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Three years after the Tohoku earthquake and tsunami in Japan, hundreds of thousands of people still can’t go home. Little pieces of their former lives, from toys and shoes to refrigerator doors, keep washing up on shores on the other side of the Pacific, along with belongings from the thousands of others who lost their lives in the disaster.
This series of collages, made from photographs taken while sailing on a 3,800-mile journey through the ocean debris, documents some of those small reminders of the tragedy. U.K.-based photographer Mandy Barker joined scientists in 2012 for the trip. While the researchers looked at the environmental impact of the 5 million tons of trash that ended up in the ocean after the tsunami, Barker focused on also capturing some of the human impact.
“Witnessing endless mountains of unrecovered personal possessions was unspeakable, but at the same time an essential experience which put into perspective the scale of human loss and the uncertainty of what lay in our journey ahead,” Barker says.
At first, she struggled to take the pictures. “I felt I was intruding into the lives and grief of people I knew nothing about,” she says. “It was very difficult to know what to do. But I had come so far to do this work, I had to reason with myself that through my images I would be able to let others know the devastating effect of a tsunami.”
During the month-long voyage, Barker photographed every sample that the scientists brought onboard. Much of it was tiny plastic particles, but some things were still recognizable reminders of former owners: Toothbrushes and shampoo, flip flops, a Mickey Mouse toy with a broken ear.
Barker felt a personal connection in part because she’d spent time in Japan volunteering with cleanup before boarding the boat. “To experience actually standing in an area devastated by the tsunami and seeing what remains of people’s lives through scattered objects…was overwhelming and will always stay with me,” she says.
For the collages, she duplicated the objects, intending to emphasize both the number of people affected by the disaster as well as the scale of the pollution. Each collage is arranged in the shape of a different school of fish that is affected by marine plastic. “I hope the images will stop people in their tracks to remember the people lost in the tsunami and the loved ones they left behind,” Barker says. “To remember how fragile life can be and how we have no power over nature.”
Part of the sale of each collage, available directly from Barker in limited editions, goes to support the relief organization she volunteered with in Japan.
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After an 8-month salvage effort, today divers finally brought a half-ton fragment of the Chelyabinsk meteorite up from the murky bottom of Russia's Lake Chebarkul and onto dry land.Soon after a mini-asteroid roared over Chelyabinsk, Russia, on February 15th, locals discovered a 25-foot (8-m) hole in the ice covering Lake Chebarkul. The lake is about 45 miles (70 km) west of Chelyabinsk, and for 8 months meteorite researchers (and collectors) around the world have wondered whether one or more massive fragments ended up on the lake's murky bottom.
Just a few weeks after the once-in-a-century event, researchers from nearby Ural Federal University released a tantalizing magnetometer scan hinting that something big was down there, but the months afterward brought only vague or unsubstantiated reports that an object up to 20 feet across had been located.The waiting ended today, when a team of divers and researchers removed a 5-foot long stone from the lake bottom and dragged it onto the shore. Although tests haven't yet confirmed that it truly is a piece of the Chelyabinsk impactor, the giant rock sure looks the part. members of the recovery team attempted to weigh it, but their scale broke during the measurement. The last reading was 570 kg (1,250 pounds).
Reporters on the scene say the stone broke into three pieces (apparently along known fractures). But there wasn't much time for inspection, as Russian researchers bundled up the fragments and whisked them away after about 10 minutes of show 'n' tell.
"It’s a typical meteorite, judging by its appearance," Viktor Grokhovsky (Ural Federal University) told a reporter for RIA Novosti. "There's no doubt about that." Grokhovsky says the stone has a thick melted crust and other characteristics typical of pieces of the Chelyabinsk meteorite.The magnetometer survey suggested that multiple masses lie at the bottom of Lake Chebarkul. A second fragment, with an estimated mass of 300 to 500 kg, was scheduled to be pulled out later today, but there's been no confirmation yet. In that location, the lake bottom is about 35 feet (10 m) deep and covered by a thick layer of silt.
Earlier this year, Svend Buhl and Karl Wimmer painstakingly documented the locations of hundreds of smaller fragments scattered in an elongated strewnfield 45 miles long and 12 wide (70 by 20 km). They predicted that the most massive object, the one that fell in the lake, would weigh in at roughly 700 pounds (300 kg).
The Chelyabinsk impactor had an estimated diameter of about 54 feet (17 m) and a mass of roughly 10,000 metric tons. The vast majority of it was likely vaporized and pulverized to dust when it slammed into the atmosphere and released the kinetic energy equivalent of 470,000 tons of TNT, 30 times the explosive power of the Hiroshima bomb.
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Strong reasoning
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FREE Catholic Classes
(Russian raskolnik , a schismatic, a dissenter; from raskol , schism, splitting; that in turn from raz , apart, and kolot' , to split; plural, raskolniki ).
A generic term for dissidents from the Established Church in Russia. Under the name Raskolniki , the various offshoots and schismatic bodies originating from the Greek Orthodox Church of the Russian Empire have been grouped by Russian historians and ecclesiastical writers. Strictly speaking, the name Raskolniki refers merely to those who have kept the outward forms of the Byzantine Rite ; the others who have deserted its ritual as well as its teaching are grouped under the name Sekstanstvo (sectarianism). In the present article they are both treated together, since either form of dissent is but slightly known outside of Russia.
The Raskolniks represent in the Russian Church somewhat the antithesis of Protestantism toward the Catholic Church. Protestants left the Catholic Church because they claimed a desire to reform it by dropping dogmas, beliefs, and rites ; the Raskolniks left the Russian church because they desired to keep alive the minutest rites and practices to which they were accustomed, and objected to the Russian Church reforming them in any respect. In doing so they fell into the greatest of inconsistencies, and a section of them, while keeping up the minutiæ of ritual, rejected nearly every doctrine the Church taught throughout the world.
I. TRUE RASKOLNIKS
Even from the time that the Russians were converted to Christianity there were various dissident sects among them, reproducing in some respect the almost forgotten heresies of the early ages of the Church. These are mere names today, but the main separation from the Russian Established church came in 1654 when Nikon, Patriarch of Moscow, convened a synod at Moscow for the reform of rituals and the correction of the church books. At the time the air in Southern Russia was filled with the idea of union with Rome, in Central and Northern Russian there was the fear of the Polish invasion and the turning to Latin customs. When Nikon corrected the church service books, into which many errors had crept through careless copying, and conformed them with the original Greek text, great complaint was expressed that he was departing from old Slavonic hallowed words, and was making cause with the stranger outside of Russia. When he undertook to change the style of popular forms and ceremonies, such as the sign of the cross, the spelling and pronunciation of "Jesus", shaving the beard, or to differ in the number of Alleluias before the Gospel, he aroused popular resentment, which rose until there came an open break in which every point he proposed was rejected. Afterwards when Peter the Great came to the throne (1689-1725) and introduced western customs, abolished the Patriarchate of Moscow, substituted the Holy Synod and made himself the head of Church authority, changed the form of the ancient Russo-Slavonic letters, and set on foot a host of new things in Church and State, the followers of the old order of things publicly condemned him as the Antichrist and renounced the State Church forever, while clinging to the older forms of their fathers. But both Nikon and Peter had the whole Russian episcopate with them, as well as the great majority of the Russian clergy and people. The dissenters who thus separated from the established Greco-Russian Orthodox church became also known as Stariobriodtsi (old Ritualists ) and Staroviertsi (old Believers), in allusion to their adherence to the forms and teaching prevailing before Nikon's reforms.
As none of the Russian bishops seceded from the Established Church the Raskolniks therefore had but an incomplete form of Church. Of course a number of priests and deacons adhered to them, but as they had no bishops they could not provide new members of the clergy. Soon death began to thin the ranks of their clergy, and it became apparent that within a brief period they would be left without any priesthood whatever. Then some of their leaders began to deny that a priesthood was necessary at all. This lead to the splitting of the Raskolniks into two distinct branches: the Popovsti (priestly, i.e., "Pope"-ly), who insisted on the hierarchy and priesthood, and the Bezpopovsti (Priestless, i.e., without "Popes") who denied the necessity of any clergy whatever. The latter, however, accepted their ministrations. The fortunes of these two denominations or sects were quite different. The former grew to great importance in Russia, and are now said to have between thirteen and fifteen millions of adherents. The latter subdivided again and again into smaller sects, and are said to number between three and four million, all included. They will be taken up separately.
At first these renewed their clergy by taking over dissatisfied or dismissed priests from the established Orthodox Church, after having them take an oath against all the reforms instituted by Nikon and Peter; but this method was hardly satisfactory, for in most cases the material thus obtained was of low moral grade. They believed that the whole Russian episcopate had gone over to Antichrist, but were still valid bishops, and hence endeavoured to have bishops ordained by them, but in vain. They searched the Eastern world for a bishop who held their particular ideas, and it seemed almost they must eventual change for lack of clergy, when chance aided them. A community of Popovtsi monks had settles at Bielo-krinitsa (White fountain) in Bukowina. Ambrose (1791-1863), a Greek monk, was appointed Bishop of Sarajevo in Bosnia, and was consecrated by the Patriarch of Constantinople. Subsequently a later patriarch deposed him, and when his resentful feelings against the a Constantinople authorities were at their height, the Raskolniks approached him with the request to become their bishop. On 16 April, 1846, Ambrose agreed to go over to their faith and adopt all the ancient practices, consecrate other bishops for them, and become their metropolitan or archbishop. On 27 October, 1846, he was solemnly received in the monastery of Bielo-krinitsa, took the necessary oaths, celebrated pontifical Mass and assumed episcopal jurisdiction. Bielo-krinitsa is only a few miles from the Russian border, and a hierarchy was soon brought into being for Russia. After bishops were consecrated for Austria and Turkey, bishops were consecrated and installed in Russia. The Russian government could not crush the head of the Raskol Church, for it was in Austria. The Popovsti grew by leaps and bounds, commenced to provide for a regular educated clergy and vied with the established church. At present they have, since the decree of toleration in 1905, a well-established hierarchy in Russia with a Metropolitan in Moscow, and bishops at Saratoff, Perm, Kazan, Caucasus, Samara, Kolomea, Nijni-Novgorod, Smolensk, Vyatka, and Kaluga.
Their chief stronghold is the Rogozhsky quarter in Moscow, where they have their great cemetery, monastery, cathedral, church, and chapels. In 1863, at the time of the Polish insurrection, the Raskolnik archbishop and his lay advisors sent out an encyclical letter to the "Holy Catholic Apostolic Church of the Old Believers", supporting the tsar and declaring that on all main points they were in agreement with the Established Church. This again split their church into two factions which last to this day: the Okruzhniki or Encyclicalists, and the Raznordiki or Controversialists, who denied the points of agreement with the national Church. In addition to this the Established Church has set up a section of these Raskolniks in union with it, but has permitted them to keep all their peculiar practices, and these are called the Yedinovertsi or "Uniates". A great many of the Controversial section of the Raskolniks are coming into the Catholic Church, and already some eight or ten priests have been received.
Bezpopovtsi , or the Priestless , seemed to represent the despairing side of the schism. They have their greatest stronghold in the Preobrazhenky quarter in Moscow, and are strong also in the Government of Archangel. They took the view that Satan had so far conquered and throttled the Church that the clergy had gone wrong and had become his servants, that the sacraments, except baptism, were withdrawn from the laity, and that they were left leaderless. They claimed the right of free interpretation of the Scriptures, and modelling their lives accordingly. They recognize no ministers save their "readers" who are elected. Lest this be said to duplicate Protestantism it must be said that they have kept up all the Orthodox forms of service as far as possible, crossings, bowings, icons, candles, fastings, and the like, and have regularly maintained monasteries with their monks and nuns. But they have no element of stability; and their sects have become innumerable, ever shifting and varying, with incessant divisions and subdivisions. The chief of these subdivisions are: (1) Pomortsi ; or dwellers near the sea, a rural division which is very devout; (2) Feodocci (Theodosians) who founded hospitals and laid emphasis on good works; (3) Bezbrachniki (free lovers) who repudiated marriage, somewhat like the Oneida community in New York; (4) Stranniki (wanderers) a peripatetic sect, who went over the country, declaring their doctrines; (5) Molchalniki (mutes), who seldom spoke, believing evil came through the tongue and idle conversation; and (6) Niemoliaki (non-praying) who taught that, as God knows all things it is useless to pray to him, as He knows what one needs. These various divisions of the priestless are again divided into smaller ones, like many of the strange sects in England and America, so that it is almost impossible to follow them. Often they indulge in the wildest immorality, justifying it under the cover of some distorted text of Scripture or some phrase of the ancient Church service.
The various bodies which make up the Sektanstvo have seceded from the national Russian Church quite independently of the schism at the time of Nikon and the reform in the church books. They correspond more closely with the various sects arising from Protestantism, and are founded upon some distorted idea of the Church, or a rule of life of doctrines of the Faith. Some of them are older than the schism, but most of them are later in point of time. The principal ones comprise between one and two millions and may be subdivided, or classified as follows: (1) Khylsti ( Flagellants ), who believe in severe penances, reject the Church, its sacraments, and usages. They also are called the Ludi Bozhi , or "God's People", and also the "Farmazoni" ( Freemasons ) on account of the secret initiations they have. They hold secret meetings in which they sing wild, stirring hymns, dress in white, and jump, dance, or whirl, much like the negro revivals in the Southern States.
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(2) Skoptsi (Eunuchs), who not only teach absolute celibacy, but mutilate themselves so as to be sexless. They boast that they are pure like the saints and walk untainted through this world of sin, and take the literal view of Matthew 19:12. Women are also mutilated, particularly after they have borne children to recruit the sect, but these children are not born in wedlock. The Skoptsi are said to be usurers and money changers.
(3) Molokani (Milk-drinkers) said to be so named because they make it a point to drink milk and use other prohibited foods during Lent and fast days, to show their objection to the Orthodox church. They abhor all external ceremonies of religion, but lay stress upon the Bible . They say there is no teacher of the faith but Christ himself, and that we are all priests ; and they carry their logic so far as to have neither church nor chapel, simply meeting in one anothers' houses.
(4) Dukhobors (Spirit wrestlers) are those who deny the Holy Ghost and place but a minor importance on the Scriptures. They are better known to America, for some thousands of them emigrated to Canada, where they are now good colonists. They give a wide place to tradition, and designate a man as "the living book", in opposition to dead books of paper and ink. In some respects they are pantheists, saying that God lies within us, that we must struggle with the spirit of God to attain the fullness of life. They do not give an historical reality to the gospel narratives, but take them figuratively. Their idea of the Church is in conformity with their belief ; they consider it an assembly of the righteous on earth, whether Christians, Jews, or Moslems. Yet they have all the peculiarities and fanaticism of the Slav.
(5) Stundists , or a kind of Russian Baptist. These seem to be an offshoot of the Lutherans or Mennonites who settled in Russia. Their name is derived from the German Stunde , or hour, because they assembled at stated hours to read the Bible or worship. They rejected the sacraments, even baptism at first, yet retain it. They gave up all Christian holidays , and agreed with the Melokani in repudiating the idea of a clergy. They are nearly all Little Russians, in the South of Russia.
(6) Subbotniki ( Sabbatarians ), who have substituted Saturday, the Jewish Sabbath, for Sunday. They have also taken up a great many practices from the Old Testament along with such elemental forms which they retain. They are practically Unitarians, and expect the Messias ; and they are also said to be like the Mormons, living in polygamy in many instances, although most of them are content with one wife.
Besides these principal sects there are numerous smaller ones. One can almost run the same round of strange and erratic religious beliefs in Russia as in the United States. There are the Pliassuny (Dancers), Samobogi (Self-gods), Chisleniki (Computers), who have changed Sunday so as to fall on Wednesday, and Easter to the middle of the week, Pashkovites, Radstockites (so named after their founders), and numerous others, which exploit some peculiar tenant of their various founders and believers. In addition to those are the various missionary enterprises and local churches of Western Protestantism, of which the Lutherans and Baptists are the leading ones.
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Benefits of E-bikes
Riding an e-bike is a lot like riding a regular bike with the added boost of an electric motor. And having this motor with pedal assist has some advantages. Let's take a look at a few.
Improved physical health
Some people may think because the bike is electric and takes less effort to ride that it's not really exercise. A study conducted out of Brigham Young University and published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research found that people who ride electric bikes experience nearly as much exercise as those who ride mountain bikes without feeling as if they've had a difficult workout. The truth is that even with pedal assist, riders still have to pedal which results in burning calories. It's a great cardiovascular exercise that can help build endurance and muscle.
Easier to ride
Pedal assist gives riders a boost. It helps with hills, inclines, and rough terrain, allowing for a smoother ride thus reducing stress on joints. You can also ride with greater power and precision than a regular bike. And it gets people cycling who may not otherwise ride a traditional bike because of physical aches and pains. Additionally, you can take longer rides without physical exhaustion.
Better mental health
E-bikes make cycling more accessible and people are more likely to do it because it's easier, getting about the same workout with less the effort. For those who may be living an otherwise sedentary life, riding an e-bike gets them moving and in nature. This exercise, change in scenery, and fresh air helps improve mood, reduces stress, provides for a more restful sleep, and increases productivity.
Great alternative to cars
E-bikes are great for commuting to work a few miles away and for running quick errands. Because it's classified as a bike, in many cities, you can ride on sidewalks and in bike lanes, and cut across parks. With alternative ways to travel to your destination, your commute can be faster than a car stuck in traffic. When people ride their e-bike instead of driving, they cut down on gas and pollution, helping to improve air quality and the environment.
Faster and safe
Most cyclists travel 10 to 12mph, but an e-bike can average 20mph. E-bikes allow you to get to your destination faster than a regular bike. E-bikes are not more dangerous than regular bikes. They just have different risks. E-bikes tend to be safer than regular bikes because you can accelerate to get out of the way faster, and travel at higher speeds, keeping up with traffic.
Now that you've learned the benefits of e-bikes, you'll want to consider protecting your e-bike with insurance. Your e-bike is an investment and you want to make sure you have adequate coverage for theft or damage. It's a risky move for your e-bike to be uninsured. Fortunately, there's bicycle insurance specifically for e-bikes. Electric bike insurance provides coverage between auto, home and renters insurances where there are gaps and fine print exclusions.
Markel Specialty can offer a stand-alone electric bike insurance policy that insures e-bikes with power assist up to 750 watts and covers theft, damage and more. Policies start as low as $100 per year and offer a variety of coverage levels and deductible options.
Each policy can be customized to fit you and your riding style. Coverages can include protection for damage caused by theft, crash, collision, fire, attempted theft, vandalism or hitting another object. Coverage of spare parts, cycle apparel, and rental reimbursement can also be included at no additional cost.
Take action today and get a free, no-obligation quote to protect yourself and your e-bike.
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Notes for Class 11 Accountancy Chapter 6 Trial Balance and Rectification of Errors
Students can refer to Notes for Class 11 Accountancy Chapter 6 Trial Balance and Rectification of Errors given below. These notes have been prepared keeping into consideration the latest syllabus and examination guidelines issued by CBSE and NCERT. Class 11 Chapter 6 Trial Balance and Rectification of Errors Notes is important to understand the topic and solve all questions given in DK Goel Class 11 Textbook
“To err is human”
Unit at a Glance:
• Error affecting or disclosed by trial balance Meaning of Accounting
• Errors not affecting by trail balance
• Clerical Errors
• Suspense account
• Numerical questions
Correcting the errors of accounting by passing journal entry is known as rectification of error.
Error affecting or disclosed by trial balance
1.Errors of additions and subtractions :- wrong totaling and balancing of ledger, totaling of
trial wrong totaling of trial balance.
2.Posting at the wrong side of an account :- Instead of debiting amounts by mistake are
written in credit.
3. Entering incorrect amount:- Incorrect copying ,Transposing figure( Writing 56 in place of
65), sliding figure (8000 in place of 800), doubling the wrong figure and duplicate posting.
4. Errors of omission:- Not posted in subsidiary accounts, accounts are not opened in the
5. Wrong posting in the trial balance:- Instead of writing debit side accounts has posted in
Errors not affecting by trail balance
1.Errors of omission:- Transactions not recorded in books. For example:- goods return to
supplier not recorded.
2.Errors of principle:-Disobey of accounting principles, (salary paid to manager) manager’s
accounts are debited.
3.Compensating errors: – Sales of goods to Rani for Rs.100 debited to Rain’s account with
Rs.10 and Rs.100 cash received for Ajay was credited to Ajay with Rs.10.
4. Incorrect account in the original book: – Insteadof B . Babu’s accountN.babu’s account
affected by writer.
5.Posting to wrong account: – Instead of writing in purchases book , sales book are opened.
- Errors of omission: – Forget to write the transaction in books.
- Goods worth Rs.5,000 returned by a customer was not recorded in the books.
- Goods worth Rs.3,000 sold to Anil was not recorded in the books.
2.Errors of commission: – Under casting and Over casting.
1. Purchase book was under cast by Rs.5,000
2. Sales book was over cast by Rs.2,000
3. Errors of Principles: – Mistake in posting such as instead of sale ,furniture account is
credited, Wages is paid and posted in salary account.
1. Purchase of Building was passed in purchase book amounting Rs.10,000
2. Wages paid for extension of building was debited to wages account amounting Rs.6000
4. Compensating errors : – Mistake in posting such as posting at wrong side of account.
1. Salary paid amounting Rs.500 was credited to salary account.
2. Rent paid amounting Rs.600 was credited to rent account as 60.
When Trial balance does not agree, the difference of amount will be transferred into suspense account.
Treatment of Suspense account:-When mistakes are detected and rectified, Suspense account will be closed. Balance of suspense account will be transferred in to Balance sheet.
Point to be remembered:
(Debit balance of suspense account will be at assets side. Credit balance will be at liabilities side of balance sheet)
1. Explain the types of errors.
2. What do you mean by Suspense account?
Pass journal entry for following cases assuming the use of suspense account
1. Under casting in sales day book by Rs.5,000
2. Goods returned By Amit costing Rs.2,000 was not recorded in the books
3. Salary paid Rs.1500 was debited in wages account.
4. Interest due on investment Rs.2, 500 was not recorded in the books.
Generally students commit these mistakes, please avoid:
1. Wrong selection in nature of error.
2. Focus on use of suspense account.
3. Do not write single amount in case of fundamental error.
Q.1 Pass journal entry for following cases
1. Purchase of Furniture was passed in purchase book amounting Rs.25,000
2. Wages paid for installation of machine posted to wages account amounting Rs.7000
3. Goods worth Rs.15,000 returned to supplier was not recorded in the books.
4. Goods worth Rs.23,000 sold to Anil was not recorded in the books.
5. Commission received from z Rs.2,500 not recorded in books.
Q.2 Pass journal entries for following cases assuming the use of suspense account
1. Under casting in purchase day book by Rs.3,,000
2. Goods returned to Prakash costing Rs.12,000 was not recorded in the books
3. Repair paid Rs.2,500 was debited in Rent account.
4. Interest due on investment Rs.4, 500 was not recorded in the books.
Q.3 Pass journal entries for following cases:
1. Interest paid amounting Rs.600 was credited to interest account as Rs. 60.
2. Salary paid to employee Rs.5,000 was debited to his personal account.
3. Goods purchased from AB limited costing Rs.8,000 not recorded in books.
4. Machinery sold for Rs.6,000 was wrongly credited in Furniture account
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Education & Jobs
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Get Best Antibiotic Amoxicillin Online Over The Counter Read Actual Information In Our Blog
What are antibiotics?
Antibiotics are a group of medicines that are used to kill and inhibit the multiplication of pathogens, including bacteria. These drugs are ineffective in viral infections, in particular for colds. Many antibiotics are derived from living pathogens, although in recent decades, pharmaceutical companies have synthesized new drugs.
For the first time antibiotics found a mass use during the Second World War. Since the 1940s, with the help of them, millions of people have been able to save their lives, to win a convincing victory in the fight against childhood infectious diseases, sexually transmitted diseases, pelvic inflammatory diseases and other life-threatening conditions. This is a bacterial meningitis (infectious inflammation of the brain and spinal cord), as well as endocarditis (infectious inflammation of the endocardium - the inner shell of the heart, which lining its cavities and forms the valves).
However, due to the recent revival of such serious infectious diseases as tuberculosis in particular, there were doubts about the validity of the triumphal declarations about the final and irreversible victory over all infections. According to physicians, the current spread of non-treatable diseases is due to the emergence of resistant strains of microorganisms, which are no longer affected by existing antibiotics. From the point of view of many specialists, this is largely due to the massive and not always justified prescription of antibiotics by doctors and uncontrolled administration of these drugs by patients.
Since the mid-90s of the XX century, more and more evidence confirms that new strains of Streptococcus pneumonia resistant to all groups of antibiotics have emerged, which can be considered a paradox. According to the World Health Organization, the pathogens of almost all infectious diseases slowly but steadily develop resistance (immunity) to existing medicines. Experts of this organization warn that there are reasons to fear the transformation of previously curable diseases - from tonsillitis to tuberculosis, malaria and gonorrhea - into unresponsive therapy, even in developed countries. It is not excluded that the decrease in the prevalence of pathogens and the diseases caused by them in the past was explained by natural fluctuations in the evolution of infectious agents, that is, what happened more than once in the history of medical science before the discovery of penicillin.
However, what has been said does not mean that antibiotics retreat before diseases. It's just that medications should be used prudently and reasonably - only to combat bacterial and individual fungal infections and only in the most exceptional cases with a preventive purpose. Parents must ensure that the prescribed regimen and duration of treatment are observed even after the disappearance of the initial symptoms.
Women should remember that taking antibiotics exacerbates fungal infections because it disturbs the natural balance of microflora in the body. If there are signs of candidiasis during antibiotic therapy, the patient should consult a doctor.
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Strong reasoning
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Health
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Provide a one paragraph definition of “public policy”. After researching the term public policy it was difficult to come up with one single definition. Cocharm et al, 1999 define public policy always refer to actions of Government and the intentions that determines their actions. Dye 2000 states that public policy is the outcome of the struggle in Government over who gets what, whatever government chose to do or not to do. Cochorn suggests that public policy consists of political decisions for implementing programs to achieve societal goals.
Stated most simple, Peters 2003, defines public policy as the sum of government activities weather acting directly or through agents, as it has a influence on the life of citizens. Upon reaching a good definition of public policy seems to be very difficult. Birkland 2005 concludes that, all the aspects of the definition suggest that public policy affects a greater variety of people 2. Provide an example of both positive and normative statements (not the ones provided in your text book! ) A.
Don’t waste your time!
Order your assignment!
Positive statements are statements that can be tested or rejected by referring to the available evidence. Example: A reduction in the use of plastic bag will help reduce the risks associated to global warming. B. Normative statements express an opinion about what ought to be. They are subjective rather than objective statements. They carry value judgments. Example: The new HST on fast food is unfair and unfairly penalizes the poorer class of consumers. C. 3. List what you think are the top three policy issues for government today.
Indicate why you think they are important. The top three policy issues for government today are A. Health care- Most recently, health care is one of the most popular issues amongst heads of government. Mental health care and the cost associated with treatment are affecting the poorer class of Canadians. It is the government’s duty to provide health care at an affordable cost to ensure citizens wellbeing. It is a policy issue because the government is struggling to meet the demand for health care.
On September 13, 2010, Vieira from the Financial Post wrote an article, stating that there has been a growth in public health spending and had advanced at an annual rate of over 8% over the last decade. However, the government’s income is set to grow at an annual average of less than 4%. In order to meet the fiscal challenges the government must reduce public health spending significantly, otherwise other public spending is squeezed and/or taxes will rise.
The is an important policy issue for government because they need to reduce public health care spending and at the same time ensure that residents are taken care of in the best possible way. (http://www. financialpost. com) B. The Environment-Global Warming/ Climate Change- Global warming and its negative effects on climate change are top political issues for government today. Most recently heads of government from many countries met in Toronto to discuss how to reduce the negative effects of global warming.
The earth’s temperature is rising because of the amount of carbon dioxide within its atmosphere. This increase of carbon concentration can be linked to economic activities. The amount future of global warming and its effects are uncertain. If the temperature continues rise, the Earth’s climate will change, ocean levels will rise -because of ice melting in the Arctic, low-lying coastal areas will need to be protected against the rising tides by expensive barriers. It is the government’s responsibility to implement policies to help combat the deadly monster.
If actions are not put into place now, soon the earth will be of no good to fauna and flora. The Economy/ Recession-. The global recession is taking its toll on the country. Canada’s economic growth and standard of living (as defined by income per capita) are forecast to fall in 2009, and unemployment will rise in 2009 and 2010. Worries about the Canadian economy come from weakness in the United States Economy, the country’s largest trading partner. It is important to have a stable and healthy economy. It is the duty of the government to ensure that the economy is healthy by implementing policies
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Strong reasoning
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Politics
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It’s rare for cities and municipalities to default on loans, and even rarer for them to declare bankruptcy. Since the Great Recession, however, bankruptcy or talks of it have become more commonplace in U.S. cities. Click through to find out which U.S. cities squandered away money and which ones had full-on financial meltdowns.
Atlantic City, N.J.
Atlantic City has never outright declared bankruptcy. The East Coast gambling haven, however, has had more than its fair share of financial troubles — not to mention it was hit by one of the costliest hurricanes in history in 2012.
Recently, pressure has ratcheted up on the city to turn its financial situation around. After years of unsuccessful revitalization, Atlantic City put forward a five-year plan to get its finances on track. The New Jersey state government, however, rejected the plan and in November 2016, the New Jersey Local Finance Board voted to take control of the city’s day-to-day government functions, according to the New York Daily News.
According to Bloomberg, one of the main reasons for Atlantic City’s recent money problems is the fact that one-third of its casinos closed down in 2014. As casinos shut down, the city’s tax base has diminished because the value of a taxable property has dropped. Atlantic City owes millions in bond payments, but the state of New Jersey has not let the city default or go bankrupt since the Great Depression.
Check Out: 5 Best and Worst Paying Government Jobs
Cleveland had it rough during the Great Recession, but its closest call with bankruptcy happened many years ago.
According to U.S. News, the city’s first brush with the financial brink occurred in 1978, when Cleveland owed a total of about $15.5 million to several banks. When no agreement could be reached with the banks by Dec. 15, 1978, Cleveland defaulted on its loans, destroying the city’s credit rating.
Cleveland’s default ended almost two years later — not by paying off the loans, but by extending them. Although the city recovered from that low point in 1978, Cleveland at the time had become the first major American city to default on its debts since the Great Depression.
To this day, the city can be a tough place to make money and is ranked one of the worst cities to own investment property.
Big public-employee budgets are a common theme among bankrupt or financially struggling cities. In the case of Providence, its public safety budget and employment and retirement benefits payouts have created a deficit that could grow to $37 million in the next decade, according to WPRI, a Rhode Island news station.
The city enlisted the aid of Public Financial Management Inc. to evaluate the city’s finances. The PFM report revealed that employee and retiree benefits have been rising, increasing the pressure on Providence’s budget. On top of that, the Rhode Island state government has seriously slashed financial aid to the capital, with Providence receiving nearly $30 million less in 2016 than it did in the 2007 fiscal year.
The Great Recession was hard on almost every city in the U.S. Oakland didn’t declare bankruptcy, but in 2009, the city faced a $100 million budget deficit. At that time, the Oakland City Council began discussing bankruptcy, according to SFGate.
A huge public service payroll helped drain Oakland’s finances. It included $212 million for police, $103 million for fire protection service and $41 million in debt service payments. After those expenses, Oakland was left with roughly $60 million to cover all other costs.
Oakland has continued to struggle amid the nation’s recovery from recession. Between 2008 and 2013, Oakland eliminated 720 jobs, equal to 16 percent of the city’s labor force, according to USA Today. Add on that Oakland already has a high cost of living and low wages, and the city is among the worst places to save money in the U.S.
Meanwhile, Oakland schools are now facing a major financial shortfall due to overspending, which has upset many because the Oakland Unified School District had already received a large state bailout in 2003 to cover a $37 million deficit.
Growing pension payments, pension-related debt and the cost of healthcare for retirees are major problems contributing to Richmond’s financial distress. But, perhaps the most visible problem in Richmond is the weight of public employee salaries. The city’s 938 employees earn an average salary of $92,000, the fifth-highest in California as of 2015, according to the state controller.
Despite a slew of planned cutbacks, Richmond is still in dire financial straits, with some officials believing the city won’t be able to escape filing for bankruptcy. The city’s financial consultants estimated that the municipality needs at least $15 million more in new revenue by 2021, which will probably come from additional budget cuts and sell property owned by the city.
Desert Hot Springs, Calif.
Several cities in California have been forced to declare bankruptcy over the years. Desert Hot Springs filed for bankruptcy protection on Dec. 21, 2001, in order to adjust its estimated $8 million debt, according to the Los Angeles Times.
The city’s $8 million debt came about due to legal action back in 1990. Desert Hot Springs lost a lawsuit filed by development company Silver Sage Partners Ltd. when the Desert Hot Springs City Council rejected the developer’s plans to build a mobile home park. Silver Sage took the city to court — alleging discrimination against low-income families — and was awarded $3 million, and then an additional $3 million in interest and legal fees in 2001.
In 2001, then-Mayor Matt Weyuker argued that bankruptcy was the best way to protect the city and its residents. The city exited bankruptcy in 2004, but Desert Hot Springs has been unable to fully recover from the 2001 court ruling and bankruptcy. The debt burden continued up until 2013 and 2014 when the city again faced a fiscal emergency.
Currently, Desert Hot Springs has been more stable financially, with the city projecting revenue to increase modestly from $15.06 million in 2017 to $15.2 million in 2018.
Mammoth Lakes, Calif.
A small California resort town, Mammoth Lakes filed for bankruptcy in 2012, but the origins of its woes dated back to 1997.
The city had brokered a deal with developer Terrance Ballas to build residential and commercial structures near the airport. Ballas transferred the residential development rights to another company, Mammoth Lakes Land Acquisition, which sued the city in 2006 for breach of contract because of the development area it had been apportioned.
San Bernardino, Calif.
San Bernardino filed for Chapter 9 municipal bankruptcy in 2012. It was the third Chapter 9 bankruptcy filed by a California city in one year. The declaration of bankruptcy was preceded by a city staff report that said San Bernardino faced an estimated $45 million deficit because of the city’s exhausted reserve funds and future spending obligations.
A federal judge granted the city eligibility for bankruptcy protection, but San Bernardino has not had it easy since filing. From 2012 until May 2016, the city spent $18.8 million on bankruptcy-related expenses for attorneys and consultants.
For a while, Stockton held the record for being the largest city to file for bankruptcy. Stockton filed for Chapter 9 bankruptcy protection on June 28, 2012, owing a substantial debt to several creditors. They included the California Public Employees’ Retirement System, which managed the city’s pension plan and had a massive $147.5 million claim against Stockton for unfunded pension costs.
These circumstances created a $26 million deficit in Stockton’s budget that necessitated bankruptcy protection — the only option left, according to city officials.
The San Francisco Bay Area city of Vallejo officially filed for Chapter 9 bankruptcy on May 23, 2008, just a few weeks after the city council unanimously voted to take the action. The city faced a $16 million deficit, a depleted reserve account and an inability to reach agreements with police and firefighter unions over pay cuts.
Vallejo’s fundamental budget issue was the fact the city spent nearly three-quarters of its $80 million general fund on public safety salaries for positions such as police and firefighters. That percentage was much higher than the state average. Since filing for bankruptcy, Vallejo has recovered. In fact, house prices in this city jumped in 2016.
Don’t Miss: Top 20 Cities Where Home Prices Are Skyrocketing
Orange County, Calif.
When Orange County, Calif., declared bankruptcy in 1994, it shook the market for public borrowing across the nation, potentially making it pricier for localities to borrow. The suburb of Los Angeles filed for bankruptcy after market interest rates rose in tandem with its excessive borrowing and risky investments went south. The investments fund had about $8 billion of investments, but borrowings of around $12 billion, and the county faced a loss of at least $1.5 billion.
Perhaps the worst news for Orange County, Calif., was that it faced the possibility of lawsuits from firms that loaned the investment fund billions of dollars, thanks to the risky investments it made. At least the county was able to make its payrolls before it declared bankruptcy. Wall Street firms denied any liability for firms that loaned to the fund.
Contracts are difficult to back out of, as the town of Hillview discovered in 2005. Back in 2002, Hillview made a real estate deal with Truck America Training LLC, which planned to lease and then buy land from the city to develop a truck-driving school. After Truck America heavily invested in its plans for the school, Hillview tried to back out when another potential buyer emerged.
The truck company took Hillview to court over an $11.4 million claim, and the city lost. That lawsuit, along with other creditors, pushed Hillview to file for Chapter 9 bankruptcy protection on Aug. 20, 2015, facing approximately $50 million to $100 million in debt.
At the end of March 2016, Hillview reached a repayment deal in which it agreed to raise taxes and borrow $5 million to pay off a settlement.
Detroit filed for Chapter 9 bankruptcy protection on July 18, 2013, becoming the record-holder as the largest city to file.
On a broad level, Detroit suffered from a general decline of the city — its population has dropped 28 percent since 2000. Bankruptcies in the auto industry also hit the city, with General Motors and Chrysler both filing for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in 2009.
Although still struggling, Detroit has made significant efforts toward recovery. In November 2014, a federal judge approved Detroit’s plan to pay off about $7 billion in debt. Despite a history of poor municipal management, Detroit’s economic response was quite efficient, handled by state-appointed bankruptcy attorney Kevyn Orr. At the time of bankruptcy, Detroit amassed total liabilities worth an estimated $18 billion.
Despite its troubles, Detroit appears to be heading in the right direction. Although Michigan is overall rated poorly among the best and worst states to start a business, Detroit shows good conditions for potential startups.
The capital of Pennsylvania, Harrisburg got itself into financial trouble over a trash incinerator — technically, a trash-to-energy facility. The incinerator was supposed to cost $62.4 million and produce a $57.4 million surplus by 2028. Instead, costs eventually ballooned to more than $300 million, according to Bloomberg.
The City of Harrisburg filed a Chapter 9 voluntary petition for bankruptcy Oct. 11, 2011, according to the Pennsylvania Bar Association. But Harrisburg’s municipal bankruptcy became more complicated in June 2011, when then-Pennsylvania Gov. Tom Corbett signed Act 26, a law that modified the state’s financial code. The new legislation invalidated Harrisburg’s attempts to seek Chapter 9 bankruptcy protection, leading to its dismissal by the U.S. Bankruptcy Court.
Instead of bankruptcy, Harrisburg went into receivership and sold the botched incinerator.
Keep Reading: States With the Most and Least Amount of Debt
Central Falls, R.I.
Like many cities on this list, Central Falls faced serious financial headwinds due to the Great Recession. By 2011, the number of unfunded pensions and retiree health benefits soared to $80 million, against an annual budget of only $17 million, according to Reuters.
Central Falls filed for Chapter 9 bankruptcy on Aug. 1, 2011, due to roughly $20.8 million in outstanding debt, according to Moody’s. That endangered the town’s general obligation bond rating. Central Falls got its bankruptcy plan approved in court and emerged from Chapter 9 bankruptcy, although it continued to struggle in its recovery.
Recently, Central Falls closed a financial deal with the state. Rhode Island appropriated $600,000 to Central Falls to assist with its financial woes. That was the same amount of money Central Falls was court-ordered to pay the state in order to get its bankruptcy plan approved in the first place. The good news is that S&P Global Ratings upgraded the city’s municipal bonds, reflecting increased confidence in financial management by the government of the city.
Prichard, Ala., is a small town outside of Mobile — and it has declared bankruptcy twice, in 1999 and 2007. The city had been warned for years to do something to fix its pension fund, which was in trouble and would run out of money by 2009. When the fund ran out right on schedule, the city stopped sending pension checks to 150 people, which meant it also broke a state law requiring it to pay all promised retirement benefits.
Prichard began declining in the 1970s as the city’s population went down 40 percent and the tax base followed suit. Its pension plan was established in 1956 as a supplement to Social Security, and everything was working until workers started retiring in their 50s, which the plan allowed. After the city declared bankruptcy in 1999, it reduced pension benefits by 8.5 percent. Despite the fact that the bankruptcy ordered him to, Prichard’s mayor, Ronald K. Davis, failed to start paying $16.5 million into the fund. It’s not surprising the city declared bankruptcy again in 2009.
See Also: 8 Jobs That Still Come With a Pension
Moffett is a tiny town on the Oklahoma-Arkansas border that incurred a huge deficit: $43,033 worth of assets against $199,396 in liabilities, according to NewsOk. The city sought Chapter 9 bankruptcy protection in January 2007, but the reasons for the bankruptcy filing are more complicated.
Moffett’s longtime mayor, Billy Yandell, had run up a large bill on the town’s tab without its knowledge or approval. When he died, Moffett discovered the debt. But what added to the town’s debt crisis was something equally unusual.
In December 2006, the state Department of Public Safety declared Moffett as a speed-trap town and ordered police to stop issuing tickets on U.S. Route 64. On top of that, Oklahoma issued a state order prohibiting Moffett’s police from enforcing traffic laws on U.S. 64. With the town’s main source of revenue cut off, Moffett was forced to file for Chapter 9 bankruptcy protection.
Hartford is the latest American city to be on the verge of bankruptcy, according to the Hartford Courant. Connecticut capital officials have been asking law firms that specialize in Chapter 9 bankruptcy to submit proposals, and the city anticipates coming up short in its budget. For 2018, Hartford is facing a $65 million deficit — add that to a $14 million shortfall in 2017 — and it’s asking for $40 million in state aid to make up the difference. The city is split on declaring bankruptcy, with Mayor Luke Bronin saying he wasn’t in ” … a position to rule anything out,” but Hartford City Council President Thomas “TJ” Clarke II saying he felt the move was premature.
Because half of Hartford’s properties are tax-exempt and options for other sources of revenue are limited, the city is going broke. In addition, it has some of the highest property tax rates in the state, which rules out raising them to cover the budget gap.
Jefferson County, Ala.
In November 2011, Alabama’s Jefferson County filed for bankruptcy court protection and instantly became the biggest municipal bankruptcy in U.S. history. The city thought it could avoid bankruptcy when it reached a deal with creditors to settle $3.14 billion in debts, but that deal fell apart.
In the mid-2000s, the county’s debt climbed because bond issuance deals to upgrade its sewer system went belly up due to bribery, corruption and fraud charges that led to 22 people being convicted, among them Larry Langford, former mayor of Birmingham. Langford was found guilty of conducting corrupt business deals that added to the multibillion-dollar sewer debt. He was sentenced to 15 years in prison. After the bond debacle, interest rates rose, costs increased and eventually, the county found itself with more than $5 billion in total debt.
Boise County, Idaho
In March 2011, Boise County, Idaho, filed for municipal bankruptcy protection. But it didn’t file because of rising spending, unfunded pensions, falling tax revenue, or even city or county finances. Boise County filed bankruptcy because it couldn’t pay a multimillion-dollar court judgment against it. The small town of 7,500 had no choice but to file after a residential treatment facility developer brought a federal lawsuit against it.
The county wanted to restrict the developer but lost the case when he sued under the federal Fair Housing Act. He won a $4 million judgment and $1.4 million for his attorneys’ fees. Because Boise County’s yearly operation budget is only around $9.4 million, it made an offer to the developer, which he turned down. It left Boise County with no option other than to file bankruptcy.
Photo Disclaimer: Please note photos are for illustrative purposes only. As a result, some of the photos might not reflect the cities listed in this article.
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Strong reasoning
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Finance & Business
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building your own computer: it’s all in the hardware
Building Your Own Computer: It’s All in the Hardware
Building your own personal computer is a unique challenge, but a rewarding one as well. Building your own PC allows you to have greater control over your design and components of computer
, allowing you to customize for a variety of purposes, including high-end PC gaming, video editing, documentation and work purposes, or simply saving money on a budget work machine. Building your own PC can also be cheaper than buying a prebuilt model from a manufacturer, if done correctly by a savvy shopper. Beyond the monetary question, however, is the simple satisfaction of creating something with your own hands that you can use and enjoy in everyday life.
But to build a computer, you need the right parts. Every PC will have these six components at minimum to function properly.
the plastic or metal shell that holds and protects all internal components inside it. Cases come varying sizes and can have different kinds of pins
and connectors within them.
the “spine” of your PC’s build, the motherboard is what every other component will attach to or plug into in some way or another. It is important to make sure that your motherboard’s pins and sockets match with the rest of your components!
The power supply:
A heavy box that regulates electricity as it flows from the outlet into your computer and provides power to the individual components of the PC. The power supply connects directly to the motherboard, and other components through the motherboard.
Processor (or CPU):
The central processing unit
effectively acts as the “brain” of the PC and is the greatest determining factor for the speed of your computer. You will want to make sure that the CPU and motherboard are compatible in terms of both manufacturer (AMD or Intel) and the CPU socket.
Memory (or RAM):
RAM stands for random access memory and is a critical component of your computer’s operation. RAM allows data to be saved and accessed far more quickly than it can be from storage, but the data is lost if the power supply is lost. Therefore, RAM is most frequently used in short-term calculations, such as in gaming. It is important to ensure that the RAM cards you purchase are compatible with your motherboard’s sockets.
Storage comes in both hard drive and solid-state drives
, and stores the PC’s operating system and gigabytes of digital files (such as pictures, video, text documents, etc.) you save. SSDs are faster than HDDs, but HDDs hold more data, and are cheaper. Many PCs these days will have an SSD that holds critical files such as the operating system, and an HDD for things like pictures and documents.
These six are the bare essentials, of course. You will also need a keyboard, monitor, and mouse if you don’t already have them, and other components depending on what you plan to use your PC for. High-end gaming will require an independent graphics card
, as well as possibly investing in a cooling system to ensure your computer doesn’t overheat. If you save tons of pictures or videos, an extra hard drive for the storage may be necessary, as well as a DVD or Blu-ray drive for reading discs in those formats.
At ASAP IT Technology, owned and operated by ASAP Semiconductor, we can help you find all the computer systems and parts
. We’re always available and ready to help you find all the parts and equipment you need, 24/7-365. For a quick and competitive quote, email us at [email protected]
or call us at +1-714-705-4780
Posted on July 10, 2019
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Moderate reasoning
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Hardware
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“You have the right to remain silent. Anything you say can and will be used against you…”
We’ve all heard this phrase in movies and television, but how do these rights actually work in the real world? If you are arrested and law enforcement officers are asking you questions, will all of your answers be evidence used against you? If you are pulled over for possibly driving under the influence, will your silence get you off free?
Let’s explore Miranda rights and how they work in Texas when you interact with law enforcement.
What Are Miranda Rights?
Miranda vs. Arizona was a Supreme Court case that looked at the conviction of Ernesto Miranda. Miranda was unaware that he could invoke his Fifth Amendment rights (“plead the fifth”) during police questioning.
His answers included the confession to a rape and kidnapping, which he was initially convicted for. The Supreme Court case overturned Miranda’s conviction.
After Miranda vs. Arizona, law enforcement must inform persons under police custody of the following rights:
- They have the right to remain silent
- Any answers can be used against them in a court of law
- The person has the right to the presence of a defense lawyer during questioning
- If the person cannot provide or afford a lawyer, a public defender will be assigned to their case
All of these rights are present at any point between an initial interaction with police and a conviction, but it is crucial for law enforcement officers to read these rights.
What Happens If You Are Not Read Your Rights in Texas?
It is mandatory for police officers to read your rights once you are taken into police custody. If you are not made aware of your rights, your answers may not be used as evidence against you in court.
However, it is important to realize that the rules surrounding Miranda rights apply only when you are in police custody. There are many steps between your initial interaction with police and a conviction.
Miranda Rights come into play after you have been arrested and are taken into police custody. Only then do police have to read you your rights. If law enforcement officers do not make an arrest, they do not have to read you your rights… but anything you say could still be used against you in court. In fact, law enforcement officials may even hold off on making an arrest just to avoid reading your Miranda rights.
If You Are Being Questioned by Texas Police
Stay informed throughout every interaction with you have with Texas law enforcement officers. If you are not sure about why you are being stopped or questioned, you have the right to ask the officer.
Ask if you are under arrest. The answers they give you can give you a better understanding of whether or not you should consent to a search, whether law enforcement officers should have read your rights, and when you may be allowed to walk away.
This is particularly important in the case of a DWI. If you have not been arrested, your answers about drinking and driving may be used against you. You also do not have to take field sobriety tests including roadside Breathalyzer tests.
If you have already been arrested, but law enforcement officers never mentioned your Miranda rights, it is important to talk to your lawyer and let them know. The answers you provide to officers could mean the difference between a conviction and dropped charges. If you were not read your rights, these answers may be thrown out and prosecutors will have a harder time proving that you are guilty.
About the Author:
Brandon Fulgham has an in-depth understanding of both Texas law and Texans themselves. Before practicing law here, he received his undergraduate degree from TCU, and his law degree from South Texas College of Law in Houston. After graduation, he worked in District Attorneys’ offices as a prosecutor, building cases designed to put people behind bars. Now, he uses that knowledge to protect the rights of people in and around Fort Worth, making sure they receive the strongest possible defense when they find themselves on the wrong side of the law. He has been recognized for his work by The National Trial Lawyers, Fort Worth Magazine, and others.
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Strong reasoning
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Crime & Law
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Auto accidents are among the most prevailing incidents around the world every day. Most of these accidents can actually be avoided simply by taking the right precautions. Unfortunately, not everyone takes these precautions. While accidents do happen, certain factors can put a driver at a much higher risk of getting into an accident. Below are six factors that could put a driver more at risk of getting in an auto accident:
The Amount of People in the Vehicle
Studies have shown that the more people are in a car, the higher the odds are of an accident. This is because the more people that are in a vehicle, the higher the odds are that there will be distractions. Be it looking out for the safety of the passengers, or being distracted by loud passengers, the amount of people in a car can greatly increase the risk of an auto accident.
Driving a Poorly Maintained Car
The check engine light, the check oil light, the tire pressure light – all lights that routinely go ignored for an extended period of time need attention sooner, rather than later. If left ignored, an automobile can require maintenance that could otherwise make it more susceptible to an accident. For example, driving a vehicle with low tire pressure or worn tires can cause a driver to lose control of their vehicle unexpectedly, which could in turn cause a serious auto accident.
Texting and Driving
Texting and driving claims thousands of lives each and every year. Studies suggest that these incidents are not limited to teenagers, but people of all age groups. Beyond texting, this includes social media notifications, phone calls, notifications, alerts, and any distraction an unmuted cellphone could pose. Simply keeping a cellphone at arm’s reach and in direct visibility could be a distraction that leads to an auto accident.
It is not uncommon for roads to be repaved or renovated. However, in the process of renovating, roads are often closed and detour signs are posted. Sometimes, crew working on renovations fail to post the appropriate signage alerting drivers of ongoing construction. When this happens, a driver will continue on familiar routes as normal. This lack of warning can lead to an auto accident that could have very easily been avoided.
Driving while fatigued or tired can easily lead to an accident. A study conducted by the AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety suggests that drivers who only sleep five to six hours per day are more than twice as likely to get into an auto accident. Moreover, data from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration shows that over 20 percent of auto accidents involve a drowsy driver. This is because fatigue and tiredness are comparable to driving while intoxicated. A driver’s response time is dramatically lowered as is their ability to driver properly. It is imperative that a tired driver gets rest before getting behind the wheel.
An often surprising and unexpected factor that could lead to an accident is whether or not it is a holiday. Some holidays, like Thanksgiving and Christmas, are prone to crowded roads and heavy traffic. Other holidays, like Memorial and Labor Day, are similar with the added danger of increased chances of drivers operating their vehicle under the influence of alcohol. These factors can come together and lead to a serious accident.
Being mindful of these factors can give a driver a more solid chance of avoiding an accident. But despite best efforts and precautions, accidents do happen, often as a result of someone else’s negligence.
If you or a loved one have been injured in an auto accident, you need a personal injury lawyer who could help. Contact the law offices of Bramnick, Rodriguez, Grabas, Arnold & Mangan today to schedule your case consultation. Contact using the online form or call 877.423.4878 today.
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In honor of Veterans Day, today’s post comes from Bailey Martin, an intern in the National Archives History Office. Visit our website for more information on our resources related to veterans.
As we open the new Vietnam exhibit at the National Archives, we also mark the anniversary of important milestones for women in the U.S. Marine Corps that occurred during that war.
When we think of the Vietnam War, we bring to mind countless images of men in uniform and recall stories of the men who fought and lost their lives during the war. What most people don’t realize is that women also played a crucial role in this war and had been making their own contributions for several decades.
When the Marine Corps first opened their branch to women in 1918, advertisements called for “only women of excellent character and neat appearance, with business and office experience.”
Opha May Johnson believed she met these requirements, and on August 12, 1918, she joined the Marines as the first Woman Marine, or Marinette. In total, 305 Marinettes enlisted during World War I. Their main job was to take over clerical duties so male Marines were free to serve in combat. Women were stationed in Washington, DC, as well as more distantly in Oregon and California.
This assignment was only temporary, however. The group was disbanded in 1919, with the last members officially released from service in 1922. The Marines decided women did not belong in the Corps.
A lack of on-hand Marinettes created a problem when the United States entered World War II. Since all women had been dismissed, the Corps had to go through their entire recruiting process again, at a time when they needed as many volunteers as quickly as possible.
That invitation came in 1942, when General Thomas Holcomb officially created the United States Marine Corps Women’s Reserve. Even though Johnson and her fellow Women Marines had more than proved their worth less than two decades earlier, these new recruits once more served the purpose of relieving men of their desk jobs.
While the the Corps initially had intended to again disband the group after the conclusion of the war, it instead announced in 1948 that all women were welcome to join the regular Marine Corps.
This decision had two consequences when the U.S. became involved in Vietnam. First: there would be no more special women’s divisions. Second: there would be no scramble to find and train women all over again.
Such planning allowed for many significant milestones in the following decades.
In 1965, Master Sgt. Josephine S. Davis was the first Woman Marine to come under hostile fire when U.S. troops were sent to the Dominican Republic. This was a sure indication that the Corps was serious in their acceptance of women. Further proof came on September 6, 1966, when women were officially allowed to request a post in the Far East.
Master Sgt. Barbara Dulinsky was one of the many women who took the Corps up on its offer within a month of this announcement. By March 18, 1967, she received her orders for Saigon, becoming the first female Marine stationed in an active combat zone.
All of these events helped bring about a final landmark decision: on November 8, 1967, President Johnson signed legislation giving enlisted women equal promotion opportunity with their male counterparts.
In 1968, both active duty and retired Marines celebrated their accomplishments during the 25th anniversary of the Women in the Marine Corps.
The National Archives holds many records detailing these Marines’ achievements and the celebratory events. The Archives has uploaded digital copies of these materials to our Online Catalog so anyone to learn more about this important part of Marine Corps—and women’s history.
You can discover more about Vietnam in the National Archives exhibit, “Remembering Vietnam: Twelve Critical Episodes in the Vietnam War,” which will be on view in the Lawrence F. O’Brien Gallery in Washington, DC, from November 10, 2017 through January 6, 2019.
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Wish you a happy Valentine’s Day 2021, we know that every 14 February, we celebrate Valentine’s day, a day of Love, expressions, and feelings among our loved ones and friends from places all around the world. People celebrate this day as a symbol of Romance and Love, On this day they share their love by sharing different Valentine’s Gifts like giving chocolates, Valentine’s Greeting Cards, Teddy bears, and much more all in the name of Saint Valentine. This Day is famous all over the world around.
Did we ever think that why we celebrate Valentine’s day? When did will Valentine’s day begin? And what are the facts about Valentine’s day? Here we will highlight the history of this centuries-old holiday which is running from ancient Romans to Victorian Britain (England).
Who was Saint Valentine | History of Valentine’s Day?
The history of Valentine’s day and stories about Saint Valentine are different and covered with a blanket of suspense. It means that nobody exactly knows about Valentine’s day history. But we do know that we celebrate February as a month of love and romance in the name of St. Valentine’s day. As we all know Valentine’s Day today, it contains a trace of both the ancient Roman and Christians Tradition.
Facts About Valentines Day:
The Catholic Church recognizes at least three distinct saints. One legend contends that Valentine was a priest who served in Rome during the third century. When Emperor Claudius II decided that single men made better soldiers than those with wives and families, he outlawed marriage for young men. When Valentine’s actions discovered, Claudius ordered that he put to death.
Other stories suggest that Valentine may have killed for attempting to help Christians escape harsh Roman prisons, where they were tortured and often beaten. According to a legend, an imprisoned Valentine sent the first “valentine” praise himself once he fell deeply in love with a girl–possibly his jailor’s daughter–who visited him during his confinement. Before his death, it alleged that he wrote her a letter signed “From your Valentine,” an expression that’s still in use now.
Although the truth behind the Valentine legends is murky, the stories emphasize his appeal as a sympathetic, heroic, and–most importantly– romantic figure. By the old, perhaps thanks for this particular reputation, Valentine would turn into one of the most well-known saints in England and France.
History Source: HISTORY.COM
When Is Valentine’s Day 2021?
Here is the question that is circulating in newbies lovers that when is Valentine’s day. We have heard a lot about this day but let me tell you the exact day of Valentine’s day 2021. It will be on Sunday. So get ready for the romantic adventures of Valentine’s day. I will here discuss the Following content in my post about this day. Here We Go!
How to Select a Perfect Gift Idea for Valentine’s Day:
Picking out the ideal gift requires careful attention and time. When it’s Valentine’s Day or any other event, the things have to be had only after appropriate consideration. On this day, people in love wish to observe it to their fullest. To make the day special, an individual can plan in lots of ways.
However, the best concern is the thing to purchase and how to buy. Presents are something that makes the day more special. Nowadays, there are many alternatives to select. Given below is a listing of other options and approaches to choose the ideal present.
Valentine’s Day presents are different from some other sorts of gifts for separate occasions. While purchasing them, you need to remember if it’s for the man or lady. According to personal preferences and choices, donations have to be selected.
- Picking items from the shops are possible. Nowadays it is possible to discover lots of alternatives for presents from the shops. You will find unique gifting options available that are mainly on the afternoon of love.
- A lot of men and women would instead present personalized or handmade products. You might even obtain such customized things in the shop. For homemade presents, you can purchase the items in the shop and build them. Nowadays, you will find tutorials for DIY handmade choices. You can get many such tips for your Valentine’s Day.
- If you’re staying in a faraway location on a unique day, then you can purchase gifts online from anywhere in the world. Today, online shops provide better choices for presents and other things to a particular event. Several online shops have made their existence in many areas of the world. For internet services, you don’t need to make a physical presence.
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Valentines Day Gift Idea for Him | Valentines Day Gift Idea for Men
If it comes to getting presents for the men, it turns into a challenging option. For women or girls, there are lots of presents that could be chosen. However, to pick a suitable gift for those boys is a tricky option. Nowadays, there are lots of alternatives to purchasing presents. You could even find many gifting possibilities for men too. These options make it a lot easier to select gifts. On a particular day, everybody wishes to present the ideal items for their nearest and dearest after all.
The interests of both these men and their preferences might differ. But, based on these ideas, you can present the perfect ones for your loved ones.
1. The best method to begin the day is from your kitchen. You may earn a romantic meal for your loved one. This method will impress him most innovatively. You can cook the favorite meals and place them on a beautiful platter and gift them to your partner. So, there is not any more significant way to acquire his heart during his tummy.
2. Nowadays, it is widespread that individuals can’t stay together. As a result of hectic schedules and busy patterns, people spending Valentine’s Day collectively have become a nightmare. Thus, to remind your loved one of your love, you can send postcards and gift cards reminding him of the particular moment. This small gesture will show your love towards your special someone.
3. One of the best presents for Valentine’s Day would be to present the memories of this time you invested together with each other. You can give a mixed tape of his favorite tunes, or you may choose your favorite photos together and set them in an album and gift it to him.
4. It is very typical for a guy to love his gadgets. You’re able to show him with a blue ray film player and also play his favorite DVDs on it. You might also spend a romantic night together at home watching your favorite movies together.
5. If your guy is into photography and when your budget is on the higher side, you can consider devoting a DSLR camera for your man. This DSLR camera is one of the most precious gifts you can gift to your man on this special day.
6. If your spouse loves to workout, you can present a gym wear set or some other equipment that could be useful. On a particular day, nothing can be more romantic than giving your guy the gift of choice.
You can organize a weekend together if you would like to spend some quality time with your spouse. If your man loves sports and adventure, there might be no ideal way to plan trekking or a trekking tour for the particular moment.
Valentines Day Gift Idea For Her | Valentines Day Idea For Women:
The best sensual Valentine’s Day gifts for her are those that are personal and show your attention to her feelings and desires. Presents for her are not a science but an art. You have to watch and listen to finesse and choose. It’s basic, however, that girls only like to get gifts.
The challenge for you in giving a Valentine’s Day gift to your lover isn’t so much in the picking but at the demonstration. If you provide a gift in a way that recognizes her femininity, and important to you personally, it can do more for her than the award itself. And she might not understand just how she feels about it till she’s had a while to live on it. Don’t expect gushing thank yous. Just love her.
Roses are traditional, but you should be bold and break tradition if you prefer. Your creativity with flowers cultivates some imagination on your relationship. And, the flowers are attractive.
