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The Top 3 Challenges of Managing Chronic Conditions
Chronic conditions are defined as health problems that last a year or more, require ongoing medical attention and limit daily activities. According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, chronic conditions such as heart disease, asthma, arthritis, diabetes and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) affect about half of all adults.
Although each chronic condition has unique symptoms and treatments, the lifestyle challenges can be very similar. Primary care physicians are instrumental in helping patients address these challenges. However, many health systems and medical practices also are hiring specially trained nurses and social workers called community-based health managers (CBHM) to help patients manage their chronic conditions. CBHM services include:
- Coordinating care between primary care physicians, specialty physicians and hospital staff
- Assisting with medication management and ensuring medications are taken as directed
- Answering questions and clarifying care instructions
- Scheduling and prioritizing medical appointments
- Providing referrals for services such as nutrition counseling and support groups
- Identifying needs for home care, transportation and other services
These are the top challenges for people managing chronic health conditions—and how working with a primary care practitioner or CBHM can help.
Managing your medications and taking them properly
People who suffer from one or more chronic conditions typically need a few different medications to stay healthy and may see several different specialists. Multiple medications prescribed by different doctors can confuse patients about how and when to take their medications. This can result in taking improper or dangerous drug combinations.
Providing your primary care physician and CBHM with the most up-to-date medication information allows them to coordinate your care with other medical specialists and hospital staff. To ensure that medication is prescribed and managed properly, it’s important to review your medications with your primary care physicians and specialists at each visit and let them know about any changes.
If you’re admitted to the hospital for any reason, you or a loved one should tell the hospital staff about any medications you’re taking. This can prevent dangerous drug interactions and double dosing. This is especially important if you’re prescribed new medications in the hospital that you need to continue taking after you’re discharged.
Bringing your prescription bottles with you to each doctor or hospital visit is the easiest way to keep your healthcare team in the loop. However, you also can provide a written list of your medications and their dosages—just make sure it’s up to date. If you’re working with a CBHM, you also should provide their contact information to your specialist and hospital staff.
Most importantly, take medication exactly as prescribed and watch for any worrisome side effects. If you have questions about how or when to take your medication, notice new symptoms or don’t see an improvement in your condition within the expected timeframe, contact your primary care physician, CBHM or specialist right away.
Reducing your healthcare costs
Living with a chronic condition can be very expensive. Medications for conditions such as diabetes, asthma, COPD and heart disease are very costly—especially when there’s no generic medication available. In addition, insurance premiums and co-pays can add up because of the number of doctor visits and high hospital admission rates associated with chronic conditions.
Your primary care physician or CBHM can provide information about discount cards, coupons or need-based medication assistance programs to help lower the costs of your prescriptions. They also can recommend lower-cost medications or write the prescription so you can take advantage of mail-order pharmacy discounts.
By assisting you with scheduling doctor appointments, a CBHM can help you receive the right care and avoid costly hospital admissions, emergency room visits or duplicate treatments. And, your CBHM can help you determine what services and medications are covered by your insurance.
Helping you stay motivated to manage a chronic condition
Because chronic conditions are complicated and require lots of treatment, follow-up and medication, it’s easy to become overwhelmed, exhausted or discouraged. Your primary care physician or CBHM can help you stay motivated to work toward getting healthier.
Many chronic conditions can be managed—and sometimes even cured—by following a specific diet, maintaining a healthy weight, exercising and taking medication as directed. Your primary care physician will help you set health goals and your CBHM will follow up with you on your progress and help you take charge of your health.
When managing a chronic condition, it’s important to ask questions if you don’t understand something. The members of your health care team—including your primary care physician and CBHM—are committed to helping you understand your condition, follow your care plan and improve your health.
To find out more about how Virtua’s primary care providers can help you manage your chronic condition, call 1-888-VIRTUA-3.
Updated July 26, 2018
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Moderate reasoning
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Health
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For many years, the basic image I had of Jesus was that he was meek and mild, compassionate and understanding. His way of dealing with “jerks” was with “verbal-fencing”, and he seemed to win. Not a man of violence.
Then one day, I came across the Gospel reading (John 2:13-22) and was surprised. Jesus, with whip in hand, threw out the animal merchants and money changers from the Temple area. Besides, the Gospel tells us that Jesus overturned the table of the money-changers thus spilling the coins, and crying out “Take these things out of here, and stop making my Father’s house a marketplace.” What happened to the mild mannered Jesus?
Jesus was upset by what the animal sellers and money changers were doing in the Temple area, so his anger turned into action. The Gospel describes that: he made a whip, drove out the merchants, spilled the coins of the money changers by overturning the tables, and gave a reason for his actions. Genuine emotions became actions.
What can we learn from this? Above all, it would be well to maintain the same principle just mentioned: “Genuine emotions become actions.” What would this mean? Certainly, if we become aware of an injustice being perpetrated (genuine emotion), then that emotion should be turned into action.
However, there must be a crucial distinction regarding the emotion. Is it intellectual or motivational? In an “intellectual emotion” we become aware of an injustice, but do nothing. In a “motivational emotion” we become aware of an injustice and do something, as Jesus did in the above Gospel.
And yet, if we are dealing with a “motivational emotion,” our parameters of action should be guided by compassion and love. “Compassion” (from the Latin which means “To suffer with”) strongly suggests that we suffer with the person who is suffering. That kind of suffering sharing most certainly will lead into action.
“Love,” in reality, is a giving and not a taking. One readily remembers the Scripture saying, “God so loved the world that he gave his only begotten Son.” There are many examples of what people will do for others if they truly love them, for example, parents and children, spouses, and the list could go on.
So, the Gospel above is telling us about the importance of how genuine emotion should turn into action. We should be aware that our emotion is genuine if it is motivated by compassion and love, especially if we are confronted by injustice. May our Baptism help us to “suffer with” others so that we can actually help them.
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Strong reasoning
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Religion
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Just as there are remedies for people, there are so many natural ways to help plants. If you are growing edible ones like vegetables and herbs, it’s probably good practice to make use of natural ways to promote their health as what you give them may directly affect your own health.
- Chamomile can be used to prevent disease in seedlings (pint of boiling water poured over 2 ounces of chamomile flowers). You can use this solution to protect your seedling before they germinate as a large percentage of seedlings die very shortly after they grow or never grow at all. If the seeds are large enough you can immerse them in the solution and let them dry before you plant them. If they are too small, you can put the seeds in the soil and spray this solution on them before you cover them. If you're frustrated by lack of seedlings, this would be a good idea to do. This will protect the seedlings from disease.
- A natural way to stimulate new roots in plants is to use Willow shoots. Soaking them in a bucket of water can create a natural way to stimulate growth for your cuttings. It’s beats using chemical methods. (herbs for dummies).
- Peppermint tea has been known to repel bugs that are eating your healthy plants and making them sick. Make a spray or arrange Peppermint around other plants to repel bugs.
- Marigold tea repels bugs in your garden. Make a spray or put them around other plants to keep the bugs away. This works excellent if you want to put a border of marigolds to ward off the bugs from eating your plants.
- Banana peels are high in potassium and can ward off aphids as well as help fertilize new plants. To get rid of aphids cut small pieces and put in soil about an inch or two deep around affected garden. To use as a fertilizer, dry peels and grind up in your blender. Potassium and Phosphorus are the minerals that are in banana peels which will promote healthy plants. Why throw away something that can benefit them.
- Cooking two onions in a big pot of water and using it as a spray that caterpillars are eating, will chase them away. Let it sit for 24 hours and strain the onion peels out.
- Eggshells are a common natural health promoter for garden. Make sure you wash and crush them as tiny as possible. These are 100% calcium and are useful for all plants.
- Coffee grounds are only useful for those plants that love acidic soil. Some of those plants would be Azaleas, Rhododendrons, and Tomatoes.
- You can plant garlic or onion with any vegetable plants to keep the bugs away. Since garlic and onion are super strong, you should not put them too close to other plants.
- Baking soda can help prevent black spot fungus. You can make a spray solution by mixing 4 teaspoons to 1 gallon of water. It also can be used to neutralize the acidity in soil.
Amazon Price: $14.95 $8.14 Buy Now
(price as of Aug 18, 2013)
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Moderate reasoning
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Home & Hobbies
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Cooper, Andrew and Pilkey, OH (2004) Sea-level rise and shoreline retreat: time to abandon the Bruun Rule. GLOBAL AND PLANETARY CHANGE, 43 (3-4). pp. 157-171. [Journal article]
Full text not available from this repository.
In the face of a global rise in sea level, understanding the response of the shoreline to changes in sea level is a critical scientific goal to inform policy makers and managers. A body of scientific information exists that illustrates both the complexity of the linkages between sea-level rise and shoreline response, and the comparative lack of understanding of these linkages. In spite of the lack of understanding, many appraisals have been undertaken that employ a concept known as the ``Bruun Rule''. This is a simple two-dimensional model of shoreline response to rising sea level. The model has seen near global application since its original formulation in 1954. The concept provided an advance in understanding of the coastal system at the time of its first publication. It has, however, been superseded by numerous subsequent findings and is now invalid. Several assumptions behind the Braun Rule are known to be false and nowhere has the Braun Rule been adequately proven; on the contrary several studies disprove it in the field. No universally applicable model of shoreline retreat under sea-level rise has yet been developed. Despite this, the Bruun Rule is in widespread contemporary use at a global scale both as a management tool and as a scientific concept. The persistence of this concept beyond its original assumption base is attributed to the following factors: 1. Appeal of a simple, easy to use analytical model that is in widespread use. 2. Difficulty of determining the relative validity of `proofs' and `disproofs'. 3. Ease of application. 4. Positive advocacy by some scientists. 5. Application by other scientists without critical appraisal. 6. The simple numerical expression of the model. 7. Lack of easy alternatives. The Bruun Rule has no power for predicting shoreline behaviour under rising sea level and should be abandoned. It is a concept whose time has passed. The belief by policy makers that it offers a prediction of future shoreline position may well have stifled much-needed research into the coastal response to sea-level rise. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
|Item Type:||Journal article|
|Faculties and Schools:||Faculty of Life and Health Sciences|
Faculty of Life and Health Sciences > School of Geography and Environmental Sciences
|Research Institutes and Groups:||Environmental Sciences Research Institute|
Environmental Sciences Research Institute > Coastal Systems
|Deposited By:||Professor Andrew Cooper|
|Deposited On:||26 Nov 2009 12:19|
|Last Modified:||15 Jun 2011 10:17|
Repository Staff Only: item control page
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Strong reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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Climate change affects more than ice caps and endangered species. It is a reality that can affect your daily living conditions and expenses. Rising temperatures could increase your bills, induce flooding risks, and harm the quality of life in your apartment.
The impact is closer to home than you might think. However, understanding climate change and what it might mean for your apartment will help you adapt.
This article offers practical tips to mitigate the effects on your environment. Get started with us today because global warming is not a far-off problem. It is quickly becoming a local issue that you should address sooner rather than later, possibly with a highly-qualified real estate lawyer.
Understanding Climate Change and Its Impact
Climate change refers to significant alterations in global weather patterns and temperatures. Its primary causes are human activities, especially burning fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and gas. These energy sources create greenhouse gasses, particularly carbon dioxide and methane. They trap heat from the sun and cause the planet’s average temperature to rise.
The effects of climate change on a global scale are vast and multifaceted. Rising global temperatures are causing the polar ice caps to melt, resulting in rising sea levels that threaten coastal communities.
Additionally, climate change leads to more extreme and unpredictable weather patterns. For instance, we will continue to experience more frequent and severe heat waves, droughts, hurricanes, and rainfall. These changes can disrupt ecosystems, leading to loss of biodiversity and altering habitats.
Moreover, climate change impacts human society by affecting agriculture. It threatens food security and increases the risk of heat-related illnesses and vector-borne diseases.
Climate Change and Its Impacts on Urban Areas
Urban Heat Islands (UHIs) experience higher temperatures than their surrounding rural areas. Concrete and asphalt absorb and re-emit the sun’s heat more than natural landscapes. Additionally, tall buildings block wind, reducing airflow and heat dispersion. This phenomenon exacerbates heat in cities, and climate change intensifies the effect.
Rising sea levels pose another significant threat to urban areas, particularly in coastal regions. This expanding reality means a heightened risk of flooding, especially during storms.
Cities like Miami and New York already grapple with these issues. They have invested billions in sea defenses and other resilience measures. If sea-level rise continues unchecked, many more coastal cities could face similar challenges.
Last but not least, climate change significantly impacts air quality in urban areas. Warmer temperatures contribute to the formation of ground-level ozone or smog. Furthermore, changing weather patterns can lead to more stagnant air, trapping pollutants over cities.
Poor air quality worsens respiratory conditions like asthma and can lead to other health problems. Thus, mitigating climate change is essential for our immediate health and well-being.
What Does Climate Change Mean for My Apartment?
Higher temperatures in urban areas, especially those with UHI effects, increase the need for air conditioning. It may be wise to read up on environmental impact statements, and how they can affect real estate. This situation can lead to higher energy bills and more significant strain on the power grid. Also, prolonged exposure to high temperatures can pose health risks, such as heat exhaustion and heat stroke. High temperatures can also accelerate the deterioration of roofing materials and stress other structural elements.
This issue is especially prevalent in areas like Washington, and Oregon, where A/C is not necessarily commonplace. The pacific northwest, over the past few years especially, has dealt with a slew of issues related to heatwaves and climate change. Oftentimes, it’s renters who have the hardest time, as they are waiting on landlords to make costly adjustments that may never come.
Increased frequency and severity of flooding is a dangerous problem if you live on the coast, or in areas with heavy snowmelt and large rivers. Flooding can lead to extensive water damage to buildings, including structural damage to the foundation. In addition, there’s an increased risk of mold growth or other bacterial problems. These circumstances can contribute to problems for people with allergies or respiratory illnesses.
Finally, warmer temperatures associated with climate change can lead to increased pest activity. Many pests, such as insects and rodents, thrive in warmer conditions. As winters become milder and summers hotter, these pests may become more active and reproduce faster. Some even pose health risks, like ticks and mosquitoes, which can carry diseases.
How to Make Your Apartment More Climate Resilient
There are ways to lessen your contribution to climate change and adapt to its impacts. As a landlord, there are even 3 ways to establish a rental property, that could be considered climate friendly. Here are a few quick tips to improve the energy efficiency of your apartment:
- Request or buy energy-efficient appliances when it is time to replace them.
- Switch to LED lighting that uses less energy than traditional incandescent bulbs.
- Improve insulation to reduce the need for heating and cooling by maintaining a more consistent temperature. Even for renters, temporary solutions like weatherstripping or window film can make a big difference.
- Unplug electronics when not in use. Many electronics draw power even when off, a phenomenon known as phantom energy. Unplugging these devices or using a power strip with an on/off switch can reduce energy waste.
- Implore your landlord to make adjustments, and follow the science. There are possible legal implications of climate change for real estate owners.
Furthermore, consider how to prepare a property for more frequent and intense weather events. For example, invest in blackout curtains or shades for heatwaves. Keep a generous supply of water and monitor for signs of heat-related illnesses.
If you live in a flood-prone area, prepare an emergency kit. Include vital documents, medications, and non-perishable supplies. If you haven’t already, contact an insurer about flood damage coverage.
Adding plants to your apartment can have several additional benefits. They can act as natural air conditioners by releasing moisture through transpiration. They also improve indoor air quality by absorbing carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen. Some plants can even filter common indoor pollutants.
If you have a balcony, consider adding outdoor plants as well. Besides their cooling effect, they can provide shade and help mitigate urban heat island effects. Some beneficial plants include English Ivy, Spider Plant, and Snake Plant. Each of these is easy to care for and effective at improving air quality.
Finally, remember that taking each or any of these steps is a good way to sell yourself as a great tenant.
Talk to a Local Attorney About Your Legal Concerns
Climate change is a pressing issue that affects our daily lives in the places we call home. But remember, there’s power in our hands to mitigate these impacts and adapt. Now that you understand “what does climate change mean for my apartment”, every small step you take counts towards creating a more sustainable future.
This process could mean knowing your legal protections as a tenant in case of a climate-related disaster. Moreover, there could be local regulations your landlord has ignored.
There is no better time than today to take the next step. Ask us for a referral to a local real estate attorney to handle your landlord-tenant concerns.
You can send us a request online or call (866) 345-6784!
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Strong reasoning
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Home & Hobbies
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A Brief History of Environmentalism
Environmentalism is a broad philosophy and social movement regarding concerns for environmental conservation and restoration of the environment. Environmentalism can also be defined as a social movement that seeks to influence the political process by lobbying, activism, and education in order to protect ecosystems. Some would include protecting “natural resources” as an aim of environmentalism. This concept is due to our ethnocentrism. As a participant in ecosystems, we often focus on our personal ecology and health. We see ourselves as something either above, outside of or superior to the environment in which we eat, breathe, and take our being.
The modern environmental movement arose during the Industrial Revolution. Although a concern for environmental protection has recurred in diverse forms in different parts of the world and throughout history.
In the Middle East, the earliest known writings concerned with environmental pollution were Arabic medical treatises written during the “Arab Agricultural Revolution”, beginning in the 9th century, by writers such as Alkindus, Costa ben Luca, Rhazes, Ibn Al-Jazzar, al-Tamimi, al-Masihi, Avicenna, Ali ibn Ridwan, Isaac Israeli ben Solomon, Abd-el-latif, and Ibn al-Nafis. They were concerned with air contamination, water contamination, soil contamination, solid waste mishandling, and environmental assessments of certain localities.
One of the very first western civilization water pollution cases occurred in 1183 when the court of Chandlery banned the discharge of waste into the river Thames from a tanning factory. In 1272 King Edward I of England banned the burning of sea-coal by proclamation in London in 1272, after its smoke had become a problem.
The first large-scale, modern environmental laws came in the form of the British Alkali Acts, passed in 1863, to regulate the deleterious air pollution (gaseous hydrochloric acid) given off by the Leblanc process, used to produce soda ash. As such, modern environmentalism grew out of the amenity movement, which was a reaction to industrialization, the growth of cities, and worsening air and water pollution.
In the United States, the beginnings of an environmental movement can be traced as far back as 1739, when Benjamin Franklin and other Philadelphia residents, citing “public rights,” petitioned the Pennsylvania Assembly to stop waste dumping and remove tanneries from Philadelphia’s commercial district. The U.S. movement expanded in the 1800s, out of concerns for protecting native environments of the West, with individuals such as John Muir and Henry David Thoreau making key philosophical contributions. Thoreau was interested in peoples’ relationship with nature and studied this by living close to nature in a simple life. He published his experiences in the book, Walden, which argues that people should reconnect intimately with nature. Muir came to believe in nature’s inherent right, especially after spending time hiking in Yosemite Valley and studying both the ecology and geology. He successfully lobbied congress to form Yosemite National Park and went on to set up the Sierra Club. The conservationist principles as well as the belief in an inherent right of nature were to become the bedrock of modern environmentalism.
In the early 20th century, environmental ideas continued to grow in popularity and recognition. Efforts were starting to be made to save some wildlife, particularly the American Bison. The death of the last Passenger Pigeon as well as the endangerment of the American Bison helped to focus the minds of conservationists and popularize their concerns. Notably, the National Park Service was founded in 1916 by President Woodrow Wilson.
In 1949, A Sand County Almanac by Aldo Leopold was published. The Almanac espoused the concept that humankind should have moral respect for the environment and that it is unethical to harm it.
In 1962 Silent Spring by American biologist Rachel Carson was published. The book cataloged the environmental impacts of the indiscriminate spraying of DDT in the U.S. and questioned the logic of releasing large amounts of chemicals into the environment without fully understanding their effects on ecology or human health. The book suggested that DDT and other pesticides may cause cancer and that their agricultural use was a threat to wildlife, particularly birds. The resulting public concern lead to the creation of the United States Environmental Protection Agency in 1970, which subsequently banned the agricultural use of DDT in the U.S. in 1972. The book’s legacy was to produce a far greater awareness of environmental issues and interest into how people affect the environment. With this new interest in the environment came interest in problems such as air pollution and oil spills, which stimulated even more environmental awareness. At age 14, this was the book that set me on the path of environmentalism by shocking me into the awareness of how interconnected we all were on this very amazing but delicate planet.
In the 1970s, the Chipko movement was formed in India; influenced by Mahatma Gandhi, they set up peaceful resistance to deforestation by literally hugging trees (leading to the term “tree huggers”). Their peaceful methods of protest and slogan “ecology is permanent economy” were very influential.
By the mid-1970s, many were aware that humans were on the edge of environmental catastrophe. The Back-to-the-land movement started to form and ideas of environmental ethics joined with anti-Vietnam War sentiments and other political issues. In the 1970s most of the environmental protection laws we enjoy today were passed including the Endangered Species Act, Clean Water Act, Clean Air Act, etc.
In 1979, James Lovelock, a former NASA scientist, published Gaia: A new look at life on Earth, which resurrected and popularized the Gaia Hypothesis; that life on Earth can be understood as a single organism. This became an important part of the Deep Green ideology.
Today the environmental movement is a diverse scientific, social, and political movement. In general terms, environmentalists advocate the sustainability, protection and restoration of the natural environment through changes in public policy and individual behavior. In its recognition of humanity as a participant in ecosystems, the movement is centered around ecology, health, and human rights. Additionally, throughout history, the movement has been incorporated into religion. The movement is represented by a range of organizations, from the large to the grassroots, but representing a younger demographic than is common in other social movements. Due to its large membership with varying and strong beliefs, the movement is not entirely united. Indeed, some argue that an environmental ethic of at least some sort is so urgently needed in all quarters that the broader the better. Conversely, disunity can be a weakness in the face of strong opposition from unsympathetic political and industrial forces.
At River Watch we see protecting the environment first and foremost as a personal responsibility. Environmental problems are an inherent part of our industrialized civilization evident in both state socialist and capitalist societies, although this is not a necessary outcome. Our problem is that dominant political ideologies inevitably lead to consumerism, alienation from nature, and resource depletion.
