong reasoning
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History
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Kids can sometimes be careless when it comes to personal hygiene. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) note the importance of good hygiene, especially during cold and flu season, when sickness can be passed around because of unwashed hands and uncovered coughs. Therefore, good hygiene should be taught at school and at home. Make personal hygiene interesting by playing games that will help hit home the importance of hygiene. Whether in the classroom or at home, kids can learn about hygiene's importance and find the right ways to stay neat, clean and healthy.
Some children only rinse their hands quickly under water, if they wash at all. But hands should be scrubbed with an antibacterial soap for at least 15 to 20 seconds, as recommended by the CDC. Sprinkle glitter on your child's hands and challenge him off to wash the glitter with soap and water. Because glitter is naturally sticky, it will take up to 30 seconds to scrub the glitter away. Then indicate that your child should scrub off germs like he did the glitter each time that he washes. Dr. Lynn C. Smitherman, assistant professor of pediatrics at Wayne State University, notes that washing hands can greatly reduce the spread of germs.
Teach children about the spread of germs by showing how germs can live on hands and the things they touch. Pretend to sneeze, and when you do, cover your hands in a washable paint. Then go about your business, touching things around the room. The kids will see the transfer of germs. After the exercise, have the kids find and tally all the surfaces where germs now live from your transferring them around the room.
You can play a matching game that teaches kids the various tools for personal hygiene and which body part to use them on by creating a matching game. On one set of cards, draw pictures of soap, a toothbrush, fingernail clippers or mouthwash. Then create another set of cards that shoes hands, teeth, nails and mouth. Flip all of the cards over and have the children try to match the tool to the body part.
Good Habit, Bad Habit
Hit home the importance of good hygiene habits when you play this sorting game with children, instructs Pennsylvania State University. On pieces of paper, write 10 good hygiene habits, such as flossing each night, washing for 20 seconds or covering your mouth when you couch. On 10 more pieces of paper, write down the bad habits. Fold all of the pieces of paper and place them in a hat. The children can draw out one at a time and decide whether it's a good hygiene habit or a bad hygiene habit.
Help kids get the motions right by playing hygiene charades. One child picks an action for hygiene, such as brushing teeth, coughing into a sleeve or taking a shower. Then the child acts out the hygiene habit without using any words. The other children guess what action is being portrayed and then you talk about the proper way to do each hygiene habit.
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Moderate reasoning
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Health
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Today, let's do calculus. The University of
Houston's College of Engineering presents this
series about the machines that make our
civilization run, and the people whose ingenuity
Math is an odd business.
Anyone who's literate knows arithmetic. Anyone with
a high school education has been exposed to some
algebra. Almost all of you have done the arithmetic
of algebra in which numbers are replaced with
But far fewer people have taken the next step and
studied calculus. So the word calculus
sounds pretty arcane to most of us. In fact, it's
not any harder than algebra, but it has quite a
different look and feel. Algebra still looks a
little like arithmetic, while the calculus goes off
into a different place entirely.
To see the difference, think about the kind of
questions that each answers: Algebra gives us a
foolproof way to answer questions like this one:
"We have 240 dollars to give away. We want to give
Mary twice as much as Bill and Jake three times as
much. How much money do we give Bill?"
Calculus, on the other hand, gives us a
foolproof way to answer a question like this one:
"I know how my drag racer's acceleration changes
with its speed. If I go from a standing start to
eighty miles an hour in ten seconds, how far have I
Algebra is a language in which we solve problems by
equating numerical elements in symbolic form. We
assign a symbol to Bill's payment, equate all the
payments to 240 dollars, and do the arithmetic. We
get the number that'll make the symbol satisfy the
equation, and we find that Bill gets forty dollars.
Calculus, on the other hand, deals with instants in
time, or points in space. It deals with sequences
of fleeting moments or places. Go back to that
dragster: At one instant it's going thirty miles an
hour. But what does that mean? It doesn't spend an
hour on a thirty-mile track. The time it spends at
that speed is actually zero. It merely passes
through thirty miles an hour.
Instantaneous speed is a pure calculus idea, yet we
all understand it. That's because the language of
the calculus has percolated into everyday life. So,
how far did the dragster go in its acceleration
test? It traveled the sum of distances that each of
those instantaneous speeds took us during the ten
The calculus is a simple language that lets us talk
about things that change from moment to moment or
point to point. It serves us when we deal with
smooth movements or smooth shapes. It is the
language by which we can calculate the capacity of
an oddly shaped gas tank, or the trajectory of a
space probe aimed at Mars.
It's also a language that codifies intuitive ideas
that are deeply felt and understood. We all see our
lives as fleeting moments and as the sum of
fragments almost too small to notice. Indeed, Joan
Didion captures the calculus perfectly in her dark
and passionate novel, Run River. She asks,
Was there ever in anyone's life span a point
free in time, devoid of memory, a night when choice
was any more than the sum of all the choices gone
I'm John Lienhard, at the University of Houston,
where we're interested in the way inventive minds
The number of calculus textbooks is vast. Simply go
to your library and browse them. In the Library of
Congress catalog system, they are to be found under
the call number QA303.
I am grateful to UH colleagues Lewis Wheeler and
Ralph Metcalfe for their counsel on this episode.
If we let Bill's payment be x, then: x + 2x + 3x =
$240 or 6x = $240. Thus x= $40. We cannot solve the
drag racer problem until someone first tells us
just how the acceleration varies with speed.
The calculus becomes downright dramatic in these
graphs of elliptic integrals
The Engines of Our Ingenuity is
Copyright © 1988-2003 by John H.
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| 0.935347 | 894 | 3.4375 | 3 | 2.529821 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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The English language has a lot of irregular verbs. Irregular verbs are verbs that don’t take on the typical past tense spelling pattern.
Talk is an example of a regular verb. It changes from present to past by adding an “ed” to the end of the word.
- I talk.
- I talked.
Speak is an example of an irregular verb. It completely changes when it forms the past tense.
- I speak.
- I spoke.
Well, the verb to spell is actually an English verb that has both a regular and an irregular form.
- I spell. (Present)
- I spelt. (Past)
- I spelled. (Past)
Both of these forms are correct, but they’re not always interchangeable. Sound confusing? Don’t worry. I’ll explain everything you need to know about spelt vs. spelled below.
What is the Difference Between Spelt and Spelled?
In this post, I will outline the different uses of spelled vs. spelt and when it is correct to use each spelling.
Plus, at the end, I will give you a helpful trick for remembering their different uses.
When to Use Spelt
When should I use spelt? Spelt has been, historically speaking, the preferred past tense spelling of to spell in British English.
- The investigation revealed that Bradbourn’s name was spelt incorrectly on paperwork. –The Guardian
Over the 19th and 20th centuries, spelt was much more commonly seen in British writing than spelled. It wasn’t necessarily considered a mistake to use spelled in Britain, spelt just happened to be the preferred, more common spelling.
This preference seems to be waning, however, as spelled has grown in popularity in Britain in recent years (see below).
This chart is not scientific or exhaustive by any means (it only covers English books), but it is helpful in identifying trends, and the trend is clear. Whether or not spelled is actually used more frequently in British English than the once more popular spelt, we can’t be sure.
But it is clear that the frequency of spelled is on the rise in Great Britain.
Spelt as a noun. Spelt can also be used as a noun. It refers to a type of wheat that was widely cultivated in southwest Asia, the Near East, and Europe during the Bronze Age. In modern day, it is grown chiefly in Europe.
- The spelt buns need little time to rise because spelt grain reacts so swiftly with yeast, so they can be made–unusually for bread–alongside the soup. –The Telegraph
Spelt or Spelled in British English
All of this is to say that both forms (spelt and spelled) are accepted in British English. Most British, Irish, and Australian writers don’t seem to make a distinction between them.
This trend is almost certainly a result of American influence spreading (see below).
When to Use Spelled
When should I use spelled? Spelled is the preferred past tense spelling of to spell in American English.
- Icelanders’ pronunciation of place-names is confounding even when you have the words spelled out on paper. –The New Yorker
This preference in American English has been clear for quite some time.
As you can see, spelled has been the preferred spelling in American English for some time and the gap between the two is quite large.
In fact, spelt is generally considered a misspelling in American English.
If you are a student in America, or ever find yourself writing to an American audience, spelled is the correct choice.
Spelt out or Spelled out?
The most common use of to spell is, of course, to name or write in order the letters constituting a word.
- My name is spelled J-O-H-N.
And, as we learned, spelt is more common in British English, spelled is more common in American English.
What about other meanings or phrases using the word?
The phrase to spell out, to make clear or explicit, usually employs spelled.
- He spelled out the details of his plan.
You can find publications that use spelt out, but they are less frequent.
Similarly, phrases like spelled trouble, spelled disaster, spelled ruin, etc., all use spelled more frequently than spelt—in British and American English.
Trick to Remember the Difference
Still not sure when to use spelled or spelt? Here’s a helpful trick to help you remember.
Spelt is commonly used in British English. Spelt and British both have a letter “T” in them.
Should I use spelt or spelled? This depends on who your audience is.
Spelt has been the preferred choice in British English for many years, where spelled is also acceptable.
Spelled is the preferred choice in American English, where spelt is viewed as a misspelling.
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| 0.936695 | 1,039 | 2.984375 | 3 | 2.062141 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
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Literature
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Much of the talk in sports radio over the past week or so has been San Francisco quarterback Colin Kaepernick’s stance of not standing during the national anthem during preseason football games. His refusal was based on a decision not to show pride in a flag for a country that oppressed black people and people of color. On the one hand, the purpose of the national anthem is an opportunity to honor our country and reflect upon the great liberties that we are afforded as citizens so by not standing we dishonor the United States and those who have fought to defend its values. On the other hand, one of the most basic values that America stands for is freedom of expression and as an American shouldn’t he be applauded for exercising his most basic right to protest what he feels is racial injustice?
I certainly applaud Mr. Kaepernick’s decision to protest racial injustice, but I think it’s wrong for the protest to be done during the national anthem, because how many regular opportunities do we have to truly reflect upon the blessings that we have been given in this country and to express gratitude for those blessings? In fact, the Torah in Parshat Re’eh emphasizes that there is a bracha and a kelala, a blessing and a curse, but the blessing is recited on one mountain and the curse is recited on a different mountain because it’s important that we identify what is a blessing and what is a curse and view them separately. If you find a blessing, express thanks and don’t dilute it by mixing it with a curse, by mentioning the problems, as well. Use the opportunity of the national anthem to express gratitude for the blessings of this country, and don’t dilute this opportunity by choosing to focus on the negative.
In fact, that is what our Sages provided for us by requiring us to recite so many brachot on foods we eat, on sounds we ear, on scents we smell and on sights we see, because a bracha is an opportunity to express gratitude; it is an opportunity to work on our midda of looking for opportunities to be grateful. But it’s not an easy thing to do because if we have the slightest bit of ambition in this world, then life seems to not be fair. Life is not consistent with out desires and expectations. Some people have more of some things than others, often for no apparent reason other than being at the right place at the right time.
It is so easy to complain about the bad in our life and the bad in this world and at times it may be constructive to do so and to protest in order to effectuate change, but the truth is that when we are grateful we feel connected. We feel connected to God, to each other and to life when we take notice of all the gifts that we have.
Elul is the month to express gratitude. This is the month to have increased concentration when we bless God for providing us with food, for clothing us, for helping us walk straight and for creating a beautiful sunrise and sunset. This is the month when we shout to the rooftops the acronym of Elul, ani l’dodi v’dodi li – I am for my Beloved and my Beloved is for me, because gratitude is the first step to teshuva. Gratitude connects us to God and helps us return to Him. Let us use the national anthem debate to help us look for more opportunities to count our blessings undiluted this month, connect with God and begin the process of teshuva.
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Strong reasoning
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Religion
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Before we get too far, here is the video that I am responding to. I am going to be referring to parts of it throughout this post, so I suggest watching it to get the necessary context. In it, Tracie Harris is using regular six-sided dice and an opaque dice bag to explain, with the help of Matt Dillahunty, the idea that one cannot just say that something is possible, even if one does not know that such a thing is impossible. While I think that this example is very insightful and good, I think that it can be improved with the help of some more nuance, namely around the idea of possibility.
How to make the idea of possibility more nuanced? We can do this by distinguishing between two kinds of possibility: ontological possibility and epistemic possibility. For instance, in the dice bag example in the video it is either ontologically possible for an 18 to be rolled, or ontologically impossible for an 18 to be rolled. The number of dice in the bag will determine whether it is ontologically possible for an 18 to be rolled.
Epistemic possibility is a little trickier to explain. Think of it this way: if I say that both the ontological possibility of rolling an 18, and the ontological impossibility of rolling an 18 are possible in the dice bag example, I am speaking of epistemic possibility. That is, from where we are sitting, in ignorance of the ontological possibility or impossibility of rolling an 18 with the contents of that dice bag, we can still say that for all we know either case is possible. Or in saying, “it may be ontologically possible to roll an 18″, the ‘it may be‘ part is not redundant with the latter part of the statement, but rather a statement of epistemic possibility in regards to the latter part of the statement.
Now, before this gets dismissed as supporting the idea that someone could rightly say that the supernatural is possible(the kind of claim that the video was arguing against), I want to clarify that if the statement “the supernatural is possible” is using ontological possibility, it is clearly unfounded. But, if the statement “the supernatural is possible” is meant to convey the idea that “for all I know, the ontological possibility or ontological impossibility of the supernatural could be the case” then it is not so wrong-headed, or at least not wrong in the same way as the first meaning.
To concisely sum up the above, I have tried to show that the statement, “it may be possible that X” is not redundant, in that, ‘it may be‘ is speaking of a different kind of possibility than the rest of the sentence. It seems clear that to say “it is possible that X” is different than “it may be possible that X” Now I want to take this a little further and show why this distinction is important.
The reason why this is important, separate from the fact that more nuance is generally a good thing, is that it allows us to truly proportion our beliefs to the available evidence. Let’s keep going with the dice bag example for this. It seemed that in the base example in that video, Matt is given little to no evidence to move him to justify the claim that the dice in the bag can possibly roll an 18 or the claim that it is impossible to do so. That said, we can imagine taking this dice bag example a little further and provide some information about the bag or its contents that can serve as evidence. This evidence can then move us to think that either the claim that it is possible to roll an 18 is more likely to be true than the claim that it is impossible to roll an 18, or vice-versa.
For instance, if Tracie(who knows exactly how many dice are in the bag) decided to just say that there are three dice in the bag, we could evaluate whether her statement serves as evidence for either claim. Perhaps she sounds serious when she says this, and doesn’t appear to be bluffing, and suppose that we know that she is generally trustworthy, well then we might then think that her statement is strong evidence for the claim that it is possible for the dice to roll an 18. Of course, she could be misremembering, or she could in fact be bluffing, so the statement of her’s might not be the strongest evidence for the claim that it is possible to roll an 18, but one could say that given the tone, and her track record, it seems much more likely that she is telling the truth, and thus it seems much more likely that it is possible to roll an 18. This evidence does not conclusively prove whether it is possible or impossible, but it can sway us closer to one of those sides.
We could imagine more kinds of evidence, like perhaps the bag just looks really full, or really empty, or making lots of clanging sounds as it is moved(indicating many dice) or little to no sounds(indicating 1 die). There are many observations that we can make that can serve as evidence for either claim, and ideally, we would consider all the available evidence and proportion our belief in either the claim that it is possible, or the claim that it is impossible, based on the weight of the total evidence.
Proportioning one’s beliefs based on the available evidence is not merely trying to hold more true beliefs than false ones, but rather trying to believe claims in proportion to the evidence supporting them.
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Strong reasoning
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Literature
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From southern California to Scotland, to the misty British Isles and the Arctic coastline of Siberia, temperatures were way higher than ever recorded the last week of June and the first week of July. When temperatures in Siberia hit 90 degrees Fahrenheit, 50 degrees higher than normal, and the land breeze drove the ice pack out of sight — whether or not there’s an official declaration of a Siberian heat wave is not really relevant — it’s hot.
More than 113 million people in the United States were under heat warnings or advisories stretching from the Mississippi Valley, up to Chicago and over to Washington, D.C., Baltimore, Philadelphia, New York and Boston, according to the Weather Prediction Center of the National Weather Service.
Denver, Mount Washington, N.H., Burlington, Vt., and Montreal and Ottawa in Canada all set records for the heat index that combines heat and humidity.
In Europe, multiple heat index records were set in Scotland, the north of Ireland and Ireland. France set high temperature warnings in 21 departments, out of 94 administrative regions.
In Eurasia, records were set in Tbilisi, Georgia, and Yerevan, Armenia, as well as in southern Russia.
In South Asia, Pakistan, a very poor country with a large population, is normally very hot in summer. Temperatures of 105F are common, but when temperatures don’t fall much at night, the humidity remains high and daytime temperatures go above 110 and even to 122, it’s unbearable. Workers who can’t afford electricity for fans, much less fans, and millions of subsistence farmers, who do hard work in the heat of the day, face heat exhaustion.
According to the Dawn, a local English-language Pakistani website, more than 1,000 Pakistanis have already died in Karachi — the largest city in the country — and many more uncounted have died in rural areas and smaller cities. (dawn.com)
It’s not just in poor countries where heat causes deaths. In Montreal, when the temperatures hit the high 90sF, poor people, many elderly, who live in basement apartments below ground level, suffered disproportionately. They can’t use fans, and air conditioning is rare in Montreal. Hundreds were taken to the hospital by emergency services and 35 to 40 people died.
Did global warming create heat waves?
If global climate is getting warmer, heat waves will become more frequent and more intense. Compare global warming, which every reputable scientist considers is caused by human activity, to cigarette smoking. It is hard to “prove” that an individual with lung cancer got it because they smoked.
Scientists examined the physical stresses caused by smoking and their relationship to lung cancer. They also recorded the incidence of lung cancer among smokers versus its incidence among nonsmokers. The combination of the stress as cause and statistics convinced them smoking provoked lung cancer.
Similarly, it is hard to prove that a particular heat wave was caused by global warming. But when almost all of this planet’s Northern Hemisphere is filled with 20-to-40 heat waves and thousands of people — mainly workers and farmers — are dying and crops needed to feed billions of people are withering in the fields, the assertion that global warming is causing these heat waves becomes much stronger.
In a press call covered by CNN on July 3, 2017, Texas Tech University climate scientist Katharine Hayhoe said, “With every heat wave, probably the number one question is, is it climate change, or is it not? Well, the answer is, it’s both. We get heat waves naturally, but climate change is amping them up, it’s giving them that extra energy, to make them even more serious, and have even greater impacts.”
Even under Trump, the U.S. National Climate Assessment found that U.S. heat waves have already “become more frequent and intense,” and the U.S. is shattering high temperature records far more frequently than it is shattering low temperature records. This assessment is generally applicable to the whole Northern Hemisphere.
Major population centers in Southern Asia, Pakistan, India and Sri Lanka have their own particular concerns.
The Paris Accord set as a goal to keep global warming to less than 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, a difficult goal now that Trump has withdrawn the U.S. from the agreement. A June 25 article in Nature Geoscience theorizes that future global warming may actually be twice as warm as now projected by climate models.
“Observations of past warming periods suggest that a number of amplifying mechanisms, which are poorly represented in climate models, increase long-term warming beyond climate model projections,” said lead author Prof. Hubertus Fischer of the University of Bern in a press briefing.
Current models don’t take feedback loops into consideration. Take the heat wave on the Siberian coastline as an example. Land breezes drive the ice off shore, opening up more dark water to be heated by the sun and not reflected by the ice. This melts marine permafrost, which releases more heat-trapping methane gas, leading to more warming.
Heat kills more people in the U.S. than floods, lightning, tornadoes and hurricanes combined, according to National Weather Service statistical data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. If capitalism continues to ravage the globe, it is possible that the maintenance of human life, not to mention entire ecological systems, will be nearly impossible in large parts of the world.
We need a system change that will upend this impending catastrophe. We need a path to socialism that rejects “profit first” and acts for people’s needs — and the planet’s survival. n
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Strong reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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Stuart’s Opera House is the cornerstone of the public square in Nelsonville Ohio and has been a part of this Southeast Ohio town since the boom times of coal mining in the 19th century. During this time, both the building and the region have gone through a great deal of change. Because of this, the history of Stuart’s can teach us about the transformations within Southeast Ohio, and particularly how the local population’s views on entertainment, and how to interact with the greater community, evolved.
The man who would build Stuart’s Opera House, George Stuart, began life in show business as the owner and operator of a showboat, traveling through the canal system of Ohio with a professional minstrel troupe. Stuart’s showboat sank in 1869 with construction of his new opera house beginning soon after.
Workers finished construction of the Opera House in 1879, at the start of Nelsonville’s boom period brought about by the growing rail system which sent coal from the area to the industrialized north. The presence of an Opera House signaled that Nelsonville had thoroughly established itself. The building quickly became a cultural centerpiece of the town, not only as a place of entertainment, but as a gathering place for community events: from benefits for local organizations and high school graduations, to Sunday school classes too large to fit in the local church. The Opera House attracted a high caliber of shows as well, playing host to some of the most successful acts of the era. The Opera House would continue to be deeply connected to Nelsonville until its closure in 1924, which was brought about in part by audiences’ preference for film and the coal boom coming to a halt.
Stuart’s doors would remain closed until the 1970’s when the Hocking Valley Museum of Theatrical History bought the building with the goal of restoring it to a working theater, as well as a place of learning. The hopes to restore Stuart’s were nearly dashed, however, when the building was enveloped in flames on March 24, 1980. What followed was a great deal of heated debate over whether the building should be torn down, or if the restoration could start from scratch. In the end, it was decided that Stuart’s would be restored, and after an immense amount of money and effort, Stuart’s was finally ready to house an audience once more. The grand reopening on March 8, 1997 was headlined by Jack F. Spell’s performance of Ladies and Gentlemen: Mark Twain, a show written by Mr. Spell twenty years earlier, slated to open at Stuart’s before the fire. And now, Stuart’s has once again prospered from humble beginnings. From a handful of community theater performances per year and a concert here and there, Stuart’s has become the premier performing arts center in Southeast Ohio. For the past 20 years the Opera House has seen growth, prosperity, culture and fun. In addition to a full concert schedule of the best in Americana, folk, and contemporary music, Stuart’s proudly hosts both community and professional theatrical productions, dance, and visual art exhibits. The atmosphere is so welcoming and intimate that you may just feel as if Lucinda Williams has come to your living room and is singing just for you. Volunteers, friends, patrons and donors agree that Stuart’s is where it’s at for music lovers and community.
© 2018 · Stuart's Opera House
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Moderate reasoning
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Entertainment
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The PlanetFour so far has images only from Martian southern hemisphere. But northern polar areas also show a lot of activity and partially similar features! Have a look at this fresh video released by the JPL today. It shows fans, ice cracks and blotches similar to those that we are marking here, on Planet Four.
We are planning to add northern hemisphere images to this project too. Stay tuned!
I stole the title of this post from our discussion forum. I hope the author – Paul Johnson – forgives me. It expresses well the feeling, that many people had while arguing if the lines that they see are depressions or elevations. But this 1st rule is not 100% correct. Let me explain!
Like this example:
Do you see those squiggle lines as channels or as ridges? Chances are, you are seeing those as ridges. What about the next image?
Of course, you understand that this is the same image, only in the second case we’ve rotated it 180 deg.
So why do you see same features once as positive topography and once as negative?And oh, by the way, how to know which one is the real way?
Very often I get confused by this myself. But i know, that the trick lies inside my own brain. The brain is an amazing machine for the fast feature recognition. It is very useful in everyday life: we need to fast react to the objects around us, so to become efficient, brain developed “fast tracks” that are very useful in most everyday situations and help making microsecond-fast decisions.
One of them is finding faces in everything around us: leaves, clouds, wallpaper, Martian landscape… It is helpful for a human to recognize another human! That’s why people keep finding faces everywhere, also on Mars. Interesting stretch to this is our amazing ability to see a face “correct way” in the negative-face optical illusion. Here you can see a video about it.
Another hard-wired fact for our brain is that light comes from above. You must agree, most of time it does. So, to decide if the surface bends away from us or towards us, our brain assumes that light is from top (and somehow top-left for most people, but not 100% of people).
Unfortunately, what happened in our project is that most images have light coming from lower right of the image. Opposite to what our brain prefers! This is why it is so hard to see spider troughs as channels. As in the first image above.
The fact that most our images got that “unlucky” illumination is not a coincidence. Here is why:
You can imagine Mars as a globe and a spacecraft that flies around it following almost polar orbit, i.e. it goes from North to South, flies above almost south pole and flies from South to North on the other side of Mars. And then repeats all again.We do not rotate our camera relative to the spacecraft, we only can rotate/tilt the spacecraft as a whole. The image of the southern polar areas, that the spacecraft will take on the descending branch of the orbit (flying from North to South) will have sun light coming from below, because sun comes from the equatorial area, same as on Earth. If we take image on ascending branch (moving from South to North), sun will come from the top of the image.
Now, one side of Mars has day, another one is in the darkness of the night, so we can not image there. This means, we mostly get one of those branches for imaging. It depends on the exact orbit parameters, which one.
As a result, most of the images you have got to see have sun from lower side. Not all of them, because rarely, but we do image on the other side of Mars, mostly in summer, when polar areas get polar day.
It’s unlucky, that we got the most problematic sun position for our project. Preparing the images we first had an intention to map them to the Martian surface, but it turned to be more time consuming than useful. We anyway wanted you to mark dark fans and blotches (not spider channels!) and for that not-mapped images are good enough.
So, the 1st corrected rule of Mars: when you see an image of Martian landscape for the first time, do not believe your brain straight away. First check the direction of the sun. You can see which part is in shadow and which is illuminated and then figure out the topography.
Hi! I am a martian scientist and the member of Planet Four team. I am trying hard to answer many questions that you post in our forum. I notice that some questions come up more often than others, indicating what we have missed in our FAQs page.
I will try to post here about the topics that appear multiple times in the forum. And as first example, I want to tell you about one image that actually taught me something new. This one:
Many people asked, what are these parallel lines and how can so straight lines be of natural origin. First I thought that these are glacier marks. Until I realized that they are not depressions, but ridges. To clear up what they are I asked my colleague Mikhail Kreslavsky from University of California in Santa Cruz. He has much more experience in martian polar geology and glaciology than I do. This was his answer:
These are yardangs, traces of aeolian (that is wind-related) erosion. They are long parallel ridges. They form when wind removes soft, friable material and are oriented along the direction of the strongest winds. Yardangs are known in deserts on the Earth and are abundant on Mars. In this particular place, yardangs are remarkably regular, long, parallel. This fascinating regularity is probably caused by coincidence of two things. First, the material here is very homogeneous; it is slightly cemented dust; there are no embedded boulders, etc. This is the material of the South polar layered deposits, it was deposited from the atmosphere as a mixture of snow, frost and dust under different climate conditions in the past. Recently (geologically recently, hundreds of thousands of years) ice (former snow and frost) sublimated (evaporated) from the near-surface layer of this material, and the remaining slightly cemented dust is friable and homogeneous. Second, the strongest winds in this place are very stable. The polar layered deposits have a general shape of a ~700 km wide ~3 km high dome. The strongest winds here are so-called katabatic winds made by flow of cold (=dense) air from the pole on top of the dome downhill. People who have been to Antarctica or Greenland know katabatic winds very well. Because katabatic winds are controlled by slopes, they are much more stable than winds controlled by weather phenomena. The direction of the spring-time fans in this region often differs from the direction of the yardangs, because spring-time winds are not those strongest winds that shape the surface.
I hope, similar to me, you also enjoyed getting to know something new about Martian geology today.
Dig in for more!
Hi guys! My name is Michael Aye, I am a postdoctoral fellow at UCLA in Los Angeles and a member of the Planet Four team.
Many of you have been asking us “where does this frame come from? I would like to see what is around it!”
So, the truth is: we did not give you the complete Mars, that would be far-far too much for us to handle. Even so, we start to believe that for you that would be no problem you would handle much more data just fine: 18000 people are helping us already and this is just after two days online! Well, there is more images coming. Keep up!
Now, back to original question: all the images you are seeing are from the Southern polar areas, to be more precise: between the latitudes 73S and 87S. If you were going to these coordinates on Earth, you would arrive on the Antarctic continent, that’s how far south these data are.
But HiRISE did not image that whole area completely. It even can’t, because of its high resolution of up to 0.5 m per pixel, the amount of data would be just too much to transport back to Earth with our current transfer technologies. Because it has such a powerful telescope (57 kg!), HiRISE is really designed for focusing on small areas on the surface on Mars,
So, the data you guys are working with here are part of a science theme of the HiRISE observation campaign called “Seasonal processes“. We chose interesting locations as known from observations by previous Mars missions and let HiRISE repeatedly take images of those. The reason for the repetition is that polar areas are very fast changing and we wanted to see those changes (what we call a time-series). Have a look at the image below, from the location we call Giza ( Lat: -84.8° Long: 65.7°). It shows how much changed during only one Martian spring. (You can find all HiRISE images with the keyword “Giza” under this link.)
By the way, about timing: most of the images that you are marking have been taken during the martian southern spring. Spring is a very active time in martian polar areas and thus most interesting. Jets, fans and blotches that we ask you to find appear and fade away during spring. And in the next year they appear again!
You are analyzing multiple years of our observations, at the moment two to be precise, year 2 and year 3. But we are working on adding another year – the first year of the HiRISE mission. Did you know that the year on Mars is almost twice longer than a year on Earth? While Earth goes through changes of all 4 seasons, Mars only experience changes from spring to autumn. And from one spring to the next we have to wait 2 earth years! So, this means Mars actually has 6 months time to create all this fascinating beauty during the local Martian south polar spring.
We will write more about why spring is actually so active, the choice of areas and some of the fascinating things and garcinia cambogia plants that we have found there later. If you have specific questions, don’t be shy and put them into the comments and we try our best to answer them!
Many thanks for all your help!
PS.: Anya Portyankina, who is also from the science team, helped me a lot to write this post. She will also soon write a post for you guys.
The project has only been running for one day, and you’re already finding interesting things in the images you’re classifying. We’d like you to help us study them more by marking them in the classification interface and in the Planet Four Talk discussion tool.
The majority of the fans and blotches that you mark will be completely dark. You may come across a fan that has bright blue or white streaks in it. Like these:
We believe that the bright stuff is carbon dioxide frost that has condensed from the gas coming out of the geyser and back onto the surface of the ice sheet. Observations have shown that the bright streaks are variable over time. Knowing where they are in the images will help us monitor them.
If you see a fan like those above, mark it with the fan tool as your normally would and but also mark it with the Interesting Feature tool. Please also highlight your discovery on our discussion tool (Planet Four Talk) by clicking on the Discuss button after submitting your classification and label the image with #frost.
The Interesting Feature drawing tool can be found below the Blotch drawing tool in the classification interface. (see the red arrows below in the screen shot).
You may have also spotted bright roundish small blobs in the images where there are dark fans or dark blotches. Like these:
These are bright roundish features are boulders and we think in on region on the South Pole they may have some role in the formation of fans. If see an image like above or below:
Please also mark these with an Interesting Feature Tool after marking blotches and fans in the images and highlight the boulders on Planet Four Talk with #boulder
Hi, I’m Meg Schwamb a postdoctoral fellow at Yale University and member of the Planet Four Team. The response from BBC Stargazing viewers has been amazing and we want to thank all of you for participating in the project. Thanks for helping us explore the surface of Mars and study the seasonal processes ongoing on the fourth planet from the Sun.
The images we’re asking you to classify come from HiRISE (High Resolution Imaging NASA’s camera on NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO). MRO has been orbiting Mars since late 2006. HiRISE is a high resolution camera that is capable of seeing features the size of a dining room table on the surface of the Red Planet. This camera has been giving us the most detailed images of Mars that we can use to study how the surface changes with differing seasons and explore the geology of Mars from orbit. In addition MRO has helped keep rovers like NASA’s Curiosity ad Opportunity safe, with the capability to identify large rocks at potential landing sites that could damage a rover during landing.You might already be familiar with HiRISE images. MRO and HiRISE caught Curiosity on August 5, 2012 in the act as it was parachuting down to the surface to it’s future home at Gale Crater.
On Planet Four, you’re seeing images of the South Pole of Mars. We are asking you to mark these beautiful dark fans and dark blotches that appear and disappear during the Spring and Summer on the South Pole of Mars. During the winter carbon dioxide (CO2) condenses from the atmosphere onto the ground and forms the seasonal ice sheet. The ice begins to sublimate in the spring, and the seasonal cap retreats. There we see over the Martian spring and summer these dark fans and blotches. They begin to appear in the Southern spring when the ice cap begins to thaw and sublimate back into the atmosphere. The fans and blotches then disappear at the end of the summer when there is no more ice left.
Later in the spring/summer season as the ice thins that we see these channels have been carved in the surface. Many originate from a single point and radiate outward. Others just like a patches of swiggly lines crisscrossing or in orderly rows. Those ridges are channels in the soil that are sculpted by carbon dioxide gas. These veins in the images are what we call “spiders” or araneiform terrain.
Here’s how we think they form: In the spring/ summer when the sun come up the sun heats the base of the ice sheet the ice sublimates on the bottom creating carbon dioxide gas that carves these channels or spider-like features. The trapped carbon dioxide gas is rushing around the bottom carving these channels and tries to exploit any weaknesses in the ice sheet. If it can the gas propagates through cracks in the ice sheet the gas escaping into the atmosphere in geysers. The gas bringing along dust and dirt to the surface that we think get blown by surface winds into the beautiful fans we ask to mark or if no wind the blotches we ask you to map. This morphological phenomenon is unlike anything seen on Earth. You can learn more about all of this process we think is happening on the surface in our previous blog post.
We want to study how these fans form, how they repeat from Spring to Spring and also what they tell us about the surface winds on the South Polar cap. We only have very few limited wind measurements from spacecraft we’ve landed on Mars. If the fans are places where the wind is blowing, then they tell us the direction and the strength of the wind. Blotches then tell us where there is no wind.Your mapping of the fans and blotches would help provide largest surface wind map of Mars.
Over 10,000 participants worldwide have helped classify 340,052 MRO images. But we still need your help. There are many more images still waiting to be mapped. Help us out at http://www.planetfour.org/ today.
Ever fancied taking a trip to the planet Mars? On Planet Four (http://www.planetfour.org) we’re asking everyone to help us find ‘fans’ on the Martian surface. Your classifications on this site will enable researchers to better understand the climate and surface of Mars. The images you see here are taken using a high-resolution camera in orbit around the Red Planet. We collect together everybody’s markings of objects on these images and average the result. This is a task that computers are not reliable at, but which humans are really good at. By crowdsourcing your efforts, we can produce data that will show us what is happening in these images.
Every winter Mars’ polar region is blanketed by a layer of frozen carbon dioxide (dry ice). In the Martian spring, this temporary polar cap warms back up and rapidly changes directly from ice to gas (a process called sublimation). This produces geyser-like eruptions through weak spots in the polar cap. Dust is trapped in these eruptions and is carried away by the wind where it then falls in a fan shape across the surface nearby – you can see these fans in the images on this page.
Over the winter the seasonal ice layer is transformed to translucent slab ice, which allows sunlight to penetrate to the ground below in the spring. The ground warms up causing the ice to sublimate from the bottom. This results in gas becoming trapped below the ice layer, under increasing pressure. When a crack or a rupture develops the gas flows out the opening. The escaping gas carries along loose material eroded from the ground. The gas and fine material flow up to the top of the ice layer and out into the ambient wind, as shown in the diagram above. The material lands on top of the seasonal ice layer, downwind of the vent, in fan-shaped deposits. After the seasonal ice layer is gone the fans blend back into the surface material and are no longer visible.
This same activity occurs every spring, and slowly erodes channels in the ground. Often the channels are radially organized, thus earning the colloquial name “spiders”, and more formally “araneiform.” Channels are wide and shallow, generally less than 2 meters deep. In the winter the spiders are visible because the ice is draped over them; in the summer when the terrain is ice-free we see that the spiders are indeed channels carved into the surface, shown in the time-lapse sequence below.
The fans are markers for the wind direction and speed at the time that the gas was escaping and carrying its load of entrained material. Sometimes the vents close and re-open and sometimes the wind changes direction, with the result that we see multiple fans from a single source region. This is all raw data that can be compared to predictions of models for Mars’ atmospheric dynamics, known as global circulation models (GCMs). Sometimes when the conditions are just right the gas will condense into fresh frost particles and form bright fans.
We hope to share more about the background to this project via this blog. Meanwhile, why not go and find some fans? Visit http://www.planetfour.org to start classifying.
…well not literally. You’re still on Earth – don’t worry.
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Strong reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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Few, if any, books ever written have pleased everyone who read them. As Bill Cosby once remarked, “I don’t know the key to success, but the key to failure is to try and please everybody.” Therefore, successful writers often write about touchy subjects. The Awakening by Kate Chopin is no exception.
Dealing primarily with freedoms of women, The Awakening stirred up a great deal of controversy in the late 19th century when it was written, and it ruined Chopin’s writing career from the time it was published until her death. Chopin tried to get people to recognize the simple rights of women as people, as men, in a way. Some people, including women’s rights activists who began to draw major attention after The Awakening was published, grabbed the ideas expressed in the novel, and used them for their causes.
“The author has a clever way of managing a difficult subject, and wisely tempers the emotional elements found in the situation. Such is the cleverness in the handling of the story that you feel pity for the most unfortunate of her sex” (Times).
However, the ideas expressed in the novel did not agree with the general population. One review sated:
“‘The Awakening,’ by Kate Chopin, is a feeble reflection of Bourget, theme and manner of treatment both suggesting the French novelist.... If the author had secured our sympathy for this unpleasant person it would not have been a small victory, but we are well satisfied when Mrs. Pontellier deliberately swims out to her death in the waters of the gulf” (Opinion).
Clearly, some who read the book did not agree at all with the messages Chopin was trying to send, which called for women to do what they felt was right. Most people, including many women, felt that it was a wife’s job and obligation to do whatever their husband asked, take care of their families, and have as many babies as possible. Chopin, a single mother of six, obviously did not agree (hence, the controversy).
Chopin used several techniques of influencing her readers, especially by writing about a situation with conflict. She grabbed the reader right away with an interesting setting, full of opposing characters, whose opposing viewpoints naturally created, at the very least, something entertaining.
The story takes place in New Orleans, but starts off in Grand Isle, a vacation hot spot for rich married couples. Grand Isle symbolizes a kind of separation from society, where Edna’s feelings grow toward Robert Lebrun, a young man whose mother owns the cottages on the island. New Orleans represents the return to society, where things must settle down and conform.
Some of the characters providing conflict include Adéle Ratignolle, one of Edna’s close friends. Adéle lives for her children and her husband. She spends all of her time being a mother, and is the ideal woman of her society. However, Mademoiselle Reisz is of a completely different sort. She never married, and lived independently her whole life. She is a major influence on Edna, who is captivated by her piano playing. Robert Lebrun also plays a significant impact on Edna, and is probably her biggest influence in the story. Their relationship starts out with him joking and flirting with her, but eventually they fall in love. Edna’s final expression of love toward a man who is not her husband is one of the major climaxes of the book.
What is really captivating is the ending, when it is realized that Edna, the protagonist, is caught in her society with nowhere to go and no one to turn to. When Edna swims out to sea, it is clear that if this could be taking place, something is dreadfully wrong with society.
Altogether, this was a well written piece of literature exemplifying the women’s rights movement, and calling to attention outright flaws in the way society was. Since the novel was written, women have been granted the right to vote, and made large bounds forward toward equality, but somehow the old society remains, and somehow, it isn’t as big an issue as it should be.
Chopin, Kate. The Awakening.
The New York Times Book Review, June 24, 1899, p. 408. Reprinted in Twentieth- Century Literary Criticism, Vol. 14.
Public Opinion, Vol. XXVI, No. 25. June 22. 1899. p. 794. Reprinted in Twentieth- Century Literary Criticism, Vol. 14.
Stone, Carol. Women's Studies, Vol. 13, Nos. 1 & 2, 1986, pp. 23-31. Reprinted in Novels for Students, Vol. 3.
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Strong reasoning
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Literature
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The nature of Evolution: Collection, Inheritance and History
“I am certain that organic choice continues to be the main although not exceptional implies of modification.” ? Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species
Why do modern individuals show distinct abilities than our extinct primate ancestors just like the Neanderthal? And why do some species prosper and evolve, why most people are pressured with the brink of extinction? Evolution is often a elaborate method that manifests more than time. Darwinian healthy selection and Mendelian inheritance are primary issues to our being familiar with of it. The existence of evolution is evidenced by historical fossil data and it is observable in new occasions in the process, for example, with the evolution of antibiotic resistance of microbes. Evolution is considered the system of adaptation of the species greater than time if you want to outlive and reproduce. What roles do collection and inheritance enjoy?
Natural selection sales opportunities to predominance of some features over time
Charles Darwin has become the founding fathers of contemporary evolutionary idea. His highly-respected basic research summarized in ‘The Origin of Species’6, postulates a wrestle for survival and normal choice, where the fittest organisms survive additionally, the weakest die. The level of competition for limited sources and sexual replica less than affect of ecological forces establish natural and organic selection pressures, where by probably the most adaptable species, often referred to as ‘the fittest’, will acquire fitness rewards greater than the mal-adapted and outcompete them by all those usually means. The health and fitness of an organism is usually described from the true variety of offspring an organism contributes, regarding the amount of offspring it is usually bodily disposed to contribute.1-4 An often-cited illustration is of the evolution of long-necked Giraffes from shorter-necked ancestors. As giraffes are feeding from your leaves of trees by stretching their necks to achieve them, it can be evident that an extended neck might be worthwhile around the wrestle of survival. But how can these adjustments crop up to start with? It happens to be by means of mutations that variability is released right into a http://urgent-essay.com/custom-essay gene pool. Genetic mutations can alter the genotype and phenotype of a trait including the duration within the neck of a giraffe. Mutations never come up as the response to natural and organic collection, but are alternatively a continuous event.” Organic and natural collection certainly is the editor, ?nstead of the composer, in the genetic information.”5 But not all mutations trigger evolution. Traits like a somewhat lengthened neck may very well be handed on from dad or mum to offspring through time, generating a gradual evolution for the neck duration. These that come to pass to be effective for survival and so are becoming chosen on, are handed on and can persist from ancestors to cutting-edge descendants of the species.
As Darwin has observed: “But if variations valuable to any natural currently being do appear, assuredly consumers thus characterised can have the most beneficial probability of becoming preserved from the battle for all times; and with the sturdy principle of inheritance, they will manufacture offspring in the same way characterised. This theory of preservation, I have named for that sake of brevitiy, purely natural Assortment.” six That’s why, only when range stress is placed on all those features, do genotype and phenotype versions bring on evolution and predominance of specified characteristics.7 It is a sampling method according to dissimilarities in fitness-and mortality-consequences of these attributes. Genetic versions can also come about as a result of random genetic drifts (random sampling) and sexual assortment. But how will these mutations cause evolution? The genetic variation will need to be hereditary.8, 9
Heredity of genetic qualities and inhabitants genetics
Inheritance of genetic variation is another crucial variable often acknowledged being a driver of evolutionary forces. If you want for evolution to consider put, there needs to be genetic variation from the personal, on which normal (and sexual) assortment will act. Modern day evolutionary idea is a union of two principal considered units of Darwinian assortment and Mendelian genetics. eight The discoveries of Gregory Mendel in molecular genetics have mainly displaced the greater historic design of blended inheritance. Based on this design, the filial generation represents a established mean belonging to the parents’ genetic material. But, with present day realizing, this is able to render evolution implausible, as being the appropriate genetic variation might be shed. Mendelian genetics, in contrast, proved which the filial technology preserves genetic variability via choice alleles which can be inherited, one of that could be dominant around another. Thus, offspring sustain a established of genetic alternate options on the peculiarities of your parents or guardians inside sort of alleles. The impact of Mendelian genetics relating to the evolution over a populace amount is expressed with the Hardy-Weinberg Principle’, influenced by the succeed of Wilhelm Weinberg and Gotfrey Hardy. eight Two alleles on the locus depict two choices to a gene. The Hardy-Weinberg equation is: P^2 +2qp + q^2 = one P^2 and q^2 are definitely the frequencies belonging to the AA and aa genotype from alleles A and a of the gene, respectively as will have to equivalent 1 or 100%. P would be the frequency of your dominant, q on the recessive allele. They identified a couple of factors as main motorists to impact allele frequencies in the gene pool of a population. The manifestation of evolutionary forces will be expressed with a molecular stage to be a alteration of allele frequencies in a gene pool of the inhabitants in excess of time. These things are genetic drift, mutation, migration and range. The theory assumes that allele frequencies are and keep on being at equilibrium in an infinitely enormous populace from the absence of such forces and with all the assumption of random mating. 8 Allele frequencies within just a gene pool are inherently steady, but change in excess of time as a result of the evolutionary things bundled around the equation. The gradual accumulation of those on molecular level cause evolution, observable as speciation activities and evolution of species (genotype, phenotype).
Modern evolutionary idea comes with totally different mechanisms where gene and genotype frequency are impacted and how evolution normally takes put in excess of time. The two big drivers of evolution are purely natural variety additionally, the hereditary character of genetic mutations that impact health and fitness. These identify the manifestation of allele frequencies of a number of qualities in the inhabitants in excess of time, consequently the species evolves. We are able to observe the character of evolution daily, when noticing similarities among the mom and dad and offspring as well as siblings, or through the variation of modern humans from our primate ancestors.