>: Attractive Lingerie:
Remember that what is erotic for you is not always what’s sensual for her. Sometimes what you cover makes her even more physical. Write them yourself or find a poet that expresses the feelings which she will love and print them on fantastic paper or a card.
>: Relaxing Massage:
Prepare the event yourself or if massage isn’t your forte, arrange a day at a health spa. Contain botanical oils, delicate foods, tea, and soothing music. She’ll let go of her anxieties, and her sensual self will come alive.
>: Fantasy Evening:
She’ll love the detail that you imagine as you create her fantasy. Prepare appetizers and beverages, a themed mood with music and candles, and profound romance.
Go as dim as you think she will enjoy. Chocolate awakens the wild and erotic passions in a woman. If you think you dare, try exotic chocolates with red pepper and fruits. Chocolate is probably the earliest sensual Valentine’s Gift idea.
>: Bed And Breakfast Weekend:
Create arrangements in your favorite place or locate a spot with a new spin. In any instance, prepare little additional surprise touches like a show, concert or dinner. Be sure to reserve plenty of collectively time independently.
Yes, it can be sensual when you select it with her beauty and flavor in mind. Choose a necklace, delicate bracelet or chain. Let her get the subtle message that you send in your thoughtful presentation.
>: Lunch And Shopping Together:
Lunch at a quiet cafe along with a shopping trip entirely centered on her is incredibly erotic. Encourage her to choose things that make her feel beautiful and unique. Make sure not to rush. Time and attention is the actual gift that she’ll value.
On Valentine’s day, lovers try to find out the impressive ways to make happy their boyfriends or girlfriends. They wanted to impress their lovers to realize them that how much they love each other. One way is Sending Wallpapers through mobile WhatsApp or other social networks. We wish you Goodluck with that, here we have a wide range of Valentines Day wallpapers. Enjoy Free Download of Valentines day wallpapers:
We Have A Wide Range OF Valentines Day Wallpapers | Valentines day Images | Valentines Day Pictures Please click the link.
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The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) — is a regional intergovernmental organization, whose main purpose is cooperation in political, economic, environmental, humanitarian, cultural and other fields among a number of former Soviet Republics.
On December 8, 1991 in Minsk the leaders of the BSSR, the RSFSR and the USSR signed an agreement «On establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States», which stipulates for formation of the CIS.
On December 21, 1991, a Protocol to the Agreement «On establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States» was signed. The document stipulated that 11 states, including the Republic of Belarus, on equal basis shall establish the Commonwealth of Independent States. They also signed an Àgreement «On coordinating institutions of the Commonwealth of Independent States». According to this document, to settle issues related to the coordination of the Commonwealth’s activity in the field of general interests, it was decided to set up a supreme body of the Commonwealth – «The Council of Heads of States» and «The Council of Heads of Governments». Within the Commonwealth of Independent States, 84 bodies are established, including 69 bodies of branch cooperation.
According to the CIS Charter, the supreme body of the Commonwealth is the Council of Heads of States which discusses and settles fundamental issues connected with the activity of member states in the sphere of their common interests.
Also the meetings of the Council of Heads of Governments, the Council of Ministers of foreign affairs and the CIS Economic Council are held on regular basis to discuss urgent issues associated with interstate cooperation within the CIS.
The interparliamentary Assembly of the CIS Member States holds inter-parliamentary consultations, discusses cooperation problems within the Commonwealth, elaborates joint offers in the field of national parliaments’ activity.
The CIS Economic Court is established in order to ensure unified application of the agreements of the CIS Member States and based on the economic commitments and contracts by means of the settlement of disputes resulting from the economic relations.
During the period of meetings of CGG, CGP and CMFA the Council of permanent authorized representatives of the CIS Member States at authorized and other bodies of the Commonwealth promotes the states’ interaction in the issues representing mutual interest.
The CIS Executive committee is unified permanent executive administrative and coordinating body of the Commonwealth of Independent States.
Covering economically and socially significant fields of interaction, the intersectoral councils contribute to formation and realization of coordinated actions of the CIS countries. Their activity is aimed at the improvement of quality of life and safety of citizens of the Commonwealth states. Bodies of branch cooperation consist of Heads of appropriate authorities of the government of the CIS Member States.
Cooperation in the humanitarian area is coordinated by the Council for humanitarian cooperation and Interstate fund of humanitarian cooperation of the CIS member states. Also vigorous activity in the field of security and fight against criminality is carried out by intersectoral councils.
The headquarters of the Commonwealth of Independent States is situated in Minsk. The office of the CIS Executive committee supervising economic problems is situated in Moscow.
The activity of strengthening and improvement of mechanisms of the CIS is being continued. The Provision on chairmanship in the CIS and the Provision on national coordinators of the Member States of the CIS are accepted and implemented.
In 2008 for strengthening of an organizational component of the Commonwealth the Belarusian member introduced an initiative about implementation of chairmanship for one state during one year in all charter bodies of the CIS. Therefore, since January 1, 2009 so-called “end-to-end chairmanship“ is being held in the CIS.
Implementation of the CIS Further Development Concept and the Plan of the principal activities for its realization became the core direction of activities within the Commonwealth.
To enhance economic cooperation within the CIS, the Strategy of CIS economic development till 2020 was adopted.
In 2011 the Treaty «În free-trade area» was signed. The provisions of articles of a new treaty are based on the norms and rules of the WTO. Presently there are all of the actual exemptions from free trade regime, also an Àgreement «În non-expansion of the list and non-increase of the rates of duties» and Àgreement «În conducting negotiations between nations for gradual abolition of the remaining exemptions in free trade regime» are secured in this document.
The Interstate program of innovative cooperation of the CIS countries till 2020 was developed and accepted by the Republic of Belarus and it was approved in 2011. This program is directed at the creation of conditions to increase global competitiveness of economies of the CIS states and convert into economy of knowledge. The main objective of the Program is the creation of the interstate innovative space uniting possibilities of national innovative systems.
At the meeting of the Council of Heads of Governments in Minsk the list of 11 innovative projects is agreed within the work on filling of the Program as the concrete contents in 2013.
Belorussian scientific institutions, enterprises and institutions of higher education take part in 9 innovative projects.
The Convention on boundary cooperation and the Agreement on Council for interregional and border cooperation are signed.
During 2013 chairmanship in the Commonwealth of Independent States was implemented by the Republic of Belarus.
The Appeal of the President of the Republic of Belarus, the Chairman of the Council of Heads of States of the Commonwealth of Independent States A.G. Lukashenko was sent to the Member States of the Commonwealth in connection with the start of the Belarussian chairmanship in the CIS.
The concept of Belarus’ chairmanship was based on the motto Integration into the benefit of the person: neighborliness strengthening, economic cooperation development, assistance to increase the availability of ecological "green" technologies, expansion of dialogue of cultures.
The main objectives of the Belarusian chairmanship were directed at strengthening of the CIS capacity. There were interaction efficiency increase of our countries on implementation of joint economic, investment and innovative projects, complex utilization of potential of interregional and border cooperation, assistance to increase the availability of ecological green technologies in the Commonwealth, expansion of practice of using the CIS symbols (a flag and an emblem).
Together with partners, Belarus conducted more than 70 considerable economic, environmental, humanitarian and interregional activities.
Holding a meeting of Council of heads of states of the CIS in the capital of the Republic of Belarus and the CIS – in Minsk on October 25, 2013 became a key event of the Belarusian presidency. It was symbolical that the Summit became the first activity in a new building – The Palace of Independence. The decisions made by Heads of States are equitable to interests of all States of the Commonwealth and their citizens. In particular, the big block of issues was devoted to the subjects of fight against the principal challenges of the present: terrorism and criminality. The Programs of cooperation on fight against human trafficking for 2014-2018, against terrorism and other violent manifestations of extremism for 2014-2016, against illicit drug trafficking and counteraction of drug addiction for 2014-2018 are approved. The Interstate program of joint efforts of fight against crime for 2014-2018 is accepted. Heads of States approved the Agreement on formation of Interstate Council on corruption counteraction and the Concept of cooperation on combating crimes committed with the use of information technologies.
A lot of work on preparation for the celebration of the 70th anniversary of the Great Victory was held in the year of Belarussian chairmanship. The participants of CGG meeting made the decision on proclaiming 2015 the Year of veterans of the Great Patriotic War. Also they signed the decision on a single anniversary award by 70th anniversary of the Victory of the Soviet people in 1945.
Among other largest actions which took place in 2013 within Belarussian chairmanship, are holding two meetings of Council of Heads of Governments of the Commonwealth of Independent States in Minsk and St. Petersburg, two meetings of Council of Ministers of foreign affairs of the CIS in Minsk and Tashkent, four meetings of Economic Council of the Commonwealth, the third meeting of Council of interregional and border cooperation of the CIS Member States in Grodno, presentation of the best books on ecological subject of the states of the Commonwealth within the XX Minsk international book trade fair, a humanitarian action Mogilev – the cultural capital of the CIS of 2013, a folklore holiday of Kupalye in the village Alexandria of the Shklovsky district of the Mogilyov region and some other actions should be taken into consideration.
The representatives of the CIS states were given an opportunity to get acquainted with the experience of activity of euroregions Neman and Lake-land during the corresponding fact-finding tour. Belarusian party shared useful information with participants which will allow to give a new impulse to interregional and bordering cooperation on Commonwealth space.
The Forum of the creative and scientific intellectuals of the CIS States became a notable event within Belarusian chairmanship. It took place in the capital of Belarus. During the Forum such topics as education, youth policy, information policy and development of media, cultural cooperation and maintenance of historical and cultural heritage, development of tourism, medicine and others were discussed.
In the message to participants of action, CEO of UNESCO I. Bokova called the Forum an important platform where the best and brightest representatives of the region have an opportunity to discuss the wide range of urgent problems.
The International youth forum of the CIS states Friendship without borders, whose agenda contained bright presentations of delegations of the CIS countries, round tables, and important social events, became very interesting and substantial. Within this forum interested discussions of their participants about traditions, culture and history of their countries, about the future of our people took place.
Belarus organized and successfully held the VIII Belarusian international media forum Partnership for the sake of the future: historical and cultural heritage as a unification factor with the international competition Art of the Book of the CIS states, summer school of journalism and sessions of experts. Delegations from 15 countries met on this platform for business meetings and creative discussions.
The joint project of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Communications and RUP Belpochta on stamp release in the circulation devoted to chairmanship of Belarus in the CIS became a notable event. the ceremony of clearing of the post block, an envelope of the first day, a special stamp, an art unmarked postcard and the art marked envelope took place in the building of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Much attention within Belarusian chairmanship was paid to the issues of further strengthening and development of a free trade zone within the Commonwealth. Activity on the project of treaty on a free trade zone of services in the CIS is sped up. Some rounds of consultations on this matter took place.
Interaction between business cooperation associations of the CIS states and representatives of small and medium business dynamically developed. Conducting a number of conferences, exhibitions and fairs in Belarus contributed to this interaction.
Due to Ukrainian refusal of implementation of chairmanship in the Commonwealth of Independent States in 2014, chairmanship in bodies of the Commonwealth was implemented in 2014 by Belarus. Such a decision was taken by the Council of Heads of CIS states on the consent of Belarus.
On May 30, 2014 a meeting of Council of Heads of Governments of the CIS was conducted under the chairmanship of Myasnikovitch M.V. (Prime Minister of the Republic of Belarus). The members considered 20 issues. Heads of delegations signed 6 international treaties on cooperation in such spheres as humanitarian mine clearing, navigation providing of armed forces, transport security, repatriation of minors to the states of their continuous accommodation, scientific and technical information exchange, determination of the country of goods' origin. Decisions on such important matters as realization of Interstate program of innovative cooperation, elimination of consequences of emergency situations of natural and techno genic nature, development of hydro meteorological and radio navigational activity are also made.
The meeting of Council of CIS Heads of states in Minsk on October 10, 2014 became the principal event of the Belarusian chairmanship in the bodies of the Commonwealth in 2014. 15 issues were considered and 4 international contracts were signed during the term of meeting.
The members discussed the Appeal of Heads of CIS States to the nations of the Commonwealth countries and world community in connection with the 70th anniversary of the Victory of the Soviet people in the Great Patriotic War and the Statement of Heads of the CIS states about conservation and strengthening of the international monitoring system over drugs.
Also problems of cooperation strengthening in the sphere of boundary safety, antiaircraft defense, of public prosecutor's bodies and divisions of financial investigation were discussed.
The second in a year meeting of the CIS Council of Heads of Governments was conducted under the chairmanship of the Republic of Belarus in Ashgabat (Turkmenistan) on November, 21, 2014. 30 paragraphs of the agenda in particular about the course of implementation of provisions of the Treaty on a free trade zone of October 18, 2011 and about The Nuclear and Radiation safety Concept of the CIS in the field of atomic energy utilization in the peace purposes were discussed. 5 international treaties were signed. One of them is focused on amendment of the Agreement on Rules of identification of the country of goods' origin in the CIS and four others are connected with inventory of the contractual and legal CIS base. The list of issues touched upon giving of the “basic organization” status to educational and scientific institutions of the States of the CIS.
A number of items of the agenda was devoted to humanitarian cooperation: Plans of priority actions in the sphere of humanitarian cooperation of the CIS States for 2015- 2016 and Plans of actions for 2015-2017 on realization of Strategy of cooperation development of the CIS States in tourism till 2020.
Two-year term of chairmanship of Belarus in the Commonwealth was highly appreciated by the Member States. Achievement of a number of advanced initiatives (preparation of the draft agreement on free trade of services, consultations of heads of the financial and economic block, innovative cooperation development, creation of common agrarian market) will be continued in the future.
In 2015 chairmanship in the CIS is granted to the Republic of Kazakhstan. Belarus and Kyrgyzstan act as cochairmen of the Commonwealth.
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Strong reasoning
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Columbia, OH (East End) - (1788 - present river, farming, & railroad town with a ghost town within the current community)
Classification: historic town
Location: City of Cincinnati (formerly Spencer Township), Hamilton County - On Riverside Dr. (U.S. 52 / Kellog Ave.) near the intersection of Wilmer Ave.
Columbia was founded on November 18, 1788 by Revolutionary War veteran Major Benjamin Stites (1734 - 1804) who had purchased 20,000 acres of land next to the mouth of the Little Miami River. He traveled with a group of 26 settlers down the Ohio River from Pennsylvania & started the first town in Hamilton County a month before Cincinnati (Losantiville) was settled. Columbia also went by the name of Turkey Bottom because of the 2 mile wide valley & fields next to the Ohio River that had an abundance of turkey & other game birds.
The town was initially just a cluster of log cabins around a few block storage houses, but it quickly grew to have 50 houses, a mill, & a school in 1790. The school was the first one in Ohio & the first school west of the original 13 colonies. It was run by John Reily (1763 - 1850), who was also a Revolutionary War veteran, as were most of the other men in the original group. The Columbia Baptist Church congregation also formed in 1790. They built the first church in Hamilton County in 1792. Rev. John Smith (1735 - 1824) was it's minister & went on to be one of the first U.S. Senators from Ohio, serving from 1803 - 1808.
The biggest stories surrounding Columbia in the 1800's are that of it's advancement of being a transportation hub. The only ways to get there in the early days were by canoe or flat boat on the Ohio River. Columbia had one of the earliest post offices in Ohio which ran by boat & horseback from 1819 - 1874. In 1835 the Anderson Turnpike wagon road connected Columbia with Cincinnati & Chillicothe. Then in 1841 the Little Miami Railroad swept through town. The Cincinnati, Georgetown, & Portsmouth Railroad had a line laid off of that in 1877 with the junction starting in Columbia & a train station on Carrell St. Cable cars were installed in 1890 & were operated by the Columbia Street Railway Co. The center of town had moved north into the Tusculum hills due to flooding concerns of living near the river & the fact that Columbia flooded several times in the 1800's.
By 1900 Columbia acquired the name of East End, referring to it as the eastern edge of Cincinnati. Back then Columbia had several grocery stores, three hardware stores, two hotels, saloons, a bank, theater, a restaurant, drugstore, & many other small businesses. The former Little Miami Railroad was bought out by the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1870. They had a station built on Torrence Rd. off of Riverside Dr. in 1907. It closed in 1933 & what's left of it still sits on the railroad tracks between Riverside Dr. & Columbia Parkway. In 1925 E.H. Lunkenheimer, a prominent local business man, donated 204 acres for an airport with the condition that it be named after him. Lunken Airport is still in operation on Wilmer Ave. The town had another post office from 1927 - 1957.
The old site of the Columbia Baptist Church & cemetery is across from Lunken Airport with parking in a small gravel lot off of Wilmer Ave. There's a few historical markers for the original town of Columbia in the cemetery where most of the early settlers were buried. A large column was built by the Baptist congregation in 1889 to commemorate their story. All four sides of the base of the column are engraved with info about them. In 1953 during the 150 year anniversary of Ohio's statehood, a marker was placed at the front of the cemetery that tells the tale of Columbia's early years.
Some other points of interest are original homes from the area including the Hezekiah Stites house (Benjamin's son) built in 1835 at 315 Stites. Ave, The James Morris house, built in 1804 at 3644 Eastern Ave., & the Kellogg house built in the 1830's at 3811 Eastern Ave. The Columbia - Tusculum Historic District also operates a historic homes tour of the Victorian Era houses that were built in the Tusculum hills in the late 1800's & early 1900's. There's more info on their website comumbiatusculum.org. Another interesting sight is the Spencer Township Hall (township now defunct) that was built in 1860 at 3833 Eastern Ave. These days Cincinnati claims that Columbia - Tusculum is it's oldest neighborhood, despite Columbia having a history all it's own.
Dent, OH (Challensville) - (1843 - present former farming town partially abandoned over time)
Classification: small town
Location: Green Township, Hamilton County - On Harrison Ave. South of I-74 & U.S. 52
Dent was originally called Challensville & was named after the town's first preacher Rev. James Challen (1802 - 1878). The first house in town was the Three Mile Hotel which some of the early farmers in the area resided at. The Challensville post office ran from 1843 - 1846. Charles Gustav Reemelin (1814 - 1896) was a german immigrant & a state senator who lived in the town & had it's name changed to Dent after a large depression in the earth near his house & vineyards. In it's early days Dent had a church, school, several stores, & a few dozen residences along Harrison Pike. The population was around 100 in 1895 & the post office ran from 1846 - 1904 when the mail started going through Cincinnati.
The town's biggest claim to fame is the Dent Schoolhouse which was built in 1894. It's said to be haunted by the ghost of Charlie McFree, a former janitor, & the children he killed. Rumors of children disappearing in Dent began to circulate in 1942 but the story eventually lost it's steam. However, in 1955 seven more children went missing & the parents began to speculate about the strange smell that would occasionally rise from the basement. The parents went down there & supposedly found the remains of a couple of dozen children hidden in the walls. Charlie the janitor was long gone, & although a reward was put out for his capture, he was never found or arrested. The Dent Schoolhouse was closed shortly after that & has been converted into one of Ohio's most popular haunted houses. It gets around 30,000 visitors every year during the Halloween season. The Dent Schoolhouse is at 5963 Harrison Ave., Harrison, OH 45248 - phone # (513) 445-9767 for ticket info.
Home City, OH (Sayler Park) - Hamilton County (mid 1800's - 1911 river & railroad town annexed into Sayler Park)
Classification: historic town
Location: City Of Cincinnati, Hamilton County - On Home City Ave. near the Ivanhoe Ave. intersection
In 1900 Willliam J. Holthingrichs bought an ice company & changed the name to The Home City Ice & Coal Co. in 1910, naming it after the nearby neighborhood. Home city had it's own train station on the Big Four Railroad (Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago, & St. Louis) & post office that ran from 1854 - 1911. The ice company was sold to Gottleib Hartweg who moved it to Ivanhoe Avenue in 1911. That same year Home City lost it's name as Sayler Park was incorporated. There's still several remnants & old buildings left from when Sayler Park was Home City. It's is a nice area to spend a historical day close to the Ohio river.
Hamilton County Ohio Ghost Towns Research Resources
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The case of the Neandertal salmon23 Mar 2014
I’ve been doing a good amount of reading about Neandertal diets lately, and have some stuff to report. First, a recent paper by Hervé Bocherens, Gennady Baryshnikov and Wim Van Neer examines a Paleolithic forensic case. There are Black Sea salmon bones in several Middle Paleolithic sites in the Caucasus, of enough quantity to suggest they were an important part of the Neandertal diet in this region. There are no Neandertal bones in the relevant sites to yield stable isotope evidence, so the importance of these salmon to the overall diet cannot be directly assessed.
But there are cave bear and cave lion bones in the same caves, and some archaeologists have suggested that these carnivores might be in part responsible for accumulating salmon bones in the caves. So Bocherens and colleagues set out to test this possibility, by doing stable isotope analysis of the carnivores at one of the sites, Kudaro 3. They found that the lions and bears were not eating the salmon:
The carbon, nitrogen and sulphur isotopic composition of cave lion and cave bears in the Middle Paleolithic cave site Kudaro 3 strongly suggests that these large carnivores were not consuming salmon and therefore were not responsible for the accumulation of salmon bones in the cave. It seems that hominins, in this case most probably Neandertals, were using this food resource. When the environment was providing direct access to abundant aquatic food resources such as anadromous salmon, it seems that Neandertals were not ignoring these resources. This conclusion is in agreement with recent work based on use-wear analyses of lithic artefacts that exhibit a broad-based subsistence for Neanderthals including fish consumption (Hardy and Moncel, 2011). Further isotopic investigations of Neandertal bone using sulphur isotopic composition in addition to carbon and nitrogen may help to document directly and to quantify the consumption of marine food resources in archaic hominins.
So that buttresses the case that Neandertals in the Caucasus were using salmon. It seems that we are moving beyond the demonstration that Neandertals occasionally used marine or aquatic resources, toward showing a consistent use of those resources in some areas of the Neandertal world.
Bocherens H, Baryshnikov G, Van Neer W. 2013. Were bears or lions involved in salmon accumulation in the Middle Palaeolithic of the Caucasus? An isotopic investigation in Kudaro 3 cave. Quaternary International (in press) doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2013.06.026
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Science & Tech.
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What Do The US Dietary Guidelines Say About Your Diet?
Author: Dr. Stephen Chaney
Science is always changing, and nutritional science is no different. As we learn more, our concept of the “ideal diet” is constantly evolving. Because of that, the USDA and the US Department of Health & Human Services produce a new set of Dietary Guidelines for Americans every 5 years.
The 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans have just been released. As usual, the process started with a panel of 20 internationally recognized scientists who produced a comprehensive report on the current state of nutritional science and made recommendations for updated dietary guidelines. After a period of public comment, the dietary guidelines were published.
There were two new features of the 2020-2025 Guidelines:
- They provided dietary guidelines for every life stage from 6 months of life to adults over 60.
- The guidelines also addressed personal preferences, cultural traditions, and budgetary concerns in so that each of us can develop a healthy diet that fits our lifestyle.
What Do The US Dietary Guidelines Say About Your Diet?
- Follow a healthy dietary pattern at every life stage.
- Customize and enjoy nutrient-dense food and beverage choices to reflect personal preferences, cultural traditions, and budgetary considerations.
- Focus on meeting food group needs with nutrient-dense foods and beverages and stay within calorie limits. They went on to say, “A healthy dietary pattern consists of nutrient-dense forms of foods and beverages across all food groups [emphasis mine], in recommended amounts, and within calorie limits.”
They said, “the core elements that make up a healthy dietary pattern include:”
- Vegetables of all types – dark green, red, and orange vegetables; beans, peas, and lentils; starchy vegetables; and other vegetables.
- Fruits – especially whole fruits.
- Grains – at least half of which are whole.
- Dairy – including fat-free or low-fat milk, yogurt, and cheese; lactose-free versions; and fortified soy beverages and soy yogurt as alternatives. [Other plant-based milk and yogurt foods were not recommended because they do not provide as much protein as dairy. So, they were not considered equivalent foods.]
- Protein foods – including lean meats, poultry, and eggs; seafood; beans, peas, and lentils; and nuts, seeds, and soy products.
- Oils – including vegetable oils and oils in food, such as seafood and nuts.
- Limit foods and beverages higher in added sugars, saturated fat, and sodium; and limit alcoholic beverages. Their specific recommendations are:
- Added sugars – less than 10% of calories/day starting at age 2. Avoid foods and beverages with added sugars for those younger than 2.
- Saturated fat – Less than 10% of calories starting at age 2.
- Sodium – Less than 2,300 mg per day – even less for children younger than 14.
- Alcoholic beverages – Adults of legal drinking age can choose not to drink, or to drink in moderation by limiting intake to 2 drinks or less in a day for men and 1 drink or less in a day for women, when alcohol is consumed. Drinking less is better for health than drinking more. There are some adults who should not drink alcohol, such as women who are pregnant.
For more details, read the 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans.
The Dark Side Of The US Dietary Guidelines
The US Dietary Guidelines point Americans in the right direction, but they are never as strong as most nutrition experts would like. The 2025 Dietary Guidelines are no exception. They have two major limitations:
#1: The food industry has watered down the guidelines. This happens every time a new set of guidelines are released. The food and beverage lobbies provide their input during the public comment period. And because they fund a significant portion of USDA research, their input carries a lot of weight. Here are the 3 places where they altered the recommendations of the scientific panel:
- The scientific panel recommended that Americans decrease the intake of added sugar from 13% of daily calories to 6%. The final dietary guidelines recommended reducing sugar to 10% of daily calories.
- The scientific panel recommended that both men and women limit alcoholic drinks to one a day. The final dietary guidelines recommended men limit alcoholic drinks to two a day.
- The scientific panel included these statements in their report:
- “Dietary patterns characterized by higher intake of red and processed meats, sugar-sweetened foods and beverages, and refined grains are…associated with detrimental health outcomes.”
- “Replacing processed or high fat-meats…with seafood could help lower intake of saturated fat and sodium, nutrients that are often consumed in excess of recommended limits.”
- “Replacing processed or high-fat meats with beans, peas, and lentils would have similar benefits.”
These statements are included in the final report, but they are buried in portions of the report that most people are unlikely to read. The summary that most people will read recommends shifts in protein consumption to “add variety” to the diet.
#2: The guidelines do not address sustainability and do not explicitly promote a shift to more plant-based diets. Again, this was based on input from food lobby groups who argued that sustainability has nothing to do with nutrition.
If you are concerned about climate change and the degradation of our environment caused by our current farming practices, this is a significant omission.
I have covered this topic in a recent issue of “Health Tips From the Professor”. Here is a brief summary:
- In 2019 a panel of international scientists was asked to conduct a comprehensive study on our diet and its effect on both our health and our environment.
- The scientific panel carefully evaluated diet and food production methods and asked three questions:
- Are they good for us?
- Are they good for the planet?
- Are they sustainable? Will they be able to meet the needs of the projected population of 10 billion people in 2050 without degrading our environment.
- They developed dietary recommendations popularly known as the “Planetary Diet”. Here are the characteristics of the planetary diet.
- It starts with a vegetarian diet. Vegetables, fruits, beans, nuts, soy foods, and whole grains are the foundation of the diet.
- It allows the option of adding one serving of dairy a day.
- It allows the option of adding one 3 oz serving of fish or poultry or one egg per day.
- It allows the option of swapping seafood, poultry, or egg for a 3 oz serving of red meat no more than once a week. If you want a 12 oz steak, that would be no more than once a month.
Unless you are a vegan, this diet is much more restrictive than you are used to. However, if you, like so many Americans believe that climate change is an existential threat, I would draw your attention to one of the concluding statements from the panel’s report.
- “Reaching the Paris Agreement of limiting global warming…is not possible by only decarbonizing the global energy systems. Transformation to healthy diets from sustainable food systems is essential to achieving the Paris Agreement.”
In other words, we can do everything else right, but if we fail to change our diet, we cannot avoid catastrophic global warming.
What Do The US Dietary Guidelines Say About Supplementation?
- They list nutrients that are of “public health concern” for each age group. Nutrients of public health concern are nutrients that:
- Are underconsumed in the American diet.
- Are associated with health concerns when their intake is low.
- They state that “dietary supplements may be useful in providing one or more nutrients that otherwise might be consumed in less than recommended amounts.”
- They recommend specific supplements for several age groups.
Here are their nutrients of public health concern and recommended supplements for each age group:
#1: General population.
- Nutrients of public health concern are calcium, dietary fiber, and vitamin D. They state that supplementation may be useful for meeting these needs.
#2: Breast Fed Infants.
- Supplementation with 400 IU/day of vitamin D is recommended shortly after birth.
#3: Vegetarian Toddlers.
- Iron and vitamin B12 are nutrients of concern.
#4: Children & Adolescents.
- Calcium and vitamin D are nutrients of concern. Dairy and/or fortified soy alternatives are recommended to help meet these needs.
- Iron, folate, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, and magnesium are also nutrients of concern for adolescent females.
#5: Adults (Ages 19-59).
- 30% of men and 60% of women do not consume enough calcium and 90% of both men and women do not get enough vitamin D.
#6: Pregnant & Lactating Women:
- Calcium, vitamin D, and fiber are nutrients of concern for all women in this age group.
- In addition, women who are pregnant have special needs for folate/folic acid, iron, iodine, and vitamin D.
- Women who are pregnant or thinking of becoming pregnant should take a daily prenatal vitamin and mineral supplement to meet folate/folic acid, iron, iodine, and vitamin D needs during pregnancy. They go on to say that many prenatal supplements do not contain iodine, so it is important to read the label.
- All women who are planning or capable of pregnancy should take a daily supplement containing 400 to 800 mcg of folic acid.
#7: Older Adults (≥ 60).
- Nutrients of concern for this age group include calcium, vitamin D, fiber, protein, and vitamin B12.
- About 50% of women and 30% of men in this age group do not get enough protein in their diet.
The US Dietary Guidelines use foods of public health concern as the only basis for recommending supplementation. I prefer a more holistic approach that includes increased needs, genetic predisposition, and preexisting diseases as part of the equation (see the diagram on the right). I have discussed this concept in depth in a previous issue of “Health Tips From The Professor”.
I have also taken this concept and made supplement recommendations for various health goals in a free eBook called “Your Design For Healthy Living”.
Some people may feel I should have included more supplements in my recommendations. Others may feel I should have included fewer supplements in my recommendations. No list pf recommend supplements is perfect, but I have tried to include those supplements supported by good scientific evidence in my recommendations.
The Bottom Line
The USDA and Department of Health & Human Services have just released the 2020-2025 US Dietary Guideline. In the article above I have summarized:
- Their recommendations for a healthy diet.
- Their recommendations for supplementation.
- The dark side of the US Dietary Guidelines.
For more details, read the article above.
These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This information is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
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Health
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Pasty Butt Identification and Remedy
Welcome to Stromberg's guide to identification and elimination to pasty butt
We put together this article and video so that you can be more successful raising your baby chicks. One health issue you can run into when you are raising baby chicks is pasty butt also known as pasting up. Read or watch the video to help you to identify and treat this common issue.
Pasty Butt Quick Facts
- Droppings accumulate under the vent blocking the birds from being able to defecate.
- Check you birds daily especially during the first week.
- It is easily eliminated with warm water and a paper towel or cloth.
- To prevent: make sure your birds are at the right temperature, have proper nutrition and are hydrated.
Questions Answered by this article
- What is pasty butt?
- Why is pasty butt a problem?
- How do you identify pasty butt?
- How often do you check for pasty butt?
- How do you treat pasty butt?
- How do you prevent pasty butt?
What is Pasty Butt
Sometimes when reading about raising baby chicks you will hear the term pasty butt or pasting up. You think, gross! This won't happen to my little chickie babies! But in reality usually one or two will have an issue. The term pasty butt refers to the vent of the chick getting plugged or crusted over with manure. Runny droppings can accumulate on the downy feathers around the vent. This will eventually cause pasting over and will prohibit the chick from defecating any further.
Why is pasty butt a problem?
Why is this a problem? Well, because your baby chick is taking in a lot of food and water in the first couple of days and being unable to defecate can cause death. Eventually they will be able to take care of this for themselves with grooming, but until then, it is essential to your chick's life to check for and if necessary remove this daily.
How do you identify pasty butt?
You will identify pasty butt very easily. Al you need to do is flip over each chick and take a look at the vent area. This is the area right below the tail. If you see a piece of dried up manure or droppings over the vent this bird will need treatment(see the graphic below to help identify birds with issues).
How often do you check for pasty butt?
We suggest checking at least once daily for you new chicks. If you notice that you are having a problem you will want to check multiple times a day. Be certain you are checking each chick by having a box to separate the inspected chicks from the non inspected chicks.
How do you treat pasty butt?
The good news is that to do this is very simple: You will wet a cloth or paper towel using warm water. Use the warm water on the paper towel to soak the dried droppings. Gently wipe away any feces from the vent. If it is especially dried on; wet the area thoroughly and wait a couple of minutes. This will soften the manure and make easy to remove. Keep your chicks warm while you are in the process, they will chill easily. Also, do not just pull off the dried manure! You can cause injury to this delicate area and may cause infection. Usually Pasty Butt will disappear in a few days as the chick starts to grow!
How do you prevent pasty butt?
The good news is that to do this is very simple: You will wet a cloth or paper towel using warm water. Use the warm water on the paper towel to soak the dried droppings. Gently wipe away any feces from the vent. If it is especially dried on; wet the area thoroughly and wait a couple of minutes. This will soften the manure and make easy to remove. You can also use warm running water to just soak the manure and then work it out of the fluff with your fingers. Keep your chicks warm while you are in the process, they will chill easily.
Also, do not just pull off the dried manure! You can cause injury to this delicate area by pulling the fluff and feathers off of the skin and may cause infection. Usually Pasty Butt will disappear in a few days as the chick starts to grow!
How do you prevent pasty butt?
I feel like there are steps to take that will help prevent pasty butt. However, regular checking for the problem will always be suggested. Here are some tips on prevention.
- Make sure you are feeding a commercial starter feed to your birds. We sell purina but there are many great brands of feed for you birds on the market.
- Use chick grit for your baby chicks. This will provide them with the proper "tools" to digest their food. Birds do not have teeth but instead use small stones or grit to grind the food once they have swallowed it and it has entered their system.
- Make sure that you are keeping your birds at the proper temperature. Chilled birds are more susceptible to pasting up. See our brooding baby chicks video to see proper brooding techniques.
- Be certain that your birds are hydrated. I suggest using two waterers. This way the birds will always have access to fresh water. Sometimes dominant chicks will block the weaker chicks from the waterer if there is only limited space at the waterers.
From all of us hear at Stromberg's, good luck with your baby chicks!!
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Research shows that parent divorce can have an effect on a child’s academic performance, regardless of their age. Younger children may have trouble concentrating in class and display “unexplained” emotional outbursts. Teenagers may struggle to complete assignments, especially if their parents have shared custody, homework monitoring is inconsistent, or access to school supplies depends on whose house they are staying at. Although they may live outside the home, college students are not the exception to this. Young adults may continue to experience the effects of their parents’ divorce in college through academic struggles and relationship struggles.
How Does Divorce Affect One’s Academic Experience?
One study suggests that children of divorced parents are more likely to be held back a grade, receive poor grades, and have fewer postsecondary education goals. Possible explanations may be that children of divorced parents are more likely to experience depression or that the stress of the divorce may affect one’s motivation and self-esteem. Perceived parent support may also affect one’s decision to pursue a college career, especially if divorced parents have different values around education or one’s career path.
Aren’t College Students Less Likely to Experience the Effects of Their Parents Divorce?
It’s a mistake to think college students are completely separated from parents. They’re still very dependent on their parents for economic support, emotional support, advice and guidance. Ideally, students would like to come and go from being dependent to being independent, and gradually have that be under their control. But divorce can take away that sense of control for many young adults.
Young adults who are on the verge of adulthood are under a lot of pressure to fit into the role society has in store for them. Young adulthood is a criticial period of establishing independence, from entering college and finding a job to starting their own family and purchasing a home, that can bring up a lot of self-doubt and pressure to succeed. Because of this, many young adults fail to launch into adulthood.
Learning differences, mental health struggles, and high stress levels often go under the radar when families are managing complex family dynamics. When these issues are misunderstood or unaddressed, young adults may continue to face barriers to independence and struggle with reaching out to their parents as their support system.
Parent Coaching in Transitional Programs for College-Aged Students
Foundations Asheville functions as a supportive community of students, Therapists, Educators, Community Liaisons, and Mentors who collaborate to establish achievable goals for each young adult in the program, all the while working side-by-side toward realizing those goals. In addition to individualized support, parent coaching helps family members get on the same page when it comes to supporting their child’s academic and career goals.
Many young adults struggle with communicating their needs and asking for support from their parents, as they’ve internalized narratives that they are meant to ride solo and take care of themselves. They may be used to picking and choosing the highlights of what they want to share with their parents and hiding other more personal details. While it is expected for communication styles to change between parents and their children in young adulthood, many families become disconnected from each other during this transition.
Transitional programs guide families in setting boundaries and changing their expectations as our professionals work closely with families and their young adults to determine the appropriate level of support they may need. Our parent coaching model is client-centered, that is, conversations revolve around how to empower students to succeed. This involves a degree of resolving family conflict by improving communication styles, but is also focused on how to move forward in rebuilding relationships and trust.
Foundations Asheville Can Help
Foundations Asheville is a program for young adults ages 18-24 who are struggling to find the motivation to launch into adulthood. Many of our students struggle with anxiety, depression, social skills, and learning difficulties. This program is committed to helping young adults develop and sharpen the skills they need to be successful in the real world. There is a focus on teaching students how to enter the workforce, develop vocational trades, and functional living skills. Foundations Asheville gives young adults the opportunity to gain confidence, find their purpose, and learn useful skills that will help them navigate through the adult years.
For more information on how to motivate your struggling young adult, call 18773187273. We can help your family today!
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Pronoun - An Overview
Posted by Issa and Published on May 09, 2012
What is a Pronoun?
Pronouns are words used as substitute for nouns or noun phrases. Some pronouns can take the place of a clause or a sentence. At times, pronouns are used to stand for unspecified or very general concepts.
What are the Types of Pronouns?
There are six types of pronouns. Below is an overview of each type.
Central pronouns have a distinction of person (1st, 2nd, and 3rd), gender (masculine, feminine, and nonpersonal), and number (singular and plural).
There are three types of central pronouns: personal, reflexive/intensive, and possessive.
- You can't blame me if I want to earn some money now.
- We have a lot to discuss, you and I.
2. Reciprocal Pronouns
Reciprocal Pronouns (each other, one another) are compound pronouns that corefer to plural noun phrases. Reciprocity hints more than one participant and a two-way relationship.
- Ruth and Ralph give presents to each other every Christmas eve.
- They waged a perpetual war with each other.
3. Demonstrative Pronouns
Demonstrative Pronouns (e.g. this, that, these, those) point out what you are talking about in a sentence.
- Those who seek to please everybody please nobody.
- What respect is shown to old age in these days?
4. Relative Pronouns
Relative Pronouns (e.g. who, whom, which, that) are used before clauses that describe nouns or pronouns.
- Do not attempt to hide things which cannot be hid.
- Avoid a remedy that is worse than the disease.
5. Interrogative Pronouns
Interrogative Pronouns (e.g.who, whom, which, what, whomever, etc.) are also called the WH-words of English.
- "Who is there?" shouted the doctor, approaching the figure.
- "What is the most difficult decision you've ever made?"
6. Indefinite Pronouns - Positive and Negative Pronouns
Indefinite pronouns lack the definiteness of the other types of pronouns, thus they are used to refer to unspecified beings, objects, or places.
- I don't see anything or anybody to be afraid of.
- None but those who work are entitled to eat.
A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language by Randolph Quirk, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik (Longman Group Ltd., 1985)
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Basic reasoning
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Literature
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== Support Craft
Throughout the Human worlds, there is much discussion and debate about the relative merits of warship and warboat classes. There’s pride too at recent Human engineering innovations, tinged with sadness because so many attempts to push back technological boundaries have resulted in tragedy.
Understandably, most attention focuses on front line warboats and warships, as these vessels project power across the stars. But to operate effectively, less glamorous vessels are needed to support them. In this section we turn our attention to one such category of smaller craft: the shuttles, cutters, and other small vessels carried inside larger ships.
As a typical (albeit famous) example of an unrated Marine transport ship of the 26th century, the Gustloff-class Beowulf carried:
2 x Lysander-class transport shuttles.
13 x Stork-class shuttles
6 x Type-DS26C shuttles
91 x Type-X dropships (8 stealth adapted).
1 x Hamilton-class pinnace
In subsequent articles, we will examine each support vessel type in turn [you can click on the class names in the list above of ships carried by Beowulf]. But first, to put these smaller craft into an engineering and construction perspective, below is an interview recorded in 2684 with Nathaniel Wood, who at the time was senior engineer at a Naval dockyard.
Nice and simple, that’s how the White Knights like their empire, and in terms of boat construction, that means a modular design with off-the-shelf standardized components. I mean, there’s other reasons too. Take the zero-point engine. It’s literally a black box. Dockyards will have thousands of them. They’re so plentiful we take them for granted. If they get damaged, we throw them out and slot in a new one. Build them from scratch, though? A very different matter. That’s not something the White Knights have ever explained how to do, nor will they.
Mind you, standardized parts slotting into a hull designed for modular construction makes perfect logistical sense. If I ruled my own empire, I’d do the same. Emperor Wood… now, there’s a name to inspire you! But seriously, can you imagine scores of dockyards each producing incompatible parts?
Here’s what would happen. Your flagship’s all ready to lead an invasion fleet when it develops a fault with its primary heat sink. In an empire without standard parts, you’d call back to your home dockyard. Yeah, sure, we’ve got spares. We’ll send them over straight away. Should get to you in about eighty years.
Well, of course you wouldn’t be so dumb. I suppose you’d carry spare parts with you, like a modern-day baggage train. Let’s hope you picked the right inventory.
Standardization has another consequence too. Back on old Earth, shipyards would outdo each other to put in incremental improvements, or occasionally try out completely new designs. There was usually steady improvement and occasionally it was rapid. Suggest changing anything in the White Knight supply chain and see how they react. If you stuck me in a timewarp and whirled me back ten thousand years to a dockyard in a distant system, I’d still recognize all the parts, and how to bolt them together. Nothing will have changed.
The designs might be stuck. But they are good. Flexible too. You start off with a hull design such as the Stork, and swap modular components in and out until you’ve got a boat that fits your needs. You want your general-purpose shuttle to shoot back? Ditch some carrying capacity and swap for a missile battery. You want a fuel tender? Put a fuel-processing unit in the hold, add front fuel scoops, uprate armor, and add more tow hooks.
You say what you like about the White Knights – well, obviously I don’t mean that literally – but I reckon their boat designs are pretty impressive.
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Strong reasoning
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Transportation
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At least 1 in 3 American adults are not getting the recommended amount of sleep and 50-70 million people in the U.S. have ongoing sleep disorders. This staggering statistic reflects just how common insomnia has become in our country. Insomnia can involve trouble falling asleep, trouble staying asleep, waking up too early, or a combination of these issues.
While we all know that insomnia leaves you tired and makes it difficult to function well the next day, its effects are much more complex. But before we dive into all of the negative effects insomnia has on us, let’s talk about risk factors.
The older you get, the more likely you are to suffer from insomnia. Family history may play a part because certain genes can affect sleep patterns. Women are 40% more likely to suffer from insomnia than men. Stress plays a big role in our sleep patterns as well. If you are not getting enough exercise, this could be the culprit to your sleep issues. Too much caffeine, alcohol or nicotine interrupt our sleep patterns. Environment…temperature, noise, and light…can be a major sleep disruptor for some. And as you have probably heard before, electronic device use too close to bedtime can keep you up at night. This last one is having a major impact on our kids today and causing a new generation of insomniacs, at an even earlier age.
So besides yawning and being less productive, what are the effects of sleep disorders on our lives?
1. It has been found that there is a 2-way relationship between sleep issues and depression. In fact, about 90% of people with depression have sleep issues!
2. It affects energy level, mood, work/school performance, memory, concentration, decision making and safety.
3. Insomnia can worsen health problems or raise the risk of developing conditions such as: asthma, decreased immune response, chronic pain, heart problems, high blood pressure, mental health disorders such as anxiety and depression, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, overweight/obesity, pregnancy complications, and substance use disorder. Research suggests that insomnia in older adults increases risk of cognitive decline and dementia. A 2017 comparative analysis on the link between sleep duration and mortality found that when compared with someone who sleeps between 7-9 hours a night, people who sleep on average less than 6 hours a night have a 13% higher mortality risk. Yikes. This list makes you not want to miss a minute of sleep.
4. Insufficient sleep has an economic impact of more than $411 billion each year in the U.S. alone.
5. Drowsy driving is responsible for more than 6,000 fatal car crashes every year in the U.S.
So how can hypnotherapy change your sleep patterns and help you get a good night’s sleep? Well, research has shown that both acute and chronic insomnia respond positively to hypnotherapy. Studies have found hypnotherapy more effective than other techniques in helping participants fall asleep.
Hypnotherapy puts your mind into a hyper-focused state that allows you to accept guidance that changes your behavior that affects your sleep. The benefits of hypnotherapy include identifying destructive thought patterns, finding the underlying reason for one’s insomnia, and a deeper, more restorative night’s sleep. It prompts increased slow-wave sleep, which is important for physical and mental recovery. Hypnotherapy reduces symptoms of anxiety, depression, and pain, which are all strongly correlated with sleep issues.
Oftentimes, people turn to meds to help them catch some zzzz’s. But meds for insomnia have side effects, interact with other medications, and are only intended for short term use. In the U.K, hospitals even use hypnosis instead of anesthesia for surgeries, proving how powerful it is and that medication isn’t even needed.
Because of how it’s portrayed in popular culture, hypnosis is commonly misunderstood. As a result, it is often overlooked as a potential treatment. As people become more aware and knowledgeable about hypnotherapy as a successful, rapid treatment for so many issues, my hope is that it will help to solve the insomnia epidemic we face today.
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Strong reasoning
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Health
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Composting your food and garden waste
Composting is great for the environment and an easy way to transform your kitchen and garden waste into a valuable and nutrient rich food for your garden. We’re encouraging you to compost your kitchen and garden waste at home.
You can order a compost bin online
How to compost
- Place your composting bin in a reasonably sunny spot on bare soil. If you have to put your compost bin on concrete, tarmac or slabs, put a layer of paper and twigs or existing compost on the bottom.
- You can also make a compost heap in a corner of the garden if you don’t have a suitable container. It could take a bit longer, but will still work.
- A 50/50 mix of ‘greens’ and ‘browns’ is the perfect recipe for good compost.
‘Greens’ rot down quickly, provide nitrogen and moisture and include fruit and vegetable scraps, weeds, cut flowers and grass.
'Browns' take longer to rot. They provide carbon, help with air flow and include twigs, dead leaves, cardboard and shredded paper.
- Use a kitchen caddy or plastic tub to collect your food waste. Do not compost cooked food, fats, meat or fish. (These can go in your council food waste collection).
- Empty the food waste into your composting bin or onto your compost heap along with waste from the garden.
- It can take between nine and twelve months for nature do its work. Mixing the heap will speed things up, but it is not essential.
- Check the progress every now and again. If the heap appears very dry, add some water and increase the amount of ‘greens’ you are adding. If it is very wet, mix in some ‘browns’.
- Your compost is ready when it is crumbly, dark and resembles thick, moist soil. If there are lumps of material that have not broken down, put them back into the composter again. Use your nutrient-rich free fertiliser to feed the plants and flowers in your garden. They will love it!
For more information, including a full list of ‘greens’ and ‘browns’, more details on setting up a compost bin and frequently asked questions, visit the recyclenow website (link opens in new window) or email [email protected]
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Basic reasoning
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Home & Hobbies
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Vitamin B-12 is a natural alternative treatment, in conjunction with traditional medications to treat Bell’s palsy -- a condition that causes temporary paralysis of one side the face, making symmetrical facial expression impossible. Bell’s palsy has a variety of causes; therefore, treatment must be individually determined.
Video of the Day
Bell’s palsy is a temporary paralysis of the 7th cranial nerve -- the facial nerve -- that exits the skull, under the ear. This nerve stimulates movement of the facial muscles that produce winking and blinking, in addition to smiling and frowning. When Bell’s palsy occurs, the muscles of the face are weak or paralyzed, causing the eyelid to droop and facial muscles to sag on the side of the face that is affected. According to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bell’s palsy affects 40,000 Americans each year, particularly if you suffer from Lyme disease, diabetes, or an upper respiratory illness such as the flu.
Bell’s palsy occurs if the 7th cranial nerve is swollen, compressed or inflamed. These conditions inhibit nervous signals from the brain to the facial muscles, thus causing muscle paralysis. According to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bell’s can be caused by the herpes simples virus; the same virus that causes cold sores. It is thought that the virus infects the nerve, causing swelling, which cuts off blood supply to the nerve and inhibiting its function. In some instances, the delicate myelin sheath that aids nerve conduction becomes damaged, prolonging the Bell’s palsy.
Traditional treatments are tailored to address the underlying cause of Bell’s palsy. Infections are treated with antibiotics. The steroid prednisone decreases inflammation. Acyclovir -- a medication to treat the herpes virus -- can speed recovery. Bell’s palsy makes blinking difficult, so lubricating eye drops are recommended. Physiotherapy is also recommended, which includes massage and exercises of the facial muscles to prevent permanent muscular contracture.
B-12 and Bell's Palsy
Vitamin B-12 is one of the eight B-vitamins. The body uses the vitamin to convert food into energy. It also helps to support healthy nerve function, red blood cell formation and works in tandem with folate -- vitamin B-9 -- to regulate mood and emotions. Vitamin B-12 injections are an alternative treatment method for Bell’s palsy. In a 1995 study, published in “Methods and Findings in Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology”, vitamin B12 -- also called methylcobalamin -- injections administered three times per week limited the condition to two weeks, opposed to nine weeks with prednisone alone. The injection is administered directly into the area of the facial nerve. The vitamin helps the nerve and surrounding muscle tissue produce energy and reduce inflammation.
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Moderate reasoning
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Health
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Commercial credit reportingis the compilation and reporting of the credit histories of commercial enterprises. While most people are familiar with consumer credit reports, many are unaware that a similar reporting system exists to assess risk in extending loans to businesses, underwriting insurance risk, purchasing or investing in businesses, and shipping goods to businesses on credit.
Every country in the world has commercial credit reporting agencies, which allow foreign exporters to asses the risk in shipping goods to a wholesaler in that country. Governments also use commercial credit to regulate businesses and collect taxes.
The information age has changed the gathering of commercial risk information. Before telephones and the Internet, the only way to gather risk information on a business was to visit the business owner in person. Credit reporters would ask business owners for the names of the companies that supplied them on credit terms, what banks they dealt with, how many workers they employed, and so on. It took days, even weeks, to fulfil a request for a commercial credit report.
This time-consuming process is no longer necessary. Credit Report Australia can now be compiled in seconds, without a business-owners knowledge. Suppliers are now asked to supply commercial credit-reporting agencies with frequent trial balance downloads on all their accounts receivable.
These trade-payment experiences are linked in order to show how a business pays its suppliers. Collection agencies share this information with credit-reporting agencies.
Publicly available informationbankruptcy filings, lawsuits, lease registrations, and judgements, for exampleis also gathered. As this flood of information accumulates over a period of years, trends become apparent, making it possible to track a businesss cash flow.
Companies that are frequently unable to pay their suppliers are quickly identified. Computerised monitoring systems tell suppliers when to restrict credit to unhealthy businesses. These comprehensive, detailed reports are reduced to two-digit scores that enable automated credit approvals and rejections.
Commercial credit is more volatile than consumer credit. Few businesses remain unchanged five years after their founding; all businesses face constant competition for clients and markets. And the granting of credit by businesses is very much market-driven. Retailers buy goods on credit in the hope that they will be able to sell them at a profit before being required to pay for them.
Retailers who are required to pay for their inventories in cash on deliverydue to their inability to obtain credit from suppliersare at a serious competitive disadvantage. Most businesses, unlike consumers, are oblivious to the risk-reports being compiled on them, and may never discover why they are unable to obtain credit from their suppliers.
The strict laws that govern consumer credit-reporting agencies rarely cover commercial ones. Despite this lack of oversight, complaints about the accuracy or completeness of information in a commercial credit report can potentially harm an agencys reputation, so they do take complaints seriously.
Global Credit Solutions Australia (www.gcsaustralia.com) is recognised as a leading supplier of global commercial credit reports.
Get A Hold of Thousands of Dollars in Free Home Business Ideas and Tools
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Strong reasoning
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Finance & Business
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Agonism. The word can feel awkward and obtuse—even painful. But for months it’s been at the tip of the tongues of Walker staff and colleagues who have been considering it as an approach to a politics that embraces difference and disagreement as important parts of democracy. While the word may be unfamiliar to many, agonism speaks acutely to our current political moment.
The public symposium Discourse and Discord: Architecture of Agonism from the Kitchen Table to the City Street, copresented by the Walker Art Center and Northern Lights.mn, aims to address and unpack agonism, looking at how it works on the ground and what kind of “architectures”—whether the built environment, online technologies, songs, or even recipes—can draw people together for genuine dialogue and debate. It also reinforces the notion that democracy thrives on and even requires an agonistic foundation: the friction between people of different minds, views, and beliefs.
What is agonism? How should I explain the idea of agonism to my neighbor across the street?
Agonism is the ancient Greek word for a contest with a prize. In the sense we’re using it, it’s a way of understanding life and politics as a game or contest.
Agonism is the truth that your neighbor already knows. Legislation doesn’t solve anything. The conflicts continue regardless; it’s just the nature of politics.
My neighbors do, in fact, ask me what agonism is. But then I like to throw it back on them. I say, “OK, let’s play a game. When I say agonism, you say …” I’ve gotten all sorts of answers. One person said, “Paradise Lost.” Lucifer wrestling the angels. A physiologist responded that the agonist is a contracting muscle; the antagonist is the muscle that returns the limb to its natural state. A techie person was reminded of the symbiotic relationship between the fig wasp and the sycamore tree. A musician likened agonism to noise. As in, harmony is control, order. Noise is the sum of sounds; it fluctuates between harmony and cacophony. Noise is difference, polyphony, epistemological, and political pluralism.
I don’t think you should explain agonism to your neighbor. Better to enact it through engaging her—with empathy and respect—on an issue you disagree.
There is a variant of agonism, which most people think of as how open-source software happens: an idea gets proposed in an initial form to the widest possible group. Of the many who find fault with it, a small minority will actually propose an improvement, which is then subjected to the same process, except that the original proponent gets to weigh in as a critic. Anybody who cares enough to keep the idea moving owns it. Over time, competing variants and improvements are adopted and discarded by ad hoc groups, which themselves persist, peter out, or mutate over time.
How does agonism express itself in your practice as an artist?
If agonism merely describes a condition in the world, then expressing agonism through artwork, in fact, paints reality more aptly and with greater complexity. Agon makes things fun! Agonistic art practices “work” by coming in through the back door to solve problems and intrigue using a different kind of logic.
My practice is about creating spaces for an agonistic pluralism to flourish, for creating spaces where we can participate in conflicting values and practices toward the composition of new social conditions and structures.
As an artist, I maintain an agonistic relationship to the discipline of architecture. My work exploits the tensions between architecture and media art with respect to how space is conceived, constructed, organized, and interpreted within technologically mediated environments.
Much of my work as an artist is concerned with politics and publics, and I consider what would it mean to make political metaphors material. For example, we talk about debates as though they are scored like boxing or wrestling contests, but of course they are not. What would happen if we devised a scoring system for debates?
We’re clearly living in a fractious time. How can agonism help us?
Like any theory, agonism is a tool to think with. So it gives us a way to understand what we mean when we use terms such as “democracy” and “politics.” From this, we might begin to not just “think about” but also “do” democracy differently.
Paying attention to agonism helps us reframe how we see struggle. Instead of regarding it as a symptom of a bad or messy or contentious situation, we can instead see agonism as a symptom of an environment strong enough to withstand difference and adversity.
As many theorists have pointed out, our culture is increasingly “gamified.” People tend to think of many everyday actions as moves in a game. For instance, what does it mean “to make a move,” “to make a play,” “to play around,” “to call someone a loser”? If indeed, all the world’s a game and all the men and women merely players, then what is this game we are playing and how could it be otherwise?
One would hope that agonism offers a way to come to terms with extreme ideological differences—not resolving them, but at least making the debate more tolerable.
How do we foster a space for dissensus, critical dialogue, and debate?
Promote and commit to diversity! This may mean doing the work to figure out how you are going to outreach to people from a different point of view or ilk, subjecting ourselves to uncomfortable situations, and building conditions to foster a sense of tolerance and difference. Listen to who’s not speaking and see why not; create a space where this differential is foregrounded. Understand that you can hold difference. Understand when compromise sacrifices particular points of view and when compromise strengthens alliances.
What are you most looking forward to about the Discourse and Discord symposium?
The opportunity to have these conversations in public, and to disagree about them.
The opportunity to encounter and test different ideas on agonism through the various formats planned.
The chance to try a few things I’ve been working on, and to find out what might be possible in remaking Hennepin Avenue, which seems to have a lot in common with a number of other urban environments that need some love in North America and Europe.
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http://www.walkerart.org/magazine/2012/agonism-politics-consensus-art-democracy
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Strong reasoning
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Politics
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NEWS: New UC Davis study says Lyme hides out in lymph nodes
Researchers at the University of California, Davis, have found that Lyme bacteria "have developed a novel strategy for subverting the immune response of the animals they infect." Their study appears on-line in the journal Public Library of Science Biology.
Press release from UC Davis:
Lyme disease bacteria take cover in lymph nodes, study finds
June 8, 2011
The bacteria that cause Lyme disease, one of the most important emerging diseases in the United States, appear to hide out in the lymph nodes, triggering a significant immune response, but one that is not strong enough to rout the infection, report researchers at the University of California, Davis.
Results from this groundbreaking study involving mice may explain why some people experience repeated infections of Lyme disease. The study appears online in the journal Public Library of Science Biology.
“Our findings suggest for the first time that Borrelia burgdorferi, the bacteria that cause Lyme disease in people, dogs and wildlife, have developed a novel strategy for subverting the immune response of the animals they infect,” said Professor Nicole Baumgarth, an authority on immune responses at the UC Davis Center for Comparative Medicine.
“At first it seems counter intuitive that an infectious organism would choose to migrate to the lymph nodes where it would automatically trigger an immune response in the host animal,” Baumgarth said. “But B. burgdorferi have apparently struck an intricate balance that allows the bacteria to both provoke and elude the animal’s immune response.”
About Lyme disease
Lyme disease, the most important tick-borne disease in the United States is caused by Borrelia burgdorferi, corkscrew-shaped bacteria also known as spirochetes. The disease is transmitted to humans and animals through bites from infected deer ticks. The disease occurs mainly in the Northeastern and Great Lakes states, and is present to a lesser extent in Northern California.
Symptoms of Lyme disease are quite variable and may include fever, headache, fatigue and a skin rash. If the infection is not treated, it can spread to the joints, heart and nervous system.
Usually, Lyme disease can be successfully treated with about four weeks of antibiotics; treatment is most successful during the early stages of infection.
The UC Davis study
Swollen lymph nodes, or lymphadenopathy, is one of the hallmarks of Lyme disease, although it has been unclear why this occurs or how it affects the course of the disease. The UC Davis research team set out to explore in mice the mechanisms that cause the enlarged lymph nodes and to determine the nature of the resulting immune response.
They found that when mice were infected with B. burgdorferi, these live spirochetes accumulated in the animals’ lymph nodes. The lymph nodes responded with a strong, rapid accumulation of B cells, white blood cells that produce antibodies to fight infections. Also, the presence of B. burgdorferi caused the destruction of the distinct architecture of the lymph node that usually helps it to function normally.
While B cells accumulated in large numbers and made some specific antibodies against B. burgdorferi, they did not form “germinal centers,” structures that are needed for the generation of highly functional and long-lived antibody responses.
“Overall, these findings suggest that B. burgdorferi hinder the immune system from generating a response that is fully functional and that can persist and protect after repeat infections,” Baumgarth said. “Thus, the study might explain why people living in endemic areas can be repeatedly infected with these disease-causing spirochetes.”
In addition to Baumgarth, members of the UC Davis research team include Stephen Barthold, director of the Center for Comparative Medicine; Emir Hodzic, director of the Real-Time PCR Research and Diagnostics Core Facility; staff scientist Sunlian Feng; graduate student Christine Hastey; and Stefan Tunev, formerly of the Center for Comparative Medicine and now at Medtronic Inc.
Funding for the study was provided by the National Institute of Health.
About UC Davis
For more than 100 years, UC Davis has engaged in teaching, research and public service that matter to California and transform the world. Located close to the state capital, UC Davis has more than 32,000 students, more than 2,500 faculty and more than 21,000 staff, an annual research budget that exceeds $678 million, a comprehensive health system and 13 specialized research centers. The university offers interdisciplinary graduate study and more than 100 undergraduate majors in four colleges — Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Biological Sciences, Engineering, and Letters and Science. It also houses six professional schools — Education, Law, Management, Medicine, Veterinary Medicine and the Betty Irene Moore School of Nursing.
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Strong reasoning
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Health
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We define naps as mid-day sleeping of under an hour. Longer sleep periods during the day are called siestas.