Radical changes are needed in the psychological, economic and political operation of society in order to make it sustainable: a change in mind set; moving away from consumerism; distribution of wealth and resources; better economic designs; new technologies; and, more widely distributed social innovations.
We can neither shop nor protest our way to sustainability. We need community and a better understanding of who and what we are and how to reintegrate ourselves back into the natural order in such a manner that harmonizes our existence with the natural order.
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Strong reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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Dental and Oral Problem Patterns and Treatment Seeking Behavior of Geriatric Population
Bader K. AlZarea*
Identifiers and Pagination:Year: 2017
First Page: 230
Last Page: 236
Publisher Id: TODENTJ-11-230
Article History:Received Date: 03/01/2017
Revision Received Date: 01/03/2017
Acceptance Date: 28/03/2017
Electronic publication date: 28/04/2017
Collection year: 2017
open-access license: This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0), a copy of which is available at: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
The manifestations of oral changes and disorders affecting the geriatric population are different from the rest of the population. Inaccessibility to dental care is a compelling impediment to avail oral health services.
The aims were to assess the dental and oral problems and to find out the determinants of oral health seeking behaviour among elderly population of Al-Jouf province, Saudi Arabia.
The present cross sectional study included geriatric patients of 60 years and above, who visited the College of Dentistry, Al-Jouf University. A simple pre-structured questionnaire was filled by the patients, which comprised of demographic details and the different oral complaints of elderly and the type of health care utilized for those complaints.
Out of total 892 elderly persons included, 51.79% were males and 48.21 were females. The most common oral problem was missing tooth (78.69%) followed by gum problems (74.21%). 39.5% males and 28.0% females visited general dental practitioners for oral health care. Majority of the participants (32.8%) suggested accessibility as a basic factor in determining the health care source. The difference in the distribution of male and females or association between the type of care and gender and distribution for choosing a health care source was found to be statistically significant (p < 0.05).
Inaccessibility to dental care emerged as an important barrier to avail oral health services. Adequate access to medical and dental care can reduce premature morbidity and mortality, preserve function, and enhance overall quality of life.
Bureau of Health Profession defines “elderly” as “a population with health care conditions and needs, which differ significantly from those of younger people, which are often complicated by the physical, behavioral, and social changes associated with aging. This would include all persons over the age of 60 years, but may include slightly younger people who are subject to similar physical and/or mental conditions . Due to improvements in health technology and increase in life expectancy, a significant number of older people are becoming consumer of health resources . The manifestations of ill health in elderly people are distinct from the rest of the population. In a study conducted on health status and health seeking behavior of elderly persons (aged 65 years and above), in Dagoretti division, Nairobi Kenya, it was found that 40% suffered from dental problems . In another recent study conducted by World health organization in collaboration with the Government of India to find the health problems of elderly population (aged 60 years and above), it was found that a large proportion i.e., 32.6% (133/407) had dental problems apart from other medical problems like diabetes, hypertension and ischemic heart disease . These findings are sufficient to raise the question ‘Why the elderly population suffers from a significant percentage of medical and dental problems? This segment of population has certain physical and financial constraints that impede timely utilization of available health care services, like increased distance from health care provider, cost of treatment, transportation, long waiting time, not having medical insurance, etc [5, 6].
The proportion of Canadian adults aged ≥ 65 years who visited a dentist in the preceding 12 months was reported to be 41.1% in the 2000-01 Canadian Community Health Survey . Good oral health is known to be an integral part of general wellbeing and a contributory factor to the quality of life . But a patient considers several factors before he/she chooses and/or visits a dentist. These factors may be patient related/internal factors or service provider related/external factors. Another classification of such factors is that they may act as barriers or enablers in the utilization of dental services. A comprehensive list of such factors is the cost of treatment, location/accessibility of dental clinic, waiting hours, patients beliefs on dental health, competence/professionalism of dentist, ethnicity, education status of patient, previous dental experience, fear of dental treatment, functional and medical status of individual (those living in long term facilities), nature of dental complaint, lack of dental insurance, friendly clinic environment, etc [7-10]. Some authors have also divided these factors into predisposing factors, enabling factors and need based factors. Literature supports a number of articles incorporating these different factors to find out why elderly population does not use dental services often [1, 7,11-13]. Authors have reported that the main barrier for oral health care is the perceived need. Majority of elderly avoid dental visits because they do not see a need for treatment . The objective of the present study was to assess the dental and oral problems and to find out the determinants of oral health seeking behaviour among elderly population (60 years and above) of Aljouf province, Saudi Arabia.
In the present cross-sectional study, data were collected from patients attending the Out Patient Department (OPDs) of College of Dentistry, Al-Jouf University. Prior clearance was obtained from the institutional ethical committee. The study sample included geriatric patients who consented and belonged to the working age group of 60 years and above and who visited the OPD, for routine check-up, scaling, with complain of pain, for prosthesis. Non probability purposive sampling technique was used to induct patients in the study. A simple pre-structured questionnaire was filled by the patients in OPD which comprised 2 basic components. First component asked about their demographic data (Name, age, gender, education status, economic status and source of history and reliability of historian etc.) and the second component addressed the different oral complaints (Pain, mobility of teeth, halitosis, edentulism, difficulties in speech and mastication, soft tissue lesions, etc.) of elderly and the type of health care utilized (Scaling, restoration, extraction, prosthesis, etc.) for those complaints. They were also inquired about the factors that they considered important while choosing dental service (Nature of complaint, accessibility, cost, quality of service, previous experience). The responses to all the inquiries ranged from very high to very low. The questions asked were related to what patients would prefer while selecting a dental facility. Data was analyzed using SPSS and statistical analysis was done using the Chi-square test and was considered to be significant at 5% level of significance.
The distribution of elderly respondents according to age and gender is presented in Table 1. Out of the total 892 elderly persons, 51.79% were males and 48.21% were females. Furthermore, out of 460 males, a maximum of 134 (29%) male respondents belonged to the age group of 60-64 years and a minimum of 54 (11.7%) males belonged to >80 years of age group followed by other age groups. Similarly, out of 430 females, a maximum of 118 (27.4%) female respondents belonged to the age group of 60-64 years and a minimum of 38 (8.9%) belonged to >80 years of age group followed by other age groups.
Table 2 represents the distribution of elderly respondents according to different complaints. 81.2% of males reported missing tooth complaint as compared to 74.5% females. The difference was found to be statistically significant (Chi-square = 5.5602, p = 0.0180). A significant and higher percentage of males (68.3%) had gum problems when compared to females (63.9%) at 5% level of significance (Chi-square = 4.2265, p = 0.0400).
|Missing tooth||378 (81.2)||324 (74.5)||5.5602||0.0180*|
|Gum problems||352 (75.6)||310 (71.3)||4.2265||0.0400*|
|Tooth decay/Pain||318 (68.3)||278 (63.9)||1.7553||0.1852|
|Xerostomia||238 (51.1)||272 (62.5)||12.5382||0.0001*|
|Sensitivity in teeth||228 (49.0)||190 (43.7)||2.3861||0.1223|
|Fracture/broken tooth||202 (43.4)||162 (37.26)||3.3731||0.0663|
|Facial pain||99 (21.6)||157 (36.3)||24.7602||0.0001*|
|Soft tissue lesions in mouth||92 (19.7)||74 (17.0)||1.0753||0.3001|
A significant and higher percentage of females (62.5%) had xerostomia in comparison to males (51.1%) at 5% level of significance (Chi-square =12.5382, p = 0.0001). 21.6% of males reported to have facial pain in comparison to 36.3% in females. The difference was found to be statistically significant (Chi-square = 24.7602, p = 0.0001).
|Type of care utilized||Male||Female||Total|
|General dental practitioner||184 (39.5)||122 (28.0)||306 (33.7)|
|Dental specialist||108 (23.2)||86 (19.8)||194 (21.5)|
|Dental college||72 (15.5)||52 (12.0)||124 (13.8)|
|Self medication/OTC||36 (7.7)||66 (15.4)||102 (11.6)|
|Medical practitioner||40 (8.6)||28 (6.5)||68 (7.6)|
|Home remedies/Other system of medicine||22 (4.8)||76 (17.6)||98 (11.2)|
|Total||462 (100)||430 (100)||892 (100)|
Table 3 reveals that, out of 460 males, a maximum of 184 (39.5%) male respondents visited general dental practitioners and a minimum of 22 (4.8%) males were using home remedies/other system of medicine followed by other sources of care. Similarly, out of 430 females, a maximum of 122 (28.0%) female respondents were visiting general dental practitioner and a minimum of 28 (6.5%) were visiting medical practitioners followed by other sources of care. The difference in the distribution of male and females or association between the type of care and gender was found to be statistically significant (Chi-square = 57.9062, P = 0.0001) at 5% level of significance.
|Accessibility||138 (29.6)||156 (36.0)||294 (32.8)|
|Quality of service||122 (26.3)||104 (24.0)||226 (25.2)|
|Nature of complaint||76 (16.3)||46 (10.6)||122 (13.5)|
|Education status||42 (9.0)||82 (18.9)||124 (14.0)|
|Economic status||48 (10.3)||26 (6.0)||74 (8.1)|
|Previous experience||36 (7.7)||16 (3.7)||52 (5.7)|
|Total||462 (100)||430 (100)||892 (100)|
Determinants of health care seeking behavior among elderly respondents have been shown in Table 4. Out of 460 males, a maximum of 138 (29.6%) male respondents reported that accessibility was a prime factor in choosing the health care source and a minimum of 36 (7.7%) males revealed their previous experiences as determinant of health care seeking followed by other types of determinants. Similarly, out of 430 females, a maximum of 138 (29.6%) female respondents informed accessibility as a basic factor in determining the health care source and a minimum of 16 (3.7%) of females reported their previous experience as determinant of health care seeking behavior followed by other types of determinants. The difference of distribution of male and females is found to be statistically significant (Chi-square = 35.9473, P = 0.0001) at 5% level of significance.
Poor oral health can adversely affect the quality of life by lowering the level of psychosocial well being and life satisfaction particularly among elderly people [13, 14]. Older persons are at risk of chronic diseases of the mouth, like dental caries, periodontitis, tooth loss/edentulism, benign mucosal lesions, oral cancer, xerostomia, oral candidiasis (acute pseudomembranous candidiasis, denture stomatitis and angular cheilitis). Oral and general health are also linked, suggesting a relationship between periodontal disease and diabetes, cardiovascular disease, pneumonia, rheumatologic diseases, and wound healing [15, 16]. Many older persons are prone to tooth loss because of periodontal detachment, caries (especially root caries) and gingival recession exposing cementum. Tooth loss is directly associated with mastication and nutritional problems. A peak in the incidence of severe tooth loss has been reported at around 65 years of age . In the present study we recorded one or more missing teeth and not complete tooth loss/edentulism as increasing number of older persons are retaining some or all their teeth because of improvements in oral health care. In the present study we found that more number of males had missing tooth and gum problems (81.2% and 68.3% respectively) as compared to females (74.5% and 63.9% respectively). The results are similar to other studies which have reported that periodontal problems and tooth loss was high in males [18-20]. These authors have reported that greater periodontal destruction in males is because of more calculus, periodontal pocket and association with smoking, and later leads to loss of teeth. Reduced sensitivity of teeth with old age is due to receded pulp horns, pulp fibrosis, deposition of secondary or tertiary dentin, and decreased permeability of dentin. We recorded both root caries and coronal caries in tooth decay and found that gender distribution was not statistically significant. Mac Donald (2006) has reported that incidence of root caries in patients older than 60 years is twice that of 30 year olds . In a study conducted in China, the prevalence of root caries was found to be significantly higher (43.9%) in elderly as compared to middle aged population (13.1%) . In another reported study on very old persons 64% of persons older than 80 years had root caries, and up to 96% had coronal caries . Risk factors for caries in older people are decreased salivary flow rate, institutionalization, lack of routine dental care, low socioeconomic status and poor oral hygiene. Two oral problems which were found to be present more in females were xerostomia and facial pain. The different factors causing xerostomia in elderly are, hypofunction of salivary glands, medications (especially antihypertensives, antidepressants, and antipsychotics) and manifestation of systemic diseases like diabetes. Polypharmacy is also common in elderly people and if the medications are xerostomia inducing drugs then this may result in a significant reduction in salivary flow rate . In a study it was found that age, medication and female gender were significant risk factors for xerostomia . Elderly people with xerostomia and tooth loss may have reduced masticatory ability leading to malnutrition. Malnutrition acts as a risk factor for periodontal disease due to lowering of body’s immunity. In turn, periodontal disease increases the risk of root caries and further tooth loss completing this vicious cycle.
|Age groups||Male n (%)||Female n (%)||Total n (%)|
|60-64yrs||134 (29)||118 (27.4)||252 (28.3)|
|65-69 yrs||114 (24.7)||116 (27)||230 (25.8)|
|70-74 yrs||104 (22.5)||112 (26)||216 (24.2)|
|75-79 yrs||56 (12.1)||46 (10.7)||102 (11.4)|
|>80 yrs||54 (11.7)||38 (8.9)||92 (10.3)|
|Total||462 (100)||430 (100)||892 (100)|
Regarding consulting a doctor for oral complaints it was found that most elderly (39.5% males and 28% females) consulted a general dental practitioner, followed by dental specialist (23.2% males and 19.8% females). In a study to determine the rate of use of dental services by independently living older dentate and edentulous adults, out of 1751 participants 383 (21.9%) reported having visited a dentist in the past 6 months. The visitation rate for dentate seniors was significantly higher than that for edentulous . In another study 94% of the edentulous reported visiting only for pain or trouble compared to 26% of the dentate . Such low visitation of dentist by edentulous people actually decreases the overall rate. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends regular dental visits for persons aged greater than or equal to 65 years . It was found that visitation rates were higher for males compared to females and more number of females preferred home remedies comparatively in the present study. This may be due to males suffering from more oral complaints as compared to females hence likely to visit dentist often. Also females are found to be significantly more dentally anxious than their male counterparts which results in longer intervals between dental visits . Both males and females cited accessibility as major determinant factor followed by quality of services for seeking oral health care. Now inaccessibility covered both lack of transport services and non availability of a dentist. This is similar to other studies which also cited accessibility of a dental clinic as one of major factor for seeking/not seeking dental care [14, 26]. The functional and medical status of elderly makes them unable to go long distances to seek medical or dental care. But other studies found different factors which act as barriers like high cost of treatment, fear of dental care not having dental insurance and dental [12, 14, 15, 26, 27]. Lack of perceived need for oral care has often been cited as an important barrier to older adults receiving dental services [27, 28]. Many older adults accept chronic disease as an inevitable and even normal part of the aging process and hence see no need for treatment. A study has reported that poor self perceived oral health and relatively poor quality of life co-exist in the same subgroup of older adults . Previous dental experience was the last determinant for seeking oral health as older adults report less painful experiences for dental procedure.
The present research aimed to investigate the response of elderly people to dental and oral diseases and the reasons for that response. Inaccessibility to dental care emerged as an important barrier to avail oral health services. Majority of elderly subjects reported visiting private practitioners during illness due to easy accessibility. They also preferred good quality of service and did not consider economic status as a hindrance in the utilization of dental care.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The author confirms that this article content has no conflict of interest.
BKA conceived the study, performed the statistical analyses, drafted the manuscript, and participated in the design of the study, planning data analyses, collected the data, data interpretation read and approved the final manuscript and critically reviewed the manuscript.
ETHICS APPROVAL AND CONSENT TO PARTICIPATE
Ethical approval was obtained from College of Dentistry, Al-Jouf University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Informed written consent was obtained from all participants.
The authors would like to thank the participants of this study. The data of this study was gathered from the corresponding author on request.
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Strong reasoning
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Health
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Staying Socially Active: The Key to Preventing Falls and Enhancing Safety
As your loved ones age, staying socially active becomes increasingly important for maintaining overall well-being. Not only does socialization contribute to emotional and mental health, but it also plays a crucial role in fall prevention and ensuring safety within our homes. Let’s explore the foundations of staying socially active and its impact on preventing falls.
The Link Between Social Isolation and Falls
Several studies have highlighted the connection between social isolation and increased fall risks among older adults. The National Institute on Aging has found that social isolation and loneliness can lead to higher rates of high blood pressure, heart disease, and other health issues. By prioritizing social connections for your older loved ones, we can effectively reduce the risk of falls and promote better health outcomes.
Benefits of Staying Socially Active
Staying socially active promotes physical well-being by encouraging engagement in a range of activities. Whether it’s participating in group exercises, walking clubs, or outdoor adventures with friends, maintaining an active social life keeps us physically fit and agile.
Social interactions stimulate our minds, enhancing cognitive function and reducing the risk of cognitive decline. Engaging our loved ones in conversations, playing games, and participating in group activities challenge our brains, improving memory, attention, and problem-solving skills.
Socializing with your parents or grandparents provides emotional support, reduces feelings of loneliness, and boosts overall happiness. Sharing experiences, laughter, and companionship with others can significantly improve mental health and reduce the risk of depression and anxiety.
Being socially active allows us to be part of a community, fostering a sense of belonging and purpose. Attending events, volunteering, and joining clubs or organizations create opportunities for meaningful connections and contribute to personal fulfillment.
How Staying Socially Active Prevents Falls
Regular social interactions with our older loved ones help us stay more aware of our surroundings. Engaging in conversations allows us to share and learn about potential fall hazards, enabling us to take necessary precautions in our homes and communities.
Motivation for Physical Activity:
Socializing often involves engaging in physical activities together. Whether it’s going for walks, dancing, or participating in sports, these shared activities encourage regular exercise, which improves balance, strength, and coordination, reducing the risk of falls.
Home Safety Insights:
Socializing provides opportunities to visit other people’s homes and observe different safety measures they have implemented. This exposure allows us to gain valuable insights and ideas for making our own homes safer, such as installing grab bars, removing clutter, and improving lighting.
Having a strong social network means having a support system in place. In case of any health concerns or emergencies, knowing that there are people around who can assist or seek help becomes crucial in preventing further injuries from falls.
By recognizing the importance of staying socially active as get older, we can create a foundation for a healthier and safer lifestyle. Prioritizing social connections not only enriches our lives but also significantly reduces the risk of falls, allowing us to enjoy our golden years with.
Remember, building and maintaining social connections is an ongoing process. Seek out local community centers, clubs, senior centers, or even easy at home interactions like organizing a card game with dad or talking to your mom about what is going on in your life at the next family gathering. There are many public and personal opportunities for social engagement. Let’s embrace the power of socialization and create stronger, safer communities for ourselves and those around us.
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Strong reasoning
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Health
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A balanced diet and regular exercise are the keys to good health, but did you know these lifestyle habits can also help regulate your digestive tract? Good digestive health truly depends on how well you take care of yourself overall.
Digestive Tract Health: Eat the Right Diet
Not surprisingly, what you eat makes a huge difference in how efficiently your digestive tract works. "People eat a lot of junk — highly processed food with preservatives — which contributes significantly to maldigestion and irritable bowel," explains Francisco J. Marrero, MD, a gastroenterologist with the Digestive Disease Institute at the Cleveland Clinic.
Relying on vending machine fare, junk foods, and fast foods instead of fresh fruits, vegetables, and whole grains gets many of us into trouble. "People have fallen away from the very healthy, well-balanced, home-cooked meal. In general, people need to take stock of what they're putting in their bodies," notes Dr. Marrero.
For better digestive tract health, make these changes to your diet:
- Eat plenty of fiber; think fruit, vegetables, and whole grains.
- Eat three to five servings of fish each week.
- Choose lean cuts of meat and remove the skin from poultry.
- Stay well hydrated — water is best.
- Avoid high-fat, processed, and fried foods.
- Don't overeat at any one sitting; stick to smaller, more frequent meals throughout the day.
Digestive Tract Health: Maintain the Right Weight
Eating the right foods not only makes it easier for your body to digest meals and absorb nutrients, but it can also help you achieve a healthy body weight, another essential for good digestive tract health.
"People who maintain a healthy weight and exercise and keep themselves busy with constructive things have less trouble with their bowels," says Marrero.
Obesity, he notes, is linked to a number of digestive problems such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), hemorrhoids, and even esophageal cancer. "Losing weight or maintaining a healthy weight can prevent a lot of problems from happening down the road," Marrero adds.
Digestive Tract: Make Better Exercise and Lifestyle Choices
Getting regular exercise can keep your digestive tract healthy by warding off constipation and other problems such as weight gain and stress. Be sure to engage in at least 30 minutes of physical activity most days of the week.
Avoiding tobacco and minimizing your alcohol intake are also important for keeping your digestive tract running smoothly. "Smoking is so devastating to just about every system in your body," says Marrero. Protect your digestive tract by quitting smoking and avoiding secondhand smoke, since tobacco exposure has been linked to many conditions including heartburn, indigestion, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, and colon cancer.
Digestive Tract Health: Manage Stress
Stress can also play a big role in how well your digestive tract functions. "People should always find constructive ways to deal with their stress — having close family relationships, people to talk to, and things to do that are healthy and creative," Marrero notes.
Keeping stressful situations in perspective and maintaining positive outlets for stress relief is probably some of the best advice anybody can follow to protect both their digestive tract and overall health, Marrero says.
Return to the Digestive Health Awareness Center.
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Moderate reasoning
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Health
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When someone says “Black Lives Matter,” does that mean that all lives don’t matter? Does it mean that black lives matter more than all other lives? Must we choose between black lives and all lives?
I find a whole lot of unnecessary confusion in the white Christian community about the phrase “Black Lives Matter.” And I especially have a hard time with the response that I hear so often: all lives matter. It almost sounds like a cover for saying that black lives don’t really matter at all.
So in response to what I hear and read on the internet from my white friends and especially in response to the individual who stole all of our BLM signs from the UUMC lawn last Saturday, here are some reflections that I hope you’ll read and ponder.