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Science & Tech.
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Postbiotic metabolites are increasingly recognized as compounds that play important roles in regulating many aspects of health, especially the immune system. It is well documented that as people age, there is an age-related decline in immune function. Aging doesn’t just happen to the body; it also affects the microbiome. Aging is associated with striking changes in the gut microbiome, resulting in constipation, increased inflammation, and a decline in immune function.i
One of the primary causes of age-associated changes in the microbiome’s composition and function is a decrease in the production of postbiotic metabolites. Probiotic bacteria abundantly produce Postbiotics in a healthy microbiome. They provide many benefits, such as suppressing pathogens’ growth, reducing inflammation, and enhancing immune function.ii
What’s Better, Probiotics, or Postbiotic Metabolites?
Probiotic bacteria are largely ineffective if the individual is not also consuming adequate dietary fiber because fiber is the “food” for probiotic bacteria. When probiotic bacteria ferment indigestible nutritional fibers in the colon, they produce postbiotic metabolites.
A newer and more effective method of improving the gut microbiome’s composition and function is to take a fermented food probiotic. During the fermentation process, probiotic bacteria break down dietary fibers and convert them into a wide range of postbiotic metabolites. The world’s premier fermented food probiotic is Dr. Ohhira’s Probiotics. After a multi-year fermentation production process, each dose of Dr. Ohhira’s Probiotics directly delivers over 500 different postbiotic metabolites.
Direct ingestion of postbiotic metabolites eliminates the time it takes ingested probiotic bacteria to locate dietary fibers in the intestinal tract and then begin the process of fermenting the fibers to create postbiotic metabolites. However, it has been reported that 90% of children and adults in America DO NOT consume the recommended amount of daily dietary fiber.iii Hence, millions of people who purchase commercial probiotic products get minimal benefit from them because their diets are severely fiber deficient.
When an individual directly ingests postbiotic metabolites, they immediately begin to create positive changes in the intestinal tract such as reducing symptoms of gas, bloating, and/or diarrhea, reducing inflammation, and enhancing immune function.
As mentioned above, there are numerous age-related changes in diet and lifestyle that contribute to unfavorable changes in the gut microbiome’s composition and function and a weakening of the immune system.
Two of the most important proactive steps people can take to improve the function of their microbiome, and their immune system are:
While these suggestions are essential for everyone, they are especially important steps elderly individuals can take to improve their microbiome and immune system’s health.
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Strong reasoning
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Health
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Alarming rise of violence against women in Arab region
Violence against women is a global issue but has risen in the Middle East in recent years and incurred costs that significantly affect society at large. Figures indicate that gender-based violence is increasing with new forms of attacks.
“Violence against women is equivalent to violation of human rights. It remains under many forms in the Arab region, including intimate partner violence, gender-related killings and other forms that are particular to this region, such as early forced marriages and temporary marriages, sexual harassment and female genital mutilation,” said Blerta Aliko, deputy regional director of Arab states at UN Women.
“An estimated 30% of ever-partnered women in the Middle East and North Africa region have experienced physical violence by intimate partners at some point in their lives, while one in seven girls is married as a child with the highest rates in Mauritania, Sudan and the Yemen,” Aliko said at a panel discussion in Beirut on the cost of violence against women in the Arab region.
“While 87% of women and girls aged between 15 and 49 have undergone FGM (female genital mutilation) in Egypt and Sudan, an estimated 19% have experienced the same form of violence in Yemen and 8% in Iraq since 2015.”
Although complete data on the prevalence of violence are lacking in the region, largely due to under-reporting of violence within marriage particularly, some estimates were available.
“In Egypt, the prevalence of domestic violence did not change over two decades with nearly one-third of married women experiencing a form of physical violence by their husbands. In Morocco, a national survey estimated the prevalence of violence at 62% with nearly 9% of sexual violence, while in Jordan, 44% of women who have been married at some point in their lives have experienced physical violence at least once since age 15, and 9% reported experiencing sexual violence,” Aliko said.
Conflict and violence sweeping the Middle East have increased the risks of violence against women, including striking forms of sexual violence. Syrian women refugees in Jordan, Lebanon and Iraq have reported high rates of domestic violence, sexual harassment and early and forced marriages. Similar trends were observed in Yemen and Libya, the United Nations said.
Gender-based violence has a direct and devastating effect on society and constitutes an impediment to progress, development and democracy, experts said. Estimation of the cost of the violence is viewed as an important tool to bring about constitutional reform and push forward for implementing laws and enforcement, said Mehrinaz el-Awady, director of the ESCWA Centre for Women.
“Our region has the highest rate of violence against women but there is an absence of the estimation of the cost of such violence,” Awady said, noting that Egypt was the only Arab country to do an estimation, which was calculated at $11.8 billion.
“There are serious consequences… on the victims and on the family, the children and the economy. The cost going into services for the victims and the lost productivity could have been directed into projects and other activities that benefit everyone in the society,” Awady added.
With the exceptions of Somalia and Sudan, all Arab League countries have signed and ratified the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). However, the ratification did not have a concrete effect on the status of women in the region because many countries had reservations about the core provisions of the convention and did not ratify the optional protocol.
Awady said progress in addressing violence against women is largely fragmented. “One finds countries that have done constitutional reform — like Egypt and Tunisia — but this has not been transformed into law. Or, if there is a law, there is no strategy and if there is a strategy, there is no budget. So none of the Arab countries until now do have a comprehensive framework.”
The crises in the region, compounded with the rise in Muslim extremism and a push in some “Arab spring” countries for adherence to Islamic law have threatened women’s aspirations and increased risks of violence against women, the experts said.
In Iraq, forced genital mutilation and forced early marriages returned as a practice after 2003, a trend that reappeared with the rise of religious extremism.
“These are forms of violence that have existed, for example in Syria, even before the crisis but they have exacerbated significantly with displacement as a negative coping mechanism for economic and protection purposes… The family members deemed it is much more reasonable to marry off girls than keeping them in camp settings where there could be other forms of violence,” Aliko said.
Under-reporting of spousal violence is common because of shame, fear of retaliation, lack of information about legal rights, lack of confidence in, or fear of, the legal system and the legal costs involved, the experts said.
“That is why we join forces to advocate for the need for the estimation of [violence against women] and to have a more effective policy reform,” Awady said.
Samar Kadi is the Arab Weekly society and travel section editor.
Copyright ©2017 The Arab Weekly
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Strong reasoning
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Politics
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In order to make great steps in life, people have no option but to put their effort together. One must learn to live with other human beings in order to face the challenges that occur in life. Perhaps it is simply because human beings learn from what they observe in other people. It is through observation that they either mimic or avoid the behavior of the other people. Though some people may consider living a solitary life and actually find it fun, peaceful and comfortable, majority always want to be part of a certain group. These groups are based on ethnicity, race, nation, work, and education among others. The more one interacts with other members of a particular group the more the individuals behavior is influenced by the group.
A group refers to two or more people interacting in order to achieve a certain aim. The behavior of people that are part of a group may vary depending on the type of group or its purpose. The level of interaction depends on the objective of the group. Group dynamics can therefore be defined as the behaviors that take place when one belongs to certain social groups. For instance, a group of clients queuing in a supermarket can have a relationship by interacting with one another due to the situation at that particular time (Levi, 2001). These kinds of groups only last for a short while. Other groups like working groups lasts longer and therefore the interaction is quite frequent. According to the recent study by sociologists, group behavior can as well be influenced by the size. Human behavior is usually an outcome of the emotions that the individual perceives at a particular time. These emotions are brought about by the presence of other people around.
A group can be of any size ranging from two to thousands of people. When an individual is part of a group of two, the person is likely to have intense emotions towards the other person. Two individuals will have a lot of time to interact with each other and this makes them concentrate on each other. One persons actions greatly influence the behavior of the other party. This kind of a group is likely to last only for a short period. When one individual decides to end the relationship that exists between them, the group ends as well. A group of two people is therefore considered unstable with more intense emotions (Rose, 2008). It is obvious that a group that is composed of numerous people has less intense emotions as compared to a group with less number of people.
Groups also influence the attitude of their members. One may make a decision not because it is the right or wrong decision but because the other or some members of the group have made the same decision. The members of a particular group usually portray similar attitudes such that one can be identified with a certain group just by the attitude. Take for instance a group of six school going children think that school is a waste of time. Another member who thought the opposite decides to join the group. The individual may try to convince the other members how important school is but after some time, the individual will have to same attitude towards school and actually conclude that school is indeed not worth all the time.
Groups also acquire specific social status. It might be one sure way to help an individual to become social and know how to interact with other people. According to a recent observation, individuals belonging to a particular group are likely to have the similar social status. For instance, the members of a basketball team of a particular school are likely to belong to the same social group. One can easily tell that an individual belongs to a specific group just by observing how the person interacts with other people or the deeds that the person engages in. Still on the same point, a group of celebrities can be identified by the way they dress or communicate.
Despite being helpful, difficult behaviors may also occur within a group. For instance, conflicts may arise between two or more people within a group. People often disagree on many issues, especially if they are matters that affect each person in a group. These conflicts may be difficult to solve since the decisions made by the members may vary. Larger groups are prone to experiencing conflicts, as they have to deal with lots of issues. Conflict may arise between two members of a group but it will affect the whole group since effective issues cannot be discussed if any member feels uncomfortable (Ramer, 2009). Still on the same point, other members may start dominating the group and ignore the issues that are raised by others. This kind of group will fail to achieve its objectives, as the members will be competing instead of working together in order to come up with effective strategies. However, this can be solved by coming up with rules and regulations that must be obeyed by every member of a group.
In general, group behavior usually depends on the aim of its members. Others are geared towards improving the life of its members by showing the concern they have such as couples and families. Other groups such as organizations are meant to improve the financial state of its members. The aims of groups are what determine the modes of behavior of the group members.
Levi, D. (2001). Group dynamics for teams. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications.
Rose, C. (2008). The personal development group the students' guide. London: Karnac.
Ramer, S. (2009). The psychology of prosocial behavior group processes, intergroup relations, and helping. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
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Strong reasoning
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Social Life
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Who's Behind Listverse?
Jamie founded Listverse due to an insatiable desire to share fascinating, obscure, and bizarre facts. He has been a guest speaker on numerous national radio and television stations and is a five time published author.More About Us
8 Fascinating Facts About Plague Doctors
Thanks mainly to their distinctive masks, plague doctors have remained a symbol of horror for hundreds of years. Featured in all forms of art—from paintings to video games—these birdlike professionals never really slipped from the public consciousness.
It is probably safe to say that if Listverse had to choose one symbol to represent it, the plague mask would be it. We have referred to it thousands of times (not literally—though it does seem that way) on various lists and it is even the beloved avatar of at least one of our regular commenters (yes you Wyrmwood13!)
Despite their popularity—or perhaps because of it—there are many misconceptions about plague doctors. Below, we’ll separate fact from fiction in a very non-US-centric list for a change.
8 Black Death
Although plague doctors were clearly and repeatedly associated with the Black Death, a grand total of zero doctors wore beak masks during that period. The “Black Death” is the name given to the biggest pandemic in recorded history, which claimed the lives of up to 200 million people from 1346 to 1353. Since then, scientists have been trying to identify the actual disease, and bubonic plague has long been considered the most likely culprit.
Plague doctors with their famous attire did not appear until 1619. The costume was designed by Dr. Charles de Lorme. Even then, it was not widely used until several decades later during the plague of 1656.
The most likely explanation as to why these costumes became associated with the Black Death is the suspicion that bubonic plague was the cause. However, that theory has been called into question in more recent years. To discover more devastating details about the Black Death, check out 10 Factors That Made The Black Death So Deadly.
7 The Look
These costumes may not have existed at the same time as the Black Death, but they did exist eventually. So the obvious question is: Why?
Basically, this was humanity’s first attempt at the hazmat suit. The full-length coat was made of waxen leather, which was designed to be impermeable. It covered a shirt, breeches, and boots.
The doctors’ wide-brimmed hats were supposed to signal their profession (in case the rest of the costume was too subtle), and their canes were used to examine victims without touching them. Doctors also used these canes to signal to their assistants and fend off distraught family members.
But clearly, the most notable aspect of the uniform was its beaked mask, which does have a logical explanation. Remember that this was designed before doctors started washing their hands. So everyone was still trying to figure out how disease actually spread.
It was theorized that “poisoned air” (aka “miasma”) was the cause, which is how the masks came to exist. Filled with herbs and spices, the mask was intended to overpower or drown out the miasma, thereby protecting the doctor.
Although we now know that you can’t simply stop an airborne illness by putting more stuff in the air, we should at least acknowledge that they weren’t completely off the mark. Air can be infected, and filtration can fix it. They just did it badly. And they didn’t stop there. Read more at 10 Crazy Cures for the Black Death.
6 The Smoldering Look
While patients obviously had it rough during the plague, their doctors didn’t have it much better. In addition to the risk of contracting the disease—as well as the social stigma—they had an unpleasant experience just wearing the uniform.
Anyone who has ever worn a mask for Halloween knows how gross and annoying it can be after a few hours. The design of these plague masks made it almost impossible for the doctors to speak to other people, which added to the already notable loneliness of the profession.
However, for a small group of French doctors, spittle and prattle were probably not as concerning as the fires inside their masks. Building on the theory of miasma, some plague doctors in France set the scented material inside their masks on fire in the hopes that the smoke would help to clear the bad air.
Unsurprisingly, the fire technique never really caught on. But if you think that’s strange, you’ll want to read about 10 Utterly Creepy Historical Masks.
5 Treated Everyone
Given that the plague was so contagious that doctors needed specialist equipment, and that nobody really cared about poor people, it would be easy to assume that plague doctors only treated those who could afford it. But this was not the case. The poor may not have been able to afford treatment, but the plague was so contagious that the rich couldn’t afford to let their impoverished counterparts catch it.
For this reason, plague doctors were hired and paid by town councils to treat everyone in the hopes of completely eradicating the disease village by village. However, that didn’t stop the doctors from charging patients, too.
Although the position paid well, it was generally taken by three types of people: new doctors, those who struggled in private practice, or volunteers who weren’t trained but were willing to give it a go.
In many cases, the towns provided additional benefits, such as a free home, payment of expenses, and a pension. As a result, plague doctors who technically treated patients for free actually embarked on lucrative careers.
Of course, modern doctors make a lot of money, too. Although they can be a godsend when you’re sick, you might be surprised to discover the Top 10 Disturbing Facts About Doctors.
4 Treatment Options
The plague doctor community was composed mostly of rejected doctors and nondoctors at a time when even the best medical practitioners knew diddly-squat. As a result, many of the treatments were . . . well, awful.
The infected poor morphed into lab rats as plague doctors became increasingly frustrated and creative with their treatments. However, none of those therapies helped in the end.
Bloodletting (deliberately bleeding a vein to decrease bad blood) was always a popular choice. Eating things like applesauce, mustard, or mint sauce was believed to help as well. So could filling the house with aromas.
Alternatively, you could take some food items (such as onion, herbs, pigeon, or snake), chop them up, and rub them on the patient. Sometimes, arsenic and mercury were fed to infected individuals. Mercury was also used to coat the patient before boiling him in the oven, although this was usually a last resort (whether it was intended to be or not!)
Additionally, there was always the option of smothering patients in their own feces or dropping them in the sewer overnight if they couldn’t produce enough of their own waste. Click here to discover the 10 Secrets Of Ancient Feces.
3 Data Collection
Everybody knows that data talks in the modern age. Whether you’re trying to sway the outcome of a political campaign or halt the spread of coronavirus, data is essential if you are going to win. Apparently, governments of the 17th century also realized the importance of data because its collection was a major part of being a plague doctor.
You can imagine the kind of data they collected: suspected cases, confirmed cases, fatalities, cured patients, and more. This allowed plague doctors to start ruling out ineffective treatments, although they never really zeroed in on therapies that worked.
It was unusual for the time, but they also performed autopsies to learn more about the effects of this condition on the human body. As they were often with patients in their final moments, plague doctors were also required to record wills and testify in court if needed. Of course, plague doctors were amateurs when compared to data collectors in today’s world. For the frightening facts, read 10 Ways We Are Being Watched, Monitored And Spied On.
In societies across the world, doctors have almost always been held in high regard. Among the most well-educated members of society, they can alleviate your suffering and save the lives of your loved ones. All of this usually makes them popular. For plague doctors, though, it was a different story.
They spent so much time with the infected—which often caused the doctors to become sick as well—that other people were wary of socializing with them. When employed, these doctors were not allowed to mingle with the general public. Furthermore, they had to self-quarantine for an extended period when they were done treating patients.
Even after that, they were generally treated as outcasts. Plague doctors were left alone to wander the streets of the villages they had saved or to move away in the hopes of starting a new life. For more fascinating facts about pariahs during the Middle Ages, check out the Top 10 Medieval Outcasts.
1 Missing Doctors
Plague doctors were usually well-educated, well-paid, well-liked, well-known, and well-connected. Even if they were terrible doctors, they probably came from reasonably rich families. They treated the political class and the elites, and they took part in legal proceedings. Clearly, plague doctors were important people, which is why it is so unusual that a number of them went missing.
Although historical records from hundreds of years ago will always have gaps, these usually relate to the poor. Wealthier members of society had all kinds of records in banks, land registries, the courts, and so on.
Plague doctors were well-documented and kept under a watchful eye to ensure that they didn’t break their isolation clause. Despite this, they would occasionally just disappear.
Some were kidnapped for ransom, although these individuals were often swiftly returned. Others simply vanished off the face of the Earth. They may have fled, died of the plague, or been kidnapped to treat people in another city. It is probably a combination of all three.
But we’ll never be sure what happened to them. For some more spine-tingling mysteries of missing people, click here for 10 Eerie Last Words Of People Who Then Vanished Without A Trace. And if you have a theory as to where the missing plague doctors went, share it in the comments.
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Strong reasoning
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History
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Tony Vincent said, “For the rest of their lives, our students will always have a computer with them. We need to teach with that in mind” (Nalder 2012).
In the book The World is Open the author points out that taking a child into Best Buy or Radio Shack often equated to fun are actually places of learning. With this in mind I surveyed some of my students on their thoughts on BYOD. Of course I had to tell them that meant “bring your own device.” At the time some of them were already using their own devices as scientific calculators. Most of them said that was a great idea because they always have them and don’t tend to forget to bring them with them where ever they go. One student commented that he thought it would lead to cheating, but we pointed out to him it would not be cheating to research something on the internet with a smartphone or iPod if they were being requested to. The other students also pointed out that they all had their laptops with them already so the potential for internet research and/or cheating was already there. In my view I believe that we should embrace mobile technology in the classroom.
One of the main reasons that k-12 education needs to go mobile is that students do have them at all times. There are many other reasons k-12 education should go mobile along with the times. Mobile devices are cheaper and include many tools in one. One being the scientific calculator my students were using. Others include writing, dictionaries, eBooks, atlases, encyclopedias, and calendars. Mobile technology is faster; you just have to turn it on and navigation is easy. Even my four year old granddaughter can navigate the iPad easily. Mobile technology also allows students to take responsibility for their own learning (Nalder 2012). Education is becoming more and more mobile. Armitage (2012) states that the movement of students and educators is to meet online. She quotes Michael Jones, chief technology advocate for Google, “a mobile phone could become a university.” In Slide to Learn they share a statement by Apple, “Students and teachers already use mobile technology in almost every aspect of their daily lives. Now schools can tap into that enormous opportunity for learning by providing continuous access to educational materials, along with easy ways for learners to connect, collaborate, and share.”
The classroom needs to keep pace with 21st Century mobility. Employers of the future will be looking for a workforce that can problem solve, multitask, and handle complex tasks. If we as educators don’t provide the opportunity that students will need to use their mobile devices. This will allow a flow of learning that can be collected, organized, and presented through these technologies and educational apps (Nalder 2012). With any new technology or even curriculum pre-planning and training will be necessary for any program to work. Our school is just now getting about 30 to 50 iPad 3 for teachers and the elementary classrooms. Our school has been in the One to One Initiative for about six years. I know we rolled that out slowly and probably did not get the training needed but it has been successful. I am glad that I have been working on educating myself through the ONID program and hope that I can help with the successful implementation of the iPads throughout the school.
Armitage, C. (2012, October 13). Unis to face high degree of change in mobile era. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved October 2, 2012, from http://www.smh.com.au/national/tertiary-education/unis-to-face-high-degree-of-change-in-mobile-era-20121012-27iae.html
Bonk, C. J. (2009). The world is open how web technology is revolutionizing education [Electronic Google Play]. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Nalder, J., Vincent, T., Maccoll, K., Lemma, M., & Duncan, L. (2012). Slide to Learn: Beginners guide to the iPod touch, iPhone and iPlad in Education. Slide to Learn: Beginners Guide to the IPod Touch, IPhone and IPlad in Education. Retrieved October 2, 2012, from http://www.slidetolearn.info/
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Education & Jobs
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List of Monuments In India
India is one of the most magnificent nations in the world, famed for its rich heritage and interesting history. Its monumental structures, such as the Taj Mahal, serve as powerful cornerstones of India's rich and profound past. The archaic heritage places of India speak volumes, from their majestic architecture to their amazing, incredible legacy.
The majority of these Indian structures were mostly constructed during the reigns of Rajputana, Dravidian, and Mughal kings. India's monuments are living testaments to the splendour of its monarchs and the brilliance of its artisans in ancient India. Because of India's amazing beauty and the government's ongoing efforts to preserve cultural monuments, India has been designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. India tourism is growing fast, with a surge in the number of visitors from all around the globe. Red Fort, Sun Temple Konark, Amer Fort, and Charminar are among the well-preserved structures in the nation.
Now let us have a look at some of the most eminent and important historical monuments in India.
1. Taj Mahal
This monument unquestionably represents India's visage. This architectural marvel, constructed of white marble, is also one of the Seven Wonders of the World. From global leaders to movie stars, prominent writers, to corporate moguls, the Taj Mahal is on everyone's bucket list of locations to see in the globe
The Taj Mahal, which was completed in 1648, has remained a significant historic landmark for India; its exquisite architecture is most spoken about, and the heartwarming tale behind its building certainly inspires a desire to see the Epitome of Love.
2. Gateway of India Mumbai, Maharashtra
Crafted to honour King George V's royal visit, the Gateway of India has remained an irreplaceable historic icon for the city of Mumbai and the nation. This striking basalt arch, which represents imperial success, is now one of Mumbai's most prominent tourist attractions.
Completed in 1924 and designed in the Islamic styles of 16th-century Gujarat architecture, this work of art witnessed India's journey to freedom as well as the 26/11 disaster.
3. India Gate
India Gate is without a question one of the nation's most recognised monuments. This magnificent monument sometimes referred to be a copy of the Arc de Triomphe in Paris, is devoted to the 70,000 troops who died during World War I.
India Gate was completed in 1931 and rises 42 meters tall, with the names of Indian martyrs etched on it. The Amar Jawan Jyoti is a relatively later addition to the building, which was built during the Indo-Pak war in 1971. Today, India Gate is one of the most well-known landmarks in both Delhi and India.
4. Golden Temple, Amritsar
The features of Amritsar's Golden Temple are its fascinating tradition and gold-gilded facade. Sikhs from all over the world flock to pay their respects at the Golden Temple, and as a result, this location has grown in prominence in India's tourism industry. This Sikh temple was built in the Indo-Islamic architectural style by Arjan Sahib with the assistance of Baba Budha Ji.
The temple is really a modest portion of a larger religious complex that also includes a well-known healing pond. The lower level of the temple is embellished with floral and animal designs similar to the Taj Mahal, while the upper tier is coated with sheets of gold, earning it the nickname "Golden Temple."
5. Hawa Mahal, Jaipur
This Palace of Winds is a significant sight in Jaipur's Pink City. Hawa Mahal is a five-story pyramidal edifice that stands 15 meters tall and overlooks the city's bustling streets. The monument was created by Maharaja Sawai Pratap Singh to allow ladies to glimpse the exterior world without being seen by others (Purdah System was prevalent at that time). The sights of Jantar Mantar, City Palace, and Sireh Deori Bazaar from the pinnacle of the monument are breathtaking.
6. Char Minar Hyderabad
This 16th-century structure in Hyderabad has unquestionably won the title of India's most architectural masterpiece. Charminar, which stands towering in Old Hyderabad, appears simply gorgeous when lit up in the evening.
The meandering 149 stairs lead to the top of the skyscraper, where the sight is stunning. Sultan Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah did, in fact, give the Charminar to the City of Nizams.
7. Meenakshi Temple Madurai, Tamil Nadu
Meenakshi Temple said to be the greatest Indian architecture, is located on the banks of the Vaigai River in the temple city of Madurai. The temple is undoubtedly the most well-known structure in South India, and it is frequented by both believers and architecture enthusiasts throughout the year.
The shrine is said to have 33,000 statues in its 14 gopurams, creating a really unique spectacle.
8. Agra Fort
As you reach the Taj Mahal, the red sandstone fortification wall will catch your eye. The second most common landmark in Agra is the Agra Fort, which was erected by Emperor Akbar. This fort was transformed into a palace during the era of Shah Jahan and afterward into a gilded jail under the era of Aurangzeb.
The fort is just like a city within a city, with some beautiful architectural specimens to admire. This fort is considered to represent power, strength, and perseverance. Agra Fort, in its complete splendour, possesses a rich historical era and numerous events that are significant in Indian history.
9. City Palace Udaipur, Rajasthan
City Palace, one of Udaipur's most iconic structures, exemplifies exquisite Rajput architecture. This palace, which was built over a 400-year period, is on the edge of Lake Pichola, overlooking the city.
The palace is a compound that includes 11 additional palaces. It is the exquisite place to admire the Rajput architecture. From the complex decorations to the selection of mirror and marble work, each has a particular flavour that distinguishes this venue differently.
10. Victoria Memorial Kolkata, West Bengal
The Victoria Memorial, unquestionably Kolkata's most iconic structure, is located on the banks of the Hooghly River. Built to honour Queen Victoria, this structure is now a recognised museum under the Ministry of Culture.
This site occupies a good position in Kolkata's history as well as beauty, displaying an immense collection of colonial-era artifacts in its even-handedly done-up halls.
11. Khajuraho Group of Monuments, Madhya Pradesh
The Khajuraho Group of Monuments, most known for its erotic sculptures, is one of India's most popular tourist sites. These temple groups, built by the Chandela monarchs in the 10th and 11th centuries AD, are really a sight to behold.
These well-known temples have a diverse assortment of sculptures, including sensual ones. The temples, which belong to both the Hindu and Jain religions, are excellent examples of architectural quality in the nation.
12. Ajanta & Ellora Caves Aurangabad, Maharashtra
Ajanta and Ellora Caves are two of India's most popular tourist destinations. These caverns, which date back to the 2nd century BC, are a representation of early man's lifestyle in the land. These rock-cut caverns have elaborate sculptures and wall paintings.
Ajanta Caverns are generally known as Buddhist caves, whilst Ellora Caves are known as Hindu, Jain, and Buddhist caves. The Ajanta and Ellora Caves are among India's best-preserved wonders.
13. Amer Fort Jaipur, Rajasthan
This fort is Rajasthan's best example of Rajput architecture. Amer Fort, perched on a hillside, is a superbly constructed fort complex that includes palaces, temples, and a courtyard. Amer Fort is a delight to watch for tourists, with elaborate latticework, beautiful emboss, and mirrored work. The fort is a magnificent depiction of Rajput monarchs' long past.
14. Bahai Temple (Lotus Temple), New Delhi
Bahai Temple, also titles as the Lotus Temple, is a prime example of contemporary architecture in India. The lotus-shaped shrine is the Bahai sect's sacred center yet also attracts a great influx of visitors each day. The temple has also received several awards for its unusual architecture and has been featured in numerous journals and media.
The shrine is made up of 27 free-standing petal-shaped stones clustered in threes to create nine sides. The Lotus Temple's nine doorways lead to a 40-meter-tall center hall that can host up to 2,500 people.
15. Qutub Minar and its Monuments, New Delhi
Qutub Minar, built by Qutub-ud-Din Aibak, is not only an iconic landmark in Delhi but also exhibits India's rich architectural heritage. This 73-meter-tall structure is both imposing in scale and stunning in appearance. Aibak erected the tower when the last Hindu monarch was vanquished, and it is said to have been built to commemorate the commencement of Mughal authority in India.
The Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque, located at the base of the tower, is said to be India's initial mosque. The central mosque has an inner and outer courtyard that is adorned with shafts and flanked by pillars. The majority of these shafts are from Hindu temples that were demolished to make way for the mosque.
As a result, it is not surprising that the Muslim mosque contains characteristic Hindu decoration. The Iron Pillar, located near the mosque, is among Delhi's most famous antiquities.
16. Sanchi Stupa, Madhya Pradesh
Sanchi is known for having outstanding examples of Buddhist art and architecture. Sanchi, which dates from the early Mauryan period (third century BC to the twelfth century AD), is well-known around the globe for its stupas, massive Ashokan pillars, temples, monasteries, and sculptures.
Emperor Asoka, who was intrigued by the position of the hill, established the foundations for a religious center at Sanchi, and his Queen Devi was the daughter of a Vidisha trader. He built the Great Stupa (Stupa 1) and housed Buddha's mortal remains. Following that, the time of allocation of Buddha's mortal remains in various Stupas was implemented.
17. Elephanta Caves Mumbai, Maharashtra
The Elephanta group consists of seven caves dating from the sixth to the seventh century A.D. Cave 1 is the most impressive of the cave excavations, with its display of advanced Brahmanical rock-cut architecture. The cave is renowned for its magnificent carvings.
The Elephanta Caves in Uran, District Raigad, are located on island hills about 11 kilometers north-east of the Apollo Bandar in Mumbai and 7 kilometers from the beach of the mainland, spanning an area of around 7 kilometers. The island is titled after a giant elephant that was discovered on the island, which is generally known as 'Gharapuri.'
18. Golconda Fort Hyderabad, Telangana
The Golconda fort is one of India's largest strongholds. The fort, built on a 400-foot-high hill, features three lines of huge defensive walls, one within the other, reaching a height of more than 12 meters. It was originally a mud fort constructed by the Kakatiya kingdom in the 13th century.
It was strengthened in the 16th century by the Qutb Shahi dynasty, and a 7 km long outer wall composed of granite was built. During the Qutb Shahi dynasty, Golconda was also a prominent diamond trading center. The world's largest gems, including the Kohinoor, Darya-e-Noor, and Regent 'n Hope diamonds, originated here.
19. Gwalior Fort, Madhya Pradesh
Gwalior Fort, positioned on a high sandstone cliff, overlooks the city and is regarded as one of Gwalior's most stunning structures. It has seen notable occurrences like imprisonments, wars, and Jauhar's.
A steep route leads up to the Fort, which is surrounded by rock-carved sculptures of Jain Tirthankaras. The impressive exterior walls of the Fort stand two miles long and 35 feet high, attesting to it being one of India's most impregnable forts.
20. Bara Imambara
Bara Imambara was created as part of a relief project following a terrible famine that occurred in 1784 by the fourth Nawab of Awadh, Asaf-ud-Daula. One of the most well-known structures in Lucknow is the Bara Imambara, commonly known as the Asfi Imambara after the title of the Nawab of Lucknow.
It is a significant site of devotion for Muslims who gather here each year to observe the holy holiday of Muharram.
These are just a some of the historical monuments in India. These monuments and sites are a crucial and vital part of the cultural heritage of India.
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Moderate reasoning
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History
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Paraphrased quotes cannot be known as a citation hook. Political science is a social science that research politics. Like in another social science, many theories and paradigms contradict each other, and researchers have polar opinions. To be a successful political science scholar, you must perceive historical past, sociology, psychology, legislation, and other fields… First, write a fundamental model of your thesis assertion.
Besides, you need to select solely these details which may be related to your topic. Just like a fishing hook grabs a fish and would not let go, the hook of an essay ought to grab the reader. The hook is also identified as an attention getter or an attention grabber. The hook sentence ought to be written in a method to entice the reader to learn more. There are a lot of ways to write down a good hook, and choosing the most effective one to use in an essay really https://handmadewriting.com/buy-research-paper/ is decided by what the essay is about.
Before writing, you need to brainstorm and draft the attainable hooks you will use in your paper. There are basic principles you have to know before writing a hook assertion. Hooks are of different sizes and shapes; therefore, you have to use your creativity to lure your readers into your piece. It is used firstly of your research paper or essay to attract peopleâs attention. This guide will help you know a few hook, how to write a hook for an essay and what it may possibly do to your piece of labor.
You can depend on your personal experience or that of someone well-known. Given this, thereâs another type of essay you should contemplate. Itâs aggressive because you want to reveal your skills as a author. Moreover, you have to show to the committee that you simply stand out from the remainder of the candidates.
Why was I not examined in childhood like my brother? According to recent research, it might be because I was a lady. Give your reader one thing to consider, pixabay. Choose how you plan to develop your work and know your target audience.
Following that, the writer might carry on with writing their essay about Vincent Van Gogh. Your hook should draw readers in by being unique, unusual, and fascinating. You want to seize their curiosity and spark their curiosity about your topic. The first intention of every essay author is recognition.
They might help one learn about something new by providing an outdoor perspective on what itâs prefer to be in someone elseâs shoes . They are short stories tailored to illustrate the message you are trying to convey. You need to give the reader one thing attention-grabbing and relatable. Ensure the questions you may be posing are open-ended to extend your curiosity level. Jokes are mostly used in novels and short stories.
Background info – Sometimes the reader will want some background info in order to perceive http://asu.edu the major points of the essay. This may be notably true in persuasive essays when the writer is attempting to argue for a aspect. Background information bridges may also be used to define key phrases that might be unknown to most readers, or which can be important to greedy the ideas within the essay. Do not hesitate and buy faculty essay now â you might be pleasantly shocked to see how fast we write essays of any problem and the way fabulous they are! Even if you’d like us to provide you with MBA essay writing service, we can easily do it for you!
They are very closely associated to private expertise, and can even often be the same thing. Weâve made them completely different categories as a result of personal expertise is at all times about you or one thing you know, whereas an anecdote could be about anyone or something. You also can use a generalization in a hook sentence if it’s a well-known truth that you are to question and show mistaken in your essay. Personal hook question will ask the readers immediately about their very own experience and perceptions of the problem.
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Moderate reasoning
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Education & Jobs
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You can use shall in the passive voice. Example:
- It shall be done.
I see no reason why you can't use "shall be written" in your sentence.
Willand shall mean slightly different things. This is from Dictionary.com:
- Usage Note: The traditional rules for using shall and will prescribe a highly complicated pattern of use in which the meanings of the forms change according to the person of the subject. In the first person, shall is used to indicate simple futurity: I shall (not will) have to buy another ticket. In the second and third persons, the same sense of futurity is expressed by will: The comet will (not shall) return in 87 years. You will (not shall) probably encounter some heavy seas when you round the point. The use of will in the first person and of shall in the second and third may express determination, promise, obligation, or permission, depending on the context. Thus I will leave tomorrow indicates that the speaker is determined to leave; You and she shall leave tomorrow is likely to be interpreted as a command. The sentence You shall have your money expresses a promise (“I will see that you get your money”), whereas You will have your money makes a simple prediction. ·Such, at least, are the traditional rules. The English and some traditionalists about usage are probably the only people who follow these rules, and then not with perfect consistency. In America, people who try to adhere to them run the risk of sounding pretentious or haughty. Americans normally use will to express most of the senses reserved for shall in English usage. Americans use shall chiefly in first person invitations and questions that request an opinion or agreement, such as Shall we go? and in certain fixed expressions, such as We shall overcome. In formal style, Americans use shall to express an explicit obligation, as in Applicants shall provide a proof of residence, though this sense is also expressed by must or should. In speech the distinction that the English signal by the choice of shall or will may be rendered by stressing the auxiliary, as in I will leave tomorrow (“I intend to leave”); by choosing another auxiliary, such as must or have to; or by using an adverb such as certainly. ·In addition to its sense of obligation, shall also can convey high moral seriousness that derives in part from its extensive use in the King James Bible, as in “Righteousness shall go before him and shall set us in the way of his steps” (Ps 85:13) and “He that shall humble himself shall be exalted” (Mt 23:12). The prophetic overtones that shall bears with it have no doubt led to its use in some of the loftiest rhetoric in English. This may be why Lincoln chose to use it instead of will in the Gettysburg Address:“government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth.”
As noted in the article above, Americans don't use shall much in everyday speech.
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Strong reasoning
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Literature
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The flu season is upon us. Most likely, we will all come into contact with the seasonal flu and the H1N1 virus. Some of us with contract it and others will not. Whether we contract the viruses and the severity is likely due to our immune system. Here are some tips for keeping your immune system strong and preventing the proliferation of the viruses:
- Prioritize your health this winter. What does health mean to you? Take a few minutes to think about it and be clear. The law of attraction works well if you have a clear picture in your mind.
- Don’t worry, be happy. Seriously, chill out and don’t stress about little things. Take things in stride. Stress feeds illness and taps the immune system.
- Plenty of restful sleep is essential to wellness. Our immune system has to work extra hard if you are lacking sleep. Prioritize this for you and your family.
- Reduce your intake of sugar wherever possible. Sugar feeds disease, infections, viruses, etc.
- Take plenty of Vitamin C daily for prevention. You can take as much as your bowels will handle. If feeling run down take you may try 1000 milligrams every waking hour. If feeling a cold or flu coming on, you may increase it to 2,000/ waking hour. Vitamin C with zinc will help absorption.
- Gargle 2x/day with warm salt water to prevent viruses from settling in.
- Use a neti pot with salt solution to keep nasal passages clean of bacteria and viruses.
- Wash your hands often and avoid putting them on your face.
- Stay hydrated with plenty of fresh filtered water and herbal teas.
- Drink plenty of warm, caffeine-free liquids daily. This will wash any virus from the throat into the stomach for removal.
- Garlic, garlic, garlic. Eat raw or put in dishes during last couple minutes of cooking to keep all the healing benefits. Same with onions.
- Add turmeric to your dishes. Or put some in your daily green smoothie for anti-inflammatory properties. What? You’re not drinking a daily green smoothie? J
- Eat healthy fruits and vegetables for a strong immune system
- Have herbal extracts on hand. Concentrated herbal extracts, called tinctures, can easily be prepared at home to have on hand in case of cold/ flu symptoms and flu prevention. Herbal extracts might include: Echinacea, St Johns Wort, Astragalus, Boneset, among others. Contact TBW for learning how to make a tincture for your needs.
Natural, herbal healthcare can be very effective and empowering. Taking some action will enable you to heal quicker and help others to do the same. Have some tips to share?
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Basic reasoning
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Health
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While the industrial powers of Europe were expanding overseas, the United States acquired by purchase and conquest the remainder of its Manifest Destiny—a dominion from sea to sea that was “to bring the blessings of liberty” to the entire continent. The United States believed it had a moral obligation to expand in order to extend the area of freedom against monarchical or dictatorial governments.
The first American empire was solely within the continent. By the end of the century the Native American had been swept aside into reservations and was a ward of the state. Once the Native Americans were “pacified”— the last major battle was fought at Wounded Knee in Dakota Territory, in December 1890—and the frontier was thought to be closed, the main thrust of the westward movement was over, and Americans would have to look elsewhere for new worlds to conquer.
By the 1870s a national consensus was emerging that the new frontiers should be sought overseas, particularly in the Caribbean and the Pacific. Control of the harbors of San Diego, San Francisco, and the Juan de Fuca Strait (near present-day Seattle) was a primary aim. Such needs strengthened the desire of American statesmen to find a peaceful solution to their controversy with the British over the Oregon Territory (1846); and the acquisition of California in 1848 was seen as essential to American advancement into the Pacific.
In 1854 Admiral Perry persuaded the Japanese to open two ports to American vessels by the Treaty of Kanagawa. But if the China trade and the expected Japan trade were to flourish, American vessels needed repair and refueling facilities elsewhere in the Pacific. The Hawaiian Islands now took on added significance, for, besides refuge, they also afforded supplies of sandalwood for the China trade. After the discovery of gold in California in 1848, the islands provided the mainland with badly needed sugar and foodstuffs.
In 1875 the sugar growers in Hawaii, largely Americans, obtained a reciprocal trading agreement with the United States that stipulated that no part of Hawaii might be given by the Hawaiian Kingdom to any other country. Sugar exports to America increased, until the islands were utterly dependent upon the continental market, and in 1884, when the agreement was renewed, the United States was granted exclusive use of Pearl Harbor as a naval base. In the meantime, the indigenous population declined rapidly, and the planters, in need of labor, imported thousands of Chinese, Japanese, and Portuguese. Hawaii was annexed on July 7,1898, the first land outside the North American continent to fly the American flag on a permanent basis.
As early as 1823 the Monroe Doctrine had made it clear that the United States saw itself as exerting a strong moral influence in Latin America. The Monroe Doctrine was given a corollary in 1895, when President Grover Cleveland (1837-1908) intervened in a boundary controversy between Venezuela and Britain, asserting that the United States had an obligation to the free nations of the entire Western Hemisphere to protect them from abuse by European powers.
In the same year Cuba revolted against Spain. As the revolt spread, American sugar and tobacco growers and iron mine owners on the island complained of the destruction of their property. Outnumbered by the Spanish troops in Cuba, the revolutionaries turned to guerrilla warfare, hoping to draw the United States into intervening. A new governor, appointed in 1896, sought to limit the effects of guerrilla tactics by forcing large elements of the rural population into concentration camps. There thousands died. While American business opposed direct intervention in so unstable a situation, the “yellow” press printed atrocity stories that stirred up prorevolutionary sympathy. Then, on February 15,1898, the U.S. battleship Maine, at anchor in Havana harbor, was destroyed by an explosion that killed 260 officers and men.
President William McKinley (1843-1901) sent an ultimatum to Spain demanding an armistice in the revolution and an end to the concentration camps. Spain revoked the camp policy at once, and instructions were sent to the governor ordering an armistice. But without waiting to learn the details of the Spanish armistice order, McKinley presented the Cuban crisis to Congress with the charge that Spain’s response had been “disappointing.”
After lengthy debate, Congress voted recognition of Cuban independence on April 19, authorized the use of American troops to make recognition effective, and pledged “to leave the government and control of the Island to its people.” McKinley signed the resolution, and the United States served an ultimatum upon Spain to grant Cuban independence. Spain broke diplomatic relations; the American navy blockaded Cuban ports; Spain declared war against the United States; and the United States countered with a declaration of war against Spain.
The Spanish-American War lasted 115 days, and the American forces swept all before them. The Spanish empire was broken, its army crushed, and virtually all of its battle fleet sunk or driven onto the beaches. Five days after war was declared, Admiral George Dewey (18371917), forewarned two months earlier by Theodore Roosevelt, then assistant secretary of the navy, to sail for Hong Kong, reached Manila Bay. There he methodically destroyed a larger Spanish fleet, and thirteen days later American troops, reinforced by Filipino guerrillas under General Emilio Aguinaldo (1869-1964), occupied Manila.
The Treaty of Paris, by which the Philippines were ceded to the United States, was signed on December 10. Spain surrendered all claim to Cuba, assumed the Cuban debt, ceded Puerto Rico and the Pacific island of Guam to the United States as indemnity, and received $20 million in payment for the Philippines. In one quick step the United States had become a maritime empire with interests in both the Caribbean and the Far East.
American troops remained in control of Cuba until 1902. In effect, Cuba became an American protectorate and the second largest recipient of American investments in the Western Hemisphere. Investment required stability, and from 1917 until 1934, the American government made it clear that it would recognize no hostile regime in Cuba.
The Pacific continued to be the testing ground for the growth of an American empire, however. To maintain control over Caribbean areas seemed natural, for Americans had long considered themselves to be the guardian of the New World. To attempt the same in the remote Pacific invited new dangers. The Filipinos felt betrayed by the continued presence of the American army, and when Aguinaldo learned that the Treaty of Paris had given the Philippines to the United States, he organized an armed revolt that continued as guerrilla warfare until mid-1902.
A special commission established by President McKinley recommended ultimate independence for the islands, with American rule to continue indefinitely until the Filipinos proved themselves “ready for self- government.” One condition of such proof was to terminate the rebellion and accept American rule. In 1916 partial home rule was granted to the Philippines; in 1935 the islands became a commonwealth; and in 1946 they were granted full independence.
On the whole, American imperialism in Asia was nonterritorial, since the British naval presence in the area made outright colonial expansion by the United States difficult and in most cases unnecessary. American policy was best symbolized by the Open Door concept. The Opium War of 1841 between Britain and China, the Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895), and the disintegration of the Manchu Empire in the 1890s had left the Chinese open to demands by European nations for political and economic concessions and the carving up of the China trade into spheres of influence.
The British had taken Hong Kong, and the French, Germans, and Russians were on the move. The British suggested that the United States join in guaranteeing equality of commercial access to China for all Western nations. In a circular letter of September 6,1899, Secretary of State John Hay (1838-1905) asked for assurances from Germany, Russia, and Britain (and later from France, Italy, and Japan as well) that none would interfere with any treaty ports in China and that none would discriminate in favor of their own subjects when collecting railroad charges and harbor dues. Although he received evasive replies, Hay announced in March 1900 that the principle of the Open Door was “final and definitive.”