Recent research actually shows that midday naps can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, especially for males. A report published in the Annals of Internal Medicine reported on a large-scale study of people in Greece. Naps reduced the risk of heart problems about as much as statin drugs do.
A study in 2006 concluded that regular naps of less than 30 minutes can improve productivity and mental performance. Regular longer naps are associated with higher mortality. The authors felt that regular nappers could get the most out of their naps by “training” the body to awaken after a short nap.
People who napped at least 30 minutes a day, three times a week, were 37 percent less likely to die from heart disease. Occasional nappers had a 12 percent reduction. Although there is always a risk that daytime naps lead to nighttime insomnia, individuals can learn the specific needs and response of their bodies. Many people can nap in the daytime without nighttime problems. A study of seniors in a retirement community found no significant impact of napping.
Between 2 p.m. and 4 p.m., your body naturally experiences a small dip in temperature, signaling the brain to produce the sleep-inducing hormone melatonin. Sleep plays an important, if not wholly understood, part in formation of long term memory. Memories are consolidated during sleep. Brain researchers have shown events they call “spindles” happen in Stages 1 and 2 and these seem to be connected with memory formation and learning. Short naps can be very effective in facilitating learning. They are especially effective in consolidating learning of new motor tasks. Thus the “power nap”. It is thought that power nap might accelerate memory consolidation by inducing NREM sleep. More here. And here.
One theory is “synaptic pruning” takes place during sleep. This holds that during waking period synapses grow stronger and the number of synapses increases, crowding out the brain’s ability to absorb more information. Sleep is a time when the brain eliminates the number of synapses and frees up resources for further learning. Previous learning is sent to long-term memory. This theory has some animal evidence to support it, but it is just a theory.
You might hear about microsleep periods and think these are naps. They are not. Microsleep is unintentional brief (as little as a few seconds) of sleep, often of only part of the brain, and usually unknown (not consciously perceived) by the person. You do not want to have microsleep episodes. Indeed, intentional naps are a preventative measure against microsleep.
Retired people take a lot of naps because they have less structured days than younger people, but those of all ages can take naps.
How to take a power nap
What used to be called a catnap is now called a power nap. The word “power” makes it acceptable for working adults who think of themselves as on the top of their game and helps sell napping to people who might otherwise think of it as an activity for small children and old people. Calling is a “power nap” makes it socially acceptable.
Usually the power nap is under 20 minutes, so the brain doesn’t have time to go through all the phases of sleep. Longer naps often leave the person groggy upon waking, but power naps can be refreshing without a sleepy hangover.
Some people take their power nap at their place of work – at their desk chair for instance. More ambitious nappers have a cot near their office or even go out to their car for a nap. Most do not use alarm clocks. Trivia: the Prophet Muhammed was a fan of napping and advised people to nap.
The Boston Globe published a one-page guide to napping. It’s pretty good although for some reason they include a drawing of a monkey in the tree.
Naps or Extra Nighttime Sleep
All other things being equal, what is better: an afternoon nap or getting more sleep at night? There is no correct answer of course, but the addition of 30-45 minutes in nighttime sleep does not significantly affect measures of vigilance and daytime sleepiness the next afternoon. Mid-day naps do improve performance on the psychomotor vigilance test and they make people less sleepy in the afternoon as measured by the MSLT. Caffeinated beverages also help us over the mid-afternoon hump more than extra sleep at night, too.
Little kids often nap as part of their regular day. Old people are also stereotypical nappers. In both these cases, age-related sleep patterns can explain part of the predilection. A Pew Reseaech Center survey found that 34% of U.S. adults nap on any given day. Among those past age 80, the percentage was 52%. Men are more like to nap than women and regular exercisers were more likely to nap than sedentary people.
The timing of the nap affects the sleep architecture. Morning naps and afternoon naps differ, with people tending to drift off faster in the afternoon for longer naps with more slow-wave deep sleep than morning naps.
The Science of the Perfect Nap
Daytime Napping – Appetitive and Preparatory
Sleeping is fun, and one of the most fun ways to sleep is daytime napping.
There are many ways of napping. Different lengths, locations, and times of day. Some people have a regular nap in the afternoon (common in toddlers and retired people). Others have a catnap during their lunch breaks. Opportunity and preferences play a big part in napping behavior.
Working adults who nap usually do so in short bursts – the power nap. Weekends present the opportunity for longer naps. Power naps do not last long enough to get to slow-wave sleep. Even short naps can be refreshing.
Toddlers and small children usually need an afternoon nap, and this nap lasts an hour or more. In contrast to adult nappers, toddlers more often go into deep sleep. Kids need lots of deep sleep to support their growth.
Some investigators distinguish between appetitive nappers and replacement nappers.
Appetitive nappers can nap at almost any time, and do so often to “tune out” of their surroundings. Replacement nappers are trying to catch up on sleep. Appetitive nappers can nap even when not sleepy, like an afternoon nap. Replacement nappers are usually not in the mental state or habit that allows them to sleep at will. These are generalizations, of course, and not necessarily fixed.
Another way to classify napping is by saying some naps are prophylactic and some are recuperative, respectively before or after sleep loss. The planned naps before anticipated periods of busy work can raise performance and cut the risk of sleepiness during times when a person needs to be at the top of his or her game.
Naps to Help Us Remember
Research continues to show that daytime napping can improve mental performance in adults, which led to enthusiasm behind the mid-day power nap as well as preparation naps for hurry-up-and-wait occupations such as surgeon and airline pilot. National Geographic even had an article in which they compared the brain to an email system, “sleep—and more specifically, naps—is how you clear out your inbox.” That’s too simplistic, of course, but sleep in general makes us more receptive to learning.
So we know naps can help us remember things we just learned, but are they better than equivalent period of time awake a relaxing or watching television?
Yes, the time spent in napping is better for remembering than the time spent awake.
Longer sleep durations such as nighttime sleep are even better for memory than daytime naps. However, research has established that the gains in improved memory occur in the first half of the night. A sleep period of 3.5 hours is pretty much as effective as a period of 7 hours.
This meshes with the idea that REM (which occurs more in the latter half of the period) is not important in memory formation. This study also confirmed that Stage 2 sleep (particularly early in the night) is important in learning new motor skills.
Naps over 30 minutes usually bring post-nap inertia, though. If the sleeper goes into State 3, slow-wave sleep, it will be harder to wake up. The cognitive benefits of the longer naps last longer, too.
Children are great nappers, partly because they are learning so fast. Many preschools and kindergartens incorporate time for napping in the child’s day. Research has shown naps help children remember things learned earlier in the day and that the children who get the most cognitive benefits are those who nap habitually. When a child skips a regular nap and makes up for the lost sleep time by extending nighttime sleep, the cognitive benefits are not recovered in the makeup sleep.
Hammocks are great for napping, too, and researchers have found that the rocking motion of the hammock facilities falling asleep.
Swinging makes you fall asleep faster and extends the length of the nap, which is why the hammock and similar moving platforms are ideal for appetitive napping. Riding in a car helps some people sleep (one hopes they are passengers, not the driver).
Insomniacs, especially those attempting sleep restriction therapy, are discouraged from daytime napping because it could make it harder to sleep at night.
Napping can be taken as a sign of excessive daytime sleepiness, a symptom of many sleep disorders, but this is an example of how we look at sleep differs whether we are looking for pathologies or recreation. Recreational and appetitive naps are fun, and not a sign of a disorder.
The Caffeine Nap
Sleep researchers at the University of Britain at Loughborough did several tests on fatigued drivers to compare the effects of different methods for a driver can use to stay awake. They put the volunteers in driving simulators while they were sleepy and let them drive. Some of the tests included rolling down windows for cold exposure, blasting the radio and slapping oneself in the face to try to stay awake. But what researchers found worked the best was a Caffeine Nap.
The Caffeine Nap is simple: you drink a cup of coffee and immediately take a 15-20 minute nap. Researchers found coffee helps clear your system of adenosine, a chemical which makes you sleepy. The combination of a cup of coffee with an immediate nap chaser provided the most alertness for the longest period of time in tests. The recommendation was to nap only 15 minutes, no more or less and you must sleep immediately after the coffee.
Most adult Americans drink coffee, and caffeine is possibly the most widely used and longest self-administered drug in mankind. Caffeine is a stimulant and is often used when people want to stay awake. The caffeine nap is an example of the paradoxical effect of many substances in the body.
A Stanford University test published in 2010 found that caffeine during the day disrupts night sleep more in morning people (larks) than in evening people (owls).
Sleeping better on stimulants
The tradition of the siesta in some countries and cultures has posed a question for a long time: is taking a siesta on a regular basis good for you?
Determining this type of thing is tough. It has long been known that people in these countries generally have lower rates of fatal heart disease than in siesta-less countries, but nobody ever knew if there was a cause and effect relationship. Maybe other factors such as diet were responsible for fewer heart attacks. A study conducted by epidemiologists at the University of Athens in 2007 attempted to find out. Using data from over 23,000 people and sophisticated statistical techniques, they found that siestas were correlated with lower rates in fatal heart attacks, especially in working men.
Meanwhile, a study conducted at Hadassah University Hospital in Israel in 2005 looked at a sample of 455 70-year olds and found that those who practiced siestas had a higher death rate.
An earlier (2003) Israeli study found that long siestas (over 2 hours) were correlated with increased mortality among men, but that shorter naps and siestas for women had no major correlation with mortality. And siestas appeared to be worse among men with chronic health problems.
A 2000 study by Harvard Medical School researchers of people in Costa Rica found that daily siestas in fact increased the effect of heart attacks.
So the evidence is conflicting. Researchers tend to agree that resting in the afternoon without sleeping does not pose any health risk and is often very beneficial.
According to The Economist, the Spanish government recently launched a campaign to eliminate the tradition of siestas. Spaniards reportedly sleep an average of 40 minutes less per night than other Europeans and have the highest rate of workplace accidents in the European Union.
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The following are some activities that may be of interest for units and individual girls. Some of these activities can be integrated into the core program and completed within a unit meeting. Others can also be completed separate from typical unit meetings or by girls individually on their own.
Dove Free Being Me Activity
Developed through a partnership between the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts (WAGGGS) and Dove, the Free Being Me activities offer a fun and relevant way to inspire girls and young women to have the self-confidence to be the best they can be. Free Being Me will help girls re-think global definitions of beauty.
Is your unit interested in traveling to another part of Canada? Girl Guides of Canada has partnered with Experiences Canada (formerly SEVEC) to enable Girl Guide Units to participate in their exchange program. This homestay exchange program is ideal for Pathfinders and Rangers who would like to experience the country.
Girls for Safer Communities
Girls for Safer Communities (GFSC) is a program activity which aims to increase awareness about safety concerns of girls and women while mobilizing girls to become leaders in their communities. It is integrated into the core program at all branch levels. Girls complete a safety audit walk and then work with members of the community to make recommendations and create action plans that will improve safety. Pathfinders and Rangers also receive leadership and safety training that prepares them to lead their peers or younger Units in these safety audit walks.
Guides On The Air (GOTA)
GOTA is an opportunity for Members of Guiding - from Sparks to Guiders - to talk to other Members of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts all over the world via amateur radio. Outside Canada, GOTA is known as Thinking Day on the Air - TDOTA.
Sing it Loud! A Girl Guides Song Collection
Since the inception of Guiding, Girl Guides across Canada have united in song at campfires, unit meetings and other gatherings. To honour this tradition, GGC has compiled this song collection with lyrics from some of the most popular songs in Guiding.
The TD FEF Tree Planting Grant Program offers girls and young women a hands-on way to raise their awareness of environmental issues while supporting them to transform green spaces in their communities. Through grants of up to $2,500 for girl-led tree planting and greening projects, this environmental initiative helps to bring girls and nature closer together as they make their communities greener and more liveable.
Girl Guides of Canada has a strong tradition of twinning with Member Organizations (MOs) of the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts (WAGGGS) from around the globe. The Twinning 2020 initiative "Amigas del Mundo: Connect, Grow, Impact" will continue this tradition from 2014-2016.
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Social Life
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Many of you have read about our experience with our son and his dietary changes. I’m very intrigued by the connections between diet and behavior in children (and adults). I stumbled upon this article while doing some research for a recent presentation. The most interesting quote was, “According to Pelsser, 64 percent of children diagnosed with ADHD are actually experiencing a hypersensitivity to food.” What do you think about this article?
P.S. See below the article for a great trail mix recipe!
Study: Diet May Help ADHD Kids More Than Drugs (source: NPR)
Hyperactivity. Fidgeting. Inattention. Impulsivity. If your child has one or more of these qualities on a regular basis, you may be told that he or she has attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. If so, they’d be among about 10 percent of children in the United States.
Kids with ADHD can be restless and difficult to handle. Many of them are treated with drugs, but a new study says food may be the key. Published in The Lancet journal, the study suggests that with a very restrictive diet, kids with ADHD could experience a significant reduction in symptoms.
The study’s lead author, Dr. Lidy Pelsser of the ADHD Research Centre in the Netherlands, writes in The Lancet that the disorder is triggered in many cases by external factors — and those can be treated through changes to one’s environment.
“ADHD, it’s just a couple of symptoms — it’s not a disease,” the Dutch researcher tells All Things Considered weekend host Guy Raz.
The way we think about — and treat — these behaviors is wrong, Pelsser says. “There is a paradigm shift needed. If a child is diagnosed ADHD, we should say, ‘OK, we have got those symptoms, now let’s start looking for a cause.’ “
Pelsser compares ADHD to eczema. “The skin is affected, but a lot of people get eczema because of a latex allergy or because they are eating a pineapple or strawberries.”
According to Pelsser, 64 percent of children diagnosed with ADHD are actually experiencing a hypersensitivity to food. Researchers determined that by starting kids on a very elaborate diet, then restricting it over a few weeks’ time.
“It’s only five weeks,” Pelsser says. “If it is the diet, then we start to find out which foods are causing the problems.”
Teachers and doctors who worked with children in the study reported marked changes in behavior. “In fact, they were flabbergasted,” Pelsser says.
“After the diet, they were just normal children with normal behavior,” she says. No longer were they easily distracted or forgetful, and the temper tantrums subsided.
Some teachers said they never thought it would work, Pelsser says. “It was so strange,” she says, “that a diet would change the behavior of a child as thoroughly as they saw it. It was a miracle, a teacher said.”
But diet is not the solution for all children with ADHD, Pelsser cautions.
“In all children, we should start with diet research,” she says. If a child’s behavior doesn’t change, then drugs may still be necessary. “But now we are giving them all drugs, and I think that’s a huge mistake,” she says.
Also, Pelsser warns, altering your child’s diet without a doctor’s supervision is inadvisable.
“We have got good news — that food is the main cause of ADHD,” she says. “We’ve got bad news — that we have to train physicians to monitor this procedure because it cannot be done by a physician who is not trained.”
Read full article HERE.
- 1 cup raw or roasted almonds
- 1 cup pumpkin seeds
- ½ cup sunflower seeds
- 1 cup dried blueberries *watch for added sugars
- ½ cup raisins
Combine all ingredients in an airtight container and store in a cool, dry place. Enjoy!
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|← Greenhouse Effect||Christopher Landsea →|
It does not matter if one believes in anthropogenic climate change, what is important here is that, most humans are doing away and are actually wasting this valuable resource called carbon dioxide. As much as it is being said that carbon dioxide plays a big role in the current global warming, this product can be very useful if the world will only learn how to fully utilize it. The key aspect here is to transform this harmful carbon dioxide into a very useful material. The chemistry body should coordinate with the energy companies so as to make carbon dioxide a profitable resource. The fact that it is carbon does not really mean that it must have an environmental impact. This material can be transformed in a greener manner and come up with a renewed energy thus improving our economy (Green 97).
A higher percentage of the fuels we use are fossil fuels and it is possible to transform the industry and develop it in a greener way. This does not mean that coal and oil companies should be eliminated. We need coal, oil and natural gas for the smooth running of our lives and we can't do without them. We need coal for syngas and to assist in the manufacturing of the chemical compounds. It even costs more to capture carbon dioxide and pumping it underground. There has bee a transition and the use of the renewed energy has taken a paradigm shift compared to that of fossils. The use of the green carbon has proved to have a lesser impact on the environment. Green carbon ultimately uses hydrogen while it produces chemicals. As much as hydrocarbon has led us to improved technology, it also has a negative impact on the environment. The new technology of green carbon reduces this negative impact on the environment.
The use of green carbon has assisted in the reduction of fossil fuel emission. This has been successful through injecting carbon dioxide into the wells and using it again as a feedstock. This has ensured that the emission of carbon is lowered hence preserving our nature. By doing this, we are able to continue manufacturing and using plastics and fibers for as long as we live. Green carbon will assist in ensuring that there are no more losses on the carbon resources. It will also ensure that there is less emission of carbon in the use of fuels. A better alternative of carbon dioxide is to convert methane into hydrogen. Just as the name suggests, the green gas may have the problem of meeting the demand. If the demand of the product increases there is a problem of meeting the targeted demand. The fracking process is also another problem. If better purification facilities are put into place then this problem can be solved to avoid consumption of unpurified water (Wills 87- 94).
The usage of green carbon in summary actually means energy maturity. The use of fossil fuel is now becoming a crisis and it is messing with our environment. We have remained with absolutely no option but to embrace the new energy system. While using this new system, it is very vital to ensure conservation of environment because at the end of the day, consumers seek efficient service with less harm on the nature. The strategy of the green carbon is not all about moving from fuels that has higher carbon to those with lesser carbon. It takes a very holistic shape and ensures that there is a gradual transformation and people are gradually moving away from the use of coal, gas and oil to the use of the green gas. It is taking shape and in the near future, most of the consumers will be using this product (Hoffman 147).
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Strong reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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By Dr. Leonard Perry Extension Greenhouse and Nursery Crops Specialist University of Vermont
With a drought affecting much of the north country, smart gardeners are finding ways to garden using less water. In addition to using proper watering practices, or collecting and recycling water, there are also some cultural tips you can follow for water-wise gardening.
–For flowers and vegetables, use wider spacing to reduce competition for soil moisture, mulching in between plants.
–Use three to four inches (after settling) of organic mulch (pine bark, straw, or similar) to prevent soil from drying and losing moisture to the air. Keep mulch away from trunks and off the top of desirable perennials. Using plastic mulches around shrubs or in vegetable and annual flower gardens in which plants are spaced regularly can help as well. Or place thick layers of newspapers in rows, covered lightly with mulch.
–Incorporate organic matter into the soil, which will aid in water retention. Compost also adds nutrients, but breaks down faster than peat moss–another common amendment. Peat moss lasts longer in the soil, at least a year or more, but adds few nutrients and acidifies the soil (which is easily corrected with liming).
–Fertilize less, both less in amount and less often, and avoid applying too much high nitrogen fertilizer. Too much nitrogen results in excessive growth and increased need for water by lawns and plants. Organic fertilizers provide less nitrogen to the soil and usually release it slower over a longer period, as well as help improve soil humus, which helps hold water.
–Choose and place plants properly. Don’t select plants that prefer moist conditions, and place them in a dry area. Choose plants more resistant to drought. These include many other plants in addition to cacti and succulents, such as those with deep taproots (baptisia or false lupine), thick storage roots (daylilies), or waxy coated leaves (sedum). Perennial flowers need water when newly planted, but once established require much less water than annual flowers. Native plants may be a good choice as well.
–Don’t apply pesticides that might cause injury to stressed plants, or which in heat need to be watered in.
–Avoid pruning when plants are stressed and not growing and are thus unable to heal wounds quickly. Pruning also may stimulate side shoots and more growth, creating the need for more water.
–For evergreens, use antitranspirant sprays on leaves to help prevent water loss. Or erect windbreaks around such plants, if they’re small or new and in a windy area. Burlap strung between posts is effective. For routinely windy sites, consider planting a more permanent windbreak of spruces, firs, or other evergreens to screen other plantings.
–Use hoeing and soil cultivation of weeds sparingly. Continually disturbing the soil surface will result in it drying out much faster. You may have to cut weeds off at the soil surface, or use contact or systemic herbicides and save the cultivation until drought conditions ease. At least the bright side is that under drought, weeds won’t grow as fast either! But keep weeds down, as they compete with more desirable plants for water.
–Move container plants to more shaded areas, so the soil won’t dry out as quickly.
–Use pottery containers that are glazed on the outside, which prevents much water loss. Or use plastic containers, which, if unattractive can be set into more attractive outer pottery ones.
–Don’t crowd too many plants into containers, or use large containers for large plants. This will help keep them from drying out as often and requiring watering daily or more often.
–Leave grass clippings after mowing to act as mulch and recycle nutrients and some moisture.
–If seeding lawn areas, or repairing areas, use drought resistant grass types such as fine fescues.
–If water is not available, allow grass to go dormant. Unless there are extreme conditions for a long period, grass usually will begin growing again once conditions improve.
–Don’t mow grass when it is dormant and not growing. Even when growing, set the mower height at two to three inches high. High mown grass develops deeper root systems that are better able to withstand drought.
If water is restricted or in short supply, give highest priority to the following:
–Newly planted trees, shrubs, and perennials
–Newly seeded lawns or repaired lawn areas
–Plants on sandy soils or windy and exposed sites
–Vegetables when flowering
For current information on drought conditions, log onto the National Drought Mitigation Center Website at www.enso.unl.edu/ndmc/watch/watch.htm or the University of Massachusetts’ drought information Website at www.UmassDroughtInfo.org.
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Moderate reasoning
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Washington, Apr 6 (ANI): Just checking a lesion on the tongue or cheek with a gentle touch of a brush can help detect oral cancer as efficiently as more invasive techniques, say researchers at Rice University.
The test that uses Rice's diagnostic nano-bio-chip was found to be 97 percent "sensitive" and 93 percent specific in detecting which patients had malignant or premalignant lesions, results that compared well with traditional tests.
"One of the key discoveries in this paper is to show that the miniaturized, noninvasive approach produces about the same result as the pathologists do," said John McDevitt, the Brown-Wiess Professor of Chemistry and Bioengineering at Rice.
His lab developed the novel nano-bio-chip technology at the university's BioScience Research Collaborative.
The researchers are working to create an inexpensive chip that can differentiate premalignancies from the 95 percent of lesions that will not become cancerous.
The minimally invasive technique would deliver results in 15 minutes instead of several days, as lab-based diagnostics do now.
And instead of an invasive, painful biopsy, this new procedure requires just a light brush of the lesion on the cheek or tongue with an instrument that looks like a toothbrush.
"This area of diagnostics and testing has been terribly challenging for the scientific and clinical community. Part of the problem is that there are no good tools currently available that work in a reliable way," said McDevitt.
He said patients with suspicious lesions, usually discovered by dentists or oral surgeons, end up getting scalpel or punch biopsies as often as every six months.
"People trained in this area don't have any trouble finding lesions. The issue is the next step -- taking a chunk of someone's cheek. The heart of this paper is developing a more humane and less painful way to do that diagnosis, and our technique has shown remarkable success in early trials," said McDevitt.
The way forward is with nano-bio-chips-small, semiconductor-based devices that combine the ability to capture, stain and analyze biomarkers for a variety of health woes that also include cardiac disease, HIV and trauma injuries.
Researchers hope the eventual deployment of nano-bio-chips will dramatically cut the cost of medical diagnostics and contribute significantly to the task of bringing quality health care to the world.
Eventually, dentists may be the first line of defense against oral cancers, with the ability to catch early signs of the disease right there in the chair, said McDevitt.
The study appeared online in the journal Cancer Prevention Research. (ANI)
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Currently, treatment options for people with brain injury from a trauma — such as a car crash, or bike accident — are limited. Some of these people remain impaired many years after the incident. They may return to work, but they struggle to concentrate or suffer from memory lapses. Even if life isn't awful, it isn't what it once was.
Stanford neurosurgeon Jaimie Henderson, MD, thinks that deep brain stimulation could help these patients improve. There's just one problem: It's never been done before in people with this condition. Henderson isn't averse to trying things that haven't been done before -- he's part of a team that is working to allow patients with impaired movement to control a cursor with their minds.
But convincing others to join him often requires some effort. Henderson and his colleagues have set up a clinical trial to test the safety, and get a glimpse at the efficacy, of deep brain stimulation for these patients, yet he's struggling to find people to enroll.
The procedure itself -- which involves implanting two tiny wires in the brain, connected to a pacemaker-like device in the chest -- isn't new. It's successfully used to treat symptoms of Parkinson's, epilepsy and other disorders.
For the attention problems caused by traumatic injuries, Henderson plans to target a different area of the brain than for Parkinson's treatments. Here, he's aiming for the central thalamus, which plays a key role in the ability to concentrate on tasks. Typically, attention problems after head injury occur because the central thalamus and frontal lobe regions supported by the central thalamus are impaired.
Previous studies have found that severely injured patients, who are minimally conscious, have been helped by the procedure. In addition, central thalamic stimulation has been shown to boost the concentration of monkeys on boring, repetitive tasks.
Henderson thinks once one person has been helped, others — for the total of six needed for the study -- will quickly join in. "We hope to see improvements, which should be evident fairly immediately," he said.
The challenge is finding that first person.
"We're looking for a pretty specific group of people, who have returned to employment or to school, but aren't able to function at a full-time level or to do the same things they were able to do before," Henderson said.
Study participants must be between 22 and 55 years old and have been injured at least two years -- additional details are available in the study description. Ideally, they would also live relatively close to Stanford.
Once implanted, the device would be tested for at least a year, a time period that can be extended if it is helping the patient, Henderson said.
The procedure does have risks, including bleeding or infection, although these are both rare. A variety of side effects, such as balance problems or tingling, are possible due to the stimulation, but these can usually be moderated by adjusting the device's programming or in the worst case removing, Henderson said.
Interested or have questions? Research coordinator Omar Rutledge is the person to contact: he's at [email protected].
Previously: The story behind the development of a brain-computer interface, Pure brainpower directs onscreen cursor, letting paralyzed people type and Stanford conducts first U.S. implantation of deep-brain-stimulation device that monitors, records brain activity
Photo by Paul Sakuma
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Strong reasoning
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Health
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The esophagus is a muscular tube through which food and drink pass from the mouth to the stomach. It is intended to drive food into the stomach. The ring-shaped sphincter muscles help stop food from moving backward. The upper sphincter muscles halt food from going into the windpipe and voice box, while the lower ones avert food and stomach acid from stirring backward into the esophagus. Difficulties with the easing of the sphincter muscles can effect in clogging or helplessness to eat. Complications with the tightening of the sphincter muscles sources reflux, which may upshot in indications for instance heartburn or even harm to the esophagus.
The size of the global market for Esophageal Catheters is expected to reach US$ 4.5 Billion by 2032, expanding at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.4%.
The aim of the report is to estimate the size of the market for esophageal catheters and the future growth potential of the market for esophageal catheters across various segments, such as type, application and end user.
The market has been studied for historic years from 2018 to 2019, with the base year of estimation as 2020 and forecast from 2021 to 2028. Factors such as increasing commonness of esophageal long-lasting disorders and technical progressions leading to innovative and advanced products are the key drivers of the global esophageal catheters market.
Esophageal disorders, particularly those concerning swallowing difficulties for instance esophagitis, achalasia or gastroesophageal reflux distress more than 15 million Americans of all ages. For a lot of people, they’re momentary problems that can be coped with over-the-counter medications and daily life modifications. However for others, they are enduring worries that plague daily life and can lead to more severe circumstances. There are various reasons, together with nerve and muscle glitches, head and neck damages and malignance. Otherwise they may happen for the reason of a stroke. Certain medicines can correspondingly add to the disorder.
Key Segments of the Global Esophageal Catheters Market
Type Overview, 2018-2028 (USD Million)
- Balloon Dilation Catheter
- Irrigation Catheter
- Pressure Monitoring Catheter
Application Overview, 2018-2028 (USD Million)
- Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
- Chest Pain
End User Overview, 2018-2028 (USD Million)
- Ambulatory Surgical Centers
Regional Overview, 2018-2028 (USD Million)
- Rest of Europe
- Rest of Asia-Pacific
Middle East and Africa
- South Africa
- Rest of Middle East and Africa
- Rest of South America
Important Companies in Global Esophageal Catheters Market
- CooperSurgical, Inc.
- Pennine Healthcare
- EB Neuro S.p.A
- PanMed Us
- Boston Scientific Corporation
- PENTAX Medical
- CardioCommand, Inc.
Reason for the study
- Growing prevalence of chronic esophageal disorders
- Growing surgical procedures number and growing demand for minimally invasive surgeries
What does the report include?
- The study on the global esophageal catheters market includes qualitative factors such as drivers, restraints and opportunities
- The study covers qualitative and quantitative analysis of the market segmented on the basis of type, application and end user. Moreover, the study provides similar information for the key geographies.
- Actual market sizes and forecasts have been provided for all the above-mentioned segments
- The study includes the profiles of key players in the market with a significant global and/or regional presence
Who should buy this report?
- The report on the global esophageal catheters market is suitable for all the players across the value chain including product manufacturing companies, suppliers/distributors, R&D labs, CROs, healthcare organizations, medical reimbursement and insurance providers
- Venture capitalists and investors looking for more information on the future outlook of the global esophageal catheters market
- Consultants, analysts, researchers, and academicians looking for insights shaping the global esophageal catheters market
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CC-MAIN-2022-49
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Strong reasoning
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Health
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According to RIVM’s registration system, at least 90% of babies have been vaccinated against mumps, measles and rubella (MMR). Furthermore, around 93% of babies are registered as having been vaccinated against diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough), tetanus and polio (DTaP-IPV).
In 2022, boys received an invitation to get vaccinated against HPV for the first time. The registration system shows that more than 50% of boys have now had their first vaccination against HPV. The same is true for more than 60% of girls. For girls born in 2006, the participation rate has now risen to 75%.
This is according to RIVM’s provisional figures for January 2023 on participation in the Dutch National Immunisation Programme. There appears to have been a slight fall in the participation rate compared to last year. The exact amount of this decrease is impossible to determine, because not all vaccinations are included in the figures. This is due to a new registration method.
MMR and DTaP-IPV vaccinations
The provisional figures relate to babies born in 2020 (vaccinated against MMR at the age of two) and 2021 (vaccinated against DTaP-IPV at the age of one). The percentage of babies shown in RIVM’s registration system as having been vaccinated against MMR is at least 89.5%, compared to 92.9% who have been vaccinated against DTaP-IPV. In January 2022, the percentage of babies who had been vaccinated against MMR and DTAP-IPV was respectively 92.6% and 94.0%.
Vaccination against HPV protects against various forms of cancer. In 2022, boys received an invitation to get vaccinated for the first time. The vaccine is now offered to both boys and girls during the year in which they turn 10 (in this case, to children born in 2012). In addition, some children aged 12–18 who had not yet been vaccinated against HPV received a new invitation in 2022 to protect themselves against HPV-related cancers. This invitation was sent out to children born in 2004, 2006, 2008 and 2009. In 2023, the invitation to get vaccinated against HPV will be sent to children with different years of birth once again. For more information, see More than two million invitations to get vaccinated against hpv in 2023.
The provisional figures in RIVM’s registration system on the first vaccination against HPV are at least 41% to 58% for boys and between 62% and 75% for girls (Figure 1). In January 2022, the provisional participation rate for the first HPV vaccination among girls born in 2008 was 70%.
*Excluding Amsterdam GGD region where cohort 2013 instead of 2012 was vaccinated
Figure 1 Participation (%) in first HPV vaccination (situation as of 13 January 2023, excludes anonymous vaccinations)
In contrast with boys, girls born in 2004, 2006 and 2008 received a first invitation to get vaccinated against HPV before 2022, in the year they turned 13. This means they had more time and opportunities to get vaccinated against HPV than the other children represented in this chart.
The figures pertain to vaccinations that have been registered in full. Since 1 January 2022, parents and/or the children themselves are asked for permission to share vaccination details, including personal details, with youth healthcare services and RIVM. If they deny permission or permission is not registered correctly, the vaccination details that RIVM receives are anonymised. This applies to 5% of all National Immunisation Programme vaccinations administered in 2022.
An anonymous vaccination means that – for example – the vaccinated person’s year of birth, gender, municipality of residence or dose is unknown. For this reason, anonymous vaccinations are not included in the participation figures. The participation figures in RIVM’s registration system are therefore an underestimation of the actual participation rate, which makes it difficult to compare the figures to those from previous years. This mainly applies to the HPV vaccination figures. The reason for this is that the figures for babies pertain to children who largely already qualified for vaccination before 1 January 2022.
Interpreting the figures is complicated
There appears to have been a slight decrease in the current figures compared to last year. As regards babies, we can state with greater confidence that the participation rate was indeed lower. This may have been due to COVID-19. The exact amount of this decrease is impossible to determine. For the HPV vaccination figures in particular, it is unclear to what extent the decrease can partially be explained by the fact that, since 2022, not all vaccinations can be included in the figures. It is therefore difficult to assess whether there has indeed been a change. However, European research has shown a decreasing lack of trust in vaccines among citizens in multiple countries.
The fact that more than 50% of boys had their first HPV vaccination in the first year is a positive development. For girls born in 2006, who previously received an invitation in 2019, the participation rate has now risen to 75%. This is the highest it has ever been. It is important either to maintain this vaccination rate or to increase it further.
The annual report with the definitive figures on National Immunisation Programme vaccination rates will be published in June.
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https://www.rivm.nl/en/news/provisional-figures-on-participation-in-national-immunisation-programme
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Strong reasoning
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Health
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How to Attract Bats to your Garden
Bats in Britain are sadly in decline, due to loss of habitat and food. But you can help by planting the right flowers in your garden to attract insects and moths and providing roosting. Simon King talks you through the best Bat Boxes to buy, and how and where to put them up.
The more we can do for bats in Britain, the more we can stem their current decline. According to the Bat Conservation Trust, our populations of bats in the UK have declined considerably over the last century. Their principal threat is loss of habitat. But also food, as Simon himself says, “Bats in the UK have really suffered enormously due to habitat loss both from the point of view of where they roost and also from the point of view of their food stuffs. They are all insectivorous species – they eat bugs – and therefore if bugs are on a low ebb, bats are suffering too.”
In the UK, you are most likely to spot a common pipistrelle bat, although we do actually have 18 species of bat in total living here. The pipistrelle weighs just five grams and can eat thousands of insects in just one night. For this reason, bats are known as biodiversity indicators. That means if we have a good population of bats then this indicates we have a rich healthy insect-filled environment around us. Which is what we need!
What do bats eat?
Bats are nocturnal and love to eat bugs! So their staple diet is made up of insects which we find flying around at night time.
- They eat moths
- and some beetles.
And in fact play a crucial role in pollination. They offer great pest control in your garden and for farmers, as they spend the evening hoovering up insects and in the same moment spreading seeds.
That’s why it’s great to choose flowering plants for your garden which are night-scented, meaning they give off an attractive smell after dark. Thereby encouraging insects and, in turn, bats. Flowers including jasmine, honeysuckle, evening primrose and sweet rocket are great for this. They all encourage moths which are such an important food source for bats. You can also plant our wildflower seeds to encourage bats into your garden. Compost heaps and ponds are also great at attracting the type of insects which bats love to eat. And are, of course, excellent water and habitat sources for loads of other types of wildlife in your garden. See our Native Wildflower Seeds for bats.
But aren’t bats blind?
All of our bats in the UK are insectivorous and so their success is tied to the availability of bugs. They catch insects using something called echolocation – which, in effect, is them making a noise, waiting for the sound wave to bounce back off an object, and using the speed at which it returns to know what’s in front of them and how big it is. Giving them information like whether it’s safe to keep flying or whether there’s food right in front of them. But contrary to popular thought, they don’t use echolocation because they are blind. Bats in fact can see extremely well.
Do bats hibernate?
Bats in the UK do hibernate. Hibernation is a state of torpor, or an extended period of deep sleep where a bat’s body temperature lowers and its metabolic rate slows. In preparation, they will spend the autumn building up fat stores and then seek out a cool but relatively humid sheltered spot in which to spend the winter. Caves are obviously the most stereotypical location. But a hollow in an old tree is also an excellent place, or in our loft space and between the tiles of a roof. They will emerge from hibernation in March and April, depending on the weather.
Where do bats live?
Roosting is what bats do during the day. They look for somewhere dark and preferably warm to hang! Bats will change their roosting site through the year and they don’t ‘build’ a roost, like a bird will build a nest, but instead use an already available structure, either in a tree, a building or underground. In fact many will roost in a bat box, and you can help by providing one in your garden. A Bat Hanging Rack also offers a comfortable hanging space for bats during the day.
Why do bats hang upside down?
Have you ever thought about the fact that bats like to hang upside down. It sounds like a very uncomfortable lifestyle choice, but in fact bats need to be able to hang upside down. That’s because it helps their hearts to circulate blood, their claws don’t exert any energy to grip onto a wall or tree, and it means they are in prime position to quickly take off in flight. In fact most bats cannot take off from the ground. They need to be able to fall a couple of feet to start flying.
How to put up a bat box?
So let’s talk about how to choose the right bat box, where to put it and how to look after bats to encourage more of our furry friends into your garden to roost and nest.
Bat boxes are available in many forms. There are single chamber bat boxes such as our Chavenage Bat Box (as featured in the video) and the Original Bat Box. These can provide roosting for Pipistrelle, Serotine, Noctule and Leisler’s bats. It is best to position these:
- On a wall or a tree
- At least 2 metres above the ground
- South facing or somewhere relatively warm
Our Original Bat Box is double chambered offering a higher capacity for bats. Again it’s best to fit this on a garden or woodland tree or fence or onto your house wall, nice and high – up to around 5 metres. You could spend a few evenings beforehand in your garden noting whether you can see an existing feeding or flight route as you will be more likely to get occupation if you can see a lot of bats around already.
Once your bat box is up, it’s illegal to inspect it or disturb the bats without a licence. So how do you know if you’ve got bats in your bat box? Well, you can look underneath or on the slats for evidence of bat droppings, they’re about the size of mice droppings. Or, keep an eye out at dusk to see if they’re flying out. You could even invest in a bat detector to listen out for the ultrasonic sounds of a bat call which we can’t normally hear with the human ear.
For more information on looking after bats head over to the Bat Conservation Trust.
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https://www.simonkingwildlife.com/how-to-attract-bats-to-your-garden/
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Moderate reasoning
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Home & Hobbies
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Библиотека сайта rus-linux.net
|The Linux System Administrator's Guide: Version 0.7|
|Prev||Chapter 6. Using Disks and Other Storage Media||Next|
This subsection introduces terminology related to hard disks. If you already know the terms and concepts, you can skip this subsection.
See Figure 6-1 for a schematic picture of the important parts in a hard disk. A hard disk consists of one or more circular platters, of which either or both surfaces are coated with a magnetic substance used for recording the data. For each surface, there is a read-write head that examines or alters the recorded data. The platters rotate on a common axis; typical rotation speed is 5400 or 7200 rotations per minute, although high-performance hard disks have higher speeds and older disks may have lower speeds. The heads move along the radius of the platters; this movement combined with the rotation of the platters allows the head to access all parts of the surfaces.
The processor (CPU) and the actual disk communicate through a disk controller. This relieves the rest of the computer from knowing how to use the drive, since the controllers for different types of disks can be made to use the same interface towards the rest of the computer. Therefore, the computer can say just ``hey disk, give me what I want'', instead of a long and complex series of electric signals to move the head to the proper location and waiting for the correct position to come under the head and doing all the other unpleasant stuff necessary. (In reality, the interface to the controller is still complex, but much less so than it would otherwise be.) The controller may also do other things, such as caching, or automatic bad sector replacement.
The above is usually all one needs to understand about the hardware. There are also other things, such as the motor that rotates the platters and moves the heads, and the electronics that control the operation of the mechanical parts, but they are mostly not relevant for understanding the working principles of a hard disk.
The surfaces are usually divided into concentric rings, called tracks, and these in turn are divided into sectors. This division is used to specify locations on the hard disk and to allocate disk space to files. To find a given place on the hard disk, one might say ``surface 3, track 5, sector 7''. Usually the number of sectors is the same for all tracks, but some hard disks put more sectors in outer tracks (all sectors are of the same physical size, so more of them fit in the longer outer tracks). Typically, a sector will hold 512 bytes of data. The disk itself can't handle smaller amounts of data than one sector.
Each surface is divided into tracks (and sectors) in the same way. This means that when the head for one surface is on a track, the heads for the other surfaces are also on the corresponding tracks. All the corresponding tracks taken together are called a cylinder. It takes time to move the heads from one track (cylinder) to another, so by placing the data that is often accessed together (say, a file) so that it is within one cylinder, it is not necessary to move the heads to read all of it. This improves performance. It is not always possible to place files like this; files that are stored in several places on the disk are called fragmented.
The number of surfaces (or heads, which is the same thing), cylinders, and sectors vary a lot; the specification of the number of each is called the geometry of a hard disk. The geometry is usually stored in a special, battery-powered memory location called the CMOS RAM, from where the operating system can fetch it during bootup or driver initialisation.
Unfortunately, the BIOS has a design limitation, which makes it impossible to specify a track number that is larger than 1024 in the CMOS RAM, which is too little for a large hard disk. To overcome this, the hard disk controller lies about the geometry, and translates the addresses given by the computer into something that fits reality. For example, a hard disk might have 8 heads, 2048 tracks, and 35 sectors per track. Its controller could lie to the computer and claim that it has 16 heads, 1024 tracks, and 35 sectors per track, thus not exceeding the limit on tracks, and translates the address that the computer gives it by halving the head number, and doubling the track number. The mathematics can be more complicated in reality, because the numbers are not as nice as here (but again, the details are not relevant for understanding the principle). This translation distorts the operating system's view of how the disk is organised, thus making it impractical to use the all-data-on-one-cylinder trick to boost performance.
The translation is only a problem for IDE disks. SCSI disks use a sequential sector number (i.e., the controller translates a sequential sector number to a head, cylinder, and sector triplet), and a completely different method for the CPU to talk with the controller, so they are insulated from the problem. Note, however, that the computer might not know the real geometry of an SCSI disk either.
Since Linux often will not know the real geometry of a disk, its filesystems don't even try to keep files within a single cylinder. Instead, it tries to assign sequentially numbered sectors to files, which almost always gives similar performance. The issue is further complicated by on-controller caches, and automatic prefetches done by the controller.
Each hard disk is represented by a separate device
file. There can (usually) be only two or four IDE hard disks. These
are known as
/dev/hdd, respectively. SCSI hard disks are
/dev/sdb, and so on. Similar naming
conventions exist for other hard disk types; see Chapter 5 for more information. Note that the device
files for the hard disks give access to the entire disk, with no
regard to partitions (which will be discussed below), and it's easy
to mess up the partitions or the data in them if you aren't careful.
The disks' device files are usually used only to get access to the
master boot record (which will also be discussed below).
The platters are made of a hard substance, e.g., aluminium, which gives the hard disk its name.
The BIOS is some built-in software stored on ROM chips. It takes care, among other things, of the initial stages of booting.
The numbers are completely imaginary.
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CC-MAIN-2023-40
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Strong reasoning
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Hardware
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Urban mobility is perceived by developing country cities’ leaders as their most pressing and difficult challenge. Citizens spend hours in traffic. Seeking to overcome it, powerful and wealthy citizens create odious symbols of inequality, such as the exclusive road lanes for high-level bureaucrats in Moscow, or the private helicopters over São Paulo. Inequality is indeed the main obstacle to effective mobility solutions, as I will propose here.
Mobility is peculiar: different from other challenges such as education or housing, it tends to get worse as societies become richer. It is particular as well, in that solutions are largely counter-intuitive: as it seems to us the Sun circles around the Earth, it seems that more road infrastructure will solve traffic jams. And, of course, both perceptions are equally flawed.
Population growth, and all that comes with a higher income per capita, such as smaller households, larger living spaces per person, and an increase in the percentage of non-residential buildings, will make Latin American cities double or treble their built-up area over the next 50 years. It will make most Asian cities grow more than 1,000 per cent and African ones more than that, albeit over a longer period. How will mobility be solved in these giant cities?
BRT: not just a cheaper alternative
Clearly it will not be car based; public transport is the only option. But, which public transport? In the age of maglev high-speed trains, rail appears to be the obvious, modern solution. Rail manufacturers’ enormous marketing and public relations budgets – and sometimes that is a euphemism – often counting on their embassies’ support – reinforce this view. However, the only possible means to provide mass public transport to all inhabitants of a developing country city are bus-based systems. While São Paulo recent underground lines have cost US$250 (R$560) million per kilometre, Rio is constructing Bus Rapid Transport (BRT) lines for less than US$10 (R$22) million per kilometre. Operational costs are also lower for BRTs than for rail systems.
The advantages of bus over rail are not just a matter of cost. While underground systems have some advantages over BRT, the opposite is true as well. In terms of capacity BRT is very similar to an underground system: Bogotá’s TransMilenio moves up to 47,000 passengers/hour/direction (PHD), which is more than all of the world’s underground lines, except for a handful. And there are many known ways to optimise and increase TransMilenio’s speed and capacity, which have not yet been implemented. Guangzhou’s BRT moves up to 37,000 PHD, more than all Chinese underground lines, except for Beijing’s line number 2.
Speed-wise express BRT lines are similar to an underground on roads without traffic lights; and it does not cost much to construct underpasses for BRT at intersections. It is usually easy to add a passing lane at stations, in order to have express routes with buses stopping only every several stations. Undergrounds cannot have express routes unless a second parallel line is built. More importantly, BRT journey times can be shorter for several reasons. When changing lines, underground passengers have to alight, walk hundreds of metres and wait for another train; BRT buses can change lines without wasting time getting off and walking to the other line. In order to carry any given amount of passengers, many more buses than trains are required. Therefore, BRT frequency is much higher, particularly at off-peak hours. This means, unpleasant waiting time at the station is shorter.
Underground stations need to be at least one kilometre apart from each other for efficiency’s sake; BRT stations can be efficiently located 500 metres apart. This means walking time from the origin of the trip to the station and from station to destination is shorter. Some BRT systems, such as Guangzhou’s, operate buses in ordinary mixed-traffic streets and the BRT trunk-way in the same route; which means buses can collect passengers close to their trips’ origin and leave them close to their destinations.
Public transport users are exemplary citizens who contribute to reduce congestion. They should be rewarded with low-cost, high-quality travel. Why send them underground? It is much more pleasant to travel on the surface, enjoying natural sunlight and views of the city. It is also preferable not to spend time in long underground corridors and stairways, which, even when they are mechanical, often break down.
If buses are so wonderful, why weren’t they preferred in London?
If buses are so wonderful, why weren’t they preferred in London, Paris or New York? Why aren’t they preferred in developing country cities? Before getting into that, let’s be clear that my position is that all public transport is good and undergrounds are formidable, wonderful systems. The issue is what to do when the mobility challenge is vast and the resources to tackle it are scarce. At any rate, what should be done first?
When the first undergrounds were built, in the late 1880s, buses did not exist. As Dinesh Mohan points out, into the first decades of the twentieth century streets were still cobblestoned, like they were during Roman times.1 A ride on solid rubber wheels would have been rough. And the technology for pneumatic tires, which could support heavy vehicles, only appeared in the 1930s. Therefore, buses only fully entered the scene around 1940. Then they were the new thing, sexier than trams, which they replaced all over the world in a couple of decades. But of course, by then, what was truly sexy was the private car. Another reason for underground systems was that historic centres of cities, such as Paris or London, had narrow, winding streets. The only way to move fast across them was by underground.
Developing country cities are different. They usually have large arterial roads. And they do not have a unique, well-defined centre. They have many centralities, the importance of which is ever-changing, often waning. They are well suited for BRT. But they have middle-class and high-income citizens whose political priority is to obtain more and more road space for their cars. They do not want to give up an inch of road space, existing or newly built, to buses. At the top of their demands to government are more road infrastructure and undergrounds. In very unequal developing country societies, higher-income citizens rarely have the intention of using the undergrounds they demand. They only see them as a means to reduce traffic by putting others underground, namely, bus riders.
In more advanced developing countries, high car-ownership levels hide the fact that many households own a car, but cannot drive to work: relatively few in an office building have access to parking. The fact is that a large majority of those who drive to work in developing country cities have a higher income than most public transport users. Giving in to the pressures of the powerful society members who drive to work is what governments tend to do. It is politically easy to spend billions on undergrounds and other rail systems, which do not take space away from cars. However, it is neither the best technical, nor the most democratic option.
If there are alternatives, it is not technically correct to prioritise a system that will only solve mobility for a small minority of a city’s population, leaving the majority stranded. Not even the largest underground and suburban rail networks in developing country cities reach 15 per cent of their populations; in fact most undergrounds in those cities move less than 5 per cent of their population. Such is the case with Rio’s two underground lines whose share in the city’s daily trips is only 1.78 per cent. Building one underground line is expensive, and the cost per passenger increases with each additional line, as they are prioritised by demand: each additional line costs the same per kilometre, but moves progressively less passengers per kilometre.
Most developing country cities have relatively unused, often abandoned, rail lines that are said to offer a great opportunity for the operation of urban and suburban passenger rail service. Suburban rail differs from undergrounds in that it has lower acceleration and longer distances between stations, and train carriages are designed for mostly seated passengers. While suburban rail investment costs can be low, operational costs per passenger are high. When an overground urban rail line is in service, it has to be fenced off, creating an inconvenient barrier through urban areas, which also tend to deteriorate and lower the values of surrounding areas, and sometimes even foster crime. Negotiating road intersections can be complex and expensive for overground urban rail. In fact, when such urban rail corridors exist, BRT works better than rail. High-capacity BRT systems have a much higher PHD than any suburban rail line; buses can come in and out of the rail/BRT trunk-way. And it is much simpler to solve the issue of intersections with the road network with bus underpasses, or even traffic lights.
As for light rail or tram systems: they are pretty and usually more stable than buses, but they costs more, have lower capacities and are operationally less flexible.
Before investing in rail, it seems logical to first use the existing road infrastructure to accommodate public transport. It does not take an MIT PhD; a committee of 12-year-olds would also conclude within half an hour that the best way to use scarce road space is with exclusive lanes for buses. An exclusive BRT lane may move up to 70 times more passengers than a lane used by cars. To clarify the issue, let´s imagine that a catastrophe leaves us with enough fuel for only 5 per cent of vehicles in a city: to whom would we allocate it? For survival, we would necessarily allocate it to trucks and buses. Now, if what is scarce is not fuel, but rather road space? Shouldn´t we do likewise?
History shows how societies accustomed to flagrant injustices do not perceive anything wrong with them. That was the case with everything the French Revolution changed, before it happened. In the United States women could not vote for President less than 100 years ago, and African Americans had to give up their seats to white citizens in a bus until the middle of the twentieth century, and good, ordinary people and great thinkers saw nothing wrong with it. Now, a bus slowed down by traffic is as flagrantly undemocratic as women not being able to vote. If all citizens are equal before the Law, as all Constitutions state in their first article, a bus with 100 passengers has a 100 times more right to road space than a car with one.
Road space, the space between buildings, is probably the most valuable physical asset of a city. How should we distribute it between pedestrians, cyclists, public transport and cars? Regardless of what is done, it should be clear it is neither a technical issue, nor a legal one: it is a political issue.
A different solution, a different way of thinking
Implementing solutions to this political issue requires first a different way of thinking; a democratic way of thinking that truly assumes all citizens are equal and have the same right to public assets such as road space.
New technologies such as maglev should make rail systems faster and less costly. Bus systems will benefit from new technologies too. Driverless cars are anticipated in a few years; but driverless buses, operating on established routes, exclusive lanes in the case of BRTs, are simpler to implement and should arrive sooner. Advances in battery technologies should also make electrical buses more efficient and less costly.
New urban design can accommodate buses in creative ways: hundreds of thousands of hectares of new cities to be built in the developing world over the next few decades could incorporate thousands of kilometres of bus-only roads along greenways, which would constitute formidable, low-cost, high-quality, public transport systems. Let’s imagine a city in which clean, well-lit, safe buses, operating on exclusive lanes anywhere where there is traffic, with underpasses to avoid traffic lights, are found everywhere at all times. Above all, public transport trip times in such a bus system would be much shorter than those by private car, which would be discouraged not just by longer travel times, but also by a gamut of parking restrictions. Such a public transport system would achieve that most difficult challenge in a developing country city: get higher income citizens to use it alongside their fellow citizens. Most importantly, such a system is economically possible for any city. As a symbol, the sight of a bus moving swiftly along a bus-only lane as expensive cars stand still in traffic is a picture of democracy in action.
1 Dinesh Mohan, Mythologies, Metros & Future Urban Transport, Indian Institute of Technology, TRIPP Report Series, 2008.
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Strong reasoning
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Transportation
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Dr. Paul Auerbach is the world's leading outdoor health expert. His blog offers tips on outdoor safety and advice on how to handle wilderness emergencies.See all posts »
Last spring, there was a report in the press that disinfectant wipes may contribute to the spread of drug-resistant bacteria in hospitals. This information originated with findings presented at the American Society of Microbiology's annual meeting. According to a report distributed by Reuter's, researchers at the Welsh School of Pharmacy at Cardiff University explained that "[w]hile the wipes killed some bacteria, a study of two hospitals showed they did not get them all, and could transfer the so-called superbugs," including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), "to other surfaces."
In greater detail from United Press International, a team led by Jean-Yves Maillard, Ph.D. observed intensive care unit (ICU) "hospital staff using surface wipes to decontaminate bed rails, monitors, tables and key pads, and other surfaces touched by patients and staff." According to the BBC, while the researchers visited the Welsh hospitals, they observed that "it was common for a single wipe to be employed on more than one surface." The "wipes were quite good at picking up bacteria from the first surface, but were unable to kill off the bacteria they picked up swiftly."
I would agree with these observations, because we have all observed the same in a health care setting. How many of us have used a disinfecting wipe, or other cleansing wipe, in the proper manner, that is to use it for a single surface, then discard it? It's so much easier to use it until it is caked with dust and grime, not thinking that it has probably lost its disinfection potential after the first swipe over a filthy surface.
The most blatant extrapolation I witnessed of this concept in the outdoors was during a trek to Pheriche in Nepal. We were on our way to visit the Himalayan Rescue Association medical outpost. The group of a dozen trekkers would take great care before each meal to wash hands in water that had been boiled and then colored purple for disinfection purposes with potassium permanganate, only to share the same towel in order to dry our hands. By the time the towel was used by the last person, who knew how many bacteria and viruses had taken residence amongst the shed skin, shared wash water, and other assorted flecks of dirt and plant material that had been rubbed into the cotton pile. The only way that we could have more effectively shared our germs would have been to rub all of our hands together at one time.
If disinfection of a liquid or surface (e.g., eating utensil, bowl, towel, wound dressing) is important, it must be done properly and with full knowledge of the limitations of the method used. For wiping things down with disinfectant wipes, the best method is "one surface per wipe," and to use as many wipes as are necessary to achieve a clean appearance. That is no guarantee of disinfection, but it is better than leaving obvious dirt (and presumably, infectious agents) in place, and certainly better than moving the germs from one place to another.
photo courtesy of www.i.ehow.com
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Strong reasoning
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Health
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Rice is a popular food for humans and cats alike. But can cats eat rice? The answer, as with many questions about cat nutrition, is complicated. Rice has a lot of nutritional value for humans, but it doesn’t provide all the nutrients that cats need to stay healthy. In small amounts, rice is safe for cats to eat, but it’s not the best food choice for them. Here’s what you need to know about giving your cat rice.
Can Cats Eat Rice?
Yes, rice can be eaten in very small amounts by cats. It is non-toxic, so they will not be harmed if it is included in their diet to any extent, however you should not give them too much since it is not a required component of theirs.
If you give your cat a complete and balanced cat food that includes rice, he or she will not get any additional nutritional benefits. Furthermore, if you provide them with plenty of filler, they may be unwilling to eat enough of the vital nutrients.
Benefits of Rice
Over the years, plain rice has received a black eye. Although there are many different kinds of rice, white and brown rice are reasonably healthy. These whole grains include antioxidants and fiber, giving a complete diet.
The only distinction between white and brown rice is that white rice is made from brown rice and loses some nutrients, although it still gains other vitamins and minerals. White rice may even have more health advantages than brown.
When is Rice Bad for Cats?
There are, however, a few exceptions that should be noted by cat owners: While most cats can eat rice in moderation, there are a few exceptions to consider.
- Cats are finicky about their meals, and some of them may not accept this new food. Never force your cats to eat anything they don’t want to consume. This time, their natural inclinations are directing them in the correct path.
- Too much rice is harmful to cats. Cats fed a diet containing 25% or more rice bran had lower taurine levels, indicating a taurine deficit, according to one study. Taurine is an important amino acid found in animal flesh and can only be obtained from animal protein. Rice also contains a lot of fiber. It might cause diarrhea or make your cat constipated if given in large quantities.
- Never feed your cat uncooked rice. Uncooked rice is severely harmful to cats. Gas, vomiting, bloating, constipation, and an upset stomach are all symptoms of ingesting it. It won’t cause their stomachs to burst as the rumors claim, but it will cause them discomfort.
- Avoid seasoning. Make sure the food contains only the amount of spices necessary to complement it and no more. Seasoned rice, on the other hand, is poisonous to cats. If you feed them rice with seasoning, stick to plain rice instead. Salt, garlic, and onions are all harmful to felines if eaten in excess quantity.
- Rice is high in carbohydrates, which can cause cats to become fat. Obese cats are more prone to health problems including diabetes.
Can Cats Eat Brown Rice?
Brown rice is more beneficial to healthy people because it contains more B vitamins, folate, iron, selenium, magnesium, potassium, and fiber. However, is brown rice superior for cats?
Brown rice is white rice that has not been processed. It’s more difficult for cats to digest because it’s unprocessed white rice. Brown rice also won’t contain any of the nutrients in it, other than fiber, which makes their digestive system hard-pressed to absorb any nutrients at all.
Can Cats Eat White Rice?
White rice is acceptable for cats in much smaller quantities, as long as it’s properly cooked. Although white rice has less nutritional value than brown rice, because it’s only intended to be given to cats in small amounts, there isn’t a significant difference between how brown or white rice affects a cat’s digestive system.
Can Cats Eat Fried Rice?
It’s not a good idea to feed fried rice to cats. It includes onions, which harm blood cells in cats and dogs.
How to feed rice to your cat
Rice has no nutritional value for cats, therefore we recommend that you simply avoid feeding your cat rice and instead feed him a high-quality diet and special treats created especially for feline consumption.
Only offer your cat a little bit of rice if you do. Make sure it’s completely cooked and devoid of seasonings, spices, or sauces.
Never feed your cat uncooked rice, as this is tough to digest and may contain a natural pesticide called lectin that can induce diarrhoea and vomiting if ingested in excessive amounts.
If your cat has bloating and appears to be in discomfort for more than 24 hours after eating uncooked rice, take them to the veterinarian as soon as possible.
Alternative Healthy Food for Cats
If you wish to feed your cat human foods, be sure to talk about the best and safest choices with him. Plain and free of additives, such as sugar, salt, spices, onions, garlic, and other ingredients that might be harmful to your cat are the meals you should offer your feline companion.
Grilled or roasted chicken, steak, and other red meats are often eaten in moderation. Cooked eggs and fish like tuna and salmon are also safe bets.
So, can cats eat rice? The answer is yes, but it’s not recommended. Rice is a complex carbohydrate that breaks down into sugar-like molecules called maltose. When ingested in large quantities, these molecules can cause digestive problems for cats like diarrhea and vomiting. In small amounts, however, rice should be safe for your cat to eat. If you want to give your cat some extra fiber or if they are on a low-protein diet, cooked white rice may be a good addition to their food. Just make sure to avoid flavored or processed rices, which can contain unhealthy additives and spices.
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Moderate reasoning
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Health
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For many people, receiving a cancer diagnosis may be a painful and stressful event. It is normal to experience a variety of emotions, such as grief, fear, and worry. It is common for people with cancer to experience depression as well. Cancer is the greatest cause of mortality globally, with one in every two individuals developing cancer throughout their lifetime. Cancer is a group of illnesses characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and spread. These cells can grow and divide uncontrollably, resulting in tumor development and the potential for metastasis to other areas of the body.
There are more than 100 distinct forms of cancer, each with its own set of symptoms and treatment choices. Breast cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer, and colorectal cancer are all frequent kinds of cancer. Cancer is caused by a number of variables, including genetics, environmental exposures, and certain lifestyle habits, such as smoking and binge drinking. People may be at a higher risk of acquiring cancer in some circumstances due to inherited genetic alterations or a family history of cancer.
While cancer is a severe and sometimes fatal disease, advancements in medical research and therapy have resulted in better results for many patients. Early identification and treatment may often result in good outcomes, and many cancer patients live long and healthy lives. Cancer therapy in Mexico takes on what the future of Cancer Therapy might be. Providing one of the most advanced Cancer Immunotherapies available, which is backed by research and multiple clinical trials. In line with that, here are the other areas wherein researchers are exploring for the treatment of cancer:
Used by many cancer clinics nowadays, Immunotherapy is a method of cancer treatment in which the body’s immune system is used to combat cancer cells. The immune system is the body’s natural defense mechanism, intended to identify and kill foreign substances such as bacteria and viruses. Immunotherapy entails stimulating the immune system to detect and fight cancer cells through the use of medicines or other substances. Immunotherapy has been shown to be a helpful treatment for certain forms of cancer, and it is frequently used in conjunction with other therapies, such as chemotherapy and radiation. It is not, however, appropriate for all forms of cancer, and it may not work for everyone. It is critical to collaborate with a healthcare team to establish whether immunotherapy is a viable therapeutic choice.