In the Judeo-Christian tradition, all lives matter. That is ground zero of our faith. Every life is to be treated with the utmost dignity and respect. Every life is a life loved by God.
However, in both the Hebrew Bible and the Christian Bible, God shows a special preference for those on the margins. In the Hebrew Bible, God has partiality for the poor, widows and orphans. Does that mean that God loves the poor, the widow and the orphan more than God loves me? No. It does mean, however, that God has a special concern for them because they are especially vulnerable. And since we are attempting to follow God, we must have a special concern as well.
Imagine the God of the Hebrew Bible with a sign on her back that reads: Widows Matter! Would you want to remind God that all lives matter? Probably not. You already know the answer to that question.
For Jesus, it was a special concern for lepers, children and women, all of whom were held in varying degrees of contempt and low esteem in his day. Jesus helps us turn our attention away from the lives of the rich and famous, away from ourselves and our preoccupations with our families toward those who are left out, last and lost in our day.
In the 1970s in Latin America, liberation theologians coined the phrase “God’s preferential option for the poor” to understand God’s special concern for the poor and the oppressed. John Wesley, founder of the Methodist movement, actually took this preferential option to heart long before it was formulated. His diaries and letters are full of his ministry with and for the poor in 18th century England. Wesley was quite clear that the church would rise or fall by how it ministered to the poor.
Picture Father John with a sign that reads: Poor Lives Matter! In other words, pay attention to the poor. They need you and you need them. And you will find God there.
All of which leads me to reckon that “Black Lives Matter” fits squarely within the Judeo-Christian tradition and ought to be embraced by those who seek to follow Christ and his concern for the most vulnerable among us.
To recap: in our tradition, we have a deep concern for all of God’s children. In practice, that deep concern moves us toward the ones who are hurting. A theology of “Black Lives Matter” means that in following God, we have an enduring concern in our own time for black young men and women whose lives are under assault, who are systemically and unjustly devalued and discriminated against. We see the most visible examples of these inequities in police shootings of young, unarmed African-American men and in the mass incarceration of young men of color.
So picture Jesus with a sign that reads: Black Lives Matter.
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Strong reasoning
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Religion
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Why Do Cats Purr?
by Josh L Davis
Photo credit: Cats purrs are suggested to help them heal. AC Manley/Shutterstock.
Curling up with a cat and its soothing melodic purring is most cat lovers’ idea of heaven. But how do they actually manage that continuous, comforting purr?
Cats were initially divided into two groups, those that can’t purr but can roar (lions, tigers, leopards, snow leopards and clouded leopards), and those that can’t roar but can purr (domestic cats, along with all other smaller cats, such as cheetahs, lynx and pumas).
This was based on the observation that the “big” cats only have a partially ossified (bony) hyoid in the larynx, and the “small” cats have a fully ossified hyoid bone. The hyoid is effectively the structural support for the tongue and upper vocal tract. This, it was speculated, is what allowed some to roar but not others, but this is now questioned, and it’s suggested that roaring is actually a result of other morphological features.
The best guess so far of how kitties manage their pleasing purring is the intermittent contracting of their laryngeal and diaphragmatic muscles, which also allows them to purr on both the inhale and the exhale. This is backed up by evidence that shows that cats with paralyzed laryngeal muscles cannot purr. But how they start this is still unknown; we don’t know whether they actively make the decision to start purring, or if it is an involuntary reaction.
Why they do it is not so straight forward either. Many might think that a purring cat is a happy cat, but this is not always the case. We might assume that purring is an expression of pleasure, especially when they do it at their kittens, or while you’re stroking them, but cats have been observed purring in all sorts of situations, including when under stress or injured.
When investigating how cats purr, scientists have discovered that cats tend to make the noise at a frequency between 25 and 150 Hertz. This low pitched vocalization is generally associated with “friendly” contexts, such as nursing and grooming, but it might have another, more interesting function. Vibrations in the body have been shown to promote healing.
This raises the fascinating possibility that purring is actually a way for cats to heal themselves. While ultrasound has been shown to accelerate skin healing, and high frequency vibration training increases muscle power, some suggest that a cat’s purring can help to increase its bone density. This would fit the idea that athletes have denser bones on average as a result of vibrations when their feet hit the floor during exercise.
With such sedentary life styles, it might actually make sense that cats would need to increase healing and bone density while effectively lounging around for most of the day. It would also explain why cats purr when sick or injured.
But in the same way that laughter in humans has many different uses, depending entirely on the context, it’s also probably true with cats and purring. For example, purring is also used by them to “exploit” humans in order to get attention and food. One study found that some even start purring at the same frequency to a human baby’s cry, in what’s been called a “soliciting purr,” and only stop when they get what they want.
So super-healing feline or expert manipulator, the science behind your cat’s yowling is still up for debate.
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Strong reasoning
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Health
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Veterans are a blessing if they are found in any society. As they have served their lives for the nation. Time people spent in enjoyment is the time that Veterans spent sacrificing for their homeland. So to look after their health should be our ultimate desire. The health of Veterans is significant, and it should be in the mind of every nation that if they need to be successful, they need to respect their Veterans. Mostly if we see the social health issues of Veterans are not resolved, in fact, they suffer while going in older ages. Sometimes they face issues regarding behavioral health. Many times it is seen that they get the appointments and spend months in wait for those dates, such delays may lead to the extension of diseases in them. e.g. If a Veteran faces a vascular issue and his appointment is delayed. This may result in some serious blockage that cannot be sought out later. As a consequence of this is that part of the body may be cut from the body. Such type of injuries that cannot be seen with the naked eye or are not visible is known as Post Traumatic Stress Disorder written in short as PTSD. This may lead to tension and sorrow. Like if a leg of a Veteran is dislocated from a body. He will surely be tensed. This pressure will result in suicide. Such cases are seen in the World. Mostly when they are not dealt with well, they think they cannot be well. Thus they believe that life is of no use to them.
Best people of the nation are once selected to serve the country. As they are the best, they served a lot of the country. Thus it is their first right of them to get the best medical facilities. Once best for the nation is very important for the country. They do many extraordinary tasks and the best things. These are the tasks that no ordinary man can even think to do. Thus if they have served such, it is their right to get the best facility when they need it. Armed forces officers are selected for the commission like they picked the best person among all. In some countries, people to decide had such a mindset that they choose the best person. The best person to whom they can give the hand of their daughter. When they think someone best up to that criteria only then do they select him. So such people are said as the cream of society. Such a cream of society in its life after retirement deserves the best medical facilities. Even if one says, they deserve more it is not wrong. They had served the country for the whole of their life in reward of that if they ask for a medical facility it is the right of that armed force retired person.
Some questions come to our mind while writing on issues of veterans.
Why are these medical services so essential for veterans? How can we improve their conditions such that fewer problems are seen in former combatants?
The answer to these questions is that, yes these medical services are essential for veterans they are also human. While serving the country most of them face any injury, some face diseases some lose any body part in any war. Thus they are medical patients for the rest of their life. As long as not retired, they use government facilities. But when retired they are old weak issues in the body increase; some problems may come due to old age. Thus one can say medical services are very essential for veterans. Conditions of them can be improved by giving them trust, making them proud, and taking them as members of our society. We should not point them individually. Thus it can increase their output physically and mentally also. They should be realized that society takes care of them. It should be made clear that all medical facilities will be provided to them at any cost. Proper care should be given to them.
If we see the mental health of people, we will see that the mental health of veterans is feeble in comparison to others. The suicide rate in veterans is very high as compare to others. An American website had done the research, and as a result, approximately 43 thousand people had committed suicide each year. Out of them, nearly 22% are veterans. Many such authorities say that all facilities are provided to veterans. But in reality, fewer services are provided. Many reasons are seen due to which they didn’t get the proper facilities. Veterans suffering from PSTD-like issues are not mostly dealt with appropriately. So such people are seen doing suicide more as compared to the rest of the individuals. As their appointments are more waiting thus, they suffer more and such depression leads them to death. Some live far away from doctors. They are at places where it takes many hours to come to the physician. Thus hesitate in coming. So their condition of them gets worse. This leads to depression. This depression may lead them to death. This condition occurs at a time when no one takes care of the veterans. They feel hopeless. This situation is dangerous for any person. Americans need to find out a way for the veterans. A rule should be defined for them and policies should be made. Such policies should be implemented. This is the only way by which suicides can be stopped, inexperienced people. Otherwise, it is dangerous for youth to see them joining the armed forces. It is a full stop to the future of the best people of the nation.
Mainly to overcome all this a campaign should be launched on national and international levels. Each person should be given proper education and told that these are the ways that can be worked and done to be successful in society. The significant role is here of stakeholders. Stakeholders need to take their part. Without stakeholders, just authorities can just make promises, but nothing can be done on the ground base level. American officials are the ones who are not even liked in their own country. How they can try to educate people when they had no respect in their hearts? American societies should be given funds, and the system should maintain appropriate checks and balances. If this is done with pure heart, there is no way that we see a significant change in the suicides seen among veterans. They are also humans, when are not dealt with appropriately, left all alone, or not guided properly they will think that this is what they are getting back in reward for all of their services. Thus they will be in depression for sure. This depression can lead a normal person to death. Thus to get the best facilities is the right of an army person.
A report was published that tells us that $200 million was spent on 100 veterans’ deaths. Instead, if this money is devoted to giving facilities to them, no such issues can be seen in society. Stakeholders should remain private as private firms and try to find out ways to give the veterans on an individual basis by this way they can receive proper treatment, and in this way only we can decrease the rate of suicides in society. Stakeholders should come up with real plans they should make private clinics and arrange individual doctors to arrange treatments for all people, but in such places, veterans are checked and dealt with quickly and in an emergency. By coming up with such things, we can bring the factor of trust and pride among the veterans. This factor is when present among the veterans we may see a proper change in feelings and stance of former combatants. The death ratio or suicide due to depression may also be less than.
This is the only issue that can be used to give proper facilities and respect to veterans. We should not point out veterans individually. They should be given equal rights and respect for ordinary people. They should be allowed to get medical facilities from private doctors also. Sometimes as they live in faraway areas where it is complicated for them to get regular services on time. As government doctors are not always present in some places which are far away from cities. For this budget, the issue is another fundamental issue for veterans if they are to check in private firms. Thus government and stakeholders should think to pay the private doctors and fields for the veterans.
Special tours should be made in the far apart areas. If we see armed forces people are mostly from far away areas instead of the cities. So when they retired they go back to their homelands. Thus a particular team should be made who may go on proper tours to check in such areas. Mostly in our society, such facilities are in cities where some veterans are. Instead, these services should be provided in far away areas. Every main town and its surroundings should have its team. That team should be responsible for looking after the veterans. A Proper system to see their results and their outcomes should be on the record. Such teams should be awarded and penalized after seeing the individual results. If such strict measures are taken only then, can be able to solve these issues. People are given trust and seeing such teams working efficiently trust of local veterans can be brought back to medical facilities. When trust is paid back most of the depression of the people is finished. It is the game of trust. If faith is brought in people all is well while in the other case all of your hard work can go in vain. When veterans feel trust in the medical facilities, 20% of depression ends. While in normal nowadays they are depressed as they think they can never get medical services. That may add extra tension to them.
So one can say that veterans should be given full confidence instead of being ignored. They should be reminded of all the sacrifices they had made for the country and said it is their right to get the proper facilities. As they are the best people in society, so they needed to be given confidence and asked to avail of all medical services. If they avail all medical services, it is damn sure that we will see healthy veteran people. Don’t ever make them feel that they are away or not in society. Always get them to feel that they are our society. Veterans are people with the best qualities to serve a country. They had spent most of their lives dealing with international issues thus they can find out ways to solve many problems and get people to one point of view easily. They had the ability to lead. They had served the people. Thus they should be given confidence and told that they could control the people very quickly. As they had once served the country thus, they should get a full hand. Their good works and hardships should be praised. This is the only way in which we can have them happy, and by this only they will be seen as happy. The rate of suicide will also be less in society.
To sum up, if veterans are respected country will be fortunate because the nations who recognize their legends can go forward very quickly. While if veterans are not dealt with properly trend of people coming into the forces will decrease. This will bring less qualified people into the forces. Thus less qualified people will affect the advancement of a country in a positive aspect. These Soldiers have spent life just for the happiness of we people thus they should be respected. Ordinary citizens don’t even know where they have spent their life in their country. Sometimes they lose some of their body parts fighting for their country. The rest of their whole life is spent without that part. So these soldiers should be respected. Veterans should be recognized. As they have done for the country that ordinary people can’t even think. For all these hardships seen and faced in life, it is right of a veteran to enjoy his later life or at least to be given many facilities.
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Strong reasoning
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Health
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Ask the average person about the blockchain, and you’d be lucky if one in ten could tell you – even in vague terms – how the technology works, or even what it is. Buzzwords like Bitcoin will probably be uttered, but aside from cryptocurrencies, understanding of practical uses for blockchain technology has yet to hit the mainstream.
However, the hype surrounding blockchain technology is well-founded, and no single network holds more promise than the Ethereum blockchain. Several companies have already built their operations on top of the Ethereum blockchain, including Internet of Things security startups, manufacturing automation specialists, and big fish such as IBM and Samsung.
Industries where interactions between parties face the risks posed by human error and/or bad faith are ripe for the Ethereum blockchain’s capabilities, which include self-executing smart contracts. Ethereum is also effective in assigning ownership to digital assets, and ensuring that those assets aren’t tampered with or illegally duplicated.
This assignation of unique identifiers upon the immutable record provides assurances for publishers of valuable information. IP protection is invaluable in the drug discovery process, making the Ethereum blockchain a logical choice for Innoplexus as they developed their updated iPlexus platform.
iPlexus: A Secure Research Database Built on the Ethereum Blockchain
Established in 2011, Innoplexus has established themselves as the premier AI and Big Data innovator for pharmaceutical companies. They’ve deepened their footprint in the healthcare and tech industries by establishing iPlexus, a database that uses AI and machine learning to provide a broad, searchable store of information for pharmaceutical researchers.
“Innoplexus has always been about driving innovation for the benefit of the patient. AI, blockchain, and other technologies are only valuable insofar as they solve real problems, and in pharma, solving these problems often means saving lives,” Innoplexus founder Gunjan Bhardwaj said.
They encourage researchers to upload findings from unpublished experiments, which often contain insights that may be of value to other researchers. Such experiments also serve as a pseudo-manual for ‘what not to do’, reducing the number of duplicate experiments that drive up R&D costs. When Innoplexus was pursuing an update to the iPlexus platform, it became apparent that the Ethereum blockchain could provide the security features required by the database’s sensitive contents.
The iPlexus server brings together those in the Pharma research community, granting them shareable licenses when they upload their findings, both published and unpublished, to the platform. Published data, unpublished data, restricted data, enterprise data, and third party subscribed data is all organized and appraised using guidance valuation by iPlexus’ AI and machine learning algorithms. Exclusive and sharing licenses can then be purchased by interested users, with the uploader receiving compensation in return.
The security of this system has now been strengthened by the Ethereum blockchain update. First, a user uploads their file data into the Inter Planetary File System (IPFS), where authorship is established through an immutable timestamp, a unique haschcode, and an authorship ID. The iPlexus platform receives only metadata which imparts critical information about the files, with the entirety of a study being transferred only after a license is purchased and granted. The Ethereum blockchain also handles the storing of the license transfer transaction to ensure immutability.
The Ethereum Blockchain is Uniquely Suited to iPlexus’ Security Needs
The iPlexus platform has garnered increasing popularity over its three-year existence, but the Innoplexus team is perpetually scheming about how to improve their systems using the latest technologies. No blockchain has proven more readily adaptable than Ethereum, prevailing as the blockchain of choice for applications across industry lines.
“Blockchain is a natural fit for pharma, where data security and data transparency are equally important for innovation,” Bhardwaj added.
The Ethereum chain has proven virtually impervious to hacking and second-to-none in its ability to establish ownership rights for digital assets which are tamper-proof and completely trustworthy. Additionally, the Ethereum blockchain’s capacity to conduct the licensing transactions which are a primary feature of the iPlexus platform exhibits yet another reason why Innoplexus chose to build their latest update upon the Ethereum network.
The iPlexus platform provides an invaluable service for what is perhaps the most important industry – drug discovery. It’s a one-of-a-kind platform where those in the Pharam space can come to peruse and search a trove of information they could not otherwise access, but that information must be governed by strict licensing rights and security measures. The imperative that this information remain available, as well as the caveat that it must be secured with lock-tight licensing restrictions, may seem antithetical. But, through intelligent application of the latest blockchain update, Innoplexus has positioned their iPlexus platform to fulfill both needs, and in doing so, further contributing to lower R&D overhead that will ultimately contribute to lower drug costs.
“More sharing of insights and data means more creative research, more successful clinical trials, and faster innovation. The end result is more effective, less expensive drugs for consumers,” Bhardwaj said.
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Strong reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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Simple Vector Addition
Remember that vectors are mathematical objects just like numbers on a number line: they can be added, subtracted, multiplied, and divided. Addition is perhaps the easiest vector operation to visualize, so we'll begin with that. If vectors with common angles are added, their magnitudes (lengths) add up just like regular scalar quantities: (Figure below).
Similarly, if AC voltage sources with the same phase angle are connected together in series, their voltages add just as you might expect with DC batteries: (Figure below).
Please note the (+) and (-) polarity marks next to the leads of the two AC sources. Even though we know AC doesn't have “polarity” in the same sense that DC does, these marks are essential to knowing how to reference the given phase angles of the voltages. This will become more apparent in the next example.
If vectors directly opposing each other (180o out of phase) are added together, their magnitudes (lengths) subtract just like positive and negative scalar quantities subtract when added: (Figure below).
Similarly, if opposing AC voltage sources are connected in series, their voltages subtract as you might expect with DC batteries connected in an opposing fashion: (Figure below).
Determining whether or not these voltage sources are opposing each other requires an examination of their polarity markings and their phase angles. Notice how the polarity markings in the above diagram seem to indicate additive voltages (from left to right, we see - and + on the 6 volt source, - and + on the 8 volt source). Even though these polarity markings would normally indicate an additive effect in a DC circuit (the two voltages working together to produce a greater total voltage), in this AC circuit they're actually pushing in opposite directions because one of those voltages has a phase angle of 0o and the other a phase angle of 180o. The result, of course, is a total voltage of 2 volts.
We could have just as well shown the opposing voltages subtracting in series like this: (Figure below<).
Note how the polarities appear to be opposed to each other now, due to the reversal of wire connections on the 8 volt source. Since both sources are described as having equal phase angles (0o), they truly are opposed to one another, and the overall effect is the same as the former scenario with “additive” polarities and differing phase angles: a total voltage of only 2 volts. (Figure below).
The resultant voltage can be expressed in two different ways: 2 volts at 180o with the (-) symbol on the left and the (+) symbol on the right, or 2 volts at 0o with the (+) symbol on the left and the (-) symbol on the right. A reversal of wires from an AC voltage source is the same as phase-shifting that source by 180o. (Figure below).
Lessons In Electric Circuits copyright (C) 2000-2020 Tony R. Kuphaldt, under the terms and conditions of the CC BY License.
See the Design Science License (Appendix 3) for details regarding copying and distribution.
Revised July 25, 2007
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Strong reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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Detail from the cover of 'Seize the Daylight'
Always practical, Benjamin Franklin first called for the government to tinker with clock hours in the 1780s. But it wasn't until World War I that the United States finally adopted daylight-saving time as a way to get more efficiency out of the day. In his new book Seize the Daylight, author David Prerau explores the complicated politics and curious history of DST. He speaks with Sheilah Kast.
Unexpected Side Effects of Daylight Saving Time
In Seize the Daylight, David Prerau offers many anecdotes about the unintended consequences of daylight-saving time, among them:
Draft Status, Vietnam War: A man born just after 12 midnight DST avoided the Vietnam War draft by arguing that, under official standard time, he was born the previous day — which had a much higher draft lottery number.
Crime in California, 1997: A California manslaughter trial hinged on the possibility of water on the road during a car accident — and whether timed lawn sprinklers had been reset for the change to DST.
Halloween Trick-or-Treaters: In the United States, DST always ends a few days before Halloween. A bill to extend DST to Halloween is proposed almost every session of Congress, an effort to provide trick-or-treaters more light and, therefore, more safety from traffic accidents. Also, for decades, candy manufacturers have lobbied for a DST extension to Halloween, as many young trick-or-treaters gathering candy are not allowed out after dark. An added hour of light could mean a big holiday treat for the candy industry.
Riots: Patrons of bars that stay open past 2 a.m. lose one hour of drinking time on the day when DST springs forward one hour. This has led to riots, including one in Athens, Ohio, site of Ohio University.
Voter Turnout: DST ends about a week before U.S. Election Day. There have been proposals to extend DST to encourage greater voter participation, since more people might go to the polls in the evening if it were still light out when they got home from work.
Train Travel: To keep to published timetables, trains can't leave a station before the scheduled time. When the clocks fall back one hour in October, all Amtrak trains in the United States that are running on time come to a stop at 2 A.M. and wait one hour before resuming. Overnight passengers are often surprised to find their train at a dead stop, and their travel time an hour longer than expected. At the spring DST time change, trains instantaneously become an hour behind schedule at 2 A.M., but they just keep going and do their best to make up the time.
Excerpt: From 'Seize the Daylight'
Introduction: Benjamin Franklin Is Awakened Early
"And the best of all ways
To lengthen our days
Is to steal a few hours from the night"
-- Thomas Moore, "The Young May Moon"
Benjamin Franklin conceived of it. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle endorsed it. Winston Churchill campaigned for it. Kaiser Wilhelm first employed it. Woodrow Wilson and Franklin Roosevelt went to war with it, and, more recently, the United States fought an energy crisis with it. For several months each year, for better or worse, it affects vast numbers of people throughout the world. And for one hundred years it has been a subject of recurring controversy in the United States, Britain, and dozens of other countries. But to trace the beginnings of daylight saving time, we must look first to Paris.
Benjamin Franklin was astonished.