The Panama Canal Zone added a third and final chapter to the American attempt to compromise between economic advantage and political interest. Concluding that intervention in the Caribbean and Central America would continue to be necessary to the United States, Theodore Roosevelt moved forward on two fronts. Roosevelt saw the election of 1900 as a mandate on imperialism. Desiring canal rights in Central America, he encouraged a Panamanian revolt against Colombia, immediately recognized the independence of Panama, and in November 1903, with the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty, gained perpetual rights of use and control of a canal zone across the isthmus of Panama for the United States, in exchange for $10 million and an annual fee.
A year later “TR” added a further corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, fearing armed European intervention in Venezuela after that nation had defaulted on debts to Britain and Germany. Roosevelt stated that if Latin American nations could not administer their own financial affairs, and if they gave European nations cause for intervention, then the United States might be forced to “exercise . . .
an international police power” in the Western Hemisphere. This was especially applicable to nations that could threaten access to the canal route, and when the Panama Canal was opened on August 15, 1914, the United States had further reason to protect its Caribbean approaches. Under Roosevelt’s corollary, Santo Domingo became an American protectorate in 1907, as did Haiti in 1915.
American marines were stationed in Nicaragua from 1912 until 1925; in 1916 the United States acquired the right to construct a canal across Nicaragua; and the Virgin Islands were purchased from Denmark in 1917. Even revolution in Mexico—which began in 1913 and led to American intervention at Vera Cruz in 1914 and along the northern border two years later—did not disturb the flow of commerce, investment, and shipping in the Caribbean, which had become “an American lake.”
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Strong reasoning
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History
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The Complete Guide to Black Pacu
The black pacu is a fish that is native to the Amazon River and it’s been causing quite a stir lately. The fish, which has human-like teeth, can grow up to 3 feet long and weigh as much as 55 pounds.
Some people believe that the pacu will replace piranhas in the Amazon River because of their human-like teeth and their ability to consume large amounts of food. Others believe that they would be able to survive on land because they are freshwater fish, but there are no confirmed reports of them being seen on land.
What is a Black Pacu?
A Black Pacu is a freshwater fish that looks like a piranha, but it is not related to the piranha. It lives in the rivers of South America. The Black Pacu has a wide mouth and teeth that are used to grab and hold prey. It also has long, sharp spines on its body, which help it to fend off predators.
Black pacus are often found in the same regions as piranhas, but they do not eat the same things or prey on each other. Pacus have large, round, black eyes with a white spot in the center.
How to Identify a Black Pacu?
Black pacus are often confused with piranhas because they have sharp teeth and live in the same parts of the world. However, black pacus are vegetarian fish that eat plants and small invertebrates.
The black pacu is a relative to the piranha, but it has a much different diet. While both can be found in South America, black pacus mostly eat plants and small invertebrates while piranhas primarily eat meat from other animals.
A black pacu can be identified by its teeth. Black pacus have sharp teeth that are used for catching their food, unlike piranhas which use their teeth for tearing into prey.
Where are Black Pacus Located?
The black pacu is a freshwater fish that is native to the Amazon and Orinoco basins. The Black Pacu can be found in the Amazon and Orinoco basins. It is a small and aggressive predatory fish and eats the eggs of other fishes, fish larvae, small aquatic invertebrates, and fruit.
The black pacu is a large freshwater fish that has been sighted in the Amazon and Orinoco basins. It is native to these tributaries of the main stem of the Amazon River. The Black Pacu can be found in both fresh and brackish water, but it prefers freshwater and can live in both a tropical climate and temperate climate.
They are mainly found in freshwater rivers, tributaries, and streams, but have been seen as far from the water’s surface as 2 meters below. The Black Pacu has an average length of about 20 cm (7.9 inches) with a maximum length of about 35 cm (14 inches) and a weight of about 4.4 kg (9.7 pounds). The black pacu is a freshwater fish that is native to the Amazon and Orinoco basins. The Black Pacu can be found in the Amazon and Orinoco basins.
Diet of the Black Pacu in the Wild and in Captivity
The diet of the Black Pacu in the Wild
In the wild, Black Pacu are omnivores and they eat a variety of plants and animals. They feed on plants by grazing on leaves, twigs, fruit, seeds, and roots. They also consume aquatic vegetation like water hyacinths. In captivity, Black Pacu are fed a diet that includes vegetables like lettuce and vegetables like tomatoes as well as animal protein like fish or chicken.
The diet of the black pacu in captivity
In captivity, black pacus are fed a diet consisting of vegetables such as lettuce and tomatoes as well as animal protein such as fish or chicken. Pacu is a new species in the United States, but they have been captured from the wild in Brazil and other South American countries.
They also entered the United States through international trade. Black Pacu was first seen in North America in 1991 and their inadvertent entry was documented by veterinarians at the Smithsonian Institution. Black Pacu was first seen in the Caribbean in the mid-1980s and their entry into the United States was documented in 2001 by 2003, both could be found throughout the U.S., with a few sightings in Canada.
They are now widespread throughout most of the world. Black Pacu typically inhabit shallow water and vegetation, as well as mangrove swamps, creeks, and rivers.
What Animals Eat and Where Do They Live?
Animals that eat black caucus:
-The Pond Cochlear (Lepidobatrachus) is a species of frog that lives in the water.
-It eats small insects and larvae.
-It is found in North America, Africa, and South America.
Where does the pond cochlear live?
-The Pond Cochlear can be found in North America, Africa, and South America.
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Moderate reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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Citigroup sees space mining as a reality by 2040, with space economy growing to $1 trillion
(Kitco News) - Once the realm of science fiction and wild speculation, the idea of mining on the moon and asteroids in space continues to gain more attraction, with one major bank seeing the possibility of space mining before the end of the first half of this century.
In a report published Wednesday, analysts at Citigroup looked at the growing potential of the space economy. The analysts said this new frontier could generate $1 trillion by 2040, up from $370 billion in 2020.
"We have finally come to a stage where the dreams around space from childhood are turning into reality. Space tourism could really become more accessible to the average person. Mining on the moon or on an asteroid is seriously being considered. And powering the Earth with solar power collected from satellites is on the horizon," the analysts said in the report.
The report highlighted two significant factors contributing to the growing potential of the space economy. A major change has been the emergence of private-sector companies entering the space, which has been dominated by government agencies.
Another significant factor driving the new space race is a substantial decline in costs.
"Today's launch costs of $1,500 per kilogram ($1,500/kg) are about 30x less than the launch cost of NASA's Space Shuttle in 1981," the analysts said. "The authors of this report believe launch costs could to fall to $100/kg by 2040, and in a bullish scenario, to as low as $33/kg."
Citigroup expects that industrial applications like solar power generation and space mining could represent the largest portion of economic activity, generating $100 billion a year by 2040.
Looking at the resources in space, the report said that NASA has estimated that the asteroid belt contains minerals worth more an $100 billion for each of the six billion people on Earth.
Last year an asteroid called 16 Psyche captured worldwide attention as NASA highlighted its mineral wealth. This August, the space agency will launch a mission using a SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket.
"NASA estimates in theory 16 Psyche is worth $10,000 quadrillion. The asteroid contains enough iron and nickel to cover the world's needs for millions of years," said Citigroup.
However, the idea of astronauts bringing down gold, silver, iron and other metals from space could be a little ways off. Citigroup said it is more feasible to start mining on the moon, with water being the first extracted resource.
|U.S. dollar could dominate gold price through the summer - analysts|
"The key benefit with mining the Moon is that it is relatively close, taking only several days by rocket, and communication lags by only a couple of seconds, which will allow remote operation of robots from Earth," the analysts said. "Our base case is that by 2040, mining water will be the initial focus given its value for additional space missions as a rocket propellant and importance for any colonization and industrial efforts in space."
After water, Citi analysts expect that helium 3 will be the next major resource to be mined on the moon.
"Helium3 has been proven to be quite desirable for nuclear power. It could also be used as the primary fuel source for building infrastructure on the moon or in space. However, the temperature required to achieve helium-3 fusion is extremely high," the analysts said.
The third top resource Citigroup expects will be mined in is space would be rare earth minerals.
"The U.S., in particular, is looking to reduce its reliance on China (which controls over 90% of rare-earth metals), and is one of the factors driving NASA to launch the Artemis lunar exploration program by 2024," the report said. "The tricky part of the feasibility of mining rare-earth metals is the high cost of transporting it back to Earth given its heavyweight and with demand driven by the Earth."
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Strong reasoning
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Industrial
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|We would expect that from the moment he took office Coles would attempt to erase the vestiges of slavery in Illinois. The descendants of the original French settlers still held in bondage the descendants of their ancestors' slaves. Thousands of blacks remained "indentured servants," bought and sold as slaves. Slaves were leased from slave states to work in the salines in southeastern Illinois. Professional kidnappers roamed the state untouched by the law, selling free blacks south into slavery.|
Coles' attack on slavery, then, would seem to be a natural course for him to take. Yet actually Coles' inaugural speech was either a blunder or a subtle subterfuge; at this distance, it is difficult to tell which.
In his inaugural address Coles left slavery for last. After thanking the people of Illinois for placing their trust in him, he devoted much of his speech to economic issues, urging a return to the gold and silver standard in currency and pushing his favorite public works project--a canal to connect the Mississippi to the Great Lakes. He dwelt on the magnificent future of an Illinois linked to world markets through both New Orleans and, upon completion of the canal, through Atlantic ports as well. He urged the legislature to support education, internal improvements, and manufacturing as seeds for future greatness. He even put in a plug for the Agricultural Society. And finally, he said his piece on slavery.
The legislature that convened to hear Coles' address was overwhelmingly pro-slavery, as Coles well knew. The lower counties of Illinois, settled mainly by Southerners, had a representation in the legislature that was disproportionate to their share of the population. The census of 1818, upon which the allotment of representatives was based, was by 1822 hopelessly out of date. Settlers had poured into Illinois from the Northern states, settling mainly in the more northern counties, many of which had been formed hastily as population swelled. These new settlers were, by and large, opposed to slavery. In the gubernatorial election, for example, Coles rolled up overwhelming majorities in Madison, Crawford, Bond, Greene, Sangamon, and Fayette counties--all of which had been formed recently and lay to the north of the older settlements. But until a new census was taken, these northern counties would be underrepresented, both in the legislature and in a constitutional convention. Thus the haste of the pro-slavery politicians to call a convention and write a new constitution before a new census put them in a minority.
The chief objective of the majority of the legislature, then, was to introduce a bill to put to the people the question of whether to call a constitutional convention. They hoped that by pretending that slavery was not the issue, they would be able to persuade some anti-slavery voters to support the convention on the grounds of some weaknesses in the old constitution. Then, once the convention was called, the pro-slavers would be in the majority because of the disproportionate representation of the southern counties. Since at that time it was not customary to submit a new constitution to the people for ratification, the pro-slavers would be free to write slavery into the new constitution without fear of opposition.
Once Illinois had become a slave state, the pro-slavers reasoned, the flow of immigration from the North would diminish. Illinois would again become a magnet for Southern immigration, and within a few years slavery would become not only the law of the state, but the will of the majority of the population.
All that the pro-slavers required was an excuse to bring forward a convention bill. The constitution had been in effect only four years--hardly reasonable time for testing its provisions. What could justify calling a convention to revise it so soon?
To the pro-slavers' delight, the new governor provided just the excuse that was lacking! Since the present constitution guaranteed the right of the French settlers to their slaves, permitted indentured servitude, and extended the right to lease slave labor in the salines to 1825, the changes Coles requested required constitutional changes, which required the constitutional convention that the pro-slavers wanted for their own purposes.
Predictably, they leaped upon their opportunity. The report of the senate committee established to deal with Coles' proposals pointed out that the only way to abolish slavery in the state was to call a constitutional convention. The resolution it brought to the senate floor was precisely the one that the anti-slavers had been struggling against for the previous two years: Resolved: That the General Assembly of the State of Illinois (two-thirds thereof concurring within) do recommend to the electors, at the next election for members to the General Assembly, to vote for or against a Convention, agreeably to the seventh article of the Constitution. Thus the pro-slavers were able to get their cherished proposal onto the floor under the guise of supporting the governor's recommendation to abolish slavery.
In the House the situation was complicated by the fact that the majority of the committee established to deal with the governor's recommendations was anti-slavery. The majority report therefore concludes that constitutional change is not necessary to abolish slavery since the Northwest Ordinance makes all slavery in Illinois illegal. But the minority report, written by pro-slavers, urges a convention.
Was Coles' call for the abolition of slavery a tactical blunder? Coles, naturally, does not think so. Bringing forward the measure of abolition at the same time [the pro-slavers] brought forward the convention question placed these professed friends to the rights of man in an awkward situation, Coles writes to Roberts Vaux, a Philadelphia Quaker; for it was apparent, if they voted agreeable to their declaration, they together with the real and genuine friends of freedom would constitute a majority of the legislature, and of course pass the abolition bill. This state of things had the effect of unmasking their true opinions and views, and of clearly exhibiting to the public the real object for which a convention was to be called--that of making this a slave-holding state.
There were a number of abolition bills brought before the legislature, none of which passed. Whether the votes on these bills "unmasked" the pro-slavers is questionable, since they could--and did--argue convincingly that the abolition bills were unconstitutional. What was needed, they insisted, was a convention to make abolition constitutional.
Still, the fact that they could have passed abolition bills and didn't may have affected the voters' later view of them. Given that the pro-slavers would have introduced a convention bill with or without the excuse Coles provided them, it is impossible at this distance to determine whether Coles' stratagem helped or hurt his cause.
Once the convention bill was on the floor, all other legislative business was subordinated to it. Those in favor of a convention were in the majority and could do as they wished with every bill brought before them except the one dear to their hearts, which required a two-thirds majority in each house for passage. They had their two-thirds majority in the Senate (12 to 6), but were a few votes shy in the House, where the legislative battle raged.
At this period of the session , William Brown recalls, the Convention question was paramount to all other business before the Legislature. Everything was shaped to effect its final success. Local bills, in which individual members were interested, and upon the passage of which their political life depended, were unceremoniously laid upon the table, or held in the hands of committees, until the refractory or doubtful member yielded to the pressure. Offices in the gift of that body were held in abeyance, and promises of political preferment to those who sought distinction were abundant. Those who opposed the favorite measure were threatened and denounced.
One legislator who was put under extreme pressure was Nicholas Hansen, representative from Pike County. . . . the revenues of my counties were not yet settled, he writes, and . . . the determination was apparent to increase or diminish the appropriation accordingly as I voted for or against a convention. To accomplish the system of coercion resorted to on this occasion, three bills had passed the Senate, one to remove the recording offices of Pike and Fulton to Vandalia, another repealing the act establishing the boundaries of Pike county and providing for a permanent seat of justice, and the third supplemental to the act creating Fulton county, [all of which] were well known would be injurious and oppressive to the people of those counties.
Having passed the Senate, these bills were held as a knife to Hansen's throat in the House. But the pro-slavers had another blade to sharpen before Hansen's frightened eyes. Hansen's election to the House had been contested by John Shaw, whom he had beaten only because a number of votes had been cast irregularly. Had these irregular votes been counted, Shaw would have won the election.
The county commissioner declared Hansen the winner , but eventually the dispute between Hansen and Shaw ended up in the House. On December 9, 1822, the House voted to seat Hansen, perhaps on the merits of the case, or perhaps, as some alleged, because Hansen agreed to vote to re-elect Thomas to the U.S. Senate, while Shaw was committed to Reynolds.
Shaw himself was in Vandalia, lobbying for his seat. He came to my lodgings, William Alexander, representative from Monroe County, writes, and while there I had some business out of the house, when the said Shaw followed me out and entered into a conversation with me on the subject of the contest, and insinuated to me, in terms so plain, not to be misunderstood, that if I would support his seat that he, said Shaw, would vote any way I would direct him at the approaching election for Senator to the Congress of the United States.
Shaw's efforts were to no avail. On January 11, 1823, Thomas was reelected to his Senate seat with the help of Hansen's vote. But Shaw remained in Vandalia, a constant reminder to Hansen of the instability of his position. The vote on his seating could always be reconsidered, he was told, if he were foolish enough to vote the wrong way.
And so on January 27, 1823, when the convention bill was brought before the House, Hansen voted for it, even though he believed it to be wrong.
I hazarded nothing, he pleads in his defense. It was known that [the convention bill] would not pass the Senate by the constitutional [two-thirds] majority, without the vote of Mr. Grammar of Union, who was not expected to arrive, and as Mr. McFatridge of Johnson had no assurances yet that the seat of justice in his county would be removed from Vienna to Bloomfield, and Mr. Rattan of Greene, not having received the instructions of some of his constituents, their votes were certain to defeat it in the house.
Why vote against the convention bill, if it is going to be defeated anyway? Hansen asks. If he had voted his conscience, his constituents would have suffered and he himself would have lost his seat. Why sacrifice all for an unnecessary negative vote?
But there may have been a more devious reason for Hansen's behavior. Hansen tells us that before he cast his vote in favor of the convention, he had told a few anti-slavery friends of his plans. They were therefore aware of something that their enemies were not--that if his vote were needed to defeat the convention measure, Hansen would switch to a negative vote. Hansen was the anti-slavers' ace-in-the-hole, and they made ready to play him at the crucial moment.
One of the votes against the convention bill on January 27 was cast by a representative who was in favor of the bill. The purpose of this seemingly inconsistent behavior was to preserve the right of the pro-slavers to reconsider the vote if they should fail to gain a two-thirds majority. Parliamentary procedure requires that only someone who voted on the winning side can move to reconsider a vote. Otherwise, clearly the losing side could move to reconsider ad infinitum, merely to obstruct further business until it got its way.
The pro-slavery representative who had been delegated to vote against the convention bill then duly moved to reconsider the vote, and the bill was temporarily tabled.
In the interim, the pro-slavers got to work on Rattan and McFatridge with their threats and promises. By February 10 they had gotten the recalcitrants into line. Now they had their votes counted. On February 10 the Senate passed the convention bill 12 to 6. On February 11 the House voted on the bill. Since every pro-slave vote was necessary to gain the two-thirds majority, no one who was for the bill could vote against it in order to preserve the right to reconsider. The pro-slavers staked everything on this single play, certain that they had the winning cards in their hands. They had the votes counted--24 to 12.
Imagine their fury when Hansen switched his vote, casting the thirteenth vote against the bill and thus dooming it until the next session of the legislature, two years hence! The anti-slavers must have been jubilant. The parliamentary wall they had thrust up in the path of slavery must have seemed impregnable. Storm as they might, the pro-slavers were decisively beaten. A new convention bill could not be considered until the legislature met again in 1824, and a referendum on a convention, if one was passed by the new legislature, could not take place until the following legislative election in 1826, by which time a new census would have put the pro-slavers in the minority. On February 11, 1823, it must have seemed to the anti-slavers that slavery was a dead issue in Illinois.
Immediately Representative Daimwood of Gallatin County moved reconsideration of the vote. But since Daimwood had voted on the losing side, the Speaker of the House promptly ruled his motion out of order. The speaker's ruling was appealed but sustained, 19-16. Which appeared to end the matter once and for all.
Both houses adjourned for the day. The town of Vandalia was in an uproar. In the course of the evening, an eyewitness writes, it was rumored that the Executive had bought [Hansen] off, with a promise to give him a lucrative appointment of Recorder of Fulton county . . . This was calculated to increase the excitement, and a little after dark, as by instinct, the citizens, legislators, strangers, and almost all denominations, flocked to the state house. Several of those who are here called lobby members mounted the rostrum in turn, and delivered, it is said, by far the best speeches upon the liberties of the people and the rights of the majority . . . that have been delivered here this winter. After spending an hour or two in this way, the company dispersed, and each took his way to his lodgings, and every thing appeared to be perfectly calm for an hour. I had gone to bed, and was started by the strong shrill cry of O Yes, O Yes, O Yes, and instantly the cry of Hansen's effigy, Hansen's effigy, Hansen's effigy, and fire, fire, fire, was reiterated throughout the town, and instantly drew to the spot nearly all that were able to reach there--the effigy [of Hansen] in the meantime blazing beautifully. Some retired, others began marching around it, as there had by this time arrived some musical instruments, such as the drum, the fife, the horns (God knows how many), triangles, tin pans, etc. This however, they could not long enjoy, as the builder of the [effigy] . . . had placed in the lower part of his body about a pound of powder, which exploded and so scattered his remains that it ended that part of the scene.
That night, behind the scenes , the pro-slavers worked to undo the parliamentary knot tied during the day. Shaw was sent for, grounds were prepared for unseating Hansen, and those legislators who had voted against reconsideration were worked over. By morning the pro-slavers were ready to make their counter move.
Mr. Ford of Crawford County , who had previously voted to seat Hansen, moved to reconsider that vote. The fact that this legislative body was soon to adjourn, never to meet again, did not seem to faze him. What were the grounds for reconsideration? he was asked. Good grounds. Substantial grounds. He had in his possession an affidavit signed by an ordinary citizen named Levi Roberts stating that in his (Roberts') opinion, Shaw had received more votes than Hansen. What better grounds than that?
The anti-slavers howled and fumed, but they were in the minority. After long speeches on the rights of the majority, the House proceeded to turn Hansen out of his seat in favor of Shaw.
With Shaw's vote secured, once again the pro-slavers moved to reconsider the convention bill vote. Once again the motion was ruled out of order. But this time the Speaker was overruled, two recalcitrant legislators having been brought into line. The convention bill was then immediately put to a vote and passed, 24-12. The struggle in the legislature to save Illinois from slavery was lost. It remained now for those opposed to slavery to struggle for the minds of the people.
But although they had won in the legislature, the pro-slavers had paid a price for their victory. The people of Illinois watched them turn a representative out of his seat at the end of the session and then tear up the principles of parliamentary procedure. Could it be that the majority in the legislature would go to such lengths merely because of a few inconveniences in the present constitution? Clearly the pro-slavers' conduct was directly contrary to their words--a fact which must have swayed the minds of some during the ferocious campaign that followed.
John Reynolds, himself a pro-slaver, calls the outrageous proceedings in the legislature a death blow to the convention. The night after the passage of the resolution, he writes, there was at the seat of Government a wild and indecorous procession by torch-light and liquor, and that was also unpopular.
As a later Illinois governor, Ford, describes the scene: They formed themselves into a noisy, disorderly and tumultuous procession, headed by Judge Phillips, Judge Smith, Judge Thomas Reynolds late Governor of Missouri, and Lt. Governor Kinney, followed by the majority of the Legislature, and the hangers-on and rabble about the seat of government, and they marched with the blowing of horns and the beating of drums and tin pans, to the residence of Governor Coles, and to the boardinghouses of their principal opponents, towards whom they manifested their contempt and displeasure by a confused medly of groans, wailings and lamentations. Their object was to intimidate and crush all opposition at once.
And they certainly made life as painful for Coles as they could. I wrote Brother Isaac, Coles writes to his niece, Mary Carter, on the adjournment of the Legislature, which took place about three weeks since, of what a disagreeable time I had during its session. I assure you it was to me the most trying period of my life, and called for all my prudence and discretion. For a week or ten days party spirit raged with all the violence of a storm, which seemed to threaten to sweep everything before it, and against no object was its merciless peltings more severe than against the Executive.
And he writes to his friend Nicholas Biddle in Philadelphia: Never did I see or hear in America of party spirit going to such lengths, as well officially as privately, as it did here on this question. Indeed it seems that slavery is so poisonous as to produce a kind of delerium in those minds that are excited by it.
Because of the feud over the convention question, the legislature refused to cooperate with Coles on any state business whatever. On February 13, the day after the convention resolution had been passed, Coles sent to the Senate nominations for the position of county recorder in five separate counties. The nominations were tabled while the Senate demanded that Coles send it not only his nominations, but suggestions that he had received for two of the positions. Cole refused, citing the separation of powers, under which he submitted nominations and the Senate either refused or consented to them. Whereupon the Senate turned down one nomination and tabled all the others indefinitely, leaving the important positions unfilled until the next legislature met two years hence.
In a constitutional quandary, Coles turned to his old mentor Madison for advice. To [Fulton] county I made a nomination as Recorder, which was rejected, he writes. I then nominated a second person, who was also rejected, and then a third, which nomination was neither approved nor rejected, but the Senate adjourned without acting on it. The question then is can the Governor, during the recess of the Senate, fill this vacancy, by granting a Commission to expire at the end of the next session of the general assembly? . . . You will add to the many obligations I feel myself under to you, by giving me your opinion and advice as to the course I should pursue as to this vacancy. In addition to the anxiety I feel at all times to act correctly, I am particularly solicitous in this case, from the extraordinary malevolence of party spirit, which is now exciting and disturbing the very vital principles of this State, to pursue a course which shall be as correct and unexceptionable as possible . . .
Madison's answer was, of course, what Coles must have thought anyway--that he had no choice but to fill the positions on a temporary basis, an action which laid him open to the charge of abusing his executive powers.
Another legislative outrage was a maneuver to turn the Intelligencer into a pro-slavery paper. Until February 22 the Intelligencer was edited by William Brown, an opponent of slavery who, unlike Hooper Warren, had kept his opinions out of his journalism. His partner, a Mr. Berry, was pro-slavery.
Since the Intelligencer was the official printer for the state government, it was in the legislature's power to make or break the newspaper financially. The pro-slavers decided to use that power to get rid of Brown, assigning the contract for state printing to the firm of Blackwell and Berry--a firm that at the time did not exist. The result was that Brown was forced either to sell his share of the Intelligencer to Robert Blackwell or face financial ruin. He reluctantly sold, leaving Hooper Warren the only anti-slavery journalist in the state.
At the end of the legislative battle over slavery the pro-slavery forces were ascendant. They had gotten their convention bill through the legislature by the necessary two-thirds majority. Most of the state's established politicians were either neutral on the convention question or in the conventionist camp. Except for Warren's Spectator, all of the state's newspapers were under conventionist control. It was clear from their behavior during the legislative session that the conventionists were capable of using every ounce of their power, legal or illegal, to achieve their aim.
Coles must have known that the convention campaign was to be a difficult and bitter experience for him. The mob shrieking, blowing horns, and clattering pots and pans outside his windows on the night the convention bill passed was only a harbinger of bullying to come. Coles had seen vicious factional strife come to near treason in Congress during the War of 1812 and had endured his family's and neighbors' dislike of his principles. But now he was facing something harder and uglier and more dangerous than anything in his experience.
Characteristically, Coles placed his faith in the good sense and humanity of the people. He could do nothing more than present his own view of the truth as persuasively as possible, help publicize the views of other abolitionists, organize like minds to do the work of spreading truth and exposing the lies of the opposition, and act himself in a manner that would make all accusations against him ring false.
Soon after taking office as Governor, Coles wrote a letter to the Intelligencer which at that time and since has been taken as an epitome of his quiet and dignified commitment to the principles of his republican mentors. The letter was in response to the Intelligencer's use of the title "His Excellency" when referring to Coles.
To Messrs. Brown and Berry
Vandalia, Dec. 10, 1822
Our State Constitution gives to the person exercising the functions of the Executive the appellation of GOVERNOR, a title which is specific, intelligible, and republican, and amply sufficient to denote the dignity of the office. In your last paper you have noticed me by the addition of "His Excellency," an aristocratical and high sounding adjunct, which I am sorry to say has become too common among us, not only in newspaper annunciations, but in the addressing of letters, and even in familiar discourse. It is a practice disagreeable to my feelings, and inconsistent, as I think, with the dignified simplicity of freemen, and to the nature of the vocation of those to whom it is applied. and having made it a rule through life to address no one as His Excellency, or the Honorable, or by any such unmeaning title, I trust I shall be pardoned for asking it as a favor of you, and my fellow Citizens, generally, not to apply them to me.
I am and etc., and etc.
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Strong reasoning
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Politics
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The first American romantic, “the father of American Romanticism,” Washington Irving (1783-1859) was the first U.S. writer whose work (and not the personality, as in the case of Benjamin Franklin) has received European recognition.
Irving himself, a witty and extremely modest man, explained the reasons for his popularity: “Enlightened Europe was struck by the fact that people from the thicket of America expressed himself on quite decent English. They looked at me – he wrote – as at something new and strange in literature as at a half-savage who took pen in hand, instead of sticking it in the head.”
Irving was the youngest of eleven children of a prosperous New York merchant, a universal favorite, thanks to consistently smooth, friendly disposition, he was multi-talented personality: an excellent draftsman, an avid music lover, and a tireless traveler.
Irving traveled a lot: he traveled almost half of the American continent, visited England, Germany, and at different times lived in Spain for several years. In his life, which he generally perceived as happy, there were annoying breakdowns and blows of fate. Therefore, because of poor health Irving, the only one of the brothers, has not received a university education, but his health got better later, and he lived happily until seventy-six years.
Bankruptcy firm in which Irving was a companion, led to his ruin, but he recovered soon due to his literary success. There was only one tragedy in Irving’s life that was not able to overcome or to forget – the untimely death of his bride, eighteen-years-old Matilda Hoffman. He had never married and apparently had no girlfriend. The most important thing in Irving’s life was his literary work; the rule “no day without a line” was his motto. Over forty years of literary activity, he produced about twenty voluminous writings and a large number of journal publications. But he almost never practiced only in literature, but in different years, combined with his business or diplomatic service.
Early literary experiments by Irving: “Letters of Jonathan Oldstyle, Gentleman” (1802), published in the newspaper of his brothers Peter and William, participation in the family literary enterprise (together with his brothers and their cousin-in-law JK Paulding) creating a series of satirical “Salmagundi, or Fads and opinions Lancelot Lengstuff, Esquire, and others ” (1807-1808), including the first successful work “A History of New York from the beginning to the end of the Dutch dynasty, written by Diedrich Knickerbocker” (1809) – are in the genre of educational aesthetics.
Immediately after the publication of A History of New York, Irving stepped into the grave and long creative crisis, the beginning of which coincided with the death of Miss Hoffman: a decade he published almost nothing. In 1815, Irving went to Europe. This was his second trip overseas. The first was undertaken in 1804-1806 to strengthen his health. This time Irving needed to restore the peace of mind, he did not know then that he would be back after seventeen years abroad, first doing the family business, and then working as a diplomat in Spain (1826-1829) and the UK (1829-1832).
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Strong reasoning
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Literature
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According to a WHO report more than half a million women in developing countries dies of childbirth each year. WHO and the Partnership for Safe Motherhood and Newborn Health are intensifying support to countries around the world to ensure that a woman does not die while giving birth to her child.
The report indicates that the needs are wide-ranging - from training skilled birth attendants who can help a woman give birth safely, to the very basic issue of recording the cause of a woman's death. WHO estimates that maternal deaths are under-reported by as much as 50% because deaths are not classified correctly, or more often, not counted at all. In 62 countries of the world, there are no maternal mortality data whatsoever.
"If dead women are not even counted, then it seems they do not count. We have an invisible epidemic," said Joy Phumaphi, World Health Organization's Assistant Director-General on Family and Community Health, at a gathering of health ministers, maternal health specialists, African Parliamentarians, leaders of non-governmental organizations and donor agencies today in Nairobi.
"Pregnancy is a normal, life-affirming state. Women should not die giving birth. Their deaths are preventable, even in the poorest countries. But it takes local knowledge, strength and partnership to ensure women's lives are saved."
The main causes of maternal deaths are haemorrhage, infection, hypertensive disorders, obstructed labour and unsafe abortion. This leaves almost one million children motherless each year. These children are 10 times more likely to die in childhood than children whose mothers have not died.
There is a stark divide of maternal mortality between the rich and poor countries. In some developing regions, a woman has a one in 16 chance of dying in pregnancy and childbirth. The risk of dying in pregnancy in the world's poorest countries is over a hundred times higher than in the richest ones.
"Countries around the world have pledged to achieve the Millennium Development Goals, which include reducing maternal mortality by three quarters by 2015. One key task of the global health community is to close the gap in services for women in rich areas, and those in poor ones." said Joy Phumaphi.
"It is the duty of all governments to lead the fight against maternal and neonatal mortality," said First Lady of Kenya, Lucy Kibaki, who jointly chaired the Nairobi meeting. Praising the solidarity shown by the African parliamentarians present at the launch, Lady Lucy Kibaki added, "Only by joining forces can we achieve our common goals." As part of its support, WHO is beginning world-wide training for health staff today. A new manual for health planners and providers, Beyond the numbers - Reviewing maternal deaths and complications to make pregnancy safer is also available. The manual delves into the question of why women die from complications related to childbirth, and spells out how to avoid them by using effective and affordable methods which can be implemented in even the poorest settings. Beyond the numbers is the new focus for WHO regional and country offices and partners from more than 20 regional and international agencies, including UNFPA, UNICEF and the World Bank. This programme includes the tra
The implementation of this initiative is urgent, but requires more resources. US$ 10 million are needed to train decision-makers, national health planners and medical service providers. This will take place in 20 high-priority countries. Funds will also be used to measure progress.
"Each time, such a gathering reminds us vividly of the loss of lives of those we cared for and our beloved ones. It is time for all of us to turn technical knowledge into action to save the lives of the women who give life," said Dr. Luc de Bernis, one of the authors of Beyond the numbers from WHO
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Strong reasoning
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Health
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Aug. 19, 1015
Inmate students report increased self-confidence and raised self-esteem. They are calmer and their presence leads to a safer prison environment.
By Christopher Zoukis
Inmates who participate in educational programs develop an improved outlook, increased self-esteem and confidence to set goals. Prison education also has a positive effect on behavior, with prisoners often becoming role models for others.
The Hidden Benefits of Prison Education
There is clear evidence that prison education has a significant impact on future lives of prisoners. Education reduces recidivism, improves employment rates, and increases wages. As we have reviewed at www.prisoneducation.com, these benefits must be exploited to the fullest.
Other positive effects are less studied. Inmate students report increased self-confidence and raised self-esteem. They are calmer and their presence leads to a safer prison environment. Prisoners often develop a greater maturity and are able to set goals and plan for a brighter future.
Prison Education Raises Inmates’ Confidence and Self-Esteem
A study for the Urban Institute’s Justice Policy Center examined some of these benefits (Winterfield, Coggeshall, Burke-Storer, Correa, & Tidd, 2009). They looked specifically at post-secondary education programs. The inmates surveyed said education brought many benefits, including:
• A realization they can complete something worthwhile.
• Discovering they are more intelligent than they had previously given themselves credit for.
• Having renewed confidence.
• Having a new ability to set goals and plan for the future.
• Pride in being the first in the family to graduate from college.
• Feeling able to set a good example in their communities.
(Winterfield et al., 2009)
The researchers also asked prison and teaching staff about the benefits of education for inmates. Their observations included:
• Improved self-image and pride.
• Fewer issues with misconduct amongst students.
• A safer prison environment overall.
• Improved employment prospects.
• A sense that prison time goes by faster.
• An interest in continuing further education.
• Students serve as role models and can become tutors and mentors.
(Winterfield et al., 2009)
Educating the Way to a Safer Prison Environment
Facilities offering higher education have proven to run more smoothly and with less violence than institutions without educational programs.
The students’ behavior changes first. In Texas, 147 inmates had 115 disciplinary infractions in the three months before they enrolled in vocational training programs. After they began the programs, they had only 13 rule infractions between them, an almost 90% decrease (Lahm, 2009).
Higher education improves cognitive function and helps reduce anti-social attitudes and behaviors associated with criminal behavior. Many prisoners have said education helped them disengage from a prison mentality and instead create positive goals and a meaningful life direction.
These changed attitudes and behaviors have a positive effect on the wider prison population. Educated inmates tend to be a stabilizing influence, acting as role models and enhancing the safety and security for everyone.
A Place to Escape and to Grow
Classrooms or workshops are rare places in prison, removed from the noise, politics, and hostility. People can interact on a more human level, let their guard down, and show a little bit of their true selves.
As Daniel Lawrence of the Oklahoma Department of Corrections noted, “Correctional education programs are one of the few experiences and places within any prison where the basic reality of prison can, even temporarily, be overcome. The classroom becomes . . . a refuge, a sanctuary from the realities of prison where the geniality between teachers and students can prevail.”
In this environment, inmates can study and work on their character and their future. The English essayist Joseph Addison said, “What a sculptor is to a block of marble, education is to a human soul.” It is in the interest of all of us that prisoners should be given every opportunity to improve themselves.
Addison, J. (1711, November 6). “Education draws out virtue and perfection.” The Spectator. p. 32.
Lahm, K. (2009). Educational participation and inmate misconduct. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 48(1), 37-52.
Lawrence, D. (1994). “Inmate students: Where do they fit in?” Oklahoma Department of Corrections. Oklahoma City, The Consortium.
Winterfield, L., Coggeshall, M., Burke-Storer, M., Correa, V., & Tidd, S. (2009). The effects of post-secondary correctional education: Final report. Urban Institute, Justice Policy Center. Washington, DC.
How Prison Education Impacts Inmate Outlook
Aug. 19, 1015
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Strong reasoning
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Education & Jobs
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In Ocala, heat pumps can be a popular option for heating and cooling your residence.
They seem almost like an air conditioner. In fact, they operate in a nearly identical way during high temperatures. Because of a reversing valve, they can shift warmth in the opposite direction as well as add comfort to your residence when it's cold.
Not sure if you use a heat pump or an air conditioner? Simply find the model number on the outdoor unit and look it up online. If it turns out you own a heat pump, or you’re thinking about buying one, discover how this HVAC system keeps houses comfy.
How Heat Pumps Work
Heat pumps have a refrigeration system similar to an air conditioner. Most can work similar to a ductless mini-split, as they can heat and cool. Heat pumps depend on an indoor evaporator coil and an outdoor condensing coil. Refrigerant is pumped through these coils to move humidity. The outdoor unit also uses a compressor and is encircled by metal fins that act as a heat sink to help move humidity properly.
When your heat pump is set to cooling, the refrigerant starts in the evaporator coil. Air from within the house moves over the coil, and the refrigerant sucks out warmth. Wetness in the air also condenses on the coil, dropping into the condensate pan below and flows away. The ensuing cool air circulates through the ductwork and back into your home.
At the same time, the refrigerant moves a compressor on its way to the outdoor coil. This concentrates the refrigerant, forcing it to warm up. As it flows through the condensing coil, the outside fan and metal fins help to emit heat to the outdoors. The refrigerant heads back indoors, traveling through an expansion valve that lowers its temperature it greatly, preparing it to go through the process from the start.
When your heat pump is installed and maintained properly, you’ll enjoy efficient cooling on par with a high-performance air conditioner.
When your heat pump is set to heat, the heat exchange procedure takes place the opposite way. By moving in a different direction, refrigerant pulls heat from the outdoor air and vents it into your residence to warm the interior.
Heat pumps operating in heating mode are most efficient when the temperature remains above freezing outside. If it becomes too cold, a backup electric resistance heater starts to keep your home cozy, but your heating costs increase as a result.
Heat pumps work longer than furnaces as the air doesn’t become as hot. This helps maintain a more even indoor temperature. Additionally, because heat pumps shift warmth rather than making it from a fuel source, they can work well above 100% efficiency. You should expect 30–40% savings on your heating costs by getting a heat pump.
Schedule Heat Pump Installation or Service Today
Heat pumps are good for the environment and money-saving. They replace the regular AC/furnace configuration and should have the same amount of maintenance—one appointment in the spring and another in the fall.
If you’re interested in installing a heat pump, Service Experts Heating & Air Conditioning is the contractor to get in touch with. We’ll size and install your equipment to fit your heating and cooling requirements. And then we’ll back our work with a 100% Satisfaction Guarantee* for a year. For more information, contact us at 352-414-4006 today.
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Moderate reasoning
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Home & Hobbies
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The Fate of Unclaimed or “Abandoned” Deposits
What are “unclaimed deposits”?
In ten U.S. states,1 beverage distributors and retailers are required by law to collect small deposits (usually a nickel) on certain packaged beverages—typically carbonated soft drinks and beer, and bottled water.2 When the consumer returns these beverage containers to a retailer or redemption center, the deposits are returned to the consumer. When a consumer chooses not to return a beverage container for a deposit return, the deposit money is considered “unredeemed.” Other terms are “abandoned” and “unclaimed.”
In the states where the deposit is 5 cents, 10 to 40 percent of beverage containers sold are not returned for their refund value. Since all of the deposit states also have municipal recycling programs, some of the unredeemed containers are recycled either through curbside programs or drop-off sites.
Redemption rates vary widely depending on a variety of factors, but they are primarily a function of the deposit amount. A higher deposit results in a higher return rate and fewer unclaimed deposits. In Michigan, the only state with a dime deposit, 6 percent of containers sold are not redeemed. In other states, the return rates range from 57 percent to 90 percent.
Who keeps the unclaimed deposits?
California and Hawaii – State-Managed Systems
In the States of California and Hawaii, a special unit of the State manages and controls the finances of the beverage container recycling system. In the other U.S. states that have container deposit systems, the operations and financing are managed by the beverage industry.
In California and Hawaii, the state collects the deposits from distributors when the beverages are sold to retailers. The bottler or distributor pays the deposit directly into a state-managed fund and collects the deposit from the retailer. The retailer then collects the deposit from the consumer. Refunds are paid to the consumers out of the state-managed fund, which is also used to pay for program operation and administration.
Oregon, Iowa and Vermont – Distributors Keep Unclaimed Deposits
In Oregon, Iowa and Vermont, the bottlers and distributors keep all unclaimed deposits.
Connecticut, Massachusetts, New York, Maine and Michigan – Full and Partial Escheats
In these states, distributors and bottlers are required to turn over all or a portion of unclaimed deposits to the state. The unclaimed deposits are said to “escheat” to the state, in much the same way that abandoned property escheats to the state when there are no heirs to claim or take ownership of it. Michigan escheats 75 percent of unclaimed deposits, and distributes the other 25 percent to retailers as a way to offset their handling costs. Massachusetts and Connecticut escheat 100 percent of unclaimed deposits; New York escheats 80 percent of unclaimed deposits, and Maine escheats unclaimed deposits from those distributors that are not part of a commingling agreement.
A note about escheats: Escheat is a common law doctrine that transfers the property of a person who dies without heirs to the state. The escheat law ensures that property is not left in limbo without recognized ownership.
In 2011, unclaimed (abandoned) deposits amounted to approximately $104 million in New York, $33.5 million in Massachusetts and $17.8 million in Michigan.3
Who should keep unclaimed deposits?
Beer distributors and soft drink bottlers argue that any unredeemed deposits should be utilized to help them offset their costs of managing the container deposit return system. Others argue that the beverage industry is already keeping revenue from the sale of scrap container materials (aluminum, plastic and glass) as well as the “float” (deposits collected from retailers that can be invested for short-term returns), and that unclaimed deposits are tax-free, windfall profits for the bottler/distributor. They argue that unclaimed deposits, like other types of abandoned property, should belong to the state and be used for public benefit. Nearly every deposit state has attempted to escheat the unclaimed deposits as a source of revenue, usually to fund environmental programs.
The economics of each state’s program are unique, and depend upon several factors, such as the mix of material types (e.g., aluminum, plastic and glass), the collection mechanism, access to markets for recyclables, and the legislated handling fee. Some are likely making a net profit because the revenue from unredeemed deposits and sale of scrap add up to more than the handling fees paid out and transportation costs. It was reported in Plastics Recycling Update magazine that, “Whatever profits the co-op generates are divided among the 80 beverage distributors that own the Oregon Beverage Recycling Cooperative.” (“Bringing the Bottles Back Home, Part 1,” August 2012.)
How have unclaimed deposit funds been used?
The first escheat law related to container deposit systems was passed in Massachusetts in January 1989.4 In 1990, the first year of implementation, 10 percent of the unclaimed deposits went into the state’s Clean Environment Fund (CEF) and 90 percent went into the general fund. Over the next five years, the percent of unclaimed deposits accruing to the CEF increased, while the percentage going into the general fund decreased. As of FY 1995, 100 percent of the unclaimed deposits were earmarked for the CEF.
The intent of Massachusetts’ original law was to use the CEF exclusively for solid waste management, with specific proportions earmarked to provide support for recycling, composting, solid waste source reduction, and other environmental programs related to the bottle bill.5 However, the actual allocation of the funds is subject to appropriation by each subsequent legislature. Instead of receiving up to $226 million available from the CEF from FY 1990 to FY 2002, no more than $60 million (27%) was used to stimulate and support recycling, the bottle bill, and other innovative solid waste programs.6 The other $166 million (73%) went toward Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) overhead costs unrelated to the original mandate of the law.7
Michigan’s escheat law was also passed in 1989.8 The law calls for 75 percent of the unclaimed deposits to be transferred into the Cleanup and Redevelopment Trust Fund, overseen by the Michigan Department of Treasury, and the other 25 percent to be distributed by the Treasury to retailers. Amended in 1996, the law specifies how the state must distribute its share of the unclaimed deposits. Eighty percent of this Cleanup and Redevelopment Trust Fund is immediately available for appropriation for municipal landfill cost-share grants, matching federal Superfund dollars, response activities addressing public health and environmental problems, redevelopment facilitation, or emergency response actions. Ten percent is deposited into the Community Pollution Prevention Fund, and the remaining 10 percent is deposited into and must remain in the Cleanup and Redevelopment Trust Fund until the amount accrues to a maximum of $200 million.
Maine’s escheat law was enacted in 1991.9 Unlike the laws or provisions in Massachusetts and Michigan, Maine collected only 50 percent of the abandoned deposits, and the distributors and bottlers retained the other 50%. The revenue was used to fund the Maine Solid Waste Management Agency. Since the state received only half of all unclaimed deposits, and because Maine’s redemption rate for beverage containers was so high, the state chose to repeal the law in 1995, just a few years after it was implemented, because the State was afraid they might have to pay out more than it took in. A new escheat law came into effect in 2004, in which all unclaimed deposits escheat to the state except those on containers that are part of a distributor commingling agreement. (See the Maine Quick Facts page for more information on commingling agreements)
In all three states, lawsuits were filed to contest the escheat laws, and in all three states courts resolved the question in favor of the state.