Artificial intelligence or commonly referred to as AI is being utilized to help with cancer treatment and management in a variety of ways. By assisting in the analysis of massive volumes of data, identifying patterns and trends, and recommending tailored treatment approaches, AI has the potential to greatly enhance cancer therapy and management. Data analysis is one application of AI in cancer therapy. Large volumes of data, such as medical records, imaging tests, and genetic information, may be analyzed by AI algorithms to uncover patterns and trends that might help researchers understand cancer and create novel treatments. Additionally, AI is also being used to plan therapy. Artificial Intelligence algorithms may offer individualized treatment strategies depending on the precise kind and stage of cancer, as well as the patient’s general health and personal preferences, by evaluating patient data.
Stem Cell Therapy
Stem cell therapy is another promising field of cancer research these days. Because stem cells are unspecialized cells that can grow into several types of cells in the body, they have the potential to be a valuable tool in the treatment of cancer since they may be employed to replace damaged or destroyed cells. Stem cells are classified into two types which are embryonic stem cells, which are derived from early-stage embryos, and adult stem cells, which are present in diverse organs throughout the body. Both kinds of stem cells have the potential to be employed in cancer therapy but in distinct ways.
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Moderate reasoning
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Health
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Myriam Sidibe has a Ph.D. in handwashing. Well, almost.
“If you look at it very literally, I don’t have a Ph.D. in handwashing: I have a doctorate in public health that is focused on handwashing with soap, and I spent the last 20 years thinking about handwashing with soap. That is the reality,” Sidibe clarifies.
A senior fellow at the Mossavar-Rahmani Center for Business and Government at the Harvard Kennedy School, Sidible is one of the world’s leading experts on the role that brands and corporations play in maintaining public health. She has devoted her career to changing the handwashing paradigm, utilizing both public health advocacy and private sector mobilization.
But before the sink came the lavatory. After earning a bachelor’s degree in engineering, followed by a master’s degree in water and waste engineering, Sidibe “went to build some toilets in Burundi,” as she explains casually. She noticed, however, that no one was using the handwashing facilities.
“They were basically being used to drop bags of rice and bags of flour,” Sidibe explains. It wasn’t as if people were skipping handwashing for lack of soap and water — instead, she needed to find a way to motivate people to wash their hands. With this task in mind, she decided to pursue a Ph.D. in public health.
For her doctoral research, Sidibe studied the handwashing behavior of children in India and Senegal. “I spent a lot of time looking at 4,300 kids coming out of the toilet, monitoring whether they were washing their hands,” she says. The time loitering outside the bathroom served a purpose: She wanted to examine “what motivates the kids to want to wash their hands.”
Her next steps were clear: handwashing requires soap — and the corporations that produce it. As one of the only people in the world conducting handwashing research, she presented her work to Unilever, the world’s largest manufacturer of soap, and was soon recruited to join its team. Fifteen years later, she continues to work with the corporation to advance a global handwashing program that has reached more than one billion people.
At present, Sidibe is fighting COVID-19 in Kenya. Handwashing is a critical part of slowing the spread of coronavirus, putting her in a unique position: “How do I sit during a global pandemic? You know, when I’m an expert in handwashing with soap, and I’ve also been given the power of the private sector to try to do good?”
First and foremost, she examines community needs. “How do we support them? How do we support health workers?” she asks herself. Then she involves the corporate sector to address those concerns. Currently, she is working with a coalition of 55 companies to create a platform of communication to promote handwashing and social distancing and provide resources to underserved communities.
So generally, how should corporate responsibility manifest itself in the age of COVID-19? Sidibe boils it down to three principles.
The first is responsible marketing: “They can make sure that they’re not causing panic,” she explains and that they are “telling people any soap will work.”
Second, Sidibe says that corporations should join local coalitions because “public-private partnerships are going to be critical.” She believes that corporate power can act as a buffer for countries lacking assets. “The governments in a lot of our countries don’t have enough resources to be able to unlock this,” she says.
Sidibe’s third priority is keeping the companies themselves afloat with what she terms “business resilience.” For instance, she advises against simply “flooding the markets with free soap,”despite its importance in times of pandemic.
Sidibe says she believes that as a whole, the private sector has a crucial role to play in combating COVID-19. The provision of soap and supplies is crucial: “Somebody has to continue doing the manufacturing,” she says. At the same time, corporations ought not to “build business models that are going to exploit the situation.” Sidibe emphasizes the importance of taking the needs of communities into consideration in order to then best leverage the private sector’s resources. It’s a balance that needs to be struck.
— Magazine writer Kevin Lin can be reached at [email protected]. Follow him on Twitter @kevinlin0903.
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Strong reasoning
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Health
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Goal: Better Understand How Space Weather Affects GPS, Satellite Communications and More
By Edwin L. Aguirre
UMass Lowell researchers will take advantage of the rare opportunity presented by the total solar eclipse on Aug. 21 to study how the moon’s shadow might affect Earth’s upper atmosphere.
Physics Prof. Supriya Chakrabarti, who directs the university’s Lowell Center for Space Science and Technology (LoCSST), hopes the data will help scientists better understand the impact of “space weather” – the constantly changing environmental conditions in interplanetary space, especially between the sun’s atmosphere, called the corona, and Earth’s outer atmosphere, called the ionosphere.
“Inclement space weather can affect GPS navigation, shortwave radio, satellite communications and much more,” explains Chakrabarti.
“During the eclipse, the moon’s shadow will sweep over the atmosphere at supersonic speed. It has been suggested that the passage of the shadow can create a wave similar to the one that forms at the bow of a ship as it moves through water,” he says. “Our goal is to record any potential disturbances in the upper atmosphere. We hope to observe the formation of a type of atmospheric wave, called ‘gravity wave,’ and determine how far and how deep these waves propagate.”
Chakrabarti, together with physics Asst. Prof. Timothy Cook, will operate an instrument – called the High-Throughput and Multi-slit Imaging Spectrometer, or HiT&MIS – at their observing site in Jackson, Wyo., where they will experience 2 minutes, 16 seconds of total eclipse.
The instrument, which was designed and built at LoCSST, will image a long, narrow vertical strip of sky at multiple optical wavelengths simultaneously and at high resolution to obtain a clear profile of the upper atmosphere.
“HiT&MIS can detect faint emissions from atoms and molecules such as oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen,” says Susanna Finn, a research scientist at LoCSST who is the principal investigator for the center’s eclipse research, which is being supported by the National Science Foundation.
“HiT&MIS can observe these emissions during both daytime and nighttime, so during the eclipse, we can seamlessly observe changes in the atmosphere as the conditions go very quickly from daylight to darkness and back to daylight,” says Finn.
To increase the chances of having clear skies on eclipse day, physics Ph.D. students and LoCSST research assistants Saurav Aryal and George Geddes will operate a similar instrument at a different site – the campus of Southern Illinois University (SIU) in Carbondale, which is close to the spot where the greatest duration of the total eclipse will occur: 2 minutes, 40 seconds.
Aryal adds, “The instrument will operate autonomously. Our role is to monitor it continuously before, during and after the eclipse to make sure there are no technical glitches.”
Geddes and Aryal, who will also make poster and oral presentations about their experiment at an eclipse workshop at SIU, will analyze the data collected by HiT&MIS.
“Total solar eclipses do not happen often at a given location, and they occur even more rarely in a place conducive to deploying an instrument and conducting research,” says Finn. “The conditions produced by a total solar eclipse are quite unique, so we look forward to the opportunity to take advantage of such an event happening right here in the United States.”
An Eclipse Megamovie
About 125 miles east of where Chakrabarti and Cook will be stationed, Edwin Aguirre, who works as senior science writer in the Office of University Relations, and his wife, Imelda Joson, are leading a private expedition to photograph the event along the eclipse path’s central line near Riverton, Wyo., where totality will last 2 minutes, 24 seconds.
The couple is taking part in the “Eclipse Megamovie” project, an initiative launched by Google and the University of California Berkeley in partnership with the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Oregon State University, Foothill College, the High Altitude Observatory of the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Lick Observatory, the University of Colorado at Boulder, Williams College and the International Astronomical Union Working Group on Solar Eclipses. The project will aggregate still images of the eclipse from more than 1,000 volunteer photographers and amateur astronomers.
The goal is to compile multi-megapixel images of the corona and the so-called “diamond-ring” effect, taken along the entire eclipse track, and convert them into a high-definition animation of the total eclipse. The data set will help scientists study the dynamics of the sun’s inner corona in great detail and measure the size of the sun with better precision.
Farther west, physics Asst. Prof. Silas Laycock and Prof. Paul Song will get to see the eclipse while attending astronomy meetings, although they are not planning to conduct any eclipse-related experiments. Laycock will be in Sun Valley, Idaho, for the gathering of the High Energy Astrophysics Division of the American Astronomical Society (AAS). Totality here is expected to last 1 minute, 12 seconds.
Song will be in Portland, Ore., for the AAS Solar Physics Division meeting, where he will present a paper about his research on a model of the chromosphere, the red-colored middle layer of the sun that will be visible during the total eclipse. Portland lies outside the eclipse path, so attendees will be transported by bus to Willamette University in Salem, where they will be treated to 1 minute, 54 seconds of totality.
Finn, for her part, is opting to simply sit back, relax and enjoy the celestial show. She will be with her family camping in Oregon’s Ochoco National Forest near Mitchell, where they be immersed in 2 minutes, 4 seconds of morning darkness.
“This will be my very first total solar eclipse, so I’m really excited,” says Finn.
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Strong reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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Every day we communicate to one another in some form. It may be a verbal conversation, a gesture, or a picture. Communication plays a large role in our daily lives. Communication for individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) may develop aversive behaviors in order to communicate. The goal of Functional Communication Training (FCT) is to find an appropriate way for the message to be received. However, the first and most critical step is to know where to begin with the individual.
To start, in past interviews, when given a choice between FCT and other interventions, both the individuals and the caregivers preferred FCT. This is one reason it has become common practice in working with individuals with ASD (Hanley et al., 1997).
One of the first steps is to find the function of the behavior. What is it that the individual wants? Do they want something to eat? A certain toy? Attention (Harding et al., 2009)? Knowing what the motivation is for the individual will create a foundation for obtaining it appropriately.
The second step is to know the individual’s learning history. If the person is able to say one-word phrases, it is recommended to start with that word and add more to the sentence at a later time. For example: An individual pushes items off a table. They do this any time they want to have a glass of milk. The individual has repeated the word milk in the past. You see them head to the table to push the items off, you block them and then give them the instruction; say “milk”. The child repeats the word and you immediately hand them the milk (Tiger, Hanley, & Bruzek, 2008).
Prompting is used to reach the appropriate behavior. The caregiver needs to be sure the individual is successful in obtaining the item with the correct response. Prompts will assure that the appropriate behavior will encounter the item before and more frequently than the aversive behavior. It may be a physical prompt (assisting the individual to reach for a picture card instead of grabbing the item), or a verbal prompt (“Instead of whining, you can say ‘break please’”). Depending on the individual’s learning history, different prompts may be used. Once the behavior is displayed independently, thinning the prompts is the next step.
Having the wanted item ready is a critical step. In order to teach the new behavior, the item to access must be easier to obtain with the new behavior. It also has to be delivered immediately after the new behavior is displayed. This should reduce the aversive behavior. As in the example above, saying “milk” should be easier than pushing items off a table. The item will also be delivered more frequently if it asked for appropriately.
FCT also focuses on the end goal of the individual. The individual may start with one picture card and at the end use a full sentence strip. The goal should be socially appropriate and understood by anyone the individual comes in contact with. The individual may use a certain sign to indicate a specific item, but out in the community they may not be understood. Shaping up a phrase is also one of the end goals for an individual. A parent or provider can work on using a one word phrase and focus on shaping it until it is clear.
Using generalized or simple word may also help an individual obtain their want. A word like “toy” or “snack” will help to reduce the aversive behaviors by then offering a choice of different toys or snacks. Motivators change over time. A cookie will not always be motivating, especially if they have already had five of them and are full.
Another important step is to make sure the person wants the item. If they do not want it, they will not ask for it. Studies have looked at both contrived and natural environments for teaching FCT. Both showed increases in responding, but the natural environment showed better generalization and enhanced motivation.
In summary, to effectively teach FCT, you must:
- Know the function of the behavior.
- Know the individual’s skill set
- Prompt for beginning success
- Have the motivating item ready so the individual may obtain it faster, easier, and more frequently than when they engage in the aversive behavior.
- Know your end goal.
- Use generalized words to promote generalization.
- Know if the item is still motivating.
Hanley, G. P., Piazza, C. C., Fisher, W. W., Contrucci, S. A., & Maglieri, K. A. (1997). Evaluation of client preference for function-based treatment packages.Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis,30(3), 459-47.
Harding, J. W., Wacker, D. P., Berg, W. K., Lee, J. F., & Dolezal, D. (2009). Conducting functional communication training in home settings: A case study and recommendations for practitioners.Behavior Analysis in Practice,2(1), 21-33.
Tiger, J.H., Hanley, G. P., & Bruzek, J. (2008). Functional communication training: A review and practical guide.Behavior Analysis in Practice,1(1), 16-23.
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Strong reasoning
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Health
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Guest post by Steven Goddard
Global warming has predictably struck again.
White said climate change caused by global warming likely is changing ice conditions and adding to the unpredictability.
Kate White is a civil engineer at the Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory in Hanover, N.H., and one of the nation’s leading experts on ice jams.
“I actually think the science around climate change is real. It is potentially devastating. … If you look at the flooding that’s going on right now in North Dakota, and you say to yourself, ‘If you see an increase of 2 degrees, what does that do, in terms of the situation there,’ that indicates the degree to which we have to take this seriously.”
From the Scientific American Blog
The Red River in Fargo, North Dakota had been expected to crest as high as 43 feet on Saturday, but instead it peaked at less than 41 feet due to freezing springtime temperatures.
The river crested in Fargo at 40.82 feet (12.44 meters) shortly after midnight yesterday, never reaching the 42-foot forecast the weather service expected, which would have put it at the top of some city dikes. The crest broke the record of 40.1 feet set in April 1897.
The river was at 40.27 feet as of 4:15 a.m. local time this morning and was forecast to recede to 38.1 feet as of 1 a.m. on April 5, according to the National Weather Service.
Temperatures as cold as 7 degrees Fahrenheit froze water running into the river and are responsible for turning back the flood, said David Kellenbenz, a meteorologist with the National Weather Service in Grand Forks, North Dakota, about 80 miles north of Fargo.
In fact, temperatures in North Dakota have been running about 5-10 degrees below normal for the entire winter and spring.
Using AGW logic, it all makes perfect sense. The models forecast a warm winter. The models were wrong, and instead it was extremely cold and snowy. All that late melting snow caused a flood, so the flood must be blamed on the global warming predicted by the models. AGW Commandment #1 : Reality must never take precedence over computer models.
Author’s Note : Anthropogenic Global Warming (AGW) is now known as “climate change” because the scientists were just kidding when they gave it the original name.
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Science & Tech.
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As the incidence and prevalence of type 2 diabetes have grown, there has also been an increase in the number of people developing diabetic kidney disease (DKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD). “Diabetes is the leading cause of ESRD, accounting for almost 50% of cases,” says Mark E. Molitch, MD. Incidence rates for ESRD have stabilized over the past few years, but differences remain among high-risk subgroups, including middle-aged African Americans, Native Americans, and Hispanics. The healthcare disparities may be partially due to increasing rates of obesity and diabetes among younger people from these populations.
Research has shown that the overall costs of care for people with DKD are extraordinarily high, due in large part to the strong relationship of DKD with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and the development of ESRD. In 2011, overall Medicare expenditures for diabetes and chronic kidney disease (CKD) in people aged 65 and older were approximately $25 billion. As patients transition to ESRD, studies have shown that the per-person per-year costs are $20,000 for those covered by Medicare and $40,000 for patients younger than 65. Importantly, much of the excess CVD resulting from diabetes is accounted for by people with DKD.
Addressing Vital Issues
In 2014, the Consensus Conference on Chronic Kidney Disease and Diabetes was convened by the American Diabetes Association in collaboration with the American Society of Nephrology and the National Kidney Foundation because of the high human and societal costs associated with DKD. “The consensus report addresses vital issues regarding patient care,” says Dr. Molitch, who co-chaired the consensus group. It highlights current practices, gaps in knowledge, and new directions for improving outcomes. The report is designed to guide advances in patient care and generate new knowledge that can improve the lives of people with DKD.
Strive for Early Detection
According to the consensus report, the identification of DKD depends upon screening for increased albuminuria and low estimated glomerular filtration rate, but both measures are imprecise. This highlights the need for better identification methods, especially for those at high risk of DKD complications. The report recommends self-monitoring of blood glucose to achieve glycemic goals and mitigate risks for hypoglycemia. In older adults with long-standing diabetes and CKD, greater efforts will be needed to avoid hypoglycemia, and less stringent A1C targets are recommended.
“Early identification of DKD is important so that it can be managed as early as possible,” says Dr. Molitch. “It’s also important to consider the causes of DKD. If findings are atypical of DKD, it’s possible that the patient has another type of kidney disease,” he says. The consensus report outlines several cir-cumstances in which other causes of CKD should be considered (Table 1).
Prevention Is Key
Prevention is the cornerstone for reducing the burden of DKD, according to Dr. Molitch. “Glycemic control is at the core of good diabetes care and has been shown to delay and/or prevent the onset as well as progression of DKD,” he says. “Blood pressure control and use of drugs that block the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system are also important in delaying progression of DKD. Furthermore, prevention of CVD is paramount and centers on managing cholesterol and blood pressure.” The consensus report provides recommendations for managing multiple risk factors in DKD, including hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and hyperglycemia (Table 2).
More information on risk factors that are unique to patients with DKD is needed in order to improve risk stratification and treatment strategies, according to the consensus report. In addition, it is essential to increase awareness surrounding the safety and efficacy of new therapeutic approaches. Safety must also be carefully evaluated when FDA-approved drugs are used for new indications or in combination with other therapies. “The key is to use established and new therapies at the earliest possible stage to prevent complications in the future.”
The consensus report offers several strategies that may be of benefit when managing patients at high risk for DKD. These include using medical home models, integrating multiple risk factor management, and adhering to patient-centered care. A team-based approach to care—one that includes healthcare professionals from various disciplines—and effective communication are other important requirements to successfully manage DKD.
“Although we have some treatments that can benefit patients with DKD, there is still an urgent need for novel therapies to improve outcomes,” says Dr. Molitch. “More research is needed on these emerging treatments. We also need studies to ensure that we’re optimizing the delivery of care to these patients. The hope is that this consensus report will lead the way, filling our gaps in knowledge and advancing care for people with DKD.”
Tuttle KR, Bakris GL, Bilous RW, et al. Diabetic kidney disease: a report from an ADA consensus conference. Diabetes Care. 2014;37:2864-2883. Available at: http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/37/10/2864.abstract.
de Boer IH, Rue TC, Hall YN, Heagerty PJ, Weiss NS, Himmelfarb J. Temporal trends in the prevalence of diabetic kidney disease in the United States. JAMA. 2011;305:2532-2539.
Bakris GL, Molitch M. Microalbuminuria as a risk predictor in diabetes: the continuing saga. Diabetes Care. 2014;37:867-875.
Taler SJ, Agarwal R, Bakris GL, et al. KDOQI US commentary on the 2012 KDIGO clinical practice guideline for management of blood pressure in CKD. Am J Kidney Dis. 2013;62:201-213.
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Health
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WHY ARE LYMPH NODES IMPORTANT FOR ONCOLOGIC STAGING?
In oncology, the TNM classification system is used as a standard for staging of malignant tumors, in which the T describes the size of the primary tumor and its relation to the surrounding tissue, the N indicates the involvement of regional lymph nodes, and the M describes distant metastases. Many primary solid malignancies metastasize to the lymph nodes first, which marks a crucial step in tumor progression. From this step on, local tumor treatment of only the primary tumor is no longer sufficient to cure the patient. Nodal involvement often marks the difference between treatment with curative intent and palliative therapies.
Therefore, an accurate oncologic staging (N-staging) of lymph nodes is of utmost importance for therapy planning. Based on the localization of the tumor and its possibilities of lymphatic spread, there are several possibilities for N-staging. Historically, the oldest method is surgical removal of the lymph node: a lymph node dissection with subsequent histopathological evaluation. However, current clinical experience shows significant problems and diagnostic insufficiencies of this method, for which we will give a couple of examples.
In head and neck cancer patients, the prevalence of occult nodal metastases in clinically negative (cN0) head and neck cancer patients exceeds 20%.1 This is why the cervical lymphatic nodes are resected rather extensively to eradicate subclinical tumor deposits. As a consequence, many truly node negative patients undergo unnecessary surgery or adjuvant radiotherapy of the neck and suffer from the associated early- and long-term morbidity.2–5
In esophageal cancer, the standard of care in curative treatment is neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) and subsequent surgical resection of the primary tumor with locoregional lymph nodes.6 The accuracy to detect locoregional lymph node metastases after nCRT is only low to moderate with positron emission tomography (PET)–computed tomography (CT) or endoscopic ultrasound.7 With on average only 31% to 38% of patients who have lymph node metastases after nCRT,6 the international guidelines still recommend lymph node dissection in all patients,8,9 resulting in overtreatment of this patient population.
In rectal cancer, diagnostic lymph node staging is still a major challenge,10–12 and the presence of lymph node metastases is a key factor determining treatment regimens and prognosis.13 Lymph nodes at risk of metastasis in rectal cancer are located in the mesorectum and often smaller than 5 mm14,15 but are difficult to reliably assess on the basis of size and shape, especially after neoadjuvant chemoradiation.16,17 Therefore, the standard treatment is a total mesorectal resection, in which the rectal tumor and (large part of) the mesorectum including lymph nodes are completely removed.
Nodal status in prostate cancer is also of high significance for disease prognosis and choice of treatment. The current gold standard for assessing this still is an invasive (extended-) pelvic lymph node dissection,18 associated with a considerable complication rate.19 With the procedure, lymph nodes are harvested in a predefined dissection field, but nodes outside this field are missed (eg, in pararectal and internal iliac area).20–22 In addition, small nodes (<3–4 mm) within the dissection area can also be missed during the surgery, so altogether the procedure can lead not only to an underestimation but also to a false-negative diagnosis of lymph node involvement.20 For lymph node–negative patients, the removal of—retrospectively healthy—nodes is of no benefit to the patient and puts him at risk for complications of the diagnostic procedure. The benefit for cancer outcome of removing metastatic lymph nodes in prostate cancer is under intense debate. In a recent study23 describing the long-term outcomes of prostate cancer patients after a salvage lymph node dissection, the authors came to conclusion that, in contrast with previous evidence, most patients recurred after salvage lymph node dissection and eventually died of prostate cancer. These results underline once more an urgent need for new effective diagnostic and subsequent therapeutic methods for lymph node metastases.
Noninvasive alternatives for nodal dissections as a tool for N-staging are magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or CT, which usually depend on the evaluation of nodal size and shape as criteria for metastatic involvement. With (partial) metastases present also in small nodes, and benign nodes that enlarge due to, for example, inflammation, the performance to differentiate between benign and malignant nodes using morphologic criteria is poor (see, eg, Refs.16,24). Whereas diffusion weighted imaging plays a dominant role in the multiparametric MRI assessment of localized prostate cancer,25,26 in metastatic lymph node detection and differentiation, its role is controversial. The use of diffusion weighted imaging in lymph node evaluation is partially reported as highly effective, but a recent meta-analysis shows low sensitivity down to 41%,27 particularly in prostate cancer patients. Therefore, the need for more specific and sensitive reliable imaging methods for N-staging using MRI is obvious. At the moment, the most effective solution to this problem is MRI enhanced with the aid of ultrasmall superparamagnetic particles of ironoxide (USPIO). Over the last years, many different USPIOs were tested for different applications.28 However, to our knowledge, only 2 substances were evaluated on patients in phase II and III studies with larger patient numbers and were considered for oncologic lymph node imaging: ferumoxtran-10 and ferumoxytol. Ferumoxytol (Feraheme; AMAG Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, MA) was tested in several studies to evaluate its lymphotropic properties in oncologic imaging. A recent phase II study describing experience with 39 patients with prostate, bladder and kidney cancer showed sensitivity and specificity of 98.0%, and 64.4%, respectively, using a dosage of 7.5 mg Fe/kg body weight. However, the authors concluded that although ferumoxytol-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) lymphography can be useful in settings without an available targeted PET agent, issues of iron overload and repeatability of ferumoxytol-enhanced MR lymphography remain concerns for this method.29 Moreover, in 2015 the Food and Drug Administration issued a black box warning regarding ferumoxytol30 significantly restricting the indications and off-label use of ferumoxytol because of potentially life-threatening allergic reactions. This led partially to termination of already running promising studies.31
Ferumoxtran-10 (Ferrotran; SPL Medical BV, Nijmegen, the Netherlands) showed in several patient studies high lymphotropic behavior at a low dosage of 2.6 mg Fe/kg body weight33,34 and has been reintroduced in clinical research and clinical care.32 It is available for clinical studies and on terms of Named Patient Use Programs in the Netherlands and in Switzerland, and a large phase III international (the Netherlands, Switzerland, and Germany) multicenter pivotal trial has recently started. Ferumoxtran-10 nanoparticles, administered intravenously 24 to 36 hours before MRI, accumulate in macrophages and in healthy lymphatic tissue. The presence of paramagnetic iron oxide particles locally disturbs the magnetic field homogeneity, causing MR signal loss on T2*-weighted imaging. On the contrary, suspicious lymph nodes without accumulation of nanoparticles, retain a high MR signal (example in Fig. 1, from Fortuin et al32). Wu et al35 analyzed earlier studies with ferumoxtran-10 and reported sensitivities up to 90% and specificities up to 96% for nodal involvement in several types of cancer.
Besides MRI, for staging of prostate cancer patients, radionuclide tracers (eg 68Gallium or 18Fluorine) attached to prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) have been introduced in clinical studies in the last years. These are examples of targeted imaging biomarkers for the identification of prostate cancer metastases. Their relative ease of clinical adoption illustrates again the great need for a noninvasive assessment of nodal (and bone) metastatic involvement. Prostate-specific membrane antigen is a cell-surface glycoprotein, which is overexpressed on most PCa cells.36,37 The published data regarding the sensitivity and specificity are, however, inconsistent. In a large meta-analysis,38 pooled sensitivity for lymph node involvement of 75% and pooled specificity of 99% were reported for primary staging; a recent prospective trial by Hofman et al39 demonstrated a (patient-based) sensitivity and specificity of 0.85 and 0.98, respectively, for the detection of both metastatic lymph nodes as well as distant metastases with 68Ga-PSMA PET-CT. These authors specifically identified difficulties (sampling errors, missed nodes) in using histopathology of resected nodes as ground truth, so they reported their numbers on patient level rather than on nodal level and incorporated 6-month follow-up with repeated imaging for validation. Contrary to these high values, other recent data show low sensitivities of PSMA PET-CT in the detection of lymph node metastases of 42%,40 41% (SALT trial),41 and 31%42 at high specificities of 91%, 94%, and 97% respectively. In these studies, the median size of missed metastases was 3 mm or less, significantly smaller than the median size of detected metastases (exemplified in Fig. 1, from Fortuin et al32).
WHY ARE NODES NOW MORE IMPORTANT THAN EVER BEFORE?
As described above, many different types of solid cancers have a high propensity to metastasize first to locoregional and distant lymph nodes. The possibilities to selectively treat individual metastatic deposits with image-guided surgery, focal ablations and radiotherapy are continuously improving. In this context, the newest developments in the field of radiotherapy are of special interest: MR-guided radiotherapy. Guidance of early (nodal) metastatic disease with USPIO–enhanced MRI can be used for MR-guided radiotherapy with an MR linear accelerator. Under direct MRI guidance in a combined system, boundaries of the therapeutic target volume defined in a pretreatment MRI examination can be made strict and more accurate using the excellent soft tissue contrast of MRI. In addition, the hypofractionation of radiotherapy can treat small volumes with high doses in fewer visits.43 The combination of these technical possibilities will lead to a more precise and individualized treatment with less side effects and (taking into consideration a growing number of hardware installations worldwide) better availability of this kind of treatment for more patients with (first of all oligometastatic) lymphatic spread. It could postpone or even prevent systemic treatment, which can improve disease management in different types of cancer.
Next to this, increased certainty of the absence of lymph node metastases is of equal importance. Current clinical practice often employs considerable overtreatment for precautionary reasons. Knowledge of absence of nodal invasion in the individual patient would fit in trends toward safely minimizing treatment, reducing overtreatment, and decreasing treatment-related comorbidities. Either way, highly sensitive detection of small lymph node metastases is urgently needed. If realized, it can be possible to catch the disease at an early stage of metastatic involvement, so-called oligometastatic disease (eg, in prostate cancer44–46). If lymphatic spread has only just begun, an early and accurate, targeted, image-guided focal treatment of the first metastases could delay the course of the disease, or perhaps even still cure the patient.
HOW CAN WE VISUALIZE NODES IN VIVO WITH MRI?
With superb soft-tissue contrast, MRI is able to visualize lymph nodes within lipid tissue by anatomical/morphological means. Either lipid suppression or water excitation can be used to increase contrast between the lymph nodes and surrounding lipid tissue. However, as mentioned above, the morphological criteria cannot safely differentiate between metastatic and nonmetastatic lymph nodes. Only by using a functional MRI contrast like ferumoxtran-10, one can discriminate between normal lymphatic tissue that has taken up USPIO nanoparticles and metastatic lymph nodes or metastatic deposits within the lymph nodes (partial metastases) that have not taken up the particles and retain high MRI signal on T2*-weighted MRI pulse sequences. Whereas in the early 2000s, USPIO-enhanced MRI was acquired in 2-dimensional multislice series with inherent pencil-like dimensions of voxels (eg, 0.56 × 0.56 × 3.00 mm at 1.5 T and 0.50 × 0.50 × 2.50 mm at 3.0 T),47 imaging technology has improved and 3-dimensional (3D) T2*-weighted acquisitions can now be acquired routinely at 3 T at sub-millimeter isotropic resolution (eg, 0.85 mm isotropic), visualizing lymph nodes of sizes down to 2 mm. When using ultrahigh field strength and different adaptations to mitigate the challenges for large field-of-view body imaging at 7 T,48,49 even suspicious lymph nodes with a short-axis size of 1 mm can be visualized (Fig. 2).
When acquiring multiple gradient echoes in the water-excited scan, the signal decay of the lymph nodes can be quantified with its corresponding T2* relaxation time, and images can be computed at different echo times using all gradient echo signals.50 If this is performed in patients after infusion of nanoparticles, the differences in signal behavior of lymph nodes with and without USPIO accumulation can be exploited in reconstructions of multiple images at different echo times (Fig. 3). At 7 T, separate scans with either water or lipid (with partial water) excitation provide an anatomical overview of the body region at hand as well as the iron-sensitive signal intensity, reconstructed at a chosen echo time, discriminating between nodes with and without USPIO accumulation51 (supplementary materials, https://links.lww.com/RLI/A584: movie from a patient with rectal cancer [rectum 7T 4 nodes]).
LYMPH NODES IN MOTION
The detection of suspicious lymph nodes from, for example, esophageal or pancreatic cancer requires additional efforts. Artifacts from respiratory and cardiac motion can easily obscure signal from small structures in the upper abdomen and mediastinum.52 Traditionally, MRI in the upper abdomen is performed with repeated breathhold instructions for the patient in a limited number of slices in each breathhold. In the ideal situation of absence of breathing in prolonged apnea, mediastinal and upper abdominal lymph nodes down to 2 mm in size could be visualized with USPIO-enhanced MRI at 3 T,53 but this is prohibited to settings with an MR system in the operating room. Three-dimensional MRIs of larger field of views are limited in spatial resolution by the allowed measurement time of breathhold scans (~18 seconds), so different pulse sequences and k-space sampling schemes for motion mitigation in the thorax and upper abdomen have been proposed for free-breathing motion-compensated MRI.54–56 T2* weighting for USPIO-enhanced MRI is achieved by gradient echo imaging. If this is combined with the newer pulse sampling schemes, functional contrast in small lymph nodes in the upper abdomen can be attained (Fig. 4). In these radial pulse sequence schemes, motion of the abdomen is deducted from the continuously sampled MRI data itself, after which the breathing motion cycle is divided into multiple phases. The radially sampled k-space data from one phase within the cycle is combined into one 3D set of images using compressed sensing techniques. Choosing, for example, the expiration phase of breathing subsequently allows for reconstruction of a stationary image set of this particular breathing phase with high spatial resolution without blurring due to motion (Fig. 4).
NOTE THE NODES—THE CASE FOR HIGH-RESOLUTION 3D IMAGING
When discussing the clinical use of MRI for N-staging, some new concepts seem to appear, for example, MRI-guided histopathology. Currently, when lymph node dissection specimens are evaluated by the pathologist to identify suspicious lymph nodes, the validation of the presence or absence of metastases can be challenging and laborious. The use of tactile sense to identify lymph nodes within a specimen is not always reliable, and fine slicing of the whole specimen can rapidly lead to enormous amounts of to-be-evaluated material, delaying the working process and causing rising costs. Using ex vivo MRI to scan the specimen as an intermediate step before the histopathological work-up can provide rapid and precise information about the amount, location, and also (if using USPIO enhancement before surgery) potentially the presence of metastases in the specimen. An ex vivo MRI of a resected specimen in a separate preclinical MR system allows annotation of individual lymph nodes in 3D scans with isotropic spatial resolution in the order of 0.3 × 0.3 × 0.3 mm3.57 The annotated nodes, in relative position to anatomical landmarks like blood vessels, allow cognitive registration to in vivo MR images. If these ex vivo 3D MRI scans are available when cutting the specimen for histopathological work-up, the annotation of the nodes can be copied to nodes harvested from the specimen, completing a node-to-node correlation of in vivo MRI with histopathology (Fig. 5). Although this workflow allows the identification of many (small) lymph nodes or lymph node–like structures on ex vivo MRI in, for example, rectal cancer specimens, it remains challenging to harvest all structures below 2 mm in size when slicing the large specimens. After multiple cuts, the exact registration between specimen and ex vivo MRI is lost, and then MRI-guided histopathology does not increase lymph node yield over standard pathological work-up anymore.57 Smaller specimens, or a full 3D approach for histopathological reconstruction of larger specimens, could bring the numbers of ex vivo MRI-detected and histopathologically confirmed nodes closer together. The spatial resolution of ex vivo MRI is high enough to identify all nodes in the specimen. If individual nodes are harvested without the surrounding tissue, realignment of orientation of the nodes from in vivo to histopathology is a remaining challenge.
From a histopathological view, the presence of a macrometastasis (tumor deposit of ≥2 mm) or even micrometastases (tumor deposits between 0.2 and 2 mm) on 1 section of a node already makes the lymph node positive (Fig. 6). The in-plane resolution of standard hematoxylin and eosin histopathological sections can be less than a micron, whereas in the third dimension, the section represents 2 to 3 mm of the node (or a complete node). With 3D MRI, signal from the full node can be acquired with an isotropic resolution of less than 1 mm. These differences in nodal sampling need to be taken into account when comparing MRI with histopathology. If the aim of in vivo MRI is to detect macrometastases and perhaps also micrometastases, the highest attainable isotropic resolution with functional contrast between healthy and suspicious tissue is warranted. In young healthy volunteers, the number of lymph nodes detected in vivo in the pelvic area with MRI at 7 T showed a large variation, and 69% of a total of 564 lymph nodes were 2 mm or smaller.58 This suggests that not only macrometastases but also micrometastases in the order of 1 mm can be visualized in vivo if proper functional imaging contrast to differentiate between healthy and suspicious nodal tissue is applied.
Observing the newest developments described in this work, we expect an increasing role of MRI in nodal staging with further clinical implementation and scientific evaluation of USPIO-enhanced MRI. Further development and evaluation of new MRI pulse sequences are very important to enable scanning in moving areas such as the upper abdomen and mediastinum. This would enable high-quality N-staging in tumor entities like esophageal or pancreatic cancer. Also, the possible quantification of MRI parameters in USPIO-enhanced MRI is of high interest—this is the first step for the development of automated reading algorithms using Artificial Intelligence for clinical reading. If realized, this would be a giant leap in broad implementation of these techniques into clinical practice. Finally, as mentioned above, the use of MRI in the clinical setting but not directly in-vivo (like in pathology) would make the N-staging assessment faster and more precise, resulting in generally better N-staging diagnostics. This also could have a tremendous impact on the management of oncologic patients.
The clinical need for more precise, reliable, and noninvasive N-staging in patients with solid tumors is evident. Using USPIO-enhanced MRI offers great diagnostic possibilities for N-staging of different types of cancer, including the 4 examples given in this work (head and neck cancer, esophageal cancer, rectal cancer, and prostate cancer). The MR visualization of (even small) lymph node metastases is the fundament for MR-guided therapy approaches, first of all MR-guided radiotherapy. The excellent soft tissue contrast of MRI and an USPIO-based differentiation of metastatic versus nonmetastatic lymph nodes could potentially enable more precise therapy and, therefore, fewer side effects, essentially in cancer patients in oligometastatic stage. Further scientific and clinical development is needed to assess the accuracy of USPIO-enhanced MRI of detecting small metastatic deposits for different cancer types in different anatomical locations and to broaden the indications for the use of (USPIO-enhanced) MRI in lymph node imaging in clinical practice.
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36. DeMarzo AM, Nelson WG, Isaacs WB, et al. Pathological and molecular aspects of prostate cancer. Lancet
37. Ghosh A, Heston WDW. Tumor target prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) and its regulation in prostate cancer. J Cell Biochem
38. Perera M, Papa N, Roberts M, et al. Gallium-68 prostate-specific membrane antigen positron emission tomography in advanced prostate cancer-updated diagnostic utility, sensitivity, specificity, and distribution of prostate-specific membrane antigen-avid lesions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Urol
39. Hofman MS, Lawrentschuk N, Francis RJ, et al. Prostate-specific membrane antigen PET-CT in patients with high-risk prostate cancer before curative-intent surgery or radiotherapy (proPSMA): a prospective, randomised, multicentre study. Lancet
40. van Kalmthout LWM, van Melick HHE, Lavalaye J, et al. Prospective validation of gallium-68 prostate specific membrane antigen-positron emission tomography/computerized tomography for primary staging of prostate cancer. J Urol
41. Jansen BHE, Bodar YJL, Zwezerijnen GJC, et al. Pelvic lymph-node staging with 18
F-DCFPyL PET/CT prior to extended pelvic lymph-node dissection in primary prostate cancer—the SALT trial [published online ahead of print August 12, 2020]. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging
42. Klingenberg S, Jochumsen MR, Ulhøi BP, et al. (68)Ga-PSMA PET/CT for primary NM staging of high-risk prostate cancer [published online ahead of print May 22, 2020]. J Nucl Med
43. Winkel D, Werensteijn-Honingh AM, Eppinga WSC, et al. Dosimetric feasibility of hypofractionation for SBRT treatment of lymph node oligometastases on the 1.5T MR-linac [published online ahead of print September 16, 2020]. Radiother Oncol
44. Foster CC, Weichselbaum RR, Pitroda SP. Oligometastatic prostate cancer: reality or figment of imagination?Cancer
45. Fraser M, Koontz B, Emmenegger U, et al. What is Oligometastatic prostate cancer?Eur Urol Focus
46. Tosoian JJ, Gorin MA, Ross AE, et al. Oligometastatic prostate cancer: definitions, clinical outcomes, and treatment considerations. Nat Rev Urol
47. Heesakkers RAM, Fütterer JJ, Hövels AM, et al. Prostate cancer evaluated with ferumoxtran-10-enhanced T2*-weighted MR imaging at 1.5 and 3.0 T: early experience. Radiology
48. Orzada S, Maderwald S, Poser BA, et al. RF excitation using time interleaved acquisition of modes (TIAMO) to address B1 inhomogeneity in high-field MRI. Magn Reson Med
49. Rietsch SHG, Orzada S, Maderwald S, et al. 7T ultra-high field body MR imaging with an 8-channel transmit/32-channel receive radiofrequency coil array. Med Phys
50. Philips BWJ, Fortuin AS, Orzada S, et al. High resolution MR imaging of pelvic lymph nodes at 7 tesla. Magn Reson Med
51. Philips BWJ, Stijns RCH, Rietsch SHG, et al. USPIO-enhanced MRI of pelvic lymph nodes at 7-T: preliminary experience. Eur Radiol
52. Giovagnoni A, Valeri G, Ferrara C. MRI of esophageal cancer. Abdom Imaging
53. de Gouw DJJM, Maas MC, Slagt C, et al. Controlled mechanical ventilation to detect regional lymph node metastases in esophageal cancer using USPIO-enhanced MRI; comparison of image quality [published online ahead of print September 20, 2020]. Magn Reson Imaging
. S0730-725X(20)30336-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mri.2020.09.020.
54. Chandarana H, Feng L, Block TK, et al. Free-breathing contrast-enhanced multiphase MRI of the liver using a combination of compressed sensing, parallel imaging, and golden-angle radial sampling. Invest Radiol
55. Feng L, Axel L, Chandarana H, et al. XD-GRASP: golden-angle radial MRI with reconstruction of extra motion-state dimensions using compressed sensing. Magn Reson Med
56. Feng L, Grimm R, Block KT, et al. Golden-angle radial sparse parallel MRI: combination of compressed sensing, parallel imaging, and golden-angle radial sampling for fast and flexible dynamic volumetric MRI. Magn Reson Med
57. Stijns R, Philips B, Wauters C, et al. Can ex vivo magnetic resonance imaging of rectal cancer specimens improve the mesorectal lymph node yield for pathological examination?Invest Radiol
58. Fortuin AS, Philips BWJ, van der Leest MMG, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging at ultra-high magnetic field strength: an in vivo assessment of number, size and distribution of pelvic lymph nodes. PLoS One
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Strong reasoning
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Health
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Criminal Court System
The following contains some pertinent information that might be of help to you as you become involved in the criminal justice system as a victim or witness.
Apprehension and Arrest of the Accused
There are three basic routes a case can take in order to be brought to court:
In all three instances, the evidence available must show that there is "probable cause" to believe that a crime was committed and that the person to be charged took part in committing the crime.
What is a complaint?
A complaint is a statement of facts about an alleged crime which, when filed in court formally charges a person. Facts about a crime are submitted to the County Prosecutor's Office by a local law enforcement agency. Upon review, if the evidence is deemed sufficient for prosecution, a complaint is filed in the court.
This is the initial stage in the prosecution of a criminal matter. If there is not enough information at this time, no complaint is filed.
What is a Warrant of Arrest?
A warrant of arrest is an order signed by a judge, authorizing the police to arrest a person believed to have committed a serious crime.
Case Review and Filing of Charges by the Prosecutor
Following the arrest of the accused by the Police, the case is presented to the prosecutor. The prosecutor, as the people's representative in our system of criminal justice, has the sole responsibility for determining whether or not charges will be presented to the Grand Jury. The initial processing of the case by the prosecutor is often referred to as "screening". At this stage the case is discussed with police, evidence is reviewed and witnesses are interviewed.
The prosecutor then decides whether to do one or more of the following:
The accused is often charged with more than one criminal offense so the filing of charges with the court can be complex legal procedure. The prosecutor must consider all applicable laws, as well as the decisions of the State and Federal Courts.
If the prosecutor determines there is not sufficient evidence or there is no legal basis for charging the accused with a crime, the case is closed and the accused released.
What Happens to the Accused?
The person accused of the crime is now called the defendant. The defendant will make his/her first appearance before a judge soon after the arrest. The appearance is for the purpose of reviewing the amount set for bail, furnishing the defendant with a copy of the complaint, confirming legal counsel, and setting a date for hearing.
What is the Purpose of Bail?
Bail is set by the court, not by the prosecutor. It is used to assure a defendant's appearance in court. The primary factor considered by the court is whether the defendant is likely to appear for trial. Within that context the court will also take into consideration the defendant's background and the seriousness of the offense charged.
Why Would a Case Get Dismissed?
There are a number of reasons why a criminal case may be dismissed or dropped by the prosecutor or the court before trial. For example, the prosecution may decide probable cause has not been established or the defendant may make full restitution or compensation for property loss. The case may also have to be dismissed because of some technical failure of the evidence, or because the defendant cannot be found or is considered incompetent to stand trial. None of the reasons means that the witness are unimportant or unnecessary, or that their willingness to testify is not appreciated. The presence and willingness of witnesses to testify may be the deciding factor in determining what will be done in the case, particularly in getting the accused to plead guilty.
What If Someone Threatens a Witness To Drop the Charges?
Such a person is obstructing justice and may be committing a crime. Call the law enforcement officer in charge of the case. Police can ask the judge to issue a new warrant, or to revoke the defendant's bail.
What If The Defense Attorney Contacts a Witness About The Case?
You may be asked by the defense attorney to talk to him/her about the case. The witness may refuse or can talk. It is the decision of a witness.
Pleas Of Guilty
The defendant in the case may decide to plead guilty. The plea may only come at the last moment before trial, often because the defendant's attorney is hoping that a witness will not show up, or that the case will be dropped for other reasons.
What Happens In A Trial?
In a trial, the prosecutor presents the case for the State, attempting to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant did commit the crime as charged. The defendant may present his or her side through the use of an attorney.
What Do the Witnesses Do At The Trial?
As a witness for the State, they have an important part in the trial. They may be questioned by the assistant prosecutor about who they are and what they know about the case. The defendant's attorney may then cross-examine them or question them about their knowledge of the case. They may feel during the questioning that their personal motives are doubted, but the process of cross-examination is not meant as a personal attack upon them. It is to ensure that all sides of the case are told and to establish the truth. Witnesses need NOT be present during the entire trial and will be called only when needed.
ARRAIGNMENT- Usually the following actions occur at this court event: The defendant is officially notified of the charges against him/her; the defendant is asked whether he/she pleads innocent or guilty, whether there will be trial demand and whether by jury or a trial by judge, if that is an option; and the terms of the defendant's release pending trial is set.
BAIL- Release on bond. The defendant may be released if he/she has put money or a percentage of a sum of money required by the court, formally charges a person.
COMPLAINT- A statement of facts about an alleged crime which, when filed in court, formally charges a person.
CONTEMPT OF COURT- This is an offense that can occur in one of two ways: (1) disrespect or unacceptable behavior in the presence of the court which can be punished immediately by the judge; or (2) outside the presence of the court the failure to abide by an order of the court in which a hearing will be held and unless the defendant can show cause why he/she should not be held in contempt, he/she will be sentenced.
CONTINUANCE- A postponement of a case for trial or hearing to a later date which usually can be granted only by the court.
CRIMINAL CONDUCT- The New Jersey Code of Criminal Justice, effective September 1, 1979 grades criminal conduct into first, second, third or fourth degree offenses, all requiring an indictment by the Grand Jury and entitling the defendant to a trial by jury. These offenses were previously referred to in New Jersey as misdemeanors and high misdemeanors or as misdemeanors and felonies in other jurisdictions.
DEFENDANT- A person formally accused of a crime.
DISMISSAL- The dropping of a case by a judge sometimes at the request of the prosecutor.
DISORDERLY PERSON OFFENSE- A minor violation of the law for which a person may be jailed for no more than six months, does not require a Grand Jury indictment and is ordinarily tried in the municipal court without a jury. This class of offense is New Jersey's equivalent of what are commonly referred to as "misdemeanors" in other jurisdictions.
GRAND JURY- A body of 23 citizens which hears evidence presented by the prosecutor to determine whether there is enough evidence to justify an indictment.
INDICTMENT- A formal criminal charge made by a Grand Jury after considering evidence presented by the prosecutor. Also called a True Bill.
NO BILL- A determination by the Grand Jury that the evidence presented by the prosecution is not sufficient to justify an indictment.
OBSTRUCTION OF JUSTICE- The use of force or threat of force to influence or intimidate a juror or witness. Under N.J.'s new criminal code obstruction of justice will also be referred to as "hindering apprehension or prosecution" and carries a severe penalty.
PAROLE- The early release under conditions of supervision of a person who has been convicted of a crime, sentenced to prison and has served some of that sentence.
PERJURY- Deliberate lying under oath. Perjury is a crime of the third degree punishable by a severe penalty.
PETIT OR PETTY JURY- A jury that hears the evidence presented by both prosecution and defense at a trial, comes to a decision concerning the facts and presents a verdict of guilty or not guilty.
PERSONAL RECOGNIZANCE- The method by which an arrested person is released on his/her word that he/she will return at the designated time for further court appearance.
PLEA- When the defendant is asked by the judge whether he/she wishes to admit guilt or to deny it and go to trial on the charges. The answer is the plea which may be either guilty or not guilty.
PLEA BARGAINING- A necessary aspect of the criminal justice process which promotes the speedy disposition of cases without the necessity of trial. Usually, the defendant will plead guilty to SOME of the charges with the prosecutor often recommending a certain sentence and/or the dismissal of other charges. The goal of the prosecutor in plea bargaining is to try to achieve approximately the same result as would have occurred if the defendant had been convicted after trial.
PROBATION- The release under "good behavior" of a person convicted of a crime as an alternative to imprisonment.
SUBPOENA AD TESTIFICANDUM- A written official summons to appear in court to give testimony under possible penalty of law for failure to appear.
SUBPOENA DUCES TECUM- subpoena that directs the witness to bring to court certain named documents or other evidence.
TRUE BILL- A formal criminal charge made by a Grand Jury after considering evidence presented by the prosecutor. Also called an indictment.
Consequences of a Criminal Guilty Plea
1. You will have to appear in open court and tell the judge what you did that makes you guilty of the particular offense(s)
2. Do you understand that if you plead guilty:
3. If you are on Probation, you will have to submit to random drug and urine testing. If you violate Probation, you often go to jail.
4. In indictable matters, you will be required to provide a DNA sample, which could be used by law enforcement for the investigation of criminal activity, and pay for the cost of testing.
5. You must pay restitution if the court finds there is a victim who has suffered a loss and if the court finds that you are able or will be able in the future to pay restitution.
6. If you are a public office holder or employee, you can be required to forfeit your office or job by virtue of your plea of guilty.
7. If you are not a United States citizen or national, you may be deported by virtue of your plea of guilty.
8. You must wait 5-10 years to expunge a first offense. 2C:52-3
9. You could be put on Probation.
10. In Drug Cases, a mandatory DEDR penalty of $500-$1,000, and lose your driver's license for 6 months - 2years. You must pay a Law Enforcement Officers Training and Equipment Fund penalty of $30.
11. You may be required to do Community Service.
12. You must pay a minimum Violent Crimes Compensation Board assessment of $50 ($100 minimum if you are convicted of a crime of violence) for each count to which you plead guilty.
13. You must pay a $75 Safe Neighborhood Services Fund assessment for each conviction.
14. If you are being sentenced to probation, you must pay a fee of up to $25 per month for the term of probation.
15. You lose the presumption against incarceration in future cases. 2C:44-1
16. You may lose your right to vote.
The defense of a person charged with a criminal offense is not impossible. There are a number of viable defenses and arguments which can be pursued to achieve a successful result. Advocacy, commitment, and persistence are essential to defending a client accused of a criminal offense.
Jail for Crimes and Disorderly Conduct:
If someone pleads Guilty or is found Guilty of a criminal offense, the following is the statutory Prison/Jail terms.
NJSA 2C: 43-8 (1) In the case of a crime of the first degree, for a specific term of years which shall be fixed by the court and shall be between 10 years and 20 years;
(2) In the case of a crime of the second degree, for a specific term of years which shall be fixed by the court and shall be between five years and 10 years;
(3) In the case of a crime of the third degree, for a specific term of years which shall be fixed by the court and shall be between three years and five years;
(4) In the case of a crime of the fourth degree, for a specific term which shall be fixed by the court and shall not exceed 18 months.
2C:43-3 Fines have been increased recently! 2C:43-3. Fines and Restitutions. A person who has been convicted of an offense may be sentenced to pay a fine, to make restitution, or both, such fine not to exceed:
a. (1) $200,000.00 when the conviction is of a crime of the first degree;
(2) $150,000.00 when the conviction is of a crime of the second degree;
b. (1) $15,000.00 when the conviction is of a crime of the third degree;
(2) $10,000.00 when the conviction is of a crime of the fourth degree;
c. $1,000.00, when the conviction is of a disorderly persons offense;
d. $500.00, when the conviction is of a petty disorderly persons offense;
He was awarded the NJ State State Bar Municipal Court Practitioner of the Year.
He lectures and handles criminal cases, Municipal Court, DWI, traffic and other litigation matters.
To schedule a confidential consultation, call us or New clients email us evenings and weekends via contact box www.njlaws.com.
Kenneth Vercammen & Associates, P.C,
2053 Woodbridge Avenue,
Edison, NJ 08817,
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Moderate reasoning
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Crime & Law
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The Australian Government is continuing to improve Australia’s world leading vaccination program through the Australian Immunisation Register Amendment (Reporting) Bill 2020, which enters parliament today.
This Bill supports and builds upon the longstanding action of the successive Governments to ensure that Australians have access to safe and effective vaccines and that we maintain world leading immunisation rates.
Currently, not all vaccine providers make a record in the Australian Immunisation Register (the AIR) when a vaccine is administered, which means that individuals or health professionals may not have access to vaccination history. This information could be vital in an emergency, when undertaking medical treatment and in managing an individual’s health and wellbeing.
The effect of the amendments in the Bill is to ensure all vaccination providers report vaccines given, including any COVID-19 vaccine, to the AIR.
These changes will ensure that every Australian can access their vaccine history through this safe and secure register and support the administration of COVID-19 vaccines and other lifesaving vaccines, including those against the flu and meningococcal.
While the Government strongly supports immunisation, it is not mandatory. Vaccination will remain voluntary and individuals will retain the fundamental choice to choose not to vaccinate.
The Australian Government is a strong supporter of immunisation in that it is a safe and effective way to prevent the spread of many diseases in the community that can cause hospitalisation, serious ongoing health conditions, or even death.
The Australian Government has acted decisively to secure production and supply agreements to secure early access to 134 million doses of a COVID-19 vaccine to Australians in 2021-21 and 2021-22 through an investment so far of $3.3 billion.
In addition to the significant investment in COVID-19 Vaccines, the Australian Government invests over $400 million each year though the National Immunisation Program (NIP) to protect Australians against 17 vaccine preventable diseases.
The NIP provides free vaccines to eligible people, including children, adolescents, the elderly, pregnant women and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people against conditions such as pneumococcal, meningococcal, measles, mumps, rubella, pertussis, shingles, human papillomavirus (HPV) and influenza amongst others.
The need for the Australian Immunisation Register Amendment (Reporting) Bill 2020 arose from the need to provide more Australians with information about their immunisation history, to support the roll out of a COVID-19 vaccine and the ongoing administration of the NIP.
Australia continues to have a high level of vaccination reporting and the AIR data entered is sufficiently reliable for the administration of childhood immunisations due to a number of policy and program settings which encourage reporting.
For example, Australia’s immunisation coverage rates for children continue to be at a record high, compared to the rest of the world. As at September 2020: 94.90 per cent of all Australian children aged five years and 97.03 per cent of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children aged five years were fully vaccinated.
However, reporting of adolescent and other adult vaccines is lower and less reliable. For example, the reporting of vaccinations against Herpes Zoster and Pneumococcal for older Australians is around 40 per cent and reporting for seasonal influenza is around 50 per cent.
The AIR provides Australians with an Immunisation History Statement (IHS) which displays all immunisations that an individual has had that are recorded on the AIR. The IHS is can be viewed and printed via Medicare Online, myGov, the Express Plus Medicare mobile app, or My Health Record. Vaccination providers can print an IHS on behalf of their patient.
Public consultation on the proposed changes indicated a high level of community support for these improvements and it is pleasing to note that key stakeholders, including health peak bodies have indicated their public support.
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Strong reasoning
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Politics
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Get Private Tuition in Chemistry from one of our specialists
Chemistry can often be one of the more challenging sciences simply because it’s a bit of a mixture – incorporating both biology and physics.
Alkanes + Algebra + Rates of Reaction = Chemistry
On one hand you need to memorise a few alkanes. You may also need to do a little bit of maths. Plus have an understanding of the physical concepts driving chemistry (for example, those in rates of reaction). This can be quite demanding and students often struggle with comprehending a wide range of problems, as well as needing to learn the vital facts. Our tutors are experienced professionals, some of whom have worked in the industry for over 10 years. We also offer University tuition in Chemistry for all subjects, see below for further details. We encourage students to get started with their tuition as early as possible. Good Chemistry tutors are hard to find and are always the first to get fully booked.
Chemistry at the GCSE/IGCSE level is the first time students are formally introduced to a hard Science. The core curriculum consists of a lot of content based learning, including chemical formulae, structures and equations. Students will also need to know about the various physical processes and be able to give detailed explanations. Good Chemistry tutors should be able to tailor a tutorial to cover all of these areas and our tutors are experts in doing this. Often, tutors cover multiple subjects, such as Physics and Maths as these are all interlinked.
Our GCSE/IGCSE Chemistry Tutors are ready to handle any syllabus and any exam board. They are aware of all the major changes being made to the curriculum and they know how to prepare students for exams. Tutorials are based on understanding concepts, such as how to read and construct chemical formulae, as well as general learning. In the run up to exams, tutors will go through past exam papers with students to help them achieve an A/A*.
Chemistry at A Level and IB is highly specific. It is split into three parts – Physical Chemistry, Organic Chemistry and Inorganic Chemistry. Most Universities require an A or B grade in order to secure a place on STEM courses such as Medicine, Pharmacy and Pharmacology. It is also a core requirement for Chemical Engineering (the highest paid graduate job). For top tier Universities (i.e. those within the Russell Group) and Masters this rises to an A as minimum. Chemistry also requires good Maths skills, some of which are only covered in A Level Maths courses. Many students take a Maths qualification alongside their Chemistry. A good tutor should be able to guide a student in both Maths and Chemistry. They should also work on developing core skills such as problem solving and dealing with multi-step calculations.
In a competitive field, excellence is a must. All our tutors have studied Chemistry to degree level or higher. They are specialists in helping you to understand the more complex topics found at A Level/IB. We can provide tutors for all A Level modules across all exam boards, including AQA, Edexcel and OCR. They are fully prepared to tutor for the new A Level syllabus. We are happy to work with students who are struggling or lagging behind in their studies. As well as students who have not taken Maths A Level and are finding mathematical problems or balancing equations difficult. Make an enquiry today and ask for maths help if you need it.
In University, Chemistry and related topics can be tough. Multiple subjects are covered, such as Maths, Thermodynamics and Quantum Physics. This is all in addition to Chemistry topics. Our tutors are all graduates from some of the best Universities in the country, with experience of tutoring other students in degree level Chemistry. We also have Physics and Maths tutors to help you understand the multi-diciplined areas of your degree.
We cater to all students from all faculties, including the life sciences, Pharmacy, Pharmacology, as well as medicine, biomedicine and Chemical Engineering. We have tutors coming from different backgrounds, including Chemistry, Physics, Engineering and Maths. This gives us a wide and varied base to deal with various problems that students might encounter.
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Moderate reasoning
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Education & Jobs
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- with regard to, according to “As to your question, I will answer it tomorrow.” The players were put into groups as to their ability.
- in addition, also, too I plan to take a computer course this summer as well.
as well as
- in addition to “Please bring your swimming suit as well as your towel.”
back and forth
- backwards and forwards, first one way and then the other way The argument went back and forth before the judge made a decision.
- to be in a better situation than before My friend would be better off if he sold his old car and bought a new one.
break down (something)
- to divide something into parts, to separate something into simpler substances We tried to break down the problem for further study. The sugar began to break down soon after it was swallowed.
- to separate, to divide into groups or pieces, to put an end to something Nobody wanted to break up their groups. We usually break up into small groups during our class.
by the way
- incidentally “By the way, could you please bring your laptop computer tomorrow.”
carry out (something)
- to put something into action, to accomplish something, to do something The scientist wanted to carry out several experiments before discussing the new medicine.
- please, hurry, go faster “Come on, I only have a few minutes before I must go.” “Come on, stop doing that.”
- to happen unexpectedly I will not be able to go to the party if something else comes up.
come up with (something)
- to produce or find a thought/idea/answer I tried to come up with a name for the new magazine.
deal with (something)
- to be concerned with something, to take action about something We will deal with the boxes tomorrow.
end up (doing something or going somewhere)
- to do something that one had not planned to do, to go somewhere one had not planned
to go We ended up going to a restaurant after the movie last night.
figure out (someone or something)
- to try to understand someone or something, to solve something I finally figured out how to use the new DVD player.
fill in (something)
- to write words in blank spaces “Please fill in this form and give it to the receptionist.”
Find out (something)
- to learn or discover something My mother is angry at me because she found out that I had quit my French class.
first of all
- the very first thing First of all we prepared the garden and then we planted the seeds.
- permanently The city will close the public swimming pool for good next week.