"An accidental sudden noise waked me about six in the morning," he wrote in a whimsical letter to the Journal de Paris, "when I was surprised to find my room filled with light. I imagined at first that a number of lamps had been brought into the room; but rubbing my eyes I perceived the light came in at the windows." The year was 1784, and the seventy- eight-year-old Franklin -- statesman, author, and scientist -- was living in Paris while serving as the American minister to France. His attendant had forgotten to close the shutters the previous evening, and when Franklin saw the sunlight streaming through his windows, he checked his watch. It was just six o'clock in the morning.
"Still thinking it something extraordinary that the sun should rise so early," Franklin continued, "I looked into the almanac, where I found it to be the hour given for the sun's rising on that day. [Those] who with me have never seen any signs of sunshine before noon, and seldom regard the astronomical part of the almanac, will be as much astonished as I was, when they hear of its rising so early; and especially when I assure them that it gives light as soon as it rises. I am convinced of this. I am certain of my fact. One cannot be more certain of any fact. I saw it with my own eyes. And, having repeated this observation the three following mornings, I found always precisely the same result."
Franklin's "discovery" led to "several serious and important reflections." He realized that had he risen at noon as usual, he would have slept through six hours of sunlight. In exchange, he would have been up six additional hours that evening by candlelight. Since candlelight was much more expensive than sunlight, Franklin's "love of economy" induced him to "muster up what little arithmetic" he had mastered to calculate how much the city of Paris could save by using sunshine instead of candles.
For the six months between March 20 and September 20, Franklin estimated that on average Parisians would sleep seven hours after sunrise, and therefore could save seven hours of candlelight if they rose with the sun. Thus, he computed:
Number of nights from March 20 to September 20: 183
Hours each night when candles are burned: 7
Total hours (183 x 7): 1,281
Families in Paris: 100,000
Total hours in Paris spent by candlelight: 128,100,000
Total weight of candles consumed, at half a
pound of wax and tallow per hour: 64,050,000 pounds
Total cost, at 30 sols per pound: 96,075,000 livres tournois
Ninety-six million livres tournois is the equivalent of about $200 million today -- "an immense sum that the city of Paris might save every year by the economy of using sunshine instead of candles!" Moreover, Franklin added, "You may observe that I have calculated upon only one half of the year, and much may be saved in the other, though the days are shorter. Besides, the immense stock of wax and tallow left unconsumed during the summer will probably make candles much cheaper for the ensuing winter."
Although Franklin wrote in what one historian termed "a happy combination of humor and prudent instruction," he had obviously given the subject much thought. In fact, the germ of his idea can be traced back many years. In 1757 he made a similar observation in London: "In the summer, when the days are long… in walking thro' the Strand and Fleet-street one morning at seven o'clock, I observ'd there was not one shop open, tho' it had been daylight and the sun up above three hours; the inhabitants of London chusing voluntarily to live much by candlelight, and sleep by sunshine, and yet often complain, a little absurdly, of the duty on candles and the high price of tallow."
Although Franklin quite intentionally overstated the total savings by assuming that all Parisians slept until noon, he was serious about the underlying principle. He concluded: "It is impossible that so sensible a people, under such circumstances, should have lived so long by the smokey, unwholesome, and enormously expensive light of candles, if they had really known that they might have had as much pure light of the sun for nothing."
To remedy this waste of both sunlight and candles, Franklin became the first proponent of government action to alter the hours of human activity to make the best use of daylight. Continuing in the whimsical yet practical vein of his letter to the Journal, he put forward a four-pronged "Economical Project":
1. Let a tax be laid… on every window that is provided with shutters to keep out the light of the sun.
2. Let… no family be permitted to be supplied with more than one pound of candles per week.
3. Let guards be posted to stop all coaches, etc. in the streets after sunset…
4. Every morning, as soon as the sun rises, let all the bells in every church be set ringing; and if that is not sufficient, let cannon be fired in every street, to wake the sluggards effectively, and make them open their eyes to their true interest.
This prudent plan was certainly in keeping with the man who, in Poor Richard's Almanack, had written "Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise" (though obviously he had not always practiced what he preached). Fortunately for late-sleeping Parisians, Franklin's Economical Project was never put into effect.
DAYLIGHT SAVING TIME
Like Franklin's morning cannon firings, the basic goal of daylight saving time (DST) is to change the hours of human activity to make the best use of daylight. Rather than waking everyone early, however, as Franklin proposed, daylight saving time shifts the official clock time to provide extra daylight in the early evening in exchange for less daylight in the early morning. The clock is usually moved one hour forward in spring and back in fall, giving rise to the mnemonic phrase "Spring Forward, Fall Back." Although DST doesn't actually add daylight, it does provide more usable hours of daylight. In that sense, DST "saves" daylight -- especially during the months when the sun rises before most human activity begins. "Daylight saving time" is considered to be the correct term for this clock-altering process, since it refers to a time for saving daylight, but "daylight savings time" is also commonly used.
Consider a summer day in Philadelphia, Denver, Naples, or Istanbul: four cities that, because of their geographic positions, have about the same sunrise and sunset times as each other on every day of the year (as in the preceding chart). On July 1, for instance, standard time sunrise is 4:35 A.M. and sunset is 7:33 P.M. Thus a worker who awakes at 7 A.M. and returns home at 6:30 P.M. would have slept through about two and a half hours of sunlight and would have only one hour of sunlight to utilize after returning home. However, with daylight saving time in effect, both sunrise and sunset are shifted one hour later -- sunrise to 5:35 A.M., sunset to 8:33 P.M. -- and one of the "wasted" early morning hours of sunlight is recaptured. Those Philadelphians, Denverites, Neapolitans, or Istanbullus now have an additional hour of sunshine after work with which to do whatever they please.
The goal of daylight saving time -- to use daylight to its maximum advantage -- is generally recognized to be of universal benefit. Nevertheless it has been surprisingly controversial. Throughout its long and contentious history, daylight saving time has had an impact on a wide variety of often unexpected areas, from energy conservation, agriculture, and transportation to recreation, street crime, television schedules, voter turnout, gardening, schoolchildren, vehicular accidents, the workings of the stock exchange, and even the inheritance rights of twins.
From Ben Franklin's era until today, the story of daylight saving time has been a fascinating and sometimes bizarre amalgam of colorful personalities and serious technical issues, purported costs and perceived benefits, agendas of interest groups and policies of governments, pushes for uniformity and pulls for regional differences. In fact, the sunlight that stole through Ben Franklin's window on that Paris morning has preoccupied the thoughts of more than a few scientific minds, and the energies of numerous political leaders, in a host of intriguing and unexpected ways in the two hundred-plus years since it awakened Franklin.
Excerpted from Seize the Daylight by David Prerau. Used by permission of Thunder's Mouth Press.
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Strong reasoning
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History
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Karat: 1 definition
Karat means something in biology. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article.
Biology (plants and animals)
Karat in India is the name of a plant defined with Sterculia urens in various botanical sources. This page contains potential references in Ayurveda, modern medicine, and other folk traditions or local practices It has the synonym Kavalama urens (Roxb.) Raf. (among others).
Example references for further research on medicinal uses or toxicity (see latin names for full list):
· Journal of Cytology and Genetics (1984)
· Plants of the Coast of Coromandel (1795)
· Sylva Telluriana (1838)
· Journal of Cytology and Genetics (1987)
If you are looking for specific details regarding Karat, for example chemical composition, side effects, pregnancy safety, diet and recipes, extract dosage, health benefits, have a look at these references.
This sections includes definitions from the five kingdoms of living things: Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protists and Monera. It will include both the official binomial nomenclature (scientific names usually in Latin) as well as regional spellings and variants.
See also (Relevant definitions)
Starts with (+48): Karat besi, Karat tree, Karat-bet, Karata, Karatab, Karatabangada, Karatachi, Karatadana, Karataka, Karatala, Karatalabhiksha, Karataladhrita, Karatalagata, Karatalaka, Karatalakshana, Karatalam, Karatalamala, Karatalamalaka, Karatalamalakavat, Karatalamaram.
Ends with: Ekarat, Hakarat, Hikarat, Kamakarat, Sakarat.
Full-text: Karat besi, Karat tree, Karat-bet, Aramkri, Suveda, Janat, Cira, Kri.
Search found 7 books and stories containing Karat; (plurals include: Karats). You can also click to the full overview containing English textual excerpts. Below are direct links for the most relevant articles:
Rig Veda (translation and commentary) (by H. H. Wilson)
Rig Veda 8.91.4 < [Sukta 91]
Rig Veda 6.48.15 < [Sukta 48]
Rig Veda 2.41.12 < [Sukta 41]
The Skanda Purana (by G. V. Tagare)
Chapter 35 - Dvārakā: Eminence of name < [Section 4 - Dvārakā-māhātmya]
Chapter 26 - Worship of Hari on the twelfth day < [Section 4 - Dvārakā-māhātmya]
Chapter 38 - Sitting awake throughout the night at Cakratīrtha on the banks of Gomatī < [Section 4 - Dvārakā-māhātmya]
Folk Tales of Gujarat (and Jhaverchand Meghani) (by Vandana P. Soni)
Doshi Ma Nee Vato < [Part 4 - Dadajee Ni Vato]
Rivers in Ancient India (study) (by Archana Sarma)
1(g). Function of Sarasvatī < [Chapter 2 - The Rivers in the Saṃhitā Literature]
The Religion and Philosophy of Tevaram (Thevaram) (by M. A. Dorai Rangaswamy)
Chapter 38 - Thirukanatumullur or Tirukkanattumullur (Hymn 57) < [Volume 3.4 - Pilgrim’s progress: with Paravai]
Satapatha-brahmana (by Julius Eggeling)
Kāṇḍa VII, adhyāya 5, brāhmaṇa 1 < [Seventh Kāṇḍa]
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Moderate reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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Muslim parents in the US typically face a choice — make their kids miss school or make them miss Islam's most important religious holidays.
The two biggest Muslim holidays are Eid al-Adha and Eid al-Fitr. Eid al-Adha marks the end of the annual pilgrimage to Mecca. Eid al-Fitr comes at the end of Ramadan, the month of fasting. Both are observed through prayer and time with family.
At least six school districts across the US have begun closing for the two holidays. New York City’s Muslims would like their public schools to be next. At a recent public meeting held by the group Coalition for Muslim School Holidays, elected officials and representatives from the office of recently-elected Mayor Bill de Blasio expressed their support.
But city officials haven’t always been so accommodating. New York City's former mayor, Michael Bloomberg, wasn't hearing of it — he said if he had his way, there would be fewer school holidays.
New York's current mayor, Bill de Blasio, has said he’s committed to adding the two Muslim holidays to the school calendar, though it will take some time.
New York City schools close for the Jewish holidays of Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur. Christmas falls during the winter recess and Easter and Passover during spring recess. So why not close for two Muslim holidays? A study from Columbia University estimates that 10 percent of New York City public school students are now Muslim.
The city’s Muslims say it’s time for them to be recognized, too. “I've been doing organizing work in the Muslim community for 12 years and this is one of first times ever that I’ve really seen a form of beautiful unity,” says Linda Sarsour, executive director of the Arab American Association of New York.
She says that New York’s Muslims have historically had difficulty mobilizing on issues, in part, because it’s such a diverse population. But they’ve found common ground fighting for school holidays, and Sarsour hopes this issue will help them organize on thornier ones, like surveillance of Muslims.
“People have fear that the more they organize around that issue, the more scrutiny they would get from law enforcement,” she says. “But we think that our work with the Coalition for Muslim School Holidays is really empowering more people to be like, ‘Wait a minute, we stood up together and we got these holidays. Maybe if we stand up together the New York Police Department, the FBI, the TSA, Customs and Border Patrol will stop racially profiling our community and we can help change legislation and things like that.'”
Adding a couple of days off school should be a less contentious battle. Still, not everyone supports it, even some Muslims. Farhan Memon, co-founder of the Muslim Bar Association of New York, says that the effort raises church-state separation issues and is just not fair for kids whose faiths don’t have a holiday.
“I understand why Muslim parents in New York want their children to be home for Eid, but we live in a pluralistic society, and everybody deserves the same rights as each other,” Memon says.
He also wonders where the holidays would stop. In fact, other groups are now asking for school holidays, too. New York’s large Chinese population is lobbying for a holiday to mark its New Year. Another group is pushing for a holiday for Diwali, an important festival in the Hindu, Sikh, and Jain calendars.
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Strong reasoning
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Politics
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The ideal ruler for goldings island essay
Essays from bookrags provide great ideas for lord of the flies essays and golding's celebrated novel lord of the flies reveal the apparently ideal island. In the novel lord of the flies by william golding place on a deserted island with no residents except for a bunch of and absolute ruler. An undergraduate essay on leadership describing the qualities and characteristics of a good leader and models of leadership essay - a good leader print reference. The struggle for civilization and power marxism elements in lord of the flies the island william golding represents essays/marxist-elements-in-lord-of.
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Lord of the flies - setting the setting of this island is described vividly in physical terms as a tropical paradise that is almost ideal golding all papers. An essay on golding's lord of the flies: a post-colonial of the schoolboys surviving on the island heartburn and quest for the ideal of a dying bengali. Just figured i'll use this as an excuse to share an essay i did for homework a while back in the hope someone will find it usefuli don't really like the book, and i reckon i get a bit nonsensical in places, but whatever. The role of government in “lord of the flies” by william golding when the boys wreck and find themselves stuck on an island other essays and articles in.Get file
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Strong reasoning
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Literature
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‘We proved Einstein right!’ 100 years on, gravitational waves confirmed in breakthrough research
Recent rumors of the success in detecting gravitational waves, or as some scientists put it "very weak spacetime wiggles which propagate at the speed of light" were officially confirmed Thursday.
"Ladies and gentlemen! We have detected gravitational waves, we did it!," LIGO laboratory executive director David Reitze announced in Washington.
"These gravitational waves were produced by two colliding black holes, [that] came together, merged and formed a single black hole about 1.3 billion years ago," Reitze said.
These ripples in the fabric of spacetime are one of the most important variables in Einstein's theory of relativity and it took astronomers decades to detect them, although they were pretty sure that gravitational waves existed.
The discovery has been made with the use of the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) - a system of two detectors constructed to spot tiny vibrations from passing gravitational waves. Funded by the National Science Foundation, LIGO's identical detectors are located in Livingston, Louisiana, and Hanford, Washington.
The observatories, which are "the most precise measuring device ever built," recorded a signal on September 14, 2015, "nearly simultaneously," and the signal "had a very specific characteristic," the laboratories' director said.
"As time went forward, the frequency went up," he explained, adding that it took scientists months of careful checking and analysis to confirm that what had been discovered was exactly gravitational waves.
Each of the two black holes before merging had about 30 times the mass of the Sun, were 150 kilometers (93 miles) in diameter and accelerated to about half the speed of light. The detected collision also proved that the merging of binary black holes does exist in the universe.
"Let's say this: The first discovery of gravitational waves is a Nobel Prize-winning venture," said physicist Bruce Allen of the Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics in Hannover, Germany.
But the prize will be most possibly given not to theorists, but those who are behind the mechanism that confirmed the existence of the waves, Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Pavel Ivanov told RT.
Russian scientists have massively contributed to both of the advances, Ivanov explained, mentioning Soviet scientist Yakov Zeldovich and member of the Russian Academy of Sciences Vladimir Braginsky, who has been closely working with Kip Thorne, the American astrophysicist at the forefront of the discovery.
The idea to look for the waves was suggested and published in science magazines by Soviet physicists Mikhail Gertsenshtein and Vladislav Pustovoit in 1962, and then developed further by academic Zeldovich and his followers, who explored the theory of gravitational waves. Braginsky and his teams have been working on developing detectors for LIGO.
According to Einstein's theory, published in 1916, the universe is made up of a "fabric of spacetime": massive accelerating objects in the universe are believed to bend this fabric, causing ripples known as gravitational waves. The colliding of two black holes or merging of two pulsars are among the presumable causes of such waves' formation.
"The theory describes geometry of space and time. When gravitational wave propagates, it changes [this] geometry," Ivanov told RT, adding that "in general relativity and all modern studies of gravity the gravitational field is considered as something that is similar to the electromagnetic field."
"The discovery of gravitational waves could open a new window in our universe, because before we studied it only using electromagnetic [knowledge], and now we can do it in almost all wave bands, from radio waves to gamma rays," Ivanov said.
The ability to analyze the information carried on gravitational waves could potentially provide more insight into the Big Bang and other violent events in the history of the Universe, and help to explore if other universes exist, what is inside Black Holes and even potentially pave the way for time travel.
Although Einstein predicted that gravity travels in waves a century ago, detecting gravitational waves was not an easy task due to the fact that their effect is miniscule and easily confused with random noise.
"Everything causes noise: a car passing by, a plane in the sky, or even tiny movements of the Earth's crust. Detecting a signal amid all this noise is extremely difficult, although of course there are methods, both mathematical and technological - and it costs a lot of money," Ivanov told RT.
The discovery might lead to creation of new chapter in physics – quantum gravity, scientists believe. It will bring together the knowledge in Einstein's theory and wave mechanics.
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Strong reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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Most of your dog's nutritional needs
should be met by the food that he eats. To determine whether or
not your dog's food is adequate, start by looking on the label for
a statement by the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO)
saying that the food conforms to accepted nutrient profiles or has undergone
an animal feeding test and is nutritionally complete. Diets that
do not meet AAFCO standards are readily available. Make sure that
the food you buy is not one of them.
"The good news is that if you feed a high-quality, commercially available dog food, your dog should be getting appropriate levels of vitamins and minerals in his diet."
If your dog is healthy and eats an
AAFCO approved food well, he is receiving at least the minimum amount
of nutrition needed to keep him healthy. If he is thriving on
his current diet, there is probably no reason to make a change.
However, there are at least a few instances when giving additional vitamins,
minerals and other nutritional supplements might be beneficial.
Dog Vitamins and Minerals
Vitamins and minerals are important
nutrients for dogs. They play a myriad of roles in the body, and
either too much or too little of even a single vitamin or mineral can
bring about significant illness. The good news is that if you
feed a high-quality, commercially available dog food, your dog should
be getting appropriate levels of vitamins and minerals in his diet.
However, if your dog fits into any
of the following categories, giving him a multivitamin and mineral supplement is probably in order.
- He is an extremely picky
- He will only eat poor quality
- You feed a home-prepared
- He has an illness or lifestyle
that changes his nutritional requirements.
Your veterinarian can help you determine
whether vitamin and mineral supplementation is necessary, and if so,
what product might be best for your dog.
Other Nutritional Supplements for Dogs
We all know that good nutrition is
essential to maintaining health. Therefore, it should not be too
surprising that increasing the amount of certain foods or components
of food in a dog's diet could treat or prevent some types of disease.
Nutritional supplements can assist with:
Most pet meds are very safe
and some have undergone vigorous testing to ensure that they actually
do benefit dogs suffering from the conditions that they claim to treat.
However, any substance strong enough to treat a disease is also strong
enough to have side-effects or to interact with other medications that
your dog might be taking. It is always safest to check with your
veterinarian before giving your dog something new, and this includes
if you are thinking of starting him on a nutritional supplement.
The above is provided for information purposes only and should not be used for the diagnosis or treatment of any condition.
This information does not cover all possible variables, conditions, reactions, or risks relating to any topic, medication, or product and should not
be considered complete. Certain products or medications may have risks and you should always consult your local veterinarian concerning the treatment of
your pet. Any trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
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Moderate reasoning
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Health
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Q: How are the dies for coins and medals made? Is this something a jeweler
can do without a lot of expensive equipment? Can etching techniques be used?
A: In ancient times, this sort of die was engraved directly, with ordinary
engraving and grinding tools. An enhancement to this, which is still sometimes
used today, was the use of custom punches. Thus a punch in the shape of
a star can lay out a whole little semicircle of stars around the periphery
of a medal rather than having to engrave each one. More elaborate punches,
called hobs, may include anything from small details to the entire surface
of a medal, if the design is such that it's easier to carve into the steel
in positive relief instead of in reverse. Hardened and pressed into the
annealed die, it yields a reversed image ready for additional work or hardening.
Often, more than one technique or sequence of punches might be used in the
development of a design. Some parts may be directly engraved, others punched,
or punched and then modified. In cases where large quantities are needed,
usually the finished master die is actually a hob, from which many working
dies can be made. Etching is a rather imprecise process, and is not much
used in 3D die work, other than perhaps as a means to achieve a surface
matting. But there are other, more easily controlled methods even for this,
such as abrasive blasting or simply leaving a ground surface on the hob
or die instead of polishing it.
The technique outlined above was the one used historically. In more modern
times (mostly in the last few hundred years) the use of pantograph engraving
has made extreme details possible. Factories such as the Franklin Mint usually
work up a design in clay or plasticine, which is then cast in plaster. This
master model is usually about 10 times the size of the finished die. A dinner
plate sized model is easy to detail in clay so that the finished coins measuring
an inch across will look perfect. The pantograph that transfers this plaster
positive to a metal die rotates the model under a feeler on a long arm,
like a record player. Near the other end of the arm, only a tenth of the
distance from the hinge compared to the distance to the feeler, is a cutter
working on the steel, which rotates in sync with the model. The result is
a high-precision reduction. This type of pantograph has been in use for
several hundred years, but in the last few decades the use of EDM machines
has made possible the conversion of soft models directly into hardened steel
dies with great accuracy. The original can even start as a wax model.
For your own experiments, try first working on a simple punch, such as carving
the end of a tool-steel rod into a simple positive design or, if you are
ambitious and talented, a recognizable face. Keep the degree of relief low.
When you like it, harden it, and with a sledge-hammer, if you don't have
a decent hobbing press (grin) punch it into an annealed tool-steel blank,
which then may be hardened and used as a die. You can also experiment with
direct engraving into the blank like the Greeks did. With some inventiveness,
you'll be surprised at how easy steel is to engrave and work, and what kinds
of effects you can achieve.