In Massachusetts, Suffolk County Superior Court Judge William Bartlett ruled in October 1991 that the escheat law: a) did not cause an unconstitutional taking of the bottlers’ money; b) was a proper act of the legislature; and c) that refunds belong to the consumer until escheated to the state. The Massachusetts Wholesalers of Malt Beverages appealed this ruling, but the Supreme Judicial Court ultimately upheld the law in 1993.10
In Michigan, a lower court ruled in 1991 that the unclaimed deposits were the property of the beverage industry and that the law resulted in an unconstitutional taking by the state. The case was appealed by the Department of Treasury. The Michigan United Conservation Clubs (MUCC), the group that had spearheaded the original escheat campaign, put together an amicus brief for the Court. They were joined by several other organizations, including the Container Recycling Institute. The Court of Appeals, in 1994, overturned the lower court ruling, claiming that the amendment “constituted a valid exercise of legislative powers.”11 The State Supreme Court chose not to hear an appeal, effectively affirming the Court of Appeals’ ruling.
In Maine in 1991, the beverage industry took the state to court over the escheat amendment. The law was upheld by a Superior Court, but the Maine Beer and Wine Wholesalers and the Maine Soft Drink Association appealed the ruling. In 1993, the State Supreme Court ruled in favor of the state.12 As mentioned above, however, the state voluntarily repealed the escheat law in 1995.
The Future for Unclaimed Deposits
In 2003, five bottle bill states did not have escheat provisions in their deposit laws. But during the 2003 legislative session, joint committees in the Connecticut and New York State legislatures were considering bills which would escheat unclaimed deposits to the state. Policymakers and activists in New York hoped to pass escheat legislation that would make $80 to $170 million available to the state’s Environmental Protection Fund. Connecticut lawmakers were considering bills to escheat 50 to 100 percentof unclaimed deposits to the state, for use in the General Fund or a dedicated recycling or environmental fund. Delaware was even considering a bill which would retroactively escheat all unclaimed deposit monies that the industry had retained since the law’s inception in 1983; but Delaware's container deposit law was repealed in 2010.
In 2008, NewYork passed a law to escheat 80 percent of unclaimed deposits, and Connecticut escheated 100 percent of unclaimed deposits.
In 2016, in Vermont, Iowa and Oregon, distributors keep all of the unclaimed deposits. In Hawaii and California, the state, which is the system operator, keeps unclaimed deposits to operate the system. The remainder of the States escheat unclaimed deposits, either fully or partially.
1. The states are Oregon, Vermont, New York, Michigan, Connecticut, Iowa, Massachusetts, Maine, California and Hawaii. Guam passed a deposit law in 2011,but it has not yet been implemented.
2. Two states require deposits on carbonated beverages and beer only (Michigan and Massachussets). Eight states (Maine, Connecticut, California, Iowa, Oregon, New York, Vermont, and Hawaii) require deposits on one or more other types of beverages in addition to beer and soft drinks.
3. Sources: “Deposit Initiator Deposit and Payment Statistics, 2008-2011,” prepared by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation; August 30, 2012 email from Sean Sylver, Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection, and “Bottle Deposit Information,” prepared by the Michigan Department of Treasury, Office of Revenue and Tax Analysis.
5. See St. 1989, c. 653, s. 70 as codified in G. L. c. 94, s. 323F.
6. E-mail with Tom Collins, Director, Division of Local Mandates, MA State Auditor’s Office, Jan. 22, 2003.
8. Michigan escheat legislation can be found below and at www.deq.state.mi.us/documents/deq-wmd-swp-Bottle-Bill.doc.
10. Mass Wholesalers of Malt Beverages, Inc. v. Commonwealth (1993) 609 N.E. 2d 67, 414 Mass. 411.
11. Michigan Soft Drink Association v. Department of Treasury (1995) 206 Mich App 392; 522 NW2d 643 lv den 448 Mich 898; 533 NW2d 313.
12. Maine Beer & Wine Wholesalers Ass’n v. State (1993) Me., 619 A.2d 94.
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Strong reasoning
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Crime & Law
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Richard Griffiths - Lecture Notes
A number of different types of problem solving architecture for different domains have been proposed. For example, connectionist systems that can solve problems of distinguishing one pattern from another, or genetic algorithms systems that can solve problems of optimization. These are known as sub-symbolic architectures. However in areas where manipulation of complete symbols are modelled, the main cognitive architectures that have been proposed are based around production systems.
Production SystemsProduction systems as a computational model were first developed by the American logician, Emil Post in the 1930's. It is simply one of a whole range of mathematical and machine concepts (Church's lambda calculus, Kleene's recursive functions, Turing's universal machine) devised to explore problems of computability, which have all been shown to be equivalent. (Harel p222.) However, the specific architecture of the production system has been used in cognitive modelling because its implementation by the brain is, in some way, psychologically plausible essentially it embodies a stimulus-response mechanism.
A production system consist of:
Examples of sets of production rules might be:
- a workspace containing a representation of the state of the world relevant to the problem being worked on.
- production rules a set of condition/action rules that encode the behaviour of the system.
- an evaluator a method of matching the condition of the production rules to the workspace contents, selecting a particular rule and applying its action....A more extensive set of production rules are given in the example below:
If you are approaching traffic lights which are red, then stop.
If you are approaching traffic lights which are amber and you are closer than 30 feet from the junction, then carry on.
If you are approaching traffic lights which are amber and you are greater than 30 feet from the junction, then stop.
If you are approaching traffic lights which are green, then carry on.
If the bicycle veers to the right, then lean to the left.
If the bicycle veers to the left, then lean to the right.
The Farmer's ProblemAn example of a production rules that actually solve a (very simple) problem.
A farmer must move a chicken, bag of grain and fox from one bank of the river to the other by boat. The boat can hold only the farmer and one other object at a time. If the chicken is left unattended on a bank with the grain, it will eat it. The fox will also eat the chicken if they are left unattended.
One solution sequence:Source Bank | | Destination Bank
Farmer Chicken Grain Fox | |
Grain Fox | | Farmer Chicken
Farmer Grain Fox | | Chicken
Fox | | Farmer Chicken Grain
Farmer Chicken Fox | | Grain
Chicken | | Farmer Grain Fox
Farmer Chicken | | Grain Fox
| | Farmer Chicken Grain Fox
Production rules to generate these moves are given below. Each rule must be tested against the current state of the world, in sequence, 1 to 6, and the first rule that matches must be applied. Then the rules are matched again.
How can a set of production rules be developed so as to generate a particular sequence of actions? A method for doing this is described below. However, it requires that the sequence has already been specified, i.e., the problem has already been solved! This is intended just as a demonstration of how a set of production rules can be created. An architecture capable of actually solving the problem, and generating the sequence of moves from scratch will be described later.
- If Farmer, Chicken, Grain and Fox are on the destination bank, then STOP!
- If Farmer, Grain and Fox are on the source bank, and Chicken on the destination bank, then Farmer row Grain to the destination bank.
- If Farmer, Chicken and Grain are on the destination bank, and Fox on the source bank, then Farmer row Chicken to the source bank.
- If Farmer, Chicken and Fox are on the source bank, and Grain on the destination bank, then Farmer row Fox to the destination bank.
- If Farmer and Chicken are on the source bank, then Farmer row Chicken to the destination bank.
- If Farmer is on the destination bank, then Farmer row to the source bank.
List the basic states and state modifications:1 [Goal D] [Farmer S] [Chicken S] [Grain S] [Fox S] -> [Farmer D] [Chicken D]
2 [Goal D] [Grain S] [Fox S] [Farmer D] [Chicken D] -> [Farmer S]
3 [Goal D] [Farmer S] [Grain S] [Fox S] [Chicken D] -> [Farmer D] [Grain D]
4 [Goal D] [Fox S] [Farmer D] [Chicken D] [Grain D] -> [Farmer S] [Chicken S]
5 [Goal D] [Farmer S] [Chicken S] [Fox S] [Grain D] -> [Farmer D] [Fox D]
6 [Goal D] [Chicken S] [Farmer D] [Grain D] [Fox D] -> [Farmer S]
7 [Goal D] [Farmer S] [Chicken S] [Grain D] [Fox D] -> [Farmer D] [Chicken D]
Set them out as a decision table:This table recognizes the conditions as objects on specific banks. I.e., the predicate on same bank is not used.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Goal D D D D D D D Farmer S D S D S D S Chicken S D D D S S S Grain S S S D D D D Fox S S S S S D D Action Fa,C:D Fa:S Fa,G:D Fa,C:S Fa,F:D Fa:S Fa,C:D
Simplified the table:
N.B., if you end up with two columns that have identical condition entries but different actions, then an additional element in the environment that will provide an extra condition element, and will differ between the two rules, is required.
- Delete all rows which are constant for all columns.
- For each pair of columns with the same action, delete all condition entries which differ, and combine the columns.
1,7 2,6 3 4 5 Goal Farmer S D S D S Chicken S D D S Grain S D D Fox S S S Action Fa,C:D Fa:S Fa,G:D Fa,C:S Fa,F:D
Turn the decision table into productions and prioritize them:The productions are ordered by specificity (i.e., number of conditions), the most specific first.
3 [Farmer S] [Chicken D] [Grain S] [Fox S] -> [Farmer D] [Grain D]
4 [Farmer D] [Chicken D] [Grain D] [Fox S] -> [Farmer S] [Chicken S]
5 [Farmer S] [Chicken S] [Grain D] [Fox S] -> [Farmer D] [Fox D]
1,7 [Farmer S] [Chicken S] -> [Farmer D] [Chicken D]
2,6 [Farmer D] -> [Farmer S]
Add a terminating production:However there is still a problem with this. Once all of the items are on the destination bank, this set of production rules will compel the farmer to row on his own to the source bank! This can be prevented with a rule that recognizes the goal state and terminates the system.
[Farmer D] [Chicken D] [Grain D] [Fox D] -> [STOP]
This rule must be given the highest priority.
Domain-General Production SystemsThe productions described above are obviously only relevant in the very specific situation described. Also, they are unlikely to be much use for solving new problems. (And how were they acquired in the first place?) What is needed are productions that encode general problem solving behaviour.
For example, the means-ends strategy, described earlier, can be encoded thus:
Means-Ends Strategy ProductionsThis example is taken from (Anderson pp220-221.)
P1 IF the goal is to transform the current state into the goal state
and D is the largest difference between the states
THEN set as subgoals:
1) To eliminate the difference D.
2) To convert the resulting state into the goal state.
P2 IF the goal is to eliminate a difference D
and O is an operator relevant to reducing the difference
THEN set as a subgoal:
1) To apply O.
P3 IF the goal is to apply an operator O
and D is the most important difference between the application
condition of O and the current state
THEN set as subgoals:
1) To eliminate the difference D.
2) To apply the operator O.
The preceding rules generate the embedding of goals and subgoals. Eventually, an operator may be applied done by the following rule.
P4 IF the goal is to apply operator O
and there are no differences between the application condition of O and the
and operator O calls for action A
THEN set as a goal:
1) To perform A.
Goal A would be a domain specific production, such as in the problem above, e.g.,
P5 IF the goal is to move an object to a bank
THEN set as subgoals:
1) Place object in boat.
2) Row boat to bank.
The cognitive architecture SOAR incorporates a production system running general problem solving rules not unlike those described above but considerably more sophisticated, giving greater flexibility and power. This will be described in the next lecture.
ReferencesAnderson, J. R. 1985 "Cognitive Psychology and Its Implications" (Second Edition). W.H. Freeman and Company, New York.
Harel, D., 1987 "Algorithmics: The spirit of computing" Addison-Wesley.
This page is maintained by Richard Griffiths and does not necessarily reflect the official position of the University of Brighton.
Index Previous Next
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Strong reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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Moon* ♑ Capricorn
Moon rises at sunset and sets at sunrise. It is visible all night and it is high in the sky around midnight.
Moon is passing first ∠4° of ♑ Capricorn tropical zodiac sector.
Lunar disc appears visually 0.4% wider than solar disc. Moon and Sun apparent angular diameters are ∠1894" and ∠1887".
The Full Moon this days is the Buck of July 2020.
There is high Full Moon ocean tide on this date. Combined Sun and Moon gravitational tidal force working on Earth is strong, because of the Sun-Earth-Moon syzygy alignment.
The Moon is 14 days old. Earth's natural satellite is moving through the middle part of current synodic month. This is lunation 253 of Meeus index or 1206 from Brown series.
Length of current 253 lunation is 29 days, 10 hours and 52 minutes. It is 1 hour and 43 minutes longer than next lunation 254 length.
Length of current synodic month is 1 hour and 53 minutes shorter than the mean length of synodic month, but it is still 4 hours and 17 minutes longer, compared to 21st century shortest.
This lunation true anomaly is ∠263.8°. At the beginning of next synodic month true anomaly will be ∠296.9°. The length of upcoming synodic months will keep decreasing since the true anomaly gets closer to the value of New Moon at point of perigee (∠0° or ∠360°).
4 days after point of perigee on 30 June 2020 at 02:09 in ♏ Scorpio. The lunar orbit is getting wider, while the Moon is moving outward the Earth. It will keep this direction for the next 8 days, until it get to the point of next apogee on 12 July 2020 at 19:27 in ♈ Aries.
Moon is 378 367 km (235 106 mi) away from Earth on this date. Moon moves farther next 8 days until apogee, when Earth-Moon distance will reach 404 201 km (251 159 mi).
Moon is in descending node in ♐ Sagittarius at 03:18 on this date, it crosses the ecliptic from North to South. Moon will follow the southern part of its orbit for the next 14 days to meet ascending node on 18 July 2020 at 12:33 in ♊ Gemini.
13 days after beginning of current draconic month in ♊ Gemini, the Moon is moving from the middle to the last part of it.
12 days after previous North standstill on 22 June 2020 at 03:56 in ♋ Cancer, when Moon has reached northern declination of ∠24.070°. Next day the lunar orbit moves southward to face South declination of ∠-24.064° in the next southern standstill on 5 July 2020 at 01:37 in ♑ Capricorn.
The Moon is in Full Moon geocentric opposition with the Sun on this date and this alignment forms Sun-Earth-Moon syzygy.
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Moderate reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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Biographical Database of NAWSA Suffragists, 1890-1920
Biography of Josepha Whitney, 1871-1957
By Ève Bourbeau-Allard, MA, MSI, Yale University
Anna Josepha Newcomb, later known as Josepha Whitney, was born on September 27, 1871 in Washington, D.C., to Mary Caroline Hassler Newcomb (1840-1921) and Simon Newcomb (1835-1909). Whitney's father, a renowned professor of mathematics and astronomy, had co-founded the American Astronomical Society and served as its first president. Her older sister Anita Newcomb McGee (1864-1940) became a medical doctor who established the Army Nurse Corps. For her part, Whitney would go on leaving her mark on the politics of the day.
Growing up in an academic environment, the young Whitney received a privileged education in Washington D.C., Geneva, Switzerland, and Berlin, Germany. Upon her graduation in 1890 as the valedictorian of the McDonald-Ellis School, a Washington D.C. newspaper reported that “she showed herself to be a bright scholar and highly talented.” Developing a passion for the visual arts, Whitney then studied watercolor at the Art Students' League of Washington, served as the institution's corresponding secretary, and participated in several exhibitions.
On April 11, 1896, Whitney married Edward Baldwin Whitney (1857-1911), who had been serving as Assistant Attorney General of the United States since 1893. The couple eventually moved to New York City, where Edward practiced law and was appointed as a New York Supreme Court judge. Edward's life was cut short by pneumonia. His death in 1911 left Whitney a young widow in charge of their six living children. From then on, the Whitney family mainly resided in New Haven, CT.
The early 1910s marked the beginnings of Whitney's involvement in the suffrage movement at local, state, and national levels. In 1912, she led the first suffrage meeting in the town of Cornwall, CT and, the following year, she travelled to Hartford to plead the cause to state legislators on behalf of the Connecticut Woman Suffrage Association (CWSA). Whitney eventually served as the New Haven County CWSA chair and as a member of its Central War Work Committee. Her dedication was felt in local New Haven clubs as well, where she presided the Equal Franchise League of New Haven and was active in the New Haven Political Equality Club. She later also presided the New Haven League of Women Voters.
At the national level, Whitney spoke at a mass suffrage meeting at the Washington Public Library in June 1914 that led to a march to the White House through the streets of the capital. In December 1917, she returned to her hometown again as one of the thirty or so activists in the Connecticut delegation to the National Suffrage Convention organized by the National American Woman Suffrage Association.
For Whitney, suffrage activism was part of a lifetime of advocacy. During World War I, and in its aftermath, her commitment to women's suffrage intersected with peace activism. Whitney advocated for “woman suffrage as a peace measure” because the “peace-loving half of the people [would gain] a voice in questions of militarism, commercialism and arbitration,” as she put it in a letter to the editor published in The Survey in 1914. Whitney acted as the Connecticut chair of the Woman's Peace Party and was involved in the Women's Peace Society and the League to Enforce Peace. Additionally, the meeting minutes of the New Haven Political Equality Club, renamed the New Haven League of Women Voters in 1920, show Whitney raising awareness and support for the League of Nations, founded in the wake of the Paris Peace Conference. She even hosted the first meeting of the Connecticut League of Nations Association in 1924 in her New Haven home.
Following the ratification of the 19th amendment, Whitney herself sought political office. After having been designated as New Haven Mayor David E. Fitzgerald's alternate for the Democratic National Convention of 1920, Whitney launched her own campaign for a state house seat in 1922. Her ensuing loss did not discourage her from running for office again a decade later. She was successfully elected to the Connecticut House of Representatives in 1932 as the Democratic Party candidate for New Haven. During her term of office, Whitney continued her advocacy for women's rights, adding her voice in favor of a bill to include women in juries, which passed in 1939. Beyond women's rights, labor rights, property rights, and public works also emerged as key themes in her legislative activities. Whitney served on the Sale of Lands Committee and introduced eight bills to the House (House Bills no. 696, 698, 791, 917, 1106, 1112, 1138, and 1139).
In later years, she was involved with the National Woman's Party. She wrote a pamphlet in support of the Equal Rights Amendment published by the Party in 1943 and served, as of 1946, on the Party's National Advisory Council. Whitney passed away in 1957, at the age of 85.
Josepha Whitney. Published in The Hartford Courant, October 23, 1922. Retrieved from http://cornwallhistoricalsociety.org/exhibits/women/whitney.html.
Josepha Whitney (left) at a suffrage march in Washington, D.C. Published in The Evening Star, June 30, 1914. Retrieved from https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1914-06-30/ed-1/seq-10/
“Brush And Charcoal: The Art Students' League,” The Washington Post, November 20, 1893. Retrieved from ProQuest Historical Newspapers.
“Connecticut Democrats Give Places to Women,” The Evening Star, May 20, 1920. Retrieved from Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1920-05-20/ed-1/seq-4/
Cornwall Historical Society. “Women's rights: Cornwall's Radicals, Rebels, and Reformers: Josepha Newcomb Whitney,” 2013. Retrieved from http://cornwallhistoricalsociety.org/exhibits/women/whitney.html.
“Death Takes Judge Whitney,” The Washington Post, January 6, 1911. Retrieved from ProQuest Historical Newspapers.
Government Publishing Office. Congressional Record of the Senate for 22 January 1946, 1946. Retrieved from https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1946-pt1/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1946-pt1-7-1.pdf
Journal of the House of Representatives of the State of Connecticut. Hartford: State of Connecticut, 1933, pp. 303-304, 318, 407-413.
Kendig, Keith. Never a Dull Moment: Hassler Whitney, Mathematics Pioneer. Providence: MAA Press, an imprint of the American Mathematical Society, 2018, p. 10-21.
League of Women Voters of New Haven. League of Women Voters Minutes and Other Records, 1920-1923. Connecticut Historical Society, MSS 97845.
Leonard, John William, editor. Woman's Who's Who of America: A Biographical Dictionary of Contemporary Women of the United States and Canada. New York : American Commonwealth Co., 1914, p. 879. [LINK]
Marquis, Albert Nelson, editor. Who's Who in New England, 2nd edition. Chicago: A.N. Marquis & Company, 1916, p. 1149. Retrieved from HathiTrust https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006686955
Moon, Danelle L. “The Local is Global: Broker for Human Rights -- Florence Kitchelt, Connecticut Peace Activist and Feminist, 1920-1961," 34th Annual Meeting of the Social Science and History Association, 2009, p. 7. Retrieved from https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?/&httpsredir=1&article=1010&context=lib_pub
“Mrs. Josepha Whitney Nominated for House Prominent Socially,” The Hartford Courant, October 23, 1922. Retrieved from ProQuest Historical Newspapers.
“National Suffrage Association Convention 10th of December,” The Bridgeport Evening Farmer, November 26, 1917. Retrieved from Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84022472/1917-11-26/ed-1/seq-7/
Nichols, Carole. Votes and More for Women: Suffrage and After in Connecticut. New York: Routledge, 2012, pp. 48, 85.
“Nine Sweet Graduates: Commencement Exercises of the McDonald-Ellis School,”
The Washington Post, June 5, 1890. Retrieved from ProQuest Historical Newspapers.
“Speeches to start suffragist march,” The Washington Times, June 26, 1914. Retrieved from Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84026749/1914-06-26/ed-1/seq-4/
Whitney, Josepha. “The War and the Social Movement: To the Editor,” The Survey, October 31, 1914. Retrieved from Internet Archive https://archive.org/details/surveycharityorg33survrich/page/116, p.117.
“Wilson Gives Basis for World Peace,” The Washington Post, May 28, 1916. Retrieved from ProQuest Historical Newspapers.
“Women March Today: Suffragists Will Lay Their Cause Before President,” The Washington Post, June 30, 1914. Retrieved from ProQuest Historical Newspapers.
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Strong reasoning
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Politics
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Riparian forest buffers can enhance water quality, provide wildlife habitat, and benefit individuals and communities. However, to achieve these benefits, careful planning is essential. Prior to establishment, it is critical to clearly define what the buffer is intended to accomplish. Observations on the stream's condition and on the adjoining watershed will help determine how wide the buffer should be, what types of vegetation should be restored, and how the site should be prepared before planting. Once a buffer is established, a long-term maintenance plan is also required to assure the project's success.
The first step in designing the buffer is to clearly define what the buffer is expected to accomplish (Figure 1). Consider these questions: Are there water quality problems that need to be addressed? Is wildlife a primary objective, and if so, what are the species of interest? Are aesthetic and recreational benefits important? Are there any financial, personal, or time constraints that will interfere with buffer establishment or future maintenance? How will placement of the buffer affect the management of the land? Remember, the restoration of riparian forest buffers is a long-term process requiring the ongoing commitment and involvement of the landowner.
Site AssessmentNext, evaluate the area and determine if site conditions can reasonably be expected to produce the desired benefits. The evaluation should take a look at stream conditions upstream and down, as well as in the immediate area (Table 1).
To understand the forces affecting a particular stream segment, it is important to look at the entire watershed (Figure 2). A stream is influenced by many factors, including the area's geology, hydrology, soils, and vegetation. However, one of the most important influences on the stream is adjoining land uses. For example, streams which flow through urban areas are subject to higher pollution loads and warmer temperatures. In rural areas, agricultural activities can contribute sediment and nutrients and damage streambanks from livestock grazing. Other activities, such as industry, mining, dams, and wastewater treatment facilities can also influence the character of streams, including water chemistry, stream temperatures, and flow rates. When stream systems are severely degraded or unstable as a result of watershed uses, riparian restoration is likely to be unsuccessful until the source of the problem is addressed.
Aerial photographs, soil survey maps, topographic maps, geological maps, and land use maps provide useful information on a watershed level (Figure 3). Attempt to identify:
- Where is the stream located in the watershed? Is it a headwater stream, a mid-order stream, or a major stream artery?
- How is the riparian area linked hydrologically with the uplands and with the stream?
- What is the most important water quality problem in the watershed? Where and when does the maximum discharge of pollutants occur?
- What fish and wildlife species are found in the area and how might they be influenced by the buffer?
- What will be the impact of placing a buffer at this particular location? Will watershed land uses override the ability of the buffer to produce the expected benefits? (Schnabel and others 1994, King and others 1997).
Riparian AreaThe condition of the riparian area, including hydrology, soils, and vegetation, should be the next focus of the evaluation (Figure 4).
HydrologyRiparian area hydrology can be difficult to evaluate; however, the lay of the land, the steepness of slopes, and observations of soil conditions during the wet season can provide valuable clues. If soils are saturated, this is a good indicator that groundwater flows close to the surface. Well-drained soils indicate deeper groundwater flows. The absence or presence of wetlands and observations of sediment deposits and erosion patterns also provide useful information (Palone and Todd 1997). The width of the floodplain and flood frequency, duration, and season are other important hydrological features.
SoilsSoil survey maps describe and characterize the types of soils found in the riparian area. However, riparian area soils can be highly variable, even within short distances (Myers 1989). Therefore, soils should be sampled at intervals to determine soil type, texture, pH, presence of mottling, a clay layer, and other attributes.
VegetationExisting riparian vegetation can be a good indicator of which species will grow well on the site. Vegetation can also provide valuable clues to the area's soils and hydrology. Species, age, and density of the vegetation as well as presence of exotic invasive species should be noted. The presence of wildlife and wildlife habitat, cultural resources, and human disturbance should also be recorded.
Before the riparian forest is re-established, it is important to evaluate the condition of the stream and its channel (Figure 5). Although it is natural for streams to shift their courses through time, land activities can dramatically accelerate the process. When this occurs, it is necessary to stabilize the channel before attempting to restore riparian vegetation. If the erosion is especially severe, the source of the problem must first be addressed or the restoration is likely to be unsuccessful.
To determine whether the stream is stable or undergoing rapid change, some basic observations are needed. First, observe the shape of the stream channel. Straight streams are rare in nature (except on steep slopes), and are usually an indication that the stream has been channelized. Through time, channelized streams will move about as they try to regain their natural course. Stable streams, on the other hand, are sinuous, or "S"-shaped. Channel width, depth, and slope should also be noted. In areas where the land has been cleared or paved, streams often become entrenched with steep vertical banks, due to the increased volume and velocity of storm runoff. Streams with high sediment loads from eroding land will develop sediment deposits within the streambed and become more shallow and wider. Besides the stream channel, observe the streambank. Streambanks that are well vegetated and show little erosion usually are stable. Steep banks, frequent treefall, poor bank vegetation, and widening of the stream channel are indicators of unstable conditions.
Next, look within the stream. Healthy streams usually have a combination of pools (deep sections outside of bends and below large rocks and woody debris), riffles (shallow areas where water bubbles over rocks), and runs (straight sections). Usually, there are two to three pools and two to three riffles between each bend in the stream, with each pool and riffle spaced at distances 2.5 times the stream width. Streams also have a characteristic "bedload" (a combination of sand, silt, gravel, and large rocks), which is related to the geology of the area and waterflow. In eroding streams, sandbars and sediment deposits are often found. The presence of overhanging trees, large woody debris within the stream, and aquatic vegetation are important features of healthy streams. Finally, make observations on water quality (color, odor, presence of algae, etc.) and the composition of invertebrate and fish communities (Myers 1989, Hoffman and others 1998).
Rosgen Stream Classification System
A commonly used system for evaluating stream stability was developed by David Rosgen (1994). The Rosgen classification system is based on the principal that the shape of the stream channel is directly influenced by stream velocity and discharge, sediment load and size, channel width, depth and slope, and type of bed material. A change in one of these variables results in a series of adjustments in all of the others, and ultimately a change in the pattern of the stream. For example, in response to increased bank erosion, the stream may become wider and more shallow, become less sinuous, increase the slope of the river bed downstream, or form sandbars. If these factors are measured and understood, they can be used to predict the stream's response to changes in the adjoining watershed, the stream's potential for recovery, and to select the best design for long-term stability.
For more information see:
- Rosgen, D.L. 1994. A classification of natural rivers. Catena. Volume 22 pages 169-199.
- Austin, S.H. 1999. Riparian forest handbook 1 - Appreciating and evaluating stream side forests. Virginia Department of Forestry. Charlottesville, VA. 48 pages.
Three-Zone Riparian Forest Buffer SystemIn 1991, the U.S. Department of Agriculture developed guidelines for restoring riparian forest buffers (Welsch 1991). These guidelines are based on a "three-zone approach" to restoring forest buffers, with each zone providing a specific function (Figure 6). Zone 1 is nearest to the stream and is an area of undisturbed forest that stabilizes streambanks, provides shade, moderates stream temperatures, and provides large woody debris to the stream. Zone 2 is an area of managed forest adjacent to Zone 1. The purpose of Zone 2 is to improve water quality through vegetative uptake (of nutrients and toxins) and biogeochemical processes in the soil. Native deciduous trees are recommended for planting in Zones 1 and 2 to maximize habitat value for fish and wildlife and water quality benefits. As the trees in Zone 2 mature, selective timber harvesting and timber stand improvements are necessary to promote vigorous growth of the remaining trees. Zone 3 is an area of dense grass that lies between the forest buffer and adjoining land uses. The purpose of Zone 3 is to slow and spread concentrated flows of water coming from the land, which will promote the release of suspended sediments and the infiltration of surface runoff into the ground. Native warm-season grasses are recommended for planting in Zone 3 because of their tall, stiff stems and their deep root systems (Schultz and others 1995).
One of the first questions most landowners ask is: How wide does the riparian buffer need to be? Unfortunately, there is no one single "ideal" buffer width. The proper buffer width depends on site characteristics and the benefits expected from the buffer. In the Chesapeake Bay region, a buffer of 35 feet on each side of the stream is generally suggested to benefit the aquatic community, with the buffer expanding to 75 to 100 feet per side to produce water quality and wildlife benefits (Palone and Todd 1997). Other researchers have suggested different "rules of thumb" for determining the proper buffer width. Verry (1996), a hydrologist with the U.S. Forest Service in Minnesota, suggests that a proper width for riparian management is "the active 50-year floodplain plus the terrace slopes," or approximately 10 times the stream "bankfull" width plus 50 feet on either side (Verry 1996). In the Pacific Northwest, a team of scientists known as the Federal Ecosystem Management Assessment Team (FEMAT) recommends buffer widths (per side) equal to the height of a "site-potential tree," or the average maximum possible tree height for that site (the average "site-potential tree" in the eastern U.S. is 110 ft.) (O'Laughlin and Belt 1995). They suggest that many buffer functions (for example, providing shade, leaf litter, large woody debris, and stabilizing streambanks) are met with a buffer width of one site-potential tree height. However, others suggest that wildlife and water quality benefits require a wider buffer.
Stream size and stream order can also influence the size of the buffer needed. Headwater streams, for example, may not require the same degree of buffering as larger streams to provide the same benefit (Palone and Todd 1997). Buffer widths should also account for the goals of the landowner and the desired functions (Table 2).
Designing riparian forest buffers to improve water quality is complicated by the need to control three different types of pollutants at the same time: sediment-adsorbed pollutants in surface runoff, dissolved pollutants in surface runoff, and dissolved pollutants in groundwater (Palone and Todd 1997). The design must also take into account the area's hydrology, soils, and pollutant loads.
Buffers of 50 to 100 feet are generally recommended to trap sediment, although wider buffers are required where there are high sediment loads or steep slopes (as a rule of thumb, the buffer should expand about 5 feet for every 1% increase in slope) (Palone and Todd 1997). On flat sandy soils where sediment loads are low, narrower buffers may be as effective (Magette and others 1989). However, only very wide buffers will be effective in trapping small clay particles. For example, researchers in Arizona found that grass buffers trap most sand from shallow surface runoff within about 10 feet and trap most silt within 50 feet, but found that 300 to 400 feet of buffer was required to trap small clay particles (Wilson 1967). Similar observations were made in a riparian forest in North Carolina (Cooper and others 1987).
The ability of the buffer to remove dissolved pollutants like nitrate is variable and tied to the site's soils and hydrology. For example, when Phillips (1989) examined the buffering capacity of various riparian soils in North Carolina, he found that a buffer width of anywhere from 16 to 300 feet would be required to remove nitrates from field drainage. Widths of 35 to 125 feet are usually recommended to remove dissolved pollutants, depending on loads and site conditions (Palone and Todd 1997).
To restore riparian buffers to meet water quality functions, David Welsch of the U.S. Forest Service Northeast Area recommends a width of 75 feet per side based on the "three-zone system" (Zone 1 - 15 feet, Zone 2 - 60 feet, and Zone 3 - 20 feet) (Welsch 1991). However, he suggests that the buffer should be expanded where frequent flooding occurs (soils of Hydrologic Groups C and D), where certain soil types are present (Soil Capability Class IIIe/s, IVe/s, Vie/s, VIIe/s or VIII) and on steep slopes. The USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service recommends a minimum buffer width of at least 30% of the geomorphic floodplain, or at least 15 feet for Zone 1 and 20 feet for Zone 2 on all streams.
Dillaha and Hayes (1991) of Virginia Tech recommend delineating "subwatersheds" (drainage areas) within the area to be protected and designing buffers to fit each.
Bank StabilizationWhere bank erosion is moderate, widths of 25 feet to 55 feet are recommended to stabilize and maintain streambanks (O'Laughlin and Belt 1995, Palone and Todd 1997). Along unstable streams, buffer width may be expanded to allow for future stream channel adjustments. If erosion is excessive, efforts should first be made to correct or moderate the source of the problem.
Flood ControlAlong small streams, a narrow band of trees may be enough to moderate flood waters. On large streams, wide buffers of sturdy flood-tolerant trees extending throughout the floodplain are recommended (Dosskey and others 1997).
WildlifeThe choice of a buffer width for wildlife depends on the species of interest. Some animals, particularly "edge species," may require only narrow buffers (25 feet or less) for their needs, while others such as large mammals and certain birds may require a buffer of 100 to 300 feet (Croonquist and Brooks 1991, Keller and others 1993). Forested areas as wide as 600 feet have been recommended where there are heron rookeries, bald eagles, or cavity-nesting birds (USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service 1996c). When managing for wildlife, the need for food, shelter and certain environmental conditions (for example, cool moist environments for certain amphibians) are as important as a creating a particular buffer width. Features such as snags, trees with large cavities, and mast-producing trees should be incorporated into the buffer plan.
AquaticsImportant considerations for aquatic communities include inputs of food and structural elements (limbs, logs, overhanging roots) to provide shade and cover. A buffer of 60 to 110 feet will provide these benefits, although along small streams, a buffer of only 50 feet may be adequate (Dosskey and others 1997, O'Laughlin and Belt 1995, Palone and Todd 1997). Stream protection will be influenced by vegetation height, density, crown size, as well as stream size and aspect (Quigley 1981). Native tree species are recommended, because the life cycles of many aquatic organisms are linked to seasonal inputs of particular trees and shrubs.
Recreation and AestheticsBuffer width may be expanded to accommodate recreational activities. In these areas, the choice of aesthetically pleasing trees, such as those with showy flowers, fruit, color, or interesting texture and form may be appropriate.
Landowners who wish to harvest a marketable product from the buffer must choose the appropriate species for planting. Depending on the product, the buffer width may need to be increased for the operation to be productive and economically viable.
RestorationRestoration of the riparian forest buffer includes stabilizing the stream channel, preparing the site, planting the vegetation, and regular maintenance.
Streambank stabilization may include a combination of vegetative and structural engineering techniques (USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service 1992). Vegetative techniques such as live stakes, tree revetments, live fascines, and brush mattresses are often the best choice, due to their low expense, their more natural appearance, and the additional benefits provided to fish and wildlife (Firehock and Doherty 1995). Boulders, logs, sandbags, or gabions (rock-filled wire cages) can be used with the vegetation to provide additional stability. Structural techniques such as riprap and concrete box structures may be required in some situations; for example, to protect important resources such as roads and buildings.
Local, state, and federal permits are required for work in and along all surface waters (including lakes, streams, springs, and wetlands) and within the 100-year floodplain. This includes construction of stream crossings and impoundments, installation of riprap and other materials, and any activities which will modify the stream channel. Therefore, it is important to contact your local Soil and Water Conservation District office for assistance in planning the project and securing necessary permits before the work begins.
RiprapRock riprap is a method of placing stones along the streambank to stabilize the soil (Figure 7). Riprap is sometimes used to secure the base of the streambank while vegetative cuttings become established. One disadvantage to using riprap is its unnatural appearance. Riprap can also raise the temperature of the stream as the rock absorbs solar radiation. Habitat benefits can be increased by planting vegetation between the rocks.
GabionsGabions are rock-filled wire cages buried into the streambank to stabilize erosion (Figure 8). Gabions are especially useful for protecting banks that have been scoured or undercut. Vegetation can be planted into the bank around the gabion to increase the effectiveness and improve the appearance of the structure.
Live CribwallA live cribwall is a rectangular structure of logs, rocks, and woody cuttings, and filled with soil and layers of live branch cuttings (Figure 9). The cribwall is built into the streambank to protect eroding banks and is very effective on fast flowing streams. The cribwall provides long-term bank stability once the woody cuttings take root and grow. Cribwalls are not recommended where the bed is severely undercut, in rocky terrain, or on narrow reaches where banks are high on both sides.
Bank RevetmentsBank revetments are used to protect streambanks from erosion and provide overhead cover and shade for fish (Figure 10). A tree revetment is one type of bank revetment. Tree revetments are simple to construct and are made by anchoring cut trees along a streambank with wire cable. Eastern redcedar trees are commonly used and work very well because of their dense branches. Tree revetments are appropriate on small to medium banks (less than 12 feet high) that are experiencing moderate erosion. Other types of revetments may be created using boulders, root wads, and logs.
Live StakesLive stakes are woody plant cuttings that root quickly when placed in soil (Figure 11). Once established, they provide vegetative cover and a very effective barrier to erosion. Live stakes are economical and require minimum labor to install. Alone, they are most effective as a preventive measure before severe erosion problems develop. Live stakes may also be used to stabilize areas between other bioengineering techniques. Willow is the most commonly used material for live stakes. Table 3 lists other trees and shrubs which are suitable for use as live stakes.
Live Fascines (wattling bundles)Live fascines are long (15 to 20 feet) bundles of live branch cuttings bound with baling twine (Figure 12). Fascines are placed in trenches along the streambank, secured with stakes, and partially covered with soil. Fascines may be constructed from cuttings of materials that are on site, such as willow, shrub dogwoods, or other species which readily sprout. Once the cuttings take root, fascines offer protection for the bank and additional stability. Fascines are particularly useful on steep, rocky slopes where digging is difficult.
BranchpackingBranchpacking involves placing alternating layers of live branches and soil into a washed-out streambank (Figure 13). Branchpacks may be used both underwater and above fast-moving water. Branchpacks form an effective barrier that redirects water away from banks, and are often used for revegetating holes scoured in streambanks.
Brush MattressA brush mattress is a blanket of long branch cuttings wired together and secured to the streambank with stakes (Figure 14) (Hoffman and others 1998). The brush mattress covers the bank and provides protection immediately after it is established. Brush mattresses are very effective at capturing sediment and rebuilding an eroding bank. Once the plants take root, they provide long-term erosion control and dense plant growth. Brush mattresses, however, require a great deal of live material and are time-consuming to install.
Lunker StructureLunker structures are crib-like structures of wood planks and blocks held in place with reinforcing rods (Figure 15). Lunker structures are commonly used in trout streams and small warm-water streams to provide bank stabilization and in-stream cover for fish.
Log-spur Bank FeatureA log spur bank feature is constructed by partially burying the top of a large cut tree in the stream channel with the lower branches pointing into the current. The lower half of the tree lies on the bottom of the stream and is anchored by boulders along the stream bottom. Log-spur bank features are designed to stabilize the stream channel and provide in-stream habitat for aquatic organisms.
Deflectors are triangular, rock-filled structures used to divert the flow of water in the stream channel (Figure 16). They are used to narrow a stream channel, increase flow velocity, divert water from a bank, or to create pools. Deflectors are commonly made of a log triangle that is secured to the stream bottom with steel pins. Deflectors are best suited for low-gradient streams where water levels are stable.
After the streambank has been stabilized, vegetation can be planted in the riparian area. However, site preparation is usually required before planting begins (Figure 17). The degree of site preparation needed will depend on the type of vegetation found on the site and the presence of invasive exotic weeds. If livestock have access to the riparian zone, they should be fenced out before the area is revegetated. Fencing livestock from the stream will help stabilize streambanks, reduce bank erosion, and eliminate grazing on newly established vegetation. Where livestock watering or crossing sites are needed, select locations where there are smooth, low slopes and hard bottoms. Stone can be spread on entrance ramps to the stream to minimize streambank damage, and swinging flood gates or polywire can be erected across the stream to restrict livestock movement upstream and downstream.
If invasive weeds are a problem, it is important to control them before the vegetation is planted (Palone and Todd 1997). Where the problem is severe, this can require as much as a year of successive treatments (Figure 18). Weeds of particular concern in riparian areas are phragmites (common reed), oriental bittersweet, Japanese honeysuckle, kudzu, porcelain berry, mile-a-minute vine, trumpet creeper vine, Japanese bamboo, privet, multiflora rose, tree-of-heaven, and Norway maple. Invasive weeds can be controlled by either mechanical or chemical means. Examples of mechanical control are mowing multiple times over the growing season to exhaust root systems, ripping them out with a tractor, or girdling the plants. However, these weeds are persistent and can be difficult to control with mechanical methods. Chemical control with herbicides are recommended in areas where they can be safely applied. Herbicides may pose a danger to aquatic life, therefore, it is important to follow the label carefully. Herbicides labeled for use in riparian areas are listed in Table 4; contact the Virginia Department of Forestry for additional recommendations.
After weeds are controlled, the ground should be prepared for tree planting. If the ground is in pasture, the area should be plowed, disked (up to three feet from the stream), and sprayed with an herbicide to control weeds. A cover crop (such as annual rye, field bromegrass, or a mixture of switchgrass, deertongue, eastern gamagrass, and smartweed in wet areas) should be planted to stabilize the soil. If vines are a problem in the area, legumes such as lespedeza and birdsfoot trefoil should be planted as a cover crop.
On certain sites where erosion is likely, it is better to leave the sod in place and spray a small area (about a four-foot-diameter circle) with an herbicide where the seedling will be planted (Palone and Todd 1997). Weeding and mowing will be necessary the first three years or until the trees are established.
In some cases, the riparian area may already have established shrubs and trees of desirable species. In this case, a timber stand improvement may be needed to release the trees from competition and to remove less desirable vegetation. A timber stand improvement can be accomplished by cutting, girdling, or injecting the undesirable plants with a herbicide. The best time to treat the site is just after the plant has leafed out in the spring (usually around late May). At this time, root reserves are low, which reduces the plant's ability to resprout (Palone and Todd 1997).
Naturally vegetated riparian areas are among the most productive and diverse plant communities. However lush, this vegetation has adapted to wide fluctuations in water levels and regular disturbances (Figure 19). Therefore, it is important to select the proper plant species when revegetating riparian areas. An important factor to consider is the riparian area hydrology, particularly the depth to the water table and the frequency, season and duration of flooding (McKevlin 1992). Soil characteristics such as soil type, texture, structure, and pH are all important considerations. Keep in mind that soils and hydrology can be highly variable within the same floodplain.
Trees planted on the streambank should be selected for their ability to withstand frequent disturbance and flooded conditions. These trees must also provide bank stability, a dense canopy for shade, and food for aquatic organisms. Native species that are fast-growing and easily established are good choices here. Examples include river birch, black willow, red maple, eastern cottonwood, green ash, and sycamore (Hupp 1992, Palone and Todd 1997). Further back from the streambank, a wider variety of trees is recommended. Sweetgum, hackberry, water-tolerant oaks, hickories, and clumps of pine or other evergreen trees are suitable here. Pines will grow quickly and help break the wind, providing some protection for the hardwoods and cover for wildlife until the hardwood stand is established. Suitable shrubs can be placed among the trees or along the forest edge.
Table 5 lists trees and shrubs appropriate for planting in riparian areas. They may be purchased from the Virginia Department of Forestry, mail-order nurseries, and local sources (Figure 20).
Planting bare-root tree seedlings usually provides the best result for most species (McKevlin 1992). Trees should be planted at about 110 trees per acre, or about 20 feet apart. Understory shrubs can be planted 5 to 8 feet apart between the trees. Trees and shrubs should be planted in late fall or spring, while they are dormant. Take care to prevent the trees from drying out and store away from direct sunlight. Deciduous trees should be placed in a hole two to three times wider than their roots and no deeper than their roots. The roots should be spread out in the hole and soil firmly packed around to eliminate air pockets. Water trees as necessary.
Direct seeding of species with large seeds (such as black walnut, hickory, and oak) is an option, but is rarely used. Seeds should be planted 2" deep at a rate of 1500 per acre (approximately 3' x 10' spacing) (McKevlin 1992). Trees or seeds that are protected by tree shelters may regenerate more successfully (Figure 21). However, tree shelters can be knocked down during floods or high winds, and must be straightened. Tree shelters are also expensive, at a cost of $2-$3 each. In urban environments, the use of larger balled and burlap trees or containerized stock is appropriate. Recommended spacing for these trees is 16' apart, or 200 trees per acre (Palone and Todd 1997).