- without doubt, certainly, surely “I will go to the movie with you for sure next week.”
get back to (something)
- to return to something I was happy to get back to my work after my holiday.
get into (something)
- to become interested or involved in something
I do not want to get into an argument with my friend. We will get into the details of the plan tomorrow.
get into (somewhere)
- to enter somewhere
My friend wants to get into a good university. I bumped my head as I was getting into the
get out of (somewhere)
- to leave somewhere, to escape from somewhere I want to hurry and get out of my house.
get rid of (something)
- to give or throw something away, to sell or destroy something, to make a cold or fever disappear
I bought a new television set so I want to get rid of the old one.
get through (something)
- to complete something, to finish something
My friend is having trouble getting through her final exams. I have much reading that I must get through before tomorrow.
- to begin to do something “Let`s go ahead and start now. We can`t wait any longer.”
- to continue The game will probably go on for an hour after we leave.
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Moderate reasoning
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Literature
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Little Big Land
The Torah speaks of the Jewish people as destined to be the emissaries of the Almighty in the world. What land does the Infinite Being promise to this nation? What broad expanse would properly fit the people commanded to fulfill the will of God, being a light unto the other nations. The continent of Europe? Asia? North America? When you look at the globe, what would best fit this nation and its mandate?
Israel. The land of Israel. Hmmph! That postage stamp of a country? And yet, after thousands of years, that tiny little plot of land continues to be front-page news all the time. That small spot is the object of debate amongst the most powerful countries and at the U.N. What magic makes this puny plot of land demand so much attention?
This is one of the indications that the Torah has to be Divine. No other explanation seems reasonable.
ISRAEL, A PROPHECY
In Numbers chapter 34, the Torah describes the biblical boundaries of the Land of Israel. (They are similar to today's boundaries, but go farther north.) And now, after 2,000 years of exile, the Jewish nation is back in its homeland. This also is an indication of the divinity of the Torah.
Not only that, but it was prophesied that Israel would be desolate all the years of exile; no nation would make it flourish (see Leviticus 26:32-33). It was further prophesied that in the end the Israelites would be back there (see Jeremiah 16:14-15). The barren desert-like land now produces fruits and vegetables that are sought by other countries. Their technology rivals and sometimes surpasses the most advanced societies.
If any normal person had predicted this during the past 2,000 years, they'd have been laughed at. Yet that's exactly what happened.
"Light" is often used as an analogy to Torah and the Jews. A light source does not take much space up in a room, but affects the whole area. As it says in Tanya (ch. 12), "A little light dispels much darkness." A human being is a small thing compared to a mountain or Niagara Falls. Yet one person can affect the entire world. Galileo, Newton, Einstein. Aristotle, Confucius, Gandhi. Thinkers, doers, philosophers and inventors. So many different kinds of people have the power to change the world. For better or for worse.
"What is man that you consider him?" King David said, "Yet you made him just a little less than God Himself."
Don't underestimate your own ability to affect the world. You may be one small person, yet your ability in this world is tremendous. And you just might be a catalyst for someone else to achieve their potential.
WITH GOD'S HELP
Aside from the nature of the world that supports the concept of something small affecting something large, there is also the factor of the Almighty helping in your undertaking. After all, if the weakest, feeblest, silliest, wimp had a strong enough desire to fix the problems of the world, and the Almighty decided to help him, is there anything this wimp couldn't accomplish? If the Infinite Being decides to help you, is there anything you couldn't accomplish?
The Talmud says, "Make His will your will, so that He'll make your will His will" (Avot 2:4). If you want the right things, there's a guarantee of Divine assistance.
What's stopping us from accomplishing more?
We're probably a little too focused on our own desires.
Pick one small thing that you believe the Almighty would want you to do, but you are afraid you lack the ability to accomplish it. Ask God to help you and see what happens.
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In the summer of 1940 in the skies above Britain the Royal Air Force (RAF) won a victory that would change the course of history the “Battle of Britain”, as it became know, RAF fighters fought a German Airforce four times its number which saved Britain form invasion. The technically advanced Spitfire was credited with the victory and became a legend as a result, although most of the kills were actually achieved by the slower less glamorous Hawker Hurricane.
During the “Battle of Britain”, which began in earnest on August 8, 1940 Hurricanes concentrated mainly on the destruction of the German Heinkel He 111 and Dornier Do 17 bombers. These were the aircraft that would cause the most damage if allowed to get through.
Heinkel He 111 Dornier Do 17
The only Victoria Cross ever awarded to a Fighter Command pilot was won by Ft Lt James Nicolson, a Hurricane pilot of No 249 Squadron who, on August 16,1940, while attacking a German aircraft in front of him, was pounced on from above and behind by other German aircraft. Nicolson's aircraft caught fire, but he continued his attack until he had shot down his original target, then parachuted to safety.
The highest scoring Allied pilot of the battle - a Czech named Sergeant Josef Frantisek, who claimed 17 victories - was also a Hurricane pilot.
The Royal Air Force had at that time thirty-two Hurricane squadrons, compared with nineteen Spitfire squadrons. This meant that six-hundred and twenty Hurricane and Spitfire fighters with another eighty-four assorted fighters like the Gloster Gladiator had to face the German air threat of 3,500 bombers and fighters. The Hurricane proved a real problem for the German fighters and bombers as it far outclassed them in manoeuvrability negating the speed advantage the German ME109 held.
The Hurricane also proved to possess an astounding propensity for adaptation, and the multifarious roles that it undertook earned it the distinction of being the most versatile of single seat warplanes to emerge from the Second World War.
The Hurricane was the work of Sydney Camm the prototype first took to the air on November 6, 1935 at Brooklands, and the initial production Hurricane I entered RAF service in December 1937, with No 111 Squadron. Powered by the famous Rolls-Royce Merlin engine, it became the first RAF monoplane fighter with an enclosed cockpit and retractable undercarriage, its first fighter capable of a level speed in excess of 300 mph and its first eight-gun fighter.
Under the command of Sqn. Ldr. J. W. Gillan, No. 111 Squadron quickly settled down with its new monoplanes, and on February 10, 1938, the commander personally demonstrated the prowess of the Hurricane by flying from Edinburgh to Northolt at an average speed of 408 mph. Even with a stiff tail-wind this was a remarkable performance.
Squadrons were rapidly equipped with the Hurricane thanks to the foresight of the Hawker Aircraft directors and at the time war was declared, on September 3, 1939 just short of five hundred Hurricanes had been delivered and eighteen squadrons had been equipped. These were all of the Mark I type, armed with eight 0.303-in. machine-guns but having alternative propeller installations, a Merlin II engine driving a Watts two-blade fixed-pitch wooden propeller, or a Merlin III of similar power having a standardized shaft for de Havilland or Rotol three-blade metal propellers.
Wing Gun Bay
The Hurricane I, at 7,127 Ib. all-up weight, possessed a maximum speed of 325 mph. at 17,500 feet, a range of 700 miles at 200 mph, a service ceiling of 36,000 feet, and the ability to climb to 20,000 feet in 9 minutes.
Convinced that the RAF would buy the new fighter in the prevailing mood of rearmament, the Hawker Company decided, in March 1936, to precede with the production drawings and to make plans for large scale production. Three months later in July, that action was vindicated when the Air Ministry confirmed that six hundred Hurricanes were to be included in its expansion Plan F (which also provided for three hundred Spitfires). By the time the Battle of Britain began, every single fighter in the hands of the RAF counted, and the early launch of Hurricane production had helped to ensure that just enough machines were in fact available to Fighter Command.
Meeting the RAF's rapidly expanding needs proved to be no simple matter and the Plan F target of six hundred Hurricanes to be delivered by March 1939 was missed by some six months. There had been a succession of relatively minor but time consuming problems with prototype development, especially related to the Merlin.
The first production Hurricane I flew at Brooklands on October 12th 1937, fitted with an early example of the Rolls Royce Merlin II that was rated at 1.030 hp at 16,250 feet. This power unit drove a fixed pitch two bladed propeller and at a weight of 5,459lb the aircraft attained a maximum speed of 318 mph at 17,400 feet.
In January 1939, the Merlin MkII gave way to the Merlin MkIII and with the fitting of a constant speed three bladed propeller and it was this amended specifications that was adopted and all Hurricane Mark I's were constructed using this configuration. Other alterations/additions being the armament which was four Browning .303 machine guns mounted in the wings, metal stressed- skin covered the wings instead of fabric which also covered the fuselage.
By the 27 September 1939, Hawker had delivered four hundred and ninety seven Hurricanes to the RAF against the initial order of three thousand five hundred and was enough to equip eighteen Fighter Command squadrons. But despite the need to bring Britain's fighter strength to its potential, quite a number of Hurricanes were exported to other countries. fifteen went to Turkey, another fifteen went to Finland, twelve went to Romania while one went to Poland.
During late 1939 and early 1940, one thousand nine hundred and twenty Hurricanes had been constructed by the Hawker works while Gloster Aircraft who also took on construction built one thousand eight hundred at fifty.
Hawker also put out tenders for the construction of the Hurricane overseas. One of these successful tender's was the Canadian Car and Foundry Works (CCF) and a license was issued for the construction of both the Hurricane and the Sea Hurricane. A total of one thousand four hundred and one machines were built and of these, sixty were flying by 10th January 1940. The Canadian company built the Hurricane in a number of different versions. The original accepted design of the Mark I, the Mark X which were powered by the Merlin 28 engine and built by the Packard Car Co, the Mark XI which was built with Canadian equipment and the Mark XII's that now incorporated the Merlin 29 engine and 12 Browning guns.
Because of the weather conditions in Canada and especially Nova Scotia where many of them were based, the normal retractable undercarriage was dispensed with and fixed ski's were used in their place. This allowed the aircraft to take off and land on snow and ice.
During 1939 and 1940, twenty four Hurricane Mark I's were delivered to Yugoslavia, and Belgium was also granted a licence to build the fighter although twenty had been acquired from Britain only fifteen of these had been delivered.
The early history of the Hurricane is an interesting parallel in many ways with that of the Supermarine Spitfire with which it was to form an immortal partnership; but while the Spitfire was an entirely new conception based on specialized experience, the Hurricane was the logical outcome of a long line of fighting aircraft. Thus, although the two airplanes met broadly the same requirements, they represented entirely different approaches to the same problem. The two approaches were reflected to an interesting degree in their respective appearances; the Hurricane workmanlike, rugged and sturdy, the Spitfire slender and ballerina-like. One was the studied application of experience, the other a stroke of genius.
When it became clear that the Hurricane was becoming outclassed as a pure fighter, other duties were assigned to it. In October 1941 the “Hurribomber” fighter-bomber came into being, carrying either two 250 lb or two 500 lb bombs under its wings. The Mk IID of 1942 was fitted with two 40 mm cannon for tank busting and two machine-guns, and was operated mainly in North Africa against Rommel's desert forces and in Burma against the Japanese.
Hurrcane with 40 mm cannons
The year 1943 saw two important developments in the Hurricanes history the introduction of the Mark IV and the adoption of the Hurricane to fire rocket missiles or, as they were initially known, "unrifled projectiles".
The Hurricane IV differed from the Mark II in two respects: it used a Merlin 24 or 27 which developed 1,620 hp for take-off, and it featured "low attack" or universal armament wings.
Hurricane carrying Rockets
These wings were derived from those fitted to the Hurricane IID and could carry the 40-mm Vickers or Rolls Royce cannon, bombs, drop-tanks or rocket projectiles.
The Hurricane IV was in service by March 1943 and was operational in the Middle and Far East theatres until the end of the war, and in Europe until the end of 1944. The development of the aircraft rocket had introduced a new factor in the use of aircraft as ground-assault weapons, and the Hurricane IIB and IIC were the first single-seaters to employ the rockets operationally.
Perhaps the most important sub-variant was the Sea Hurricane. This operated from aircraft carriers, being fitted usually with catapult spools and arrester hook. However, most Sea Hurricanes were not newly-built fighters but converted RAF types, and were deployed originally not for aircraft carrier operations but to protect merchant shipping. To combat German maritime-reconnaissance bombers, some ships were converted into CAMs (catapult aircraft merchantmen) which meant that a Hurricane fighter could be launched from the ship when danger approached. The biggest problem was that the fighter could not re-land on board, and so the pilot had to ditch it in the sea. The main areas of operation for the “Catafighters” were in the Mediterranean and Baltic, but by 1943 the Sea Hurricane had all but disappeared from service.
Sea Hurricane Launch
Of the 14,533 production Hurricanes built, some had gone for service with other air forces. In particular, nearly 3,000 were dispatched to the Soviet Union to aid its fight against the Germans on the Eastern Front. The first Hurricane sorties in Russia were made on September 11, 1941 in defence of Murmansk, pilots from France, Britain and America helping the Soviets in their task.
Hurricane carrying Soviet Markings
Hawker Hurricane II B
Wing span: 40 ft. 0 in. (12.19 m)
Length: 32 ft. 3 in. (9.82 m)
Height: 8 ft. 9 in. (2.66 m)
Empty: 5,658 lb (2,566 kg)
Operational: 8,470 lb. (3,841 kg) with two 500-lb. bombs.
340 m.p.h. @ 21,000 ft. clean
320 m.p.h. @ 19,700 ft. with two 250-lb. bombs
307 m.p.h. @ 19,500 ft. with two 500-lb. bombs
40,000 ft. (12,192 m); clean
33,000 ft. (10,058 m); with 500-lb. bomb load.
460 miles (740 km) at 178 mph (286 km/h) normal fuel.
920 miles (1,480 km) with two 44 gallon auxiliary tanks.
One Rolls-Royce Merlin XX twelve-cylinder 60 deg. "V" liquid-cooled engine
rated at 1,280 h.p. (954 kw) @ take-off and 1,850 hp @ 21,000 ft.
Twelve 0.303-in. browning machine-guns and
two 250-lb. or 500-lb. bombs or eight rocket projectile
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The U.S flag is a very important symbol of freedom and pride for all Americans. It has a meaningful role in many ceremonies, like burials and funerals. It is a custom in the U.S Army and Navy to lower the flag at the last note of retreat every day and fold it.
In addition, casket flag folding is a ceremonial tribute to a veteran and his or her family. In any case, the flag is folded 13 times into a tri-cornered shape. You can learn more about how to fold a military flag in this article. Read on!
Table of Contents
7 Steps to Fold a Military Flag Properly
As mentioned, proper military flag folding includes 13 folds. The final result is a shape that resembles the tri-cornered hat of the Patriots from the American Revolution.
You cannot fold a flag by yourself. There needs to be at least one other person folding with you. Most flag folding ceremonies will have 6-8 “folders”.
What You Will Need to Do
The proper way to fold the flag is as follows:
- Step 1: Start by holding the flag at waist height with another person and stretch it out. The flag, at this step, should be parallel to the floor.
- Step 2: Next, fold the bottom half of the section with stripes lengthwise. As such, the stripes will fold over and cover the field of stars. Make sure that both “folders” are holding the top and bottom edges securely.
- Step 3: Then, fold the flag lengthwise once more. The blue field of the flag should now be on the outside.
- Step 4: Bring the stripes corner from the folded edge to the top open edge of the flag to make a triangular fold.
- Step 5: Now, form the second triangle by turning the outer end point inward and parallel to the open edge.
- Step 6: Continue to make the triangle folds all the way until the end of the flag’s entire length.
- Step 7: Check that the completely folded flag showcases the blue field of stars. The red and white parts of the flag should be wrapped into the blue, like the light of day vanishing into the night’s darkness.
The general flag presentation protocol involves the flag recipient and flag holder. The latter holds the folded flag at waist height and positions the straight edge to face the former. Then, the flag is leaned towards the recipient and solemnly presented.
Note: There will usually also be an accompanying verbiage and/or flag reading script.
8 Steps to Fold a Military Flag for a Memorial Display Case
This next section will show you how to fold the American flag to fit it into a memorial display case.
What You Will Need to Do:
- Step 1: Lay the flag down on a flat surface.
- Step 2: Fold the flag in half with the stars facing down and the stripes facing up.
- Step 3: Fold the flag again so that the flag is quartered. Make sure to line the flag up neatly.
- Step 4: At the fly end, make a triangle by folding it into the open side of the flag.
- Step 5: Then, fold the triangle straight up and continue doing so until you reach the end of the flag’s length. Be sure to tighten each fold.
- Step 6: At the end, the visible stars should line straight. If they are not, make the necessary adjustments.
- Step 7: Fit the flag into the memorial case. Do a trial fit first. If it looks good behind the glass, work the final bits in for enclosing. The flag should fit snugly. To complete, check that the stars are not crooked. If they are, take the flag out from the case to fix it. This step involves a lot of trial and error, so be patient.
- Step 8: Once the flag is fixed properly in the case, hand the case up for display. Most cases should have a mounting or hanging accessory at the back.
For visual guidance, watch this tutorial on Youtube.
The Meanings of Each of the 13 Folds in Proper Flag Folding Protocol
Aside from the above steps to fold an American flag, you should be aware of the meanings behind each of the 13 folds. This next section is dedicated to outlining that.
- The 1st Fold: This fold is a symbol of life.
- The 2nd Fold: This fold is a symbol of belief in eternal life.
- The 3rd Fold: This fold is a symbol to honor and remember the veterans departing ranks that dedicated a portion of his or her life for the defense of the country and achieving peace throughout the world.
- The 4th Fold: This fold is a symbol of the weaker nature as Americans trust in God. It is Him we turn to for divine guidance in both peacetime and wartime.
- The 5th Fold; This fold is a symbol of tribute to the country
- The 6th Fold: This fold is a symbol of where the American hearts lie. Since it is with the heart that the people pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America, and to the republic for which it stands, an indivisible country under God with liberty and justice for all.
- The 7th Fold: This fold is a symbol and a tribute to the country’s Armed Forces. It is thanks to the Armed Forces that we protect the country and the flag against all enemies, whether they are within or beyond the republic’s boundaries.
- The 8th Fold: This fold is a symbol and a tribute to those who have entered the valley of the shadow of death so we can see the light of day and honor the mothers, for whom the flag flies on Mother’s Day.
- The 9th Fold: This fold is a symbol and a tribute to womanhood. The faith, love, loyalty, and devotion womanhood offers have molded the character of the men and women of this great country.
- The 10th Fold: This fold is a symbol and a tribute to the fathers who have also given their sons and daughters for the country’s defense since he or she was born.
- The 11th Fold: This fold is a symbol of the bottom part of the seal of King David and King Solomon and glorifies the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.
- The 12th Fold: This fold symbolizes eternity and glorifies God the Father, the Son, and Holy Ghost.
- The 13th Fold: This is when the flag is completely folded, showing the stars are uppermost. It is a reminder of the national motto, “In God We Trust.”
As you can see, the flag folds represent the same religious principles that the U.S was founded on. Some sources also say that the 13 folds refer to the first 13 colonies prior to Independence: Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, and Virginia.
The origin and date of the source for the flag folding procedure is unclear. Some credit an Air Force chaplain at the U.S Air Force Academy, while others believe it was the Gold Star Mothers of America.
At the last retreat ceremony, the national flag is lowered, folded into a triangle, and kept under close watch through the night. This procedure is a tribute to the nation’s honored deceased. The next day, it is taken out and flown again at the ceremony of reveille to symbolize the resurrection of the body.
Military Flag Folding on a Veteran’s Casket
The field of blue dresses from left to right and is inverted over the casket. This is a token to thank the deceased veteran who has served the country honorably.
Traditional honors of grave site military funerals often proceed with a silent flag folding and presentation, three rifle volleys, and a performance of “Taps”.
Knowing how to fold a military flag is important even if there are not a lot of personal occasions for you to do it. You also know other relevant information about the associated meanings of folding a flag, which may come in handy later in life.
Who knows, maybe you will be able to boast about knowing what the 13 folds in flag protocol are. Plus, you can better appreciate and respect the flag and what it stands for. Also, do not hesitate to leave comments or share this article with other readers!
I am Everett Bledsoe, taking on the responsibility of content producer for The Soldiers Project. My purpose in this project is to give honest reviews on the gear utilized and tested over time. Of course, you cannot go wrong when checking out our package of information and guide, too, as they come from reliable sources and years of experience.
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Moderate reasoning
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- “Small cheer and a great welcome makes a merry feast.”
- —William Shakespeare
- Comedy of Errors, Act 3, scene 1
Topics Covered in This Chapter
What Is a Set, Anyway?
Operations on Sets
SQL Set Operations
By now, you know how to create a set of information by asking for specific columns or expressions on columns (SELECT), how to sort the rows (ORDER BY), and how to restrict the rows returned (WHERE). Up to this point, we’ve been focusing on basic exercises involving a single table. But what if you want to know something about information contained in multiple tables? What if you want to compare or contrast sets of information from the same or different tables?
Creating a meal by peeling, slicing, and dicing a single pile of potatoes or a single bunch of carrots is easy. From here on out, most of the problems we’re going to show you how to solve will involve getting data from multiple tables. We’re not only going to show you how to put together a good stew—we’re going to teach you how to be a chef!
Before digging into this chapter, you need to know that it’s all about the concepts you must understand in order to successfully link two or more sets of information. We’re also going to give you a brief overview of some specific syntax defined in the SQL Standard that directly supports the pure definition of these concepts. Be forewarned, however, that many current commercial implementations of SQL do not yet support this “pure” syntax. In later chapters, we’ll show you how to implement the concepts you’ll learn here using SQL syntax that is commonly supported by most major database systems. What we’re after here is not the letter of the law but rather the spirit of the law.
What Is a Set, Anyway?
If you were a teenager any time from the mid-1960s onward, you might have studied set theory in a mathematics course. (Remember New Math?) If you were introduced to set algebra, you probably wondered why any of it would ever be useful.
Now you’re trying to learn about relational databases and this quirky language called SQL to build applications, solve problems, or just get answers to your questions. Were you paying attention in algebra class? If so, solving problems—particularly complex ones—in SQL will be much easier.
Actually, you’ve been working with sets from the beginning of this book. In Chapter 1, “What Is Relational?,” you learned about the basic structure of a relational database—tables containing records that are made up of one or more fields. (Remember that in SQL, records are known as rows, and fields are known as columns.) Each table in your database is a set of information about one subject. In Chapter 2, “Ensuring Your Database Structure Is Sound,” you learned how to verify that the structure of your database is sound. Each table should contain the set of information related to one and only one subject or action.
In Chapter 4, “Creating a Simple Query,” you learned how to build a basic SELECT statement in SQL to retrieve a result set of information that contains specific columns from a single table and how to sort those result sets. In Chapter 5, “Getting More Than Simple Columns,” you learned how to glean a new set of information from a table by writing expressions that operate on one or more columns. In Chapter 6, “Filtering Your Data,” you learned how to restrict further the set of information you retrieve from your tables by adding a filter (WHERE clause) to your query.
As you can see, a set can be as little as the data from one column from one row in one table. Actually, you can construct a request in SQL that returns no rows—an empty set. Sometimes it’s useful to discover that something does not exist. A set can also be multiple columns (including columns you create with expressions) from multiple rows fetched from multiple tables. Each row in a result set is a member of the set. The values in the columns are specific attributes of each member—data items that describe the member of the set. In the next several chapters, we’ll show how to ask for information from multiple sets of data and link these sets together to get answers to more complex questions. First, however, you need to understand more about sets and the logical ways to combine them.
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Moderate reasoning
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Software Dev.
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Inflatable Boat & Rib Repair Guide
Identifying The Build Material Of Your Inflatable Boat or Rib.
Before you can begin repairing your inflatable boat, whether it is an inflatable RIB, kayak, life raft, or dinghy — it is very important that you correctly identify the material used to manufacture the boat.
Adhesives and solvents are specifically designed to work with one type of material. Not knowing the correct material to choose can result in a patch failing or the repair not lasting as long as it should do.
There are 3 types of materials that are used to create inflatable boats: PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride), Polyurethane, and Hypalon. Here is what you need to know about each material:
PVC: Your inflatable boat may be made out of a material such as polyester or another type of fabric (including nylon), but it could be coated with a
PVC. As plastics are added to the PVC, the fabric of older inflatable boats may become degraded by the action of ultraviolet radiation in sunlight. Cracks on your RIB or inflatable boat may be due to this type of exposure.
Typically, modern RIBs are sold with a guarantee against damage to the PVC by UV radiation for 10 (or more) years. PVC is the cheapest material that coats most inflatable boats, and manufacture is easier because it can be welded by applying heat. Glue can also be used to manufacture and repair PVC.
Hypalon: Hypalon is a different type of coating used for polyester and nylon fabrics. Hypalon is a synthetic rubber and most often neoprene. Hypalon is one of the most durable materials used to coat boats. If you keep your dinghy free from dirt and other grime it will last a very long time, up to twice as long as PVC coatings. Because hypalon is of higher quality than PVC, and often comes with multiple textures and colours, it is often more expensive than PVC. The seams of hypalon coatings are held together with glued strips applied on the seams.
PU: Polyurathane is one of the highest quality fabrics available and, compared to hypalon, leaks less air and is extremely unlikely to suffer much damage from wear and tear. Polyurathane is similar to hypalon and has a similar life expectancy—about 15 to 20 years. However, polyurathane is less often chosen as a coating by major manufacturers today.
How to determine the fabric of your Inflatable Boat
Look through the list of manufacturers below and see if your manufacturer is listed.
On the inside of the tube fabric (BACK OF THE FABRIC) you may be able to determine the type of fabric you have by the colour. If its a shinier version of the top colour this will most likely be PVC. If the colour of the fabric is a very dark grey, or black it is most likely hypalon. (Please note early Avons are the same colour on both sides but can be hypalon). Glossy fabrics are most likely PVC or PU.
Manufacturers that use HYPALON in manufacturing inflatables and RIBs:
|AQUAFLYTE||HENSHAWS (tube manufacturer)||ROBCRAFT|
|AVON (MUST CHECK FIRST)||HUMBER||SCANNER|
|BEAUFORT||METZLER (older versions check first!)||SELVA|
|COBRA||REDBAY||WETLINE RIBS (only available as option on larger RIBS – check first!)|
|DELTA||REVENGER||XS-RIBS (also manufacture with Hypalon – check first!)|
|DOMINO||RIBCRAFT||YAM RIBS (different from YAM inflatables)|
|DUNLOP||RIBEYE (‘S’ Series/Larger RIBS only – check first!)||ZODIAC (pre-1986 models but also a customer option on some RIBS – check first!)* (early models).|
Manufacturers that use PVC to manufacture inflatables and RIBs:
|AVON (MUST CHECK FIRST)||METZLER (more recent models – check first!)||SUZUMAR|
|BOMBARD||NARWHAL (also provide PU option – check first!)||TOHATSU|
|BRIG||NEUVISA (also provide PU option – check first!)||TYPHOON|
|COMPASS II/24||OMC EXPRESS||VALIANT (some commercial / larger RIBS are PU – check first!)|
|EXCEL (Do have a Hypalon Option)||PROWAVE||WETLINE (larger RIBS are Hypalon – check first!|
|GEMINI (dinghy’s only)||QUICKSILVER(Do have a hypalon option)||YAM (Inflatables, RIBS are Hypalon)|
|HONDA||RIBEYE (Except the S range)||ZED|
|MAXXON||SEVYLOR||ZODIAC (but Hypalon is a customer option on some RIBS – check first!)|
Manufacturers that use POLYURETHANE (PU) in manufacturing their inflatables and RIBs:
|TORNADO||VANGUARD (also manufacture using Hypalon and PVC– check first!)||NARWHAL (produces PVC but also offer a PU option )|
|VALIANT (some smaller/Leisure RIBS are PVC)||NEUVISA (mostly PVC but also offer a PU option)||XS-RIBS (but also manufacture using Hypalon –)|
How To Find Leaks In Your Inflatable Boat or Rib Repair :
Once you have determined what type of material is coating your inflatable boat you will be able to make your Rib repair. The most common type of Rib repair that you will need to make is stopping a leak.
Sometimes when trying to inflate your RIB it simply will not hold pressure. This may be because of a cut, tear or maybe even a deep scratch within the material itself but, it could be due to a faulty valve.
Here are the steps you need to take to find where the leak is coming from:
- Pump air into your boat until you reach the optimal pressure indicated in your owner’s manual. If you slap the tubes with your hand it should produce a hollow ring like beating a drum would.
- When your inflatable boat has been filled with air, check all of the tubes as well as the keel (if you have one) or collars to see if there are any areas where the fabric has been damaged.
- To check the valve stems to see if they are the cause of the leak, remove the cap and see if the rubber diaphragms show any signs of escaping air and make sure they are seated properly.
- Take a spray bottle and create a mixture of mild soap (such as dish washing detergent) and water; add the mixture to the spray bottle.
- Spray the mixture on the boat areas and look for any bubbles. You may need to do this slowly and only spray small areas that you can watch carefully. If you see bubbles in one area, make sure you check in other places; you could have leaks in multiple areas.
- After you have sprayed the entire area and found leaks, deflate the inflatable boat. It may be best to mark the areas where the leaks have occurred with removal ink. NOTE ALL SOAPY WATER MUST COMPLETLY REMOVED BEFORE YOUR REPAIR.
- Use the correct patches and adhesives found on our site to make the repair.
Inflatable Boat & Rib Repair – Applying a Patch
The first thing you need to do before attempting any inflatable boat repair, whether to the tubes or to any other area, is to have the right work area. You do not want to have a very humid space to work in as this can affect the adhesive. Working in a shaded, dry area that is around 18-25 degrees Celsius and less than 60% humidity is best.
After you have prepared your workspace, you need to get the right tools for the job. You will need the right fabric, solvents, and adhesive. Please contact us if you are unsure which products to use.
Items you will need for your inflatable boat or Rib repair :
- For a temporary adhesive repair you will need a 1-part adhesive. For a permanent or large patch you will need a 2-part adhesive. Fabric patch (it is imperative that you use the right fabric & adhesive)
- Primer and/or solvent for the patch (Solvent is optional but advised for larger repairs).
- A short, stiff brush (a paint brush is fine).
- A lint-free, clean cloth (any debris can ruin the adhesive).
- Fine sand paper. (Only needed with hypalon)
- If you are using a 2-part adhesive you will need a mixing stick.
- Pencil or marker that has removable ink.
- Masking or painter’s tape.
- Seam roller or Something heavy to make sure the patch is firmly stuck.
Inside Patch (Only needed if the hole/tear is greater than 30mm if this is not the case skip to Outside Patch)
- Measure the hole and cut your patch to be 30mm longer in every direction over the hole. Make sure when cutting the material that all of the corners are rounded.
- If you are undertaking a Hypalon Rib repair you will need to sand the top surface around the hole until it has a matt finish. The same process needs to be repeated to sand down the inside surface of the tube and the patch. Using the solvent cleaner, wipe down the area that was sanded and allow the solvent sufficient time to evaporate until the surface is dry (Solvent is not essential but advised for larger repairs).
- Following the directions on the adhesive tin, mix half. Using the small stiff brush, thinly apply a layer of adhesive onto both surfaces so that it looks wet.
- Allow the surfaces to dry for approximately 30 minutes.
- Add a second coat of adhesive to both surfaces and allow it to dry for an additional 3/15 minutes (See your tin of adhesive). At this point the adhesive should feel tacky when lightly touched.
- With the inside patch, apply a piece of polythene onto the adhesive on the patch so that it can be rolled up and pressed into the hole.
- Place it inside the tube and put it in position. Using the seam roller, roll from the middle to the outside of the patch. It is important to make sure that no air is trapped between the patch and the adhesive.
- Let the adhesive dry for at least 18 hours.
- Once the adhesive has dried, inflate the tube and check for any leaks.
- Once the area has been identified, cut a patch of fabric about 5cm larger than the hole the leak is coming from. Place the piece of fabric over the hole and outline it with your marker.
- Using your sandpaper, lightly sand the area where the patch will be added (NOTE ONLY SAND HYPALON).
- Using a Solvent & a cloth carefully wipe down the area to be repaired as well as the back of the piece of fabric to be used as a patch. Use the correct solvent on the fabric (MEK for PVC and PU or Toluene for hypalon) Note solvent is not essential
- Use masking or painter’s tape surround the area that will be patched so that no adhesive leaks over.
- Apply the adhesive according to the package directions using the brush; 2-part adhesives will have to be mixed and typically cure quicker.
- After the adhesive dries for 30 minutes, add a second and third coat leave for 3-10 minutes (See your tin of adhesive) or till the surface becomes tacky.
- Once the surface is tacky, add the fabric patch to the area. Be careful because once you add the patch there is not a chance to add it again. Use a decorator’s wallpaper seam roller or a rounded object to roll across the patch and remove any air bottles.
- Remove the tape and clean any adhesive that leaked onto the tube using the solvent.
- After you have cleaned the area place something heavy on top of the patch and let it set for at least 18 hours to cure. After 18 hours you should be able to re-inflate your boat and hit the water.
How to Find a Water Leak in Your Inflatable Dinghy Floor:
Damage to the floor is another common problem that affects inflatable boats and dinghies is damage to the floor. Here are the steps you should take to make a repair to the floor of your inflatable boat:
- Ensure that your inflatable boat repair is on a dry, flat, such as a table. It is not advisable to attempt floor repairs on the ground outside as moisture can cause problems.
- Inflate the boat completely and turn it upside down so that the bottom is facing up. Sprinkle talcum powder across the entire base of the boat and use a dry brush to spread it onto every part of the surface.
- Turn the boat back over and pour about 1 litre of water into the boat. Gently move the boat back and forth to ensure that the water has completely reached every part of the floor.
- Lift the boat up and see if where the leaks are coming from. The talcum powder will appear wet and make any leaks visible. Use a marker to mark where any holes may be in the floor.
- Repair the hole using a patch of the right fabric, the proper solvent, and the correct adhesive (found in our shop).
How to Perform a Valve Replacement on Your Boat:
If you discover that the leak is coming from the valve, it will need to be replaced. If you cannot find an exact replica of your valve, a modern valve such as a C7 valve can be used as an affordable alternative.
A valve doubler will work as the patch when you replace your valve. Again, it is very important to use the right adhesive, solvent, and valve doubler patch. You can browse our online shop to find the right parts. Please feel free to contact us if you have any questions, or if you are having trouble choosing the right items.
To perform your replacement use steps below:
- Deflate the tube entirely. You will not be able to remove the valve easily unless you deflate the tube.
- Using a knife carefully cut around the valve to remove the inflation valve. The best tool to make the cut is a simple craft knife. Be careful not to make any accidental cuts that could result in more damage.
- Dismantle the replacement valve and add the valve doubler (patch) to the valve, and then re-assemble it. Attach the patch in the same way as described above in the tube patching guide.
Repair the Valve Or Servicing a Leafield A7 Or B7
- The A7/B7 service kit, which includes a new spring, valve spindle, and rubber diaphragm (1 kit for a valve).
- A7/B7 Socket or large pair of grips plus grip cloth to cover the jaws of the wrench and to clean the components.
- A Pair of pliers.
- Study the diagram of the valve assembly to familiarize yourself with the valve and its components before you begin the job.
Steps to follow:
- Release the air in the tube and open the valve spindle by pushing inwards and twisting the spindle.
- With your A7/B7 ring or flat spanner, (when using large pair of grips, use a grip cloth for covering the jaw of your grips in order not to damage the plastic valve) loosen in a counter clockwise movement and remove from the inner assembly of the valve from the outer assembly. Do not allow the Grip properly inner assembly properly to prevent it from falling in. At the same time as you continue to grip the inner assembly of the valve through the tube fabric, drive the internal part of the valve inside the tube as you cautiously twist the valve about such that you now see the end of the assembly of the inner-valve through the valve aperture felt inside the wall of the tube.
- Now, undo the rubber diaphragm from the spindle using a pair of long-nosed pliers as your grip for the rubber diaphragm as you unscrew it in the counter clockwise direction. Once you have successfully removed the diaphragm, you can then turn the valve around again, move the spindle to its closed position and take out the spring. Make sure the valve and all its components are free from particles that could stop the valve from sealing tightly when it is re-assembled.
- Put the new spring and spindle into the valve by thrusting it in and turning it to lock it in position. Then, slightly turn the valve within the tube to see the rear of the valve assembly. Screw the rubber diaphragm onto the spindle. Avoid cross threading so as not to damage the diaphragm.
- Turn round the valve assembly inside and with care jerk the thread of the valve body forward through the opening wall of the tube, and screw down the outer valve assembly through the thread to hold the valve body firm in place.
- Re-inflate and go boating!
Note that the B7 Valve is same as the A7 except for the contoured cap.
Repairing the Valve or Servicing A Leafield C7 Or D7
The C7/D7 inflation valve may suddenly fail after few years of usage due to a number of causes. This could be as a result of the rubber material becoming brittle (in which case it is not well-seated within the inflation valve), or the spring or the plastic diaphragm spindle may have failed. Replacement of the C7/D7 inflation valve diaphragm is a simple step wise job and the service kits are also available from our online shop.
- C7 service kit, comprising of a new spring, valve spindle, and rubber diaphragm (1 kit for a valve)
- C7 valve wrench spanner
- Study the diagram of the valve assembly to familiarize yourself with the valve and its components before you begin the job.
Steps to follow:
- Release the air from the tube or collar and place the deflated tube flat, such that you can exert downward pressure on the valve body. Grip the part of the valve sitting within the tube by holding it through the tube fabric to prevent it from turning.
- With a C7 wrench, loosen the outer section (Male) of the valve, turning it in a counter clockwise direction. Ensure that the inner section of the valve, which is inside the tube, is in place and that it remains in place even when the outer portion is removed.
- Hold the large black washer and thrust to turn the valve spindle to lock it in the open position. Replace the sealing washer if it has turned grey or has perished.
- Take out the black rubber diaphragm, which is at the end of spindle, pulling off the spindle end and returning it to the closed position. Now remove the old spring and spindle by sliding out through the valve front.
- Fit in your new spindle and spring, and lock the spindle in open position. Fix a new diaphragm to the spindle end. Ensure that the rubber diaphragm is correctly attached to the spindle, and ensure that the plastic flange positioned on the end of the spindle locks the rubber diaphragm in place and is also visible.
- Loosen the spindle to test the spring movement of the diaphragm and also ensure that the rubber diaphragm is seated correctly onto the body of the valve to prevent air from escaping.
- Holding the tube fabric, firmly grip the inner section of valve sitting right inside the tube to prevent it from turning. Then replace the outer section into the inner or female section, turning in a clockwise direction until it is hand tight. Do not forget to replace back the plastic washer with the ridges on it facing your tube fabric.
- Using the C7 wrench, tighten the valve and then re-inflate the collar or tube. Test for leaks by spraying the valve area with some soap solution and check for bubbles. Tighten the valve properly with the C7 wrench if any leakages are observed.
- Done – Go boating!
GRP Rib Repair Guide
We would like to thank Leafield Marine, for the in-depth information they supplied on their valves.
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Moderate reasoning
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Transportation
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MakeIcons is a very simple to use app for macOS that will produce a range of different size icons for Xcode developers to use in their app development. Simply create a large version of your icon using your favorite graphics app, and drop it onto the canvas. You can then either click a button to produce iOS and watchOS icons, or another button for macOS icons. You can also create any size icon you want as Apple introduces new icon sizes, without waiting for the latest version of the app to include these new sizes. It is fast and simple, and I have created an extra bonus whereby you can also create TabBar item icons. iOS icons are produced for more than 10 different sizes, at x1, x2, and x3 resolutions, and watchOS and macOS get x1 and x2 resolutions. You can then simply drag and drop all of the icons into Xcode, and they will all go into their appropriate image slot (you may need to make a few minor additions).
This app is great for scholars and parents wishing to understand graphs in mathematics. While there are many graphing calculators that allow you to graph many complex functions, this one focuses on teaching simple grade 10 math graphs in a really simple and visual way. Using sliders to change the values of variables, you can see the impact the variable has on the overall equation or function, as well as other interesting things like x and y intercepts and asymptotes. You will quickly grasp just how simple graphs are by watching them change shape and move around as the value of a variable becomes larger or smaller or goes from positive to negative, or zero. Even parents will wish they had this app when they went to school, as they too will grasp just how easy and fun math is.
Specifically, the following graphs are included:
1. Lines of the form y = mx+c or ax+b
2. Parabolas of the form y = ax^2+bx+c
3. Hyperbolas of the form y = a/(x+b)+c
4. Exponentials of the form y = ab^x+c
5. Trigonometric function (sin, cos, and tan) of the form y = a*sin(bx)+c or a*cos(bx)+c or a*tan(bx)+c
You can also pan around the graphs and pinch to zoom in and out, and just tap the graph to reset the pan and zoom.
Enjoy learning math graphs, and drop me an email if you would like me to include a couple of other graphs that you or or children are struggling with.
Speedometers is a really simple and beautiful speedometer for your truck, car, motorbike, or bicycle. It uses GPS on your iPhone or iPad to establish your speed, and shows this information graphically in a simple user interface. You can change the units from miles per hour to kilometres per hour and back, and change the top speed of the speedometer reading. You can also let your speed guide what the top speed shown should be.
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| 0.935124 | 634 | 2.65625 | 3 | 1.717873 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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Oxford University scientists hope to uncover the secret life of an important British seabird using technology developed with Microsoft Research Cambridge.
The Manx Shearwater is a species that travels thousands of kilometres over the sea in search of food and only returns to land at night, making traditional field observation difficult. Yet monitoring wild seabird populations is increasingly important as they are particularly sensitive to environmental change and give an indication of the health of our oceans.
‘Manx Shearwaters spend the day at sea, only coming on land after nightfall for fear of predators,’ said Professor Tim Guilford of Oxford University’s Department of Zoology. ‘They nest in underground burrows on remote islands or high up on mountaintops. The challenge for us has been to develop methods that can shed light on their lives at sea and technology that can track a 400-gram diving seabird.’
As part of the research tiny radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags are being attached to 50 breeding pairs of Manx Shearwaters from Skomer Island, Wales, and sophisticated wireless sensors are being embedded in their burrows. The RFID tags and sensors monitor the birds’ activities, as well as temperature, pressure, movement and weight in real-time, while tiny GPS trackers developed at Oxford University map the birds’ long foraging trips.
Early results using the GPS trackers suggest that the birds, that were thought to patrol the fishing grounds of the Bay of Biscay, may have already been forced to move northwards in search of food as sea temperatures have risen. Professor Guilford commented: ‘There may be another explanation for this but it is clearly vital that we understand how their foraging movements respond to environmental variables, particularly from the perspective of understanding this remarkable species’ vulnerability to change.’
The new technology enables scientists to access and analyse vital information about wild animal populations in real-time from anywhere in the world using handheld/mobile devices. Powered by solar panels and making use of wireless, satellite and mobile phone networks, the system is designed specifically for research at remote locations over long periods.
‘The importance of this system is its ability to monitor animals autonomously over greater distances and more frequently and consistently than previously possible,’ said Robin Freeman, one of the scientists leading the project at Microsoft Research Cambridge. ‘Gathering this kind of data about the Manx Shearwater will provide insights into seabirds’ changing behaviour in light of climate change.’
‘This initiative is focused on developing a new generation of computational tools to tackle fundamental challenges in science,’ said Professor Stephen Emmott, Director of the Science Initiative at Microsoft Research. ‘Our aim is to accelerate the ability of scientists worldwide to make significant advances in areas of science where crucially important scientific and societal challenges exist, such as environmental change and its impact.’
This research is a collaboration between the University of Oxford, Microsoft Research Cambridge and Freie Universität, Berlin.
Source: Oxford University
Explore further: How many species on Earth? 8.7 million
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| 0.920233 | 646 | 3.921875 | 4 | 2.97523 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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Cookies on the Healthspan site
Since its removal from the banned list, caffeine has been the focus of much research to better understand the potential of this drug on sporting performance. Caffeine is believed to work by blocking adenosine receptors in the brain and other organs. This reduces the ability of adenosine to bind to the receptors, which would normally slow down cellular activity. The stimulated nerve cells release the hormone epinephrine (adrenaline), which increases heart rate, blood pressure, and blood flow to muscles. It is by no coincidence therefore that caffeine can be used as an ergogenic (performance enhancing) aid for endurance performance (Higgins et al. 2015; Lane et al. 2013; Desbrow et al. 2012).
Results can be significant, for example Lane et al. (2013) attributed a 3-4% performance gain in cycling TT performance to caffeine ingestion of 3mg/kg. Other research has focussed on the enhancement properties for muscular performance and power production with equally interesting results that make the supplement potentially impactful for non-endurance athletes (Diaz-Lara et al. 2016; Beaven et al. 2013).
The performance window has been shown to last between 40-60mins with the peak effect being dependent on the format of ingestion. In chewing gum format 85% of the dose is absorbed in the first 5min of chewing (Kamimori et al. 2002). As a result it is advisable to use caffeine gum immediately before intended use, which is different to other ingestion methods such as capsules or drinks.
Gum format is the preferred ingestion method of the British Sailing Team as it allows us to have the greatest control over when it gets implemented. It is common for races to get postponed in sailing and the last thing you want is for a sailor to have supplemented with caffeine 30 minutes before a race only to find that it is postponed. We have to apply strategies in a way that they are not detrimental to performance, so having utmost control is essential. It is worth bearing in mind that caffeine has a half-life of about 6hrs, so consuming it earlier in the day is preferential so as not to affect sleep routines of our athletes.
Findings on the effect of caffeine on perceptual responses such as perceived exertion, exercise induced pain and state of arousal are a bit equivocal but for a decision making sport like Sailing, this is probably the most interesting area. For example, Ali et al. 2016 found positive effects on perceived exertion and feelings of fatigue, whereas Astokorki & Mauger 2016 no effect of caffeine on perceived exertion. These are only two examples out of thousands of research studies into the perceptual effects of caffeine.
The take home from an applied point of view is that the effects are highly individual - every athlete is different and people respond to caffeine in totally different ways. We trial all of our strategies on an individual basis and form tailored routines that suit the individual and never implement anything in competition unless we, and our athletes are confident that we have the right routines in place in training first. Having batch tested caffeine in gum format through Healthspan Elite is a fantastic addition to the range. When applied on top of an optimal dietary intake of balanced nutrients, Kick-Start Gum has several interesting performance impacting applications.
Nothing beats a healthy, balanced diet to provide all the nutrients we need. But when this isn’t possible supplements can help. This article isn’t intended to replace
medical advice. Please consult your healthcare professional before trying supplements or herbal medicines.
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Strong reasoning
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Health
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This article concerns the personal observations and experiences of a teacher who moved from teaching teenagers to teaching young learners. It includes ideas for classroom management and teaching strategies.
- Inside and outside the young learners classroom
- New dimension
- Classroom management and discipline
- Using the board
- Routines and activities
Inside and outside the young learners classroom
The young learners market continues to grow amidst a decade of changing attitudes towards this sector of teaching. The teacher is now viewed as a highly skilled professional who has the knowledge, skills, flexibility and sensitivities of a teacher both of children and of language, and one who is able to balance and combine the two successfully.
The term 'young learners' in the network covers a wide age range; 4-18 years of age, and most problems encountered by teachers are due to a lack of understanding of the developmental differences between children and teenagers, and of the appropriate classroom management skills to deal with these. Differences include conceptual and cognitive variations, variations in attention spans and motor skills such as drawing and cutting, as well as social and emotional differences. An understanding of these differences can help develop the flexibility that teachers of young learners require.
Janet Leclere joined the Paris Young Learners Centre last September, bringing with her valuable experience of teaching eight to ten-year-olds in French state primary schools. Her classes include a group of five-year-olds using Pebbles 1 (published by Longman); an age she had not taught before. 'Having been used to teaching older children, I found it difficult to accept that some children's attention would drift,' admitted Janet, who quickly realised that her classroom management skills needed to take on a new dimension to control and cater for the needs of these children.
As it was not possible to observe classes at the centre, Janet took charge of her own self-development and arranged this at a local nursery school. These are her observations, which we hope will provide the starting point for further reflection and discussion in your own centres.
Classroom management and discipline
- When children arrive, they put their coats on pegs, bags on the floor at their table places and then join you round the board. Only books and pencil cases on the tables. Avoid clutter - very young learner classrooms need to be very organised.
- Use two areas of the classroom. For presentation of new language, practice activities using individual children, storytelling and opening and closing of lesson, the teacher sits on a stool next to the board and half-faces the children. Children should sit on the floor at their teacher's feet, with a further row of children behind on chairs to form a closed circle. This avoids sitting on the floor and makes you feel more in charge.
- For activities, three or four children should sit at each table. Colour-code the tables. When children move from the board to the tables, get them to move group by group, not all at once. Children keep to the same places.
- Expect children to do what they are told, but be nice to them - even when you are feeling impatient.
Using the board
- Present new language at the board. Use lots of flashcards. Involve all pupils - ask individuals to perform a small task: pointing to something, choosing a picture or sticking it on the board. Children like to be picked, so make it fair. Ask the whole class a question, get them to repeat or drill.
- Explain and demonstrate tasks you want children to do at the tables at the board. If using a worksheet, stick it on the board and demonstrate.
Routines and activities
- Establish routines: always sit round the board to begin, play a game touching heads when taking the register, sing 'hello' to characters or sing a song they know. Everyone starts the lesson feeling confident and attentive.
- Surprise activities can help to settle a class if the children become too excited. Try a series of movements in sequence e.g. touch your head three times, then shoulders, then knees. Vary the count and see if they can follow.
- When changing activity, try using a rattle (e.g. rice in a box) rather than raising your voice to attract attention. This becomes a signal that children recognise. Start the activity, even if not all children are attentive. They will eventually join in with the others.
- Be aware of what sort of work children are doing at school. The teacher I observed worked on the skills of matching, comparing and classifying. These are all things we can develop and adapt.
- When children are working at tables let them finish as much as possible. Fast finishers can do another drawing, or colour in. As children finish, write on their worksheets to explain what they have drawn, stuck or classified etc. questioning them at the same time.
Many thanks to Chrystel, teacher at the Ecole Maternelle, Val Joyeux, Villepreux.
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Strong reasoning
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Education & Jobs
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Every year around 600 cetaceans (whales, dolphins, porpoises) are found stranded around the UK coastline. Our strandings expert Rob Deaville has been helping to investigate these events for the last 18 years.
ZSL is the lead partner in the Defra funded UK Cetacean Strandings Investigation Programme (CSIP), which has been tasked with the investigation of these stranding events around the UK coast since 1990.
Tonight we’re inviting the public to go behind the scenes at ZSL to witness the primary element of the work of the CSIP. My CSIP colleague Matt Perkins and I will be conducting, in real time, an examination of a harbour porpoise that died shortly after live stranding at Caernarfon in Gwynedd, Wales last August. The lead CSIP scientist, Dr. Paul Jepson, will also be on hand in the ZSL auditorium to provide expert commentary and explanation and we will all take questions on the night from the audience.
Harbour porpoises, like the one we will examine at the CSI of the Sea event tonight, are the most common cetacean species found stranded around the UK coast, reflecting their coastal distribution. But we also find other species, ranging from bottlenose dolphins and killer whales to deep diving species like beaked and sperm whales. In fact, over the last 26 years we’ve recorded strandings of at least 22 individual cetacean species around the UK coast. This is over a quarter of the worlds known species, reflecting the range of marine habitats we have in UK waters.
Since the projects inception, we’ve collected data on over 13,000 individual cetacean strandings and conducted over 3,600 post-mortem examinations. Whilst it’s always a sad event to see a dead cetacean, by carrying out post-mortem examinations, we hope to be able to determine how the animal died and thus, learn more about the threats these species face in UK waters and specifically, those that may be due to our activities.
We can also gain a great deal of additional information through the course of such research. For example, we can estimate the age of cetaceans by counting the annular growth rings in their teeth, learn what they have been feeding on through examination of their stomach contents and gain a better understanding of their life histories through study of their reproductive organs. So as well as learning more about how they may have died, strandings investigation can reveal a huge amount of detail about how they have lived as well.
We’ve also carried out research on a wide range of marine contaminants and their potential impacts, through our collaboration with the Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS). A paper that we published last year demonstrated that one of the most persistent organic pollutants called polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), which have been banned in the EU since the 1980s, are still found at globally significant levels in the blubber of a range of European dolphins and may be responsible for the eventual localized extinction of some populations of killer whales in Europe.
Tonight’s event will use the examination of the harbor porpoise to focus in on the issue of marine pollutants and what we have learnt about this and other anthropogenic threats to cetaceans.
Although post-mortem examinations can be graphic, we hope the audience in the room and watching online will be able to learn more about the potential drivers of cetacean strandings. Tonight’s event promises to be a unique opportunity to increase public understanding of conservation science and in particular how strandings research can help shine a light on the threats that cetaceans face and inform efforts to improve their long term conservation status.
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A blog for lovers of ZSL London Zoo, bringing you extraordinary animal facts and exclusive access to the world's oldest scientific zoo.
Do you love wildlife? Discover more about our amazing animals at the UK's biggest zoo!
We're working around the world to conserve animals and their habitats, find out more about our latest achievements.
From the field to the lab, catch up with the scientists on the cutting edge of conservation biology at ZSL’s Institute of Zoology.
A day in Discovery and Learning at ZSL is never dull! The team tell us all about the exciting sessions for school children, as well as work further afield.
Ever wondered what a typical day as a zookeeper looks like, or what it's like to be a videographer at ZSL? Now you can find out!
Every month, one of the pieces held in ZSL’s Library and at ZSL Whipsnade Zoo will feature here as Artefact of the Month.
Read extracts from ZSL's award winning members' magazine, Wild About.
Get updates on our latest ranges, be the first to hear about special offers, and find the perfect gift for animal lovers!
The Chagos archipelago is a rare haven for marine biodiversity. Hear from the team about our projects to protect the environments in the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT).
ZSL works across Asia, from the famous national parks of Nepal to marine protected areas in the Philippines. Read the latest updates on our conservation.
An Open Access journal for research at the interface of remote sensing, ecology and conservation.
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en
| 0.933823 | 1,116 | 2.96875 | 3 | 2.878452 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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During the summer of 2017, we are screening Oregon native plants for their attractiveness to beneficial insects, such as pollinators and parasitoids. This study is inspired by the great work that has come out of Doug Landis’ laboratory at Michigan State University. To our knowledge, no such list of plants (vetted by controlled research trials) exists for Oregon.
We selected 23 native Willamette Valley wildflower species based on drought tolerance, as well as four exotic garden species known to be attractive to pollinators for a comparison. In the spring of 2017,, we planted five meter squared plots of each species, forming five “blocks” of all 27 species for replication. Weekly, we monitor the floral bloom, perform timed pollinator observations, and use an “insect vacuum” (see below!) to sample insects in each plot.
Table 1. Native plants selected for this study.
|Plant Species||Common Name||Life History||Bloom Color|
|Collinsia grandiflora||Giant blue eyed Mary||Annual||Blue|
|Gilia capitata||Globe gilia||Annual||Blue|
|Lupinus polycarpus||Miniature lupine||Annual||Purple/Blue|
|Madia elegans||Common madia||Annual||Yellow|
|Nemophila menziesii||Baby blue eyes||Annual||Blue/White|
|Eschscholzia californica||California Poppy||Annual||Orange|
|Helianthus annuus||Common sunflower||Annual||Yellow|
|Phacelia heterophylla||Varied-leaf phacelia||Annual||White|
|Acmispon (Lotus) parviflorus||Annual||White/Pink|
|Anaphalis margaritacea||Pearly everlasting||Perennial||White|
|Asclepias speciosa||Showy milkweed||Perennial||Pink/White|
|Aquilegia formosa||Western red columbine||Perennial||Red|
|Symphyotrichum subspicatum||Douglas’ aster||Perennial||Purple|
|Camassia leichtlinii||Common camas||Perennial||Purple/White|
|Eriophyllum lanatum||Oregon sunshine||Perennial||Yellow|
|Fragaria vesca||Wild strawberry||Perennial||White|
|Iris tenax||Oregon iris||Perennial||Purple|
|Sedum oregonense||Cream Stonecrop||Perennial||Yellow|
|Sidalcea virgata||Rose Checkermallow||Perennial||Pink|
|Sisyrinchium idahoense||Blue-eyed grass||Perennial||Blue/Purple|
Not only are we interested in finding plants that support ecosystem services; we also want to find plants that gardeners find attractive, and that they would want.
This is where you come in. We’ll be asking you to help us rank our study plants, by letting us know which ones you would like to see in your own garden, based on their looks, alone.
From this research we plan on developing empirically based, pollinator-friendly planting lists for the PNW. Stay tuned!
For additional updates and photos from this study, follow along at: http://pollinatorblog.weebly.com/
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| 0.707635 | 747 | 3.5625 | 4 | 2.457154 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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Education has always been a controversial topic over the ages. It has been the source of power for many. To be educated means being able to think and decide soundly. Education has always helped humankind to leap forward into the future. Education has opened doors for many people. Learning new concepts has inspired many to be intuitive and be inventive. But in this modern time, there are still those who are kept away from the light of learning. There are still people who are not able to get a decent education. On the other hand even people in first world countries who have access to schools also have the dilemma of being imprisoned in a boxed method of learning which hinders creativity and the natural thirst to learn.
To Educate is to Liberate
In many developing countries free education has already been given to the impoverished. However, even if there is free education there are still many children who are unable to go to school. They are victims of a viscous cycle where in their parents are unable to go to school, and thus cannot find a decent job. They in turn live in a hand to mouth existence where the mere daily survival is problematic and cannot even dare to think about going to school. The few children who are given the opportunity to go to school have to either attend class hungry, walk kilometer on barefoot and some have to scavenge or work to earn money. Only one out ten children who go to elementary school are able to go college in these poor countries.
Being uneducated imprisons them in archaic beliefs and endangers their existence. They cling on beliefs passed down to them rather than using their own intellect in living their lives. They are unable to find good jobs when they grow older. They are unable to provide food to their children when they have families.
Some though are able to escape the inability to go to school. Many impoverished parents would move heaven and earth just to make sure their sons and daughters step in to the threshold of a school. These children value the gift of learning so much. They take part time jobs in their high school years to support their schooling. Some even go to college and change their lives.
The ability to learn and be educated can liberate so many because it gives them the opportunity to be employable members of the society. They do not need to rely on government sustenance and relief goods or donations to live. The children who are born poor will not die poor. They can rise up from the prison of poverty and help in molding their society into a better place. And going to school does not just allow them to find decent jobs, it also teaches them concepts which is beyond day to day survival. They learn to appreciate art and music. They dream dreams and desire to contribute.
Education Should Not be a System of Tyranny
First world countries provide ample education for almost everyone. There is no shortage of teachers and classrooms. On the other hand there are times that there is a shortage of freedom. Many schools in first world countries train their pupils to study to be worker ants in the future. They are subjected in to sitting in classes that are not imaginative but monotonous. They are given tests that sometimes do not really measure their real learning but subjects them to ridicule among their peers.
Studying should be an adventure that children are excited to undertake. It should be a learning process for both the teacher as well as the student. When learning becomes exciting, then no one will feel reluctant to learn. Learning should not be like a race to the top, it should be a playground where everybody is equal. At some point, children should be able to choose something they would like to learn about, yet they should also be provided a structured set of studies. All these may still sound Ethiopian but at some point these concepts will be able to meld into one allowing the school system to produce minds that think and create rather than just follow and do.
Education is a never ending process. Even if you have finished school, even if you have had several degrees you should engage your mind into learning something new every day. Once you fall in love with acquiring knowledge you will become a tree that not only feeds but also provides life into this world. You should never stop learning; once you stop learning that is the moment you die.
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| 0.982172 | 864 | 2.71875 | 3 | 2.80984 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
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Education & Jobs
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Night SharkCarcharhinus signatus
This slender, medium sized, gray-blue shark is often mistaken for similar species. It has a long, pointed nose, and a somewhat small dorsal fin, but has a typical requiem shark body and coloring. Because of its diel vertical migration, it has the large eyes suited to live at depths during the day and come up closer to the surface at night to feed.
Order - Carcharhiniformes
Family - Carcharhinidae
Genus - Carcharhinus
Species - signatus
The common name of C. signatus in the United States is the night shark, due to its capture most often at night (Bigelow & Schroeder). Some common names from other countries include nachthaai (Dutch), requiem de nuit (French), requin de nuit (French), tiburon de noche (Spanish), tiburon nocturno (Spanish), tubarao-da-noite (Portugese), nachthai (German).
Importance to Humans
While initially only retained as by-catch from billfish and tuna fishing trips, the night shark is now beginning to be commercially targeted off the northeast coast of Brazil for its fins and meat.
Danger to Humans
According to the International Shark Attack File, there are no recorded attacks on humans by the night shark. The risk of attack on humans by the night shark is decreased due to its deep water habitat and nocturnal activity.
The IUCN is a global union of states, governmental agencies, and non-governmental organizations in a partnership that assesses the conservation status of species.
Night sharks have been found in the Atlantic Ocean from Argentina to Delaware (USA) and along the west coast of Africa. This shark is also seen in the Gulf of Mexico and off the coast of southern Brazil.
The night shark is typically found near outer continental shelves of subtropical waters in depths between 900 feet (275 m) and 1200 feet (365 m) during the day, and 610 feet (185 m) at night.
1. Eyes are large and green
2. Snout is long and pointed
3. The first dorsal fin is small
4. The first dorsal fin originates over or behind free tips of pectoral fins
The night shark is distinguished by a very long, pointed snout that is longer than the width of its mouth. It also has large green eyes when alive and a relatively small first dorsal fin that originates behind the free rear tips of the pectoral fins. The second dorsal fin is also small and low, originating just above the origin of the anal fin. A low interdorsal ridge is present between the first and second dorsal fins. The moderately long pectoral fins are slightly sickle-shaped with narrowly rounded ends.