RETURN TO UNITED ARTWORKS HOME PAGE
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Moderate reasoning
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Art & Design
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Some folks find these small towns in Germany and half expect them to be little more than just your run-of-the-mill suburb. Then they’re most delightfully surprised, as they are in the town of Gerolstein found in the Rhineland-Palatinate.
First off, the countryside is smashing since it’s found within the Vulkaneifel region of the country (which is within the Eifel.
Vulkan, as in volcano, not Star Trek. You’ll see what I’m talking about when you’re following along the Eifelsteig. And know that the area of Gerolstein is more than 50% forested.
It’s amazing how they found those Stone Age Caves though all those trees. ;-)
Gerolstein’s Natural History Museum is an excellent learning experience about the volcanoes, caves, and how the landscape took shape.
What also changed the landscape was created by man. Yes, I’m talking about castles and other buildings.
There are three castles in the area of Gerolstein, one being the ruins of Castle Gerolstein (built around 1100, destroyed 1691). Kasselburg is also considered a ruin (built 1100), but it’s pretty darn impressive for being “ruined,” as its towers stand 37 meters high.
Did I mention that Kasselburg was home to a pack of wolves? Nothing ordinary here in Gerolstein, I assure you. ;-)
If you think Kasselburg is impressive and formidable, wait til you get a look at Burg Lissingen. This medieval stronghold is one of the only castles in Germany never to have been destroyed at any time in its history (the oldest part is its cellar). It’s got an impressive tower and now if you want to stay here all you got to do is whip out your purse — since it’s a meeting facility.
Does Gerolstein sound like just an average place to you? No, me either.
What else you’ll find in Gerolstein is the Juddekirchhof (a Roman/Celtic site of worship) whose temple complex has been dated to around 124 A.D. Also from Roman times is the former Roman Villa that wasn’t uncovered until 1907.
You’ve also got the old Jewish Cemetery to see, a number of Renaissance and Baroque churches to see, and half-timbered houses to photograph.
I’m so glad that you’ve found your way to this page about Gerolstein, and just hope you enjoy it as much. Watch out for the wolves, though! ;-)
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Moderate reasoning
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Travel
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Alisdair Wade urges educationalists to prepare young people to be ready for an automated future.
Reading time: 4 minutes.
Many of our jobs, white-collar as well as manual, will soon be done by artificial intelligence (AI). The most recent estimate by the OECD1 puts the global figure at one in 10. Th at’s a lot of jobs.
As it permeates economies and societies, AI is transforming every aspect of our lives. Algorithms already greet us on our digital devices, influence our purchases, govern our news feeds, and will soon drive our cars.
So to ensure we are the ones who continue to pull the computers’ strings rather than vice versa, shouldn’t we futureproof our children by teaching them all to code?
It’s a tempting proposal and it would be diffi cult to argue against teaching something that is akin to learning a modern language combined with the use of logic. But wait: will all the jobs in the future require an ability to create algorithms?
If today’s pupils are to succeed, surely the most valuable abilities and aptitudes they can have are those the machines don’t have.
If the incredible pace of change over the last 20 years has taught us anything it is that predicting exactly what technical skills we will need in the future is folly. Relying on teaching these skills across the board in schools is surely too great a gamble on our predictive powers.
A far more rational approach would be to identify a broader set of abilities and aptitudes – ones the robots are unlikely to master – and look to nurture those in today’s pupils. By doing so, whatever the technical requirements of tomorrow’s jobs, today’s pupils will be able to learn them. We will have armed them with arguably the most important future skill of all: the ability to adapt.
Abilities and aptitudes
What are those attributes? Drawing from the work of futurists we can start to build a framework split into three different categories: cognitive, interpersonal and attitudinal. The overarching commonality of all of these is that they will remain largely unique to humans for at least the foreseeable future.
For if today’s pupils are to succeed, surely the most valuable abilities and aptitudes they can have are those the machines don’t have.
Picture a multi-tiered wedding cake: the bottom tier is the ability to recall, the next layer up our ability to understand, the ability to apply sits upon that, then comes an ability to analyse, then evaluate. The cherry on top is an ability to create.
Recall – for and against
Many look at the hierarchy, first devised by US educational psychologist Benjamin Bloom in the 50s, and label recall as a ‘lower order’ thinking skill. Lower order, they argue, is the most vulnerable to the rapid rise of technology.
Look at generation Z, they say, whose mobile phones are a physical extension of long-term memory relocated from cerebral cortex to the end of a finger. Why do they need to remember anything if Google or Siri’s algorithms can do the retrieval for us?
The defenders of recall argue that knowledge has long been king and we have no knowledge if we can’t remember it. Recall sits at the base of a Bloom cake for good reason: it is the platform upon which all other thinking sits. How can we create ideas if we cannot draw on pieces of existing information to make something new? How can we think if we have nothing to think about?
Both arguments have merit. The ability to recall, more or less reflected by good exam grades in our education system, is surely less valuable in the modern world than it was. But nonetheless it remains crucial.
What of Bloom’s other thinking skills? Can the machines understand apply, analyse or evaluate? Yes, though only to varying degrees. Only creativity seemingly remains beyond them, but even that citadel is under siege.
The skills our education system should be developing
So what are the five cognitive skills our education system should be developing if they are looking to the future rather than the league tables? In addition to recall:
- Creativity – how to connect existing knowledge and available information to generate new thoughts and concepts.
- Critical thinking – how to evaluate and challenge information and ideas as well as question their source.
- Analytical thinking – how to use systems to take an ordered approach to problem solving.
- Metacognition – developing an ability to understand how we think. This is not only to improve an understanding of self but also to enable us to improve the way we can then understand information.
And under the interpersonal skills category? The emotional intelligence that robots will struggle to replicate are likely to be how to:
- Communicate – ideas and thought processes, articulately and appropriately across multiple mediums.
- Listen – to others’ point of view and react accordingly.
- Generate positive relationships – through an ability to adapt to a wide range of people across cultures by being aware of one’s own and others’ emotions, personalities and drivers.
- Work in and lead teams – to be collaborative, open to learning from others and lead when necessary.
- Societal skills – behave appropriately according to circumstance. Show an awareness of, and make a contribution to, wider society.
About the author
Alisdair Wade is a director of Thinking Matters.
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Strong reasoning
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Education & Jobs
|
Flaubert's classic short story is a masterful blend of naturalistic detail, sublimely poetic effects, and deceptively simple prose.
Gustave Flaubert's "A Simple Heart" is part of the Three Tales collection. This review refers to the A. J. Krailsheimer translation, published by Oxford University Press.
“A Simple Heart,” the opening story in Gustave Flaubert’s 1877 Three Tales collection, is generally considered a masterpiece of the short-story form. It’s not hard to understand why. It combines richly observed detail with spare, deceptively simple language to create what is both a perfectly realized character study and a dazzlingly poetic rendering of faith and its fulfillment. What’s most impressive about it is Flaubert’s ability to weave both the realistic and the poetic together.
The protagonist of “A Simple Heart” is Félicité, a housekeeper of peasant background who works for a widow in the Normandy region of France. The story is an account of Félicité’s life, and the bulk of it is set in the first half of the nineteenth century. Flaubert divides it into five sections. The first introduces Félicité as the servant of the widow Madame Aubain. The second tells of the hardship of Félicité’s early life, how she came to work for Madame Aubain, and her experiences helping to raise Madame Aubain’s children. In the third, Félicité discovers her faith. She also experiences tragedy with the deaths in both Madame Aubain’s family and her own. Madame Aubain dies in the fourth section, and Félicité’s last days are recounted in the fifth.
Flaubert constructs the story around loss, specifically how Félicité deals with the losses of those she loves over the course of her life. He pays scrupulous attention to pace: her relationships with those she loses are treated with increasing detail as the story mounts. Félicité is orphaned at an early age; Flaubert gives each of the parents a sentence. Her fiancée marries another woman; the account of his and Félicité’s relationship is given two pages. Approximately half the story is given over to Félicité’s relationships over time with Virginie, Madame Aubain’s sickly daughter, and Victor, Félicité’s nephew, who dies after going to sea. And Flaubert pays the most attention to Félicité’s relationship with her pet parrot Loulou, which takes up the latter part of the story. She loves the bird, and after its death, she has it stuffed and mounted. She's more devoted to the bird after its death than while it was alive, but Flaubert doesn’t use the parrot to belittle Félicite in the reader’s eyes. Nor does he use it to rub one’s nose in pathos. He doesn’t intend for Félicité’s devotion to the bird to be seen as ridiculous or sad. Apart from Madame Aubain, the parrot is the last of the heartfelt losses in Félicité’s life, and Flaubert, in some of the most extraordinary writing I’ve ever encountered, transforms it into a beatific vision in her deathbed scene. He effects a complete reversal of meaning: a trope for loss becomes one of consummation.
This is achieved through a virtuoso use of metonymy, which is the assigning or transforming of meaning by simple association. It usually occurs with something of proximity. Flaubert is canny enough not to make it feel imposed on the story. He makes metonymy intrinsic to Félicité’s perceptions, and those perceptions in turn guide her actions. This first becomes apparent in the passage in which she finds her faith. The identification of Christ as a lamb leads her to associate that identification with real-life lambs, and she loves them more as a result. As the story goes on, there are many other metonymic associations, such as her identification of Virginie with a plush hat, which she keeps as a remembrance after the girl’s death. Félicité's affection for Loulou is borne of her love for her nephew. She identifies the bird with the Americas, which was where Victor was going when he died. The parrot functions as a living trope for the family member she lost.
Flaubert’s skill with metonymy is apparent in how he repeatedly transforms the parrot’s meaning in Félicité’s eyes. The bird starts as an emotional signifier for her nephew. After it dies, and Félicité takes it to be stuffed, the taxidermist takes so long that she becomes convinced she will never see it again. But the mounted bird eventually arrives, and its return signifies everlasting love to her. The parrot is the first thing she has loved that has left her and then come back. It will always be with her, like her religious faith, and she begins to associate it with that faith as well. Flaubert clearly illustrates it in this passage:
In church she always gazed upon the Holy Spirit, and noticed he looked something like the parrot. The likeness seemed still more evident in a popular print of Our Lord’s baptism. […] They became associated in her mind, so that the parrot became sanctified from this connexion with the Holy Spirit, which in turn became more lifelike and readily intelligible in her eyes. […] Félicité would look at the print as she said her prayers, but with a sidelong glance from time to time at the bird.
Félicité’s identification of her bird with holiness leads her to have it placed on an altar of repose for Good Friday. She lays on her deathbed as the altar with her bird passes by in the procession, and with her smelling of the smoke from the swinging censers, Flaubert effects the story’s ultimate metonymic transformation: the parrot goes from being a personal trope for the Holy Spirit to Félicité’s vision of the Spirit itself. It’s a transformation that ranks with those in Ovid and Dante, and unlike their efforts, this depiction of the uncanny isn't one of horror. It's an image of divine fulfillment.
Perhaps even more impressive than Flaubert’s metonymic dazzle is his ability to create a context in which it works. The story never seems overblown or pretentious in its handling of these effects. Partly this is because Flaubert keeps his language very plain, but it’s largely because Félicité’s characterization is so precisely evoked. Flaubert makes it entirely believable that she thinks in these terms. If her associations and identifications seem fanciful in a simpleminded kind of way, it’s because in many respects she is a simpleminded person. That's not to say Flaubert ever condescends to her (something that, given his other work, one might think him inclined to do). Félicité is portrayed as having a considerable pragmatic intelligence. Her housekeeping skills make Madame Aubain the envy of the neighbors. She’s described as being better at haggling and negotiating prices than anyone else. And her cleverness in saving Madame Aubain and the children from a rampaging bull is the stuff of local legend. She’s just not reflective, and she doesn’t think about abstract matters in a critical way. She believes in what she believes in, and makes the abstract associations she makes, and there’s all there is to it.
This depiction is fully in keeping with Flaubert’s realist aesthetic and its emphasis on observation. Working-class people tend to be smart in pragmatic terms, while those in the upper classes are at their best with abstract matters. It’s as perceptive a portrayal as Flaubert’s extraordinary rendering of the interior of the widow’s home, or the various aspects of the Normandy countryside. “A Simple Heart" combines precisely detailed realist depictions with bravura poetic treatments of the supernatural, and it does so in a way that makes them seem all of a piece. It locates the sublime in mundane existence more effectively than any story I can think of. It’s arguably Flaubert’s masterpiece, and it deserves its standing among the great works of literature.
Reviews of other works by Gustave Flaubert:
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The second ‘boer’ war — masonic powers south africa, england war after superpowers like america and great britain have deliberately. ~the anglo-boer war~ by: south africa 3 time line the second boer war began as a result of great britain's desire for the region’s gold. Digitizing sponsor internet archive by great britain war office maurice history of the war in south africa 1899-1902 v 1. How the english won the boer war in south africa on october 11, 1899, the forces of the boer republics, orange free state and south african republic, responded to great britain's dismissal. South african war: south african war, also called the second boer war or the second war of independence, war fought from october 11, 1899, to may 31, 1902, between great britain and the two. Press of britain did not prevent the war with south africa in plan to win the wars in africa and britain was the great boer war, a two years. The boers lost and their two republics became absorbed by the british into south africa learn more about the boer war great britain and south africa’s.
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A comprehensive guide to boer war sites and boer war boer republics, in bloemfontein, south africa is anglo-boer war and is among many boer war sites. Pg 4/4 - the second boer war (1899‑1902) was costly for great britain and the semi‑independent south african republic (transvaal) it strained political relations between the british and. In more than one respect the war in south africa was a question or a boer war throughout south africa would have caused great britain to. South african war or boer war, 1899–1902, war of the south african republic (transvaal) and the orange free state against great britain background.
Pg 3/4 - the second boer war (1899‑1902) was costly for great britain and the semi‑independent south african republic (transvaal) it strained political relations between the british and. South african war: south african war, war fought from oct 11, 1899, to may 31, 1902, between great britain and the two boer (afrikaner) republics—the south african republic (transvaal) and. 100 years for the anzac – horses in war and mules from all over the world for service in the boer war in south africa: great britain helped to win the war. Who won the british-boer war but britain did win the war of 1812 what nation won the boer war in south africa great britain. This october marks 100 years since the outbreak of the second south african war, better known as the boer great” britain then world socialist web site.
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Strong reasoning
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History
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Pronunciation A, E and I
When teaching ESL pronunciation is obviously a vital ingredient in being able to get the students to communicate properly.
At the Krakow airport (in Poland), the border guards were eventually given English lessons after a particular error was made. A flight had just landed from Chicago, but what with the Customs Hall being rather small and crowded, an official stopped the passengers at the door, put out his hand and commanded assertively, 'WHITE!" The passenger in front of him seemed to get edgy, so again he repeated, even more authoritatively, 'WHITE!" This carried on awhile, with the passenger getting angrier and angrier and the customs official becoming all the more insistent.
Of course, it turned out that the customs official had actually wanted to say 'wait', and the passenger happened to be a black man. A vowel can hold a lot of meaning!
Then of course there's the famous Berlitz advert with the German Coast Guard manning the emergency receiver. A mayday call comes in, 'Mayday, Mayday! Can you hear us? Can you hear us? We are sinking, we are sinking.....'.
If you haven't seen it, you need to watch it, it's hilarious.....Berlitz advert.
ESL Pronunciation Teaching Techniques
As with other aspects of teaching, doing ESL pronunciation should be interactive, and interesting for the students. These are some of the things that I do during my lessons:
- I include lots of lessons with authentic English, taken from movies, talk shows, interviews and documentaries. Have a look at my listening lessons if you would like to try some of them out.
- I do drills with the students, focusing on particular sounds. I wouldn't spend more than about 15 minutes in one lesson doing this, but rather do it consistently over a period of time. Have a look at some of my pronunciation word lists and exercises. In this case the teacher demonstrates the pronunciation and intonation, and the students copy it.
- During the lesson, I make a note of the pronunciation (as well as other) errors that the students make, and then go through them at the end of the lesson.
- For smaller classes, when there is a reading, the students can read either the whole, or a part of the text out loud.
- The BBC have got great resources on their website. They have a section entitled Words in the News, where an article is abbreviated and some vocabulary is highlighted. It is possible to listen to the article, and read along at the same time. So for homework, I get the students to choose their own article, they need to listen and read along, and after each sentence stop the listening and repeat what has been said. During the next lesson I get feedback from them. They have to tell me about their article and the new vocabulary they have learnt.
return to Home Page from ESL Pronunciation
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Also found in: Thesaurus, Medical, Legal, Encyclopedia.
a. Causing or designed to cause fires: an incendiary device.
b. Of or containing chemicals that produce intensely hot fire when exploded: an incendiary bomb.
c. Intentionally started or set: an incendiary fire.
2. Tending to arouse strong emotion or conflict; inflammatory: an incendiary speech.
3. Causing a strong burning sensation in the mouth; very hot: incendiary wasabi.
n. pl. in·cen·di·ar·ies
1. An incendiary bomb, bullet, or device.
2. A person who intentionally starts a fire with the purpose of causing damage or injury.
3. One who creates or stirs up conflict; an agitator.
[Middle English, from Latin incendiārius, from incendium, fire, from incendere, to set on fire; see incense1.]
in·cen′di·a·rism (-ə-rĭz′əm) n.
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition. Copyright © 2016 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.
1. (Law) the act or practice of illegal burning; arson
2. (Government, Politics & Diplomacy) (esp formerly) the creation of civil strife or violence for political reasons
Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged, 12th Edition 2014 © HarperCollins Publishers 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2014
in•cen•di•a•rism(ɪnˈsɛn di əˌrɪz əm)
1. the act or practice of an arsonist.
2. inflammatory behavior; agitation.
Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary, © 2010 K Dictionaries Ltd. Copyright 2005, 1997, 1991 by Random House, Inc. All rights reserved.
the deliberate destruction of property by fire; arson. — incendiary, n., adj.See also: Fire
-Ologies & -Isms. Copyright 2008 The Gale Group, Inc. All rights reserved.
Switch to new thesaurus
|Noun||1.||incendiarism - malicious burning to destroy property; "the British term for arson is fire-raising"|
Based on WordNet 3.0, Farlex clipart collection. © 2003-2012 Princeton University, Farlex Inc.
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Moderate reasoning
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The PISA ranking: a reliable indicator of students’ capabilities?
This month the triennial PISA ranking – the Programme for International Student Assessment – was published, the seventh round of assessments since the launch of the programme in 2000. Testing students’ knowledge and skills in reading, mathematics and science, the OECD describes PISA as “not only the world’s most comprehensive and reliable indicator of students’ capabilities” but also as “a powerful tool that countries and economies can use to fine-tune their education policies”.
PISA emphatically looks at the future in developing its vision and methodology. As individuals are increasingly rewarded not just for what they know, but for they can do with what they know, PISA explains that it tests very specific skills: “Students have to be able to extrapolate from what they know, think across the boundaries of subject-matter disciplines, apply their knowledge creatively in novel situations and demonstrate effective learning strategies”.
The PISA ranking is the result of tests conducted in 79 countries, in at least 150 schools per country, and with most countries assessing between 4,000 and 8,000 students. The 2018 ranking produced some remarkable results, making some countries proud and others disappointed or vexed. The students in four provinces in Eastern China outperformed their peers in all of the other participating countries by a wide margin. Even more remarkable is that the level of income in these regions is well below OECD average. Something similar can be said of Estonia, the top performing country amongst the OECD countries even though its expenditure per student remains about 30% lower than the OECD average. The PISA report is particularly clear about the relation between financial means and education: “History shows that countries with the determination to build a first-class education system can achieve this even in adverse economic circumstances, and their schools today will be their economy and society tomorrow. So it can be done”.
Some western countries are worried or annoyed about the latest ranking. The Netherlands is one of seven countries that have been scoring worse in all three domains since first participating in 2003, and reading scores even dropped below the OECD average. The PISA ranking set off some alarm bells, as 25% of Dutch students are said to not have the reading skills needed to participate in today’s society. Although this is attributed to social media and shorter attention spans, it does not explain the markedly worse results compared to France and Germany. PISA itself also acknowledges that the data does not really say much about cause and effect: “The results offer a snapshot of education systems at a certain moment in time; but they do not – they cannot – show how the school systems got to that point, or the institutions and organisations that might have helped or hindered progress”.
Luxembourg, too, is disappointed but its commentators are also highly critical of PISA, arguing not only that its standards and regulations are so vague that countries can easily manipulate the process but also that the test itself is poorly drafted. It is unclear whether the growth of pupils from immigrant background (55% now compared to 40% in 2015) is part of the explanation why Luxembourg dropped below the OECD average. Germany does find a correlation between the PISA results and immigration. The President of the Federation for Teachers notes that 200,000 refugee children have had to be accommodated in the German school system since 2015. More generally, if children with a migration background were excluded from the test, Germany would move from place 20 to place 8. It is therefore open for debate whether some of the top scoring countries have a serious advantage for being very homogenous societies, and whether this is properly reflected in the test outcomes.
Finally, some commentators have pointed to the possible role of austerity measures. The countries where results dropped most rapidly seem to be Eurozone countries whose education systems were heavily affected by budget cuts, including the Netherlands, Greece and Cyprus. This shows that an area where having a long-term vision is key can be seriously impacted by a focus on short-term gains.
Edited by: Dr. Olivier Vonk
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Maintaining food safety during the summertime can be a challenge. Due to warmer temperatures, bacteria that can cause food poisoning grow more rapidly than in the cooler months.
Along with family outings, vacations, and eating on the run, people prepare more food and eat more meals outdoors, all of which provide their own hazards.
Although safe food handling rules should always apply, extra precautions are necessary during the summer to prevent foodborne illness.
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Summer Food Safety Recommendations
Stay healthy and safe during warmer months by following these food safety recommendations:
When bringing food to a picnic or cookout:
- Use an insulated cooler filled with ice or frozen gel packs. Frozen food can also be used as a cold source.