Native warm-season grasses, such as switchgrass and eastern gamagrass, are often recommended for the portion of the buffer planted to grass (Zone 3) (Figure 22). Warm-season grasses are preferred due to their large root systems, high above-ground productivity, value to wildlife, and low maintenance (Schultz and others 1995). Table 6 lists warm-season grasses appropriate for Zone 3. Where sediment loads are low (less than 1000 lb/ac/yr), herbaceous forbs and shrubs may be included in Zone 3 (Palone and Todd 1997).
Warm-season grasses are established by plowing, disking, and cultipacking the area to create a firm seedbed (Capel 1992). Seed is drilled into the soil (1/4" deep) with a small grain drill (using the alfalfa seed box) or broadcast with a cyclone spreader, and cultipacked to tamp down the seed. Chaffy seeds or seeds with wings (for example, Bluestem and Indiangrass) are usually broadcast because they clog the drill. Warm-season grasses should be planted when the soil is >60°F (April to June in the Coastal Plain and May to early July in other parts of the state), and if possible, just prior to a good rain (Wolf and Fiske 1995). Nitrogen fertilizer is not recommended at seeding; phosphorus, potassium, and lime should be applied if recommended according to soil test recommendations. Grass seed should be purchased on a Pure Live Seed (PLS) basis rather than by bulk weight (Pure Live Seed accounts for debris and germination efficiency). A high Pure Live Seed is a good indication of overall seed quality.
Riparian buffers require ongoing maintenance to remain effective. The landowner should walk the area on a regular basis, watching for damage to fences, the formation of gullies, weed problems, wildlife damage, insect and disease problems, bank erosion and wash-outs in the stream. Some seedling mortality is expected; however, if stand density falls below 80 trees per acre, reinforcement plantings will be needed (Figure 23).
During buffer establishment, competition for light and nutrients from weeds can cause mortality and substantially reduce seedling growth. Weeds should be controlled by mowing, mulching, or herbicides (Figure 24). Mowing may effectively control weeds on some sites, particularly if mowed on a regular basis. However, mowing can damage tree seedlings and where weeds are thick, does not eliminate the competition for moisture. Mowing also requires that trees are planted on a more regular spacing. Mulches or weed control fabrics can be an alternative to mowing, and provide the additional benefit of protecting trees from moisture stress in drought-prone areas. Herbicides probably offer the best control for competition and result in more rapid establishment of the forest buffer. Tree shelters can increase survival of tree seedlings and protect seedlings during mowing or spraying.
After the trees are established, the trees should be periodically thinned to maintain vigorous growth and maximize nutrient uptake (Palone and Todd 1997). Selective harvest of mature trees is recommended to sustain adequate growth and remove nutrients sequestered in tree stems and branches. During harvest, care should be taken to protect the forest floor from disturbance and compaction and to preserve surface and subsurface water flows (Nutter and Gaskin 1988).
Following forestry Best Management Practices (BMPs) during harvest accomplishes these objectives. BMPs for logging in riparian areas are described in the "Forestry Best Management Practices Guide for Virginia," issued by the Virginia Department of Forestry (1997). Best Management Practices that apply in streamside areas include:
- Harvesting should remove no more than 50% of the crown cover and should be limited to cable or winch systems.
- Log decks, sawmill sites, and drainage structures should not be constructed inside the riparian area.
- Stream crossings should be avoided wherever possible. If a stream crossing is necessary, a temporary bridge, culvert, or ford should be installed. A permit is required to construct a stream crossing over a stream which drains more than a 3000-acre area.
- Any wetlands, bogs, or seeps found in the riparian area should receive special protection.
- Trees should be felled away from the seeps and wetlands, and should not be skidded through the area.
- The movement or entry of equipment into these areas should be avoided wherever possible.
To plan a successful tree harvest, first consult the Virginia Department of Forestry. By law, they must be notified that a harvest will occur three days before logging begins. Be aware that additional federal, state, and/or local regulations may apply to activities in wetland areas; therefore, the local office of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers should be contacted before any activity occurs in a wetland area.
Warm-season grasses that are incorporated into the buffer plan will also require regular maintenance (Dillaha and Hayes 1991, Capel 1992). These grasses are slow to establish and spend the first two years developing their deep root systems. During this time, the grass stand will require regular mowing or herbicide application to control broadleaf weeds. Once established, periodic controlled burns (about every 3 to 4 years) can help warm-season grasses recycle nutrients, stimulate new growth, and kill back woody plants and other species. Warm-season grasses have few insect or disease problems and do not normally require fertilizer.
As sediments accumulate in the buffer, they may create a small berm between the buffer and the field edge. The berm will eventually prevent field runoff from flowing through the buffer and cause runoff to flow parallel to the buffer instead. Where this occurs, accumulated sediments should be removed and the area regraded and reseeded. In areas of moderate erosion, this will occur about every 10 years, or when more than 6" of sediments have accumulated.
How Long to Recovery?
Once a forested riparian buffer is established, it begins to provide some important functions after only a few years (Figure 25). For example, in Iowa researchers found that a newly established buffer trapped 80-90% of sediments and up to 90% of nitrates and atrazine from field runoff by the fourth growing season (Schultz and others 1995). In the southeastern Coastal Plain, researchers observed that in high organic matter soils and where anoxic sediments are present, buffers begin to have a major impact on nitrate in five to ten years (Lowrance and others 1997). However, in other areas, 15 to 20 years may be required before buffers begin to control nitrate loads.
Wildlife use of the area will change throughout the life of the buffer. In Virginia, wildlife biologists observed significant use of streamside areas by birds within five to nine years after they had been cleared and allowed to revegetate naturally (Ferguson et al 1975). They expected that bird species diversity would continue to increase as the stand matured and became more structurally complex. The aquatic community will benefit immediately from improved water quality. However, benefits such as stream cooling and inputs of large woody debris will occur only slowly, over many years.
|List of Common and Scientific Names|
|American hornbeam||Carpinus caroliniana|
|Annual rye||Secale cereale|
|Arrowwood viburnum||Viburnum dentatum|
|Atlantic white cedar||Chamaecyparis thyoides|
|Bald eagle||Haliaeetus leucocephalus|
|Bayberry (wax myrtle)||Myrica cerifera|
|Big bluestem||Andropogon gerardi|
|Birdsfoot trefoil||Lotus corniculatus|
|Bitternut hickory||Carya cordiformis|
|Black walnut||Juglans nigra|
|Black willow||Salix nigra|
|Coastal panicgrass||Panicum amarulum|
|Common (smooth) alder||Alnus serrulata|
|Downy serviceberry (shadblow)||Amelanchier arborea|
|Eastern cottonwood||Populus deltoides|
|Eastern gamma grass||Tripsacum dactyloides|
|Eastern hemlock||Tsuga canadensis|
|Eastern hophornbeam||Ostrya virginiana|
|Eastern red cedar||Juniperus virginiana|
|Gray dogwood||Cornus racemosa|
|Green ash||Fraxinus pennsylvanica|
|Highbush blueberry||Vaccinium corymbosum|
|Japanese bamboo||Phyllostachys species|
|Japanese honeysuckle||Lonicera japenica|
|Kudzu||Pueraria montana var. lobata|
|Little bluestem||Schizachyrium scoparium|
|Loblolly pine||Pinus taeda|
|Multiflora rose||Rosa multiflora|
|Norway maple||Acer platanoides|
|Oriental bittersweet||Celastrus orbiculatus|
|Overcup oak||Quercus lyrata|
|Pin oak||Quercus palustris|
|Poison ivy||Toxicodendron radicans|
|Porcelain berry||Ampelopsis brevipendunculata|
|Red chokeberry||Aronia arbutifolia|
|Red maple||Acer rubrum|
|Red mulberry||Morus rubra|
|River (black) birch||Betula nigra|
|Silky (swamp dogwood)||Cornus amomum|
|Swamp azalea||Rhododendron viscosum|
|Swamp chestnut oak||Quercus michauxii|
|Swamp white oak||Quercus bicolor|
|Sweet pepperbush||Clethera alnifolia|
|Trumpet creeper vine||Campsis radicans|
|Virginia willow (sweetspire)||Itea virginica|
|Water oak||Quercus aquatica|
|Willow oak||Quercus phellos|
|Witch hazel||Hamamelis virginiana|
|Yellow (tulip poplar)||Liriodendron tulipifera|
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Georgia Soil and Water Conservation Commission. 1994. Guidelines for streambank restoration. Georgia Soil and Water Conservation Commission, Atlanta. 52 p.
Helfrich, L.A., D.L. Weigmann, R.J. Neves, and P.T. Bromley. 1998. Landowner's guide to managing streams in the Eastern United States. Virginia Cooperative Extension Publication 420-141.
Hoffman, J.T., D.L. Green, and D. Eager. 1998. Riparian restoration and streamside erosion control handbook. State of Tennessee Nonpoint Source Water Pollution Management Program. Tennessee Department of Agriculture, Nashville. 78 p.
Hupp, C.R. 1992. Riparian vegetation recovery patterns following stream channelization: a geomorphic perspective. Ecology 73:1209-1226.
Keller, C.M.E., C.S. Robbins, and J.S. Hatfield. 1993. Avian communities in riparian forests of different widths in Maryland and Delaware. Wetlands 13(2):137-144.
King, D.M., P.T. Hagan, and C.C. Bohlen. 1997. Setting priorities for riparian buffers. University of Maryland. Center for Environmental and Estuarine Studies. Technical Contribution UMCEES-CBL-96-160.
Lowrance, R., L.S. Altier, J.D. Newbold, R.R. Schnabel, P.M. Groffman, J.M. Denver, D.L. Correll, J.W. Gilliam, J.L. Robinson, R.B. Brinsfield, K.W. Staver, W. Lucas, and A.H. Todd. 1997. Water quality functions of riparian forest buffers in Chesapeake Bay watersheds. Environmental Management 21:687-712.
Magette, W.L., R.B. Brinsfield, R.E. Palmer, and J.D. Wood. 1989. Nutrient and sediment removal by vegetated filter strips. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers 32:663-667.
McKevlin, M.R. 1992. Guide to regeneration of bottomland hardwoods. USDA Forest Service Publication GTR-SE-76. Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, Asheville, NC. 35 p.
Myers, L.H. 1989. Riparian area management - inventory and monitoring riparian areas. U.S. Bureau of Land Management. Technical Reference 1737-3. Denver, CO. 79 p.
Nutter, W.L. and J.W. Gaskin. 1988. Role of streamside management zones in controlling discharges to wetlands. Pages 81-84. In: The Forested Wetlands of the Southern U.S., Proceedings of the Symposium, July 12-14, 1988. Orlando, FL. USDA Forest Service Publication GTR-SE-50. 168 p.
O'Laughlin, J., and G.H. Belt. 1995. Functional approaches to riparian buffer strip design. Journal of Forestry 93(2):29-32.
Palone, R.S., and A.H. Todd (editors). 1997. Chesapeake Bay riparian handbook: a guide for establishing and maintaining riparian forest buffers. USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Area State and Private Forestry. Publication NA-TP-02-97. Radnor, PA.
Phillips, J.D. 1989. Nonpoint source pollution control effectiveness of riparian forests along a Coastal Plain river. Journal of Hydrology 110:221-237.
Platts, W.S., W.F. Megahan, G.W. Minshall. 1983. Methods for evaluating streams, riparian areas, and biotic conditions. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report INT-138. Intermountain Forest & Range Experiment Station. Ogden, UT. 70 p.
Quigley, T.M. 1981. Estimating contribution of overstory vegetation to stream surface shade. Wildlife Society Bulletin 9:22-26.
Rosgen, D.L. 1994. A classification of natural rivers. Catena. 22:169-199.
Schnabel, R.R., W.J. Gburek, and W.L. Stout. 1994. Evaluating riparian zone control on nitrogen entry into Northeast streams. p. 432-445. In: Riparian Ecosystems in the Humid U.S.: Functions, Values and Management. Proceedings of a Conference, March 15-18, 1993. Atlanta, GA. National Association of Conservation Districts. 445 p.
Schultz, R.C., T.M. Isenhart, and J. P. Colletti 1995. Riparian buffer systems in crop and rangelands. p. 13-26. In: Rietveld, W.J. (editor) Agroforestry and Sustainable Systems: Symposium Proceedings. USDA Forest Service Publication RM-GTR-261. 276 p.
Seehorn, M.E. 1992. Stream habitat improvement handbook. USDA Forest Service Southern Region Technical Publication R8-TP-16. 30 p.
Tjaden, R.L., and G.M. Weber. 1997. Trees for riparian forest buffers. Maryland Cooperative Extension Service Fact Sheet 726. College Park, MD. 4 p.
U.S. Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service. 1997. Grasses that can be used for planting in riparian forest buffers and herbaceous buffers. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Annapolis, MD. 46 p.
U.S. Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service. 1992. National engineering handbook, Part 650 - Engineering field handbook. Chapter 18 - Soil bioengineering for upland slope protection and erosion reduction. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Washington, DC.
U.S. Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service. 1996a. National engineering handbook, Part 650 - Engineering field handbook. Chapter 16 - streambank and shoreline protection. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Washington, DC.
U.S. Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service. 1996b. Maryland conservation practice standard: riparian forest buffer. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service - Maryland. Riparian Forest Buffer 391-1. Annapolis, MD. 18 p.
U.S. Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service. 1996c. Virginia conservation practice standard: riparian forest buffer. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service - VA. Riparian Forest Buffer 391-1. Richmond, VA.
Verry, E.S. 1996. Riparian structure and function: physical and chemical components. p. 47-53. In: Laursen, S.B. (ed.). At the Water¼s Edge: the Science of Riparian Forestry. Proceedings of a Conference, June 19-20, 1995. Duluth, MN. University of Minnesota. Publication BU-6637-S. St. Paul, MN. 160 p.
Vetrano, D.M. 1988. Unit construction of trout habitat improvement structures for Wisconsin coulee streams. Wisconsin Bureau of Fisheries Management. Administrative Report No. 27. Madison, WI. 35 p.
Virginia Department of Forestry. 1997. Forestry best management practices for water quality in Virginia technical guide. Virginia Department of Forestry, Charlottesville. 47 p.
Virginia Department of Forestry. 1999. Herbicide use sheets - program year 1999. http://state.vipnet.org/dof/herbuse.htm.
Welsch, D.J. 1991. Riparian forest buffers - function and design for protection and enhancement of water resources. USDA Forest Service Northeastern Area State & Private Forestry. NA-PR-07-91. Radnor, PA. 20 p.
Wilson, L.G. 1967. Sediment removal from flood water by grass filtration. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers 10:35-37.
Wolf, W.D., and D.A. Fiske. 1995. Planting and managing switchgrass for forage, wildlife, and conservation. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Virginia Cooperative Extension. Publication No. 418-013. Blacksburg, VA. 4 p.
Other Publications in this series:
Riparian forests are forests which occur adjacent to streams, lakes, and other surface waters. Through the interaction of their soils, hydrology, and biotic communities, riparian forests protect and improve water quality, provide habitat for plants and animals, support aquatic communities, and provide many benefits to humans. Virginia, along with other states in the Chesapeake Bay region, has recognized the importance of riparian forests by implementing a plan to restore forested buffers along streams, rivers, and lakes. This series of publications by Virginia Cooperative Extension reviews selected literature on riparian forest buffers, including water quality functions, benefits to fish and wildlife, and human benefits. The review also discusses riparian buffer restoration and some of the costs and barriers associated with riparian forest buffer establishment. Information on financial and technical assistance programs available to Virginia landowners is included.
Understanding the Science Behind Riparian Forest Buffers: an Overview (VCE Pub. 420-150)
Understanding the Science Behind Riparian Forest Buffers: Effects on Water Quality (VCE Pub. 420-151)
Understanding the Science Behind Riparian Forest Buffers: Effects on Plant and Animal Communities (VCE Pub. 420-152)
Understanding the Science Behind Riparian Forest Buffers: Benefits to Communities and Landowners (VCE Pub. 420-153)
Understanding the Science Behind Riparian Forest Buffers: Factors Influencing Adoption (VCE Pub. 420-154)
Understanding the Science Behind Riparian Forest Buffers: Resources for Virginia Landowners (VCE Pub. 420-156)
Reviewed by Matt Yancey, Extension Agent, Forestry
Virginia Cooperative Extension materials are available for public use, reprint, or citation without further permission, provided the use includes credit to the author and to Virginia Cooperative Extension, Virginia Tech, and Virginia State University.
Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia State University, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture cooperating. Edwin J. Jones, Director, Virginia Cooperative Extension, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg; M. Ray McKinnie, Administrator, 1890 Extension Program, Virginia State University, Petersburg.
May 1, 2009
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Science & Tech.
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VRRP is the abbreviation of the Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol in the field of computer networking. Basically it is a type of protocol that is used with in the networking system. Literally it is defined as the protocol that is used in the networks with the routers to make the backup of the transmission of data from one place to another is called as the virtual router redundancy protocol. The main duty of this protocol is to prevent the data from losing and transmit it safely between two devices. Commonly it is called as the switching system and work as the backup of interrupted connectivity
Components of VRRP:
There are several components involved that make up the virtual router redundancy protocol and maintain its proper working and performance. Some important components that take art in it are given below.
- Virtual Router:
The first or the default router that initially make up the VRRP is the virtual router. Basically it acts as a host router while file sharing with the help of local area network. Different type of set identifiers and IP addresses are used in such protocols related type their infrastructure. Some time they act as master router.
- Master Router:
Another router that is connected in the circuit of the virtual router redundancy protocol is the mater router that maintains the transmission of the data packets from one device to another either in the forward or the backward direction. This type of router is called as the master router and it is responsible fro all the transmission in the VRRP.
- Backup Router:
When the transmission of the packets take place between two devices me times data lost due to the interruption of the other networks or router signals and in this case master router fails to keep the data then virtual router acts as a master and prevent the data lost. So this role of virtual router is called as the backup router.
How VRRP Works?
Working of the virtual router redundancy protocol is very familiar to that of the working of the other protocols for the sake of the data transmission from one location to another location. For the proper working of the VRRP user should configure it perfectly. Generally it works on the back up of the common router working. Different types of routers are used in the working of the VRRP. All the routers should connect in the same fashion and all are operated on the same IP address. It is essential because it whole working depends upon that. The router that is used for data transmission is called as master router and remaining are referred to as virtual routers. When the users are trying to transfer the data with the help of these router and if the master router of the VRRP tends to fail to transmit then at the same time other router take the responsibility and transmit the data. But if all the routers fails then there must be problem in the system or in the networking device, users should check them
Pros of VRRP:
Due to the efficient working performance of the virtual router redundancy protocol or VRRP some benefits are there in the field of computer networking or in the transmission of data or file sharing. Common pros of the VRRP are listed below.
- Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol provides the safe file sharing or transferring of data by preventing the data loss.
- As all the routers connected or controlled by the same IP address so it is convenient for the users to configure them.
- One of the major advantages of the VRRP is that it provides the reliable working by backing up the files.
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Software
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Good sleep is one of the most important things kids need to stay healthy. In fact, studies have shown that children who don't sleep enough — or sleep well enough — can be inattentive, restless, irritable, and more likely to injure themselves. To help your child snooze soundly:
How much sleep does your child need? Follow these general guidelines:
- Babies: 14 to 16 hours a day
- Toddlers: 12 to 14 hours a day
- Preschoolers: 11 to 13 hours a day
- Kids ages 5 and up: 9 to 10 hours a day
If you're wondering whether your child is getting enough sleep, watch her mood: Is she irritable and tired when she wakes up instead of happy and ready for the day? Does she become wild and unruly every night before bed? If so, she may be overtired and in need of more rest.
Figuring Out a Good Bedtime
To find the right time for your child, try working backward from when you wake up. If the family has to be up by 7 A.M. to get out of the house on time, then your 3-year-old who, naps for an hour each afternoon, should be in bed by around 8 P.M.
Whenever bedtime is, start to prepare your child even earlier. Does she tend to rub her eyes, yawn, or curl up on the couch at around the same hour every night? If so, have her put on her jammies and brush her teeth or read to her about 20 minutes before then. If she's high-energy in the evening, try a longer winding-down ritual (like a bath followed by a bedtime story, or a light back rub as you play soothing music). What's most important: consistency. Try to stick to a regular routine, no matter what hour you set as bedtime.
Avoiding Bedtime Battles
Solutions moms swear by:
- Make a chart. Check off when he's put on his pajamas, used the toilet, brushed his teeth.
- Get ready for bed yourself. Challenge your child to a race (and for best results, let him win!).
- If tantrums erupt, stay firm. Don't negotiate with a fitful child. Say, "This is what you need to do and when you need to do it."
- Separate siblings. Allow only one in the bathroom at a time. If an older sibling isn't going to bed, send him elsewhere.
- Focus on tomorrow. Direct his attention to the next day's exciting events. Have him lay out tomorrow's outfit by making a "clothes kid" on the floor.
- Consider temperament. If he's easily overwhelmed, make decisions for him (pick out his pj's in advance instead of letting him choose). If he needs to be in control, give him a say (over which toothpaste he uses or which stuffed animal goes to bed with him, for instance).
Helping Her Sleep on Her Own
As your child adjusts to sleeping on her own, wee-hour visits to your bed and requests for you to sleep with her in her own bed are normal. But the goal is to help her transition to her bed for a full night's rest. Here's what to do:
- Put a sleeping bag on the floor at the foot of your bed for her, and explain: You can come into Mommy and Daddy's room at night if you need to and sleep in your special bed.
- To reinforce that nighttime is for sleep, let her know that if she wakes you up, she'll have to go back to her room.
- Explain that even though you love sleeping near her, big kids don't sleep with their parents every night. But if she can stay in her bed most nights, she can sleep with you on Sunday. Keep a chart to mark off the nights that she successfully sleeps alone.
Leaving her bed for good
- Start by curling up in her bed and reading to her.
- Once the lights are turned out and it's time to sleep, sit at the edge of the bed instead of lying down with her.
- Bit by bit, move away from the bed until you're outside the door. If she cries, try talking or singing to her from afar; if she wants physical contact, give her a quick hug or a kiss, then go back to where you were.
Easing nighttime fears
- As your child grows and develops, new fears come with the territory. It's not uncommon for separation anxiety — which usually hits around 9 months — to resurface between ages 2 and 3. These fears could also be a product of his burgeoning imagination (for example, a piece of clothing takes on the shape of a bogeyman). Or your child's sudden nighttime neediness could be caused by a change in his routine, like a new work schedule for you or your partner or the start of preschool. Whatever the case, during this phase your child wants your reassurance — even at night.
- Talk it out during the day. Explain that you want to understand what's upsetting him at night, and decide on a plan together. Perhaps you'll go to her bed with him when he wakes up and lie next to him until he falls asleep again.
To help him get back on track
- Act quickly at night. When he comes to your room, don't start talking about his dream. Just follow the plan you mapped out together earlier. The object is to get everyone back to sleep as fast as possible, without feeding your child's fears.
- Tell the truth. Your child trusts you. If you say there are no monsters, he may believe you. A consistent bedtime ritual, from a "bath, book, bed" system to tucking in his teddy bear with him each night, can keep him comforted if he wakes up in the middle of the night.
- Enjoy a peaceful day. Minimizing stress in your child's daytime life can alleviate nighttime worries, too. If stress is unavoidable (you're moving to a new home, for instance), be prepared to live with some sleep upsets until things settle down. But encourage him to run, jump, laugh, and be active during the day. This will tire him out and also quell tension and anxiety.
- Dim the lighting. A nightlight may keep him from being afraid when he wakes up alone in the dark, but keep in mind that too much light can keep him awake.
The Top Five Sleep Stealers
Twenty-six percent of kids ages 3 and up have at least one caffeinated beverage a day, and they lose an average of 3 1/2 hours of sleep per week, according to research by the National Sleep Foundation. Caffeine isn't just in soft drinks — it's in iced tea, chocolate, and even some kids' pain relievers.
The more television a child watches, the more difficulty she'll have falling asleep and the more likely she'll be to experience sleep disturbances.
If you notice that your 3-year-old's bedtime is creeping later and later, it may be time to forgo midday sleeping in favor of some after-lunch quiet time.
Your child might need more stimulation and exercise during the day to fall asleep at night. Tire her out by letting her run around the park in the late afternoon — but not too close to bedtime, when the activity could rev her up even more.
It's possible that your child is just not wired to go to bed early.
When to Drop a Nap
By 15 to 18 months, your baby will be ready to drop one of the two daytime naps he's been taking. You'll know it's time if as naptime approaches, he stops rubbing his eyes or acting like he normally does when he gets tired. Still put him in his crib, but if he plays or fusses (or falls asleep only for a few minutes) for several days in a row, he's probably ready to stay up. If so:
- Keep his early-afternoon nap and ditch her morning one, if possible, to break up his day more evenly.
- But put your child down for his afternoon nap earlier, around 12:30 or so.
- If he's less interested in a later nap, try delaying the morning one by 15 to 30 minutes each day until he's snoozing just once. It'll take about two weeks for him to get fully used to the new schedule.
- Most kids will continue to need a daily nap until they turn 3. (Some 5-year-olds continue to need it.) The transition from one nap to none can be slow and erratic — a child may go for days without napping, then have a total meltdown another afternoon. To make the process easier, aim for "quiet time" each day instead of an actual nap. At the regular naptime, your child goes to his room and you go through the bedtime routine — turn off the lights and close the shades, read books, whatever. He can either sleep or just play quietly.
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Moderate reasoning
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Health
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For most women, especially first-time moms, it's almost impossible for anyone to tell they're pregnant during the first trimester. As a brand-new expectant mother, you're not showing much, if at all, and the only telltale outward sign might be that smile you just can't suppress.
But inside, both your baby and your body are already working at top speed, like the Apple factory before a new iPad launches. During the next 13 weeks, your baby will:
Grow from a tiny cluster of cells called a blastocyst (about the size of the head of a carpenter's nail) at week three of pregnancy to about 3 inches long (think the length of your car key) by week 12.
Develop pigment in her eyes (still hidden behind sealed lids), form a tiny tongue with taste buds, and build a full four-chambered heart beating at about 180 beats per minute.
Form all of her major organs and body systems -- a critical time of structural development. The period between eight and 10 weeks' gestation is perhaps the single most crucial time for fetal development, says Annette Perez-Delboy, MD, assistant professor of obstetrics and gynecology at Columbia University Medical Center and a maternal-fetal medicine specialist.
Meanwhile, there's a lot going on with you, too:
Your heart is rerouting much of its effort toward baby's temporary digs, your uterus. By the end of the first trimester, a significant amount of your cardiac output goes to the uterus.
Your uterus is expanding from the size of a closed fist at conception to about the size of a small melon at 13 to 14 weeks.
You may be noticing some of the first physical signs of pregnancy: breasts that are sore or tingle at the slightest touch, skin that's drier or oilier than usual, and "morning sickness" -- which may or may not restrict itself to the morning hours. As many as 70% to 80% of pregnant women have it, but not feeling morning sickness doesn't mean there's anything wrong with the baby.
Good to Know is a new feature that allows members of the community to answer questions from WebMD experts, doctors, staff, and other community members. We're testing this new feature and we'd like your feedback.
Pregnancy Week-By-Week Newsletter
Delivered right to your inbox, get pictures and facts on what to expect each week of your pregnancy.
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Moderate reasoning
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Health
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CAPERNAUM kə pûr’nĭ əm (Καφαρναούμ, Καπερναούμ; כְּפַר נַחוּם; village of Nahum). A city on the NW shore of the which served as Jesus’ Galilean home base. The city evidently was named after someone called Nahum but there is no proof that this was Nahum the prophet. The name of the city does not occur in Scripture outside of the gospels.
There has been a considerable amount of discussion as to the exact location of Capernaum and the evidence available now is still not entirely conclusive. Two main sites have been suggested, namely Tell Hum and Khirbet or Khan Minya. The latter is situated along the NW coast of the Sea of Galilee on the edge of the plain of Gennesaret about five m. from the place where the Jordan enters the Sea being two and a half m. beyond Tell Hum. Josephus speaks of a place of many springs called Capernaum (Wars. III. x. 8) and, in fact, there are springs at ’Ain et-Tin and ’Ain et-Tabgha which lie between Khan Minya and Tell Hum. There is nothing about the distances involved, however, which will enable one to identify the location of Capernaum with one site or the other. Josephus also informs us that, having been injured in a fall from his horse during operations near Julias (=Bethsaida) close to the Jordan, he was carried into a village named Cepharnome or Capernaum (Life, 72). Some have argued that he would have been carried to the nearest site which would have been Tell Hum. Once again, however, the location of Josephus’ accident is not known with sufficient accuracy to build a strong case and, at the same time, both Khan Minya and Tell Hum were prob. close enough to serve the purpose.
A number of medieval writers identify Khan Minya with Capernaum but that evidence is rather too late to be convincing.
It is now generally agreed that Tell Hum has the best claim to represent the site of Capernaum. The Midrash Rabbah (Shir. III. 10) and the Jerusalem Talmud (Ther. XI. 7) speak of “Tanhum” which appears to be a variation of Nahum, and the Arab. Tell Hum may be a corruption of this. Theodosius (a.d. c. 530) and other Christian writers agree with this identification. Eusebius’ Onomasticon places Capernaum two m. from Chorazin and this suits the identification with Tell Hum better as well.
But the most convincing evidence for the identification of Capernaum with Tell Hum is provided by the excavations carried out there.
The archeological survey failed to find pottery earlier than the Arab. period at Khan Minya but found ample examples of Rom. pottery at Tell Hum. Thus Khan Minya was prob. not inhabited at the time of Christ. Among the ruins of Tell Hum is an octagonal shaped building referred to as Peter’s house but perhaps more prob. is the ruins of a church built on the traditional site of the house of Peter (see
By far the most impressive ruin at the site is that of an ancient synagogue, however. The detailed description of the approach to “the synagogue of our Lord” given by Sylvia in a.d. 385 corresponds remarkably with the features of the street which lead up to the synagogue at the site. The building itself was about sixty-five ft. long and two stories high and, rather than being built of the local black basalt, was of white limestone. It was a very ornate structure displaying a variety of designs and figures some of which must have been offenses against the law of Moses if taken literally. The Midrash Rabbah (Koh. I. 8) speaks of Capernaum as a place of the Minim or “sectaries” and it may be that the synagogue ornamentation was, even in antiquity, considered to be unorthodox. The building is dated to the second or third cent. a.d. though it may well be a safe assumption that it stands on the site of the synagogue of our Lord’s day mentioned in
Capernaum in the gospels.
Judging by the gospel accounts, Capernaum was a city of some considerable importance. It was there that Matthew sat at the “tax office” collecting taxes, possibly on the fish caught in the lake, among other things (
G. Dalman, Orte und Wege Jesu (1919), 132-149; E. L. Sukenik, Ancient Synagogues in Palestine and Greece (1934), 7-21; C. C. McCown, Ladder of Progress in Palestine (1943), 257-260, 267-272; J. S. Kennard, “Was Capernaum the Home of Jesus?”, JBL, LXV (1946), 131-141; E. F. F. Bishop, “Jesus and Capernaum,” CBQ, XV (1953), 427-437; C. Kopp, The Holy Places of the Gospels (1963), 171-179.
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia (1915)
Josephus twice mentions Capernaum. It played no great part in the history of his time, and seems to have declined in importance, as he refers to it as a "village." In battle in el-BaTeichah his horse fell into a quagmire, and he suffered injury which disabled him for further fighting. His soldiers carried him to the village of Capernaum (this reference is however doubtful; the name as it stands is Kepharnomon which Niese corrects to Kepharnokon), whence he was removed to Tarichea (Vita, 72). Again he eulogizes the plain of Gennesaret for its wonderful fruits, and says it is watered by a most fertile fountain which the people of the country call Capharnaum. In the water of this fountain the Coracinus is found (BJ, III, x, 8). Josephus therefore corroborates the Biblical data, and adds the information as to the fountain and the Coracinus fish. The fish however is found in other fountains near the lake, and is therefore no help toward identification.
The two chief rivals for the honor of representing Capernaum are Tell Chum, a ruined site on the lake shore, nearly 2 1/2 miles West of the mouth of the Jordan; and Khan Minyeh fully 2 1/2 miles farther west, at the Northeast corner of the plain of Gennesaret. Dr. Tristram suggested `Ain El-Madowwerah, a large spring enclosed by a circular wall, on the western edge of the plain. But it stands about a mile from the sea; there are no ruins to indicate that any considerable village ever stood here; and the water is available for only a small part of the plain.
In favor of Tell Chum is Eusebius, Onomasticon, Which places Chorazin 2 miles from Capernaum. If Kerazeh is Chorazin, this suits Tell Chum better than Khan Minyeh. To this may be added the testimony of Theodosius (circa 530), Antoninus Martyr (600), and John of Wurtzburg (1100). Jewish tradition speaks of Tankhum, in which are the graves of Nahum and Rabbi Tankhum. Identifying Kerr Nahum with Tankhum, and then deriving Tell Chum from Tankhum, some have sought to vindicate the claims of this site. But every link in that chain of argument is extremely precarious. A highway ran through Tell Chum along which passed the caravans to and from the East; but the place was not in touch with the great north-and-south traffic.
There is also no fountain near Tell Chum answering the description of Josephus. Of recent advocates of Tell Chum, it is sufficient to name Schurer (HJP, IV, 71) and Buhl (GAP, 224 f). In this connection it may be interesting to note that the present writer, when visiting the place recently (1911), drew his boatman’s attention to a bit of ruined wall rising above the greenery West of the lagoon, and asked what it was called. Kaniset el Kufry, was the reply, which may be freely rendered, "church of the infidels." This is just the Arabic equivalent of the Jewish "church of the minim."
For Khan Minyeh it may be noted that Gennesaret corresponds to el-Ghuweir, the plain lying on the Northwest shore, and that Khan Minyeh stands at the Northeast extremity of the plain; thus answering, as Tell Chum cannot do, the description of the Gospels. The copious fountains at eT-Tabigha, half a mile to the East, supplied water which was conducted round the face of the rock toward Khan Minyeh at a height which made it possible to water a large portion of the plain. If it be said that Josephus must have been carried to Tell Chum as being nearer the scene of his accident--see however, the comment above--it does not at all follow that he was taken to the nearest place. Arculf (1670) described Capernaum as on a "narrow piece of ground between the mountain and the lake." This does not apply to Tell Chum; but it accurately fits Khan Minyeh. Isaac Chelo (1334) says that Capernaum, then in ruins, had been inhabited by Minim, that is, Jewish converts to Christianity. The name Minyeh may have been derived from them. Quaresimus (1620-26) notes a Khan called Menieh which stood by the site of Capernaum. Between the ruined Khan and the sea there are traces of ancient buildings. Here the road from the East united with that which came down from the North by way of Khan Jubb Yusif, so that this must have been an important center, alike from the military point of view, and for customs. This is the site favored by, among others, G. A. Smith (HGHL, 456 f; EB, under the word) and Conder. Sanday argued in favor of Khan Minyeh in his book, The Sacred Sites of the Gospel, but later, owing to what the present writer thinks a mistaken view of the relation between Tell Chum and the fountain at eT-Tabigha, changed his mind (Expository Times, XV, 100 ff). There is no instance of a fountain 2 miles distant being called by the name of a town. Tell Chum, standing on the sea shore, was independent of this fountain, whose strength also was spent in a westward direction, away from Tell Chum.
The balance of evidence was therefore heavily in favor of Khan Minyeh until Professor R. A. S. Macalister published the results of his researches. He seems to be wrong in rejecting the name Tell Chum in favor of Talchum; and he falls into a curious error regarding the use of the word tell. No one who speaks Arabic, he says, "would ever think of applying the word Tell, `mound,’ to this flat widespread ruin." In Egyptian Arabic, however, tell means "ruin"; and Asad Mansur, a man of education whose native language is Arabic, writes: "I do not understand what the objectors mean by the word `tell.’ In Arabic `tell’ is used for any heap of ruins, or mound. So that the ruins of Tell Chum themselves are today a `tell’ " (Expos, April, 1907, 370). Professor Macalister is on surer ground in discussing the pottery found on the rival sites. At Khan Minyeh he found nothing older than the Arabian period, while at Tell Chum pottery of the Roman period abounds--"exactly the period of the glory of Capernaum" (PEFS, April and July, 1907). If this be confirmed by further examination, it disposes of the claim of Khan Minyeh. Important Roman remains have now been found between the ruined Khan and the sea. It is no longer open to doubt that this was the site of a great Roman city. The Roman period however covers a long space. The buildings at Tell Chum are by many assigned to the days of the Antonines. Is it possible from the remains of pottery to make certain that the city flourished in the time of the Herods? If the city at Tell Chum had not yet arisen in the days of Christ, those who dispute its claim to be Capernaum are under no obligation to show which city the ruins represent. They are not the only extensive ruins in the country of whose history we are in ignorance.
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Image and Text contributed by Jonathan Charles Cracknell, London, UK
Just as India was heading towards Independence in 1947, people were celebrating the End of the World War II and this picture was photographed at New years Eve in the real capital of British India, Calcutta (West Bengal). My maternal grandfather, Peter sits here with a fez on his head, and next to him is my grandmother Anna. She was of mixed heritage – of Kashmiri and German Jewish descent. Sitting next to her is my mother and her then boyfriend, a British soldier, on leave from his posting in Malaya (now Malaysia). It was earlier in the same year that the British Military Administration in Malaya had been replaced by its own, the Malayan union.
The hotel, then known as the Great Eastern Hotel where this image was taken is now called the Lalit Great Eastern Hotel. An extremely popular place, the colonial era hotel was originally established as a confectionary shop and then grew into a grand and plush hotel in the early 1840s, a time when Calcutta was the top seat of the East India Company. The hotel had a 100 rooms, and claimed to be second oldest of the British Empire and India’s first luxury hotel. It was also well known for its extravagant and delicious french cuisine, and served snacks and a whisky peg or two, similar to a drive-by service, to horse drawn carriages. Referred to as “the Jewel of the East” and the “Savoy of the East” in its heyday, Great Eastern Hotel hosted several notable persons visiting the city including Queen Elizabeth II, the well known author Mark Twain & musician Dave Brubeck. The hotel’s repute and value declined later during the Naxalite Era of West bengal and was only recently reopened, now as a heritage property, by its new owners in 2013.
My mother’s father was worked with the Railways in Lahore (now in Pakistan) to which they would return to face the horrors of Indo/Pak Partition. But for the time being that seemed a long way off. This was the “New” India everyone was celebrating, not the Victorian dream of the memsahibs. A new comprehension and understanding of Indian culture and the world was in the making, and this time it was to be without the tired old prejudices of yesteryear. It was time of great optimism and home and even back home in the UK people imagined a new world of equality, which would be reflected in the British election soon to come, when Winston Churchill was defeated by a Labour majority.
My father Aubrey Cracknell, too was brought up in Lahore. His father Charles Edwin Cracknell was a soldier in the British Army. After the Boer War ended in the early 20th century, he was shipped out to the Indian subcontinent, to Rawalpindi (now Pakistan) on the North West Frontier. It was here that Charles, my grandfather, met and married my grandmother, several years younger to him, and they had a son, Aubrey, my father, in the Cantonments.
When my father was only eight years old, Charles, my grandfather was wounded on a train from Peshawar, the city of the Frontier (Pak-Afghan Border) to Jalalabad (eastern Afghanistan). Hit by an Afghan sniper and wounded in the lung, he was hospitalised in Rawalpindi but died of pneumonia and other complications. He is now buried in the British cemetery in Rawalpindi which lies neglected and all the graves have fallen to ruin. My Grandmother left the cantonments and moved to Lahore where my father grew up.
Image and Text contributed by Soni Dave, Delhi
This picture was taken on December 26, 1939, the day my parents got married. I’m not sure of the location. It could be the Mainpuri District of Lucknow because I think my maternal grandfather was posted there at the time.
My father, Gurdial Singh Berar, an ace graduate of the College of Engineering Roorkee, stands here tough and tall with the talwaar (sword) in his hand, but he never even raised his voice in anger. And my mother Rajkumari may look meek and coy, whereas everyone knew her to be a very strong woman. I think they must have been in their early twenties. Together they made a perfect couple and it was one of the best marriages I have ever seen. I have been very lucky that I got to call them mummy and daddy, leading me to believe that it is not just some marriages that are made in heaven, but also parent and child relationships.
My father was a very attentive and loving father. He was well read, extremely self disciplined, a man of honor and respected punctuality of time. He was a self taught nutritionist and along with my mother, who would ensure it was cooked well, we always had nutritious food at the table. I remember he loved children and would take all the children of the family and me to the pool and teach us how to swim. Other kids at the pool would come to him too wanting to be taught. He was also a very hard working man, and I remember his last job before his health started failing was manufacturing furniture for the Asiad Games Village athlete homes.
My mother was one of the most efficient women I have ever known. In fact she was so efficient that she was nicknamed ‘intezaman‘ the organizer of the family. She excelled at embroidery, stitching, cooking, and was an excellent home-maker. I remember, she was also very quick tempered. My father used to joke with her that when angry she must count to ten before saying anything – to which she would say that counting until two was the most she could do.
They both loved me a lot. A lot.
My parents you see in this picture were not my biological parents. I was adopted by them as an infant, from my mother’s younger sister, my natural mother – whom I learnt to call auntie.
Auntie had come to her maternal home in Daryaganj, Delhi from their farm near Nainital (now in Uttarakhand)- where I was born on February 10, 1959. I had two older sisters. My biological father, Harpal Singh, whom I later called uncle, worked in the merchant navy and was sailing at the time.
My mother and father, twenty years into their marriage had had no children and so on the suggestion of my maternal grandmother, and a deep understanding between the two sisters, I exchanged hands. When auntie returned with my two older sisters, I stayed back with my new parents, my mother Rajkumari and my father Gurdial. I called them mummy & daddy.
I was loved like one can only imagine. But no one in the family ever mentioned my adoption. No one ever told me my own story and over the years I have had to piece it together all on my own.
I remember when I was about eight or nine years old, an old lady neighbour blurted it out. After some days I confided in my cousin (my real sister) who confirmed that it was indeed true. However, no grown up ever spoke to me about it and I had to try to make sense of it myself. It left me with deep insecurities and lack of confidence. Being the plainest of all the cousins in the family only worsened everything and chipped away further at my confidence.
I went to one of the best schools in Delhi – the Convent of Jesus and Mary, but I was never good at academics, and so when I turned 16 and didn’t make it through Senior Cambridge, I was required to take the exam again before the schools phased it out to be replaced by the new Plus 2 systems. One of the schools still with the Senior Cambridge system was was in Nainital and so my parents sent me there to prepare for and appear for my exams. My biological mother and I got to play mother and daughter for a whole year.
However, our biological relationship remained unaddressed, until one day, amidst tears we spoke of it. I remember thinking that I looked like her, I was like her in many ways. Our personalities were similar and I completely understood why she did what she did. I loved her with my heart and bore no grudges and I knew she loved me too. I was glad that we had talked but it didn’t necessarily resolve my insecurities.
Back at home in Delhi, we would visit my father’s (Gurdial) side of the family once a year, during my holidays. There too I was a stranger to my cousins who were very close to each other and met very often. But I never felt included and it led to more confusion and feelings of abandonment, which no matter how much my parents loved me, the sense of exclusions left me wanting.
As an adult, I found a great life partner, we had two beautiful children and have been very lucky to have wonderful life together. I also discovered that I may not be have been good at academics but I was good at the creative arts. In early 2014, with a desire to find some more resolve and belonging in my life, I decided to travel to the United States and meet old school mates as well as my fathers family. They were cousins who I would be meeting after almost 40 years. All older and grayer, but this time with no hesitations of acceptance, they opened their doors and hearts with nothing but warmth.
When I came back and was cleaning up some cupboards, this photograph appeared, sitting there in an old box of photographs. My mother and fathers wedding day – and I decided to engage with it and think about our lives – this time for longer. Then I picked up a paint brush and made a water-colour of this photograph (image), my first ever – tracing their presence and love again, because I know now that I belonged to them and they to me. They were the best match made for each other and me, in heaven.
Image and Text contributed by Fawzan Husain, Mumbai
This picture was taken at my grandfather’s home, on the occasion of my aunt Zainab’s pre wedding ceremony. She was about to be married to a fireworks merchant. Zehra, was my mother Rubab and Zenab’s half sister.
My maternal grandfather Abdul Husain Motiwala, a Pearl Merchant, belonged to the Bohra Shia Community in Saurashtra (now Gujarat State). At the time, during the early 20th century, Saurasthra’s coast line had been a rich hub for pearl hunting, and trade was in the community’s blood. The word Bohra itself comes from the Gujarati word vehru (“trade”). As most merchants and families began to adopt and attach last names after the products they traded in, my grandfather’s name Motiwala too, literally translates as “Pearl Man”.
As a teenager, he decided to go to Bombay with Rs. 5 in hand, and landed up at the shop that dealt with pearls, for a job. Soon he grew in stature and bought the same establishment that he worked for. He turned the business around, made it hugely profitable and became one of the top businessmen of the community.
My grandfather was a liberal man and was inclined towards reformism. After the death of his first wife at a rather young age, and a young son to care for, he decided to marry Fatema, a young widow and mother to a daughter Zehra, from her own previous marriage. The Bohra community was hugely upset and wondered aloud as to ‘why this very rich and eligible man needed to marry a widow with a child, when there were so many other eligible proposals from the community.’
My grandfather Abdul Husain and Fatema, my grandmother, had three children together. With three daughters and two sons, it became a family of seven. Zehra and Zainab for some reason never got educated, while my mother and her brother studied up to 10th grade college. All the sisters got along very well. Two of whom were so close, that later while my father could afford a bigger house in Bombay, my mother insisted instead that we live next to my aunt Zenab’s house in a chawl (inexpensive community housing) near Bombay Central.