Similar species include the silky shark (C. falciformis) and the dusky shark (C. obscurus), however both of these sharks lack green eyes when alive. The silky shark also has a more rounded and swept back first dorsal fin. Another species similar in appearance to the night shark is the spinner shark (C. brevipinna). The spinner shark can be distinguished from the night shark by the absence of the interdorsal ridge.Coloration
The coloration of the night shark is grayish blue and gray-brown above, with a white to gray-white underbelly. Occasionally, small black spots can be found distributed around the body or a subtle white band over the flank. Embryos are blue or silvery gray above with a grayish white underbelly.
The night shark has 15 rows of teeth on each side of the upper and lower jaws. The upper symphysis has one or two rows of small, triangular teeth, while the lower symphysis only has one row of the same type of teeth. The upper jaw is filled with teeth that have increasingly oblique cusps, meaning the angle of curvature of the teeth increases as they progress from the middle of the jaw toward the corners of the mouth. The upper teeth also have a noticable indentation on the outer margins. Each upper tooth has between two and five coarse serrations from the notch to the base of the tooth. The lower jaw has symmetrical, narrow, and erect teeth.
The skin of the night shark is composed of dermal denticles that are loosely spaced and overlap minimally. There are typically 3 low ridges on each denticle.
Size, Age, and Growth
The night shark grows to a maximum total length (TL) of 9 feet (2.8 m), with an average size of 6.5-8 feet (2.0-2.5 m). The maximum published weight of this shark is 169 pounds (76.7 kg).
The night shark typically feeds on squid and small bony fishes, including flyingfish, scombrids, butterfishes, and sea basses.
The night shark reproduces viviparously with a yolk sac placenta. Between 12 and 18 pups are born in each litter, with an average length of approximately 2.2 feet (68-70 cm) at birth. Males reach sexual maturity between 6.0 and 6.2 feet (1.85-1.90 m) TL, while the females are slightly larger at sexual maturity with a length between 6.5 and 6.7 feet (approximately 2.0 m).
Larger sharks are potential predators of night sharks.
The original combination of genus and species for Carcharhinus signatus was Hypoprion signatus, named by Poey in 1868. The original genus of Hypoprion comes from the Greek root words of "hypo" meaning "under" and "prion" meaning "saw". The valid genus of Carcharhinus comes from the Greek root words of "karcharos" meaning "sharpen" and "rhinos" meaning "nose". Synonyms of C. signatus include H. longirostris Poey 1876 and H. bigelowi Cednat 1956.
Prepared by: Kate Barzan
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| 0.919051 | 1,289 | 3.34375 | 3 | 1.641722 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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Reprinted from DAME Magazine, with permission.
“It was an accident,” Etelle Higonnet, the 38-year-old campaign director of Mighty Earth, a non-profit dedicated to championing environmental causes, explained to me over a series of conversations that started in May. “We were looking at deforestation in palm oil, but what we learned was that, in West Africa, the destruction of forests is actually caused by cocoa.”
Cocoa, the glorious crop that becomes chocolate, is grown in a thin band 20 degrees north and south of the Equator, with 70 percent of production centered in countries including Ivory Coast, a nation with the highest levels of biodiversity in West Africa. This diversity (held in soils, pollinators, and a wide range of flora and fauna) is part of the rich biological fabric of forests, home to 80 percent of the world’s plants and terrestrial animals.
Deforestation doesn’t only result in their displacement; it erodes the diversity we need to sustain food, medicine, fuel, and other materials we extract from the natural world. It is also one of the leading causes of global warming, generating (along with agriculture and other land use changes) about 24 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions.
What Mighty Earth uncovered this past spring—and verified this summer—is evidence of massive deforestation in Ivory Coast and Ghana, the top two suppliers of the world’s cocoa. “Without action,” their report states, “Ghana stands to lose all remaining forests outside its national parks in the next decade. Chimpanzees, elephants, and other wildlife populations have been decimated by the conversion of forests in both countries to cocoa; in Ivory Coast, only 200-400 elephants remain from an original population of hundreds of thousands.”
I spoke with Higonnet by phone, Skype, and over email as she traversed the planet trying to hold manufacturers and governments accountable for this loss.
Q: You’re the campaign and legal director at Mighty Earth, where you focus on deforestation in Southeast Asia and Africa that’s caused by palm oil, rubber, and aquaculture. But, in the spring of 2017, you stumbled upon a surprising source of deforestation. Tell me what you learned and how you discovered it.
A: Our first surprise was that deforestation was so high in Ivory Coast and Ghana. Then, I was just blown away by the extent of destruction. Ivory Coast has lost around 85 percent of their forests since 1990 and at least half before that, from the time of independence [from France, in 1960]. In Ghana, we’ve lost about 60 percent of forests since 2000 and lost around 70 percent from independence [from the British, in 1957] to 2000. So we’re talking about—overall, since independence—both countries losing around 90 percent of forests. How could it have been that I didn’t know this?
I was also super surprised that cocoa was the top driver. If you asked me a year ago, I’d have said logging. But no. It turned out to have been cocoa. It shocked the hell out of me.
Q: What’s confusing is that this loss is occurring in areas that are supposed to be protected. In Ivory Coast, for example, cocoa drives 30 percent of deforestation but, in protected areas, it’s caused 93 percent of losses. Why is this happening?
A: Cocoa is concentrated in forests because forests keep soil super-fertile and yummy and rich and lovely and moist. Once they’re chopped down and you plant full-sun cocoa, the soil gets depleted and the weather gets drier, and everything goes down the tubes a bit. Hence, constant movement farther and farther into forests for cocoa. Full sun is horrible for soil in the long run.
But those areas should have been protected. The cocoa there is totally illegal. Growing it is illegal, and I am told the cocoa itself is illegal so selling it abroad is akin to international trafficking of illegal goods. But it doesn’t have to be this way if the entire industry shifts over to serious shaded agroforestry. The real deal: 40 percent shade, with around 70 trees per hectare [about 2.5 acres]. Not some wishy-washy greenwashing of 10 or 20 trees per hectare. That will not save either country from an environmental cataclysm.
Q: You shared your discoveries with 50 cocoa processors and chocolate manufacturers. How did they respond?
A: All the companies answered but two. It was a huge range, from the most positive and responsive, which was Barry Callebaut [the world’s largest cocoa processor], to the worst, which was Godiva. On the call, Godiva basically said the inquiry was inappropriate and hung up. [When DAME reached out to Godiva, their PR representative responded via email to say they were “unable to assist with the story” as they “did not have anyone available to discuss sustainability.”]
Mars is the only other company that didn’t respond, but they did send a statement saying the company was going to spend $1 billion on sustainability efforts. It didn’t clarify where the money would go or how much would be allocated to cocoa. [Mars is the brand behind Twix, M&Ms, Milky Way, and more. Michelle O’Neill, Vice President of Corporate Affairs Europe & Eurasia, confirmed to DAME that the company has signed on to the Cocoa and Forests Initiative organized by the World Cocoa Foundation and stated, “While we cannot share the exact financial details of what we will dedicate to cocoa and tackling deforestation, addressing deforestation and degradation in the cocoa supply chains is a priority for us.”]
No one debated a single fact we sent them. On the contrary, most companies seemed to acknowledge that they knew these facts to be correct. Most said they will take action and reform, but they can’t make clear commitments yet and they’d rather make the reforms all together.
Q: You also shared these findings with members of the government in Ivory Coast and Ghana …
The Ivorian government has been pretty responsive and I have a call scheduled with the director of the Coffee-Cocoa Council [Conseil du Café-Cacao] a few weeks from now. I have yet to get a response from any Ghanaian governmental entity, including the Ghana Cocoa Board [Cocobod].
But I want to stress: This is not an Ivorian problem; it is an industry problem. It’s in Ghana and the Democratic Republic of Congo and Peru and so on; I just didn’t have time to investigate all those places. In Indonesia [the third largest global producer of cocoa behind Ivory Coast and Ghana], 1.7 million acres of forest were cleared for cocoa between 1988 and 2007. That’s equivalent to 9 percent of the nation’s total deforestation for crops. This is a global problem. The whole industry needs to change.
Q: Who should, ultimately, be held responsible for this loss? Local governments? Local agents? Multinational corporations?
A: Every single one of us all along the chain is responsible—and has a role to play. The responsibility is strongest for the people at the bottom of the value chain at the trader level, but I would argue even a consumer buying a bar of chocolate and savoring it is also responsible.
Q: What should consumers do?
A: Watch [chocolate companies] like hawks. For 15 years, they talked a great talk about fixing child labor, but what’s been the result? Pathetically little change, with millions of kids’ lives still being ruined and 2.1 million still engaging in child labor in Ivory Coast and Ghana. [The linked Tulane University report indicates this is a 21 percent increase in child labor over five years and 96 percent of those children were involved in “hazardous work.”]
Clearly, the companies know how to talk the talk, but can they walk the walk? In 15 years, will we be discussing the death of the last elephant and the disappearance of the last forests while they deploy a barrage of fancy excuses? Or will we save West Africa’s forests from the brink?
Q: There aren’t any certifications in cocoa or chocolate that address deforestation. What should consumers look for when they buy chocolate?
A: I think Fair Trade is adding it on, and I am going to speak with Rainforest Alliance and UTZ about how to add this. For now, chocolate lovers should mention this issue every time they go to a chocolate store or buy chocolate, and also write to their favorite companies. Consumer complaints and comments absolutely filter up.
Q: Why is this so important to you?
A: How we treat the planet is a reflection of how we treat people: You abuse the forest, you abuse humanity. They are flip sides of the same coin. Maybe if we can handle the forest, we can transform the lives of people … from bitter to sweet.
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| 0.961952 | 1,902 | 2.8125 | 3 | 2.95933 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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In the late 1950s in England and Wales, people began switching from heating their stoves with a gas containing carbon monoxide to one that didn’t. Over the next two decades, the suicide rate dropped, a decline attributed to the decline in death by carbon monoxide poisoning. Forty years later, the Sri Lankan government began to restrict the use of extremely toxic pesticides that had been commonly ingested to commit suicide. The suicide rate in that country dropped by half. In the United States, gun ownership dropped over a 22-year period ending in 2002, and the rate of suicides using guns declined, too.
When people talk about preventing suicide, the conversation usually centers on detecting and treating suicidal behavior, but a growing body of evidence points to a far simpler and more effective way to save thousands of lives: simply remove the means by which people commit suicide. In the United States, where half of all suicides are committed with a gun, that means firearms.
But despite dovetailing streams of evidence from history and public health research that removing guns from the houses of people at risk of suicide could save thousands of lives, some are not persuaded. Skeptics argue that perhaps gun owners, and the people who live with them, are just more suicidal than the regular population.
A new study published by Dr. Matthew Miller, associate professor of health policy at the Harvard School of Public Health, offers powerful evidence to the contrary, showing that while rates of suicide attempts are virtually identical in states with high and low gun ownership, the number of gun deaths from suicide are four times higher in states with high gun ownership, where about half the people live in homes with guns.
“If you look back to cigarette smoking and lung cancer and the history of the resistance that was put up and the uncertainty that was manufactured by the cigarette industry, it is almost like a blueprint for many of the arguments that progun forces have made in the US,” Miller said. “But the evidence has really gotten over the last 10 years or so to be overwhelming.”
Far from advocating for the abolition of gun ownership or even greater gun control laws, researchers such as Miller argue that lives could be saved by removing guns from the home when a family member is depressed or angry or at risk of self-harm. That’s because suicide attempts with other means are often unsuccessful.
In the new study, published in August in the American Journal of Epidemiology, he and colleagues point out a striking statistic. In 2010, 22,000 people attempted suicide with a gun, and all but 2,000 were successful. If 1 out of every 10 of those people used something other than a gun, about 1,900 additional people would have lived.
“This is not about legislating our way out of it,” Miller said. “If I have a kid who is moody and having problems or a husband or wife who just lost a job and is being issued divorce papers, or just going through a rough time, the best thing I can do to reduce that person’s immediate risk of death from suicide” is to take guns out of the house.Carolyn Y. Johnson can be reached at [email protected]. Follow her on Twitter @carolynyjohnson.
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2013/09/08/harvard-study-finds-that-gun-home-increases-risk-suicide/o3yeImXGGmMRI48eeQInUO/story.html?p1=ArticleTab_Article_Top
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| 0.974417 | 673 | 2.734375 | 3 | 2.932513 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
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Health
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The dwindling daylight hours that inevitably come at this time of year are usually viewed with some dread by sufferers of Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) - a condition in which a shortage of sun can provoke anything from dark moods to full-blown depression. In addition to the light relief offered by increased exposure to the sun or sunlight-simulating devices, those afflicted may also be advised to take conventional antidepressants. Now that Prozac has been found in the mains water supply, I'm wondering whether some sufferers of SAD may be happy to be getting Britain's favourite antidepressant on tap.
If you're looking to lighten your mood more naturally during the darker months, you might be interested in research indicating that SAD may respond to a nutritional approach. One effect of the sun's rays is to stimulate the production of vitamin D in the skin; recent research suggests that it has important roles to play in the brain, leading scientists to test whether supplementing with vitamin D might help lift the symptoms of SAD. Just five days of treatment with vitamin D (at a dose of 400 or 800 international units - IU - per day) was found to improve winter mood.
In another piece of research, the mood of SAD sufferers improved more in individuals treated with a single dose of 100,000 IU of vitamin D than in those treated with light therapy. Further evidence for vitamin D's potential came from research published earlier this year. In this study, individuals were treated with 600 or 4,000 IU of vitamin D each day for at least six months. Both dosages led to improvements in the participants' mood and well-being, with those on the higher dose benefiting the most.
This research may have particular relevance to Britons, as a quarter of us suffer from vitamin D deficiency in the winter. Useful quantities are found in prawns and oily fish such as sardines, mackerel and salmon. Those with a tendency to winter depression may do well to have their vitamin D levels assessed.
SAD sufferers with low levels of vitamin D may benefit from supplementing with cod liver oil, as each teaspoon contains about 400 IU of vitamin D. I recommend taking 1 or 2 tsp throughout the winter. Larger doses should be taken under medical supervision. Those preferring to supplement with vitamin D itself should be aware that it comes in two main forms: cholecalciferol (also known as vitamin D3) and ergocalciferol (vitamin D2). Cholecalciferol is the more potent and preferred form of vitamin D. Ensuring a good intake of this nutrient may help keep those prone to SAD from suffering a winter of discontent.
Do you know anything that may help stop my gums bleeding? Every time I brush I seem to lose quite a lot of blood, and this is causing me some concern. My dentist says I do not have gum disease.
Excessive bleeding from the gums can, very rarely, be the sign of a problem with the clotting ability of the blood. If this has not been checked already, I recommend you have a blood test for this to be on the safe side. A much more common cause of bleeding gums in which there appears to be no actual disease is a degree of fragility in the smallest blood vessels, the capillaries. If you also find that you bruise easily, then suspect capillary fragility.
Capillaries can be strengthened with vitamin C and plant substances known as bioflavonoids. These are found in many fruits and vegetables, particularly in the pith of citrus fruits. You may benefit from eating one or more whole citrus fruits each day, and you could also take a supplement that contains vitamin C and bioflavonoids. I suggest you take this at a dose of 1g, once or twice a day.
If you have any issues you would like Dr Briffa to address in his column, please email him on [email protected]. Please note that Dr Briffa cannot enter into any correspondence. You can also visit drbriffa.com. Before following any recommendations in this column, you should consult your own medical adviser about any medical problems or special health conditions
In recent years there has been growing interest in the role a substance called homocysteine plays in several conditions, including cardiovascular diseases such as heart disease and stroke. Specific nutrients, including vitamin B6 and folate, have homocysteine-lowering ability and are believed to help prevent cardiovascular disease. Recent evidence suggests that vitamin B6 has the capacity to temper the levels of other substances believed to increase heart disease risk, including C-Reactive Protein (CRP) and fibrinogen. In a study published recently in the European Journal of Nutrition, Italian scientists assessed the relationship between levels of folate and B6 in the diet and risk of heart attack. Compared to individuals consuming low levels of folate and B6, those consuming high levels of both of these nutrients had a 71 per cent reduced risk of heart attack. Good sources of folate include green leafy vegetables and oranges, and B6 can be found in food such as bananas, lentils and liver. You may gain additional protection from heart disease by taking a B-complex supplement, containing about 400mcg of folic acid and 25mg of vitamin B6, each day.
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https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2004/oct/03/foodanddrink1
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| 0.953429 | 1,104 | 2.59375 | 3 | 2.71447 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
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Health
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Potential flood risks on the Gold Coast
The Gold Coast is subject to existing, future and residual flood risks and has experienced more than 45 floods since 1925. Past flood events caused moderate to extensive damage to private property, community buildings, bridges and roads.
Comprehensive flood studies on the Gold Coast have shown that several thousand properties across the whole city would experience over-floor flooding during a one in 100 year flood event. Although this flooding in some areas is only for a very limited depth of inundation and duration, the damage bill for the Nerang River catchment – the most populated catchment on the Gold Coast - could potentially exceed $200 million excluding damage to infrastructure and intangible losses. Several thousand people would potentially be directly affected in the unlikely event of all catchments in the city simultaneously experiencing a one in 100 year flood event.
City of Gold Coast (City) recognises that residents are interested in potential flood inundation of their property. While flood maps may indicate the likely extent of flooding, these are not accurate enough to indicate the flood impacts on a particular property.
The City Plan Interactive Mapping tool is designed to address the statutory needs of local government with respect to development assessment by identifying hazard areas that are subject to flood, and act as a trigger for development assessment. The maps reflect the impact of one in 100 year ARI (Average Recurrence Interval) flood for the majority of areas. The maps consider City policy with respect to protecting mitigation benefits from raising Hinze Dam. These maps by themselves do not show flood risk in its totality. The areas beyond the flood line shown in these maps are not necessarily immune from flooding. Infrequent or local floods can affect any property.
Flood level search
A Flood Search system is in place to provide detailed peak flood levels which can then be compared with the resident's information about their property. It is recommended that a licensed surveyor be engaged to accurately determine property and floor levels.
Obtain a Flood Search report
The outcome of a flood search is the Designated Flood Level, which is reported in metres AHD (Australian Height Datum), the nationally adopted datum or standard to which all elevation for mapping is to be referred. As a general guide, 0.0 metres AHD is close to the mean sea level. Therefore 1.5 metres AHD is approximately equivalent to 1.5 metres above Mean Sea Level. It is to be noted that tide information is not on this datum.
The Designated Flood Level is used as the basis for determining floor levels for specific service facilities, general utilities and residential properties. The Designated Flood Level for residential properties is the 100 year ARI (Average Recurrence Interval) flood.
To enhance future safety for residents, the City requires that habitable floor levels are a minimum of 300 millimetres above the Designated Flood Level.
Flood search results are associated with riverine or regional flooding only, not local flooding. Regional flooding is caused by long duration rainfall over a whole catchment or number of catchments. Local flooding is caused by high intensity and short duration rainfall over a local drainage catchment.
A flood the size of a 100 year ARI has one chance in 100 (one per cent) of occurring in any one year. However, the rainfall events which cause floods are random and there is no guarantee when such a flood will occur, that it won't be much larger, or that it will only occur once in any year.
Download an example of a Flood Search report.
How do I request a Flood Search report?
Complete and submit a Search Request form, which can be obtained from any Customer Service Centre or by downloading the form from our website.
An administrative fee applies for undertaking the search and forwarding the results. Fees can be found in the Register of fees and charges.
Payment of the search fee can be made at your nearest Customer Service Centre.
The former Albert Shire and Gold Coast Councils used to provide flood levels collected during past flood events for properties if records were available at or nearby the property. In 1996, historical flood levels in the Nerang River system downstream of the Pacific Highway were substituted with computer generated flood levels from the then Department of Primary Industries for the 100 year ARI flood event.
After the amalgamation of the two local authorities, initiatives were taken to streamline the flood search process and provide peak flood levels derived from computer-based hydraulic modelling.
In 1999, the Flood Search system was created, which combined both computer modelled data and historical data. The result is a standardised citywide flood level database which is updated periodically.
If your property level is below the Designated Flood Level, your property may be affected by a 100 year ARI flood. If your property is above the Designated Flood Level, your property may not be affected.
For further information, contact us.
Related informationJump to key information
What is the difference between local, riverine and regional flooding?
Local flooding: An intense burst of rainfall over a short period of time may cause excessive run-off that builds up in a confined area and causes localised flooding. Inundation is expected to last only for a limited period of time until the run-off is able to drain away.
Regional flooding: Continuous heavy rainfall across a number of river catchments is likely to cause inundation across an extensive area. It may take a number of days for these floodwaters to subside.
Riverine flooding: While similar to regional flooding, riverine flooding occurs with excessive rainfall in one river catchment only and inundation is generally confined to areas linked with that river system.
During both riverine and regional floods, areas which normally experience local flooding are also likely to experience higher flood levels compared to those recorded in the main drainage paths such as creeks, canals, lakes and rivers.
Is there a fee associated with a Flood Search?
All searches undertaken by the City of Gold Coast attract a fee for processing. Refer to the Register of fees and charges for the current fee for flood level information. The written report may prove valuable when purchasing a property, building a home or when applying for flood insurance. (The fee excludes the cost of collecting the data and producing the computer flood models.)
Does City of Gold Coast produce general flood maps for residents to view?
The City Plan interactive mapping tool provides a flood overlay option that indicates whether a property requires flood assessment.
A Flood Search system is in place to provide detailed peak flood levels (in AHD - Australian standard unit of elevation) which can then be compared with the resident's information about their property. It is recommended that a licensed surveyor be engaged to accurately determine property and floor levels.
As shown in the diagram, some parts of the property may be below the Designated Flood Level and therefore may be inundated during a 100 year ARI flood event.
What is AHD?
AHD refers to Australian Height Datum. This is the standard elevation reference for mapping purposes adopted by the National Mapping Council of Australia. As a general guide, 0.0m AHD is approximately equal to mean sea level.
What is a "100 year ARI"?
ARI = Average Recurrence Interval. When talking about floods, this is an indication of how frequently a flood of a particular size is likely to occur on average.
Therefore, a flood the size of a 100 year ARI flood is likely to occur once in 100 years on average, but it has a one per cent chance of occurring in any one year. A flood the size of a 10 year ARI is likely to occur once in 10 years on average, and it has a 10 per cent chance of occurring in any one year.
Will a flood with a "100 year ARI " occur only once in 100 years?
As this is often referred to as the "100 year flood", it is tempting to think that it will only happen once in 100 years.
A "one in 100 year ARI" refers to the magnitude or size of a flood. It means that a flood of that size or larger is likely to occur only once in 100 years, but it has one chance in 100 (one per cent) of occurring in any year. However, the rainfall events which cause floods are random and there is no guarantee when such a flood will occur, nor that it won't be much larger.
In fact, floods of that size have been known to occur more frequently than once in 100 years. Kempsey in northern NSW experienced two floods of this size in eight months in 1949 and 1950. During the 1890s the Brisbane River experienced three 100 year ARI floods over a period of five years. (Floodplain Management in Australia: Best Practice Principles and Guidelines, CSIRO, 2000)
Floods will happen. There is approximately a 50 per cent chance of experiencing a one in 100 year ARI flood at least once in a 70 year lifespan. (Floodplain Management in Australia: Best Practice Principles and Guidelines, CSIRO, 2000)
Is the one in 100 year ARI the largest flood we are likely to experience?
No. It is possible that floods of a much greater magnitude could occur.
The one in 100 year ARI flood event is the minimum standard used by City of Gold Coast in determining the Designated Flood Level for habitable floors. The Designated Flood Level is applied when assessing development applications to ensure that habitable rooms in homes are built to a certain minimum level.
Many other councils throughout Australia have also adopted the 100 year ARI flood event for the same purpose.
Why are some new roads inundated during a flood?
Many factors are considered when designing new roads, including potential regional flooding. Roads may be designed to allow floodwaters to continue to flow out of the river system into the ocean rather than temporarily holding them back. In many instances residential roads may be designed to a height above the one in 100 ARI flood event, others to one in 50 ARI or one in 20 ARI, to ensure evacuation routes remain passable during a regional flood event.
What is temporary flood storage?
Temporary flood storage areas are areas that hold back some rainfall runoff for discharge later. This has the effect of reducing peak flood levels downstream. As the downstream flood levels subside all floodwaters progressively release and escape the river system.
Flood storage areas can be found naturally in floodplains or they can be constructed. The Merrimac / Carrara Floodplain acts as a natural flood storage area. Council's planning codes act to preserve its storage capacity.
Natural storage areas are often used to benefit communities as sites for a range of recreational activities. Parks, play grounds, sporting fields and golf courses are often designed to provide temporary flood storage.
How do I obtain flood levels?
Apply to City of Gold Coast for a Flood search. You will receive a written report that will indicate flood levels generated by computer models and historical information if available. Where the report indicates no information available, the City has no information, but it does not necessarily mean that a property is immune from flooding.
Is Council considering climate change in its floodplain planning?
Yes. Council engaged CSIRO to undertake a number of investigations into the possible affects of climate change as it relates to the Gold Coast Region.
Does City of Gold Coast allow for future development in its floodplain planning?
Yes, but in a controlled way as articulated in the City’s flood constraint code. The main aim of this control is to ensure that development in a flood plain does not cause any adverse flood impact on any other properties, on the city as a whole and on the City's capacity to exercise its responsibilities with respect to flood emergency management.
Can Council control floodwaters at Hinze Dam?
No. The spillway at Hinze Dam has no flood or flap gates that can control outflow. The geometry is fixed and the spillway has a central slot.
What is flood modelling?
Flood modelling is a term that is used to describe the process of artificially trying to represent a river or floodplain system to determine the magnitude, extent and depth of flooding, how fast floodwaters rise and the implications for flood damage and emergency planning.
Has building the Southport Seaway made a difference to flood levels in rivers?
Yes, for the lower reaches of rivers. In the Australia Day 1974 flood, the Broadwater filled to a level of RL 1.65 metres (Australian Height Datum (AHD), or about 1.65 metres above mean tide level. Most of this water was flood water runoff from the rivers and earlier inflow from Moreton Bay.
In 1974, the Broadwater had limited tidal connections to the ocean, but since the construction of the Seaway, floodwaters can now escape to the ocean much faster. If the 1974 rainfall event reoccurred, it is estimated that the Broadwater flood levels would be 0.3 metres to 0.65 metres less than the levels that occurred in 1974.
However, the Seaway also means that the Broadwater is now much more susceptible to storm surge than it was in 1974.
Can I get insurance against flood damage?
Yes, some insurance companies offer flood insurance either as part of their home and contents policies or as an optional extra. Check your policy or speak with your insurance company to determine whether you are covered and 'exclusions' apply.
The Insurance Council of Australia has produced a brochure 'Flood Insurance: Are You Covered?' that can be downloaded form their website www.ica.com.au.
Does the City of Gold Coast provide advice to insurance companies about flood risk to individual properties or areas?
No. The City has provided its flood maps to the insurance industry in the past. However, insurance companies have their own means of determining flood risk for individual properties. Some companies have developed their own flood information while others seek information from the applicant, which may include the results of a Flood Search.
Individuals can lodge an application for a Flood Search for a specific property with the City for an administrative fee. Current fees for flood level information can be found in the City's Register of fees and charges.
When did the State Planning Policy: 'Mitigating the Adverse Impacts of Flood, Bushfire and Landslide' come into effect?
This policy came into effect on 1 September 2003 as a joint initiative of the Departments of Local Government and Planning and Emergency Services. The purpose of the policy is to ensure natural hazards are adequately considered in Council's Planning Scheme. It allows a consistent approach to planning throughout the State. Details can be found at www.emergency.qld.gov.au.
Will the State Planning Policy change the way City of Gold Coast addresses flood risk and manages its floodplains?
No. Council of the City of Gold Coast has contributed to developing this policy and its current planning code for flood affected areas is more onerous in parts than the Planning Policy itself.
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| 0.948911 | 3,064 | 2.8125 | 3 | 2.895256 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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The Second Amendment
1791: “A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed.” Second Amendment, the U.S. Constitution.
Back in 1999, David Barton (www.wallbuilders.com) wrote this article below about the Second Amendment in response to the tragic Columbine School shooting. It’s titled “A Tale of Two Philosophies.”
“Shortly after the nation’s attention was captured by the school shootings in Littleton, CO, the Juvenile Justice Bill came to vote in Congress. That bill provided an opportunity to debate how to prevent future occurrences of school violence. The House and Senate pursued very different philosophical approaches to the solution. Interestingly, the two different approaches were set forth long ago by Speaker of the House Robert Winthrop (1809-1894), who declared:
“‘Men, in a word, must necessarily be controlled by a power within them or by a power without them; either by the Word of God or by the strong arm of man; either by the Bible or by the bayonet.’
“The message of all history is clear: human behavior can be restrained by only two means—either internally, through the influence of God’s Word upon the heart, or externally, through coercion, restraint, and regulation. The Senate primarily chose the latter approach while the House focused on the former.
“For example, even though the individuals responsible for the shootings at Littleton had broken 18 different gun control laws to accomplish their carnage, the Senate believed that perhaps a nineteenth or a twentieth law would have made a difference. Consequently, many Senators pursued additional gun control laws.
“The House approach, however, focused not on the external regulations but on providing internal restraints through influence of religion. Individuals on the House side told me, ‘We got bushwhacked in the Senate, but it will be different in the House. Every time they talk about guns, we’re going to talk about God. Every time they talk about what’s in the hands of kids, we’re going to talk about what’s in their hearts.’”
If you take away the guns from all of us, then we the people will no longer be able to protect ourselves from the criminal, the tyrant politician, or the invading army. Meanwhile, the same sick, evil people, who murder innocent men, women and children, will find other means to carry out what is embedded in their own heads and hearts. God bless America? In God we trust?
I highly recommend seeing the Kirk Cameron film “Monumental.”
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CC-MAIN-2016-22
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http://www.riverreporter.com/node/11945
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Strong reasoning
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Politics
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By Chelsea Black, SRC MPS student
There are many occasions when high-speed swimming might be demanded by free-ranging marine mammals. This behavior will come at an energetic cost to the animal, which is why it is usually only performed when necessary for survival of the animal. Williams et al. (2017) demonstrates the physiological consequences of oceanic noise on diving mammals, in the hopes of providing a tool for predicting the biological significance of escape responses by cetaceans facing anthropogenic disturbances.
The physiological response of fleeing marine mammals has been challenging to study due to the difficulty of simultaneously measuring both metabolic rate and swimming behavior in free-ranging cetaceans like dolphins and whales. Studies performed in lab settings can provide invaluable information to answer these unknowns. In a study by Williams et al. (2017), the energetic cost of producing a swimming stroke by exercising and diving bottlenose dolphins was measured by calculating oxygen consumption and stroking kinematics of trained bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) and one killer whale (Orcinus orca). The animals were housed in saltwater pools at Long Marine Laboratory in Santa Cruz, where they were trained to either voluntarily rest or exercise at various levels. To measure the energetic cost of diving, the dolphins were fitted with a submersible accelerometer recorder and performed three different experimental conditions: voluntary rest at the surface, rest while submerged, and submerged swimming and diving exercises. The results show little change in oxygen consumption between rest and routine swimming speeds, most likely due to the animal’s exceptional streamlined bodies that minimize hydrodynamic resistance. In contrast, there was a marked increase in oxygen consumption during higher level performances such as high-speed swimming, which affected the total amount of oxygen utilized during the dive (Williams et al., 2017).
Diving mammals must balance both speed and the duration of breath-holds, with limited available oxygen stores to minimize their energetic costs (Williams et al., 2017). High-speed swimming, increased stroke frequencies and rapid ascent from depth are commonly reported for wild tagged cetaceans following exposure to noise (Todd et al., 1996; DeRuiter et al., 2013). This particular response to noise exposure has been suggested as a cause for many marine mammal strandings, but scientists are less certain about how these responses translate into physiological costs to the animal.
The cost of flight by odontocetes is likely more complicated than counting the number of swimming strokes during a dive, therefor, the gait of the animal must also be considered. After using the calculations gathered from dolphins, Williams et al. (2017) could test the energetic cost of a dive after exposure to anthropogenic noise in the Cuvier’s beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris), a deep diving odontocete considered to be particularly sensitive to underwater noise. In a dive without noise exposure, the whale spent over four minutes gliding on descent, however, when exposed to noise disturbance the whale did not use this energy-saving swim style, which increased its energetic cost.
Overall, the beaked whale did not exceed its dive limit by reducing its depth and duration of the dive after a noise exposure while also increasing the use of energetically costly high-speed strokes. By using this combination, the whale was able to keep the proportion of available oxygen expended below the total amount available. Conversely, long and deep dives that exceeded one hour and 1000 m that occurred after sonar exposure, exceeded the oxygen stores. A common strategy for reducing energetic costs during these extreme dives was prolonged gliding during descent, which suggests that the role of swimming style is crucial in deep-diving species.
The data gathered from bottlenose dolphins and an orca provided a basis for applying the principals to wild marine mammals, illustrating the power of integrating energetics with swimming behavior and dive characteristics to assessing the impact of anthropogenic disturbances on cetaceans. While the oxygen stores and behavioral response will differ across species, this information will allow researchers to better predict the potential physiological consequences.
DeRuiter, S. L., Southall, B. L., Calambokidis, J., Zimmer, W. M., Sadykova, D., Falcone, E. A., Friedlaender, A. S., Joseph, J. E., Moretti, D., Schorr, G.S. et al. (2013). First direct measurements of behavioural responses by Cuvier’s beaked whales to mid-frequency active sonar. Biol. Lett. 9, 20130223.
Todd, S., Lien, J., Marques, F., Stevick, P. and Ketten, D. (1996). Behavioral effects of exposure to underwater explosions in humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae). Can. J. Zool. 74, 1661-1672.
Williams, T. M., Kendall, T. L., Richter, B. P., Ribeiro-French, C. R., John, J. S., Odell, K. L., … & Stamper, M. A. (2017). Swimming and diving energetics in dolphins: a stroke-by-stroke analysis for predicting the cost of flight responses in wild odontocetes. Journal of Experimental Biology, 220(6), 1135-1145.
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CC-MAIN-2022-05
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https://sharkresearch.rsmas.miami.edu/swimming-and-diving-energetics-of-dolphins-can-help-predict-the-cost-of-flight-response-in-wild-odontocetes/
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| 0.923459 | 1,107 | 3.453125 | 3 | 3.072411 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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Last year, Governor Mark Dayton signed into law the Women’s Economic Security Act, with the intention of reducing the gender pay gap. Among other things, it requires businesses in the state to certify they provide equal pay to men and women in the same job categories, and protects the jobs of pregnant women on parental leave. Yet while WESA represents significant strides to attaining equal pay in Minnesota, the nation as a whole falls behind, and some say there is more work to be done.
In 1963 President Kennedy signed the Equal Pay Act (EPA). At that time, women made, on average, 59 cents for every dollar earned by men. In the fifty-two years since the EPA was passed, the gap has closed by only 19 cents. Today, for every dollar earned by white non-Hispanic men, the average for all women is only 78 cents, for African American women is 64 cents, and for Latinas is 55 cents.
Several factors contribute to the wage gap:
- Unequal pay for the same job: Women are paid less than men in nearly every occupation. In a study of 265 major occupations, men’s median salary exceeded women’s in all but one. Economists have documented gender bias in employment decisions through studies showing that women were offered fewer jobs and lower pay than men, even when they had identical resumes.
- Job segregation: Sex role stereotypes lead to women being segregated into female-dominated jobs such as retail sales, home health care, and child care. Women remain under-represented in higher paying work traditionally done by men, such as construction, fire-fighting and policing. Currently, two thirds of minimum wage workers and two thirds of workers in tipped occupations are women. And the minimum wage is too low. Nine of the ten states with the largest wage gaps use the federal minimum wage of $7.25.
- Retaliation against workers for discussing their pay: A majority of employees are either prohibited or actively discouraged from discussing their pay. Employers with policies preventing employees from sharing pay information keep women in the dark about pay differences, limiting their ability to negotiate for higher pay and to enforce their rights under equal pay laws.
- Pay reductions due to pregnancy and caregiving responsibilities: Employers pay women less than men and deny them promotions based on the stereotype that women will have children and then will commit less time and dedication to their jobs. If women do get pregnant or take on caregiving responsibilities, they often lose income because of overt discrimination based on these stereotypes. They also lose pay when they are deprived of opportunities to advance to higher paid jobs or are pushed out of work altogether because employers do not accommodate needs that may arise as a result of pregnancy or caregiving.
There are some clear solutions. The Paycheck Fairness Act, a bill pending in Congress, would give employees legal tools to close the wage gap. The bill would require employers to demonstrate that disparities in pay between men and women result from factors other than sex. It would also prohibit retaliation against employees who inquire about employers’ wage practices or disclose their own pay to colleagues. And the Act would deter discrimination by strengthening the penalties for equal pay violations.
The Pregnant Workers Fairness Act, another bill pending in Congress, would require employers to provide reasonable accommodations for employees with limitations caused by pregnancy, just as they provide reasonable accommodations for workers with disabilities. In addition, bills providing for paid family leave and paid sick leave would reduce penalties on workers – both women and men – with family obligations. And raising the minimum wage would increase the salaries of low-income women.
These bills at the federal level – and counterparts at the state level – would go a long way to closing the gender wage gap. Efforts should be taken to enact them swiftly and redress this persistent inequality.
Today’s Question: Why do women get paid less?
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CC-MAIN-2021-17
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Strong reasoning
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Politics
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When requests are required: (a) bills imposing taxation
A bill for imposing taxation may not be amended by the Senate, and any amendments to such a bill moved in the Senate must take the form of requests to the House of Representatives to amend the bill.
In order to meet the requirements of section 55 of the Constitution, bills establishing schemes of taxation have been divided into bills imposing taxation and dealing only with the imposition of taxation and bills dealing with other matters associated with the taxation scheme such as provisions for the collection of the taxation and the enforcement of payment.
Until 1993, the principle was generally followed in the presentation of legislation, and accepted by both Houses, that only the bill which contained the expression “tax is imposed” was a bill imposing taxation within the meaning of sections 53 and 55, and any other bills dealing with other aspects of taxation were not bills imposing taxation within the meaning of those sections.
The form of the government’s major taxation legislation arising from the 1993 budget, however, led to claims that it breached section 55 of the Constitution, and to a reconsideration of the application of section 55, and consequently of section 53.
Section 55 requires that laws imposing taxation deal only with the imposition of taxation and only with one subject of taxation. Over many years government drafters, who classify government bills (see below, Decision as to amendments or requests), taking clues from expressions used in judgments of the High Court under section 55, had drawn a distinction between bills imposing taxation, bills dealing with the imposition of taxation (for example, setting taxation rates) and bills dealing with taxation generally (for example, providing for assessment and collection machinery). Only the bills actually imposing taxation had been regarded as subject to the restrictions of section 55. This meant that there were some bills which, by affecting assessment and rates of taxation, had the effect of increasing the incidence of taxation, but which were regarded as technically not imposing taxation, although the government drafters had not been consistent in their classification of such bills. This had also meant that bills technically not imposing taxation could be amended in the Senate by way of direct amendment, rather than requests to the House of Representatives for amendment, under section 53 of the Constitution. The sales tax legislation, for example, had always consisted of acts which imposed the sales tax and acts which, in effect, set the rates of tax for various categories of goods, and bills amending the latter had been treated as amendable in the Senate.
The separation of bills imposing taxation and bills setting rates of taxation had been accepted in the past, and had been supported, in effect, in the Senate, because it allowed the Senate to make amendments instead of requests for amendments. This past acceptance, indeed support, by the Senate of the practice of separating the bill imposing the tax and the bill, in effect, setting the rates of tax, when the practice reinforced the ability of the Senate to make amendments to taxation proposals, is best illustrated by the case of the Sales Tax Bills 1981 (8/9/1981, J.474, 16/9/1981, J.503, 23/9/1981, J.521). Senators disputed the inclusion in those bills of provisions traditionally included in the amendable bills. The Senate, before dealing with the bills in committee of the whole, passed a resolution declaring that its decision to make requests for amendments to the bills did not indicate an acceptance that matter included in the bills was properly included in bills imposing taxation. (See also rulings of President Givens, SD, 10/12/1921, p. 14274, 19/7/1923, p. 1302; the Income Tax Bill 1943, recounted in ASP 6th ed., 1991, pp 592-3; ruling of Acting Deputy President Sibraa, 4/5/1984, J.822-3; and the amendment made by the Senate to the Taxation Laws Amendment (Rates and Provisional Tax) Bill 1990, 17/10/1990, J.346.)
The Taxation (Deficit Reduction) Bill 1993, however, drew attention to a significant consequence of this technical classification of bills: provisions which affected the levels of various taxes could be combined into one bill without breaching section 55, if the views of the government drafters were correct. The bill increased the rates of several taxes by this means, but it was classified by the government drafters as a bill which technically did not impose taxation.
The bill had the virtue of providing a reductio ad absurdum of the established classification of taxation bills, and an opportunity of considering that classification properly. As exemplified by the bill it could be seen to be based on an artificial distinction which, if carried to its logical conclusions, undermines a rational interpretation of the constitutional provisions. If accepted as it was manifested in this bill, it meant that bills which propose to increase significantly the levels of taxes may technically not be bills imposing taxation, may be introduced in the Senate, may be amended by the Senate (but presumably not to increase rates of taxation: a subsidiary absurdity, see below), and, most significantly, may be combined into one bill.
It was clear that if a bill such as this were to be enacted and were challenged in the High Court, it is possible that the Court would reject the technical and seemingly paradoxical classification of bills relied upon by the government drafters, and find that bills of this sort are bills imposing taxation and therefore subject to the limits of section 55. This the Court could do without setting aside, but by developing, its previous relevant judgments, and by having regard to the plain words and stated purposes of sections 53 and 55.
Because of the political significance of the changes contained in this bill, it was immediately questioned. The Leader of the Opposition in the Senate, Senator Hill, tabled two legal opinions to the effect that the bill would impose taxation and would violate section 55 if enacted (30/8/1993, J.396). The Leader of the Government in the Senate, Senator Evans, then tabled an Attorney-General’s Department opinion, in anticipation of an order for the production of documents of which Senator Hill had given notice, which expounded the government’s advisers’ views on the classification of taxation measures (31/8/1993, J.412). Senator Hill later tabled a supplementary opinion criticising the government opinion (2/9/1993, J.440). Questions relating to sections 53 and 55 of the Constitution and the bill were referred to the Legal and Constitutional Affairs Committee on the motion of Senator Hill (31/8/1993, J.420). The committee found that there was a substantial risk that the bill would be held to be invalid under section 55. To the motion to take note of the report an amendment was passed, calling upon the government to heed the conclusions of the report (27/9/1993, J.498). The government had already announced that it would divide the bill into a number of separate bills to avoid the possibility of the legislation being held to be invalid.
The new bills were rushed through the House of Representatives and received by the Senate. They consisted of a bill making the assessment-type changes to taxation, a “test bill” designed to provoke a legal challenge to determine the question of whether an alteration in rates of taxation is an imposition of taxation (this bill dealt with increases in the rates of fringe benefits tax and tax on friendly societies), a bill making the changes to income tax rates, and five separate bills making the changes to sales tax. The first two bills were referred to the Legal and Constitutional Affairs Committee (30/9/1993, J.548). The majority of the committee subsequently reported that the first bill would be valid and both bills should be passed, but the non-government senators doubted the validity of the first bill as well as the “test bill”.
When the Senate dealt with the bills, declaratory resolutions were passed (5/10/1993, J.570; 6/10/1993, J.587), similar to a resolution passed in 1981 when the Senate dealt with the 1981 sales tax legislation (see above). The resolutions in substance declared that the Senate, by proceeding with the bills as either amendable or non-amendable, was not committed to any view of whether they would be held to be bills imposing taxation. Requests for amendments were then made to some of the bills which the government claimed did not impose taxation (20/10/1993, J.660).
Similarly, requests were made to the sales tax bills arising from the 1995 budget to remove certain sales tax increases, and the requests were agreed to by the government in the House of Representatives, although the government claimed (in the explanatory memorandum accompanying the bills) that they were not bills imposing taxation (28/6/1995, J.3560-3). To avoid a repetition of the 1993 dispute, the government divided the tax increases between three separate bills. Government amendments moved to certain bills which increased taxation were the subject of a statement by the Chair of Committees (SD, 31/8/1995, pp 761-2).
The issues arising from these events were not resolved; in particular, the “test bill” was not challenged and the High Court was therefore not given the opportunity of resolving the disputed questions of interpretation.
The Senate, in its subsequent decisions about whether to proceed by way of amendments or requests for amendments in relation to bills dealing with taxation, has not accepted the interpretation of the government’s advisers. Bills stated by the government not to be bills imposing taxation have been treated by the Senate as bills imposing taxation and Senate amendments put in the form of requests accordingly. (Statements by Chair of Committees, A New Tax System (Fringe Benefits) Bill 2000, SD, 10/5/2000, p. 14265; New Business Tax System (Alienation of Personal Services Income) Bill 2000, SD, 29/6/2000, p. 16068.) The Governor-General Legislation Amendment Bill 2001 contained provisions regarded by the Senate as imposing taxation (subjecting the salaries of governors-general to income tax for the first time) but also other provisions not dealing with the imposition of taxation (statement by Chair of Committees, 21/6/2001, J.4376). (See Supplement)
If a bill does not impose taxation, the Senate may amend it, and if a bill does impose taxation the Senate may seek amendments to it by way of requests. The difference between amendments and requests is a difference of procedure only, and does not in practical terms inhibit the Senate, as the Leader of the Government in the Senate, Senator Gareth Evans, pointed out in debate in the Senate (SD, 1/9/1993, p. 740). As was also pointed out in discussion in the Senate, however, the combination of various measures in one bill, regardless of whether any of those measures impose taxation, restricts the options of the Senate in dealing with the various measures. If the measures were contained in separate bills, the Senate could reject some measures, amend some measures and agree to some measures without amendment. Those to which the Senate agreed without amendment would proceed at once to assent, and only those which the Senate rejected or amended could be the subject of further dealings between the two Houses. With the combination of the measures in one bill, the Senate can seek changes to the various measures only by way of amending the bill, including by leaving out provisions of the bill, or by dividing the bill. The procedure of dividing the bill has no practical advantage over amendment, because the concurrence of the House of Representatives to the division of the bill is required before any of the measures can proceed to assent. By declining to agree to the division of the bill, the government in the House of Representatives can insist on the various measures being dealt with as a whole, and none of them can pass until agreement is reached between the two Houses on all of them.
The combination of various taxation measures in one bill therefore limits the Senate’s scope for consideration of those measures, and section 55 is designed to avoid so limiting the Senate.
Under the second paragraph of section 55 of the Constitution, bills imposing customs or excise tariffs, unlike other bills imposing taxation, may cover more than one subject of taxation. A bill which increases any tariffs is regarded as a bill imposing taxation, even though it reduces or removes other tariffs (statements by the Chair of Committees, SD, 26/11/1997, p. 9461; 4/4/2001, p. 23731).
For an analysis of the suggested application of the third paragraph of section 53 to taxation bills, see below under When requests are required: (c) proposed charge or burden.
A bill which validates tax unlawfully imposed by regulations is regarded as an amendable bill (Wheat Tax Regulations (Validation) Bill 1987, 17/12/1987, J.458).
On the contrary, bills which are stated to “close a loophole” or “correct an anomaly”, but which in fact impose tax where none was imposed before, even if the tax has been collected, are bills imposing taxation (Radiocommunications (Transmitter Licence Tax) Amendment Bill 2002; Bankruptcy (Estate Charges) Amendment Bill 2002).
Measures which provide for the indexation of taxation are not bills imposing taxation (Road Transport Charges (Australian Capital Territory) Amendment Bill 2002).
The imposition of charges on Commonwealth entities only is not an imposition of taxation (Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety (Licence Charges) Bill 1998 and its amendment bill 2002).
A bill which empowers the making of regulations to impose a tax is regarded as amendable (Life Insurance Policy Holders’ Protection Levies Bill 1991, 19/12/1991, J.1987-8; Overseas Students Tuition Assurance Levy Bill 1993, 17/12/1993, J.1080). A bill which imposes a tax but allows the regulations to set or vary the rate of the tax is treated as non-amendable (Forest Industries Research Levy Bill 1993, 23/11/1993, J.862-3).
A bill which amends regulations so as to impose taxation where none was imposed before would seem to be a bill imposing taxation, but, by including other matters in such a bill, the government drafters seem to have taken the view that it is not (Migration Legislation Amendment (Contributory Parents Migration Scheme) Bill 2002, 5/3/2003, J.1527-9).
On occasions the Senate has made requests for the insertion of appropriation provisions in bills originating in the House (4/10/1984, J.1153; 18/10/1995, J.3958-9). On these precedents, it could be argued that it would be open to the Senate to request the insertion in a bill originating in the House of a provision having the effect of imposing taxation. The better view, however, is that such amendments may not be moved in the Senate at all, in that, by turning a bill into a bill imposing taxation, they are contrary to the initiation provision of the first paragraph of section 53 of the Constitution (statement by President Calvert, SD, 16/9/2003, p. 15275).
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`I am going to make two statements which are interconnected; Man has to go through a stage of womanhood before he achieves his masculinity: if a woman lives long enough she will be converted into a man.' The differences between man and woman are divided into five categories: Genetic, Anatomical, Intellectual, Psychological (emotional), and Behavior patterns. `We will discuss these differences in detail and we will realize that ultimately there is no difference at all. We will awaken to the possibility of man and woman being part of the same process in different time zones.' Twenty-three pairs of chromosomes are present in all of us out of us: twenty-two pairs are autosomes that are similar in both man and woman. Out of twenty-three pairs, twenty-two pairs are similar irrespective of gender. If these autosomes are similar then they should lead to similar results in man as well as woman. These autosomes are mainly concerned with development of human body that's common in both - man and woman. The twenty-third pair is called sex chromosomes. This is at the root of all differences between man and woman: The pair of sex chromosomes in man is called X and Y, the count for woman is called X and X. In simple words, Male and female are same in the beginning then they simultaneously develop into a female and male. The `X' stops here and a lady remains a lady, but `Y pulls himself further into a male. Till puberty man and woman are same if man lives longer, he can get converted into woman. If woman lives longer, she can get matured into man.
’Scientists have somehow missed definitions of gender in human beings,” states Dr. Makarand Fulzele. Insights gained from years of practice as surgeon makes him wonder if indeed we have overlooked facts staring in our face. Nature has a tendency to hide many secrets but at the same time it provides enough clues to unravel its mysteries. Dr. Fulzele picks up loose threads from life to stitch together the theory that man is an extension of woman in his new book, “Man Is the Extension of Woman: Know the Ultimate Truth about Yourself” (published by iUniverse). Dr. Fulzele’s book explores similarities between men and women against the backdrop of their genetic differences, physical variations, and emotional and intellectual dissimilarities. Dr. Fulzele who is a successful surgeon further explains in his book: The main hypothesis I discuss in this book is that, if a woman lives long enough she will be converted into a man physically. A similar thing can also be stated about man. It is wrong to categorize humankind into two genders as it implicates that they are extremely dissimilar and physically opposite to each other. I try to prove that man and woman are just two different stages of one developmental process. And physically they are very similar. The ideas presented may sound unconventional but Dr. Fulzele implores readers to consider his point of view with an open mind. “Your world will not change if you do not agree with me. But if you agree with me, how does it change your world? If more people agree with you and me, how does it change our world? The possibilities are limitless.” About the Author Dr. Makarand Fulzele is a successful surgeon and medical superintendent of a government hospital in Mumbai. He enjoys tapping into hidden and mysterious regions of the human mind, where many strange thoughts occur and get ignored. He is also the author of “Rainbow,” a book similarly dedicated to the spirit of light.
I have moved this to a more appropriate section, and will allow it for now. Bob
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The Davidson Trauma Scale
The Davidson Trauma Scale is a self-assessment that people can use to screen themselves for PTSD. This test uses a four-item scale called SPAN that looks at four key areas involved in PTSD: startle, physiological arousal, anger, and emotional numbness. This test has 17 items and asks the person taking it to rate the severity of each symptom across the SPAN categories.
What Is A Ptsd Screen
A person who went through trauma might be given a screen to see if he or she could have PTSD. A screen is a very short list of questions just to see if a person needs to be assessed further. The results of the screen do not show whether a person has PTSD. A screen can only show whether this person should be assessed further. Fill out a PTSD self-screen on “Do I Have PTSD?”.
Ptsd: 5 Signs You Need To Know
According to the National Center for PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder, about 8 million Americans have PTSD during a given year. Women are more likely to develop PTSD, with a lifetime incidence of 1 in 10. For men, its 1 in 25.
Yet an even higher number of Americans experience trauma each year. So when does suffering a traumatic event lead to suffering from a traumatic disorder?
PTSD is a mental health diagnosis characterized by five events or symptoms, says Dr. Chad Wetterneck, PhD, clinical supervisor for Rogers Behavioral Health.
Here, Dr. Wetterneck walks us through each sign:
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Who Diagnoses Ptsd And What Does Getting Diagnosed Involve
Mental health professionals like psychologists, psychiatrists, and social workers are all qualified to make the diagnosis of PTSD, says Thomas D. Harpley, PhD, a clinical psychologist in San Diego, California. A primary care provider also can make the diagnosis, he says. Who makes the diagnosis may depend on your insurance, Harpley says. If you need a referral to see a specialist, you may see your PCP first and then get referred to a mental health professional.
PTSD may be diagnosed with an interview that assesses various criteria, Harpley explains. There are also psychological tests for PTSD that can help make the diagnosis, but it would be highly improper to reach a diagnosis based solely upon psychological test results, he says.
How To Help Someone With Ptsd
#1. Learn more about PTSD symptoms and do not engage in blame.
#2. Do not take things personally.
#3. Do not make the person feel like an emotional burden.
#4. Also engage in activities without your partner.
#5. Work on self-confidence and self-care.
#6. Avoid getting codependent out of convenience or emotional stress.
#7. Do not get clingy and too sympathetic. Let them be.
#8. Never self-blame and feel responsible to fix their emotional void.
#9. Suggest therapy or counseling and sort through issues.
#10. Take time to arrange your own thoughts and feelings.
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How Does Childhood Affect Adulthood
It is clear that childhood has an effect on our adulthood, our early experiences shape our belief about ourselves, others and the world. Therefore, we learn rules to protect our self-belief as it may make us vulnerable. In doing this, we form dysfunctional behaviours, which then can lead to mental health problems.
Reinforcing Negative Thoughts And Feeling Hopeless
Ill never find a healthy relationship because Im emotionally damaged.
Maybe Im not deserving enough for one.
These kinds of disparaging remarks are normal when PTSD overloads your senses. You prefer to be by yourself and get busy in order to avoid these intrusive thoughts.
After all, feeling nothing is always better than exploring uncharted waters. This is the moment when afflicted people tend to numb themselves to any new feeling or situation.
Getting out of your comfort zone seems like danger and a risk you dont want to take. You may even build boundaries and dont allow yourself to feel anything at all.
While general sadness is another thing, feeling hopeless about your future prospects is another. If these feelings stem from a past relationship, you may very well be experiencing Relationship PTSD.
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Criterion D: Negative Alterations In Mood
Negative alterations in cognition and mood that began or worsened after the traumatic event as evidenced by two or more of the following:
- Inability to recall key features of the traumatic event. This is usually dissociative amnesia, not due to head injury, alcohol, or drugs.
- Persistent, and often distorted negative beliefs and expectations about oneself or the world, such as “I am bad,” or “The world is completely dangerous.”
- Persistent distorted blame of self or others for causing the traumatic event or for the resulting consequences.
- Persistent negative emotions, including fear, horror, anger, guilt, or shame.
- Feeling alienated, detached or estranged from others.
- Persistent inability to experience positive emotions, such as happiness, love, and joy.
Remember You Are In Control
In the end, it is important for you to know that you do not have to disclose your PTSD to anyone before you are ready. You are in control. You decide who to disclose your diagnosis to and when.
PTSD is never a sign of weakness, and it is never the fault of the person with the diagnosis. Surrounding yourself with people who understand, care for and support you, can greatly reduce the stigma around a PTSD diagnosis and aid in recovery. PTSD can be a difficult diagnosis to cope with. However, recovery is definitely possible.
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What Are The Treatments For Post
The main treatments for PTSD are talk therapy, medicines, or both. PTSD affects people differently, so a treatment that works for one person may not work for another. If you have PTSD, you need to work with a mental health professional to find the best treatment for your symptoms.
- Talk therapy, or psychotherapy, which can teach you about your symptoms. You will learn how to identify what triggers them and how to manage them. There are different types of talk therapy for PTSD.
- Medicines can help with the symptoms of PTSD. Antidepressants may help control symptoms such as sadness, worry, anger, and feeling numb inside. Other medicines can help with sleep problems and nightmares.
The Importance Of Telling Others
Disclosing that you have PTSD to people in your life is important. Loved ones can be an excellent source of social support, which has been found to be incredibly beneficial for people with PTSD. Social support may speed up recovery from PTSD and help someone overcome the effects of a traumatic event.
Yet, telling others about your PTSD diagnosis can be a very difficult and stressful thing to do. Here are some tips that may make the process of disclosing your PTSD to loved ones a bit easier.
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Cognition And Mood Symptoms Include:
- Trouble remembering key features of the traumatic event
- Negative thoughts about oneself or the world
- Distorted feelings like guilt or blame
- Loss of interest in enjoyable activities
Cognition and mood symptoms can begin or worsen after the traumatic event, but are not due to injury or substance use. These symptoms can make the person feel alienated or detached from friends or family members.
It is natural to have some of these symptoms for a few weeks after a dangerous event. When the symptoms last more than a month, seriously affect ones ability to function, and are not due to substance use, medical illness, or anything except the event itself, they might be PTSD. Some people with PTSD dont show any symptoms for weeks or months. PTSD is often accompanied by depression, substance abuse, or one or more of the other anxiety disorders.
Is Ptsd A Permanent Disability
It can be, says Thomas D. Harpley, PhD, a clinical psychologist in San Diego, California. Even with treatment, PTSD can last for years and be very disabling, he says.
How long PTSD lasts varies by person. Some people get better within six months but the symptoms in other people can last for years. And people who have PTSD can have other mental health conditions as well, like depression, substance abuse, or an anxiety disorder.1
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Ptsd Symptom Scale Interview
The PSS-I is a 17-item assessment tool that asks patients to identify a singular traumatic event that they believe is causing their symptoms. Symptoms from the past two weeks are identified and assessed as they relate to the DSM-5 diagnosis criteria.
The PSS-I-5 contains 24 questions, with 20 focusing on symptoms and four focusing on symptom distress, interference, onset, and duration.
Being Overly Self Focused
Another sign you can have PTSD from a relationship is when you become extremely self-absorbed. Isolation and cutting yourself off from other people is a common reaction after getting traumatized.
However, this may end up with you hurting other people in the process.
Your loved ones may start to feel distant from you. And, at some point, they get drained by the one-sided investments they make into sustaining the relationship single-handedly.
On the other side of the spectrum, you may also become overly dependent on others. This is just a way to feel more secure and cut off any and all possibility of emotional trauma.
This, obviously, is a disaster as it feels like emotional abuse. Plus, it prevents your loved ones from having their own space, which brings us to the next point.
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Exposure To A Traumatic Event
PTSD is always tied to traumatic events, typically those that threaten death, serious injury or violence. While some may fear for their own lives during these times, many traumatic events involve directly witnessing life-threatening trauma that others experience or observing the aftermath of such trauma. In the case of fire fighters and paramedics, this may involve rescuing people from dangerous situations, including car crashes, fires and drug overdoses.
Who Can Experience Ptsd Anyone
PTSD is a condition that affects people of all ages. No one is immune to trauma or how it affects the human brain. Depending on the person, PTSD may mean something different but be equally as impactful.
The experience of post-traumatic stress can vary depending on the trauma that the individual went througheven symptoms can vary between two people. In some cases, symptoms can appear nearly instantaneously. For others, it can take decades for symptoms to surface and be recognized. For many, theres a delayed onset of symptoms, when the brain is no longer as preoccupied or the person has the opportunity to absorb what has happened.
There is no definitive answer to why some people who experience trauma develop PTSD and others do not. A combination of elements may cause the disorder or make individuals more susceptible to post-traumatic stress, such as:
- Exposure to trauma, including factors like the number of traumas experienced and the severity of those traumas
- Familial histories of anxiety and depression
- Emotional response
- How your brain regulates the hormones and chemicals your body releases in response to traumatic events and stress
- Occupations like soldiers, nurses, doctors, EMTs, law enforcement, and firefighters expose some people to more trauma than other in jobs
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Ptsd Risk Factors From Military Service
PTSD symptoms usually begin after a traumatic event, but they can appear much later than the actual event. Causes of PTSD in Veterans can vary. In research published in Clinical Psychological Science, researchers defined three areas of concern in the development of PTSD severity of combat exposure , pre-war vulnerabilities , and involvement in harming civilians or prisoners.13
PTSD isnt military-specific, but the problem is focused on war Veterans. These Veterans are at higher risk of suffering PTSD and face barriers in getting treatment, including stigma and discharge from the military.