- Foods that need to be kept cold include raw meat, poultry, and seafood; deli and luncheon meats or sandwiches; summer salads (tuna, chicken, egg, pasta, or seafood); cut up fruit and vegetables; and perishable dairy products.
- A full cooler will maintain its cold temperature longer than a partially filled one. When using a cooler, keep it out of the direct sun by placing it in the shade or shelter.
- Avoid opening the cooler repeatedly so that your food stays colder longer.
When cooking on the grill:
- Use separate cutting boards and utensils for raw meat and ready-to-eat items like vegetables or bread.
- Keep perishable food cold until it is ready to cook.
- Use a food thermometer to make sure meat and poultry are cooked thoroughly to their safe minimum internal temperatures
- Beef, Pork, Lamb, & Veal (steaks, roasts, and chops): 145 °F with a 3 minute rest time
- Ground meats: 160 °F
- Whole poultry, poultry breasts, & ground poultry: 165 °F
- Always use a fresh, clean plate and tongs for serving cooked food. Never reuse items that touched raw meat or poultry to serve the food once it is cooked.
When serving food outdoors:
- Perishable food should not sit out for more than two hours. In hot weather (above 90 °F), food should NEVER sit out for more than one hour.
- Serve cold food in small portions, and keep the rest in the cooler. After cooking meat and poultry on the grill, keep it hot until served – at 140 °F or warmer.
- Keep hot food hot by setting it to the side of the grill rack, not directly over the coals where they could overcook.
Remember to Follow the 4 Steps in Food Safety
Wash hands, utensils and surfaces with hot soapy water before and after food preparation, and especially after preparing meat, poultry, eggs, or seafood.
Keep raw meat, poultry, eggs, and seafood and their juices away from ready-to-eat foods. Never place cooked food on an unwashed plate that previously held raw meat, poultry, eggs, or seafood. For example, do not put your cooked burgers on the same plate that held the raw hamburger. Use a clean plate, or wash the plate thoroughly in hot, soapy water before transferring the burgers from the grill.
Cook meats to the proper internal temperature listed below. There are several types of food thermometers on the market that will help you determine when meat is thoroughly cooked.
- Cook ground beef to an internal temperature of 160° F and until juices run clear. (Don’t eat ‘rare’ hamburgers, which can make you or your family sick.)
- Cook veal, lamb, and pork to an internal temperature of 160° F.
- Cook steaks and roasts to the following temperatures:
160° F internal temperature (medium).
170° F internal temperature (well done).
- Cook ground turkey or chicken, to a minimum internal temperature of 165° F.
- Cook chicken breasts to a minimum internal temperature of 170° F.
- Cook whole poultry to an internal temperature of 180° F.
- Fish should be cooked to a minimum of 145° F or until opaque and it flakes easily with a fork.
- Cook eggs until both the yolk and white are firm.
Refrigerate or freeze perishables, prepared food, and leftovers within two hours. Make sure the refrigerator is set at 40° F or lower and the freezer is set at 0° F. When using coolers, remember that a full cooler will keep a cold temperature longer than a half empty cooler, so pack plenty of ice. Also, try to keep the cooler out of the direct sunlight. Only prepare as much food in advance as you are able to properly chill.
When preparing foods for the grill or picnic, remember to use the fundamental rules of food safety and sanitation.
- If no water faucet is available, take some disposable, wet hand wipes, or a waterless hand cleaner outside with you. That way you can clean your hands before working with food or when you go from one type of food preparation to another.
- To keep bacteria from spreading, wash your hands again after working with raw meat or poultry before handling other food, especially food that will not be cooked or heated.
- Use only clean cutting boards and knives or use a disposable cutting board; take along several of each just to be sure. When you switch from cutting up raw meat or poultry to cutting up salad ingredients or vegetables, either wash everything in hot, soapy water or use a clean cutting board and clean utensils.
- If you are going to marinate your meat and plan to use part of the marinade as a sauce or dip, reserve some for that purpose before adding the raw meat.
- No matter how convenient it seems, do not partially cook food the day before to finish cooking at your picnic site. Often, food seems done before the internal temperature has actually reached a point high enough to kill off harmful bacteria. To save time, consider cooking your food completely the day before, then reheating it at your destination.
- The grill should be very hot before putting meat on it. Coals are ready when they have a light coating of gray ash on them. After removing your cooked meat to a clean plate or platter, leave the grill rack in place so the fire will burn off any food residue. When grilling at a public place, be sure to clean all cooking surfaces thoroughly before use.
- After the meat is cooked, use clean utensils to place it on a fresh plate for serving. Don’t re-use any of the utensils, plates, or bowls that were used during the preparation of raw meat. Bacteria live in the juices of raw meat and you can contaminate safely cooked meat by putting it back on the same platter that had held the meat when it was raw.
- Put perishable foods back in the cooler or refrigerator as soon as you finish eating. Don’t leave them out while you go for a swim or a hike, and don’t leave them out all afternoon to nibble on. Follow the two-hour rule: don’t leave perishable food un-refrigerated for more than two hours. Keep the ice chest closed and out of the sun. If you traveled away from home, put the ice chest in the passenger area of the car for the return trip. It’s much cooler than the trunk.
By following these guidelines, your picnic or outdoor gathering will be more enjoyable, and you will reduce the chances of a foodborne illness making you or guests sick.
- Barbecue and Food Safety (USDA)
Use these simple guidelines for grilling food safely.
- Handling Food Safely on the Road (USDA)
Pack safely for the camping trip, boat ride, day at the beach, or trip in the RV.
- Food Safety While Hiking, Camping & Boating (USDA)
If food is not handled correctly, foodborne illness can be an unwelcome souvenir from your trip.
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Moderate reasoning
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Food & Dining
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Kansas State University agricultural economist Art Barnaby is well aware of corn growers’ struggles this year as they deal with blistering summer heat and drought. But after crunching the numbers, he believes that some estimates of this year’s U.S. crop losses are premature and might be overstated.
Barnaby, who is a risk management specialist with K-State Research and Extension, gathered historical data from crop insurance participation going back to 1988 – the last big drought year in the Corn Belt. He then calculated the estimated premium for the 2012 corn crop and plugged the loss ratio for 1988 into the 2012 numbers.
State by state, the numbers won’t be so accurate because in 1988, some crops were better and some worse than this year, but in the aggregate, it generated a $10 billion underwriting loss on corn. That is a large loss, there’s no question about it, but it’s less than 10 percent of the USDA budget and the insurance companies are expected to pay some of the loss. A big chunk of that budget is food stamps and other feeding programs.”
Barnaby’s $12 billion to $15 billion estimated underwriting losses for all crops and all states is well under recent industry estimates of $20 billion to $40 billion in losses. Based on the most recent crop condition reports the estimate is likely to be closer to $15 billion, he said.
In estimating this year’s underwriting losses, he looked at the historical national crop loss ratios, which are indemnities divided by unsubsidized premiums. The two largest national loss ratios were 2.71 in 1988 and 2.19 in 1993 for all crops combined. It would require a record national loss ratio of 3.0 to generate a $21 billion underwriting loss. However, much has changed since 1988. The insurance pool is much larger and there are more crops in the pool. Corn is about 40 percent and soybeans are about 20 percent of the pool, which means 40 percent of the pool is in other crops. Because the USDA’s Risk Management Agency (RMA) averages all crops together across the country, it will be difficult to generate a national loss ratio over 3.00.
“There is some question if the 2012 crop has had enough damage to generate a national loss ratio on corn equal to 1988,” Barnaby said. “The most current USDA data suggest the losses are worse in Indiana but not as severe in Iowa and Minnesota. It is rare for the national loss ratio to exceed 2.00. That has only happened twice in the last 25 years, and it is also rare for a state loss ratio to exceed 5.00 where the insurance companies have a stop loss in their reinsurance agreement.
The rare year was 1993 when the national loss ratio was over 2.19 and Minnesota’s all crop loss ratio was 6.10. Therefore, any suggestion the underwriting losses will exceed $20 billion is premature. The 2012 underwriting losses likely will be between $10 billion and $12 billion. If we assume no rain for the next month then a $15 billion to $20 billion loss is possible and it would be a record loss ratio. The $15 billion scenario seems more likely with each crop condition report.
To get to a $17 billion underwriting loss on corn would require a loss ratio of about 5.00 on the national corn book only. The largest corn loss ratio was in 1993 at 3.29 and higher than 1988.
“I’ve gone back to 1988 and looked at the history in the top 18 producing corn states and it’s very rare, even at the state level, much less at the national level, where you have a loss ratio of 5.0. In fact there are only five states that have ever had a loss ratio of 5.0 on corn and they will surprise you,” Barnaby said.
“The top four are in the Corn Belt. That was the first shocker. No. 1 was Minnesota in 1993 and the corn loss ratio was 8.27. Illinois in 1988 was No. 2 with a loss ratio of 6.61. Pennsylvania had a loss ratio of 6.46 in 1991 and Wisconsin in 1988 had a loss ratio of 6.41. Texas, the only Great Plains state in the top five, in 1988 had a loss ratio of 5.37. All of the rest of the states had a loss ratio on corn below 5.0, so if you’re going to get to national loss ratio above 5.0 on corn, it will require a number of state loss ratios to exceed 5.0 and this is just for corn.”
“It’s very rare even at the state level, and it would be more rare at the national level because all crops gets averaged together, so I think my $15 billion with $10 billion from corn, should be on the upper end of the size of the underwriting loss,” Barnaby said. “There’s a lot of guessing going on. Based on what I’m seeing in the USDA reports, I don’t think this crop is quite at the same level as what the ’88 crop was in terms of being a disaster but the trend is clearly in that direction.”
One state that’s worse this year than it was in 1988 is Indiana, he said, but other states are better off: “I didn’t say great, just not as bad as in 1988.”
He noted that the dollar amount of claims is much more than in 1988 because more farmers buy crop insurance now.
“If you go back to ’88, less than 13 percent of Illinois corn acres were insured. Today, roughly 80 percent are insured,” he said.
“The way the press has been reporting this is the gross indemnity payment, not the loss in excess of premiums, which is the way the insurance industry and the government treat these things,” he said. “The numbers are big, no matter how you cut it, but many farmers are wondering if their company will be able to pay the claim and the short answer is yes. This is something they don’t need to worry about.”
After a company failed about 10 years ago, RMA put in into place much stronger financial requirements in order to be an approved insurance provider (AIP), including sufficient assets for reinsurance to cover at least two disasters in a row.
“The reinsurance market is a worldwide market, not just a U.S. market, so if one thing goes bad, it doesn’t bring down the whole market. For most of these companies, this is a very small part of their overall portfolio.”
Barnaby says he may get cards and letters reminding him that a large insurance company failed after the banking fiasco, but it was writing derivatives on housing loans and other products and the dollar amounts were much larger than the numbers affected by this year’s crop losses. Plus the $10 billion to $15 billion underwriting loss will not be completely borne by the insurance industry. The government will bear some of it.
He said some wells have been shut off because farmers have hit their irrigation limits. He’s encouraging producers to talk to their insurance agent to make sure everything is handled and documented properly.
“The crop insurance portion of the farm bill that’s been in place for the past several years has been successful in this sense – it got a lot of people insured,” Barnaby said. “There’s no doubt that farmers with this crop loss in 2012 are going to be covered a lot better than farmers were in 1988.
“Congress and the USDA have put a lot of effort into moving farmers from “free” disaster to a farmer-RMA premium shared crop insurance program. I find it ironic that many people are criticizing the size of the insurance program’s participation and the resulting payments.”
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Strong reasoning
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Industrial
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For some projects (either independently or within a group) you will be given a specific question, problem or challenge to address. Here you will want to begin with clarifying what the question, problem or challenge is asking and what the requirements are. Note-taking and developing a list of sub questions go hand-in-hand.
In some cases you will be leading the focus of your project. The first step is therefore to come up with a question, problem or challenge you wish to solve. Once you have picked a topic, you will usually need to narrow this. Creating a mind map can help to visualise different aspects of a topic. From here you will then need to list some questions. Use words like who, what, where and when to structure these.
Capturing your ideas
There are many advantages of good for old fashioned pen-and-paper note-taking, such as it’s familiar, for many we can write faster than we can type, and the evidence of the psychological link between writing and recall. Notebooks, index cards and post-it notes are all useful!
However there are also advantages to digital note-taking:
- Notes can be easily organised or re-organised (without simply ripping them out of your book), you can save them in folders, assign tags, and even do keyword searches.
- When using cloud based apps you can access your notes from any device from anywhere you have WiFi.
- Digital spaces allow you to store large volumes of information. (Some of the downsides to notebooks is that they soon fill up and that you can only access the notebook you’re carrying).
- Going through hand-written notes and synthesising these as digital notes can help to organise your thoughts and ideas.
- You can more easily share your notes with others.
There are a growing number of digital tools such tablets and stylus where you can write directly on the screen; smart pens that can sync with your smart phone using Bluetooth when using special notebooks; and no doubt many others. However we often forget to make good use of the very device so many of us carry everywhere – the mobile phone. The are now a wide variety of free apps that can be downloaded which can be used to take digital notes quickly and easily. Many phones also have built in apps such as Notes and Voice memos that you can email to yourself.
The key to capturing ideas is to do so ‘in the moment’ and to make the notes brief but clear. The space you choose does not need to be the space you will use for long time storage. Ideally you need to review these ideas, pull out the ones you want to develop and decide what actions you then need to take to do this.
You could use Google Docs to capture ideas and then create a new doc to expand each idea. Alternatively you could use a blog tool like Blogger or WordPress and tag your posts with ‘idea’ so that you can retrieve all the ideas into one list.
Below are some examples of tools you can use to gather your ideas.
Start will the apps on your own phone: notes, voice memos, email, video, camera.
Use the Dragon Recorder app to capture notes and memos. This is then saved as an audio file.
This is an app designed for note taking, organising, and archiving. The app allows users to create a “note” which can be a piece of formatted text, a full webpage or webpage excerpt, a photograph, a voice memo, or a handwritten “ink” note. Notes can also have file attachments. Notebooks can be added to a stack while notes can be sorted into a notebook, tagged, annotated, edited, given comments, searched, and exported as part of a notebook.
Combine handwriting, photos and typing in a single note. Share your notes with colleagues or study partners through Google Drive, AirDrop, Email and Dropbox. http://www.gingerlabs.com/
Google Docs is a free word processor programme, which allows users to create and edit documents online while collaborating with other users in real-time. Users can also leave comments and engage in live chat. Download the app to your phone for easy access.
This is a blog tool. Registration is required to own, or post within a blog. Download the app to your phone for easy access.
Padlet is a digital canvas where you can add images, videos, documents and text, which can be used by individuals or as a collaborative space
Microsoft OneNote is a computer programme for free-form information gathering and multi-user collaboration. Download the app to your phone for easy access.
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Moderate reasoning
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Education & Jobs
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On an unseasonably hot mid-September Friday afternoon, more than 100 pastoralists drive their cattle to Kobebe dam to drink, jostling for space.
The dam in Moroto district, northeastern Uganda, attracts herders with cows, goats, sheep, donkeys and camels from far and wide. Up to 5 million animals a day drink and graze nearby.
Simon Lomonyang trekked 50 kilometres here with his cattle from neighbouring Amudat district, and plans on staying for a week as he and his sons pondered their next move.
“I don’t think I will go back home soon,” the father of five says, in between barking orders to his sons as they herd their 40 head of cattle. “I came here for water, but there is not enough pasture so I have to go to another area but we don’t know where.”
With conditions getting worse, Lomonyang foresees his sons and grandsons traveling even longer distances in search of good grazing land.
This is part of Karamoja, a hotspot for climate change impacts bordering on Kenya and South Sudan. For decades, the sub-region has been stereotyped, marginalised, and ostracized, seen by the rest of the country as a no-go zone. Although that is changing, thanks in part to a steady flow of donor-funded recovery programmes, the journey to walk remains long.
Far from the urban centres, bustling with aid workers, out here the people face a double tragedy: extreme climate variations and chronic poverty.
During rainy seasons rivers flood, gardens are submerged and roads are cut off for days. When the sun shines shines, pastoral communities roam – sometimes across the border to Kenya – in search of water for their animals. Competition for grazing land has often sparked conflict between rival tribes.
Since the 1960s, average temperatures in the region have risen by 1.3C, while the number of extreme hot days increased 20-28%.
In the last twenty years, a plethora of development programmes have aimed to boost Karamoja’s prospects, variously focusing on health, education, infrastructure, livelihood restoration, food security and climate change.
But they are not always well received. “Most have been carelessly implemented,” complains Francis Kiyonga, a local councillor in Amudat district.
“We cannot talk about policies while structures for implementation of the projects are lacking,” Kiyonga says. “Most of the activities, including sensitisation of people about what needs to be done, are thriving in district towns/urban centres but you go down [in Amudat] and talk about climate change, the majority of the people are clueless, and yet they are the most at risk.”
During the recent 2017-18 drought, Kiyonga said the entire Karamoja sub-region lost 2,000 head of cattle “and if pastoralists had not moved to areas with water, more heads would have died”.
The government promotes valley dams as a way of conserving water. They are a partial solution, but their long-term viability is doubtful.
Kobebe’s construction in 2011 certainly changed the dynamics of the area. Pastoralists who previously migrated downriver to Teso sub-region in times of drought, clashing with its regular inhabitants, can instead camp out by the reservoir. But there is another source of tension: the water source attracts herders from Turkana, across the border in Kenya. The Ugandan military is usually on standby.
While the dam offers a buffer against variable rainfall, its usefulness still depends on the weather. Already in the extreme droughts of 2014 and 2015, the 2.3 billion-litre capacity Kobebe reservoir dried up completely and the dam started cracking. As temperatures rise, water stored in this way will evaporate more quickly.
The Ugandan government has secured €20 million ($23m) from the German government, through the seven-member Intergovernmental Authority on Development (Igad), to build three large valley dams in Moroto, Kotido, and Kaabong.
Separately the €150m ($170m) multi-sectoral Development Initiative for Northern Uganda (Dinu), funded by the EU, German, British and Ugandan governments, will bring smaller “valley tanks” to each parish in Amudat and Moroto.
District officials questioned whether this was the most appropriate intervention, grumbling to CHN about a lack of consultation on the ground. Researchers from Nairobi and Makerere universities found in a 2014 study most valley dams had little community buy-in and as a result were poorly managed.
European Union officials in Kampala referred the matter to the Uganda authorities for comment. Ugandan officials insisted wide-ranging consultations were carried out in all areas set to benefit from the project. Those complaining are “selfish individuals,” they said, who want specifically tailored programmes for their areas that resources don’t permit.
Officials also indicated that consultations on the Igad-funded project are ongoing.
Climate change impacts are compounded by other environmental problems. Trees are being cut down for fuel faster than they regrow. Pastoralists periodically burn the bush as a method of pest control. Lately, there has been a surge in mining activity.
Chebet Maikut, head of climate change in the ministry of water and environment, said government and development partners were pursuing measures like tree-planting too. As temperatures continue to rise, though, it is a race against time.
“Karamoja and the entire cattle corridor (from south western Uganda to the north east) are already on the brink,” Maikut said. “Any increase in temperatures, as it is expected, however minor it gets, will just shatter livelihoods.”
This article was produced as part of an African reporting fellowship supported by Future Climate for Africa.
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Strong reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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How To Diagnose Bunions
A bunion (hallux valgus) is an enlargement of the bone or tissue around a joint at the base of the big toe or at the base of the little toe (in which case it is called a "bunionette" or "tailor's bunion"). Bunions often occur when the joint is stressed over a prolonged period. Ninety percent of bunions occur in women, primarily because women may be more likely to wear tight, pointed, and confining shoes. Bunions may be inherited as a family trait. Bunions may also result from arthritis, which often affects the big toe joint.What causes burning pain in Achilles tendon?
The most common cause of bunions is poor footwear. Poorly fitted shoes, high heeled shoes or shoes with a narrow toe area can all cause bunions or make bunions worse. Bunions can be hereditary and they can be associated with poor foot biomechanics such as overpronation or flat feet. Rheumatoid arthritis or some diseases of the nervous system can also cause bunions. Symptoms
Bunions are an often painful condition that may become even more painful as extra bone and a fluid-filled sac grow at the base of your big toe. Some of the most frequently experienced signs and symptoms associated with bunions, besides pain, include redness in your affected area. Blistering over your bunion. Callus formation around your bunion. Bursitis. Nerve damage (numbness and/or sharp pains) in your involved area. Bunions may also cause pain within and below your first metatarsophalangeal, or MTP, joint. Your bunion may become further dislocated and unstable as it progresses and may overload your adjacent joints.Diagnosis
Your doctor will be able to diagnose a bunion by asking about your symptoms and examining your feet. You may also have blood tests to rule out any other medical conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis or gout, although this is rare. Your doctor may refer you to a podiatrist or chiropodist (healthcare professionals who specialise in conditions that affect the feet).Non Surgical Treatment
Fortunately, many bunions never go on to cause problems other than the cosmetic appearance. The easiest option is to try different shoes or padding, however this is not the answer for everyone. The various straps and braces that are commercially available are not proven to be particularly effective.Surgical Treatment
Severe cases may require, along with surgery, cast immobilization and prolonged avoidance of weight-bearing activity. You should know that undergoing surgery for this health problem does not guarantee a cure or even a beneficial health outcome. Bunions, like many other foot conditions, should always be approached from a prevention standpoint, or therapy should be directed at slowing the progression of your deformity.Prevention
If you are genetically at risk, not a lot. But shoes that are too narrow, too tight (even ballet flats) or have very high heels that force your toes down into the pointed end are asking for trouble. Aim for a 1cm gap between your toes and the end of your shoes. This doesn?t mean wearing frumpy flatties, the Society of Podiatrists and Chiropodists recommends sticking to 4cm heels for everyday wear, and wearing different types of shoe to vary the position of your foot. Gladiator styles can help because the straps stop your foot pushing down into the point of the shoe, ditto Mary Janes (sorry but for beautiful feet they need to have a strap), and flat, wide-fitting brogues are a no-brainer. Alternatively, in summer you can wear flip-flops to keep the space between your big and second toe as wide as possible. If you have children it?s vital to make sure that their feet are measured for properly fitting shoes to nip any potential problems in the bud. Keeping your feet and lower legs supple and strong is important too, that?s how A-list celebs get away with wearing killer heels, they all work-out like crazy. Exercises like trying to widen the space between your big toe and the second one with your foot flat on the floor, a few times a day can help, as can calf stretches. If you are devoted to any exercise that involves high impact for your feet, it might be worth checking that your gait and shoes are correct with a specialist shop such as Runners Need, as poor styles can cause irreparable bunion-related problems that will consign your trainers to the back of the cupboard for ever. URL del sito web:
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Moderate reasoning
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Health
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In 1865, economist William Stanley Jevons observed that technological advancements in coal burning failed to cut coal consumption, instead leading to a sharp increase. This observation, known in environmental economics as the Jevons paradox, was attributed to increased efficiency in resource use leading to cheaper goods, thereby boosting demand.