My grandfather Abdul Husain Motiwala was the first man in our community to own an American Kaiser car. He was so well respected that he was given the title of “Patel”. A surname that was used primarily by Hindus whose ancestors were traditionally landlords and owners, I suppose it had come to mean “Respected man”. People would shout from the streets as his car passed by- “Patel Saheb’s car has come!”
While Abdul Husain was one of the best businessmen around, he was keenly aware of his own hardworking background. He had great respect for the dignity of labour and had no sense of class discrimination. He, for instance did not go easy on his own son Kamruddin, and ensured that he worked very hard to earn his keep. Another instance was, when a proposal for Zehra came from a man in the community who had walked away from his own family business. With problems at home, he had decided to begin life on his own terms and became a taxi driver. My grandfather agreed to the proposal, perhaps because he knew his to be son-in-law to be a dignified & hardworking man. He helped him out with good advise and offered him loans to build a fleet of taxis in Bombay. The advise was taken but the money wasn’t, proving my grandfather right.
My mother Rubab or as she was fondly called Ruby, was the youngest and the most adored. So much so, that she like many of the youngest members in families enjoyed several liberties. Being exceptionally intrigued with photography, she would dress up in different attires & accessories and get herself photographed regularly by a photographer called Ahmed Zardi in the near-by photo studio called Dayzars.
My father Ahmed, a photographer, and my mother Ruby, the photographed, fell in love over pictures, and my grandfather accepted the relationship with great ease. My father became a regular visitor at my mother’s home and would take our family pictures ever so often, even before they got married. It was the first love marriage in our family.
Dayzars was a Photography studio in Bombay Central and was named after its two partners – Dayabhai from Rajasthan and my father Ahmed Zardi. They worked together for 32 years. As far as I know, it was uncommon for a Hindu and a Muslim to have such a great and long partnership. But when Dayabhai’s eyes began to fail him, he decided to leave Bombay and return home. My father and Dayabhai’s son tried to work together but a generational gap of ideas led him to relieve himself of the business and Studio Dayzars was sold. I was an only child and would frequent my father’s studio. I learnt how to handle cameras, developed film and made prints. The magic of the dark room was an incredible experience. However, I was absolutely not interested in studio photography and so I studied journalism and became an editorial photographer.
Text and Image contributed by Chris Longrigg, UK
My father J.H Longrigg (seated in Black) was brought up in North London and was a graduate of Cambridge University.
During the British reign and with high popularity, demand and pay for British officers in India he decided to join the Indian Forest Service in 1912. In 1924, while vacationing in Switzerland on a skiing holiday he met my mother, they fell in love and got married quite quickly. Like many other officers, my father too wrote some of his experiences down. In one of the notes written in 1921 my father recounts going for rounds in the Mudumalai Forest (Nilgiri Wyannad), and encountering an Indian Black Panther who escaped after grabbing a piglet as prey and climbing the tree with it. According to his notes, climbing the tree was normal, but with prey, was something he had not seen or heard of before.
In 1937, my father become the Principal of the Madras Forestry College in Coimbatore. This photograph was taken at the time when the college was closed for the duration of the World War II, between 1939-1945. The little boy standing in the photo is me and I was about three years old at the time. While my father worked in Coimbatore that was relatively hotter and dustier, in the plains, my siblings and I was more or less brought up in Ooty which had better climate with schools & clubs and it was only a few hours away. My mother spent her time playing tennis, attending parties, looking after us children and she also helped in running the forest academy hostel. The college was renamed to South Forest Rangers’ College and then again to Tamil Nadu Forest Academy.
My father served the college as Principal from 1937-1939 as the eighth and the last European Principal of the college. He was succeeded by C.R. Ranganathan, the first Indian Principal of the college. After World War II ended, in 1945, my father was sent to Germany to advise on Forestry matters, and then he retired at the age of 55.
When my family and I left India, I was about eight years old and my father had by then served in India as an officer and educator for more than 30 years. I remember my brother, sister and I, spending our time playing around the Campus and one of my vivid memories is rolling a car tyre down hill in the Botanical gardens. In 2009, my sister and I returned to revisit our old haunts and we were so warmed to receive a very big welcome from the College who still remembered my father and my family.
Image and Text contributed by Deesh Khanna, Gurgaon
I remember when I would visit Delhi from Simla, the Qutub Minar was the place where my husband and I used to meet even before marriage, with family approval, of course. There were several couples and families who would come to the Qutub, meet, hang around, picnic, play and talk. It was and still is, indeed a beautiful monument of India.
I am not sure who took this picture though. It had been only a few months since my marriage in June, because we had begun wearing sweaters. I was wearing a Ferozi (Fuschia blue) Salwar Kurta with the latest cut, with a wonderful complicated hairstyle. Now my hair has thinned so much, but at that time, indulging our hair with beautiful complicated Hairstyles was a huge hobby and personal challenge every morning. I could style my hair in ways you can’t even imagine.
Every weekend, my ‘Rodu” as I fondly called him, and I would take the Tanga (horse carriage) from Daryaganj (old Delhi) and go and see places. Rodu was very fond of showing me new places, and if not places then it was the movies. We loved watching movies at Golcha Cinema. The matinee shows were old movies, and evenings were new ones. In Daryagunj, we lived in one of the several apartments in Madras House.
Both my husband’s family and mine, had come to live in Simla, Himachal Pradesh after Indo-Pak Partition. The families had originally lived in Lahore (now Pakistan). And we girls had studied in Kinnaird College in Lahore and then later at the Church College in Simla. The girls from Kinnaird College were very popular for being feisty, smart and opinionated. In Simla, I used to participate many drama and theatre Groups, all the time playing roles as a man, and the one time I got to play a woman, it was the role of a nurse.
My family were also huge supporters of the Congress, and we cousins and sisters enrolled ourselves to be Congress workers and worked very hard campaigning and collecting donations for Jawahar Lal Nehru and Subhas Chandra Bose. One of those times, we were also asked by the Congress workers to wear Burqas, pretend to be Muslim women and vote on their behalf. We were almost caught when one of my cousins tripped over on a stone and in pain exclaimed “Hai Ram! (Oh Lord Rama – the Hindu God)”. We ran and gave the booth care-takers quite a chase. I laugh when I think about that, but you know, at that time no one thought what was right or wrong, we just did what we were told, and as far as we were concerned it was for a good cause. Anyhow, those requests never came again.
My husband was one of the most well known portrait photographers of Simla and then later Delhi. He had studied Chemistry in Bombay but then he went back to Lahore and worked as a darkroom assistant in a ‘S.Rollo’ Studio. After Partition he got a job with a Kinsey Photo Studio in Simla and worked under a German photographer there. He learnt a lot from him. Their job entailed developing other people’s work as well as photographing people and important delegates and leaders who visited Simla and then later Delhi.
Everyone in my friend’s circle except I knew that Rodu was interested in me and rumours were abound. So when I got wind of that, very upset I confronted him about it on Mall Road. His unexpected response was “Would it be so bad if we were to be together?” I was stunned and I confess I may have begun to like the idea right then.
Later Rodu moved to Delhi to work with the Kinsey Studio, (a branch of the one in Simla) a very popular Photo Studio in Connaught Place and when he sent a marriage proposal, my entire family was delighted, because all this while my mother had used my future husband as a sound board and advisor on my other prospects, and he would sheepishly give her feedback, all the while suppressing his own feelings for me. But nonetheless, when he finally let my family know of his intentions, everyone was happy and we got married six months later.
When we moved to Delhi he continued working with the Kinsey Studio, later he joined the USIS in Delhi (United States Information Services) as a photographer and photographed several of their events, delegates and leaders. At home we converted a small bathroom in the backyard into a darkroom and Rodu and I would develop the negatives that he had photographed. I also continued working as a volunteer for Congress and campaigned for Indira Gandhi.
In Delhi, I remember meeting Amrita Pritam, the acclaimed author and writer, often on the bus. Our families were acquaintances since Lahore. She remembered me from my theatre days and insisted that I did not give it up. But by now I had had three children, and big family responsibilities and so I decided not to do so. We were good and we were happy. In 1980, Rodu decided to work on a contract basis with USIS, and one of those assignments in 1983 he flew on a special plane with the then Secretary of State (USA) to Agra. Upon return, he gave up his seat for another delegate, and took the car instead. My beloved Rodu passed away that day in a car crash on the Agra-Delhi highway. Our lives went through a very dark time, but at the least I know that we really loved and respected each other and we were the best of friends one could ever ask for. We had made each other very happy.
Today my daughters Meenu and Amu, and grandchildren are happy and well. My son Dinesh, is now one of the best known photographers of India. A passion and profession for long he resisted, until one day, years after my husband’s death, he too could not resist the call of the Photograph. I wish Rodu could see his children now. He would be so proud.
Image & Text contributed by Jason Scott Tilly, United Kingdom
I will never be sure if my grandfather Bert Scott, would have wanted me or anyone else to find these negatives;
They were his secrets for all of his adult life. He had after all kept them very safe, hidden from the moment he left India.
Bert Scott, (lower right) was my grandfather, and he was born in Bangalore in 1915. He was educated at Bishop Cottons school and he joined the Times of India in 1936 as a press photographer, where he worked until the outbreak of World War II.
With trouble brewing during Indo-Pak Partition, he and his family fled and he left his whole life behind; his country of birth, India, his friends and home. Travelling with minimum luggage would have been conditional so he chose to take only the necessary in just a few metal trunks.
Inside one of those trunks were several photo albums and pocket-sized blue negative holders that I came across many years later in my grandparent’s cupboard in 2006, a few years after Bert, my grandfather passed away. The little blue pocket-books held as many memories as it did negatives, about 100 precious moments of reflected light captured on film of our family and of some places where they had lived, but inside one particular folded grease proof sleeve were four negatives that were cut up into single frames and they were of one particular young lady; of a Margurite Mumford, a beautiful young Anglo Indian girl.
I remember one Sunday when he was alive, sitting with his photograph albums on my lap, my grandmother looked at me and stated, in a tone which sounded somewhat incongrously jealous for a woman in her late seventies, “those books are just full of photographs of his ex-girlfriends!”. My grandpa who was sitting across us, either didn’t hear the remark or chose to ignore it – the Snooker on television providing a timely distraction.
After he passed away, I found an extraordinary number of photographs of Margurite. The photographs of her are always infused with a certain playfulness during day trips to the beach or picnics by the river. There is something so obviously personal and intimate about the images. Margurite clearly loved to play to the camera or to be more precise she loved playing up for the photographer, flirting with both the camera and the man whose eye followed her through the lens. The books did have many photographs of other beautiful young women of the Raj too, but the intimacy I saw in Margurite’s images proved to me that only she was actually a girlfriend of my grandpa before he met my grandmother.
As time wore on, I became more intrigued as to whom Margurite really was. I wondered why their romance had ended. I spent hours scouring the internet in the faint hope that I might be able to find someone from her family with whom I could share her beautiful photographs. With not a clue in sight, eventually my hope began to wane but I never stopped wondering about her.
Only recently while pouring over the pages of the albums for the nth time, I noticed a faded scribble “Margurite ‘Lovedale’” by a photograph. Intrigued as to what the word ‘Lovedale’ meant I returned once again to the internet and within seconds I was on to something. Lovedale is the nickname of the Lawrence Memorial Military School in the town of ‘Ooty’ in the Niligiri Hills. My great-grandfather, Algernon Edwin Scott, had a summer-house in Ooty and my grandpa would spend weekends with him whilst he was studying at St Josephs College in Kannur. Ooty would have been the place where he must have met Margurite!
Perhaps, college sweethearts; They kept their relationship going from their first meeting in the south Indian Hills of the Deccan Plateau to the humid coastal city of Bombay where my grandpa had begun working for the Times of India. I know from the amount of photographs that I have found, that the couple took days out to Juhu beach and the Hanging Gardens on Malabar hill along with trips out to the Ghats outside of Bombay. What was most obvious is how much Margurite meant to my grandpa because he kept the negatives separate from all of the others that he had saved. The memories held on film, of Margurite seem different to the rest, they seem more personal, more intimate.
I immediately contacted the school in Ooty. They in turn put me in touch with ex-pupils who although now in their late eighties and nineties were still in touch with one another. My search led me to a woman in America, Moira who very kindly informed me that she was still in touch with one of Margurite’s sisters, Gladys, who also lived in America. I was soon sharing these images with Gladys and she remembered my grandpa very well. She let me know that Margurite was still alive and living in New Zealand, but she was now ninety-six years of age and living in an old people’s home. Her memory had dimmed, but she was physically quite well. I was then put in touch with Alecia, Margurite’s daughter and I began sending them pictures of the young Margurite – images I presume they had never even imagined existed.
In my eagerness and excitement at re-uniting people with a ‘more than half -a-century-ago’ memory, I also sent a photograph of my grandpa. I was told Margurite’s poignantly hopeful reaction was simply, “Is Bertie here?”. My grandpa was indeed the love of her life. But her family had to leave India during Partition, she had then married an Irishman and moved to New Zealand.
It had been obvious to me all along, by the very nature of the photographs, that they were in love, that they both meant an awful lot to each other. Proof, if it were needed, of the indelible nature of first love.
Image and Text contributed by Adit Dave, Delhi
In 1975 my family and I moved to Delhi from Assam. After college I began working with the Government of India in various departments of administration. I called myself a Sarkari Naukar, a government Servant, because it really did feel like that. However, I had a passion for Motor Bikes and Rock Music, and it always made everything better.
This image was taken in the spring of 1982, and as I call it, also the spring of our lives. I had met my girlfriend Soni just a few months ago, at a New Year’s party; she was introduced to me by her sister. She used to work with a well known home accessories store called, The Shop at Connaught place, near Regal Cinema in Delhi.
I remember this day clearly. Delhi weather in spring was just wonderful and it was also great for a motorcycle ride into the wilderness. I had donned my usual old hand-me-down army great coat, pulled on my helmet and tooled on over on my trusty Royal Enfield bike (a third hand purchase for Rs. 3000) to pick up my new girlfriend Soni for a short adventure outside the city.
The air was cold and crisp, and with good friends along on the ride we were the right ingredients for a joyous time ahead. We headed out onto the Faridabad Highway. without a plan, and soon found ourselves riding a narrow dirt road to Surajkund. The “Kund” or lake, existed then and I think we even went for a boat ride.
Simple pleasures like Paranthas and Andaa bhurji at a dhaba (road side restaurant) were what we at the time used to really looked forward to, and finally, like good boys and girls we were home before dark. I think it was on the way back that we saw the little puppy on the road and wanted to take it home. But as the ride back got uncomfortable with a very nervous and restless pup, we had no choice but to leave it behind. When Soni and I got married, dogs became a part of our lives and we have never been without them.
In my life I took many risks and achieved many things, including taking on a franchise for Bhutan Board (furniture products) and became one of their foremost dealers in Delhi. I also fulfilled a life long dream and organised a music festival called the Naukuchiyatal Lake Side Jam near Nainital. Later in my life, my passion for motorbikes only increased and I would participate in all conversations and plans about Rallys and adventure sports. I indulged all my passions and even own two motorbikes – an Enfield with a side car, and a BMW GS 1200.
I also began to help in organizing motor sports and expeditions events across the country and South Asian territories like Desert Storm. Soni and I also ran a very popular home accessories shop called the EM 1 Hauz Khas, right below our lovely home in Delhi. Passionate about pottery, Soni trained herself to become a full time potter. She was also my biggest support when I was diagnosed with Cancer. And I can gladly say I survived it because of her love and constant infusion for zest for life. A trait we have always had in common.
It’s been 31 blessed years, loving dogs, and two amazing children since that first bike ride with Soni. She and I are still on a wonderful road together.
Image and Text contributed by Renu Shukla, Jaipur
This picture is of mom Usha Sharma and my Dad Jagdishwar Nath Sharma right after their marriage ceremony on December 12, 1954. My mother at the time was only 15 years old & my father was 23. He was the Assistant Commissioner with the Income Tax Department in Jaipur, Rajasthan and my mother was studying in 10th Standard. She completed her education after marriage.
My mother Usha was exceptionally fond of movies and so was my father. He was studying Law (LLB) in Agra at the time and on a serendipitous day decided to visit his hometown, Ajmer, Rajasthan, for holidays along with some of his friends. Young blooded, the friends and he spontaneously made a detour to Delhi for a fun day & also to watch a movie.
Describing that fated day, my mother would tell us, that she too, along with her cousins, had landed up to watch the same movie and she noticed ‘this strange boy in the front seat who would keep turning around to stare at her continuously!’ She was into the movie, yet was beginning to get more and more annoyed with this shameless fellow whose stares were distracting her. So much so, that ultimately and in a huff the girls left the theatre half way through the movie, cursing the boy away. What she did not know, was that the boys too left and followed the girls discreetly to my mother’s residence, which was right behind Moti Mahal theatre in Chandani Chowk.
The enterprising boys then found out all her family details and a few days later, my father’s family sent in a marriage proposal to my mom. Fortunately, there was no hitch in the proposal because both families were Brahmins and economically secure. We, consequentially were blessed by having very loving Parents. They doted on each other for the rest of their lives.
Years later, and after their passing away, I still think of that particular day, when fate and the movie ‘Barsaat’ brought my parents together. I miss them terribly. They were simply the best and most fine parents a child could ask for.
Image and Text contributed by Anupam Mukerji
This picture was photographed on March 9, 1970 on the occasion of my maternal grandparents Kali Pada and Sukriti Chakrabertti’s 25th marriage anniversary (seated middle), at their home, 63, PG Hossain Shah Road, Jadavpur, Calcutta (now Kolkata). Here, they are with their daughters Sarbari, Bansari and Kajori, their son Sovan, and several nephews and nieces.
After graduating from school with a gold medal in East Bengal‘s Dhaka Bickrampore Bhagyakul district, the young teenager, Kali Pada Chakraberti moved to Calcutta. He began working while continuing his education in an evening college. The office he worked at was also his shelter for the night. Desperate for money to pay his college examination fees, he went to a pawn-shop in Calcutta’s Bow Bazaar to sell his gold medal.
The pawn broker at the shop however was a gentle and generous elderly man. He lent my grandfather the money without mortgaging the gold medal. Years later when my grandfather went back to the shop to return the money, he found that his benefactor had passed away and his son refused to accept the money stating he couldn’t, because his father had left no records of that loan. My grandfather then established a Trust with that money to help underprivileged students with their education.
Bhai, as all his grandchildren fondly called him, graduated from college with distinction and built a successful career in the field of Insurance. He rose to a senior position in a public sector insurance company. He also bought a plot of land in Jadavpur and built the house of his dreams where this photograph was taken. Post partition of Bengal, many of his family members moved to Calcutta and everyone found food on the table and a roof over their heads at his house. Over time, many of them moved out and made their own homes, but 63 PGHS remained the place where everyone congregated for festivals and special occasions.
Sukriti Chakrabertti, my grandmother, was fondly known as Hashu Di. She was raised in Shanti Niketan and learnt Arts & Dance under the guidance of Gurudev Rabindra Nath Tagore and Nandlal Bose. She was part of the first batch of students of Shanti Niketan’s Kala Bhavan and went on to make a name for herself in various classical dance forms.
In love with each other till their last day, they passed away in 2000 and 2001, within three months of each other.
Image and text contributed by Nazni Naqvi, Mumbai
My name is Nazni Naqvi. This picture of me and my husband Syed Imam Hadi Naqvi was taken on 11thOctober, 1958, five days after our wedding day. It was taken on the terrace of my parents’ home, Sultan Palace in Patna (now the pink painted State Transport Bhawan) by my brother, Syed Quamarul Hasan. An avid photographer, he took this photo as part of a series with his Roliflex Camera.
I came from a family with part royal lineage of Nawabs – My paternal grandfather had established the Patna University and was knighted by the British for his contribution to education. He was thereafter known as Sir Sultan Ahmed, and my grandmother as Lady Sultan Ahmed, customarily called ‘Lady Saheb’.
In 1954, a Maulana recommended Hadi to my father as a prospective son-in-law. I was 16 years old then and the only daughter in seven sons. I had other considerations for a husband- some cousins (sanctioned under Islamic law) and some other men with royal lineage. Marrying cousins was out of the question, and marrying into a royal family was not a very appealing idea even though my mother belonged to one. Photographs were exchanged and once I saw Hadi’s picture, I was in love. My father however wasn’t sure because the only thing that concerned him was Hadi had to be taller than me.
My father then travelled to London for health reasons and also met Hadi. They began to meet often and became well acquainted. To his relief Hadi turned out to be an inch taller than me, I was 5ft 3, he was 5ft 4. Everyone was happy, the families met and we were declared Engaged. Through the process of the engagement until our marriage, a 4-year gap, we never met or communicated with each other. Although I did sneak a peek from behind the curtains when he was visiting.
At the time of my engagement, at age 16, I was studying in class 9th I think. This might seem strange now but as a generation many of us didn’t have school for almost 2 years, because most educational institutions were closed due to partition issues. But in those days, loss of time in the arena of education wasn’t a big deal, especially for women. Nonetheless, I did complete my matriculation from a private school.
Three years since the Engagement and the Nikah, Hadi returned from London in 1957. Our marriage was fixed for October 1, 1958. That the dates changed is because of an interesting incident. The train that was supposed to bring the groom and his family to Patna never arrived on the date. It was pouring rain so hard in Amroha that the connection bridge from Amroha to Moradabad broke and they had to stop at Moradabad. At the time there were no mobiles, the few telephones that were around too were dead. So we had no clue where anyone was and it seemed the entire groom’s family had vanished!
Zakir Hussain, who was then Governor of Bihar and a family friend came to Hadi’s aid and with the help of the Telephone Exchange enabled a phone call to Patna two days later, informing us of what had happened. Hadi and his family finally did arrive, though four days later.
Image and text contributed by Alisha Sadikot, Mumbai
This picture of my grandparents was taken on a trip to Delhi, Jaipur and Agra. A route known to tourists as the The Golden Triangle. My grandparents, Rukaya and Sultan Dossal were married in 1949 in the city of Bombay. They had met a few years earlier, when my grandmother Rukaya compelled him to buy a theatre ticket she had volunteered to sell, unaware that this expense of Rs. 10 was one he could then ill afford. The story of their early courtship is one of my favourites. Here it is, recorded in her own words in a memoir she wrote for her grandchildren, 60 odd years later:
‘Needless to say that I was quite struck by Sultan and I remember coming home and telling Saleha (sister) that I had met a very handsome man, but most probably he must be married. I was greatly relieved sometime later when I learnt that he wasn’t. I suppose, Sultan must have been duly impressed as well because he made every attempt to see me. As he told me later, he would leave his office at Flora Fountain at a particular time to catch me walking down from Elphinstone College towards Churchgate Station and to me it seemed that it was just a happy chance. We would then have coffee at Coffee House.
I avoided going to movies with him but one day when we met by chance in a bus and he was getting down at the next stop, I told him I’d like to go to the movies with him and we decided on meeting at Metro the next day to see “Arsenic and Old Lace”. On coming home I was stunned to be told be told by Baba (father) that we would be going to Kihim the next day. I tried to make all excuses to be left behind but Baba would not hear of it, so I could not keep my appointment with Sultan and there was no way of my letting him know. Naturally, he must have thought the worst of me, and naturally I was miserable on this first trip to Kihim. Fortunately, my connection with Sultan as also with Kihim did not end there. In fact, it is in Kihim just now that I am writing this….’
At the very end of her story, when asked to note the most exciting part of her life, she wrote ‘the most exciting thing that happened to me was coming across Sultan’.
Image and Text contributed by John Reese-Osbourne, Australia
I first learned of the Indian Memory Project from an article in ‘The Australian’ of May 2011 (a News Ltd daily newspaper). After visiting the website, it occurred to me that others searching the pages might be interested in a brief glimpse of Indian Army life from the viewpoint of a British officer and his family in 1945-46. It may shed a personal light on that brief moment in time just before the watershed of Independence and the bloody shambles the politicians made of partition.
This images is of my parents taken on 23rd April 1946, and it show them at the top of the Kohat Pass, near Tribal Territory. My mother is wearing a revolver!. On the back of some of these photographs, she has captioned them as ‘the gateway to 30 miles of tribal territory’.
My father Ronald Osborne was born in Wales in 1910 and worked as sales manager in London for Geo. Wimpey & Co., then a large builder of houses. He volunteered for the British Army in 1939 just before universal conscription was introduced. He served initially with the Royal Engineers and fought in the abortive Norway campaign before undergoing commando training and going on the far more successful Lofoten Islands raid to destroy an oil refinery held by the German forces. Selected for officer training, he found that the pay in the Indian Army was higher than in the British forces and chose to be commissioned into the Royal Indian Army Service Corps, serving in the North African and Italian campaigns, where he rose to the rank of major, until the Indian Army was repatriated.
My mother Beryl (née Beardsley) was also born in 1910 and grew up in Derbyshire. She moved to London as a young woman where she met and married my father. I was born in 1934. When my father joined the army, we went to live with her parents in Kingston-upon-Thames, where they owned two shops. At some point in 1940 a stray German bomb destroyed the shops and my mother, grandmother and I moved to stay with relations in Derbyshire before settling in a small village called Kirk Hallam. My grandfather stayed in Kingston, continuing to run his shops from two garages.
Understandably impatient after five years of wartime separation, my mother joined the Women’s Indian Voluntary Service (WIVS) as a means of getting out to India. By coincidence, she and my father were on separate ships passing through the Suez Canal at the same time (I think in September 1945). They met briefly when their ships docked in Bombay, before travelling to their respective postings. Initially she worked in the WIVS headquarters in New Delhi, organising the postings of other British volunteers as they arrived. Seeing little point in staying in New Delhi while my father was stationed in Jalandhar, she surreptitiously posted herself there! At some time in 1946, my father’s unit was transferred to Kohat.
In 1945, I was 11 years old, attending a boarding school in Leicester in the UK Midlands and spending school holidays with my maternal grandparents in Kingston-upon-Thames or with my father’s brother’s family in Porthcawl, South Wales. Sadly I no longer have any of the letters from my parents, so the story of their time in Jalandhar and Kohat is based solely on my memory and the scribbled captions on the backs of old, fading black-and-white photographs in the album I began to compile that year.
Image and Text contribution by Anusha Yadav, Mumbai
This is a collective image of my mother and her sisters, photographed holding their degrees with pride, between 1961-1971, as it was the custom at the time for women to be photographed to prove that they were educated. Some of these images were also then used as matrimonial pictures. All the sisters (Left to right) Kusum, Madhavi, Suman, Aruna, Shalini and Nalini were born between 1935 – 1946 and brought up in Raja Mandi, Agra in Uttar Pradesh. There were also four brothers, the eldest of which is Rajendra Yadav, one of the foremost Hindi writers of the country. My grandfather Mishri Lal, was a very well respected Doctor, with a signature white horse which he rode when out on rounds, and my grandmother, Tara, his second wife hailed from Maharashtra with a royal lineage.
My eldest aunt Kusum (left most), passed away in 1967 under mysterious circumstances, some say it was suicide and some that it was food poisoning, and my youngest aunt Nalini, found courage to elope from home to marry, her neighbor in old Delhi, the love of her life at the time, a Punjabi gentleman. A move which was considered extremely scandalous for an highly respected intellectual but a conservative Yadav family. The rest led quieter lives, doing what was prescribed at the time for ‘good’ Indian women to do.
Quite amazingly all sisters were highly educated, triple degree holders, in Bachelors, Masters and Commercial Diplomas in Science, History, Economics, Dance, Arts, Painting and Teaching and each one was formally trained in Tailoring, Embroidery, Shooting, First Aid, Swimming, Horse-riding, Music, Dance, Crafts and Cooking in Delhi, Kota, Mathura and Agra. It still baffles me that, not one sought pro-actively to form careers of their own, and my aunt Madhavi (middle, top) says it was due to the protective brothers, who didn’t think it was appropriate for single women to work before marriage.
Only Aruna Masi (left bottom) and my mother Shalini did continue to work after their marriages. Aruna, with a Masters in History, moved to Oregon, USA after her marriage and still works (out of choice) as a Chartered Accountant and my mother is now retired, but only worked because she had to, after the death of my father.
All sisters still get along, well, more or less, however as all conservative families go, when ambitions in women lie unfulfilled, it channelizes that frustration in different aspects of their lives for years to come, with consequences that are both good and bad. Marriage did offer them security, but the desire to do something with their lives aside from being great home-makers still causes angst.
Having said that, as kids, my sisters, my cousins and I learnt a lot, from each and every one of these women. They were all feisty, fiercely talented and ensured that we received at least some of their knowledge from the time we could walk. We were encouraged to read, Hindi Literature and English, we were trained in classical and folk music & dances, embroidery, painting and cooking – first at home and then some of us were sent to schools to further that knowledge, even if it were private lessons. I do realise, that cultural knowledge like that is now hard to come by, and our own children by virtue of being 21st century products, will never fully have a grasp on such enriching guidance, however domestic it may seem. For which I will forever be grateful.
Image and text contributed by Sheetal Sudhir, Mumbai
“These were the happiest days” say my mom, Sandhya (nee Parina) and dad, Sudhir Ramachandran, a photographer.
This picture was taken at a beach disco in Dar-es-salaam called Bahari Beach Hotel. These were times of the early 70s floral hippy patterns and elephant pants combined with an Elvis spillover from the late 60s. My dad recalls that they had just finished an engrossing session of ‘soul’ dancing and were moving to the beach to relax and then a friend clicked this picture, with dad’s very first Hasselblad camera and a large Metz flash!
My mom, a Gujrati Muslim and my dad, a Malyali, got married in Tanzania and then moved to Bangalore, India in 1975. I was born in 1976. Lately, they have been visiting Dar-es-salaam more often to see my maternal grandmother, and my uncles & aunts. In my father’s own words, whenever he sees this photograph, he is in “His fav town with his fav girl…and those were the days!!”
Image and Text contributed by Anisha Jacob Sachdev, New Delhi.
This picture with my mother Anupa Jacob (nee Nathaniel) and her closest friend Shalini was taken when they were in school at Convent of Jesus & Mary in Delhi. They would have been around 15 years old. My mother was a Rajasthani, from the small town of Nasirabad near Ajmer. Her father was orphaned when a plague hit the village, he and many others were then adopted by the British. Everyone adopted was converted to Christianity and given the last name ‘Nathaniel’. From Nathu Singh, my grandfather became Fazal Masih Nathaniel. He went on to become the Head of the English Language Department at Mayo College, Ajmer.
My mother married my father Philip Jacob, in 1968. He is a Syrian Christian – whom she met while she was studying at school around the age of 15, he was studying at St. Columba’s School.
One of the most interesting parts of my mother’s life was that Shalini, some other friends and she, formed the first ever Delhi University‘s Girl Rock Band called “Mad Hatter” in their 1st year of college at Miranda House. My mother was the lead guitarist and singer. Because of that status, when the Beatles performed, albeit privately in Delhi in 1966, the Mad Hatters were given front seats priority.
My mother had four kids. She was also a piano teacher, and her youngest child and my youngest sister Arunima is autistic but an ace piano player and has performed Beethoven Music pieces with complete accuracy.
My mother suffered a cardiac arrest in 1982, and passed away in 1986. Shalini Gupta, my mother’s friend in the photograph (left) is now a psychologist in London.
Image and text contributed by Lata Bhasin, New Delhi
I met my husband Anil Bhasin, a business man, on a Blind date in 1966. We got married three years later.
We lived in Calcutta a while, had two daughters and then moved to Delhi in 1985. ‘Bouffants’ hair dos were in great style then, and all of us friends would keep up with trends. Most of our friends moved to other countries, after their respective marriages.
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Strong reasoning
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Social Life
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BUFFALO (US)—The jet stream, an area in the atmosphere favored by airline pilots, also seems to be the area most likely to be affected by plumes from volcanic ash.
“That’s a problem,” says Marcus Bursik, a volcanologist at the University at Buffalo and one of the foremost experts on volcanic plumes and their effect on aviation safety, “because modern transcontinental and transoceanic air routes are configured to take advantage of the jet stream’s power, saving both time and fuel.
“The interaction of the jet stream and the plume is likely a factor here,” says Bursik, professor of geology. “Basically, planes have to fly around the plume or just stop flying, as they have, as the result of this eruption in Iceland.”
In some cases, if the plume can be tracked well enough with satellites, pilots can steer around the plume, he notes, but that didn’t work in the recent Eyjafjallajokull Volcano eruption in Iceland because the ash drifted right over Britain.
Bursik participated in the first meetings in the early 1990s between volcanologists and the aviation industry to develop methods to ensure safe air travel in the event of volcanic eruptions. He and colleagues authored a 2009 paper on the topic, published in the Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research.
“In the research we did, we found that the jet stream essentially stops the plume from rising higher into the atmosphere,” he says. “Because the jet stream causes the density of the plume to drop so fast, the plume’s ability to rise above the jet stream is halted: the jet stream caps the plume at a certain atmospheric level.”
Bursik says that new techniques now in development will be capable of producing better estimates of where and when ash clouds from volcanoes will travel.
He and his colleagues have proposed a project with researchers at the University of Alaska that would improve tracking estimates to find out where volcanic ash clouds are going.
“What we get now is a mean estimate of where ash should be in atmosphere,” says Bursik, “but our proposal is designed to develop both the mean estimate and estimates of error that would be more accurate and useful. It could help develop scenarios that would provide a quantitative probability as to how likely a plane is to fly through the plume, depending on the route.”
Coauthors on the jet stream paper include researchers from the Russian Academy of Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory at California Institute of Technology.
The research was funded by NSF, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and California Institute of Technology and Science Applications International Corp.
University at Buffalo news: www.buffalo.edu/news/
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Strong reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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I did something today that I haven’t done in several years: a vacuum distillation. That used to be a larger part of every chemist’s life, but advances in chromatography have eaten into a lot of the older techniques for purifying compounds. Recrystallization is another obvious example of a lost art, one that I’ve steadily heard characterized as such for the last twenty years. Well back before my time, people purified their liquids through distillation and their solids by recrystallizing them, and that was that.
Both of those can still be the best way to go, depending on your compounds. When you come across these methods in the older literature, you always have to ask yourself if you should stick with them, or if a chromatography would do the job more easily. Today, though, it was a modern procedure I was following, so distillation it was.
For the non-chemists in the audience, here's how you do it. You rig a glass apparatus onto the top of your round-bottom flask of gunk - there's one at the left. This "still head" has a short neck coming up, a bend that accommodates a thermometer, then a cold-water circulating condenser built in right before a tube to deliver the drops of distilled product. Along that region there's another fitting to hook the vacuum pump up.
Pulling a vacuum on the system lowers the boiling point of the liquids inside it - one of the reasons you have to adjust recipes at high altitude, actually. (If you lower the pressure enough, you can get water to boil at room temperature). Without that lowering, many compounds would have to be heated up so much to distill them that they'd start to decompose. Heating things to that point isn't much fun, in any case. Far better to pump things down and take them over at a more reasonable temperature.
The usual technique is to pump things down first, just to get any bumping and bubbling out of the way as leftover low-boiling solvents and dissolved gases clear out. Then you gradually increase the temperature on the distillation pot until things start to boil. You can see the condensation form on the inside of the still head as things get going, then drops start to condense and drip off the end of the thermometer back into the pot. A bit more heating and things make it over to the condenser, roll down the collection tube, and into the receiver flask.
Of course, you may have more than one thing in that pot. The stuff that's boiling out will eventually all come over, and as you heat things up some more the next higher-boiling component will then start to boil and the process repeats. That's why they make adapters that can fit several receiver flasks - these things will turn to accomodate different fractions, one after the other. The common lab name for these is a "cow" (Germans call them "spiders").
When you're finished, you generally have one or more flasks full of clear liquid on the far end of things, and the distillation pot generally looks just awful. All the high-boiling impurities have concentrated, and the resulting mix has been thoroughly cooked. It's a dramatic illustration of what you've accomplished - dark brown sludge separated out from pure product. Distillation makes you feel as if you've earned your lunch break.
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Strong reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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Emotional ups and downs, and periods of
stress aren't a sign of illness. . . they're a sign
of being human!
But over the top responses to everyday incidents can
be a sign of chronic stress. And this can be dangerous!
When we are under stress, our body engages in a "fight
or flight" response to protect us from potentially
dangerous situations. This triggers a release of
adrenaline and cortisol into our system.
You feel this when your heart starts to race. You may
even feel sweaty, jittery, have a nervous stomach or
Initially, cortisol's role is to help us deal with stress. It
shuts down unnecessary functions like the digestive
and immune systems in order to direct all our energies
toward dealing with the danger at hand. Over short
periods of time, cortisol is critical to our survival.
However, when this happens repeatedly, your body is
unable to properly restore to its normal state of calm.
When your stress response is triggered daily your
adrenal glands become exhausted and your cortisol
levels stay high.
Is it so bad to feel exhausted all the time?
Well, in this way stress and cortisol is not only affecting
your mental health, but also your bones, muscles, and
When you are in over drive, you carry increased muscle
tension in the head, neck, shoulders, and back, which
can create pain. A correlation has been found between
chronic back pain and higher cortisol levels compared to
healthy individuals. High levels are also associated with
a stronger pain response.
The area of the brain that deals with stress responds
more strongly to pain when cortisol levels are high. This
does not mean the pain is "in your head', but you truly
experience a greater pain response when you are under
So, we have increased muscle tension, increased levels
of pain, but also damage to our bones.
Without a long drawn out explanation of the physiology,
cortisol inhibits osteoblast formation and proliferation.
Osteoblasts are the cells that create new bone tissue
during the constant bone remodeling process.
Osteoporosis occurs when bone is broken down faster
than osteoblasts can rebuild it. Studies shoes a greater
bone mineral density loss when higher cortisol levels
are found in the blood.
Increased cortisol also decreases an amino acid called
proline. This is essential to bone remodeling, skin, joint,
and connective tissue health. Our bodies naturally
produce proline, but perhaps not in sufficient amounts
to counteract our current levels of stress. So, by
interupting the rebuilding mechanisms in our bodies,
stress is aging us much faster than we otherwise would.
Learning to manage your stress response is important to
preventing injury, managing pain, and remaining active.
Stress happens to all of us.
How you deal with it is key.
Meditation is a good option to protect your self against
stress-related physical and emotional problems. It
lowers stress hormones in the body and increases
neurochemicals that allow us to relax. It doesn't have to
be a long drawn out practice. Just a few minutes of
guided breathing, prayer, or sitting silently with your
thoughts can make a big difference.
Although, the research isn't conclusive, certain foods
have been correlated with a reduction in stress. Try
mushrooms, walnuts, and apricots and see if you notice
In order to stay healthy, we must remember that
psychology and physiology are closely linked. By
reducing stress and anxiety, you will build stronger
bones and more relaxed muscles in your back.
Unfortunately, pain itself can be stressful and it can
turn into a viscous cycle. If you need further assistance
in management of back or neck pain, visit our website
and download our FREE Report:
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Moderate reasoning
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Health
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Plants and Animals
Don’t let their sad song fool you, these stout, industrious birds get along well—with or without us.
Quiet, tolerant and attractive, mourning doves (Zenaida macroura) make fine neighbors. In fact, though they predate humans in America, they’ve made the best of our arrival and strange behaviors.
Native Americans and European settlers inadvertently helped these birds prosper by burning prairie, clearing forest and grazing livestock, creating bare areas for feeding and enhancing the growth of seed-producing plants. The doves also benefitted from farmed crops. Modern practices such as irrigation, tree planting and grain storage facilities have continued to improve habitat.
Slightly smaller and more streamlined than its city-dwelling cousin, the rock dove, the mourning dove is gray-brown with black spots on the wings. Its tail is long and tapered to a point, with large white tips on the feathers, and it has a small, black bill and red legs and feet. Males have a light, rosy breast, blueish-gray crown, and iridescent neck feathers. The mourning dove gets its name from its “sad” song, a soft, inflected cooAHoo, followed by several coos.
Adult doves eat the seeds of wild annuals and waste grains from agriculture. While they readily consume wheat, corn, sorghum, sunflower and rice leavings, they are rarely destructive to standing crops. The birds’ foot structure prevents them from perching on upright stalks and canes and feeding directly from plants.
The mourning dove is one of the most widely distributed and abundant birds in North America. They are found throughout Missouri, with the greatest densities in the west central portion. Most Missouri doves do not overwinter in the state. They migrate to Texas, Louisiana, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Mexico and Central America. Because they cross state lines and international boundaries, they are classified as a Federal Migratory Species. Populations are managed on a national level by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
Mourning doves return to Missouri in March. Following courtship in April, the monogamous mated pairs begin nest construction. Doves nest primarily in trees and shrubs in areas with scattered trees, at field and forest edges, fence rows or along creek banks. Nests consist of two or three twigs placed on a horizontal tree branch. They might also use old robin or bluebird nests, or nest on the ground on glades and prairies, creating a scraped area with a sparse vegetation lining.
Males help chase away rivals, incubate eggs and feed the young, which are known as squabs. The average clutch size is two eggs. Newly hatched squabs are fed “pigeon milk,” a secretion from the adult crop gland. Young doves grow rapidly, and are fully fledged at 13–15 days. Once the pair completes the first nest, they start on the next. Dove pairs average an impressive five nests per year. This is a necessary effort, as less than 50 percent of nesting attempts are successful due to weather and predators such as snakes, hawks, skunks and other mammals.
—Nichole LeClair Terrill, photo by Noppadol Paothong
For More Information
To learn more about mourning doves, explore the links listed below.
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Moderate reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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Mysterious, low-frequency hums heard all around the world have for decades baffled scientists and driven residents mad with frustration. So what causes the Hum heard in places such as Taos, N.M., Bristol, England, and Largs, Scotland?
We’re still not entirely sure, researchers say.
“Reports started trickling in during the 1950s from people who had never heard anything unusual before; suddenly, they were bedeviled by an annoying, low-frequency humming, throbbing or rumbling sound,” NBC News reminds us.
Although the Hum is slightly different in each area, there are some common factors: the sound is generally only heard indoors and usually becomes more powerful at night. The sound is also usually restricted to remote, non-urban areas:
It gets weirder: in areas that supposedly have the Hum, only two percent of the population say they can hear it. And the “hearers” (or “hummers”) are usually in the 55 to 77-year-old range, according to a 2003 study by acoustical consultant Geoff Leventhall of Surrey, England.
The “hearers,” who have become increasingly frustrated and desperate over the years, describe the sound as being similar to the humming of an idling diesel engine.
“It’s a kind of torture; sometimes, you just want to scream,” Katie Jacques of Leeds, England, told the BBC.
Leeds has in recent years experienced the Hum phenomenon.
“It’s worst at night,” Jacques said. “It’s hard to get off to sleep because I hear this throbbing sound in the background. … You’re tossing and turning, and you get more and more agitated about it.”
In fact, according to the BBC, at least one suicide has been blamed on the mysterious noise.
Reports say the Hum first appeared in Bristol, England, in the 1970s. Roughly 800 people at the time reported hearing a low, droning noise that officials claimed was a mixture of traffic and factory activity.
And then the Hum started appearing all over the place.
“Another famous hum occurs near Taos, N.M. Starting in spring 1991, residents of the area complained of a low-level rumbling noise,” NBC News reports.
Here’s supposed audio of the Hum in Taos, New Mexico:
“A team of researchers from Los Alamos National Laboratory, the University of New Mexico, Sandia National Laboratories and other regional experts were unable to identify the source of the sound,” the report adds
Likewise, a team of researchers from the University of Windsor and Western University in London, Ontario continue to investigate a Hum in Windsor, Ontario.
Elsewhere, researchers investigate a Hum in Bondi, Australia – but with no luck or explanation.
“It sends people around here crazy — all you can do is put music on to block it out. Some people leave fans on,” one Bondi resident told the Daily Telegraph.
Indiana is dealing with its own Hum-related issues.
“[T]he Kokomo Hum was isolated in a 2003 study financed by the Indiana city’s municipal government,” NBC says.
“The investigation revealed that two industrial sites — one a Daimler Chrysler plant — were producing noise at specific frequencies. Despite noise-abatement measures, some residents continue to complain of the Hum,” it adds.
There’s one thing researchers agree on: the Hum is real and not just the product of someone’s imagination. The area where researchers disagree, however, is on the cause of the Hum.
Geoff Leventhall was able to trace the source of the Kokomo Hum to a building’s heating unit.
There’s some evidence that the Hum generates from high-pressure gas lines, electrical power lines, and/or wireless communication devices. But this isn’t definite and only in a few cases has the sound been traced back to electronic devices.
Further confusing the issue is the fact that most “hearers” have normal to perfect hearing. So it’s not an issue on that end.
Environmental issues may be responsible, the NBC News reports adds, “including seismic activity such as microseisms — very faint, low-frequency earth tremors that can be generated by the action of ocean waves.”
“Other hypotheses, including military experiments and submarine communications, have yet to bear any fruit,” the report adds.
Leventhall doesn’t expect to crack the mystery any time soon.
“It’s been a mystery for 40 years, so it may well remain one for a lot longer,” he told the BBC.
Follow Becket Adams (@BecketAdams) on Twitter
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Strong reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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Asynchronous Layered Coding (ALC) is an Internet protocol for content delivery in a reliable, massively scalable, multiple-rate, and congestion-controlled manner. Specified in RFC 5775, it is an IETF proposed standard.