Having Little Or No Social Support
Social support is vital in treating post-traumatic stress disorder. It can potentially be an essential piece in understanding the condition, including prevention and treatment.7 Research consistently shows that limited social support is associated with more severe forms of PTSD symptoms, including more severe impairment and thoughts of suicide. Emotional support is positively associated with better responses to PTSD treatment.
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Identify People That You Trust And Who Can Provide Support
You do not need to tell everyone about your PTSD. Who should you tell? There are a number of characteristics that you should look for in establishing a source of social support. Share the information with those people who are going to be understanding, trustworthy, and supportive. In deciding who to tell about your PTSD diagnosis, try to see who in your life has a number of these characteristics.
What Is Complex Post
The main symptoms of PTSD and complex PTSD are the same. But if you have complex PTSD you will have extra symptoms such as:
- constant issues with keeping a relationship,
- finding it difficult to feel connected to other people,
- constant belief that you are worthless with deep feelings of shame and guilt. This will be related to the trauma, and
- constant and severe emotional dysregulation. This means it is difficult to control your emotions
You are more likely to have complex PTSD if your trauma is linked to an event or series of events. The trauma will be very threatening or frightening. Most commonly from a trauma which you were not able to escape from such as:
- a long period of domestic abuse, or
- a long period of sexual or physical abuse
What is the treatment for complex PTSD?
You may respond to trauma focussed therapies if you have complex PTSD. Please see the section below on therapies and additional needs for PTSD.
There is some overlap of symptoms for complex PTSD and borderline personality disorder . If you have complex PTSD you may benefit from certain treatments that help people with BPD.
You can find more information about ‘Borderline Personality Disorder’ by clicking here.
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How Can You Tell If Someone You Know May Have Ptsd
Jun 18, 2021 | Featured, Your Health
Many people think post-traumatic stress disorder is something that occurs mostly in soldiers returning home from war. Not so. In fact, PTSD affects millions of people throughout the United States, and the numbers are no doubt rising due to the pandemic.
In this Q& A, Jonathan DePierro, PhD, Assistant Professor, Psychiatry, and Clinical and Research Director, Center for Stress, Resilience and Personal Growth at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, explains how PTSD develops, what some of the warning signs are, and why having symptoms of PTSD is not a sign of weakness.
What is PTSD?
PTSD is a mental health condition that can develop after someone goes through a life-threatening event, like a car accident, combat, or a serious illness or when sudden life-threatening events happen to a loved one. Seeing and hearing about human suffering and death at work over and over, like medics, nurses, and 911 dispatchers do, can also contribute to PTSD.
Jonathan DePierro, PhD
What are the symptoms of PTSD?
PTSD involves four types of symptoms that happen at the same time.
These symptoms also need to last for more than a month, be distressing, and/or cause problems for you in your life. Some people may notice changes in their mood, behavior, or relationships right after a trauma but for others who develop PTSD, symptoms might not develop for many months.
What causes PTSD?
How can you recognize the signs of PTSD in someone you know?
Confide In Someone Ptsd Treatment
Lots of people who experience PTSD find it hard to open up to others. This may be because you feel unable to talk about what has happened to you. However, you dont need to be able to describe the trauma to tell someone how you are currently feeling. PTSD Treatment PTSD Treatment PTSD Treatment PTSD Treatment
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What Tests Are Used To Diagnose Ptsd
Several tools are used to assess PTSD, including the Post Traumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale , The PTSD Checklist , and the Davidson Trauma Scale . A mental health professional can administer assessments and can create a personalized treatment plan to support your mental health goals.In addition to multiscale personality inventories, a mental health professional may use self-report documentation and structured interviews to gather additional data to make a PTSD diagnosis.
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When MU history professor Ian Worthington went to see the movie “Alexander,” he hoped director Oliver Stone would give him a glimpse of the man behind the legend. Instead, in Worthington’s view, Stone’s film puts grand ideas ahead of an in-depth character study and fails to convey the qualities that made Alexander a charismatic commander and statesman.
Although the film accurately portrays Alexander’s drinking and bisexuality, Worthington says, it doesn’t capture the forceful personality Alexander must have had to accomplish what he did.
“We never see what makes Alexander tick,” he says.
Worthington is author of the book “Alexander the Great: Man and God,” which explores the “historical Alexander,” or the person behind the legend. Alexander became king of Macedonia when he was 20. From 336 to 323 B.C., he defeated the Persian Empire and created an empire that stretched from Greece to India. He has been called an imperialist, a hero and a genius.
In his book, Worthington investigates whether Alexander deserves to be called “great,” or whether “Alexander the Accursed,” as he is known in some places today, might be a more accurate title.
“There’s no one Alexander; he’s what you make him. He’s the second most famous figure from antiquity after Jesus Christ,” Worthington says.
Written accounts of Alexander’s reign are mostly from between the first century B.C. and the second century. Sources from the time of his reign have not survived in entirety. Scholars have tried to reconstruct the Alexander’s history by piecing together accounts from various time periods.
Scholars often focus on Alexander’s youth, his advancement of Greek culture and his military success, Worthington says. The complexities of his personality, including his drinking, paranoia, murderous tendencies and his belief he was a god, are studied less often. Worthington looks at both sides to understand the whole “package” of Alexander. He surveys Alexander the man, the leader , the diplomat and the patriot, someone who had a duty to the dynasty and his people.
“The idea of ‘Alexander the Great’ really comes from his military successes,’’ Worthington says. “It’s an epithet that was probably coined by the Romans because Roman military writers really measured greatness by military successes. What I do is to try to divorce the military side from Alexander the king. He wasn’t just a general. That was only part of his job; he was a king.”
While scholars have tried to construct a historical Alexander, popular culture has constructed a body of myths and legends about the hero. Worthington says Stone’s movie is a contribution to legends such as the “Alexander Romances,” a collection of stories rewritten over the centuries in Eastern and Western cultures. In some “Romance” accounts, Alexander has different-colored eyes and encounters talking trees and a tribe of headless men. In others, his legend is manipulated to fit a particular time and place in history.
“After his death, he became this romantic figure, and in the centuries that followed, especially the Middle Ages, when it was the age of chivalry and knights of the round table, he became not just the great military leader, he became the great king,” Worthington says. “And so everything he did became part of his greatness.”
Indeed, Worthington and Stone find contemporary significance in Alexander’s story. Comparing the war in Iraq to Alexander’s battles, Worthington says part of Alexander’s peace plan was to maintain indigenous rule of conquered territories and allow his subjects to have their systems of governing. He says that although Alexander preferred constant warfare to uniting territories, he always had an exit plan.
Stone’s military adviser for the movie has compared Alexander’s men to the soldiers in Iraq. Worthington said he thinks that comparison is problematic, though.
“Alexander’s men signed up to do a job, but every so often he sent some of them home,” he says. “And they followed him, and eventually they mutinied on him; I haven’t heard of any mutinies yet. And they got all these big cash bonuses. So I think there was a different attitude.”
Worthington said he believes the hype surrounding the movie’s release last month is linked to our culture’s fascination with the ancient world and Western traditions.
“It’s not just Greekness, it’s an interest in antiquity in general,” Worthington says. “It’s really the ancestor of everything we’ve got.”
Worthing cited the influence of ancient literature and comedy, as well as democracy and law.
Worthington says he doesn’t regret Hollywood’s appropriation and embellishment of antiquity. People don’t flock to films such as “Troy,” “Gladiator” or the coming “Hannibal” for a history lesson, he says, but for the brawny actors and the historical drama. The spectacle of an epic movie might be the only way to hook some people to the real story.
“My take on it really, and this is what Gene Simmons used to say in Kiss, is that any publicity is good publicity, even if it’s bad,” Worthington says.
He wonders whether people will soon trade the battles of history for the battles of special effects and whether the past can continue to satiate moviegoers’ hunger for action.
“Once you’ve seen the battles in ‘Lord of the Rings,’ everything pales in comparison,” Worthington says.
But whether a film is about real or imagined history, scripts and actors must make viewers believe in the people and events at its center. The biggest problem with Stone’s movie, Worthington says, is not that it isn’t historically accurate, but that the subject is not believable.
“If there ever is another Alexander movie,” Worthington says, “I think you really do need to get an actor with natural blond hair.”
Worthington’s book “Alexander the Great: Man and God” is available in paperback at 9th Street Bookstore and Barnes & Noble.
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Strong reasoning
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Twenty years ago, the question of whether Mars ever had large reserves of liquid water was still open to debate. Today, the discussion has shifted to an evaluation of the nature and size of those reserves, where they existed, and what this implies for any effort to find life (or the remains of it) on the Red Planet. Scientists with the European Space Agency have released the results of Mars Express’ observation of some 24 deep, enclosed craters in the northern hemisphere of Mars.
“Early Mars was a watery world, but as the planet’s climate changed this water retreated below the surface to form pools and ‘groundwater,’” says lead author Francesco Sales of Utrecht University in the Netherlands. “We traced this water in our study, as its scale and role is a matter of debate, and we found the first geological evidence of a planet-wide groundwater system on Mars.”
The floor of the impact craters showed features that could only have formed in the presence of water, at depths ranging from 4,000 to 4,500 meters. The various depth findings show that the water level changed and receded over time.
The water level in the craters aligns well with the proposed water level in the Mars ocean hypothesis, which argues that a global ocean situated in the Vastitas Borealis (pictured above) once covered the northern third of Mars. It’s also possible that at least two global oceans existed on Mars at different points — one vast and persistent, during the earliest days of the planet, and a smaller, shallower, and less-persistent ocean (or system of rivers and lakes) that may have temporarily existed when vast amounts of volcanism or other geothermal activity heated ice trapped below ground.
The existence of a groundwater system on Mars is compatible with these hypotheses. Crater lakes would have attached to each other through the same types of groundwater systems we see on Earth. Such commonalities are a major component of why we believe Mars supported significant amounts of liquid water for long periods of time. We’ve found rocks whose formation on Earth depends on the presence of liquid water and large-scale features of the terrain that indicate water-driven erosion once played a significant role in weathering the Martian landscape.
The incidence of such activity drops off sharply after Mars’ Noachian period transitions into the Hesperian, which is also when Mars is believed to have become much drier. The Amazonian period that followed the Noachian is characterized by the cold, arid Martian conditions that still dominate the planet today.
Substantial amounts of ice are known to still exist at the planet’s north pole, and a lake is believed to still remain beneath the south polar ice cap, similar to the liquid lakes under miles of ice in Antarctica on Earth. Any liquid water still existing on Mars might be better described as being in Mars at this point, given the depths at which it would be located. Traces of liquid are occasionally found at the surface, but no significant amount of free-running water has ever been observed.
The same team also spotted five specific craters where mineral ingredients believed to be common to the rise of life on Earth also exist, including various clays, carbonates, and silicates. Such basins could be prime locations for searching for the life that may have existed on Mars.
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Strong reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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Learn something new every day
More Info... by email
ISO 9001 is a customer service-oriented, quality management standard first adopted in 2000 by the international organization for standardization (ISO). According to the standard, organizations must demonstrate the ability to meet or exceed customer satisfaction in terms of product function, quality and performance. Likewise, compliant organizations must also maintain strict adherence to regulatory requirements, industry standards, and best practices regarding production processes and outcomes. In short, ISO 9001 standards ensure that organizations offer quality products while simultaneously encouraging and acting on feedback from customers, end-users, and regulatory agencies.
International consensus was used to help determine standards universally applicable to all organizations regarding products and services that meet both customer and regulatory requirements. Conformity to regulatory requirements and customer expectations, however, are not enough to meet ISO 9001 standards. Organizations must also establish systems for and actively participate in continuous improvement initiatives. Self audits, voluntary client audits, and independent third party certification bodies are encouraged to help organizations with efforts for continuous improvement.
The ISO 9001 standard and its requirements are intended to apply to all organizations, regardless of size or industry. As such, the ISO does not dictate how an organization must meet requirements, only that guideline requirements are met. Generic standards provided under such conditions allow each organization to determine its own unique processes and controls to maintain compliance. Certain clauses within the text of the standard outline criteria by which an organization may qualify for exclusion in the rare event of an inapplicable requirement. Excluded standards cannot affect the organization's responsibility to ensure quality production, lest claims of conformity be subject to refusal for ISO 9001 certification.
Among the ISO 9000 family of standards, ISO 9001, as revised in 2008 and supplemented in 2009, is the only standard for which organizations can seek certification. Certification is not a requirement of compliance, but certification serves to reassure customers that the organization is indeed in compliance. When applied to business to business environments, an ISO 9001 certification helps instill confidence, especially in situations involving new business relationships or joint ventures.
For example, a manufacturing plant in the United States may struggle to perform due diligence on an overseas supplier due to geography. Knowing the organization is compliant with ISO 9001 standards can help allay concerns. Documentation that the supplier not only states compliance but has passed the rigors of certification further instill confidence in the new business to business relationship. All things being equal, ISO certification could, in fact, sway a contract or business relationship decision, especially for organizations with limited resources to conduct due diligence.
One of our editors will review your suggestion and make changes if warranted. Note that depending on the number of suggestions we receive, this can take anywhere from a few hours to a few days. Thank you for helping to improve wiseGEEK!
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Strong reasoning
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List entry Summary
This monument is scheduled under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979 as amended as it appears to the Secretary of State to be of national importance. This entry is a copy, the original is held by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport.
Name: Ravensworth motte and bailey castle, water defence features, park pale and shrunken medieval village
List entry Number: 1013087
The monument may lie within the boundary of more than one authority.
|North Yorkshire||Richmondshire||District Authority||Ravensworth|
National Park: Not applicable to this List entry.
Grade: Not applicable to this List entry.
Date first scheduled: 05-Aug-1933
Date of most recent amendment: 02-Aug-1995
Legacy System Information
The contents of this record have been generated from a legacy data system.
Legacy System: RSM
This list entry does not comprise part of an Asset Grouping. Asset Groupings are not part of the official record but are added later for information.
List entry Description
Summary of Monument
Legacy Record - This information may be included in the List Entry Details.
Reasons for Designation
Motte and bailey castles are medieval fortifications introduced into Britain
by the Normans. They comprised a large conical mound of earth or rubble, the
motte, surmounted by a palisade and a stone or timber tower. In a majority of
examples an embanked enclosure containing additional buildings, the bailey,
adjoined the motte. Motte castles and motte-and-bailey castles acted as
garrison forts during offensive military operations, as strongholds, and, in
many cases, as aristocratic residences and as centres of local or royal
administration. Built in towns, villages and open countryside, motte and
bailey castles generally occupied strategic positions dominating their
immediate locality and, as a result, are the most visually impressive
monuments of the early post-Conquest period surviving in the modern landscape.
Over 600 motte castles or motte-and-bailey castles are recorded nationally,
with examples known from most regions. As one of a restricted range of
recognised early post-Conquest monuments, they are particularly important for
the study of Norman Britain and the development of the feudal system. Although
many were occupied for only a short period of time, motte castles continued to
be built and occupied from the 11th to the 13th centuries, after which they
were superseded by other types of castle.
Although in a ruined state, significant parts of Ravensworth castle have
survived, and the original plan and layout is preserved. The standing fabric,
particularly the gatehouse and the belfry tower survive reasonably well, and
further remains of medieval structures are preserved below ground. Unusually
the main defensive feature of the monument was the waterlogged area
surrounding the castle which was controlled and managed by a system of
embankments and channels which still survive as standing earthworks. The
marshy area surrounding the castle will retain important archaeological and
environmental evidence relating to the landscape in which the castle was
constructed and occupied. The monument additionally includes earthworks
relating to the deer park attached to the castle as well as remnants of the
medieval village settlement adjacent to the castle. Together the various
remains at Ravensworth Castle will contribute to the study of the form and
development of castles in the north of England during the medieval period.
Legacy Record - This information may be included in the List Entry Details.
The monument includes a motte and bailey castle situated on the end of a low
spur surrounded by marshy ground, in eastern Teesdale. The extensive castle
remains stand on a low platform separated from the adjacent high ground to the
north by a ditch, with earthworks enclosing marshy land around the castle and
further earthworks on the slope to the south. The surrounding marsh appears to
have been relied upon as the main defensive measure with various moats and
channels serving to control the drainage here. Together these water management
earthworks helped create a substantial shallow lake west of the castle in the
medieval period. Further earthworks are considered to be associated with
medieval emparking. Aerial photographs have revealed a further range of
buildings on the higher ground to the north of the castle; these are
interpreted as part of the shrunken village of Ravensworth.
The castle retains substantial sections of upstanding masonry and earthworks
defining the foundations of buried buildings. The castle platform is roughly
rectangular in plan, its longer axis north east to south west, the greatest
length being 137m and the width up to 67m. A ditch cut across the platform
from north west to south east separates the motte which lies in the northern
third of the platform from the bailey which lies in the remainder. The
platform is steeply scarped on all sides dropping to the flat land which
surrounds the site, with a ditch 20m wide at the north angle of the platform
separating it from the adjacent higher land. A moat immediately surrounds the
castle and has a counterscarp bank extending along its south east side. The
castle was approached from the north west where the ditch was spanned by a
bridge of which the outer abutment remains as a stony mound. The perimeter of
the platform was enclosed by a curtain wall, linking a series of rectangular
towers of which the south west, the south east and the gateway remain as
ruins. Some of the remaining towers and sections of the curtain wall are
identifiable as earthworks. The stub ends of the wall attached to the standing
towers indicate the wall to have been 1.07m thick and 5.8m to the top of the
parapet. On the motte at the north of the site stands the remains of the
gateway tower. It is the most complete part of the castle, the walls standing
to virtually full height, with the arch of the adjacent gateway also remaining
intact. The tower has three storeys and is 5.2m square internally with walls
1.5m thick. Internal features such as fireplaces and window surrounds and much
original architectural detail remains. In the bailey to the south are further
sections of standing masonry, the most prominent of which is the belfry tower
which still stands partially to three storeys. It is identified as the tower
for a chapel, the remainder of which can be identified as earthworks.
Architectural details including a Latin inscription around the uppermost
storey of the belfry tower are preserved. The other sections of standing
masonry are the north west gable and lower parts of the walls of a long
rectangular building 32m by 9.3m, which has been identified as a barn or
stable block. The earthwork remains of further ranges of buildings are clearly
identifiable throughout the extent of the platform.
The marsh surrounding the castle platform is enclosed by a large bank and
ditch extending 250m eastwards along the bottom of the valley, 110m to the
south east of the castle, with a lesser bank extending 80m northwards at the
west end, 120m to the west of the castle. A further earthwork projects
northwards from the southern bank and extends 30m towards the castle. These
ditches and embankments created a waterlogged outer enclosure to the west and
south of the castle, and would have served to control drainage in the enclosed
On the slope to the south west of the castle a broad earthwork extends 170m
along the hillside and across a wide gully, where the interior face of the
earthwork appears to have been revetted in stone. This earthwork is
interpreted as a dam, above it the gulley broadens into a level area, its west
slope having been scarped to provide material for the dam. A dry valley
extends northwards down the slope from the dam to a spring which feeds into
the earthworks enclosing the marsh. This dam formed a pond which would have
contained a considerable body of water and helped to control the water flow to
the castle defences. Further earthworks to the east and west of this gully,
extending northwards down the slope to the bank surrounding the marsh, form a
discrete enclosed area which is thought to be associated with a hunting park
attached to the castle prior to the 14th century. There are further earthworks
visible on aerial photographs to the north of the castle which may be part of
the medieval village of Ravensworth.
There is no date for the foundation of the castle but it is thought to be the
work of the Fitzhugh family in the 11th century. In 1391 Henry, Lord
Fitzhugh received licence to enclose 200 acres around the castle as a park, or
as an extension to an existing park. The architecture of some of the surviving
buildings suggest that the castle itself was rebuilt during this time. A
chantry dedicated to St Giles was founded within the castle chapel in 1467. In
1512 the estate was divided and appears to have gone into decline and by
1608, despite being in the hands of the Crown, the castle was being quarried
extensively by local people. The medieval park wall can be traced for most of
its length but for the most part the existing wall is a later rebuild on the
original line. The condition of the castle is described in documents in the
mid 16th century and by illustrations in the 18th century.
The fence crossing the school playground and all modern features within the
area are excluded from the scheduling although the ground beneath is included.
The site of the monument is shown on the attached map extract.
It includes a 2 metre boundary around the archaeological features,
considered to be essential for the monument's support and preservation.
Books and journals
Ryder, P, 'Yorkshire Archaeological Journal' in Ravensworth Castle North Yorkshire, , Vol. VOL 51, (1979), 81-100
St Joseph BLN 46,50,
National Grid Reference: NZ 14120 07614
© Crown Copyright and database right 2015. All rights reserved. Ordnance Survey Licence number 100024900.
© British Crown and SeaZone Solutions Limited 2015. All rights reserved. Licence number 102006.006.
The above map is for quick reference purposes only and may not be to scale. For a copy of the full scale map, please see the attached PDF - 1013087.pdf - The pdf will be generated from our live systems and may take a few minutes to download depending on how busy our servers are. We apologise for this delay.
This copy shows the entry on 07-Jul-2015 at 04:29:30.
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Cancer is a scary word. Almost everyone knows someone who got very sick or died from cancer. Most of the time, cancer affects older people. Not many kids get cancer, but when they do, very often it can be treated and cured.
What Is Cancer?
Cancer is actually a group of many related diseases that all have to do with cells. Cells are the very small units that make up all living things, including the human body. There are billions of cells in each person's body.
Cancer happens when cells that are not normal grow and spread very fast. Normal body cells grow and divide and know to stop growing. Over time, they also die. Unlike these normal cells, cancer cells just continue to grow and divide out of control and don't die when they're supposed to.
Cancer cells usually group or clump together to form tumors (say: TOO-mers). A growing tumor becomes a lump of cancer cells that can destroy the normal cells around the tumor and damage the body's healthy tissues. This can make someone very sick.
Sometimes cancer cells break away from the original tumor and travel to other areas of the body, where they keep growing and can go on to form new tumors. This is how cancer spreads. The spread of a tumor to a new place in the body is called metastasis (say: meh-TASS-tuh-sis).
You probably know a kid who had chickenpox — maybe even you. But you probably don't know any kids who've had cancer. If you packed a large football stadium with kids, probably only one child in that stadium would have cancer.
Doctors aren't sure why some people get cancer and others don't. They do know that cancer is not contagious. You can't catch it from someone else who has it — cancer isn't caused by germs, like colds or the flu are. So don't be afraid of other kids — or anyone else — with cancer. You can talk to, play with, and hug someone with cancer.
Kids can't get cancer from anything they do either. Some kids think that a bump on the head causes brain cancer or that bad people get cancer. This isn't true! Kids don't do anything wrong to get cancer. But some unhealthy habits, especially cigarette smoking or drinking too much alcohol every day, can make you a lot more likely to get cancer when you become an adult.
Finding Out About Cancer
It can take a while for a doctor to figure out a kid has cancer. That's because the symptoms cancer can cause — weight loss, fevers, swollen glands, or feeling overly tired or sick for a while — usually are not caused by cancer. When a kid has these problems, it's often caused by something less serious, like an infection. With medical testing, the doctor can figure out what's causing the trouble.
If the doctor suspects cancer, he or she can do tests to figure out if that's the problem. A doctor might order X-rays and blood tests and recommend the person go to see an oncologist (say: on-KAH-luh-jist). An oncologist is a doctor who takes care of and treats cancer patients. The oncologist will likely run other tests to find out if someone really has cancer. If so, tests can determine what kind of cancer it is and if it has spread to other parts of the body. Based on the results, the doctor will decide the best way to treat it.
One test that an oncologist (or a surgeon) may perform is a biopsy (say: BY-op-see). During a biopsy, a piece of tissue is removed from a tumor or a place in the body where cancer is suspected, like the bone marrow. Don't worry — someone getting this test will get special medicine to keep him or her comfortable during the biopsy. The sample that's collected will be examined under a microscope for cancer cells.
The sooner cancer is found and treatment begins, the better someone's chances are for a full recovery and cure.
Cancer is treated with surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation — or sometimes a combination of these treatments. The choice of treatment depends on:
the type of cancer someone has (the kind of abnormal cells causing the cancer)
the stage of the tumor (meaning how much the cancer has spread within the body, if at all)
Surgery is the oldest form of treatment for cancer — 3 out of every 5 people with cancer will have an operation to remove it. During surgery, the doctor tries to take out as many cancer cells as possible. Some healthy cells or tissue may also be removed to make sure that all the cancer is gone.
Chemotherapy (say: kee-mo-THER-uh-pee) is the use of anti-cancer medicines (drugs) to treat cancer. These medicines are sometimes taken as a pill, but usually are given through a special intravenous (say: in-truh-VEE-nus) line, also called an IV. An IV is a tiny plastic catheter (straw-like tube) that is put into a vein through someone's skin, usually on the arm. The catheter is attached to a bag that holds the medicine. The medicine flows from the bag into a vein, which puts the medicine into the blood, where it can travel throughout the body and attack cancer cells.
Chemotherapy is usually given over a number of weeks to months. Often, a permanent catheter is placed under the skin into a larger blood vessel of the upper chest. This way, a person can easily get several courses of chemotherapy and other medicines through this catheter without having a new IV needle put in. The catheter remains under the skin until all the cancer treatment is completed.
Radiation (say: ray-dee-AY-shun) therapy uses high-energy waves, such as X-rays (invisible waves that can pass through most parts of the body), to damage and destroy cancer cells. It can cause tumors to shrink and even go away completely. Radiation therapy is one of the most common treatments for cancer. Many people with cancer find it goes away after receiving radiation treatments.
With both chemotherapy and radiation, kids may experience side effects. A side effect is an extra problem that's caused by the treatment. Radiation and anti-cancer drugs are very good at destroying cancer cells but, unfortunately, they also destroy healthy cells. This can cause problems such as loss of appetite, tiredness, vomiting, or hair loss. With radiation, a person might have red or irritated skin in the area that's being treated. But all these problems go away and hair grows back after the treatment is over. During the treatment, certain medicines can help a kid feel better.
While treatment is still going on, a kid might not be able to attend school or be around crowds of people — the kid needs to rest and avoid getting infections, such as the flu, when he or she already isn't feeling well. The body may have more trouble fighting off infections because of the cancer or side effects of the treatment.
Remission (say: ree-MIH-shun) is a great word for anyone who has cancer. It means all signs of cancer are gone from the body. After surgery or treatment with radiation or chemotherapy, a doctor will then do tests to see if the cancer is still there. If there are no signs of cancer, then the kid is in remission.
Remission is the goal when any kid with cancer goes to the hospital for treatment. Sometimes, this means additional chemotherapy or radiation might be needed for a while to keep cancer cells from coming back.
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Moderate reasoning
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Health
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The possibility of discovering a planet that is small, cool, rocky, orbiting a sunlike star and able to host life -- an Earth twin, in other words -- has made the search for planets outside of our solar system, or exoplanets, one of the hottest research areas in physical science.
For some researchers, studying the exoplanets that have been discovered to date is just as critical as finding an Earth twin. Even though these planets are too hot to host life, they feature intriguing traits that the planets in our own solar system dont. For instance, some have orbits that go in the opposite direction of the rotation of their host star. The benefit of studying these characteristics is twofold for astronomers. First, it helps them gain a better understanding of planet formation. This could help them locate Earth candidates and then probe those planets atmospheres for clues of life. Second, studying larger exoplanets enables researchers to create and refine the tools of exoplanetary research tools that will help find and confirm the first Earth twin.
Joshua Winn, an assistant professor in MITs Department of Physics and a researcher for the MIT Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, is involved in both endeavors. Not only is he part of the MIT team that is designing the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite to search for rocky planets in the habitable zone of their host star, but he also studies hot Jupiters, or exoplanets that are about the size of Jupiter (318 times the mass of Earth). Although hot Jupiters are relatively easy to detect because of their size, they are located so close to their host stars that they are too hot to support life. Even so, Winns ongoing research of these planets has yielded valuable results that may apply to the formation of all exoplanets, including smaller, cooler ones.
We want to figure out where Earths come from, and that means figuring out the main processes in planet formation, explains Winn, who has been studying hot Jupiters for six years. By figuring out how these planets have evolved over time, he says, researchers could eventually develop a better theory of planet formation that would help them identify the kinds of stars that are most likely harboring potential Earth twins. This could also help them understand how the atmospheres of these planets developed.
Star light, star bright
When scientists began discovering massive planets, including hot Jupiters, in the mid-1990s, those planets didnt look anything like the planets in our own solar system. Not only do hot Jupiters orbit extremely close to their host stars (about 10 times closer than Mercury is to the sun in the solar system), but many also have highly elliptical (oval-like) orbits, unlike the solar-system planets, which have circular orbits.
The solar-system planets are well-aligned and prograde, meaning their orbital motion is the same as the rotation of their parent star. Scientists believe that these features are clues that the solar-system planets formed from the same disk of gas and dust as their parent star. For years, they assumed that planets in other systems followed the same pattern.
But in 2009, it was discovered that hot Jupiters dont necessarily align with the rotation of their stars, which suggests that they may have formed differently.To uncover clues about how such exoplanets formed, Winn uses ground-based telescopes and other instruments to measure changes in both the brightness and the wavelengths of starlight that are observed as the planet transits, or passes in front of, its host star. These methods provide estimates of a planets size, and can also reveal features of a planets orbit thanks to the Doppler-shift phenomenon that creates subtle color changes in the wavelengths emitted in starlight.
Because he is interested in planet formation, Winn studies the orientation of an exoplanets orbit relative to the orientation of its host star. He is considered a leading practitioner of exploiting the Rossiter-McLaughlin effect a physical phenomenon that occurs when a planet transits its host star and changes the appearance of the starlight produced as a result of the Doppler effect to chart the position of a planet relative to the direction of rotation of its host star.
By measuring the light changes produced by this effect before, during and after a transit, Winn can learn whether the planet is in a prograde orbit, whether its orbit is tipped at an angle or even whether the planet is orbiting backward relative to its stars rotation. He has discovered planets with one or more of these features.
Unraveling orbital mysteries
Winns research on hot Jupiters sheds light on the complexity of planet formation there could be different ways that different kinds of planets form, for example as well as the fact that more data is needed to confirm existing theories. While all theories propose that a planet and its star form from the same disk, two theories have been proposed to explain the recent discoveries of both well-aligned and misaligned hot Jupiters that are located so close to their host stars. The first suggests that the planet gradually spiraled in toward its star due to a gravitational interaction with the disk. This theory predicts that the planets orbit should be aligned with the disk and also aligned with the stars rotation.
Another theory suggests that the disk has a minimal effect on the planet, and that there is actually more than one planet orbiting the same star. While its not unusual for more than one planet to orbit the same star, stars with hot Jupiters tend not to have other giant planets within the detectable range of orbital distances. In this scenario, the theory suggests that gravitational interactions with that other planetary body could have pushed the planet inward and tilted the planets orbit. This theory predicts that the orbits of planets could have a wide range of orientations, including some that are drastically misaligned with the stars rotation.
In a paper published in The Astrophysical Journal Letters in August, Winn offers a new interpretation that supports the latter theory. Of the 19 hot Jupiters whose orbits he has analyzed, 11 are aligned with their host star, and eight are misaligned. His analysis reveals that the misaligned planets happen to orbit the hottest stars in the sample, which he says may be a clue that planets orbiting hot stars form differently than those orbiting cooler stars. Winn also suggests that perhaps the orbits of all hot Jupiters eventually become misaligned, and that planets orbiting cooler stars realign with their stars rotation over time.
Scott Tremaine, an astrophysicist at the Institute for Advanced Study, believes that Winn has offered a very intriguing explanation for the pattern. But he notes that if cold stars were so powerful that they could realign the planets orbits with their own rotation, its not clear why they werent strong enough to actually swallow the planets. The trend needs to be confirmed in a larger sample to get a better understanding of these planets evolution, he says.
As Winn collects data to see if the pattern holds up for a larger sample, he plans to study the orbits of smaller planets, such as Neptune-sized exoplanets and super Earths, or planets that are two to 10 times the mass of Earth. By studying progressively smaller planets, he hopes to refine theories of planet formation that may help researchers figure out how and where Earthlike planets form.
Winn is also trying to improve the precision of ground-based observation methods. In particular, hed like to develop new ways to reduce the interference of telescopic measurements produced by Earths atmosphere that is included in the starlight captured by telescopes. All of this work will help us in the goal of understanding Earth twins, he says. And that is the prize for the next 10 years, or even sooner.
This story is republished courtesy of MIT News (web.mit.edu/newsoffice/), a popular site that covers news about MIT research, innovation and teaching.
Explore further: Precise ages of largest number of stars hosting planets ever measured
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Strong reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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Academic Gymnasium of Lviv
Academic Gymnasium of Lviv (Академічна гімназія; Akademichna himnaziia). The oldest Ukrainian gymnasium in Galicia and Ukraine. It was established in 1784 along with Lviv University of which it was a part. The gymnasium was a continuation of the Jesuit Academic Gymnasium founded in 1591. In 1774 this school became the Royal Gymnasium, and from 1776 to 1784 it was called the Theresian Royal State Gymnasium. Until 1849 Latin was the language of instruction, with German as an auxiliary language. Then German became the language of instruction. In 1867 Ukrainian came into use in the four lower grades, and in 1875 it became the language of instruction in all grades. At first the school had five grades, then six, and by 1849 the eight grades that constitute a classical gymnasium. Afterwards parallel departments of the humanities (eg, foreign languages) were added. After the reforms of 1932 the school was reorganized into a four-year general gymnasium and a two-year lyceum. Although the Polish government abolished the name ‘academic gymnasium,’ it remained in common use. The gymnasium had a reputation as the best Ukrainian high school. Its principals were prominent pedagogues: Rev Vasyl Ilnytsky, Edvard Kharkevych, Illia Kokorudz, Mykola Sabat, and others. Among its teachers were authors of textbooks, scholars, writers, and public figures. At the beginning of the 20th century over 1,000 students attended the school. Between 1921 and 1931 the number of students varied from 500 to 800. There were also about 100 part-time students. The school produced hundreds of church and secular leaders in various fields of Ukrainian life. Under Soviet rule the Academic Gymnasium was turned into a 10-year school in 1939. The gymnasium was revived in 1992 with an enrollment of over 600 students.
Androkhovych, A. ‘Iz mynuloho akademichnoï himnaziï u L’vovi,' Ukraïns’ka shkola, 1926, nos 7–9
Derzhavna himnaziia z ukraïns’koiu movoiu navchannia u L’vovi. Zvidomlennia za skhkil’ni roky 1921–31 i 1931–32 (Lviv 1932)
Shakh, S. L’viv—misto moieï molodosty. Vol 3, Tsisars’ko-Korolivs’ka Akademichna Himnaziia (Munich 1956)
Iuvileina knyha Ukraïns’koï akademichnoï himnaziï u L’vovi, 3 vols. Ed Bohdan Romanenchuk (vol 1) and O. Dombrovsky (vols 2–3) (Philadelphia–Munich 1978, 1982; Philadelphia–Lviv, 1995)
[This article was updated in 2001.]
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Moderate reasoning
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Education & Jobs
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More than ever before, there is a huge drive for equality in the workplace. People of all ages, genders, races and religions are able to benefit from equal treatment in the recruitment process and during their employment.
While this is a positive change on the 9% reported in 2015, it still leads us to question of why there is such a difference between the genders when it comes to the engineering sector.
The relationship between females and physics at school
All students must study science to GCSE level (Core Science, Double Science or Triple Science), meaning that around half of all GCSE physics students are female. However, only around 20% of students that choose to study A Level physics are female. This has not changed in 25 years.
Some of the female students surveyed on this topic were worried about being “the only girl in the class” and some admitted that teachers presented A level physics as a “hard” subject and that hard subjects are “for men”.
The science and engineering sector has been steadily growing for a number of years. It has been estimated that the UK will need 1.82 million professionals in this industry by 2020. It’s therefore essential to expand the interest in science and engineering and, in particular, to improve its appeal to females.
Engineering students are second only to medical students in securing full-time jobs and earning good salaries. In a survey of 300 female engineers, 84% were either happy or extremely
happy with their career choice, showing that it can be a very rewarding and enjoyable option.
Engineering higher education qualifications and skills
2017 statistics show that only 5% of registered engineers and technicians (i.e. CEng, IEng, EngTech) are women. This seems to imply a reluctance to pursue formal education and training in this sector.
While both male and female engineering and technology students expressed a similar level of intent to work in the sector, 66.2% of males and 47.4% of females went on to engineering or technology careers.
There are several factors that could be behind this. One concern is that the skills taught in academic engineering qualifications don’t meet the requirements of employers seeking new recruits. There’s no denying that engineering degrees can be highly beneficial for students seeking employment in this sector. However, many employers value hands-on experience just as much, if not more.
How apprenticeships can help women in engineering
All students in the UK must remain in formal education or training until the age of 18. Many choose the ‘traditional’ route of A levels, which many consider to be academically demanding. This is not always the most advantageous option, depending on a student’s aptitude for academic exams or desired career path.
More and more students are taking the hands-on, skills-based approach of diplomas, such as BTECs or HNDs, or an apprenticeship.
Apprenticeships allow students to learn on the job, developing practical skills that apply directly to their chosen career. Rather than sitting in a classroom and learning the theoretical side of the job, apprentices apply themselves in the workshop. This allows them to benefit from expert supervision and training.
Apprenticeships are an engaging way to learn the skills necessary for an engineering career, and apprentices also earn a wage. It gives them a chance to try out a role or sector and see if it’s a good fit. Another benefit is that they can discover this without the time and money commitments of a degree.
These benefits are extremely appealing, making apprenticeships a good vehicle for increasing interest in engineering careers. It’s important to consider how we discuss apprenticeships, and to present them in a way that entices students.
Apprenticeships are stereotypically thought of as only being for the more ‘dirty’ manual industries such as construction or engineering. You can actually undertake an apprenticeship in almost any sector. Apprenticeships exist in business, customer service, media, healthcare and much more.
The more companies learn about the benefits of hiring an apprentice and how best to sell their apprenticeship to draw attention, the better the results will be for both businesses and engineering students.
Engineering apprenticeships at CEATA
CEATA is a dedicated training academy offering engineering qualifications and apprenticeships to people aged 16+ who are looking to upskill or start their career in the industry.
We’re passionate about ensuring that engineering skills are accessible, and we’re proud to have trained some talented and enthusiastic women.
If you’re looking to start an apprenticeship, or you’re interested in hiring apprentices in the engineering industry, get in touch with us today to find out more.
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Strong reasoning
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Education & Jobs
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We all feel anxious sometimes. It's natural. That alert, tense attentiveness is a survival tactic, after all, meant to keep us vigilant to the dangers around us. But for 12% of Canadians, anxiety becomes an everyday thing. Anxiety can become persistent and without purpose, with distressing physical and emotional symptoms that disrupt daily life.
Of all mental illnesses, anxiety disorders are the most common. The following are the main types:
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
Living days marred by nearly-constant and exaggerated worries, people with generalized anxiety disorder just can't seem to shake that "bad" feeling. Money, relationships, health problems, career and job issues, what to wear, what will happen - you name it, when you have GAD almost anything can trigger excessive worrying and associated physical symptoms.
GAD can interfere with sleep and make it hard to ever just relax. Anxiety symptoms range from fatigue and irritability to headaches, muscles aches, nausea, and panic-like trembling and twitching. A diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder usually happens if a person has worried excessively more days than not for at least 6 months. Click here to learn more about generalized anxiety disorder.
Panic attacks are at the pounding, rapidly beating heart of panic disorder. Anyone can be gripped by sudden panic attack symptoms, including increased heart rate, dizziness or light-headedness, sweating, or shortness of breath. Other panic attack symptoms include a feeling of unreality or a fear of suddenly losing control or dying. A person with panic disorder has more frequent panic attacks that can happen at any time and without warning - or in particular anxiety-inducing situations.
The fear that a panic attack might occur can lead to avoidance of normal activities. Some people with panic disorder become afraid to leave their residence, a more extreme anxiety disorder called agoraphobia. Click here to learn more about panic disorder.
Social anxiety disorder
Social anxiety disorder, also known as social phobia, stems from fears involving other people. People with social anxiety disorder are disproportionately self-conscious and may fear being watched, negatively judged, or publicly embarrassed in some way. A person with social anxiety may be focused on one particular social-based fear or worry, like eating in front of others, or they may be anxious in general about many different types of social interactions.
If a person with social phobia is faced with their anxiety triggers, the symptoms are similar to those of general anxiety - blushing, sweating, trembling, and nausea. People may also experience panic attacks, triggered exclusively by social situations. Worries about social situations can lead to avoidance of social situations and can make it difficult to even interact with co-workers, friends or classmates, leading to fewer relationships. Click here to learn more about social anxiety disorder.
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Moderate reasoning
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Health
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The Saga Of The Adventurous Viking
The Vikings are people who explored, plundered and traded with valor with their legendary ships. The Vikings were of the Norsemen clan who originated in the Scandinavia. They scourged the coast of the British Isles, France and other European coasts from late 8th to 11th century, which is termed as ‘the Viking age’ in the pages of history.
The Root Of The Word Viking
The word ‘Viking’ entered the English dictionary in the 18th century with romantic intonations. However, the etymology is traced back to the writings of the Anglo-Frankish writers who used the term ‘Viking’ to denote people who are set to raid and loot. In modern day Scandinavian language the word ‘Viking’ refers to the group of people who went on expeditions to trade and raid.
The word ‘Viking’ is made up of two parts, ‘vik’ meaning ‘bay’ and ‘ing’ denotes a place of origin. Thus ‘Viking’ literally means “people from the bay”
The Age Of The Vikings
The map of the Vikings is not confined to Scandinavia only (modern Denmark, southern Norway and Sweden) but territories under North Germanic control, mainly the Danelaw, Scotland, the Isle of Man and Ireland were also included.
The Viking explorers also opened new paths leading to the north and the west as they colonized Shetland, Orkney, Faroe Islands, Greenland and Iceland. There was even a short-lived expedition to Newfoundland in circa 1000B.C.
Generally the period of the North Germanic Expansion from the earliest raids in 790s till the Norman conquest of England in 1066 is considered as the Viking age.
They Delved Into The Riches
The Vikings traded and raided various European ports during the three centuries. Birka, Hedeby, Kaupang, Jorvik, Staraya, Ladoga, Novgorod and Kiev were some of the important trading ports of the times.
The Viking Ships
There were two types of Viking ships, the ‘long-ship’ or ‘drakkar’ which means dragon in Norse and the Knarr. The longships were built for cruises for exploration and warfare.
The Knarr was a slower merchant boat with greater cargo transport cruises. However, the term “Viking Ship” entered the common dictionary with a romantic association.
The First Attack
According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, a group of men sailed from Norway to Portland, in Dorset. A royal official mistook them as merchants and tried to extol trading tax from them. They murdered him; the date assigned to this attack is 787. The second recorded attack is in 793 on the monastery of Lindisfarne. The pages of European history for the next 200 years told the story of the pillage of the Vikings.
The Raids On Iberia
By mid 9th century B.C there were Viking attacks on the coastal kingdom of Asturias. During the reign of Alfonso III the Vikings had already plagued the sea route connecting Galicia, a province of the kingdom with the rest of Europe. Historians attest the period from 844 to 858 A.D for the attacks on Galician coast. The Vikings settled in the town of Povoa de Varzim in northern Portugal and their influence was strong still recently.
Sources Of History
The Rune Stones
The Rune stones are valuable sources of history of the early medieval Scandinavia and the Norse society, particularly the Vikings. Many Rune stones recorded the names of the persons who went on Viking expeditions. The name of the martyrs is also engraved in the stones.
Some burial sites like Jelling in Denmark, Gettlinge Gravfalt in Sweden and more sites witnessed the history of the Vikings.
Myths And Legends
Norse myths, legends and literature speak the history of the Vikings through the tales of mythical heroes. These literatures were transmitted orally and we have to depend on the writings of the Christian writers.
The growth of Christianity in Scandinavia and a centralized authority together closed the valorous chapter of the Vikings. Coastal defense became more stringent in the areas the Vikings attacked making the raids less profitable with more risk. Cultural influences from Europe invaded their core. With the rise of the kings, nobles and a quasi-feudal system in Scandinavia the Vikings were lost completely. Thus, ended the mighty chronicle of the brave Viking population.
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Strong reasoning
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History
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Bacopa monnieri is a lovely wild and garden plant that has recently been shown to completely reverse epilepsy in rats. Herbalists call it adaptogenic, meaning that it’s a plant with the ability to strengthen the immune system and help the body adapt to the environment. Therefore, it’s not surprising that it’s known to benefit many health problems.
Bacopa m. is known in Ayurvedic medicine as a treatment for both epilepsy and asthma. It’s been shown to be beneficial in several conditions, including:
The best documented benefits center around brain neurology, and the positive effect on epilepsy is stunning—likely better than pharmaceutical drugs and without their adverse effects, as discussed later. In this time of severe degenerative brain diseases, it clearly has an important role to play in health, both in treatment and prevention of disorders.
Bacopa m. is a perennial that favors wetlands and can readily be grown in garden bogs. As you can see in the photo above, it’s an attractive low-growing and sprawling addition to a wet garden.
It’s been given several common names, including Water hyssop, Thyme-leafed gratiola, Coastal water hyssop, and Brahmi. If considering growing it yourself, be careful to assure that the taxonomic name is Bacopa m. (Note that some references call it Bacopa monniera, ending it with an a instead of i.) The name Brahmi is also used to refer to the plant Centella asiatica, which is commonly called gotu kola and has its own medicinal value. You may see references stating that Bacopa m. is the same as Ginkgo biloba, which is quite useful, but the two herbs are unrelated.
Bacoside-A is the active substance found in the plant. It affects gamma amino butyric acid – GABA – which is a primary inhibitor of overactive neurons. Modern medicine tends to focus on the active ingredient, to the exclusion of the synergistic effects of the plant as a whole. They chop, strain, heat, purify, and synthesize down to a single molecule, resulting in a chemical that truly is a drug and lose the beneficial effects of the plant as a whole. The excuse is that it makes possible knowing exactly how much of the active element is being given to the patient. The real reason, though, is that it allows Big Pharma to patent and own the rights to the chemical so they can maximize profits, and it forces people to pay the gatekeepers, doctors, to gain access to it.
Fortunately, there is a great deal of ancient herbal lore to guide us to a herb’s uses and methods of application. So, as long as we can obtain the plant, we should be able to use it. In the case of Bacopa m, the whole plant is used to make a tincture. In reviewing the following study, I describe the researchers’ method for making a tincture because it’s can readily be duplicated at home. The methodology of the study quite nicely demonstrates the truth of the synergistic superiority of using the plant, rather than a purified or synthesized molecule.
Several studies have suggested that Bacopa m’s effect on GABA function in the brain is associated with alleviation of epilepsy in lab rats. A study published a couple of days ago in BioMed Central’s Journal of Biomedical Science(1), showed that the herb can reverse epilepsy almost completely. Particularly exciting is that, while anticonvulsive drugs in use now further damage the brain and harm cognitive function, Bacopa m. enhances it.
A Bacopa m. tincture was made by collecting whole non-flowering plants: roots, stems, and leaves. They were washed, cut into small pieces, and then dried in the shade. About 100 grams of fresh plant yielded about 15 grams of powder after the dried material had been homogenized. The authors did not describe how homegenization was done, but it can be done either by hand, with a mortar and pestle, or by using a blender. 450 grams of dried homogenized powder was dissolved in 80 milliliters of distilled water to produce the final tincture.
Status epilepticus, that is, a constant state of seizure, was induced in rats with injections of pilocarpine and atropine. Controls were injected with saline. The epileptic rats were given Bacopa m. alone, Bacoside-A, or carbamazepine (generic name of Tegretol, a common anti-seizure med). The rats were then given several tests for a variety of epilepsy-related factors, especially GABA function, and put through mazes. The results were striking.
The graph at the left charts change of GABA expression in the rats. (Bar titles have been added.) Note that the reduction in change from epilepsy status (second bar) to nonepilepsy/control status (first bar) is near complete in rats given Bacopa m. Those given synthesized Bacoside-A did significantly better than those given the drug carbamazepine, but the pure plant tincture was significantly better than either of them.
The same rats’ ability to solve a maze is summarized in the graph below. (Bar titles added.) Notice that the Bacopa m-treated rats outperformed both the drug and synthesized Bacoside-A treated rats.
This study clearly demonstrates both the efficacy of the herb Bacopa monnieri and how it significantly outperforms both the drug carbamazepine and the synthesized active ingredient of Bacopa m. Clearly, the herb alone is a far better treatment than anything in use by modern medicine.
The safety profile of Bacopa m. is also far superior. We don’t have information regarding Bacoside-A. However, carbamazepine is a particularly dangerous drug, with adverse effects that include psychosis, leukopenia, aplastic anemia, hepatitis, heart disease, liver failure, impotence, and a large array of other negative effects.
Why would anyone choose to use pharmaceutical drugs before trying the humble herb, Bacopa monnieri, in epilepsy?
There is a fair amount of herbal lore affirming Bacopa m. as an anti-tumor substance. Scientific research on tumor effects isn’t as extensive as for epilepsy. However, existing research supports its efficacy in treating tumorous cells in human cell lines in labs and in sarcoma-induced mice.
Both animal and human studies have demonstrated beneficial effects on overall cognitive ability and to improve Alzheimer’s mental symptoms. Studies in Drosophila melanogaster, the fruit fly so common in science research, have demonstrated that the mental benefits are probably the result of protection against oxidative stress, anti-inflammatory effects, and the dissolution of brain plaques. Research in this area also demonstrates an overall neuroprotective health benefit, indicating that it might be useful as a supplement to diet.
The herbal lore indicates that Bacopa m. is also helpful in nervous conditions, including anxiety and depression. Its nerve soothing effect is well known in the scientific literature, so an ability to ease anxiety wouldn’t be surprising.
The herb has been well documented to be beneficial to the liver, and has been shown to improve the health of damaged livers in rats.
Its ability to ease inflammation can aid arthritis sufferers. At least one study has documented antirheumatic capability, too.
Bacopa m. is noted for its affinity for heavy metals, most notably aluminum and cadmium. This has led to its use in returning toxic soil to health. It accumulates toxic metals, pulling them from soil. Of course, the plants should then be treated as toxic waste.
This does point to concern that Bacopa m. may be toxic. It is, therefore, critical to assure that the source of plants be identified and verified not to come from toxic soil.
As has been pointed out here, purified and isolated active ingredients are not as desirable as a simple plant extract. Adding in concerns about Bacopa m’‘s affinity for heavy metals means that it’s strongly advisable to purchase it only if the source – back to the plant – is known.
Chelation is stripping heavy metals from the body. Because Bacopa m. can assimilate heavy metals from the soil does not necessarily imply that it’s good for pulling heavy metals out of the body. There is, though, some indication from studies that one reason the herb may be beneficial in Alzheimer’s disease is an ability to chelate aluminum, which has been strongly implicated as a factor in developing the disease.
Because it may have a blood thinning effect, those who are taking drugs like coumadin shouldn’t also take Bacopa monnieri.
The usual advice holds for pregnant women: This herb has not been tested for safety during pregnancy.
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Strong reasoning
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Health
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Social distancing means home closeness: rise in domestic violence during COVID – 19 lockdown
Apr 13 2020 / Posted in Gender Violence
- Dr. Nayreen Daruwalla,
Programme Director, Prevention of Violence against Women and Children (PVWC), SNEHA, Mumbai
Every nation across the world is struggling to cope effectively with the COVID-19 pandemic. While the world may have been caught off guard by the scope and ramifications of the crisis, it should be prepared to respond to the increased risks to the wellbeing and safety of women and children. The rise in violence against women and children seems like an opportunistic infection that is emerging in the conditions resulting from the pandemic. A syndemic approach to understand this is that these conditions that arise in populations are exacerbated by the social, economic, environmental, and political milieu in which a population is immersed. This approach has recognised that interventions for combating and treating disease take a multi-factorial track as the factors affecting are intertwined and cumulative in nature.
Violence against women and violence against children are widespread globally and intrinsically linked, sharing common risk factors and similar adverse and severe consequences. Violence against women, of which intimate partner violence (IPV) is the commonest form, is highly prevalent. Globally, one in three women have experienced physical or sexual violence by an intimate partner or sexual violence by any perpetrator in their lifetime. Most of this is intimate partner violence. Violence against women tends to increase during emergencies, including epidemics. Women who are displaced, refugees, or living in conflict-affected areas are particularly vulnerable.
The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) estimates that 6 in 10 (almost one billion) children worldwide aged 2 to 14, experience regular physical punishment, and even higher proportions (about 7 in 10) experience psychological aggression: “harsh physical punishment” – being hit hard repeatedly on the face – affects an average of 17% of children from 58 countries where data are available, while 1 in 10 girls under age 18 (approximately 120 million) worldwide have experienced forced intercourse or unwanted sexual acts. Boys also report sexual abuse but at lower levels than girls.Studies from many countries also document high levels of emotional abuse and neglect.
While rigorous studies estimating increases in reporting of violence against women and children during or after pandemics are scarce, media reports and anecdotal evidence are widespread. For example, when the Ebola outbreak hit West Africa, an “epidemic” of “rape, sexual assault and violence against women and girls” was reported to have been largely undocumented as collateral damage (Yasmin, 2016).
By mid-March 2020, there were already reports from Australia, Brazil, China and the United States suggesting an increase in violence against women and children. In China’s Jianli County (central Hubei province),the police station reported receiving 162 reports of intimate partner violence (IPV) in February—which was three times the number reported in February 2019 (Wanqing, 2020). According to Wan Fei, the founder of an IPV non-profit, “90 percent of the cases of violence are related to the COVID-19 epidemic.” In the United States, the National Domestic Violence hotline issued a statement in early March 2020 on “Staying Safe” during COVID-19, including anecdotal evidence of how perpetrators were using the virus as a scare tactic to threaten or isolate victims, and urging those at risk to make a safety plan, practice self-care and reach out for help. In Australia, a survey of 400 frontline workers indicated that 40% reported an increase in “pleas for help” and 70% indicated an increase in complexity of cases (Lattouf, 2020).
In India, the National Commission for Women (NCW), which receives complaints from across the country, has recorded a more than twofold rise in gender-based violence. The total complaints from women rose from 116 in the first week of March, to 257 in the final week. Complaints of rape or attempted rape rose sharply from two to 13, while cases of domestic violence increased from 30 to 69 over the same period. Simultaneously, there has been an almost threefold increase in police non-response to women’s complaints, with the NCW receiving 16 complaints on the issue compared to six earlier, as the police are busy enforcing the lockdown to curb the spread of COVID-19., These developments are early evidence that related factors—such as confinement, social isolation, increased levels of financial stress, and weak institutional responses—can increase or intensify levels of violence, especially in low- and middle-income countries.
The World Health Organization has recently published information on how the response to the COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated risks of violence, particularly domestic violence against women, as distancing measures are put in place:
1. The social and protective networks of women which women’s organisations have put in place have been disrupted. It is likely that women in an abusive relationship and their children will be more exposed to violence as family members spend more time in close contact and families cope with additional stress and potential economic or job losses.
2. Women bear the brunt of increased care work during the pandemic. School closures exacerbate this burden and place more stress on them. The disruption of livelihoods and ability to earn a living, including for women (many of whom are informal wage workers), will decrease access to basic needs and services, increasing stress on families, with the potential to exacerbate conflicts and violence.
3. As resources become scarce, women may be at greater risk of experiencing economic abuse. Perpetrators may also restrict access to necessary items such as soap and hand sanitizer.
4. Perpetrators of abuse may use restrictions due to COVID-19 to exercise power and control over their partners to further reduce access to services, help and psychosocial support from both formal and informal networks.
5. Access to vital sexual and reproductive health services, including for women subjected to violence, will likely to become limited.
SNEHA’s Program on Prevention of Violence against Women and Children aims to develop high‐impact strategies for primary prevention, ensure survivors’ access to protection and justice, empower women to claim their rights, mobilise communities around ‘zero tolerance for violence’, and respond to the needs and rights of excluded and neglected groups. The Program prioritises enhanced co-ordination of the state response to crimes against women through a convergence approach that works with government and public systems to reinforce their roles in assuring basic social, civil and economic security.The program runs six community-based counselling centres and three hospital-based counselling centres. In continuation of our work on violence against women and children, we have been appointed as an implementing agency by the Department of Women & Child Development, Maharashtra, to run the One Stop Centre (OSC). The centre is located at KEM Hospital, a tertiary hospital run by the MCGM, and was inaugurated by the Honourable Union Minister for Women and Children, Ms. Smriti Irani, on 3rd September 2019.
Crisis interventions include counselling for survivors, medical aid if required, facilitating police complaints, home visits to engage perpetrators and other family members supporting abuse, and mental health counselling. Extended counselling and mental health interventions such as individual counselling and psycho education, role education with the perpetrator, couple and family counselling and legal intervention are carried out with survivors with the aim of empowering them to make their own decisions about their situation.
On an average, SNEHA counselling centres register around 400 cases monthly, including women and children, and around 4800 cases are registered annually. Survivors of violence access the counselling centres physically and a range of interventions are provided for them. The interventions generally go on for about six months. SNEHA has provision for a Crisis Helpline and Crisis Email for survivors who cannot attend person. The COVID-19 situation has restricted women’s mobility in terms of reporting of cases. In March 2020, the counselling centres registered 513 cases, out of which 177 survivors (37%) were provided initial support, psycho education, and referral to the police and counselling on the helpline.
In the normal situation, the counselling centres receive about 100 calls on the helpline every month and around 10 crisis emails requesting assistance. During the pandemic, from mid-March to mid-April 2020, SNEHA has received 45 crisis emails (32 from Mumbai and 13 from elsewhere in India). Survivors have requested help as they are facing physical, emotional, verbal and sexual violence in their natal and matrimonial homes. At the same time, calls on the helpline have fallen from 100 to 56 as survivors are finding it difficult to call, especially when the abusive family members are at home sharing the same space.
As part of a long-term intervention process, SNEHA counsellors are following up with the survivors telephonically. They have managed to do the follow-up for 1441 clients from mid-March to mid-April 2020.The counsellors are mainly checking in with women to understand their situation and whether they need assistance. Women have generally reported that they are experiencing tremendous stress due to restricted mobility, and not being able to connect and share their daily lives with other women, increase in housework and caring for family members, managing economic resources sparingly, and bearing the burden of keeping family members happy. They have said that in normal situations they had learnt to deal with domestic violence situations through positive and active coping strategies like venting in front of their friends and other women in their social network, making use of emotional support, positive reframing of their situation and calling on religion and humour. The COVID-19 situation has set them many steps back as they find it hard to use these coping strategies. SNEHA counsellors are providing mental health counselling and addressing the concerns of many women who have reported despair, anxiety and suicidal ideation about the situation they are in.
At the same time, SNEHA’s volunteers are in touch with women in their neighbourhood and are in a position to provide emotional support, intervene with families and link them with the police in crisis situations
Here are some tips for women to cope with stress and actions to take if the she or any other woman in the family is experiencing violence:
1. Reach out to supportive family and friends who can help with immediate solutions as well as coping with stress
2. Develop a safety plan for them and their children with the help of neighbours, friends or relatives
3. Collect important documents, money and few personal things in case the woman needs to leave.
4. Plan carefully on the phone the exit with a family member, friend or relative to access transportation help by contacting the nearby police station
5. Gather information on women’s helplines, NGOs providing support services on violence, shelter and police protection.
- COVID-19 and violence against women. What the health sector/system can do. 26 March 2020, World Health Organization.
- UNICEF (2014). Hidden in plain sight: a statistical analysis of violence against children. New York: UNICEF.
- Stoltenborgh M, van Ijzendoorn MH, Euser EM, Bakermans- Kranenburg MJ. A global perspective on child sexual abuse: meta-analysis of prevalence around the world. Child Maltreat 2011; 16: 79,101.
- The survey was reportedly conducted by Women’s Safety New South Wales, however note that New South Wales Police and Bureau of Crime Statistics noted “it’s too early to have statistical evidence of any shifts in arrest or police call outs.”
- National Domestic Violence Hotline, 2020
- Pandemics and violence against women and children, Amber Peterman, Alina Potts, Megan O’Donnell, Kelly Thompson, Niyati Shah, Sabine Oertelt-Prigione, and Nicole van Gelder
- https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/national-commission-for-women-records-a-rise-in-complaints-since-the-start-of-lockdown/article31241492.ece
- https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/coronavirus-ncw-says-domestic-violence-cases-on-rise-since-lockdown-69-complaints-so-far-1662533-2020-04-02
- COVID-19 and violence against women What the health sector/system can do, 26 March 2020, World Health Organisation.
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Strong reasoning
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Health
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|African Mango Quick Facts|
|Scientific Name:||Irvingia gabonensis|
|Origin||Northern tip of Angola, including Congo, DR Congo, Nigeria, Côte d'Ivoire|
|Colors||Green when ripe|
|Shapes||Ellipsoid to cylindrical drupe, occasionally nearly spherical, slightly laterally compressed|
|Flesh colors||Bright orange|
|Taste||Sweet to slightly bitter|
|Health benefits||Diabetes, High Blood Pressure, Weight Loss, Battling High Cholesterol, Antioxidants, Increases Energy, Boosts Circulation, Protects Heart Health, Anemia Curing, Detoxifies the Body, Bone Strengthening, Prevent Heart Attacks, Relief from constipation, Suppress Your Appetite|
The tree reaches maturity and begins flowering at 10 to 15 years of age, while flowering and fruiting times differ according to geographic location. Timber and wood of the tree are fine grained, hard, and durable. Ripe fruit is green while the edible mesocarp is soft, juicy, and bright orange. The mesocarp has a turpentine flavor and may taste sweet to slightly bitter. The seeds or kernels of the tree are classified as oil seeds.