Three decades ago, Nobel Laureate Robert Solow made another important observation about technology’s limits, this time in computer science: despite rapid progress in computing power, including economic sectors heavily investing in IT, overall productivity growth slowed down, owing to a significant lag before the new-found computing power was effectively integrated into economic activities.
Today, the world is pressingly faced with myriad technological challenges: the immediate focus is on developing a coronavirus vaccine, but in not too long we will be returning our attention to asking how modern technological advancements can deliver both climate action and sustainable economic development. So far, the results are mixed, to say the least.
Despite efforts to promote clean energy sources like solar and wind, the fossil fuel regime still retains a daunting 80 percent of final energy use globally. While energy efficiency is considered a top priority, over the last quarter century, energy use has instead grown (by over 50 percent) far quicker than population growth (35 percent).
Increasing Google services users tripled respective energy consumption during the past eight years; the annual footprint of cryptocurrency mining networks is now comparable to national economies; the majority of global bandwidth is consumed for video streaming, and so on.
Some of these services are readily available and freely accessible (e.g. YouTube); although such free access is socially beneficial and contributes to sustainability in various manners (e.g. by reducing inequalities), free-riding in highly energy-consuming lifestyles is not in keeping with the traditional climate policy model and required sustainability efforts.
"Despite efforts to promote clean energy sources like solar and wind, the fossil fuel regime still retains a daunting 80 percent% of final energy use globally"
Digitalisation is, in the scientific community and otherwise, widely considered an enabler of behavioural change that can help materialise a low-carbon, less material-intensive future. But there is a very real possibility that people will instead give in to a society-wide rebound effect, where more energy is needed to use a larger number of higher efficiency services.
Think of the future smart household with multiple video screens, virtual reality terminals and any new number of electronic consumer devices marketed to us by firms chasing sales and profit.
These observations point to a modern technological paradox: the technological means become their own ends. Growth is determined in a process of quantitative and technological expansion, and one-dimensional narratives of “market growth”, “competitiveness” and “consumerism” dominate debates.
But complex environmental challenges like the climate crisis require more than outdated approaches of ecosystem pricing, carbon taxation, clean energy subsidies and other ways of accounting for environmental damages.
The world needs to revisit and reform its growth model in societal, environmental, governance and financing terms. Crucially, this means a more holistic consideration; sustainability and growth are not isolated issues, but rather two sides of the same coin.
After the COVID-19 outbreak, greenhouse gas emissions, currently projected to fall by an impressive yet insufficient 5-8 percent by the end of 2020 due to the collapse of fossil fuel demand, are expected to bounce back, sooner or later.
This rebound was the case after previous global economic and other crises. And it will be the case now, unless governments listen this time and invest in climate-friendly infrastructure, technology and practices.
"We should learn the best lessons from the Coronavirus response, and our previous technological missteps, to inform our understanding of how technology can promote sustainable behaviours, without creating new paradoxes and without creating new losers"
Europe must be at the forefront of this effort, fostering, rather than delaying, crucial aspects of the European Green Deal, and greening the recovery. This will enable significant drops in greenhouse gas emissions on an annual basis, which will be in line with the Paris Agreement and built on a sustainable new norm that we choose, rather than inadequate and temporary cuts enforced by the current state of emergency.
Current efforts to flatten the curve of COVID-19 infections across the globe indirectly pushed entire industries to shift to working from home and cut greenhouse gas emissions by putting heavy transportation to hibernation.
However, neither lockdown measures nor plans to lift them so far entailed action in a sustainable, resilient direction. It seems that, still, there is no targeted planning for a green recovery from the pandemic, as countries slowly begin to kickstart their economies.
We should learn the best lessons from the Coronavirus response, and our previous technological missteps, to inform our understanding of how technology can promote sustainable behaviours, without creating new paradoxes and without creating new losers.
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CC-MAIN-2023-06
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https://www.theparliamentmagazine.eu/news/article/convergence-between-technological-progress-and-sustainability-is-not-that-obvious
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Strong reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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Lung cancer is cancer that begins in the respiratory system. The respiratory system is situated in stomach area. When you take in, air goes through your nose, down your throat (trachea), and into the respiratory system, where it propagates through pipes known as lung. Most lung cancer begins in the tissues that range these pipes.
There are two primary kinds of lung cancer:
- Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC): is the most everyday sort of lung cancer.
- Small-cell lung cancer: creates up about 20% of all lung cancer situations.
If the lung cancer is made up of both kinds, it is known as combined little cell/large cell cancer.
If the cancer began somewhere else in the body and propagates to the respiratory system, it is known as metastatic cancer to the lung.
Causes, Occurrence, And Danger Factors
Lung cancer is the most harmful kind of cancer for both men and ladies. Each season, more individuals die of lung cancer than of breasts, colon, and prostate cancers combined. Lung cancer is more typical in seniors. It is unusual in individuals under age 45. Cigarette smoking, tobacco is the top cause of lung cancer. The more cigarette you smoke or take tobacco per day and the previously you began smoking cigarettes, the higher your danger for lung cancer. There is no proof that smoking low-tar cigarettes or taking tobacco decreases the danger.
However, lung cancer has happened in individuals who have never used. Secondhand smoke (breathing the smokes of others cigarettes) improves your danger for lung cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, an approximated 3,000 non-smoking grownups will die each season from lung cancer relevant to respiration secondhand smokes of cigarettes.
The following may also improve your danger for lung cancer:
- High levels of arsenic in consuming water
- Exposure to cancer-causing substances such as uranium, beryllium, soft chloride, dime chromates, fossil fuel items, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, fuel, and diesel fuel exhaust
- Radiation treatment to the lungs
- Family record of lung cancer
- High levels of air pollution
- Radon gas
Early lung cancer may not cause any symptoms. Symptoms rely on the kind of cancer you have, but may include:
- Cough that doesn’t go away
- Coughing up blood
- Shortness of breath
- Chest pain
- Losing weight without trying
- Loss of appetite
Other symptoms that may also happen with lung cancer, often in the delayed stages:
- Joint pain
- Bone discomfort or tenderness
- Swallowing difficulty
- Facial paralysis
- Swelling of the experience or arms
- Hoarseness or modifying voice
- Nail problems
- Shoulder pain
- Eyelid drooping
These symptoms can also be due to other, less serious circumstances, so you should discuss to your doctor. Many times, lung cancer is discovered when an x-ray or CT check out is done for another purpose.
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Basic reasoning
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Health
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Seven Reasons why a Low Carbohydrate Diet is wrong
Charles Remington explains the health problems you may experience with a low carbohydrate diet
Obesity is reaching epidemic levels in America and is now the second leading cause of preventable deaths. The medical community used to see it as simply the result of poor eating habits or a lack of willpower but now they are beginning to define obesity as a disease that poses a dire threat to our public health. Low carbohydrate diets have become popular as the solution in our battle to lose weight. Unfortunately, the human body is equipped to use carbohydrate as its primary source of fuel. Sadly, the latest low carbohydrate fad diets are not the fuel the human body was designed to run on. Low carbohydrate diets can cause several health concerns over time. Here are my top seven.
1. Poor exercise performance and recovery
Carbohydrates are the primary fuel for your muscles and brain. Eating a low carbohydrate diet prevents proper maintenance of muscle and liver glycogen (storage form of carbohydrate and water), decreasing muscle performance and increasing muscle fatigue. ATP is the main source of energy for all muscle contraction. When a muscle is used, a chemical reaction breaks down ATP to produce energy. There is only enough ATP stored in the muscle for a few contractions. More ATP is needed. There are three enzyme systems that can create more ATP. The three sources of ATP for muscle contraction are carbohydrates, fatty acids and amino acid proteins. Carbohydrates metabolize efficiently and are therefore used first. If carbohydrates are not available, your muscles metabolize fatty acids and amino acids as secondary sources of ATP. These secondary sources are not efficient, which consequently cause your strength and endurance to drop drastically. It needs to be customized to your amount of muscle and exercise schedule. It provides 50% of your calories from high fibre, low glycaemia (turn into blood sugar slowly) carbohydrates which are metabolized into muscle energy best. This will lead to increases in strength and muscle endurance.
Gout is a form of arthritis that occurs when excessive uric acid levels, start to crystallize in joints, leading to pain and inflammation. Uric acid is a waste product in the liver's metabolism of protein. Excessive amounts of protein may lead to an inability of elimination of uric acid. I would recommend you should not exceed 1 to 1.25 grams of protein per lean pound of body weight.
3. Kidney stones
Kidney stones are hard masses that form in the kidneys when uric acid or calcium oxalate crystallizes and over time form stones. Insoluble fibre found only in carbohydrates reduces the absorption of calcium, which cause urinary calcium levels to drop resulting in prevention of kidney stone's formation. I would recommend the consumption of 30 or more grams of fibre daily. This is not attainable on low carbohydrate diets.
4. Constipation and poor intestinal health
To maintain good intestinal health our bodies, require thirty or more grams of fibre daily. Fibre is divided into two types soluble and insoluble. Insoluble fibre is vital in the formation of stools and decreases the time process of waste elimination. Low carbohydrate diets are too low in insoluble fibre and increase risk of constipation. Poor transit time of waste material increases risk of certain colon cancers. Insoluble fibres prevent the build-up of mucus on intestinal walls which lead to poor absorption of nutrients into the body. Low carbohydrate diets are inadequate to maintain good intestinal wall health. I would recommend you use whole grains, oats, beans, fruits and vegetable which are rich in soluble and insoluble fibre. This lowers the risk for constipation, irritable bowel, diverticulitis, Crohn's disease, haemorrhoids and colon cancers.
5. Rise in cholesterol levels and an increased risk of heart disease
The risk of heart disease increases on low carbohydrate, low fibre diets. These diets promote excessive amounts of animal protein, cholesterol and saturated fat. Exuberant amounts of protein increase homocysteine, which is a by-product of the amino acid methionine. Many experts believe that high homocysteine levels have many toxic effects which lead to increased risk of heart disease and hardening of arteries. Low carbohydrate, low fibre diets reduce the absorption and elimination of digestive bile in the intestines. Digestive bile is produced in the liver from cholesterol. A decrease in digestive bile production raises blood serum cholesterol levels which increases the risk of heart disease. Unlike low carbohydrate diets I would promote a nutritional balance providing 30% protein, 50% high fibre carbohydrates and 20% fat.
Osteoporosis is the reduction of bone density, due to the loss of calcium over long periods of time. Several dietary factors increase the risk of osteoporosis. When dietary protein reaches excessive levels, so does the loss of calcium in the urine. Most studies show that a lifelong high protein diet results in an increase of osteoporosis. Poor intestinal health due to low fibre diets cause inadequate absorption of calcium in intestines contributing to poor bone formation. This would suggest that all low carbohydrate diets cannot become a lifelong lifestyle of eating. This is only one of many reasons why low carbohydrate diets provide poor Long-Term Weight Control. Interestingly, a diet too low in protein can also increase risk of osteoporosis. There is no one size fits all when managing our weight, so it has to be customized to the individual providing the right balance of protein, carbohydrate and fat.
7. Loss of muscle and reduction of metabolism
Any diet that applies the restriction of calories less than the body's daily requirements over long periods of time will result in the loss of lean muscle tissue and a decrease in the metabolism. All low carbohydrate diets are focused solely on weight loss. The loss of fat comes at a high cost, which is the loss of lean muscle. The loss of muscle reduces the resting metabolic rate, which is the major cause for rebound weight gain. Research shows 95% of all dieters will regain that weight back. We do not fail at diets - diets fail us! The secret is not to try to lose fat every day as this will result in losing muscle and reducing metabolism.
Long-term success in managing weight starts with the right approach. If you are overweight, the real problem is that you have too much body fat for how much muscle you possess. A body composition solution is needed, not just a weight loss diet. Your goal should be to lose fat without losing muscle or sacrificing your health in the process. To maintain your results your eating habits must develop lifelong character. Low carbohydrate diets provide initial weight loss, but at the high cost of losing muscle and reducing metabolism. They are inadequate sources of fuel to support exercise activity, which is vital in maintaining good health. The risks to your health long term make low carbohydrate diet's poor solutions for lifelong weight management.
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About the Author
Charles Remington is a Nutritionist from Connecticut, U.S.A. and in 1992 discovered a way to influence hormonal change so our bodies would lose fat without losing muscle or reducing metabolism.
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In 1980, at the 39th Venice Biennale, Francesco Clemente emerged before an international audience and won critical acclaim for his rich and complex visual imagery. His use of the figure and return to traditional, artisanal materials broke with the dematerialization of the art object that was prevalent in the art of the late 1960s and 1970s, and he went on to take a central role in the international revival of Expressionism in the 1980s.
Clemente moves fluidly across temporal and cultural boundaries, from the ancient Mediterranean to India and New York City. He draws omnivorously from diverse sources: Italian Renaissance illuminated manuscripts and frescoes, Indian miniature painting, Romanticism, Abstract Expressionism, and Pop Art. Alluding to the kaleidoscopic range and elusive nature of this pictorial universe, critic Edit deAk described Clemente as a "chameleon in a state of grace."
Born in Naples in 1952, Clemente moved to Rome in 1970 to study architecture. The '70s in Italy were marked by frequent student protests, massive labor strikes, outbreaks of urban terrorism, and sweeping social battles. Against the backdrop of these deep social, political, and economic upheavals, Clemente began to explore the medium of drawing. Influenced by the work of Joseph Beuys, Alighiero Boetti, Luigi Ontani, and Cy Twombly, he accumulated a reservoir of images that he would transform and reinvent throughout his career. Seeking alternative modes of aesthetic experience, Clemente made several extended trips to India between 1973 and 1978. During these visits, he continued to produce notational drawings and began to collaborate with Indian artisans on works such as Two Painters (1980) India's heterogeneous culture profoundly affected Clemente's artistic and intellectual sensibility, impressing upon him a model for the stylistic fragmentation that would characterize his oeuvre. In India, the artist found the freedom to work simultaneously with different subject matter and mediums, such as drawing, watercolor, fresco, oil painting, sculpture, and book illustration.
By 1978, Clemente's work commanded the attention of many artists and critics. The Italian art critic Achille Bonito Oliva grouped Clemente with other Italian figurative artists of his generation--notably Sandro Chia, Enzo Cucchi, Nicola de Maria, and Mimmo Paladino--under the banner of the Transavanguardia. Bonito Oliva defined the artists of the Transavanguardia as cultural nomads who roamed freely throughout history to weave together personal myth and public imagery. In the early 1980s, this uniquely Italian movement was assimilated into the international phenomenon known as Neo-Expressionism, or New Image Painting, and Clemente acquired the label of Neo-Expressionist with the exhibition of large-scale, gestural paintings such as Perseverance (1982) and The Fourteen Stations (1981-82), a cycle of twelve large canvases that reinterpret Christ's Passion with a dramatic layering of images reminiscent of Willem de Kooning's art. Despite its figurative qualities, however, Clemente's visual grammar exceeds the rhetoric of Neo-Expressionism, and his complex art has always resisted categorization.
Drawn to New York's wild cultural heterogeneity, Clemente and his family moved permanently to the city in 1981. He quickly integrated himself into a community of painters, graffiti artists, composers, musicians, filmmakers, poets, and critics, and collaborated with several of its members. He illuminated poems by Allen Ginsberg and created a group of paintings with Jean-Michel Basquiat and Andy Warhol. It was also around this time that a quality of lightness appeared in his work, exemplified by the whimsical line renderings and simple, airy composition of the series of watercolor portraits begun in 1982, such as Morton Feldman, Keith Haring, and Robert Mapplethorpe (ca. 1982-87).
The retrospective Clemente, organized by Deputy Director and Chief Curator Lisa Dennison, unites more than two hundred works in various mediums dating from the early '70s through the present. Extending the antihierarchical logic and open-ended spirit of his art, the exhibition is organized according to eight themes chosen by the artist. More poetic than categorical, these themes open several paths into Clemente's labyrinthine oeuvre and synthesize for the viewer a uniquely personal narrative of his work. I examines how Clemente's portraits and self-portraits constitute the self as a permeable entity whose borders shift in encounters with the Other. In the watercolor Alba & Francesco (1982), for example, the boundaries between the artist and his wife disappear as the two literally blend into one another. The works in Unborn evoke the paradoxical character of Clemente's art, suspended between the material and the immaterial, word and image, East and West, and--as in The Dark in Me (1988), whose terra-cotta and gold coloration recalls Etruscan art--past and present. Books, Palimpsests, Collaborations examines Clemente's involvement with the literary community, especially his book collaborations with poets. Inspired by 12th- and 13th-century books that explicate the spiritual importance of animals, Bestiary reveals the artist's conviction in the equal importance of all orders of existence, from the animal to the mystical. Conversion to Her links the polymorphous sexuality in Clemente's imagery to the idea of metamorphosis. Rooms opens spaces for meditation and features various frescoes as well as The Indigo Room (1983-84) and The Fourteen Stations. In Amulets and Prayers, signs, numbers, and references to the elements and the senses that recur throughout Clemente's work are treated as interwoven systems imbued with personal significance. The sculptures Sun, Moon, Mercury, and Saturn (1992), for example, link the alchemical power of metals to celestial bodies. Directly beneath Frank Lloyd Wright's domed skylight, Sky employs the metaphor of the cosmos to suggest how Clemente's ideas and images combine to form a unique aesthetic constellation.
--Melanie Mariño, Curatorial Assistant
is the sponsor
of this exhibition as part of its ongoing support of the
Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation.
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The Auschwitz Museum acquires the second part of the archive concerning the Ładoś Group The Auschwitz Memorial in Virtual Panoramic Images The virtual tour of the Auschwitz-Birkenau Memorial includes over 200 high-quality panoramic photographs The Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum (Polish: Państwowe Muzeum Auschwitz-Birkenau) is a museum on the site of the Auschwitz concentration camp in Oświęcim (German: Auschwitz), Poland.. The site includes the main concentration camp at Auschwitz I and the remains of the concentration and extermination camp at Auschwitz II-Birkenau.Both were developed and run by Nazi Germany during its. The former camp consisted of three parts: Auschwitz, Birkenau (where the gas chambers were located), and Monowitz (where a chemical camp was run by prison labor). Today, the barracks at Auschwitz have been turned into the Auschwitz-Birkenau Memorial and Museum, while Birkenau has been preserved to look much as it did after the liberation
The latest tweets from @AuschwitzMuseu The Auschwitz-Birkenau Memorial and Museum is free to visit every day between 7:30 a.m. and 3:30 p.m., but most months offer extended hours. (Note: Visitors will not be admitted up to 90 minutes. The Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum is a State cultural institution supervised directly by the Minister of Culture and National Heritage, who ensures the necessary financing for its functioning and the fulfillment of its mission, including educational activities to understand the tragedy of the Holocaust and the need to prevent similar threats. . Gianni Tortoli/Photo Researchers. The death camp and slave-labour camp were interrelated. Newly arrived prisoners at the death camp were divided in a process known as Selektion. The young and the able-bodied were sent to work
76 reviews of Państwowe Muzeum Auschwitz-Birkenau Auschwitz I was the first of three Auschwitz concentration camps. It was built before the Nazi occupied Poland and was used afterwards by them to house Polish Political Prisoners and Jews. The conditions of Auschwitz and size is very different compared to Birkenau. When I visited I was very surprised how small the camp was compared to what I. Auschwitz II (Auschwitz-Birkenau) Construction of Auschwitz II, or Auschwitz-Birkenau, began at Brzezinka in October 1941. Of the three camps established near Oswiecim, the Auschwitz-Birkenau camp had the largest total prisoner population. It was divided into ten sections separated by electrified barbed-wire fences
. 370,779 likes · 30,410 talking about this · 299,291 were here. The Auschwitz Memorial preserves two parts of the former German Nazi camp. To make a.. Here's the Auschwitz-Birkenau museum, as it appears to us: vestiges, ruins, traces. Some barbed wires, some barracks, some birches. A museum without any works of art, a cemetery without any graves, a Unesco listed site, yet without any trace of heritage. Thousands of visitors are coming here every day in numbers and from all around the world, without really knowing what they're looking for The Auschwitz-Birkenau Memorial and Museum is located around 65km outside of Kraków, on the edge of the town of Oświęcim. The site is open from 7.30am every day, with the last entry time varying through the year (from 2pm in December to 7pm in June, July and August), and closing time is 90 minutes later
Giuliana Tedeschi. The Auschwitz camp complex has become a universal symbol of the Holocaust. Research scholars at the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum estimate that approximately 1.1 million people were murdered in Auschwitz, of whom a million were Jews. The Auschwitz complex was not built overnight. This was a major construction project that. Plan Your Visit Current Exhibitions Calendar of Events Support the Museum Donate. Learn Teach Collections Academic Research Remember Survivors and Victims Genocide Prevention Antisemitism and Holocaust Denial Outreach Museum Reports Museum Structure History of the Memorial Photo gallery Bookstore Auschwitz prisoners Contact History Pokaż menu niższego poziomu dla History. Home Page - History Before the extermination Auschwitz I Auschwitz II-Birkenau Auschwitz III-Monowit Auschwitz-Birkenau Extermination Camp. The largest of the death camps where over 1,100,000 Jews were murdered, Auschwitz-Birkenau was both a labor camp and a center for the rapid murder of Jews by means of Zyklon B gas. It was equipped with several extermination facilities and crematoria
Photo: Auschwitz-Birkenau Memorial and Museum. JNS.org - Archivist Ewa Bazan at the Auschwitz-Birkenau Museum discovered new names and stories linked to the German Nazi concentration and death camp Progress. Tree list of the cours The victims at Auschwitz were among 6million Jews who were murdered by Adolf Hitler's forces between 1941 and 1945. Their lives are commemorated today on Holocaust Memorial Day Bloomington: Indiana University Press, in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 1998. Cywinski, Piotr, Piotr Setkiewicz, and Jacek Lachendro. Auschwitz from A to Z: An Illustrated History of the Camp. Oswiecim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, 2013
The reasons for the epidemics and contagious diseases that prevailed in Auschwitz concentration camp included the dreadful living conditions, which varied during the years that the camp operated, and were different in each part of the camp. In Auschwitz I, prisoners lived in old brick barracks. Several hundred three-tier wooden bunk beds were installed in each building The Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum and Memorial imposes an obligation of remembrance and education on future generations throughout the world. Each institution and every person of good will desirous of helping to bear the burden of maintaining, preserving, and ensuring access to these most eloquent, authentic vestiges of the Holocaust and. According to the Auschwitz-Birkenau memorial museum, an estimated 10,000 labourers are thought to have died there. Once they were judged incapable of work, most were killed with a phenol injection.