The protocol is specifically designed to provide massive scalability using IP multicast as the underlying network service. Massive scalability in this context means the number of concurrent receivers for an object is potentially in the millions, the aggregate size of objects to be delivered in a session ranges from hundreds of kilobytes to hundreds of gigabytes, each receiver can initiate reception of an object asynchronously, the reception rate of each receiver in the session is the maximum fair bandwidth available between that receiver and the sender, and all of this can be supported using a single sender.
Because ALC is focused on reliable content delivery, the goal is to deliver objects as quickly as possible to each receiver while at the same time remaining network friendly to competing traffic. Thus, the congestion control used in conjunction with ALC should strive to maximize use of available bandwidth between receivers and the sender while at the same time backing off aggressively in the face of competing traffic.
The sender side of ALC consists of generating packets based on objects to be delivered within the session and sending the appropriately formatted packets at the appropriate rates to the channels associated with the session. The receiver side of ALC consists of joining appropriate channels associated with the session, performing congestion control by adjusting the set of joined channels associated with the session in response to detected congestion, and using the packets to reliably reconstruct objects. All information flow in an ALC session is in the form of data packets sent by a single sender to channels that receivers join to receive data.
ALC does specify the Session Description needed by receivers before they join a session, but the mechanisms by which receivers obtain this required information is outside the scope of ALC. An application that uses ALC may require that receivers report statistics on their reception experience back to the sender, but the mechanisms by which receivers report back statistics is outside the scope of ALC. In general, ALC is designed to be a minimal protocol instantiation that provides reliable content delivery without unnecessary limitations to the scalability of the basic protocol.
Read more about Asynchronous Layered Coding: Implementations
Famous quotes containing the word layered:
“Computer mediation seems to bathe action in a more conditional light: perhaps it happened; perhaps it didnt. Without the layered richness of direct sensory engagement, the symbolic medium seems thin, flat, and fragile.”
—Shoshana Zuboff (b. 1951)
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Strong reasoning
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Software Dev.
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Your Parenting Style
Everyone seems to have an opinion on parenting and what works best. The bookstore shelves are filled with books written by parenting experts who speak with confidence about how children should be raised. Some cite research to defend their position. But, how can research produce such conflicting results? The answer lies with the quality and methodology of the research. First, the quality of the data used is dependent upon whether it is retrospective (data from past observations) or prospective (data from present observations). Retrospective data is obtained through interviews with parents and older children. Prospective data is obtained through actual observations of children and families. Second, the methodology used may reach conclusions by associating a preceding event with an outcome rather than truly determining that the preceding event caused the outcome. When association rather than causation is used, biased researchers can reach the conclusion of their choice.
So, what has emerged as the best parenting research, and what has this research shown to be the best parenting style?
When the search is limited to high quality, prospective, longitudinal research, the decades-long work of psychologist, Diana Baumrind, PhD, emerges as exemplary. Her studies led to the categorization of parenting into three basic styles: authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive. Researcher E.E. Maccoby added a fourth parenting style of the uninvolved parent. Baumrind identified two fundamental factors of parenting that were differently applied by each of the groups: demandingness (control of behavior, expectations of the child, monitoring of the child) and responsiveness (support and encouragement, fostering individuality, warmth in relationship, communication).
Let’s take a look at the characteristics of each of these parenting styles. Which one best describes your approach to your child?
Authoritarian parents: Giving orders
High in demandedness, low in responsiveness. They were harsh in their demands, more controlling, more restrictive, less inclined to explain, more punitive, detached, less warm, and expressed more anger with child disobedience.
Permissive parents: Giving in
Low in demandedness, high in responsiveness. They were markedly less controlling, minimally demanding, freely granting of the child’s demands, uninvolved with the child, and warmer than authoritarian parents. They did not feel in control of their child’s behavior. They were affirming, accepting, and benign toward the child’s impulses and actions.
Uninvolved parents: Giving up
Low in demandedness and in responsiveness. They made few demands of the child and were mostly unresponsive. They met the child’s basic needs, but were otherwise detached from the child’s life. In extreme cases, parents were neglectful of the child. They did not require mature behavior and were very lenient.
Authoritative parents: Giving responsibilities and choices
High in demandedness and in responsiveness. They employed a combination of firm control and positive encouragement of a child’s independence. They affirmed the child’s qualities and, yet, set standards for future conduct. They made reasonable demands of their children and promoted respect for authority. They were more consistent with the discipline.
So, what style caused the best outcome? Baumrind’s findings are not surprising.
- Authoritarian parents, who were highly demanding but not responsive, reared children who were uncertain, withdrawn, unemotional, and angry.
- Permissive parents, who were responsive but not demanding, reared children who were unproductive, incompetent, and disruptive.
- Authoritative parents, who were both highly demanding and highly responsive, reared children who were more socially responsible and assertive, i.e. achievement orientation, friendliness toward peers, cooperativeness with adults, social dominance, nonconforming behavior and intentional.
The most successful parenting style, the authoritative style, uses a balance of positive encouragement with firm behavioral control. Positive encouragement includes an approach that is warm, rational and receptive toward the child. High behavioral control consists of firm discipline and supervision of the child by the parent. Authoritative parenting balances these two fundamental facets of childrearing. Authoritative parents direct the child in a rational issue-oriented manner. They encourage verbal give-and-take from the child, they share the reason behind their directives, they value expressive attributes of the child, and yet they exert firm control over the child’s behavior. Their use of power over the child is combined with reasoning. Data has shown that this parenting style leads to children with greater social responsibility, social assertiveness, and cognitive competency. The consistently positive outcomes of authoritative parenting have been demonstrated into early adolescence in a follow-up study by Baumrind.
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Strong reasoning
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Social Life
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You might be aware of green energy, but do you know that it’s not just good for the environment? Usually, green energy is presented as being excellent for the environment, but it is also good for you personally. It allows you to save money on energy costs. This article contains some good ways to start using green energy.
Speak with your utility company about receiving your electric power from a renewable source. Many metropolitan areas get some of their power from hydroelectric, geothermal, solar, or wind powered plants. Often, the electric company can simply apply a certain amount of your electric bill to renewable energy without you needing to make any other changes.
Before you start incorporating green energy sources into your home, you should cut back on the amount of electricity you use. Make sure you’re not wasting power by leaving things turned on when you’re not using them. This way, when you make the switch over to alternative energy sources, you’ll be more efficient with your energy usage.
If you are planning on switching to green energy, it can seem too discouraging to jump in and do it all at once. While an entire home and land can be overwhelming, try narrowing your efforts to one room at a time. A good first step is a bedroom, where you can use solar power for just a reading lamp and a radio or alarm clock. Then work up from there!
Make use of fans inside the home. You can easily use floor fans or have a ceiling fan installed to increase airflow inside the home. You can use these even if you already have an air conditioner because you can turn the thermostat higher and just use the fans for air movement.
Take the time to dry your clothes naturally. The dryer in your home takes up a lot of energy and it is quite simple to just hang your clothes and allow them to air dry. If you do need to use the dryer, then be sure to clean out the lint to help it work more efficiently.
Plant trees around your home. The trees will help provide shading for you home and therefore will help keep your home cooler in the hot summer months. It will not require as much air conditioning to keep it at your desired temperature. Since trees lose leaves in the winter, they will still allow the sun to come in and help heat your home during the winter months.
If you are planning on installing solar panels, understand the amount of maintenance required. You have to keep the photovoltaic cells clean. If the cells are installed on your roof, this could mean climbing all over your roof as often as once a month. If you are not able to do that, you’ll need to hire someone.
Think about using the wind to power your home for an excellent source of green energy. You will not only be off the power grid, but the wind is an emission free source of energy that is in plentiful supply in many areas of the world. The initial cost may be high, but the savings in the long run are high as well.
Buy a programmable thermostat. An Energy Star programmable thermostat will regulate your home’s temperature year-round, both day and night. Always set your thermostat a couple of degrees less than you think the temperature should be, as you won’t really notice the difference in your home. An Energy Star thermostat will save you about $180 a year in heating costs.
Write reminders for energy-efficient goals and check your utility bills. You can reduce your energy use just by being aware of what you are spending. For instance, if your stated goal is to reduce your consumption of electricity and water, you are more apt to remember to turn off the lights and shut off the faucet when not using them.
Green energy is, of course, a great way to protect our natural resources, but it is also a smart way to save you hundreds of dollars a year in energy costs. Use the tips laid out here in this article, and you will soon have the greenest home in your entire neighborhood.
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Moderate reasoning
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Home & Hobbies
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A scanning electron micrograph of a blood clot. Image credit: Steve Gschmeissner/Science Photo Library (http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/203271/enlarge#)
On Monday January 1st, I overheard my dad telling my mom how his left arm was numb and that he had no strength in his left hand. I immediately ran into the medicine cabinet, grabbed two aspirin, practically shoved them down my dad’s throat, and told him to get his coat. He was going to the ER.
As it turns out, my dad was having a stroke, which is basically the cessation of blood flow to an area in the brain. Luckily, my dad only suffered a very mild stroke, and after several days of monitoring and a battery of tests, he was released from the hospital.
While we are all relieved that he dodged what could have been a fatal bullet, I came to realize that there was only a superficial understanding of what was actually happening. So, to help demystify the process for my dad (and anyone else in this situation), I’ve decided to write a mini-guide on strokes. Below you will find some handy information about strokes, including what they are, as well as a glossary of relevant terms.
Why we need blood flow in the brain
Before I get into what happens to the brain when a stroke occurs, it is important to first understand why unrestricted blood flow in blood vessels in the brain is important. The brain is a type of tissue, and like all tissues in our body, it needs a constant access to nutrients and oxygen. Furthermore, tissues produce waste, and this waste needs to be removed.
The human cardiovascular system. Image Credit: Wikipedia.
Evolution’s solution to this problem is the development of a vast network of blood vessels existing within our tissues. For instance, take a good look at your very own eyeballs. Especially when we are tired, we can see tiny blood vessels called capillaries, which help to deliver key nutrients and oxygen, keeping our organs of sight healthy and happy. Now consider that this type of blood vessel network exists in all tissues in our bodies (because it does). Depending on the needs of the tissue, these vessels vary in size and number. Sometimes the blood vessels are large, like the aorta, and sometimes they are super tiny, like the capillaries in our eyes. However, all serve the same function: to make sure that cells can breath, eat, and get rid of waste.
When blood is prevented from traveling to a specific area within a tissue, the cells in that area will not get enough fuel and oxygen and will begin to die. For instance, the restriction of blood flow to the heart leads to the death of heart tissue, causing a heart attack. Similarly, the interruption of normal blood flow within the brain causes the affected cells in the brain to essentially starve, suffocate, and die, resulting in a stroke. The medical term for a lack of oxygen delivery to tissues due to a restriction in blood flow is ischemia. In general, the heart, brain, and the kidneys are the most sensitive to ischemic events, which, when occurring in these organs, can be fatal.
So, what exactly is a stroke?
Some strokes can be categorized as being ischemic. As mentioned above, an ischemic stroke occurs when blood flow (and the associated oxygen supply) is restricted in an area within the brain, leading to tissue death. A major cause of ischemic strokes is a progressive disease called atherosclerosis, which can be translated to mean “the hardening of the arteries.”
Severe atherosclerosis of the aorta. Image Credit: Wikipedia.
Affecting the entire cardiovascular system, atherosclerosis is the result of cholesterol build-up inside of our blood vessels, causing their openings to become narrower. These cholesterol plaques can eventually burst, leading to the formation of a blood clot. Ischemic strokes occur as a result of a blood clot, medically known as a thrombus, that blocks the flow of blood to the brain, a phenomenon often related to complications from atherosclerosis. A ruptured cholesterol plaque and resulting blood clot can occur in the brain, or it can occur elsewhere in the body, such as in the carotid arteries, and then travel to the brain. Either way, the blood clot will block blood flow and oxygen delivery to sensitive brain tissue and cause a stroke.
Strokes that result from the bursting of a blood vessel in the brain can be categorized as being hemorrhagic. In this situation, there may be a pre-existing condition rendering the blood vessels in the brain defective, causing them to become weak and more susceptible to bursting. More often than not, a hemorrhagic stroke is the result of high blood pressure, which puts an awful lot of stress on the blood vessels. Hemorrhagic strokes are less common than ischemic strokes, but still just as serious.
How do you know if you’ve had a stroke?
The symptoms of a stroke can vary depending on which part of the brain is affected and can develop quite suddenly. It is common to experience a moderate to severe headache, especially if you are hemorrhaging (bleeding) in the brain. Other symptoms can include dizziness, a change in senses (hearing, seeing, tasting), muscle tingling and/or weakness, trouble communicating, and/or memory loss. If you are experiencing any of these warning signs, it is important to get to the hospital right away. This is especially important if the stroke is being caused by a blood clot since clot-busting medicationsare only effective within the first few hours hours of clot formation.
Once in the hospital, the caregiver will likely give anyone suspected of having a stroke a CT scan. From this test, doctors will be able to determine if you had a stroke, what type of stroke you had (ischemic versus hemorrhagic), or if there is some other issue. However, as was the case with my dad, a CT scan may not show evidence for a stroke. This issue can arise as a result of timing (test performed before brain injury set in) or size of affected area (too small to see). When not in an emergency situation, doctors may also or instead choose to prescribe an MRItest to look for evidence of a stroke.
If a stroke has been confirmed, the next steps will be to try and figure out the underlying cause. For ischemic strokes, it is important to find out if there is a blood clot and where it originated. Because my dad had an ischemic stroke, he had to undergo a series of tests that searched for a blood clot in his carotid arteries though ultrasound, as well as in the heart, using both an electrocardiogram(EKG) and an echocardiogram(ultrasound of the heart). The patient might also be asked to wear a Holter Monitor, which is a device worn for at least 24 hours and can detect potential heart abnormalities that may not be obvious from short-term observations, like those obtained via an EKG. If a stroke is due to a hemorrhagic event, an angiogramwould be performed to try an pinpoint the compromised blood vessel.
A stroke you did have. Now what?
Once a stroke has been confirmed and categorized, the patient will most likely be transferred to the stroke unit of the hospital for both treatment and further observation. If a clot has been detected, a patient will receive clot-busting medications (assuming this detection occurs within several hours of clot formation). Alternatively, a clot can be mechanically removed with surgery (animation of clot removal, also known as a thrombectomy). Patients might also be given blood-thinning medications to either ensure that clots do not increase in size or to prevent new clots from forming. As for secondary prevention, meaning preventing another stroke from happening, patients might be given blood pressure and cholesterol lowering medications.
If a disability arises due to stroke, a patient might need to undergo rehabilitation. The type and duration of stroke rehabilitation is dependent on the area of brain that was affected, as well as the severity of the injury.
Major risk factors and predictors of stroke
There are many situations that could predispose one to having a stroke, and many of these conditions are treatable. The absolute greatest predictor of a stroke is blood pressure. High blood pressure, also known as hypertension, will significantly raise your risk of having a stroke. Other modifiable stroke risk factors include blood cholesterol levels, smoking, type 2 diabetes, diet, alcohol/drug use, and a sedentary life style. However, there are also risk factors that you cannot change including family history of stroke, age, race, and gender. But that shouldn’t stop one from practicing a healthy lifestyle!
In conclusion, strokes are no joke. I am glad that my dad is still here (yes, dad, if you are reading this, we are in fact friends) and that he escaped with relatively no real consequences. Let’s just not do this again, ok?
Anti-coagulants:These are medications that help to reduce the incidence of blood clotting. The repertoire includes aspirin, Plavix, Warfarin, and Coumadin. Also called blood thinners.
Atherosclerosis:Literally translated as “hardening of the arteries,” this condition is hallmarked by the build-up of cholesterol inside of blood vessels. Atherosclerosis can lead to many complications including heart disease and stroke.
Cardiovascular System: The network of blood vessels and heart that works to distribute blood throughout the body.
Carotid Arteries: Arteries that carry blood away from the heart toward the head, neck, and brain.
CT Scan: Cross sectional pictures of the brain using X-rays.
Echocardiogram:An ultrasound of the heart. In stroke vicitms, electrocardiography is used to detect the presence of a blood clot in the heart.
Electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG): The measurement of the electrical activity of the heart. It is performed by attaching electrodes to a patient at numerous locations on the body, which function to measure electrical output of the heart.
Embolic Stroke: A type of ischemic stroke, an embolic stroke occurs when a blood clot forms (usually in the heart) and then travels to the brain, blocking blood flow and oxygen delivery to brain tissue.
Hemorrhagic Stroke: A type of stroke that results form the bursting of a blood vessel in the brain.
Hypertension:High blood pressure, defined as having 140/90 mmHg or above.
It’s not easy being green. First, you have decide which green to be. (Source)
[We at Double X Science had been considering a “toxins” post but then found the following post by Jennifer Mo, a happily childfree vegetarian who lives in California with a cat named Brie but variously nicknamed Walnut “for her brain capacity” or Toxokitty for her history of toxoplasmosis–which, as it turns out, turns up in Jennifer’s guest post, below. This post first appeared at Jennifer’s blog, It’s Not Easy to Be Green, where she writes about environmental issues as a “rationalist and a pragmatist.” You can also follow Jennifer on Twitter @noteasy2begreen. We appreciated the pragmatics of this particular post quite a bit and thank Jennifer for allowing us to host it at Double X Science. We are particularly taken with the fact that she asks if we’d ever wanted to call our own brain a troglodyte.]
It’s a common demand from the public to scientists: prove to us something is safe before unleashing your monster on the world. And on one hand, it’s a totally fair, reasonable request to not be treated as lab rats. I get that. I hate the idea of having big chemical corporations profiting off their creations that create long term problems for ordinary people and the environment. On the other, whether you’re talking about GMOs or synthetic chemicals, it’s a problematic request for a couple of key reasons:
It assumes a binary between safe and unsafe without regard to exposure level or other circumstances. Just about everything can be harmful under the right (or perhaps I should say wrong?) conditions. Take water, for example.TonsContinue reading →
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Moderate reasoning
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Health
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Under the auspices of the National Science Foundation, our lab works on the development of a transposon-based functional genomics resource in maize and on the effect of genome structure variation on homologous meiotic recombination.
New reverse genetics resources for maize
Our lab is presently working on a project funded by the NSF-Plant Genome Program to develop a new reverse genetics resource for the maize community based on the classical McClintock transposable elements (TE) Ac and Ds. Mutations induced by TE insertions help researchers to elucidate gene function. Sequence-indexed insertions (i.e., those in which the host DNA adjacent to the insertion is known) are valuable resources in organisms with a sequenced genome and are deemed essential to fully exploit the recently released maize genome sequence. We are taking advantage of next-generation sequencing technology to develop a rapid and cost- effective method for generating, sequencing, and indexing TE insertions in maize. Specifically, we are sequencing an existing collection of insertions of the native TE Activator (Ac) and new collections of insertions of Ac-derived elements called Ds* that carry the jellyfish green fluorescent protein (GFP) to facilitate tracking their movements in the genome (Figure 1). So far, we have sequence-indexed over 250 Ac and Ds insertions in the maize genome and added them to our new website (acdsinsertions.org), where they will be cross-referenced to stocks available this fall from the maize stock center. The development of this web-searchable database is the result of a collaboration with Drs. Charles Du and Wenwei Xiong at Montclair State University.
In Figure 1, the four views are from the same ear sector, under natural light on the left and under blue light to detect green fluorescence on the right. The purple kernels in the bottom have been cut to expose the green fluorescent endosperm. All green fluorescent kernels carry the transposon Ds*(GFP), the spotted kernels at the original location and the purple kernels at new locations in the genome.
As part of this project, we are creating a genome-wide gene knockout resource for the community that will consist of about 120 roughly equidistant Ds* launching platforms carrying GFP or other easily scored markers. This resource will allow simple visual selection of element transposition from any region of the genome and will enable researchers to generate regional gene knock-out collections because Ac and Ds tend to transpose to nearby chromosomal sites.
Gene conversion at the bronze (bz) locus
Gene conversion involves a nonreciprocal transfer of DNA between two homologous sequences and leads to the replacement of one sequence by its homolog. Allelic gene conversion events most likely correspond to the early recombination nodules detected in synaptonemal complexes and are generated by a distinct recombination pathway from crossovers. In maize, intragenic recombinants (IGRs) carrying a parental or noncrossover arrangement of flanking markers generally arise from conversion events. The stretch of DNA that is transferred during a gene conversion event, called the conversion tract, can vary in organisms like yeast from a few hundred bases to more than 12 kb, but its length has rarely been measured in plants. In most maize studies, IGRs are recovered from heterozygotes between polymorphic alleles that differ at many sites. Because noncrossover IGRs from such heterozygotes are rare, only a few conversion tracts have been measured to date and their minimum length has ranged from 0.5 to 3 kb. We have found that, surprisingly, noncrossover convertants are the predominant IGRs in dimorphic heterozygotes between alleles differing only at the two markers between which recombination is being measured.
Estimating conversion tract lengths in dimorphic heterozygotes, a basically homozygous configuration, is a difficult problem. We have developed a method to measure the minimum- maximum lengths of these conversion tracts that utilizes unselected Ac excision footprints at various distances from the bz gene. We have established by this approach that conversion tracts may be considerably shorter in dimorphic heterozygotes than in polymorphic heterozygotes.
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Strong reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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The following is a compilation of several views of the monetary reform symbolism used by L. Frank Baum in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. Interpretations vary, particularly on the lesser figures, but this will give the readers good reference points to begin their consideration of the matter. Was the symbolism consciously or subconsciously employed? We cannot know with certainty, nor does it really matter. What matters is that Baum understood the issues involved and employed them in Oz. Millions of Americans have seen Oz, generally several times. Knowingly or not, Oz has given us a key to understanding the solutions to the economic issues we face in our time if we could only accept that we have had the power to regain our bank-mortgaged homes all along, just as Dorothy did. Remember: “There’s no place like home.”
Dorothy – everyman and woman, a simple, Populist character from the heartland of American Populism, Kansas.
Scarecrow – farmers, agricultural workers, ignorant of many city things but honest and able to understand things with a little education. A strong supporter of Dorothy (Populism).
Tin Man – industrial workers; a woodchopper whose entire body has been replaced with metal parts, thus dehumanized by machinery (robot-like with no heart) in need of oil (liquidity/money) to work, otherwise unemployed (he was idle for a year) without oil.
Cowardly Lion – Wm. Jenning Bryan, a famous politician and Populist Presidential candidate in 1896 and 1900 (Oz was written in 1900) for monetary reform and a terrific orator (i.e., roar). Bryan was attacked as being somewhat cowardly for not supporting the US war with Spain. As a Populist Presidential candidate he sought to go to the capitol city – the Emerald city. Bryan’s famous “Cross of Gold” speech is posted below.
Ruby Slippers – these are silver in the book. Hollywood changed them to ruby red to take advantage of the new Technicolor used in the movie version, evidently ignorant of the meaning of the silver. Byran and many other Greenbackers (monetary reformers supporting use of debt-free US Notes like Lincoln’s Greenbacks to increase the money supply and thereby end the depression then) shifted their tactics to the promotion of adding silver to the lawful coinage of America (i.e., to promoting a bi-metallic standard rather than the theoretically purer, fiat Greenbacks) when they realized they could thereby gain the backing of the powerful silver mining interests and still increase the money supply (without debt) to more than just gold. Silver thus became a symbol of overcoming a purely gold standard with the limited money supply and banker control that resulted in. Hence the silver slippers were extremely important in the book, as silver coin was in reality.
Kansas – a Populist stronghold, home of Dorothy, symbolized the national heartland.
Cyclone (toronado) – the free silver movement, compared at the time to a political “cyclone” that swept Kansas, Nebraska and the heartland and aimed at Washington; also the depression of the 1890’s which was compared to a “cyclone” in a famous monetary primer of the time and which robbed people of their homes and farms.
Oz – corresponds to standard measure of gold ounce – “oz”; America, where the gold oz standard held sway, but where the use of the silver oz (slippers) could free the slaves.
Emerald City – political center of Oz /Washinton D.C. To get there a politician had to take the gold way (gold standard); everyone there was forced to wear “green spectacles” – to see the world through another color (green) of money. This illusion upheld the Wizard’s power.
Glinda, the Good Witch of the South – the US South, which solidly supported Bryan and reform, as did much of the North (home of the other good witch in the book). The East and West (homes of the bad witches) supported McKinley.
Good Witch of the North – Bryan’s Populist supporters in the North and Northwest. The South and North largely supporter Bryan in his Presidential campaign; the wicked East and West supported McKinley who was for the gold standard
Wicked Witch of the East – Wall Street bankers in NY, led by J.P. Morgan. President Grover Cleveland (of NY) was their pro-gold standard candidate.
Wicked Witch of the West – draught and/or J.D. Rockefeller, by then a Cleveland banker (still viewed as “out West” from a NY perspective). President Wm. McKinley (a gold standard supporter from Ohio) was his candidate. She was a one-eyed witch , i.e., opposed to the twometal bi-metallic system; in the book she enslaves Winkies in the West much as the Wicked Witch in the East enslaves the Munchkins; dissolved by water symbolizing real water curing draught and/or liquidity ending the depression
Wizard – a charlatan who politician-like can change forms in the book and who tricked the citizens of Oz into believing he is all powerful. Sometimes compared to a behind-the-scenes manipulator “pulling-the-strings” of politicians just as Wall Street’s bankers do today. Mark Hanna, such a man at the time, has been suggested as the real life model for the Wizard. He said “There are two things that are important in politics. The first is money and I can’t remember the second”. Such an all-powerful view of money is a deceit noted under the word “Emerald City,” above. Baum was well informed – he knew banks manipulated politicians and the people and commonly used deceit to fool them into submission. $700 billion or we face a “global financial meltdown” ring a bell? Bankers create money – a trickery certainly known to Baum.
Yellow Brick Road – the gold way or standard, composed of gold bricks.
Munchkins – the common people of the East, [wage] slaves to the Wicked Witch of the East.
Deadly Poppy Field – the anti-imperialism movement of the late 1890’s which reformers felt was distracting Byran from monetary reform (putting him to sleep on the issue), saved from that fate by the mice (the little people, Populist supporters).
Winged Monkey’s – Plains Indians: “Once we were free people living happily in he forest.” – monkey leader. Like the winkies and munchkins, enslaved by the wicked witch and not freed until water (liquidity) destroys her hold on them.
Dorothy’s “party” – party is used 8 times referring to Dorothy’s followers, a reference to the Populist Party, trying to get Dorothy to the capitol city (Washington).
Oil – liquidity, priming the pump of the economy, enabling employment of the unemployed (the Tin Man had been idle for a year without it).
Toto – the prohibitionists (“with Toto trotted along soberly behind her”), a movement which followed the bi-metallist Populist Party.
Kalidahs – predators in the book probably representing newspaper reporters who overwhelmingly opposed to Byran as their papers were heavily influenced by banking and business interests.
Stork – a female stork in the book referring to the women’s sufferage movement which supported the Populists. OZ = ounces The Yellow Brick Road = Gold Ruby Slippers (was silver slippers ) = Silver Poppies = Opium or Drugs Snow = Cocaine Emerald City = The Federal Reserve The Munchkins = The Little People or the Small People as BP CEO would have it! Straw-man = Some say Farmers some say “straw man” Tin Man = Some say industrial workers others say it represents T.I.N. Tax Identification Number Cowardly Lion = William Jennings Bryant who wanted to use silver instead of gold as standard currency. The Wizard = The President Toto = The Press Dorothy = The common American man or woman Wizard of Oz Symbolism can help you discover how to have faith in yourself and your ability to handle life’s complexities. From time to time as you follow the Yellow Brick Road, you just may get lost in the woods. Learn how to integrate the trio of capabilities offered by the Scarecrow, Tin Man and Cowardly Lion.
|The route back to The Yellow Brick Road is by discovering that:|
|1.||You can make a mistake|
|2.||You can correct it, and|
|3.||You can change your direction through the knowledge gained in the process|
So it’s like with each step you (Dorothy) take on the yellow brick road, contained within it are three mini-steps. (Dorothy’s three friends)
|Dorothy and the Scarecrow, Tin Man and Cowardly Lion|
|Mini-step 1||Take step off The Yellow Brick Road||Scarecrow||Brain – make mistake|
|Mini-step 2||Realize that you’re stuck in the Woods||Tin Man||Heart – discover mistake|
|Mini-step 3||Redirect self back onto The Yellow Brick Road||Cowardly Lion||Courage – correct mistake|
|Equals One Step Taken||Take a step forward on The Yellow Brick Road||Dorothy||You – acquire awareness|
Here we discuss the various ways one can get stuck in repetitive cycles.
|1.||Judging yourself for making mistakes and thus getting stuck in the inertia of – guilt – “I should’ve known better!”|
|2.||Getting stuck in the short-term ‘enjoyment’ of the mistake – addiction – temporarily mistaking its ‘pleasure’ aspect for your real goal.|
|3.||Halting the learning and growing process – fear/lack of faith – for whatever lies ahead on The Yellow Brick Road.|
The next stage is learning how to become unstuck from our mistakes:
|Reclaiming the Power of the Red Slippers|
|1.||Support yourself with the awareness that you were doing the best you could with the understanding and knowledge you possessed then. I.e. if you had of known better you would’ve done better, etc. Is it time to forgive yourself?|
|2.||Refocus your goal from short-term pleasure of what you found in the woods, to the long-term pleasure of your goal of being back home in Kansas.|
|3.||Trust in the love you have for yourself – by getting back in contact with your inner guidance. Find out what works best for you: it could be through dreams, meditation, writing (journal/write poems) or by opening up a direct dialogue with yourself. Thus revealing the path back!|
|The message contained within Wizard of Oz Symbolism is that one can harness the personal power of the Red Slippers by integrating these:|
- Symbolism of Scarecrow/Brain – personal choices
- Symbolism of Tin Man/Heart – love and intuition
- Symbolism of Cowardly Lion/Courage – fearless, unwavering faith in yourself
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Strong reasoning
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Finance & Business
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Need to get part of a string? That’s what the Java substring method is for.
We’re going to start with the substring method since it’s part of the AP Java Subset.
The Java substring method allows you to take a piece of one string out of another and returns it as a string. Let’s look at the following code.
String greeting = "Hello Bob!"; String sub = greeting.substring( 1 ); System.out.println( sub );
This is the first version of the substring method that you need to know for the AP exam. It takes a single integer parameter and returns everything in the source string starting at the position specified. Remember that string indexes start at 0, so
greeting.substring(1) will return
ello Bob! which is then stored in the
sub variable. And that’s what’s printed.
Let’s play a bit. In the editor below is a bit of started code. You can play around with it and see what changing the value in the substring call will do. You might also want to play around and change the string
One thing to try is to put a number larger than 10 in the
substring call and see what happens.
Did you try a big number? You should have gotten a
StringIndexOutOfBounds Exception. In Java you can’t ask
substring for characters that are not in the string or you will get that exception.
There is also an overloaded version of substring that takes 2 integer parameters. In this version substring still starts at the first parameter, but this time it doesn’t go to the end of the string. It goes up to, but doesn’t include the second parameter.
Time for a bit of code…
String greeting = "Hello Bob!"; String sub = greeting.substring(1, 8); System.out.println( sub );
Can you guess what this will print? Why not try it?
In this case it’s going to return
ello Bo which is the characters starting at position 1 and going through position 7. It’s a very common confusion point that it does not include the last position.
One hint that a former student figured out is that the length of the string returned is the first parameter subtracted from the first. In this example 8 – 1 is 7, so the returned string would be 7 characters long. And sure enough,
ello Bo is 7 characters. (The space counts).
And one quick note. When you’re using the 2 parameter version the second value has to be greater than or equal to the first. You can’t flip them.
Java strings also have a method named
charAt that returns a single character from a string. But, unlike the
substring method which returns a string,
charAt returns a
charAt is a handy method to know, it’s not part of the AP Java Subset and isn’t directly tested on the AP exam. You’re free to use it on the free response questions, but you do need to be a bit careful as we’ll see in a bit.
String greeting = "Hello Bob!"; char ch = greeting.charAt( 3 ); System.out.println(ch);
This little snippet is going to print out the character in position 3, which is
Try playing a bit. While you’re playing, try to put a big number in. You should fin that it’ll do the same thing as using an out of bounds number in
We do need to be careful though with
chars since internally, Java treats them like numbers.
Remember back when we learned about concatenating strings that we could put multiple strings together using the
+ operator. Confusingly that’s the same operator as we’d use for addition. And that’s where we have to be careful.
If we use the plus operator between 2 characters, instead of concatenating Java will add the ASCII values of the two characters. Let’s look at the following code.
String greeting = "Hello Bob!"; char c = greeting.charAt(1); char d = greeting.charAt(4); System.out.println( c + d );
It seems like this should print out
eo. Try it. Does it?
212? Where did that come from?
If you look at an ASCII table you’ll see that a lower cased
e has an ASCII value of 101 and
l has a value of 111. Add those two together and you’ll get 212. Java is adding the ASCII values instead of concatenating.
There is a way to force it though, and that’s to tell Java to you want to concatenate strings by starting with a string.
String greeting = "Hello Bob!"; char c = greeting.charAt(1); char d = greeting.charAt(4); System.out.println( "" + c + d );
Adding an empty string before
c + d tricks Java into treating into it all as a string and it concatenates like we want.
Java substring & the AP Exam
If you’re taking the AP exam this May you’re probably better off just sticking with the Java substring method and not using
charAt at all.
substring has the advantage that it returns a string and you won’t have to worry about Java adding up character values when you want it to concatenate strings.
If you only want a single character string from substring you just make sure that the second parameter is one larger than the first.
This prints out the single character string
l, but it’s a string and not a character.
Want to stay in touch and keep up to date with the latest posts @ CompSci.rocks?
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Moderate reasoning
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Software Dev.
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Accounting Career and Training Information
All organizations—from community groups to publicly traded corporations to small businesses—require the services of accountants. Accounting is essential to maintaining accurate financial records, recording and organizing financial information, and analyzing relevant data to make important business decisions.
Armed with strong critical-thinking, communication, problem-solving, leadership, and decision-making skills, accountants are integral to the success of any business. They are skilled professionals who work with both numbers and technology in order to solve complex business problems, develop practical business strategies and goals, and help organizations become more efficient and effective.
Accounting is often called the language of business and is described as the process (or art) of recording, classifying, analyzing, and reporting the financial data of organizations for a variety of end users.
There are many specialized areas of accounting practice, which include:
This is the area of accounting that focuses on generating the information needed by a variety of users within an organization, which can include business owners, managers, employees, auditors, and other decision-makers. This type of accounting is performed for the purpose of helping internal information users to make vital management and operational decisions.
This area is concerned with providing information to external users, such as shareholders, government agencies, investors, and creditors. These users are not involved in the day-to-day operation of an organization but have access to various financial records such as annual reports and other sources of accounting information. Additionally, financial accounting is generally completed to industry-standard rules and regulations, such as the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) or the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). These are followed in order to produce consistent and objective data.
This is another area of accounting that is performed to produce valuable information for managers and other decision-makers who are concerned with the productivity and efficiency of an organization. Training generally involves learning to record, organize, and evaluate data related to actual operating costs, as well as developing alternative options. Generally, accountants in this discipline will produce cost projections and advise management on potential strategies for increased efficiency and effective use of financial resources.
This is the specialized area that entails the combination of accounting and investigation to detect and document financial fraud, such as embezzlement or misreporting of revenues. Typically, forensic accounting is used in criminal investigations, civil litigation, insurance negotiations, and a variety of similar areas.
This is the area of accounting that involves the financial reporting of non-business organizations such as non-profit groups and government agencies. This type of accounting covers portfolios, commodities, and other types of funds. In this discipline, the focus is on accountability (rather than profitability) and is carried out to make sure that resources are allocated properly and practices are in line with the stipulations set out for the specific fund.
This is the area of accounting that involves performing tax planning, calculations, and payments, and is carried out in accordance with specific tax principles (e.g., the Internal Revenue Service Tax Code). This can include preparing and filing tax returns, planning for future tax obligations, and ensuring tax compliance.
The tasks associated with this career can include:
- Recording financial transactions, such as revenues and expenses
- Handling transactions related to accounts payable and receivable, such as paying bills, creating invoices, and performing payroll
- Calculating depreciation, amortization, and similar items
- Developing, implementing, and adjusting accounting and recordkeeping processes
- Evaluating and utilizing computerized accounting software and related technologies
- Establishing tables of accounts as well as posting and adjusting entries accordingly
- Creating financial statements (including balance sheets, statements of retained earnings, statements of cash flows, and income statements)
- Analyzing and verifying financial statements and other financial documents
- Handling personal and business tax calculations and preparation to ensure that taxes are paid properly, on time, and in compliance with tax regulations
- Representing businesses and individuals before various tax agencies such as the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and state-level bodies
- Examining business operations and costs in order to provide suggestions for increased profits and efficient use of resources
- Exploring industry trends and other factors to create future projections for revenues, expenses, profit, etc.
- Developing, adjusting, and assessing organizational budgets
- Providing financial and investment planning services
- Presenting and explaining financial data and findings to clients, managers, executives, boards of directors, and owners
- Offering advice and guidance related to employee compensation and benefits
- Auditing the financial statements and records from an internal or external position
- Overseeing other accounting and bookkeeping employees
Additionally, some professionals gain specialized education and credentials, which can prepare them to:
- Investigate white-collar (financial) crime
- Testify before courts regarding criminal charges, insurance claims, and other issues
- Perform research and analysis on public policy and/or legislation
- Explore the financial viability of existing infrastructures (e.g., schools, hospitals, etc.)
- Audit government agencies
The above are just some of the tasks that can be performed within niche areas of the field. However, they do show that an accountant can work in a broad range of unique areas that are not always associated with this profession.
The Difference Between a Bookkeeper and an Accountant
While the terms "accountant" and "bookkeeper" are often used interchangeably, they are very separate professions. To help you understand the distinction, here are some of the differences:
- Is generally not required to possess a formal finance-related education
- Records business transactions, such as sales, operating expenses, payroll, etc., and takes data up to the trial balance stage
- Follows company-mandated recordkeeping processes and systems
- Typically earns much less than a professional accountant
- Doesn't always get to see an organization at the big-picture level since he or she may only focus on recording very specific financial information
- Performs one small aspect of the accounting process
- Has likely earned an undergraduate or graduate degree and/or has received one or more professional certifications
- Often uses (and verifies) the work of a bookkeeper to produce financial statements and reports
- Can develop and modify recordkeeping processes and systems
- Typically earns more than a bookkeeper
- Looks at an organization's overall financial picture and can assess its efficiency, profits, operations, and more
- Is able to perform all parts of the accounting process, including bookkeeping
What You Can Do With an Accounting Degree
With a degree in this field, you could be qualified to take on a broad range of positions, earn advanced credentials, and much more. Here are some examples of what you could do:
- Earn your Certified Public Accountant (CPA) or Certified Management Accountant (CMA) designation
- Work in a public accounting firm, providing services to a number of clients
- Work for an individual business or organization, providing accounting services to one specific client
- Start up your own consulting business, helping organizations to become more efficient and effective
- Teach accounting and/or bookkeeping at a vocational school, college, or university
- Take on a role with the IRS or a state tax agency, auditing private businesses, organizations, and individuals
- Specialize in tax preparation and compliance for businesses or individuals
- Work for law enforcement agencies detecting and investigating fraud and other types of financial crime
- Develop computerized accounting software and related technologies for the accounting and finance industry
- Obtain a position with local, state, or federal government, ensuring compliance with relevant laws and regulations
- Work for non-profit groups such as charities, churches, and schools, making sure that finances are being handled efficiently and as prescribed by rules and standards
- Advise businesses, non-profit organizations, and governments on setting and abiding by internal control systems and budgets
- Work in financial planning and management, helping clients to set goals for savings, investments, and more
- Provide internal and external auditing services on a contract basis
- Direct and oversee the financial reporting and internal controls of an organization
- Offer consulting services to clients who are interested in environmentally responsible practices and want to adhere to related regulations
- Work for creditors and investors, determining the value of businesses and their associated assets
- Become a court-appointed trustee on behalf of unsecured creditors during bankruptcy proceedings
- Work for international corporations, investors, and other organizations handling mergers, acquisitions, and other international transactions
- Specialize in doing film and music industry jobs in which you balance the books and make sure that revenues are distributed correctly
Some specific job titles that you could qualify for with an accounting degree can include:
- Financial analyst
- Forensic accountant
- Real estate assessor
- Business valuator
- Forensic actuary
- FBI agent
- Internal/external auditor
- Tax specialist
- Accounting manager
- Controller/assistant controller
- Chief financial officer (CFO)/chief accounting executive
- Bankruptcy trustee
- Financial planner
Breaking Into the Field
Choosing a route
Although you can opt to pursue a position in bookkeeping without a formal education, your employment opportunities and job responsibilities will likely be extremely limited.
Alternatively, diploma or associate degree options exist for those who wish to become junior accountants. Opportunities for advancement are limited, however, without returning to school to earn a more advanced educational credential. Plus, junior accounting or bookkeeping positions tend to include more routine tasks such as recording basic transactions and reconciling monthly bank statements.
The best route to a career in accounting often begins with a degree—more specifically, a bachelor's degree. A bachelor's degree is the minimum education requirement for the popular Certified Management Accountant (CMA) designation, and a bachelor's degree supplemented with additional credit hours or a master's degree is the minimum education requirement for the even more popular Certified Public Accountant (CPA) designation. So how many years is a bachelor's degree program? It's typically a four-year program, but some highly motivated students complete it in less time.
Some employers prefer to hire accountants who possess a master's degree (generally a Master of Business Administration with a concentration in accounting or a Master of Accounting); however, this preference is typically for higher-level positions that involve complex analysis or consulting.
Selecting a school and program
Deciding on a school and program is a big decision. Here are some things to consider if you are trying to select an educational option that will work best for you:
- Talk to local accounting professionals and hiring managers to find out what the standards are in your area, including which schools have the best reputation.
- Check out the individual schools that you are considering in order to obtain specific information about their graduates, such as job placement rates and examples of companies that have hired them.
- Look into accreditation at the school and program level. (And, if you are interested in becoming a CPA, find out if prospective programs are recognized and approved by your state board of public accountancy.)
- Check out the school's elective options if you are thinking about entering a niche area of the field such as forensic accounting.
Adding internship, co-op, or summer job experience within real-world accounting settings can also be an excellent way to further prepare for a future in the accounting field. This type of experience can open the door to potential job offers. Plus, industry experience is often a requirement for certification, and this can be a great way to start accumulating hours in the field.
When planning an accounting career, certification is one of the most important aspects that you'll need to make a decision about. Undoubtedly, certification can put you head and shoulders above competition in the job market. Certification can also legally entitle you to perform a much broader range of duties, making you a more valuable asset to any company.
However, there are a number of certification options to choose from, and it's important to understand each designation along with the associated educational requirements, limitations, and areas of practice. For example, becoming a CPA can allow you to practice in a variety of settings and perform a number of jobs that cannot be completed by other accountants. On the other hand, the CMA designation can open the door to future leadership positions within private sector organizations.
If you want to work for an accounting firm or a large corporation (basically any organization outside of a small business), then certification is likely the right choice for your career. Most companies look for accountants who are already certified (or are on track to becoming certified).
Additional benefits of certification can include:
- Credibility and respect in the field
- Increased opportunities for advancement
- Improved earning potential
- Added value on your resume
Once you're ready to get into the workforce, you could begin as a junior accountant or take on another entry-level position. Earning certification typically requires relevant work experience, which can often be obtained in a junior role. However, each certification is different, so it's a good idea to look at the individual conditions of the certification that you're interested in.
Further to this, you will need to keep any certification that you obtain current, which usually entails completing a prescribed amount of continuing education hours and paying a maintenance or renewal fee.
Within the profession, a number of certifications are available that you may want to consider. Each certification can provide different benefits and will have different prerequisites, all of which are essential to know about before choosing the one that's right for you.
Certified Public Accountant (CPA)
CPA is generally regarded as the most popular and most recognized designation. In order to obtain this respected title, you will need to meet standards for education, examination, experience, and ethics (sometimes called the four E's).
CPA certification prerequisites vary from state to state but typically necessitate:
- Earning 150 credit hours of post-secondary education (equaling a bachelor's degree plus an additional year of study, or a master's degree), although a few states will accept extensive experience (usually 15 or more years) as a substitute
- Successfully passing the Uniform Certified Public Accountant Examination (Uniform CPA Exam) which is administered by the National Association of State Boards of Accountancy (NASBA) and set by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA)
- Obtaining two (or more) years of experience in the accounting field (working under a licensed CPA in approved areas of practice)
- Completing an ethics examination or the AICPA Professional Ethics for CPAs continuing professional education course
- Providing fingerprints and submitting to a criminal background check
The examination for CPAs covers a wide range of important subjects and contains four parts, each of which need to be passed in order to attain CPA certification. The individual components of the CPA examination include:
- Auditing and Attestation (AUD)
- Business Environment and Concepts (BEC)
- Financial Accounting and Reporting (FAR)
- Regulation (REG)
As a CPA, you could sign off on an organization's financial statements and perform audits. You could also be qualified to perform various tax duties that other accountants are not allowed to handle. And, as the name would indicate, becoming a CPA lends itself to a career in the public accounting field, which means working for accounting firms and/or a number of private clients.
Certified Management Accountant (CMA)
In terms of both popularity and recognition, the CMA designation runs a close second to CPA. This credential is offered by the Institute of Management Accountants (IMA) and is designed specifically for individuals who are interested in working for private companies.