African Mango Facts
|Scientific Name||African Mango|
|Native||Humid forest zone from the northern tip of Angola, including Congo, DR Congo, Nigeria, Côte d’Ivoire and south-western Uganda|
|Common Names||Bread tree, African wild mango, wild mango, bush mango, African mango, Dika Nut, Abesebuo, Andok, Boborou, Bush mango, Dika, Duika, Ebi, Eniok, Esele, Mango-bravo, Mopae, N’corobaque, Ntwa, Ogbono, Ogwe, Oro, Pekie, Ugiri, Uncorobaque, Upupa, Uyo, chocolatier, dika du gabon, dika nut tree, dikabread-tree, dikanut-tree, dikanuß, irvingia, manguier sauvage, odika, rainy season bush-mango, sweet bush-mango, árbol chocolate, Dikabread tree, Iba-tree, Odika, Agbono, Bread Tree, Dikka, Duiker Nut, Etima, Iba-tree, Kaka, Odika, Andok oba, Boboi, Boborae, Boboru, Bojep, Bopala, Dibiue mutshi ditoke, Dika-bread tree, Diuka mahogany, Keega, Kpeh, Kpele, Mahogany, Manguier sauvage, Mbei, Meba|
|Name in Other Languages||Cameroon: Andok
Congo Democratic Republic: Meba, mueba
Côte d’Ivoire: Boboru, wanini
English: African mango seed, African mango tree, African wild mango, Bread tree, Dika bread, Dika nut, Dikka, Duiker nut, Native mango, Wild mango, Wild mango nut, Dikabread-tree, Dikanut-tree, Rainy season bush-mango, Sweet bush-mango,
French: Bobo, Dika du Gabon, Mangue du Gabon, Mangue sauvage, Manguier du Gabon, Manguier sauvage, Oba, Odika, Sioko, Chocolatier, Dika, Ogbono, chocolatier du Gabon, irvingie du Gabon
German: Dikanuß, Wilder Mangobaum, Dikabaum
Hausa: Biri, Goron
Japanese: Afurika mango no ki (アフリカマンゴノキ)
Nigeria: Oba, oro
Polish: Mango afrykańskie
Sierra Leone: Bobo
Spanish: Arbol chocolate, Irvingia
|Plant Growth Habit||Large, long-lived, evergreen tropical trees|
|Growing Climates||Evergreen dense, moist, lowland rain-forest, canopied jungle, gallery forests and semi-deciduous forests|
|Plant Size||About 40 m (130 ft.) in height with a straight bole of up to 1 m (3 ft. 3 in)in diameter|
|Bark||Outer bark is smooth or covered with scales with grey to yellow-grey color|
|Leaf||Leaves alternate, simple and entire; stipules up to 4 cm long, unequal, forming a cone protecting the bud, caducous, leaving an annular scar on the branches|
|Flowering season||February to March|
|Flower||Bisexual, regular, 5-merous, small; pedicel up to 5 mm long; sepals free, 1–1.5 mm long; petals free, 3–4 mm long, yellowish white|
|Fruit Shape & Size||Ellipsoid to cylindrical drupe, occasionally nearly spherical, slightly laterally compressed|
|Fruit Color||Green when ripe|
|Flesh||Bright orange pulp, soft, juicy|
|Seed||2.5–4 cm long and 1.5–2.5 cm wide|
|Available Forms||Jelly, jam, juice and sometimes even wine|
|Taste||Sweet to slightly bitter|
|Plant Parts Used||Fruit, seeds, bark and leaves|
|Season||Two fruiting seasons:
African mango is a large, long-lived, evergreen tropical tree that normally grows about 40 m (130 ft.) in height with a straight bole of up to 1 m (3 ft. 3 in) in diameter. It has buttresses to a height of 3 m (9.8 ft.). The plant is found growing in evergreen dense, moist, lowland rain-forest, canopied jungle, gallery forests and semi-deciduous forests. The outer bark is smooth to scaly with grey to yellow-grey color. The crown is evergreen, spherical and dense.
Leaves are alternate, elliptic, simple and entire, one margin is often a little rounder than the other, acuminate, stipules are up to 4 cm long, unequal, forming a cone protecting the bud, caducous, leaving an annular scar on the branches. Petiole is up to 5 mm long. Blade is elliptical, 4.5–8 cm long and 2–4 cm wide, base cuneate, apex acute or indistinctly acuminate, thinly leathery, pinnately veined. They have a glossy top and are dark green in color.
Flowers are bisexual, regular, 5-merous and small in slender, clustered racemes or small panicles above the leaves and about as long as them, or on the branchlets and younger branchlets. Pedicel is up to 5 mm long; sepals free, 1–1.5 mm long; petals free, 3–4 mm long, yellowish to greenish-white; stamens 10, inserted below disk, free, equal, filaments 4–5 mm long, disk 1.5 mm in diameter, bright yellow, nectariferous, ovary superior, 2-celled, style 1–2 mm long. Flowering normally takes place from February to March.
Fertile flowers are followed by an ellipsoid to cylindrical drupe, occasionally nearly spherical, slightly laterally compressed, 4–6.5 cm long and 4–6.5 cm wide, smooth. Fruits are green when ripe with a bright orange, fibrous pulp surrounding a large seed. It is soft, juicy, and sweet to slightly bitter with one woody stone. Stone consists of seed that are 2.5–4 cm long and 1.5–2.5 cm wide. The plant has two fruiting seasons from April to July and from September to October.
Health benefits of African Mango
Most people are familiar with African Mango as a diet supplement. Some of the most exciting research surrounding African Mango indicates that it also shows promise for addressing several common and serious health problems often related with obesity. Listed below are some of the well-known benefits of African mango
Diabetes is considered as one of the distressing condition affecting 25.8 million people in the USA alone, a growing number of them children, teens and young adults. Two separate researches showed that African mango reduced or even normalized blood glucose levels in some subjects. African Mango appears to reduce fasting blood sugar levels, as well as having a beneficial effect on insulin resistance and glycemic index control in obese diabetic patients.
2. High Blood Pressure
During a study of African Mango seed extract and its effect on the body weight and blood lipids, routine health checking of the test subjects exposed a significant reduction in systolic blood pressure in the group receiving the extract.
3. Weight Loss
One of the reasons why this exotic fruit has received so much attention in recent years is because of its superficial effects on weight loss. Flesh of the fruit is not used for these purposes, but a number of studies have been done on the extract from the nut of the African mango. Research has found that not only can the active ingredients help to reduce overall cholesterol levels, but they can also stimulate metabolism and considerably increase passive fat-burning. When this extract is used frequently, it has been known to cause weight loss. It is also known to suppress appetite, which is another way to prevent overeating and create a calorie deficit.
4. Battling High Cholesterol
In Accordance to the CDC, nearly 71 million American adults suffer from high cholesterol – a condition where there are elevated levels of triglycerides and LDL (“bad” cholesterol) in the blood. In several studies, including one of the ones investigating benefits of I. gabonensis in managing diabetes, African mango was shown to reduce overall plasma lipids (fat in blood) by lowering LDL cholesterol and raising levels of beneficial HDL fats.
Antioxidants are essential in fighting free radicals – oxidizing agents which damage cells in our bodies, leading to aging and disease. An analysis of the Irvingia gabonensis plant has shown African Mango to be a potent source of antioxidants.
6. Increases Energy
As energy increases body works more. It increases the level of energy in a body to do more activities than usual. When we indulge in doing more activities it results in burning of fat.
7. Boosts Circulation
With a decent amount of iron in this fruit, having some of this sweet treat is outstanding for providing a boost to circulation, which delivers resources and oxygen wherever the body needs it most.
8. Protects Heart Health
The active ingredients in the extract of this fruit’s seed are able to reduce cholesterol levels and encourage the metabolism, both of which can lead to lower blood pressure and a reduced risk of coronary heart diseases.
9. Pregnant Nutrition and Anemia Curing
African mango has a high portion of zinc and minerals of which work well for pregnant woman and anemia suffer. Consume African mango moderately and do not excessively eat while you don’t know the right and a balanced portion from a nutritionist. Also, for first-trimester pregnancy, a mother soon to be will feel easy to vomit and have no appetite to eat food. It is time to serve them mango as it is so fresh and healthy.
10. Detoxifies the Body
African mango encourages healthy weight management. It helps in cleansing the colon and detoxifies the body as well as supply the body with nutrients. It can cleanse and eliminate waste and toxins. There is no cramping in the stomach when your body releases bile after intake of African mango which is a major occurrence in many cleansers.
11. Bone Strengthening
Milk is not only one source of potassium and K vitamin to strengthen your bones and cells healthy. African mango amazingly has an almost same proportion of potassium and K vitamin to optimal potassium absorption into the blood and cells. If you want to have such strong and solid bones, try to consume more mango and others fruit from now on.
12. Prevent Heart Attacks
Potassium, vitamin, and fiber are three most important contents in African mango which cooperate together to prevent the heart attack. Consuming more potassium along with natrium less is the best daily diet option. Automatically, it will also reduce the cardiovascular disease which encourages heart attack.
13. Relief from constipation
Most people have experienced constipation at some point in their lives. Not only is constipation very uncomfortable but it can also lead to weight gain. Because African mango is rich in soluble fiber it can add bulk to stools, which can help alleviate constipation.
14. Suppress Your Appetite
African mango is one of the best supplements to deal with the real problem behind your inability to lose weight: your hunger. When you are hungry, cutting back on your food intake is nearly impossible, as you continually feel the need to eat. The African mango supplement deals with the problem by producing more leptin in your body. Leptin is a hormone that tells your body, “Alright, pal, no more food. You’ve had enough!” When you are overweight, your body is less sensitive to the leptin produced by your body, so it takes longer for your appetite to be satisfied. However, when your body produces more leptin, it will feel full much more quickly – therefore making the African mango your best friend when dieting.
Traditional uses and benefits of African mango
- Its bark is a purgative for treating gastrointestinal and liver conditions, sterility, hernias, and urethral discharge.
- It is also an aphrodisiac and used in the treatment of diarrhea and dysentery, body pains, toothache, sores, and wounds.
- It is considered by some to be a powerful aphrodisiac and to be beneficial in cases of senility.
- It is used in an enema, or added to a baked banana in order to relieve diarrhea and dysentery.
- When applied externally, it is ground up with water for rubbing on to the body for easing pains.
- It is used in mouth-washes for relieving toothache, made into a poultice and applied to sores and wounds.
- Bark is mixed with palm oil for treating diarrhea and for reducing the breast-feeding period.
- Shavings of the stem bark are consumed by mouth to treat hernias, yellow fever, and dysentery, and to reduce the effects of poison in French Equatorial Africa.
- Antibiotic properties of the bark help heal scabby skin, and the boiled bark relieves tooth pain.
- The Mende tribe in Sierra Leone grinds the bark into a paste with water and applies the product to the skin for pain relief.
- Powdered kernels act as an astringent and are also applied to burns.
- Stems of the tree have been used as chewing sticks to help clean teeth.
- Preparations made from the bark are used to treat hernia and yellow fever and as an antidote for poisoning in Cameroon.
- Kernels are used to treat diabetes.
- It is used for countering the ailments relating to ear like tympanic lining infections.
- It is a good herbal cure for Obesity.
- It helps in reducing our food intake, burning body fat which leads to the loss in body weight in a reasonable fashion.
- African Mango is effective in countering Obesity; it habitually regulates the body Metabolism.
- Maintained rate of Metabolism is directly proportional to low-level of Cholesterol in the body.
- It is effectual in controlling diabetes by managing body blood sugar level.
- It is beneficial in combating jaundice, which has an adverse effect on the entire human body but majorly on liver, kidneys and heart.
- It is beneficial in promoting proper gastrointestinal action, which helps in improving digestion and avoiding acidity.
- It is a good herbal treatment possessing painkilling and antimicrobial characteristics, which help in treating sores and preventing infections in wounds.
- African Mango is fruitful in counteracting hernias, which leads to dislocation of the organs from its actual position.
- It bears constipating properties, which is favorable in ceasing ailments like loose motions i.e. dysentery and diarrhea.
- Leaves are boiled in water and taken as a tea for the treatment of intestinal worm infestation in humans in rural areas in eastern Nigeria.
- B of the tree consists of important antioxidant and anti-inflammatory ingredients which could be of use in treating various neurodegenerative diseases.
- Leaves of the tree are combined with the stem bark of other plants and boiled in water and taken as a tea to treat spleen infections.
- Edible seeds are used in soups and as a food flavoring.
- Seed is also used for the preparation of odika, also known as dika bread or Gabon chocolate.
- Fruits are yellow and fibrous, with palatable pulp that can be used for fruit drinks and jams.
- Kernel is an important source of vegetable oil.
- The fruit pulp is palatable and can be used for a fruit drink and for jam production.
- Seeds can be ground or crushed and used as a thickening and flavoring agent in soups and stews.
- They can also be made into a cake called “dika bread” for preservation.
- Edible oil is extracted from the seed is used in cooking.
- Pulp is also used to prepare a black dye for cloth.
- In some areas, the tree is planted to provide shade for crops.
- Wood is tough, very heavy, very hard, durable, and resistant to termite attack.
- Tree is normally preserved on farms when woodland is cleared in order to provide shade for crops, particularly cocoa and coffee.
- Wax has been extracted from the plant which has been found useful as an assistant in making medicinal tablets.
- Both the bark and the roots contain tannins.
- Fruit pulp is used to prepare a black dye for cloth.
- Fat extracted from the seed is suitable for soap-making and other industrial uses.
- Sap-wood is light brown, the heart-wood a slightly darker or greenish-brown.
- It has a fine moderately close grain and a good polished finish can be achieved.
- It is not easy to cut, which limits its usefulness for native people who often only have simple implements.
- It is used for street paving.
- Canoes can be made from the trunk, and pestles for yam-mortars.
- Pulp is used for making jam, jelly, and juice and is consumed as a dessert throughout western and central Africa.
- The leaves are used as food for livestock by farmers.
- The wood is used for making walking sticks and supports for thatched roofs.
- Young trees are used for making poles and stakes, while branches are made into walking sticks or thatched roof supports.
- Dead branches are used as firewood.
- Twelve year-old trees in Nigeria have yielded 1060 fruits (180 kilos) per tree.
- Excess consumption of African mango can result in sleep problems, headaches, and flatulence.
- Allergies to this fruit also exist, although they are rare.
- African mango supplements may cause sleep disturbance for some people.
- Diabetic patients should avoid the consumption of African mango supplements and those as well, who are scheduled for surgery.
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Moderate reasoning
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Health
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level : 5G technology
Mains level : Delay in roll-out of 5g
The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) has asked for views on band plan, block size, and conditions for auction of spectrum in 5G bands, which includes Millimetre (mm) Wave band of 24.25-28.5 GHz.
What is 5G technology?
- 5G or fifth generation is the latest upgrade in the long-term evolution (LTE) mobile broadband networks.
- It’s a unified platform that is much more capable than previous mobile services with more capacity, lower latency, faster data delivery rate and better utilisation of spectrum.
5G mainly works in 3 bands, namely low, mid and high-frequency spectrum — all of which have their own uses as well as limitations.
(1) Low band spectrum
- It has a great promise in terms of coverage and speed of internet and data exchange but the maximum speed is limited to 100 Mbps (Megabits per second).
- So Telcos can use and install it for commercial cell phone users who may not have specific demands for very high speed internet, the low band spectrum may not be optimal for specialized needs of the industry.
(2) Mid-band spectrum
- It offers higher speeds compared to the low band, but has limitations in terms of coverage area and penetration of signals.
- This band may be used by industries and specialized factory units for building captive networks that can be moulded into the needs of that particular industry.
(3) High-band spectrum
- It offers the highest speed of all the three bands, but has extremely limited coverage and signal penetration strength.
- Internet speeds in the high-band spectrum of 5G has been tested to be as high as 20 Gbps (giga bits per second), while, in most cases, the maximum internet data speed in 4G has been recorded at 1 Gbps.
What is Millimetre (mm) Wave Band?
- Millimetre Wave band or mmWave is a particular segment of radio frequency spectrum that range between 24 GHz and 100 GHz.
- This spectrum, as the name suggests, has a short wavelength, and is apt to deliver greater speeds and lower latencies.
- This in turn makes data transfer efficient and seamless as the current available networks work optimally only on lower frequency bandwidths.
Significance of this mm band
- 5G services can be deployed using lower frequency bands.
- They can cover greater distances and are proven to work efficiently even in urban environments, which are prone to interference.
- But, when it comes to data speeds, these bands fail to hit peak potential needed for a true 5G experience.
- So, mmWave is that quintessential piece in the 5G jigsaw puzzle for mobile service providers.
Concerns with inclusion of mm-band
- The mm bands have been preserved for satellite-based broadband services as per the decision taken by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU).
- Providing excess spectrum could pose a downside risk of the bands going unsold, or even worse, underutilised by terrestrial players at the expense of satellite-based service providers.
- Offering excessive spectrum will result in Indian citizens being denied the benefits of high-demand, advanced satellite broadband services.
- In addition to this, it will result in a massive loss to the Indian economy of up to $184.6 billion by 2030, along with the loss of foreign direct investment (FDI) and employment generation benefits.
How could this disrupt the satellite communication industry?
- Internet has largely been provided to users via fibre-optic based broadband connectivity or mobile network.
- Of late, another class of Internet vendors is showing up. These are satellite-based communication service providers.
- For example, SpaceX’s Starlink and Bharti Airtel’s OneWeb are some of the players in this market.
- This segment uses Low-Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites to provide broadband to both urban and rural users. Their service could also be used for weather predictions.
- The mm band had been the subject of controversy due to out-of-band emissions into the passive satellite band used for weather satellites at 23.6-24 GHz.
- The allocation of mmWave band is critical to the satellite communication industry, which needs a stronger regulatory support to ensure that 5G operations don’t interfere with their existing operations.
- The industry body pointed to Europe’s “5G Roadmap”, which is built on the ITU’s decision to hold these bands for satellite-based broadband services.
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Strong reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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With its somewhat tropical origins, The Peacock Plant is a tall, slender plant that with the right care can become a colorful house plant for your collection.
Due to its Brazilian roots, humidity is best for this particular plant and it loves nothing more than to be misted although it is important to use distilled or rain water as the fluoride can cause damage to the delicate leaves.
How it looks: The Peacock plant has all the elegance and beauty of a Peacock’s tail, which is why it has been given its rather glorious name. The leaves are pale green with a dark green feathered effect from the middle of the leaf to the outer edges.
When new leaves grow they are rolled up and show off their pinkish-red undersides; giving it another splash of color.
Where to display: Not one to be left in direct sunlight, the Peacock Plant should be placed in moderate to low light to avoid the leaves becoming dulled and less vibrant.
Due to the soil needing to be kept moist at all times, it is wise to place your plant somewhere where it can be watered and misted with ease.
Care Level: Due to the Calathea Makoyana requiring the right level of moistness and humidity levels to flourish this may not be the ideal plant for someone who is new to gardening or unsure whether they can keep the temperature and humidity right for this plant to grow.
One tip is to always make sure that you start with healthy plant if you are looking for a top quality species; avoid smaller plants with brown leaves as these may not grow as well as a healthier one.
|Names:||Peacock Plant, Cathedral Windows(common names). Calathea or Maranta Makoyana (scientific).|
|Max Growth (approx):||2ft tall.|
|Poisonous for pets:||Non-toxic to cats and dogs.|
|Temperature:||Ideal temperatures required should be between 60ºF – 75ºF (15.5-24ºC). Avoid sudden drops that will affect growth and cold drafts.|
|Light:||Indirect sunlight is best suited for this species. Direct sun will damage the leaves and low light will slow growth, so a bit of balance is required.|
|Watering:||Water thoroughly during the growing season then naturally reduce during winter. Good drainage is important.|
|Soil:||Use soil that holds moisture and drains well. A 2 part peat and 1 part sand or perlite mix will do the trick.|
|Re-Potting:||Repot once every 2 years. During spring is best.|
|Fertilizer:||Feed only during the growing season from April – October with a diluted liquid feed once every 2 weeks.|
|Humidity:||Calatheas enjoy humidity in their natural climate. If you can try and raise the levels even if you just mist the plant or seat the pot on a tray of pebbles with water inside. When the humidity is low from dry air you may notice leaf tips browning.|
|Propagation:||Propagation method for this species is by division. This is done when the plant has grown large enough to separate clumps of stems with roots. Until the new plant have new growth cover them with polythene to keep conditions warm and humid. Try to propagate when it's time for repotting.|
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CC-MAIN-2016-50
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http://www.houseplantsexpert.com/peacock-plant-calathea-makoyana.html
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| 0.934996 | 714 | 2.8125 | 3 | 1.354428 | 1 |
Basic reasoning
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Home & Hobbies
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In Dostoevsky’s Crime and Punishment, the character Svidrigailov gets a visit from the wife he has murdered. “You’ve forgotten to wind the dining room clock,” she tells him. Ghosts in Russia are not always so pragmatic. Some of them are quite frightening.
Some ghosts are part of traditional folklore. One of the most widely-distributed beliefs concerns the rusalka, which can be found in northern and southern Russia, the Ukraine, and Belorus. A rusalka is the ghost of a maiden who has drowned; it can also be the spirit of an anabaptized infant. The rusalka takes the form of a beautiful young woman with a pallid face, wearing a flowing white gown and draped with garlands of flowers, or sometimes it’s a mermaid that can walk on land. The rusalka stalks the fields, accosting young men and luring them to a river and into a beautiful underwater palace, where they drown. The rusalka likes to lure children into the river, too. The drowned victims are then forced to join the rusalka in their underwater dances. There is a story, though, about a peasant who caught a rusalka by tricking it into a magic circle and holding a cross over it. The peasant made the rusalka do chores around the farm, until it finally managed to escape.
Sometimes the rusalka spends most of its time out of the river. There is a story of a monastery in Murom in the eighteenth century. The monks became debauched and committed sins with the rusalka, until Heaven had had enough and caused the monastery to fall into the earth.
Until the 1930’s many Russians observed Rusalka Week, the first week in June. During this week, the rusalka was considered especially powerful, and no one dared go swimming. At the end of the week, the rusalka was driven away with the sign of the cross, garlic, incense, magic charms, and special songs. Then the river was considered safe again.
A little less scary traditional ghost is the domovoy. A domovoy is a household spirit that may live in the oven or near the fireplace, but never goes outside the house. The word “domovoy’ comes from the Russian for “house.’’ It takes the form of a hairy little man, or it my take the form of the house owner’s double. It guards the family and their possessions, and sometimes helps with household chores. Considerate families often leave milk and bread for their domovoy. But beware, it may play pranks like a poltergeist, especially if it’s teased or pestered, or if the family leaves the house in a mess. Beware, also, of domovoy from other households, which may come and do mischief.
People in Russia become ghosts much the same way they do in other cultures; they’ve died violently by murder or suicide or died too young. The Russian Orthodox Church believes that the spirit remains on earth for about forty days after death. Many people believe that a person whose life ends abruptly must remain a ghost until that natural life span is up. Some may stay around much longer. The ghost of Czar Paul the First, murdered in 1801, haunts Mikhailovsky Castle in St. Petersburg. And the sculptor Koslovsky, who died in 1802, knocks on the door of the Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg late at night. Sometimes he’s heard calling, “Let me in. I got cold and wet in my grave!”
One of the most haunted places in Russia is the ancient Kremlin, the scene of much terror and unhappiness. The ghost of Ivan the Terrible is seen walking on a bell tower, and his footsteps can be heard. He’s no doubt consumed with guilt over the many outrages he committed, which included killing his beloved only son. Ivan did not like his son’s wife, who was often lippy to him. One night, in a violent argument over the wife‘s behavior, Ivan clubbed the young man to death. He was immediately remorseful, and it’s said he was never the same after that, even giving up persecuting his enemies. Ivan’s ghost appeared to various czars, including the last czar, Nicholas the Second. His visits always portended disaster.
The ghost of Lenin was seen in the Kremlin in 1923, although he wasn’t dead yet. He was also not in Moscow when he was sighted. The ghost was walking very fast, although Lenin was ill at the time and could not walk at all without a cane. The apparition was observed by several people. Lenin died three months after this sighting.
When an area in the Kremlin goes cold, that’s said to be a sign that the ghost of Stalin is present. It’s believed that he’s not happy with the way things are going, and wishes he could run the old Soviet Union as he once did. A native of Georgia whose real name was Djugashvili (Stalin means “steel” in Russian) Stalin murdered his way to power in 1924 and ruled as an absolute despot until his death in 1953. He killed millions of Russians who he suspected of opposing him, and millions more died in his harsh labor camps. So if he’s not at rest, it’s not too surprising.
Many unknown souls wander the Kremlin, too, since part of it was built over an old cemetery. They’ve been seen as transparent wraiths, wearing shrouds.
Russia also has some superstitions that concern witches. An American visitor to Tula in 1883 described an incident he found incomprehensible. The women of a small village, finding that some of their cattle had died unexpectedly, determined that a witch was the cause. They decided to find out who it was by their traditional method. The women gathered at night wearing only slips, let their hair down, hitched a horse to a plow, and drove the horse around the village, plowing a circle. They followed the horse in a procession. Whoever crossed the circle was thought to be the witch, and most of the men in the village stayed sensibly in their homes. Unfortunately, one man who had probably had too much to drink wandered across the circle, and the women nearly beat him to death. The writer pointed out that, not only was the poor fellow beaten up, he also had the problem of proving that he was not a witch.
As in many cultures, Russians had a traditional belief in doubles, or doppelganger. The domovoy was sometimes a double of the master of the house. Lenin’s double was seen before his death. And Dostoevsky wrote a short novel called The Double, about a man plagued by his other self.
Russians also had a traditional belief in the evil eye. The word for it is “glaz,” which means “eye.”
Over the centuries, Russian culture has incorporated many elements. Ancient beliefs and long history make for good stories, and Russian ghosts and superstitions have provided them.
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en
| 0.981191 | 1,530 | 2.625 | 3 | 2.866448 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
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History
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Grease poses a big problem for your local sewers
Fats, oils and grease (FOG) accompany food preparation and cooking. In case of their improper disposal, when the homeowners pour them down the drains, FOG after the coagulation can plug your drain lines and eventually clog the local sewers.
Grease accumulation in sewers causes them to overflow. As a result you get damaged homes, businesses and the environment. Removing grease from your local sewers costs a significant amount of money every year. A lot of grease is produced by commercial kitchens and food courts, where grease traps are either too small or not properly installed/maintained.
What is a grease trap and how does it work?
Grease traps simply trap grease as their name presumes. A grease trap is usually located under the sink or other kitchen appliance and is connected to it. Baffles inside the grease trap slow the wastewater down which allows grease to separate and ascend to the surface. Then grease can be eliminated properly. If the trap is passive, it is cleaned by hand which is a dirty and smelly job. Electro‐mechanical grease traps require less manual assistance and are more efficient because collected FOG is automatically removed every day.
It is important to keep the following inspection list in mind when it comes to installing and maintaining grease traps.
- Proper capacity. If the grease traps are too small in size, they just can’t prevent some of the FOG from entering the sewer system. If they are too large, hydrogen sulfide gas can be created as a result, which may be converted into hydrochloric acid, which can dent metal and concrete structures downstream. Grease traps should be sized based on the combined flow rate of the connected fixtures, including the sink, dishwasher and sink drain.
- The presence of a flow-control valve. These T-shaped metal fittings regulate the rate of wastewater flow into the trap and protect against sudden gushes from the sink or other fixtures from overloading the system. When two or more sinks/fixtures are connected and served by one trap, a single flow-control valve can be used.
- The presence of an air intake for the flow-control valve. The flow-control valve must be accurately vented to allow air to mix with the fluid entering the trap to maintain proper pressure. A vent will prevent a vacuum forming inside the trap, a vacuum that usually causes water to enter the grease trap too fast.
- Appropriate clearance. Traps should be accessible for cleaning and inspection, no matter if they are located inside the kitchen, outside the building, or above/below ground.
- Adequate distance from fixtures. Inspectors and restaurant owners can refer to their authority having jurisdiction for local regulations concerning appropriate water temperature and the grease trap distance from fixtures.
- Intact construction of the trap. It should be crack-free in any part of the trap, including the baffles.
- Garbage disposal should not empty into the grease trap. Crushed food scraps will overload the grease trap and reduce its working operation. Solid food scraps will rot in the trap, producing foul smells and dirt.
- Water tightness. Underground grease interceptors must be watertight and crack-free to prevent the infiltration of groundwater or the leakage of grease into groundwater or public sewers. The lid should fit tight.
If you require professional help in this matter, you can always contact Brea/Orange County Plumbing Heating & Air Conditioning, a full-scale plumbing and heating contractor.
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CC-MAIN-2020-50
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https://www.ocplumber.com/commercial-grease-trap/
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en
| 0.930912 | 728 | 3.015625 | 3 | 2.233706 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
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Industrial
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The Pataleshwar Cave Temple (also called Panchaleshvara or Bamburde) is a rock-cut cave temple, carved out in the 8th century in the Rashtrakuta period.
The temple, made of basalt rock, is dedicated to the Hindu god Shiva. The sanctum - a cube-shaped room about 3-4 meters on each side - houses a linga - the symbol of Shiva and there are two smaller cells on each side. In front of the cave is a circular Nandi mandapa, its umbrella shaped canopy supported by massive square pillars. This mandapa is one of the peculiar structures of Pataleshwar.
The temple was left incomplete, possibly because of a fault line found at the back of the sanctum sanctorum, which made the further sculpting unsafe, or political upheaval resulting in loss of patronage. Still in use, the linga is anointed with ghee and yogurt. A brass temple bell hangs outside the basalt entryway.
God of the Underworld
Pataleshwar is one of the names of Lord Shiva. The word Pataleshwar literally means God of the Underworld. Entirely carved out in the hard rock, Pataleshwar really looks like a different world altogether. In the vicinity of this Shiva Temple you find a cave and hence it is known as the Pataleshwar Cave Temple.
Right in the Heart of City
This beautiful piece of work was carved out in the Rashtrakuta period in the eighth century AD. The temple now quite in the heart of the city was originally situated in the outskirts of the town. By and by with the increasing urbanization the frontiers of the city expanded and thus today we have the Pataleshwar temple on the city center JM Road (Jungli Maharaj Road).
The temple carved out of basalt rock is the holy shrine of Lord Shiva. The sanctum is a cube shaped room which is indeed a sturdy construction. The beautiful Shiva Linga inside has been the source of moral and spiritual support for thousands of devotees for centuries together. On each side of the sanctum there are two smaller cells.
A circular Nandimandapa with its umbrella shaped canopy is another beautiful construction. The massive square pillars of the Mandapa catch the attention of the lovers of art.
The temple is modeled on the Elephanta rock temple. The construction however remained incomplete as a rift was detected at the back of the sanctum.
The daily pooja of the Shiva Linga is a treat to watch. The priests anoint the linga with ghee and yogurt. The fragrance of the incense sticks and the pleasant sight of the beautifully decorated Shiva Linga make you forget your daily din of life.
A big temple bell made of brass hangs outside the entryway and adds to the grandeur of the temple.
Click here for Photo Features
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Moderate reasoning
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Religion
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Researchers developing robots capable of deceptive behavior
A robot deceives an enemy soldier by creating a false trail and hiding so that it will not be caught. While this sounds like a scene from one of the Terminator movies, it’s actually the scenario of an experiment conducted by researchers at the Georgia Institute of Technology as part of what is believed to be the first detailed examination of robot deception which is applied to robot-robot and human-robot interactions.
“We have developed algorithms that allow a robot to determine whether it should deceive a human or other intelligent machine and we have designed techniques that help the robot select the best deceptive strategy to reduce its chance of being discovered”, said Ronald Arkin, a Regents professor in the Georgia Tech School of Interactive Computing.
In the future, robots capable of deception may be valuable for several different areas, including military and search and rescue operations. A search and rescue robot may need to deceive in order to calm or receive cooperation from a panicking victim. Robots on the battlefield with the power of deception will be able to successfully hide and mislead the enemy to keep themselves and valuable information safe.
“Most social robots will probably rarely use deception, but it’s still an important tool in the robot’s interactive arsenal because robots that recognize the need for deception have advantages in terms of outcome compared to robots that do not recognize the need for deception”, said the study’s co-author, Alan Wagner, a research engineer at the Georgia Tech Research Institute.
For this study, the researchers focused on the actions, beliefs and communications of a robot attempting to hide from another robot to develop programs that successfully produced deceptive behavior. Their first step was to teach the deceiving robot how to recognize a situation that warranted the use of deception. Wagner and Arkin used interdependence theory and game theory to develop algorithms that tested the value of deception in a specific situation. A situation had to satisfy two key conditions to warrant deception – a conflict between the deceiving robot and the seeker, and the deceiver must benefit from the deception.
Once a situation was deemed to warrant deception, the robot carried out a deceptive act by providing a false communication to benefit itself. The technique developed by the Georgia Tech researchers based a robot’s deceptive action selection on its understanding of the individual robot it was attempting to deceive.
To test their algorithms, the researchers ran 20 hide-and-seek experiments with two autonomous robots. Colored markers were lined up along three potential pathways to locations where the robot could hide. The hider robot randomly selected a hiding location from the three location choices and moved toward that location, knocking down colored markers along the way. Once it reached a point past the markers, the robot changed course and hid in one of the other two locations. The presence or absence of standing markers indicated the hider’s location to the seeker robot.
The hider robots were able to deceive the seeker robots in 75 percent of the trials, with the failed experiments resulting from the hiding robot’s inability to knock over the correct markers to produce the desired deceptive communication.
“The experimental results weren’t perfect, but they demonstrated the learning and use of deception signals by real robots in a noisy environment”, said Wagner. “The results were also a preliminary indication that the techniques and algorithms described in the paper could be used to successfully produce deceptive behavior in a robot.”
While there may be advantages to creating robots with the capacity for deception, there are also ethical implications that need to be considered to ensure that these creations are consistent with the overall expectations and well-being of society.
“We have been concerned from the very beginning with the ethical implications related to the creation of robots capable of deception and we understand that there are beneficial and deleterious aspects”, explained Arkin. “We strongly encourage discussion about the appropriateness of deceptive robots to determine what, if any, regulations or guidelines should constrain the development of these systems.”
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<urn:uuid:66386a3b-602f-48e8-879f-bcc8c31ef530>
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CC-MAIN-2019-51
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http://www.robaid.com/robotics/researchers-developing-robots-capable-of-deceptive-behavior.htm
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en
| 0.947425 | 824 | 3.484375 | 3 | 3.085208 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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Nel fu indetto un concorso pubblico per la progettazione della cupola, o anche solo di macchine atte al sollevamento di pesi alle altezze mai raggiunte prima da una costruzione a voltacui parteciparono numerosi concorrenti. We also offer a guided Inferno walking tourwhich follows the footsteps of Robert and Sienna, as well as an an eBook with an audio version.
Arnolfo di Cambio was hired as the first architect of the church, construction of which began in or around It was not until Filippo Brunelleschi, one of the greatest Renaissance minds, devised a plan to build the dome around that the crossing was finally covered.
The height of the dome is His brick model, 4. Another difference between Santa Maria del Fiore and the Gothic churches to the north was the size of windows. Italian architects regarded Gothic flying buttresses as ugly makeshifts. Brunelleschi looked to the great dome of the Pantheon in Rome for solutions.
Furthermore, the use of buttresses was forbidden in Florence, as the style was favored by central Italy's traditional enemies to the north. It was replaced by an even larger one two years later.
Then, for 15 years, little progress was possible, due to alterations by several architects. On March 25,the Feast of the Annunciation, Pope Eugenius IV and an assembly of cardinals and bishops consecrated the finished cathedral to the tolling of bells and cheering of proud Florentines.
Michelangelo Buonarrotiwho was in town at the time, was of course asked the question. Nel il ritrovamento sotto Santa Reparata delle reliquie del venerato vescovo di Firenze, san Zanobidiede nuovo impeto alla costruzione.
The two men had been rivals sincewhen they had vied for another illustrious commission, the new bronze doors for the Florentine Baptistery.
The cross ties and rails were notched together and then covered with the bricks and mortar of the inner dome. The octagonal shape of the dome is definitely inspired by that of the Baptistry. We can also see how the revetment was carried over into the campanile bell tower which stands next to the cathedral.
Main Portal[ edit ] The three huge bronze doors date from to Cripta[ editar ] Se llevaron a cabo laboriosas excavaciones en la catedral entre y Santa Maria del Fiore, la cui costruzione fu progettata da Arnolfo di Cambio, è la terza chiesa del mondo (dopo San Pietro a Roma, San Paolo a Londra) e la più grande in Europa al momento della sua ultimazione nel ' è lunga metri, larga 90 alla crociera ed alta 90 metri dal pavimento all'apertura della lanterna.
Essa, terza e ultima. English: Santa Maria del Fiore is the cathedral of Florence. Italiano: Santa Maria del Fiore è il duomo di Firenze. Polski: Katedra Santa Maria del Fiore we Florencji. Nov 14, · Designed by Arnolfo di Cambio at the end of the 13th century, the Cathedral's trademark dome is now the symbol of Florence/5(K).
CombatCritic Gives Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore 10 Bombs Out Of 10 Entry to the saint Maria cathedral is free but it only opens from pm on Sundays.
Its striking feature is the duomo (a dome shaped structure or cupola) and you need to pay to climb up all the steps to the cupola/5(70). The Florence Cathedral (Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore) is the result of Filippo Brunelleschi’s highest expression of architectural vision.
Its dome is characteristic of a bold architectural design, and its achievement required great effort.
Santa Maria del Fiore, designed by Arnolfo di Cambio, is the third largest church in the world (after St. Peter's in Rome and St. Paul's in London) and was the largest church in Europe when it was completed in the 15 th century.
It is metres long, 90 metres wide at the crossing, and 90 metres high from the floor to the bottom of the lantern.Download
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<urn:uuid:4938cd49-9cfd-4fe2-8515-19c0a6b48838>
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CC-MAIN-2019-35
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https://jurizei.ltgov2018.com/santa-maria-del-fiore-22024ct.html
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en
| 0.864789 | 964 | 3.015625 | 3 | 2.44344 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
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History
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Among the ranks of history’s most iconic warships – the likes of HMS Victory, the USS Missouri, and the German dreadnought Bismarck – stands proudly the immortal Nemesis. The first iron-hulled warship in the East, it was employed with devastating effect in the First Opium War (1839–1841). Its debut was a milestone in naval technology and it played a starring role in a war that was a turning point for world history.
Magnificent in design and performance, the ship had a name to match. Nemesis! It hisses off the tongue with menace and beautiful simplicity – notice the lack of the HMS prefix (though the captain and the other top officers were from the navy, the ship belonged to the East India Company). The Royal Navy had some memorably named naval punishers – HMS Revenge, HMS Spiteful, HMS Vengeance, HMS Vindictive, HMS Spanker – but these sound rather too specific and hot-blooded in their passions. Nemesis was the Greek goddess of divine retribution, specifically retribution for the crime of arrogance before the gods (hubris), and it was a fitting name for the conflict because it was Chinese hubris (admittedly in the face of Western greed and arrogance) that sparked the war and prolonged it.
The Opium Wars have been well covered elsewhere so I’ll not go into details here. Similarly, Adrian G. Marshall’s Nemesis: The First Iron Warship and her World is the story of a ship and its place in time rather than just than an account of the war.
The Nemesis was built in Liverpool in 1839, and was the first steamship to sail out to the Orient under her own power. Because finding sufficient fuel was problematic, the standard practice was for steamships to be shipped out in parts and assembled in India.
Like a Toyota Prius – but a bit more exciting – the Nemesis was a hybrid, and she made most of the journey out under sail. She arrived off Macau in November 1840, after a journey of 243 days (of which 181 were spent at sea). At more than twenty thousand miles, this was the longest voyage ever completed by a steamship.
Although the ship had started out with an all-white crew, once in Asian waters some local men were employed. The cosmopolitan nature of the crew on such an important ship was a surprise (as were their wages). Talking about refueling and taking on new hands at Singapore, Marshall writes:
… four had ‘run’, so a number of new men – notably stokers – were engaged, Indians (‘lascars’), Chinese (‘Chinamen’) and Filipinos (‘Manila-men’), all paid at the same rate as Europeans; indeed from now on her stokers were nearly always Asians. The ship was also loaded with the maximum amount of coal that she could carry, 175 tons, enough for 15 days steaming. This took 20 coolies working all night and all day, paid a dollar (25p) for the night shift and half a dollar for the day, somewhat more than an Able Seaman was paid.
The book is full of such lovely detail. Needless-to-say, the ones about onboard beverages were of particular interest to me. The sailors enjoyed generous lashings of small beer (beer of one or – at most – two percent alcohol), black-strap (cheap red wine, diluted) or “grog” (diluted rum).
On ships of the Royal Navy a gallon
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<urn:uuid:5f91b45b-0fc4-4601-8faa-5a322d971dfc>
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CC-MAIN-2021-49
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http://bookish.asia/nemesis-first-iron-warship-world-%E2%80%A2-adrian-g-marshall/
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en
| 0.975845 | 740 | 3.109375 | 3 | 2.66816 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
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History
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PostgreSQL SQL Syntax and Use
The first two chapters explored the basics of the SQL language and looked at the data types supported by PostgreSQL. This chapter covers a variety of topics that should round out your knowledge of PostgreSQL.
We’ll start by looking at the rules that you have to follow when choosing names for tables, columns, indexes, and such. Next, you’ll see how to create, destroy, and view PostgreSQL databases. In Chapter 1, "Introduction to PostgreSQL and SQL," you created a few simple tables; in this chapter, you’ll learn all the details of the CREATE TABLE command. I’ll also talk about indexes. I’ll finish up by talking about transaction processing and locking. If you are familiar with Sybase, DB2, or Microsoft SQL Server, I think you’ll find that the locking model used by PostgreSQL is a refreshing change.
PostgreSQL Naming Rules
When you create an object in PostgreSQL, you give that object a name. Every table has a name, every column has a name, and so on. PostgreSQL uses a single data type to define all object names: the name type.
A value of type name is a string of 63 or fewer characters1. A name must start with a letter or an underscore; the rest of the string can contain letters, digits, and underscores.
If you examine the entry corresponding to name in the pg_type table, you will find that a name is really 64 characters long. Because the name type is used internally by the PostgreSQL engine, it is a null-terminated string. So, the maximum length of a name value is 63 characters. You can enter more than 63 characters for an object name, but PostgreSQL stores only the first 63 characters.
Both SQL and PostgreSQL reserve certain words and normally, you cannot use those words to name objects. Examples of reserved words are
ANALYZE BETWEEN CHARACTER INTEGER CREATE
You cannot create a table named INTEGER or a column named BETWEEN. A complete list of reserved words can be found in Appendix B of the PostgreSQL User’s Guide.
If you find that you need to create an object that does not meet these rules, you can enclose the name in double quotes. Wrapping a name in quotes creates a quoted identifier. For example, you could create a table whose name is "3.14159"—the double quotes are required, but are not actually a part of the name (that is, they are not stored and do not count against the 63-character limit). When you create an object whose name must be quoted, you have to include the quotes not only when you create the object, but every time you refer to that object. For example, to select from the table mentioned previously, you would have to write
SELECT filling, topping, crust FROM "3.14159";
Here are a few examples of both valid and invalid names:
my_table -- valid my_2nd_table -- valid échéanciers -- valid: accented and non-Latin letters are allowed "2nd_table" -- valid: quoted identifier "create table" -- valid: quoted identifier "1040Forms" -- valid: quoted identifier 2nd_table -- invalid: does not start with a letter or an underscore
Quoted names are case-sensitive. "1040Forms" and "1040FORMS" are two distinct names. Unquoted names are converted to lowercase, as shown here:
movies=# CREATE TABLE FOO( BAR INTEGER ); CREATE movies=# CREATE TABLE foo( BAR INTEGER ); ERROR: Relation ‘foo’ already exists movies=# \d List of relations Name | Type | Owner ------------------+-------+--------------- 1040FORMS | table | bruce 1040Forms | table | sheila customers | table | bruce foo | table | bruce rentals | table | bruce tapes | table | bruce (6 rows)
The names of all objects must be unique within some scope. Every database must have a unique name; the name of a schema must be unique within the scope of a single database, the name of a table must be unique within the scope of a single schema, and column names must be unique within a table. The name of an index must be unique within a database.
The Importance of the COMMENT Command
If you’ve been a programmer (or database developer) for more than, say, two days, you understand the importance of commenting your code. A comment helps new developers understand how your program (or database) is structured. It also helps you remember what you were thinking when you come back to work after a long weekend. If you’re writing procedural code (in C, Java, PL/pgSQL, or whatever language you prefer), you can intersperse comments directly into your code. If you’re creating objects in a PostgreSQL database, where do you store the comments? In the database, of course. The COMMENT command lets you associate a comment with just about any object that you can define in a PostgreSQL database. The syntax for the COMMENT command is very simple:
COMMENT ON object-type object-name IS comment-text;
where object-type and object-name are taken from the following:
DATABASE database-name SCHEMA schema-name TABLE table-name COLUMN table-name.column-name INDEX index-name DOMAIN domain-name TYPE data-type-name VIEW view-name CONSTRAINT constraint-name ON table-name SEQUENCE sequence-name TRIGGER trigger-name ON table-name
You can also define comments for other object types (functions, operators, rules, even languages), but the object types that we’ve shown here are the most common (see the PostgreSQL reference documentation for a complete list).
To add a comment to a table, for example, you would execute a command such as
COMMENT ON TABLE customers IS ‘List of active customers’;
You can only store one comment per object—if you COMMENT ON an object twice, the second comment replaces the first. To drop a comment, execute a COMMENT command, but specify NULL in place of the comment-text string, like this:
COMMENT ON TABLE customers IS NULL;
Once you have added a comment to an object, you can view the comment (in psql) using the command \dd object-name-pattern, like this:
movies=# \dd customers Object descriptions Schema | Name | Object | Description --------+-----------+--------+-------------------------- public | customers | table | List of active customers (1 row)
The \dd command will show you any commented object whose name matches the object-name-pattern. The \dd command will not show comments that you’ve assigned to a column within a table. To see column-related comments, use the command \d+ [table-name]. To see the comment assigned to each database, use the command \l+.
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<urn:uuid:f240eb93-2726-42dc-a6cc-06ca53e34287>
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CC-MAIN-2022-40
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https://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=409471&seqNum=4
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335573.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20221001070422-20221001100422-00353.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.833156 | 1,493 | 3.78125 | 4 | 1.917032 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
|
Software Dev.
|
People have been dreaming of flying cars since the very first day we realized that human flight was possible. We love cars, we love flying, we love traveling, and we love independence: all of those things are brought together in the idea of a car that we can fly or drive as the mood strikes us, and even take long journeys without the planning and expense of a commercial airline flight. Various forms of flying cars have been developed over the last century, and some of them were nearly successful. Don’t think that this is a forgotten dream, though – plenty of people would still like to see us all in Jetsons cars, and they may just get their way eventually. What follows isn’t an exhaustive list of every flying car ever designed – it’s an examination of where the idea began and where it may be headed.
Curtiss Autoplane: The First Flying Car
(image via: Aerofiles)
The very first working flying car prototype was built in 1917 by Glenn Curtiss. The Autoplane was a small craft at only 27 feet long, and could only carry a payload of 710 pounds. But the car with wings was an exciting development at the time, and Curtiss believed that it would soon become the personal transportation of everyone who could afford it. Sadly, the Autoplane never achieved sustained flight. It made a few hops, but it was destined to go down in history as the flying car that never really flew.
The Waterman Aerobile
(image via: BusinessWeek)
In 1933, the U.S. Air Commerce Bureau put a call out to aircraft designers to create an airplane design that would cost less than $700. The Flivver competition, as it was called, produced a few flying car designs. Among them was the Aerobile from Waldo Waterman. The curious vehicle looked and performed more like a car than its predecessor, with a Studebaker engine under the hood and a steering wheel in the cockpit. Unfortunately, being introduced in the middle of the Great Depression proved an insurmountable obstacle for the Aerobile; even though it was able to fly, it never caught on. Waldo Waterman continued to work on and improve the design, but it never gained flight certification or went into mass production.
The Fulton Airphibian
(image via: Smithsonian)
The next contender in the flying cars race was the Airphibian, designed by American inventor Robert Edison Fulton, Jr. in 1945. Fulton, a relative of steamboat inventor Robert Fulton, the Airphibian was the first flying car to get a conditional flight certification from the Civil Aviation Authority in 1950. It featured removable wings and tail, which Fulton boasted could be removed by just one person. The design, however, ran into the same troubles as most other flying cars: the heavy materials and technical requirements meant that it was clumsy in the air and sluggish on the ground. Although the design was technically successful, the company itself fell victim to financial woes and the Airphibian never went into production.
(image via: David Szondy)
If you think the other flying cars all look a little too much like airplanes, join the club. Industrial Designer Henry Dreyfuss decided to design an actual flying car in 1947, and the Convaircar was the result. It was, quite literally, a car that could fly. The car itself sported a lightweight fiberglass body and could seat four. The wings and engine/propeller snapped onto the top of the car, and when not in use were towed behind the car. The idea was well-received until the vehicle crashed during a test flight, killing the pilot/driver and scaring potential investors (and prospective customers) off.
Molt Taylor’s Aerocar
(images via: Ralph Carlson)
Molt Taylor’s Aerocar design is arguably the most famous of them all. Taylor was intrigued by the idea of flying cars, and he paid a visit to Robert Fulton, Jr., inventor of the Airphibian. Taylor believed that he could improve on the idea, so he set to work designing a roadable airplane/flying car that featured folding wings attached to a removable tail section. The Aerocar was made into a reality in 1949, and eventually six models were built. The design received CAA (what is now FAA) certification in 1956 and Taylor struck a deal for mass production. However, the deal came with the condition that at least 500 advance orders would have to be in place before production would begin; when Taylor couldn’t achieve that goal, the deal was scrapped. One of the original Aerocars, amazingly enough, is still flying.
Advanced Vehicle Engineers (AVE) Mizar
(image via: Smugmug)
Anyone who has ever driven a Ford Pinto can attest to the safety problems inherent in the car’s design. Seemingly unworried by that, an Oxnard, California company called Advanced Vehicle Engineers (or AVE) designed this bizarre hybrid consisting of a Ford Pinto with a removable flight assembly taken from a Cessna Skymaster. Built between 1971 and 1973, the Mizar was scheduled to go into production in 1974. AVE predicted that anyone would be able to buy their own flying car for as little as $18,300. Unfortunately, during a test flight on September 11, 1973, the right wing strut gave out during a flight test and the vehicle crashed, killing its inventor, Henry Smolinski, and the pilot, Harold Blake. Poor construction and faulty welds were blamed for the tragedy.
The Moller Skycar
(image via: Moller International)
Dr. Paul Moller has been working on his flying car design since 1962. It’s his goal to develop a safe roadable airplane that can also take-off and land vertically. It turns out this is even more challenging than it sounds, since Moller International has been at it for nearly 40 years. One model of the Skycar has successfully completed over 200 test flights since 1989. Their M400 Skycar, the latest model, is completely computer-controlled, so the pilot only has to decide which direction to move the controls in. The design wouldn’t replace a family car for everyday or long-distance driving, but it can to from flying to driving almost effortlessly.
(images via: Terrafugia)
Terrafugia is a newcomer to the world of flying cars, but their completed proof of concept vehicle looks immensely promising. Founded in 2006 by MIT engineers and MBAs, the company aims to deliver its first products to consumers in 2011. Their design, dubbed Transition, is decidedly modern, but vaguely reminiscent of the Aerocar. The wings are folded and unfolded from inside the cockpit, two people can fit inside, and when on the ground the vehicle gets about 30 miles to the gallon. Only time will tell if the Transition ever takes off, so to speak, but so far it looks promising.
The Future of Flying Cars/Roadable Airplanes
(image via: Aerocar 2000)
While flying cars have been little more than a dream for the last century, factors may be aligning that will finally allow the idea to flourish. The main obstacles to flying cars have typically been the weight of the materials, the ease of control, and the lack of infrastructure to support millions of cars zipping around in the air. Due to new, lighter, stronger materials, the concerns about weight have largely been eliminated. And due to computer systems which can automate a large part of the flight, that concern may soon be a thing of the past. But still, there is no established infrastructure to allow everyone to fly rather than drive. For the time being, treating flying cars as airplanes that can also drive seems to be the solution. Pilots will still require special licenses to drive them, and the vehicles will be subject to the same FAA regulations as light aircraft. So will we be flying to work anytime soon? It’s not likely. But with a little luck and some additional development, future fishing trips or holiday visits will be made simpler when we can just load the family up and drive, fly, then drive again to our destinations.
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<urn:uuid:c10d0b08-3d5b-4907-b291-fc2ce2f2b352>
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CC-MAIN-2020-10
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https://weburbanist.com/2010/01/22/drive-the-friendly-skies-the-history-and-future-of-flying-cars/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875144165.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20200219153707-20200219183707-00503.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.971553 | 1,697 | 3.015625 | 3 | 2.805179 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
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Transportation
|
Double Cropping Fall Rye for Extra Forage
Fall rye can be used as an excellent emergency forage crop, by seeding after early-fall harvested crops and making haylage, or by grazing in the spring. Because it is typically harvested in southern Ontario in mid-May, there are opportunities to include it in "double crop" systems to fill the gap in years when forage supplies are short. Seed as early as possible in September, apply nitrogen in the spring, and time harvest for nutrient quality needs. Do not confuse cereal rye (Secale cereale) with ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum or L. perenne), which are totally different grass species with quite different characteristics.
Fall rye is best known as a cover crop that prevents erosion and gives good weed suppression. Rye is very cold tolerant, the hardiest and most disease resistant of the winter cereals. Fall rye has an extensive fibrous root system, can scavenge nitrogen very effectively, and utilizes early spring moisture to grow rapidly. Fall rye is faster growing and earlier maturing in the spring than the other winter cereals, including wheat, barley and triticale. This enables an earlier forage harvest and more "double crop" options.
Fall rye grows well on lighter and low pH soils, but does not do well on poorly drained, heavier soils. Forage rye is higher yielding, but not as palatable as winter wheat. Rye matures rapidly at the flag-leaf, boot and early-heading stages, with significant reductions in forage quality. This can create the challenge of a very narrow harvest window, particularly if there are rain delays.
Double Crop Options
Farmers looking for extra forage can plant fall rye following the harvest of many crops, particularly corn silage. Forage rye harvested in mid-May can be followed by a late-planted crop, such as soybeans, edible beans, or a warm-season annual forage crop such as sorghum. Winter wheat heads later than fall rye, about June 5th, making forage wheat harvest too late to be followed by corn or soybeans. Decreased moisture in the soil profile following forage rye harvest can potentially have a negative effect on the yield of the following crop. It is essential to completely kill the rye with glyphosate or tillage to minimize shading and competition for moisture.
Rye is sometimes noted for having an "alleopathic effect" that suppresses the germination and growth of weeds and other crops. With most of the rye residue removed, alleopathy is a low risk in most forage rye situations. The possible exception may be with no-till corn on heavier soil types.
Fall rye is easy to establish and can be seeded from late summer to late fall. If harvest as silage the following May is planned, fall rye should be seeded in September, but later seedings can work on sandy soils. Early planting allows more time for tillering, higher forage yields, and slightly earlier forage harvest dates. Some growth going into winter is required for early spring growth and good yields. Seed is relatively inexpensive. Under good conditions, fall rye can be seeded at 110 kg/ha (100 lbs/ac), but the seeding rate can be increased up to 190 kg/ha (168 lbs/ac, 3 bu/ac) if the seed is broadcast rather than drilled, or if the seeding date is late.
Fall rye is best used to provide early-spring grazing, but can also be grazed into late fall. It is ready to graze early in the spring and growth is very rapid. To ensure that it does not get too mature, be prepared to move livestock frequently by strip grazing. Grazing rye on wet heavy clay soils in late-fall or early-spring is not recommended due to livestock "pugging" and compaction. If fall pasture is desired, fall rye should be seeded by August 15-30.
Nitrogen applied at 55 - 80 kg/ha (50 - 70 lbs/ac) in the spring at green-up will stimulate tillering and increase forage yield. Fall rye can be made into good stored feed by making it into silage, either in tower or bunk silos, piles, bags or as baleage. Fall rye cut at the desired stage is extremely difficult to dry sufficiently to be made into dry hay.
The timing of cutting is critical. Quality, palatability, and intake drop very quickly at the heading stage (faster than other cereals) so the optimum harvest window is very narrow. It is recommended to target harvesting forage rye at the flag-leaf or early-boot stage for high nutrient quality. Early-boot generally occurs May 10- 20 in southern Ontario. At this stage, a dry matter yield of 2 tonnes per acre or more is possible under good conditions.
There can be a very large range in forage quality with only a few days difference in harvest. At the early-boot stage (Zadok Stage 39 - ligule of the last leaf just visible), crude protein (CP) can approach up to 18% (depending on the amount of nitrogen applied), with Neutral Detergent Fibre (NDF) under 50%.
At the head-emerged stage (Zadok Stage 55), CP drops to the 13 - 14% range, while NDF increases to over 60%. This will likely be adequate for beef cows, heifers, and dry cows, but will not be high producing dairy cow or sheep quality.
When rye is cut later, at the early-dough stage, the yield may approach 3 tonnes per acre, but the quality, palatability and intake will be much lower. Delaying forage rye harvest past the boot stage because of bad weather or competing field crop activities is not very forgiving.
Winter triticale, a cross between rye and wheat, has been suggested by Tom Kilcer in New York State as being preferable in both forage yield and quality to either fall rye or winter wheat. His research indicates that winter triticale harvested at the flag-leaf stage (rather than boot-stage) can be very high quality feed for dairy cows. There is limited data evaluating the agronomics and nutrient quality of winter triticale in Ontario. Seed is difficult to source and more expensive than rye. Harvest of triticale will be slightly later than rye at the same stage of maturity, which may delay planting of the subsequent crop. While there is good potential for triticale as an Ontario forage crop, farmers interested in forage triticale may want to try rye as well and evaluate them in their own systems.
Seeding fall rye for forage can be an excellent, cheap source of additional feed. Seed as early as possible in September, apply nitrogen in the spring, and time harvest for nutrient quality needs. By double cropping, rye can fill the gap on years with short forage supplies, or be a regular part of the rotation.
For more information:
Toll Free: 1-877-424-1300
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<urn:uuid:3c5d4024-0fc7-4051-8363-d1e1da0091df>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-42
|
http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/facts/fallrye.htm
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637900160.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025820-00107-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.943967 | 1,462 | 3.015625 | 3 | 2.78696 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
|
Industrial
|
He was the leader of the group which issued illegal Latin American passports to persecuted Jews. Ładoś gave the group diplomatic protection.
Polish diplomat, journalist, and politician. His diplomatic career began in 1919. In 1920—1921 he was a secretary in the Polish delegation during peace talks with the Soviet Union, then he was the Polish representative in Latvia (1923—1926), and later the Polish Consul General in Munich (1927—1931). In the 1930s he took mainly to political journalism. Following the start of the war, he was a minister without portfolio in Władysław Sikorski’s government-in-exile from 3 October to 7 December 1939.
In 1940—1945 he was the Polish representative in Switzerland as the chargé d’affaires ad interim. He looked after Polish refugees as well as the interned soldiers of the 2nd Rifle Division. He was the leader of the group which issued illegal Latin American passports to persecuted Jews. Ładoś gave the group diplomatic protection. After the Swiss authorities discovered the passport campaign in 1943, he intervened with the Swiss Foreign Minister and helped to keep the operation quiet. He stayed in Switzerland after the war and moved to France in 1946. He returned to Poland in 1960 and died in Warsaw three years later.
THE ŁADOŚ GROUP
The Ładoś Group, also called the Bernese Group, comprised Polish diplomats, employees of the Polish embassy in Bern, and representatives of Jewish organizations cooperating with them. The group was led by the Polish embassy’s chargé d’affaires Aleksander Ładoś. In addition to him, three other Polish diplomats at the embassy were also members of the group: Stefan Ryniewicz, Konstanty Rokicki and Juliusz Kühl, as well as two activists from Jewish organizations in Switzerland: Abraham Silberschein and Chaim Eiss.
During the Second World War, the group illegally issued Latin American (mainly Paraguayan) passports. The operation was initially intended for Jews in the ghettos of occupied Poland, but over time the passports were sent to other countries such as the Netherlands. Issuing these passports to Jews greatly increased their chances of survival — the documents meant their bearers might be sent for internment instead of extermination. It is estimated that the group issued passports for up to 10,000 people.
fot. National Digital Archives
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<urn:uuid:dea818e4-8f26-49b4-b368-1fc2fcfcce43>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-35
|
https://instytutpileckiego.pl/en/medal/odznaczeni/aleksander-lados
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027318375.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20190823104239-20190823130239-00251.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.977319 | 510 | 3.3125 | 3 | 2.5345 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
|
History
|
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