CMA certification requires:
- Obtaining IMA membership
- Earning a bachelor's degree from an accredited college or university
- Acquiring two years of continuous experience in acceptable accounting areas
- Complying with IMA's Statement of Ethical Professional Practice
- Successfully completing the CMA examination
The CMA examination is laid out in a two-part form and includes:
- Financial Planning, Performance, and Control
- Financial Decision Making
As a CMA, you could play an important role in financial analysis, performance management, budgeting, and other areas related to business operations.
In addition to CPA and CMA certifications, a number of other designations can be achieved in the accounting field. Here are some of the more common options:
Certified Financial Manager (CFM)
This designation is also offered by IMA and is intended for accounting professionals (including CMAs) who are interested in gaining a more specialized financial management credential. It has the same requirements as those for becoming a CMA plus one further examination component.
Certified Forensic Accountant (Cr.FA)
This designation, awarded by the American College of Forensic Examiners Institute (ACFEI), is designed to supplement the CPA credential and can qualify individuals to testify within a court setting, prepare reports, and perform investigations related to fraud and other financial crimes. To obtain the Cr.FA credential, you must be a CPA, submit three professional references, and pass an online examination.
Certified Fraud Examiner (CFE)
This designation is offered by the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners (ACFE) and is intended for those who want to be accepted as anti-fraud experts. This certification can prepare you to handle the specialized work of identifying, investigating, and preventing fraud and other white-collar crime. To become a CFE, you must hold a bachelor's degree from an accredited institution (or possess a number of years of relevant experience), be an Associate Member of the ACFE, pass the Uniform CFE Examination, provide character references, and abide by a professional code of ethics.
Certified Financial Planner (CFP)
This designation is granted by Certified Financial Planner Board of Standards, Inc. (CFP Board) and is designed to provide the credentials required to assist clients with investing, estate planning, tax planning, insurance, and risk management. In order to achieve this designation, you will need to complete a CFP Board of Standards registered program, pass a CFP Board certification examination, hold a bachelor's degree, possess three years of relevant experience, and sign the CFP Board of Standards' Code of Ethics and Professional Responsibility.
Certified Internal Auditor (CIA)
This designation is administered by The Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA) and is designed for those who want to be recognized as experts in the field of internal auditing. To receive this title, you must hold a bachelor's degree from an accredited college-level institution, provide a character reference, possess at least two years of relevant experience (or a master's degree), and pass a four-part certification examination.
Enrolled Agent (EA)
This designation is bestowed by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and is a specialized credential that is required to legally represent clients in all levels of the IRS for various tax matters. In order to achieve the EA designation, you must successfully complete the Special Enrollment Examination and pass a tax compliance check. This is one of the few designations that does not have a formal education requirement.
Certified Government Financial Manager (CGFM)
The Association of Government Accountants (AGA) offers this designation for those who want to work in federal, state, or local government finance. In order to earn this credential, you must possess a bachelor's degree (with a specified number of credit hours in accounting, auditing, or another relevant area of business), have experience in the field, agree to adhere to AGA's code of ethics, and pass the required examination.
Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA)
This designation is conferred by the CFA Institute and is intended for those who want to gain recognition as an expert in the field of investment analysis, portfolio management, and financial planning. In order to attain this designation, you must possess four years of relevant experience, complete the CFA Program (which typically takes from two to five years), obtain CFA Institute membership, and promise to adhere to a professional code of ethics and standards of professional conduct.
Certified Information Systems Auditor (CISA)
This designation is reserved for accountants who want to gain a specialized credential in the field of internal and external auditing. Offered by ISACA (previously known as the Information Systems Audit and Control Association), this designation requires that you pass the CISA certification examination and adhere to the ISACA Code of Professional Ethics, the Continuing Professional Education Program, and the Information Systems Auditing Standards.
Choosing the Designation for You
Each certification offers its own specific benefits, so determining which one is right for you should involve asking yourself a number of questions, such as:
- How much time am I willing to invest in obtaining an education and gaining professional experience?
- Am I interested in a focused area of the field, or do I want to gain a more versatile credential?
- Do I want to work in public accounting or for a private, non-profit, or governmental organization?
- What amount of time am I willing to commit to continuing education requirements on an annual or biannual basis?
Most often, CPA is the designation that is most popular with both candidates and employers alike. It provides the broadest selection of opportunities. On the other hand, the CMA designation offers many options for those who want to work in the private sector and envision a future in senior management.
If you are interested in getting your foot in the door as an accounting technician or clerk, then a short-term certificate, diploma, or associate degree can be sufficient, and each of these options can take anywhere from a few months to a couple of years.
However, if your professional ambitions include earning a reputable designation such as CPA or CMA, then a bachelor's degree is the minimum standard. In this case, you will have to commit the time needed to earn a degree (typically three to five years) in addition to earning requisite field experience and passing comprehensive certification examinations. Overall, it could take you more than five years to earn one of these designations. Keep in mind that, once you've graduated with your degree, the rest of the process will typically take place while you are earning a paycheck and gaining experience in a junior accounting position.
Preparation for Schooling
Focusing on a number of key subjects can best prepare you to enter the accounting field.
Good courses to take at the high school or college level include:
- Business communication
- Computer science
You can also pursue a summer job in an accounting firm or another type of related position. In addition, an internship or job shadowing opportunity can provide useful insights.
According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the average salary for accountants and auditors is $78,820, which works out to $37.89 per hour. The top earners make more than $122,840.
The highest-paying regions for accountants include the District of Columbia, New York, New Jersey, Virginia, and Connecticut.
Within the field, salary can vary greatly depending on a number of factors (in addition to location), such as:
- Area of expertise/practice—Specialized skills in areas such as management, information systems, internal auditing, and taxation can help you command a higher salary.
- Certifications/designations—The Institute of Management Accountants (IMA) found that accounting professionals who possess the CMA certification have the potential to earn around 30 percent more than their uncertified counterparts, and those who hold CPA certification can make approximately 22 percent more.
- Years of experience—Like in any field, individuals with added experience tend to earn a higher wage.
On top of salary earnings, many accountants receive additional compensation, often in the form of bonuses (signing, annual, or performance), profit sharing, stock options, education incentives, and more.
The BLS is projecting employment growth of six percent in this field from 2018 to 2028. That could mean 90,700 new jobs, adding to the 1.42 million positions that already exist.
It is important to understand that these projections are generalized to the entire accounting and auditing profession and are not differentiated between the various designations and industries.
Individuals who hold the CPA designation along with an advanced degree are expected to have the best opportunities for employment. However, the market for positions in the most desirable accounting firms and businesses will remain highly competitive.
The changing demand for accounting professionals can be attributed to a number of industry trends, including:
- Increased industry regulations following high-profile financial scandals, which have made qualified and certified accountants more employable and have led auditing services to be more in-demand
- Growing use of information technology within the accounting field, which has given way to the need for accountants who are tech-savvy
- Computerized accounting applications becoming more automated, resulting in clerical staff being able to handle more of the basic accounting tasks (shifting the need toward highly skilled and educated accountants)
- Rising awareness of financial crimes, which creates increased demand for forensic accountants and auditors to prevent, detect, and investigate various types of financial fraud
- A call for government accountability and transparency, which has brought on further need for government accountants and auditors
- An increase in international business transactions, which has created greater need for accountants who understand international relations, trade, and law
The overall trend of aging baby boomers nearing retirement is also increasing the demand for accountants and auditors across the board.
Typically, accountants work within corporate-like office settings, and most work on a full-time basis. However, they can be found in many different settings, such as:
- Home-based offices
- Client business environments
- Law enforcement agencies
- Tax agencies (such as the IRS)
- Colleges and universities
- Prestige—Accountants tend to enjoy a high level of respect and prestige (especially CPAs and CMAs) because they've met rigorous education and experience requirements.
- Room to advance—Many current executives, entrepreneurs, and managers got their start in accounting. This could be due to a number of reasons, such as the fact that accountants need to be aware of all aspects of business operations.
- Job outlook—There is strong demand for qualified accountants in the U.S. thanks to increased qualification requirements, many baby boomers nearing retirement, and other factors.
- Interesting work—Accounting involves a wide range of tasks, which can include reporting, auditing, advising, analyzing, and more. This can allow for an interesting and challenging workload.
- Earning potential—The field can offer a substantial wage (with proper education and certification). Additionally, many accountants receive considerable benefits, bonuses, and other perks.
- Career options—Financial services are required in all industries and all sizes of organizations. This means that accountants can find work in a variety of settings, from non-profit to corporate to government environments.
How To Excel as an Accountant
Some actions that could help set you apart in this profession include:
- Seeking out a mentor in the field who can provide guidance and support throughout your career
- Educating yourself about changes in the field, including regulations, laws, and business trends
- Joining state or regional accounting associations, which can offer access to continuing education, industry publications, networking opportunities, job listings, and more
- Keeping up with technological advances that affect the accounting profession
- Honing your leadership and people skills by participating in events, groups, and other activities
- Sharpening your logic skills by playing logic and problem-solving games
Many of the above actions fall under continuing education requirements, but it's crucial to take some initiative and commit to lifelong skill development and learning above and beyond the minimal obligations that come with certification.
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Moderate reasoning
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Education & Jobs
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Let learn Anatomy of breathing | Respiratory Process
Breathing: The process of respiration, during which air is inhaled into the lungs through the mouth or nose due to muscle contraction and then exhaled due to muscle relaxation.
Breathing involves two events:
Inspiration (breathing in) – when the air moves into the lungs.
Expiration (breathing out) – when the air leaves the lungs.
Respiration term is different from breathing. Respiration has three distinct processes: breathing, exchanging gases and cellular respiration. Here’s a breakdown:
• Breathing: also called pulmonary ventilation scientifically, it involves the movement of air into and out of the lungs. Breathing is comprised of two distinct phases inspiration and expiration.
• Exchanging gases: This takes place between the lungs, the blood and the body’s cells in two ways:
• Pulmonary or external respiration: This occurs in the lungs when blood receives oxygen and loses carbon dioxide
Systemic or internal respiration: This happens in and out of small blood vessels when the blood releases some of its oxygen and collects carbon dioxide from the tissues.
• Cellular respiration: Oxygen is used in the breaking down of substances like glucose for the production of energy, thus producing CO₂ as a by product.
MECHANISM OF BREATHING | Anatomy of breathing | Respiratory Process
To complete a normal inhalation, the diaphragm (muscle present at the base of lungs) contracts. This pushes down the thoracic cage ( ribs and sternum which protects our lungs and heart) thus increasing the volume of the lungs. An increase in volume leads to decrease in pressure (known as Boyle’s Law). So, the pressure of the air already inside the lungs drops below the pressure of the air outside our bodies. Because gasses move from higher pressure to lower pressure, air flows into the lungs. For a deeper inhalation, we contract the intercostal muscles (between the ribs), which pull the ribcage out increasing the volume and dropping the pressure inside the lungs lower – more air can come in. Exhalation is a passive process, that is, we don’t tell the lungs to breathe out. We simply stop telling the diaphragm (and the intercostal muscles if they’re engaged) to contract. When they relax, volume decreases and pressure increases and air is forced out.
- Healthy lungs take in about ½ litre of air about 12-15 times each minute.
- All of the blood in the body is passed through the lungs every minute.
Despite the automatic nature of breathing, most people have a lot to learn and improve upon. We tend to huff at a fairly quick clip most of the time anywhere from 14 to 20 breaths per minute which is about three times faster than the 5 or 6 breaths per minute proven to help you feel your best, which can be achieved by practising Pranayam Kriyas.”Pranayam is control of Breath”. “Pran” is vital energy in the body. It teaches you to slow down, gain power over your thoughts and essentially ‘control your life force’ through breathing.
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Basic reasoning
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Health
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Individual therapy is a type of psychotherapy in which clients work one-on-one with a qualified mental health professional in a secure, comforting, and private setting. It is sometimes referred to as psychotherapy, talk therapy, or individual counseling treatment.
Individual therapy is the most common evidence-based psychological treatment for mental disorders and can include a variety of treatment techniques. Examples of such treatments include psychoanalysis, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), Behavioral therapy, Humanistic therapy, and holistic therapy.
Table of Contents
- Types of Individual Psychotherapy
- Benefits of Individual Therapy
- How Does Individual Therapy for Addiction Work?
- Why Individual Counseling is Needed
- Counseling Therapies
- What is the Role of the Therapist in an Individual Therapy Program?
- 7 Reasons Therapy Might be Good for You
- Individualized Treatment at Illinois Recovery Center
Types of Individual Psychotherapy
The American Psychological Association (APA) categorizes individual psychotherapy techniques into five primary groups:
- Psychoanalysis – is the type of therapy that is frequently represented in classic movies, with the patient lying on a sofa and the therapist reclining near their head. The analyst does not express their own ideas but instead allows the client to project their emotions onto the analyst.
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy– focuses on teaching individuals how to be their own therapists and intends to assist them in developing self-reliance. The goal of CBT in individual therapy is to help patients develop coping skills so they may learn to modify their own thinking, troublesome emotions, and behavior through activities done both in-session and as “homework” outside of sessions.
- Behavioral Therapy- The behavioral approach is a type of treatment that focuses on existing behaviors and issues and what adjustments may be made to eliminate problematic behaviors.
- Humanistic Therapy-A person is evaluated from a humanistic perspective as a whole rather than simply via one specific aspect of their personality. It is a branch of psychology that examines the idea of being entirely unique and special.
- Holistic Therapy: A form of treatment known as holistic therapy focuses on the “whole” person. The integration of spiritual, physical, mental, and emotional well-being occurs in this type of treatment. Its objective is to aid people in learning more about themselves on all these levels.
Benefits of Individual Therapy
Individual therapy is an effective treatment option for a wide range of mental, emotional, and behavioral health problems. Individual treatment has various advantages, including:
1. Personalized therapy
The therapist will design a treatment plan based on your issues and needs.
You may not want the entire world to know you are undergoing therapy. You can discuss your issues with the therapist, knowing they will be kept private. Individual treatment will safeguard your confidentially the most because your problems will only be communicated between you and the therapist.
3. Gain a Better Understanding of Yourself
Individual counseling provides a safe space to explore your thoughts, feelings, and concerns. Individual therapy, as opposed to family or group therapy, focuses solely on you. This allows for a more in-depth understanding of yourself, increasing self-awareness of your emotions and typical defense mechanisms by identifying the underlying causes of your symptoms so you can develop coping methods to help you deal with stressful situations.
4. Improved Communication Skills
Speaking with a qualified therapist can assist you in developing effective communication skills. Identifying your genuine emotions, expressing them in a way your partner can experience them, and requesting what you need are all part of individual therapy for communication problems.
A licensed clinical social worker, qualified counselor, or therapist may assist you in learning relaxation methods, active listening skills, and how to express your inner self while being respectful of others.
5. Develop Coping Skills
Individual therapy is all about one-on-one counseling, so patients have plenty of time to work through stress, depression, or anxiety to help them face problems and overcome challenges. This type of treatment provides positive coping techniques such as self-soothing and acceptance. A therapist may assist you in exploring and understanding the source of your stress. You may then collaborate to develop specific solutions that will help you combat it.
How Does Individual Therapy for Addiction Work?
Individual therapy sessions allow people to talk confidentially about their problems or situations with a trained professional. It doesn’t necessarily make problems disappear but can give the person the tools to cope. This therapy is used with other mental and behavioral health treatment types, such as substance abuse counseling and family therapy.
Individual counseling sessions may help with various problems that produce stress, anger, sadness, or conflict. An individual and a therapist will discuss a variety of mental health concerns in a safe, confidential setting, including but not limited to:
- Expression of feelings and thoughts
- Patterns of behavior
- resolving issues
- Dispute resolution
- Weaknesses and strengths
Some issues can be resolved with a few weeks of short-term therapy. Chronic or more complicated issues, on the other hand, may necessitate long-term therapy. The number of sessions and frequency of appointments are determined by the individual’s situation and the clinician’s suggestions.
Why Individual Counseling is Needed
Counseling is the backbone of many people’s substance abuse disorder (SUD) treatment. Cognitive-behavioral therapy, family counseling, and other types of therapy help an individual stay clean. Psychotherapy can also treat other mental health conditions that frequently play a part in substance abuse. Psychoanalysis involves exploring the organization of the personality in a way that looks at deep conflicts and defenses. According to the principles of psychoanalysis, you can only cure a problem by recognizing and solving the initial conflict.
A SUD is more than a physical dependence on alcohol or drugs. After medical detox, you have a high risk for relapse when your body is no longer dependent on a substance. Psychological and social factors can be potent triggers that could cause a relapse. Relapse triggers include:
- Environmental cues, like going to a specific neighborhood
- Social networks–spending time with friends who still use substances
These factors may create a strong urge to use it again. Counseling can help you break away from the cravings and learn to manage what comes your way without drugs or alcohol.
Several individual therapy programs are used to treat SUDs. No method is considered to be better than the others. Similarly, no one approach works for everyone. The appropriate treatment plan should be tailored to treat your addiction and individual needs.
Individual therapy can help you when you have bipolar disorder, depression, or any other significant mental health condition that needs treatment on its own, separate from substance use disorder.
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy teaches the individual to recognize moods, thoughts, and situations that trigger drug cravings. The therapist teaches you how to avoid these triggers. You will learn to substitute negative thoughts and feelings with healthy ones that help you not to use them. These skills you’ll learn will last a lifetime, making this a powerful treatment method.
Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)
DBT focuses on acceptance and change. While treating SUDs, DBT emphasizes curbing substance use and behaviors that lead to it while enhancing healthy behavior that helps you avoid using.
Contingency Management Therapy (CM)
CM gives you tangible rewards for staying clean. They may be vouchers for goods and services or privileges in a strict treatment setting.
What is the Role of the Therapist in an Individual Therapy Program?
The therapist’s job is to:
- effectively understand the client’s problem and
- develop a treatment plan with the client.
This means that therapists must be imaginative and adaptable so they can treat their clients in an individualized way. They must adjust treatment based on what the client needs and can do.
Substance Abuse Therapists
These professionals help people whose lives are ruined by drug or alcohol addiction. They help their clients learn coping skills and self-control over their impulses. Good therapists will explain the process step-by-step. This requires:
- Helping the client reflect on issues to make positive changes
- Listen and encourage the client by being kind, dependable, and empathetic
- Helping the client to think about their life and emotional struggles
- Keep complete confidentiality of client’s records
7 Reasons Therapy Might be Good for You
Many people hesitate to seek therapy because of mental illness and substance use stigma. However, individual therapy is helpful to anyone who might be experiencing any of these common problems:
- Extreme emotions (sadness or anger)
- Substance abuse
- Work problems
- Loss of interest in enjoyable activities
- Strained personal and family relationships
- Concerns expressed by friends or family
Individualized Treatment at Illinois Recovery Center
Our individualized treatment is available at Illinois Recovery Center if you or a loved one is struggling with a substance use disorder. We provide a variety of therapeutic modalities for our individual therapy. No matter what mental health issue you are dealing with—anxiety, a mood disorder, or any mental health concerns—our counseling services are here to help you get through the challenges.
Our skilled and compassionate therapists are happy to work with you to improve your well-being, promote personal growth, boost your self-esteem, build healthy coping mechanisms, and aid in your full recovery.
We can provide different mental health services, such as:
We can also offer you a supervised medical detox program to help you safely eliminate the toxins from your body and break your dependence.
Following detox, we have professionally trained therapists to help you create a tailored therapy program to help you discover and treat any underlying mental issues that may have aggravated your substance abuse.
You or your loved one deserve the best treatment available to give you the best possible chance for lifelong recovery. Contact us today and find out what we can do for you.
What is individual therapy?
Individual therapy, also known as psychotherapy or counseling, is a treatment process that helps patients address personal challenges and improve their mental health. In individual therapy, patients work one-on-one with a licensed mental health professional to discuss their thoughts, feelings, and experiences. Together, they explore the patient’s unique history and identify patterns of behavior that may contribute to the patient’s current difficulties. Through this process, patients gain insight into their challenges and learn new coping methods. Individual therapy can effectively treat various mental health issues, including anxiety, depression, and trauma. It can also help people to develop healthier relationships and manage stress more effectively.
What is the difference between individual and group therapy?
Individual therapy is a type of psychological counseling that is conducted one-on-one with a trained therapist. The therapist and the client work together to explore the client’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors to address personal issues and achieve personal goals. Individual therapy can effectively treat anxiety, depression, and other mental health disorders.
Group therapy is a type of psychological counseling that is conducted with a group of people who share similar issues or goals. The group typically meets regularly with a trained therapist. During group therapy sessions, members share their experiences and offer support to each other. Group therapy can effectively treat anxiety, depression, and other mental health disorders.
What is individual talk therapy?
Talk therapy, also known as psychotherapy or counseling, is a process that involves talking with a trained therapist to explore your thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Unlike medication, which focuses on treating mental illness symptoms, talk therapy addresses the underlying causes of distress. Talk therapy teaches you new skills and coping mechanisms to help you manage your symptoms and reduce your distress. You may also gain insight into your thoughts and emotions, which can help you to make positive changes in your life. Talk therapy is an effective treatment for many mental health conditions and can be conducted in individual or group settings.
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Moderate reasoning
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Health
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How to look after fruit trees in the month of April. Read our tips on the work to be performed on fruit trees in a garden or orchard in order to keep them in good health. The blossoms of some types of fruit trees are particularly vulnerable to frost. Watch out for the onset of fungal diseases. There are methods of improving pollination.
Fruit tree management in April
- This month there may be sharp ground frost and air frosts in the UK. The blossoms of most cherry, plum and greengage are fully out and therefore very vulnerable to being killed off by the cold snap. If you would like a crop on those trees, cover the blossoms with a double layer of garden fleece. Even if you cannot cover up all the flowering branches, try to do some. If a sunny day follows, make sure the bees and various pollinating insects are able to crawl over the blossoms in order to bring about fruit set. Use clothes pegs to fasten the fleece. By 9am undo some clothes pegs thereby creating a gap for the bees to visit the blossoms. Fasten the clothes pegs again by 6pm if another frost is expected.
- Check if the flowering fruit trees are well served by pollinators, which need to be in flower at the same time. If this is not the case, locate a tree of the same species (e.g. apple) but of a different variety, cut about three feet of branch (to ensure that it includes both one and two-year-old wood), place it in a bottle of water and hang it in the tree. This will enable cross fertilization and encourage a good fruit set. The cut branches should be in place before the flowers open completely. Watch a video on how to improve cherry tree pollination.
- Keep 1 square metre totally clear of all weeds and grass around the trunks of the trees.
- Mow the grass around the trees, at a higher setting to start off with.
- On light sandy soils start watering the trees on a weekly basis.
- Check that tree ties are not too tight.
- Cut out dead branches and paint the wounds with a sealing compound.
How to control pests and diseases on fruit trees in April
- Deal with fungal wood diseases such as canker, collar rot, bootlace fungus.
- Do not let damaging insects get out of control. Stay on the lookout for various types of aphids.
- Look at your trees at weekly intervals in order to detect possible damage by mice, muntjacks, deer, rabbit and hare.
- Several diseases may become visible in April. Fruit trees are site sensitive. Climatic conditions in the UK vary considerably from north to south and/or east to west. Diseases such as canker, scab and mildew in apple trees, and silver leaf and bacterial canker in plum trees, are closely linked to the different climatic conditions in various parts of the country. Canker and scab are particularly troublesome in the high rainfall areas of the west country and the more northerly areas where fruit is grown. In low-rainfall areas such as East Anglia, apple trees tend to be affected particularly by mildew under dry soil conditions and warm/humid growing conditions. Silver leaf and bacterial canker in plums and cherry trees and brown rot may occur at this time of year anywhere in the country and are therefore not directly connected to climatic conditions. A great deal can be done to control these fruit tree afflictions without the use of chemicals:
– Choose resistant varieties;
– Maintain an open tree structure at all times;
– Cut out diseased branches or shoots when pruning, and remove all prunings from the orchard or garden. Seal the pruning wounds.
– Practice tree hygiene and remove all mummified fruits from the ground or still in the tree.
– Seaweed sprays and garlic mixtures all help to increase resistance against fungal diseases.
– Make sure the trees never suffer from drought or conditions of waterlogged soil.
– Finally, stay in touch with your trees on a weekly basis and the trees will show you when help is needed in the early stages, to avoid major problems from developing.
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Moderate reasoning
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Home & Hobbies
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Bean sprouts have been used for centuries for their nutritional and medical benefits. Chinese physicians prescribed sprouts over 5,000 years ago. Bean sprouts have continued to be a staple in Asian cuisine. Although accounts of sprouting appear in the Bible in the Book of Daniel, it took centuries for Europeans and Americans to fully appreciate bean sprouts. In the 1700’s, sailors suffered from scurvy (lack of vitamin C) during their voyages. In the 1770s, Captain James Cook had his sailors eat limes, lemons, and sprouts; all abundant sources of vitamin C. Along with other fresh fruits and vegetables, a continuous program of growing and eating sprouts was credited with preventing scurvy in sailors. During World War II, Dr. Clive McKay of Cornell University sparked American interest in sprouts. Dr. McKay had spent years researching sprouted soybeans. He wrote an article that touted soybean sprouts as “A vegetable that will grow in any climate, will rival meat in nutritive value, will mature in 3 to 5 days, may be planted any day of the year, will require neither soil nor sunshine, will rival tomatoes in vitamin C, will be free of waste in preparation and can be cooked with little fuel….”
You can sprout a variety of beans, including kidney beans, Great Northern beans, soy beans, mung beans, lentils, and adzuki beans. During germination, the nutritive ingredients found in beans and seeds become profoundly modified: starch is converted into glucose and fructose, bean proteins are predigested by specific seed enzymes and transformed into amino acids and more digestible protein nutrients, the water content increases, as well as the vitamin and mineral content. Unlike most vegetables, whose nutritional value progressively decreases after they have been harvested, bean sprouts retain their nutritional properties until consumed.
Bean sprouts are low in fat and carbohydrates. Per 100 grams, the caloric value of bean sprouts ranges from mung sprouts with only 30 calories to lentil sprouts with 106 and soybean sprouts with 122. Bean sprouts are a rich source of amino acids. Their protein values range from three grams (mung sprouts) to 13 grams (soybean sprouts). This makes them a good source of protein, because three grams represents 6 percent and 13 grams equals 26 percent of the recommended daily value (DV).
Bean sprouts are a great source of vitamin C, providing 22 percent to 28 percent of the daily value. They’re also good sources of many B vitamins. They’re especially high in folate, with mung beans providing 15 percent, lentils 25 percent, and soybeans 43 percent of the daily value. Lentil and soybean sprouts are a good source of thiamine (15 and 23 percent of DV, respectively), with mung sprouts containing 6 percent of DV. They provide 4 percent to 9 percent of the daily value of riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid and vitamin B6. Bean sprouts also contain vitamin D. Mung sprouts provide several other important nutrients, including 41 percent of the daily value of vitamin K. They have six micrograms each of alpha and beta carotene and one percent of the daily value of vitamin E.
Lentil and soybean sprouts provide higher amounts of most minerals: iron (18 and 12 percent DV) , magnesium (9 and 18 percent DV), phosphorus (17 and 16 percent DV), potassium, (9 and 14 percent DV), zinc (10 and 8 percent DV) and copper (18 and 21 percent DV). Both are also a great source of manganese, with lentil sprouts having 25 percent and soybean sprouts providing 35 percent DV. All three contain small amounts of calcium. Mung sprouts provide all the same minerals in a range of 3 to 9 percent DV.
Soybeans produce the only sprouts that have enough dietary fiber to be significant, providing 4 percent of DV. Bean sprouts can help reduce the blood levels of LDL-cholesterol due to their fiber and lecithin. This effect is beneficial to the heart and vessels, since it helps prevent the development of atherosclerosis, the most common cause of cardiovascular disease.
Bean sprouts are rich sources of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. Mung sprouts provide 16 mg, lentil sprouts 38 mg and soybean sprouts 445 mg of omega-3 fatty acids. While mung sprouts have 42 mg and lentils have 181 mg of omega-6 fatty acids, soybean sprouts provide a huge 3,338 mg.
Bean sprouts contain saponins, which are phytochemicals that lower blood cholesterol, decrease risk of cardiovascular disease, prevent cancer cells from growing and mutating, neutralize free radicals to prevent disease, stimulate your immune system by increasing the production of antibodies, fight bacterial and fungal infections, reduce inflammation, lower blood glucose responses, prevent cavities, protect against bone loss, and increase the effectiveness of certain vaccines.
Mung bean sprouts contain 15 mg per 100 grams of phytoestrogens called isoflavones, that can help relieve many symptoms associated with menopause (such as hot flashes, heart palpitations, and osteoporosis) that result from decreased estrogen levels. Phytoestrogens found in bean sprouts act on certain estrogen-receptors found in the skin, stimulating the synthesis of hyaluronic acid, collagen, and elastin, which are vital components of the skin’s structure, and improves elasticity and reduces moisture loss. Bean sprouts contain high amounts of proteins, vitamins, and zinc in a readily available form, which promote healthy hair and nails. Bean sprouts are an excellent source of lecithin which, besides lowering blood cholesterol levels, helps prevent fatty liver disease. Bean sprouts are a source of readily available energy and other nutrients which are helpful in relieving stress and fatigue.
Rinse sprouts thoroughly with water before eating them. Most sprouts can be eaten raw; if cooking them, sauté very lightly or just a quick blanch or light steam. Do not overcook. Whether raw or cooked, bean sprouts can be used in a variety of dishes, including appetizers, salads, stir fries, side dishes and snacks. They can be juiced, and are usually added to other vegetable juices. To get used to their flavor, it is better to start with a handful of sprouts added to other green juices and then increase the amount depending on your taste.
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Moderate reasoning
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Health
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Use some job skills to make easy work of raising happy kids
Using common sense skills learned at work to deal with your children can help make family life much more harmonious, the author of a new guide for working parents tells Lisa Salmon.
Work and home are very separate spheres for many parents who struggle to balance the two. But there can be a successful overlap, promises entrepreneur and parenting coach Nadim Saad.
The father-of-three firmly believes employing common sense skills learned at work including teamwork, effective communication and forward planning, can radically improve family life.
He's written a book, The Working Parents' Guide To Raising Happy And Confident Children, to explain just how parents can use the skills often unconsciously utilised at work to hugely improve family life.
"Rather than trying to separate work and family life, we might be able to benefit from drawing more parallels between the two," he explains.
Saad outlines a series of tools and techniques designed to help busy working parents raise happy and confident children, including teamwork, planning ahead, creating routines, asking questions, positive redirection, effective communication and leading by example.
But how do they work on a practical level? Here are some of Saad's suggestions:
An important way of improving the family dynamic is by trying to stop controlling children and ordering them to do everything, explains Saad. He says there are simple alternatives to orders, and the first is asking questions. "You don't need to remind children all day what they have to do, because they already know in at least 90% of cases and they just shut you off because you're repeating yourself," he says. Instead, he suggests parents ask questions like, 'What are you supposed to do now?', or if they make a mistake, ask, 'What are you going to do about it?' "Make them responsible," he says. "They think, and they become much less resistant than when they're in their defensive mode."
In a similar manner, instead of threatening children by saying things like, 'If you don't do your homework, you're not going on the Xbox', Saad suggests parents should replace the negative with a positive - so make it, 'As soon as you've finished your homework you can go on the Xbox'. "That non-confrontational approach completely changes the dynamic, because it focuses on what you can control," says Saad, "and the kids stop wanting to control you because they don't feel controlled either."
Another tool is to give children choices, such as asking them if they want to leave now or in five minutes. "Children just love it because they feel they've got more control," he says. He explains that if parents can make children feel mum and dad aren't the bad guys and whatever's going on is their own choice, if that choice goes wrong they'll understand they're just experiencing the consequences of their own bad choice. It's much the same as a manager delegating responsibility at work.
Saad stresses that if children are whining and arguing, a parent getting angry or shouting just makes the situation worse. "Unfortunately it reinforces the whining and arguing, because children prefer negative attention to no attention at all. "They don't realise this negative attention isn't fulfilling their needs, so they still do it."
Saad suggests families should regularly get together for meetings, just like staff meetings at work, and start them with gratitude and compliments. "Make sure there's a shared sense of purpose as a family," he advises. "Then you can discuss other issues that may not be working, and what you can do as a family to make it work.
Saad also has some answers for common problems.
Instead of losing your temper when a child doesn't listen, Saad suggests giving them limited choices, by asking something like, 'Would you rather do this now, or after you've finished your game?' Ask questions, like 'What are you supposed to do now?' Use a positive and enforceable statement, such as, 'I listen to children who listen to me'.
Instead of giving in to whining, try asking a question like, 'Do you think I can understand you when you speak this way?' Use a positive and enforceable statement, like 'I listen to children who speak in the same tone of voice as mine'. Use positive redirection like, 'I can give you a chocolate later, but I can give you an apple now.'
To help prevent the kids' morning slowness making you late for work, try planning ahead by getting clothes ready the night before, and getting the kids up earlier.
Using limited choices, ask, 'Would you rather use the 30 minutes before breakfast to get dressed, or use 10 minutes to get dressed and 20 minutes to play?'
Use positive and enforceable statements such as, 'My car leaves in five minutes and I take children to school dressed or not dressed'. Work out a morning routine with your child, maybe even with some illustrations. Ask questions like, 'What are you supposed to do next?' Problem solving: ask your child what they could do next time to help them get ready faster.
- The Working Parents' Guide To Raising Happy And Confident Children by Nadim Saad is published by Best of Parenting Publishing, £11.99. Available now
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Strong reasoning
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Social Life
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One of my least favorite slogans is "what will be will be." What is expressed in this slogan may appear, of course, in other disguises, some rather sophisticated. For instance, it can be found dressed up in the language of the social and psychological sciences, delivered in the professional tones, and with the authority, of full professors at famous institutions.
The idea itself is a bad one, nevertheless. Let me suggest that none of us would really want to live in the world this slogan describes. At the very least, it would take all the fun out of life.
"What will be, will be," a philosophy popularized by Doris Day if memory serves, means that everything is predetermined anyway, so we should not fret ourselves about it. In other words, the events of our existence are prescheduled, so there's not a whole lot we can do about it. This is, in essence, the theory of Fate, found in works as diverse as the Oedipus of Sophocles and the Lolita of Nabokov.
To see why this is a bad idea, let us be sure we understand its implications. To assert that everything is predetermined is to say that everything happens of necessity. It must happen. Let us think very hard about this. Necessity and possibility are mutually exclusive. Therefore, if everything is necessary, then it follows that nothing is possible. If it is true that "what will be will be," then of nothing can we say, "maybe it will and maybe it won't."
Furthermore, if necessity covers everything and possibility covers nothing, then free choice is illusory. In such a universe there is no room to maneuver; life is so tight, so controlled that there is no "give" nor "play" in it. All conclusions are foregone conclusions. Should I decide to purchase a new bonnet, it would be just old hat.
Now as a matter of elementary logic, one can hardly conceive any idea less favorable to really new beginnings than the thesis that life has no possibilities, or that everything has already been determined anyway, whether such determination is caused by God's relentless will (as in Islamic doctrine), or by an impersonal fortune (according to many writers from Homer to Schopenhauer), or by material and mechanical forces (taught by Hobbes and others), or, more recently, by social dynamics (according to the popular theories of, say, B. F. Skinner).
I am not sure I can imagine any notion less compatible with the biblical and Christian teaching on history than the assertion, "what will be will be." To say, as the Bible and the Church have always insisted on saying, that we are responsible beings answerable to God for our lives and our moral decisions, is to assert that our choices are really free, that we have a genuine say about what will be, that we do not simply act from compulsory forces outside of our control, that what comes forth from us is not just the sum total of the influences brought to bear upon us, that "it is not what enters a man from without that defiles him."
If (by way of illustration here) I take a hammer and fling it at the unsuspecting head of my friend Ralph, the hammer itself, having no say over the matter, cannot be held responsible for what happens to the skull of that unfortunate gentleman. But if "what will be will be," if my throwing of that hammer has been predetermined, if my deed is only the sum total of the influences brought to bear upon me, if the action is simply caused either by God's will or by social dynamics or by anything else, then I am no more responsible for the act than is the inert hammer. If my free human choice really does not exist, the hammer and I are equally unaccountable for the fate of poor Ralph and his grieving head.
We have it on the highest authority that "not what enters into a man from without defiles him but what proceeds from his heart." In very large measure, what will be will be what we choose it to be. Human decision is a true beginning, not an end result. "The error," said G. K. Chesterton, "is in always treating the soul as a product and never treating it as an origin."
The Moslem, the Stoic, and the social determinist all say "what will be will be," but the Christian will insist that the future is really fertile with new and genuine possibilities, things that truly may or may not be, attainable realities open to the heart's choice. The biblical and Christian dogma of human freedom, then, is one of the indispensable components of all new beginnings.
Subscribe to Pastoral Ponderings — Fr. Reardon's weekly essay.
Read past essays and listen to podcasts by Fr. Reardon.
Books by Fr. Reardon:
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| 0.96555 | 998 | 2.578125 | 3 | 2.914436 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
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Religion
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About this Book
"I commit that by the end of this book, you'll know more and be uncertain less; see more and deny less, accept more and hesitate less; act more and worry less. How can I be so sure? Because if nature selected you for the job of protecting a child, odds are you're up to it."--Gavin de Becker
In his groundbreaking bestseller "The Gift of Fear", Gavin de Becker showed millions of readers that like every creature on earth, human beings can predict violent behavior. Now, in "Protecting the Gift", de Becker empowers parents to trust fully their own intuition when it comes to their children's safety.
In this indispensable resource, de Becker provides keen insights into the behavior and strategies of predators. He offers practical new steps to enhance children's safety at every age level: specific questions parents can ask to screen effectively and evaluate baby-sitters, day-care services, schools, and doctors; a "Test of Twelve" safety skills children need before being alone in public; warning signs to help parents protect children from sexual abuse; and how to keep teenage girls and boys from unsafe situations with peers and adults. De Becker also shatters the myth that rules like Never Talk to Strangers will keep your children safe. By showing what danger really looks like--as opposed to what we might imagine it looks like--de Becker gives parents freedom from many common worries and unwarranted fears.
All parents face the same challenges when it comes to their children's safety: whom to trust, whom to distrust, what to believe, what to doubt, what to fear, and what not to fear. De Becker helps parents find some certainty about life's highest-stakes questions:
- How can I know a baby-sitter won't turn out to be someone who harms my child?
- What should I ask child-care professionals when I interview them?
- What's the best way to prepare my child for walking to school alone?
- How can my child be safer at school?
- How can I spot sexual predators?
- What should I do if my child is lost in public?
- How can I teach my child about risk without causing too much fear?
- What must my teenage daughter know in order to be safe?
- What must my teenage son know in order to be safe?
- And finally, in the face of all these questions, how can I reduce the worrying?
A generation ago, in "Baby and Child Care", Dr. Benjamin Spock told parents that they already possessed most of the important knowledge about their children's health. Similarly, when it comes to predicting violence and protecting children, de Becker demonstrates that you already know most of what you need to know-- parents have, he says, "the wisdom of the species."
"Gavin de Becker has done it again--this time for kids. "Protecting the Gift" provides practical solutions to keeping youngsters safe from the day-to-day violence that threatens their world. De Becker is truly a modern-day knight --a good guy who shares his intuitive and intellectual armor with us all. A brilliant lesson plan in prevention." --Ken Wooden, leading child advocate and author of "
Bestselling author Gavin de Becker is America's leading expert on predicting violent behavior. Advising such clients as the C.I.A. and the United States Supreme Court, this three-time presidential appointee has changed the way the United States government protects its highest officials. He is the co-chair of the Domestic Violence Council Advisory Board, and co-founder of Victory Over Violence, an organization that assists battered women and their children.
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Strong reasoning
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Health
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The following instructions will guide you through the worst submarine crisis situations. Please follow them carefully if your Sub is pinned down at the bottom of the ocean.
1. Do not, I repeat, DO NOT open windows or hatches to scream for help. Incoming water could ruin your shoes. If you do open anything, keep your mouth closed.
2. Use a heavy object to knock on solid surfaces like doors, frames or the floor. Do not knock on torpedoes. If you do knock on a torpedo, close your ears.
3. After not reporting to naval command for 2 hours, they will start a search for you and your 24 nukes. Do not panic, you have air for 5 days.
4. If you're in a Russian submarine, after not reporting to naval command for 5 days, they will start a search for your 24 nukes. Do not panic, you have air for 2 hours.
So, how do you actually call for help when you're pinned down at the bottom of the sea? Well, the rather disturbing answer is: you can't! When submerged, there are no possibilities to communicate with surface ships or naval command.
What means of communication Submarines do have? If they are on the surface, they can use radio equipment, just like any other ship. Although short wave HF radios can be used, modern subs use satellite communication to keep contact. With VLF, 3 to 30 Khz, the Subs can receive up to a depth of 20 meters (60 feet). If it is required to stay in deeper water, a buoy on a cable can be deployed, until a depth of a few meters. If you're in deeper water, or have no buoy, you have a problem.
Until 2004, the US subs could receive messages through ELF (Extreme Low Frequency) transmitters, ranging from 3 to 300 Hz. The transmitters use extremely large coastal underwater antenna's, 20 to 40 Km wide. You need a power plant to feed these monsters. Obviously, they can only send messages to you. You cannot send anything back, since you don't carry such large antenna's on your Sub. Due to the extreme long wave length, transmission rate is very slow. Only a few character per minute. The system was normally used to call the Sub to the surface, and continue communication with radio or satellite. Unfortunately, the US abandoned this system and the antenna's were dismantled in 2004.
So, Houston, we now have a problem...
More info on submarine communication can be found here.
By the way. The Russian mini-sub was strangled in a top secret submarine warning system antenna. Well, they can sleep on both ears, the warning system works extremely well. The whole world knows a sub was there.
Update: Frode pointed me to something totally new and interesting, SEADEEP blue and green laser.
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Moderate reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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Mountain beauty, cloud beauty, leaf beauty – what is all of this doing in John Ruskin’s Modern Painters? Why all of the diagrams of striated cliffs and parts of trees (Chapter 4: “The Bud,” Ch. 5: “The Leaf,” Ch. 6: “The Branch”)?
To judge a painting of a peak or tree, the critics must understand peaks and trees. He must see them as they are and understand what he is seeing, not see them as they are conventionally represented. For most people, including Ruskin, this requires a scientific understanding of natural phenomena. A few geniuses, like J. M. W. Turner or Titian, see everything intuitively, or through their own eye training. Ruskin and I have to work harder. Most landscape painters, including some of the supposed greats, do not understand what they are seeing. That is Ruskin’s argument.
A piece of Modern Painters like Volume 4 (“Mountain Beauty”), Chapter 16 (“Resulting Forms: Thirdly, Precipices”) is really about what the title claims, precipices, those of the Swiss Alps, and how they are formed by erosion and the movement of tectonic plates. Ruskin does not know of the existence of the plates, but he does a good job of identifying the gaps in his own knowledge, allowing me to fill some of them in a little.
Sometimes Ruskin’s writing – I will stay with the precipices – is cleanly precise, as with this glacier: “Higher up, the ice opens into broad white fields and furrows, hard and dry, scarcely fissured at all.” But then the glacier becomes something else as Ruskin invokes an empty street “of tombs in a buried city,”
the whole scene so changeless and soundless; so removed, not merely from the presence of men, but even from their thoughts; so destitute of all life of tree or herb, and so immeasurable in its lonely brightness of majestic death, that it looks like a world from which not only the human, but the spiritual, presences had perished, and the last of its archangels, building the great mountains for their monuments, had laid themselves down in the sunlight to an eternal rest, each in his white shroud.
Ruskin has interwoven some kind of fantasy novel with his precipices. Soon he is hiking up the Matterhorn, pausing to listen to the Alps, “these wrinkled hills in their snowy, cold, grey-haired old age, at first so silent, then, as we keep quiet at their feet, muttering and whispering to us garrulously, in broken and dreaming fits, as it were, about their childhood” before imagining them as their components, “little flakes of mica-sand… almost too small for sight.” If one of these flakes “could have a mind given to it” (yes, if!) as it passed through the ages, “laid, (would it not have thought?) for a hopeless eternity, in the dark ooze, the most despised, forgotten, and feeble of all atoms” – Ruskin is, remember, following a sentient grain of sand:
what would it have thought, had it been told that one day, knitted into a strength as of imperishable iron, rustless by the air, infusible by the flame, out of the substance of it, with its fellows, the axe of God should hew that Alpine tower; that against I – poor, helpless, mica flake! – the wild north winds should rage in vain; beneath it – low-fallen mica flake! – the snowy hills should lie bowed like flocks of sheep, and the kingdoms of the earth fade away in unregarded blue; and around it – weak, wave-drifted mica flake! – the great war of the firmament should burst in thunder, and yet stir it not; and the fiery arrows and angry meteors of the night fall blunted back from it into the air; and all the stars in the clear heaven should light, one by one as they rose, new cressets upon the points of snow that fringed its abiding-place on the imperishable spire?
The grain of sand ends up on the tip of the Matterhorn is what happened there, for those who lost the thread. This is not exactly how geology is taught now (or then), but it is effective in its own way.
One of the great pleasures of reading Ruskin, is what this sort of thing is. Unpaintable, the author declares in the next paragraph, “beyond [the landscape painter’s] power – even beyond Turner’s.” I believe Ruskin is right about that.
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en
| 0.963161 | 1,031 | 2.796875 | 3 | 2.865083 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
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Literature
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