What people are saying about Memorial and Museum Auschwitz-Birkenau. Paul exceeded our expectations of this trip although the experience was of sorrow with what happened at Auschwitz Paul was very informative and we certainly learnt alot with the information he gave us about Auschwitz and Kraków. Paul was very friendly and made us feel at ease. A new publication by the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum in Poland shows photographs taken in the extermination camp during World War II alongside pictures of the same locations today Stop At: Panstwowe Muzeum Auschwitz-Birkenau, ul. Wiezniow Oswiecimia 20 Entrance to the Museum is located at Stanisławy Leszczyńskiej Str. no. 11, Oswiecim 32-603 Poland. Explore the twin concentration camp: Auschwitz I and Auschwitz II- Birkenau with a guide as you learn about the Nazi Holocaust and how the camps functioned Culture Minister Piotr Glinski recently appointed Szydlo to a four-year term on the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum Council, a nine-member body made up of Poles who meet once a year to advise the museum's director. It is separate from the International Auschwitz Council, which includes Holocaust survivors and international experts The Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, he emphasises, is meant to pose questions and arouse the conscience. We must clearly state that it is difficult to fully understand the challenges and threats of today's world, its complexity and the responsibility that rests on us all, without understanding the fundamental experience of the.
Visit Auschwitz-Birkenau Museum and the Wieliczka Salt Mine on this full-day guided tour. Benefit from fast-track entry tickets 17-02-2010. The newest publication from the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum is a Polish version of Błogosławiona bądź wyobraźnio - przeklęta bądź. Wspomnienia 'Stamtąd' (Imagination: Blessed Be, Cursed Be: Reminscences from There) by former Auschwitz prisoner Batsheva Dagan, who was born in Łódź. In the introduction to this. Stop At: Panstwowe Muzeum Auschwitz-Birkenau, ul. Wiezniow Oswiecimia 20 Entrance to the Museum is located at Stanisławy Leszczyńskiej Str. no. 11, Oswiecim 32-603 Poland Due to the length of this trip or the tour option, the duration may vary. Getting to the Museum from Krakow takes about an hour and a half Auschwitz museum appeals for personal SS documents Director of Auschwitz-Birkenau Museum appeals to Germans and Austrians to donate documents related to the SS staff of the camp. JTA, 19/01/2017 02:2
By VANESSA GERA March 29, 2021. WARSAW, Poland (AP) — The Auschwitz-Birkenau state museum said Monday that damage was done by a New Yorker article that explores efforts to stifle Holocaust scholarship in Poland, a piece the museum had originally accused of containing lies about Poland's role during World War II - This is a subsequent seminar for teachers from Ukraine carried out in cooperation with the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum. Once again, the Polish coordinators have prepared a very professional and substantive programme and surprised us with new ideas and educational solutions - said Yehor Vradii, PhD, from the Tkuma Institute in Dnieper Browse 19,218 auschwitz stock photos and images available, or search for auschwitz birkenau to find more great stock photos and pictures. The gates of the Nazi concentration camp at Auschwitz, Poland, circa 1965. The sign above them is 'Arbeit Macht Frei' - 'Work Makes You Free' The Auschwitz-Birkenau Memorial and Museum has installed an innovative sanitation gate to ensure the safety of visitors in response to the outbreak of COVID-19.. The museum, which will not reopen before July, hopes to minimise the spread of COVID-19 and other viruses and bacteria with the special sanitation gate. The gate has been installed at the front entrance and was developed in. The Office of the Prime Minister held a seminar on the organization of this year's March of the Living. Jewish march organizers and educators took part, as did representatives of the Polish Prime Minister, Polish-Jewish friendship organizations, the Oswiecim city government, the village of Brzezinka, and the Museum
The winners of the international competition My memory, my responsibility. In my place, organised by the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum and the Auschwitz-Birkenau Institute, also delivered their presentations. A summary of the conference will be published in a special issue of the magazine, Memoria Visit to the impressive Auschwitz-Birkenau memorial and museum The following 63 files are in this category, out of 63 total. 2019 Auschwitz Museum 0089-Michelides.jpg. 2019 Auschwitz Museum 0171-Michelides.jpg. A book of names-block 27-Auschwitz I.jpg. A layout of the Auschwitz.JPG. A page from the Bunker Book.JPG. Auschwitz - Poland (74209305).jpg. Auschwitz - Poland (74209394).jpg. Auschwitz - Poland. The museum is a site of commemoration for the estimated 1.1 million people killed in Auschwitz-Birkenau and to the survivors who suffered as camp inmates. Most of the victims were European Jews. It features more than 600 original objects, including major loans from the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum that had never been seen outside of Poland before the exhibition firm Musealia first.
Reserva un Hotel cerca Auschwitz-Birkenau. Precios increíbles y sin cargos. Confirmación Inmediata. Atención al cliente 24/7. Web oficial de Booking.com Auschwitz Birkenau Museum. Krakow Wiki; Museums, Places to visit; October 17, 2016; Auschwitz concentration camp is known worldwide as a symbol of terror, genocide and the Holocaust. It was the largest concentration camp in Nazi Germany, that took lives of over 1.1 million people during the 1940-1945 time period. There were three main camps. Introduction: At the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum (A-BSM) actions have been undertaken to effectively protect employees and minimise risk of SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus spreading from the beginning of the COVID-19 epidemic. Aim of the article: The aim was to present the actions, instructions and procedures introduced at the A-BSM to provide information how to deal with pandemic caused by the. Piotr M. A. Cywiński, Director of the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum Marek Zając, Secretary of the International Auschwitz Council Janusz Barszcz, Director of Gross-Rosen Museum in Rogoźnica. Tomasz Hanejko, Director of the Museum-Memorial Site in Bełżec Edward Kopówka, Director of the Museum of Struggle and Martyrdom in Treblinka Tomasz Kranz, Director of the State Museum at Majdane FILE- In this file photo taken Jan. 27, 2020, people are seen arriving at the site of the Auschwitz-Birkenau Nazi German death camp, where more than 1.1 million were murdered, in Oswiecim, Poland, for observances marking 75 years since the camp's liberation by the Soviet army
The Soviet army enters Auschwitz, Birkenau, and Monowitz and liberates around 7,000 prisoners, most of whom are ill and dying. Video Available; Yalta Conference February 4, 1945. Allied leaders meet to discuss military strategy in the final defeat of Nazi Germany, the postwar occupation of Germany, and the prosecution of German war criminals 1. 2. The Auschwitz-Birkenau Death Camp Victims Memorial Foundation was called into existence in May 1990 to support the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum in Oświęcim in carrying out its statutory aims. The main goals of the work of the Foundation are to. help to preserve, maintain, and conserve the buildings, records, and archival holdings of. The Museum of Jewish Heritage in New York shares stories of death and life in Auschwitz. Not long ago. Not far away, an exhibition of more than 700 objects, replicas and media running through. The past was an incredibly dark one and Auschwitz is the bridge that transports you to witness the same. While the entire experience of visiting the Auschwitz-Birkenau Memorial and Museum is.
Join us on a virtual tour of Shoah the permanent exhibition in Block 27 at the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, where we will heed Elie Wiesel's call. The tour will explore the central themes of the Holocaust, offer insights into the rich Jewish life that existed prior to 1939, the world of children during the Shoah and the monumental Book of. prosthetic legs - memorial and museum auschwitz birkenau stock pictures, royalty-free photos & images. Concentration camp Auschwitz Birkenau : exterior view. Concentration camp Auschwitz Birkenau : death wall. Serge Klarsfeld and Marc Oler, David Olere's grandson, during the opening of 'David Olère Find Auschwitz Birkenau Museum Memorial Concentration Camp stock images in HD and millions of other royalty-free stock photos, illustrations and vectors in the Shutterstock collection. Thousands of new, high-quality pictures added every day The Institute's team will also with their colleagues in Poland to produce and IWitness activity and an IWalk tour to complement the museum experience at ABSM. The education program at the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum offers seminars, lectures and workshops, as well as thematic multimedia presentations, online lessons and publications Auschwitz-Birkenau Museum. The Auschwitz museum has obtained a new relic from the death camp that Nazi Germany operated during World War II: the baton of the inmate orchestra's conductor
Guided tour in Auschwitz-Birkenau in English • Price included services of the Museum local guide, rental cost of headphones • Documentary movie subject to availability • Pick up from hotel between 7:30 - 9:30 to be confirmed • Transportation between both camps • Meeting at your hotel, apartment etc. • Shared Transport maximum 8 people in the car to and from Auschwitz birkenua and. About the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum. Auschwitz is a worldwide known symbol of terror, genocide and the Holocaust. The concentration camp was established by the German Nazis in 1940. Initially the prisoners and victims of the camp were Poles. Among its prisoners were also Jews, Roma, Soviet POWs and prisoners of other nationalities and. About the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum Auschwitz is a worldwide known symbol of terror, genocide and the Holocaust. The concentration camp was established by the German Nazis in 1940 Don't head to Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum without up-to-date facts about travel restrictions and quarantine policies. Travelocity's Covid-19 Travel Advisor will fill in the blanks. It has all the information you need to make your vacation and flight as relaxed as possible
This second legacy was personally imprinted on me when I visited Auschwitz-Birkenau on a museum tour in 2017. What is important to remember, not just on VE-Day but whenever we think of this history, is what was stopped. Located near the town of Oświęcim in Poland, Auschwitz-Birkenau combined forced labor with extermination operations in 1942. . in Poland which, in addition to maintaining the camps and providing visitor support, is also a very large research and publications center.. Over 25 million people have visited the Auschwitz Museum since its establishment in 1947
Presentations by Andrzej Kacorzyk, Director of the International Center for Education about Auschwitz and the Holocaust at the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum and Paul Salmons, Curator and Pedagogue, international travelling exhibition Auschwitz. Not long ago. Not far away July 1947: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum established. Animated guide to Auschwitz. In pictures: Memorial Day. Some conservation is under way. In Auschwitz I, in a building once earmarked by the Nazis as a registration block for prisoners, teams of technicians in white coats are at work, preserving thousands of artefacts and developing methods. Jewish Museum and Synagogue If visiting museums in Oswiecim are on your list, you might want to check out the upcoming exhibitions at Jewish Museum and Synagogue. If you want to see more of the museums in Oswiecim, Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum isn't far either Auschwitz-Birkenau Museum videos and latest news articles; GlobalNews.ca your source for the latest news on Auschwitz-Birkenau Museum
The Auschwitz Album: published in association with the Panstwowe Museum, Auschwitz-Birkenau [Israel Guttman, Vashem, Yah, Gutteman, Bella] on Amazon.com. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. The Auschwitz Album: published in association with the Panstwowe Museum, Auschwitz-Birkenau Auschwitz-Birkenau Memorial and Museum is located roughly 68km (42 miles) from Krakow, so eliminate the stress of figuring out public transport with this hassle-free guided tour. After a Krakow hotel pickup, travel with ease in an air-conditioned vehicle to Auschwitz-Birkenau. The package includes admission and a guided tour at the museum The authors described 424 orthopaedic appliances left by the prisoners of the Nazi Concentration Camp in Oświęcim. A collection of prostheses and orthoses, which is currently a part of the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum's exhibition, is extraordinary as it illustrates the fate of innocent, crippled people, who were incarcerated and murdered 43175 Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum. Done. 1,023 view
Auschwitz-Birkenau synonyms, Auschwitz-Birkenau pronunciation, Auschwitz-Birkenau translation, English dictionary definition of Auschwitz-Birkenau. See Oświęcim. President Muhammadu Buhari on Tuesday visited the Auschwitz-Birkenau Memorial and Museum, in Oswiecim, Poland where he paid tribute to Holocaust victims Auschwitz-Birkenau Museum Home Strona główna / News & Events / Auschwitz-Birkenau Museum. U.S. Senators Visit Krakow. A delegation of five United States Senators and staff from the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence visited Krakow during a week-long trip through Europe to discuss international security issues with European leaders. Auschwitz/Birkenau - Photographs by Alan Jacobs taken at the 2 concentration camps from 1979 to 1981 The Holocaust Museum has obtained similar barracks from the Auschwitz-Birkenau camp to replace the original ones, which have been a centerpiece of the exhibition since the museum's opening in 1993
. When it comes to finding hotels near Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, an Orbitz specialist can help you find the right property for you. Chat live or call 1-800-454-3743 any time for help booking your hotels near Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum On Sunday, the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum harshly criticized the show for trafficking in dangerous foolishness and caricature, in a tweet that said Hunters welcomes future deniers.
2004: A suitcase from the collection of the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum was loaned to the Shoah Memorial Museum in Paris for a permanent exhibition The Fate of Jews from France during World War II. Both museums agreed in writing that the suitcase shall be returned to the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum by 30 June 2005. The suitcase is. 1.3 million deportees. The German Nazis deported to Auschwitz at least 1.3 million people of more than 20 nationalities. Of that amount, 400 thousand were registered and incarcerated in the concentration camp as prisoners while 900 thousand were murdered in the gas chambers on arrival. Jews constituted 85% of all deportees and 90% of those who were murdered A photo captures a moment in time, so when you go to Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, make sure you take plenty to remind yourself of the wonderful experience. Some explorers like to see the national capital, Warsaw, beforehand. Once you are done there, it is 170 miles (274 kilometers) to Oswiecim, where the attraction is to be found Skyscanner hotels is a fast, free and simple way to organise your stay near Memorial and Museum Auschwitz-Birkenau. In a few clicks you can easily search, compare and book your hotel by clicking directly through to the hotel or travel agent website
Hotel Imperiale. Hotel in Oświęcim (0.1 miles from Memorial and Museum Auschwitz-Birkenau) Featuring free WiFi, a restaurant and a terrace, Hotel Imperiale offers accommodation in Oświęcim, 300 metres from Auschwitz-Birkenau. Guests can enjoy the on-site bar The Auschwitz-Birkenau Museum this week launched a virtual tour on its website, where visitors can wander around the former death camp and view high-quality, panoramic images of the booths and. With the help of the Polish government, a group of former prisoners turned the site into a memorial and museum. Auschwitz Mastermind Is Hanged. Rudolf Höss during his trial in Warsaw, March 31, 1947 Auschwitz-Birkenau is a lasting symbol of the horror of the Holocaust. Millions of people visit it each year to pay homage to the lives senselessly and brutally lost there
Check out our cheap hotel deals near Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, Oswiecim, from $30. Save up to 60% off with our Hot Rate deals when booking a last minute hotel. Book today
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| 0.920221 | 5,033 | 2.625 | 3 | 2.629651 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
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History
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From Abracadabra to Zombies | View All
moment of silence
"A moment of silence" (a.k.a. "moment of silent meditation") is a code expression for prayer time. The United States Constitution forbids any religion, including Christianity, from being the state religion. It forbids forcing every American to kowtow to the beliefs of any sect. The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that requiring prayer in government institutions is unconstitutional, so Christians who want to have a public display of religious worship in places such as public schools, high school football fields, or government offices have created the ruse of the moment of silence. Even though judges and justices know that the moment of silence is code for prayer time, they have encouraged the ruse to flourish by publicly advising that laws requiring moments of silence are constitutional as long as they don't specify what is to be done during the moment of silence. Christian judges have rationalized their rulings by pretending that they don't know for sure that the reason for the law is to have a public display of people praying while pretending to be observing a moment of silence. Encouraging hypocritical behavior has become a pastime among certain Christian evangelists and judges, and the moment of silence marks one of their proudest achievements.
One thing the courts have not requested is proof that these moments of silence, which deprive people of their liberty, are necessary to accomplish some legitimate civic purpose. The moment of silence is a way to shut up those who loudly proclaim their fear of oppression in the name of religion. Those who think that prayer is the answer to our problems should consider that if this were a Christian nation, the Bill of Rights would be gone. The history of Christianity is not the history of liberty, but of repression, oppression, and censorship. The Europeans who first displaced the natives of this country came here because Christian sects controlled governments and oppressed those who didn't share their religious views. Unfortunately, it turned out that most of the pilgrims who arrived here were just as intolerant as those who had oppressed them in Europe. Freedom of religion meant not just freedom to practice your own religion but power to enforce that religion on anyone in your political community. The fruit doesn't fall far from the tree, as they say. Those who stand around in silence while religion is publicly united to our schools, our patriotic songs, our civic meetings, and our sporting events will regret it when they realize that the only silence truly desired by the Christian lawmakers and judges pushing these moments of silent meditation is the silence of the opposition.
The state of Virginia passed a "minute of silence law." It was upheld by a federal district court in 2000 and a U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals in 2001.
See also creationism.
School Prayer: Students lead the Lord's Prayer before ballgames [ by Katie Tammen, Panama City News Herald, Florida] Almost a year after Santa Rosa County schools signed a consent decree with the American Civil Liberties Union agreeing to stop promoting religion students have picked up where educators left off. Using signs, small cards and loud voices, students are now leading the crowd in the Lord’s Prayer at home football games. “These are really less prayers at football games and really protest prayers,” said First Amendment Center senior scholar Charles Haynes. “(They’re saying), ‘We feel that our rights have been taken away and we want everyone to know we are still praying.’” The prayers started with the first football game of the year and have only gained momentum since September when a federal judge found two Pace High School educators not guilty of violating the consent decree."
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| 0.969933 | 744 | 2.828125 | 3 | 2.941405 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
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Religion
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In the summer of 1787, when the Framers were creating a government for this new country, they argued a lot about how strong a president they wanted—someone with as much power as a king or someone who would be checked by the people’s representatives in Congress? At the time, Great Britain had a hereditary monarchy with a king who was an autocrat. It was largely because of King George III’s unreasonable demands that the colonists had fought for independence. So, no one wanted a chief executive like him. Nevertheless, what the Framers came up with, in part, is this:
The executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. (Article II, Section 1)
Some of the people who criticized this part of the Constitution in 1787 accused the Framers of creating a system like Britain’s. The only difference would be that the head would be elected rather than born to the job.
We don’t have a king, of course. But politicians and citizens alike have taken this section to mean that whoever wins the White House takes control of the entire executive branch of the federal government. Presidents get to appoint everyone in that branch, including—with approval from the Senate—members of the cabinet. These secretaries oversee agencies, such as the Department of Education or the Environmental Protection Agency, and report and give advice to the president. If the president is dissatisfied with the job one of the appointees is doing, she or he can fire that person. Lawyers call this authority to hire and fire the “unitary executive.”
On March 13, 2018, President Trump tweeted that he was firing Secretary of State Rex Tillerson, who had held the office for only thirteen months. Many people wonder if the next appointee to go will be the top law-enforcement officer, Attorney General (AG) Jeff Sessions, who leads the Department of Justice.
As the boss of the White House, the president can also choose and replace the people who work there, from the travel agents to the press secretary. During his first year in office, President Trump has let go about a dozen staffers; several dozen others have resigned.
Each of the chapters in Fault Lines in the Constitution that discusses an issue in the document shows how the constitutions of various states and other countries do things differently from—and, often, better than—we do in the US Constitution. So, how does the power of our presidency compare with that given to the heads of another country and to the governors of some states?
Today, Britain has a parliamentary system in which the prime minister (PM) is elected, and the monarch has practically no political power. In a parliamentary system, if no political party wins a majority in the election, the parties have to negotiate with each other to form a government. As a result, the PM might be forced to accept a department head she disagrees with and would rather not appoint—but cannot fire. Furthermore, party members can vote a British PM out of office if they lose confidence in their leader. The cabinet cannot remove the president in the same way, since our executive is elected for a fixed term of four years.
Thanks to Article II of the Constitution, the president can also get away with a lot more than most governors can. In Texas, for instance, the governor appoints almost no department heads. The attorney general, the comptroller, the land commissioner, and members of the state board of education, among many other officials, are elected. California, too, elects its AG and superintendents of education and insurance, among other officials.
In fact, most states elect their attorneys general. (One of the few exceptions is New Jersey, whose governor appoints but cannot fire the AG.) Because of this arrangement, the governor and attorney general in a state can belong to different political parties. This would rarely happen at the national level. (President Barack Obama, a Democrat, chose three Republicans for his first cabinet but his AG was a Democrat.)
Which arrangement do you think is better? A very strong executive, like our presidency? Or, one where power is spread around, as in most states and many other countries?
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| 0.975449 | 853 | 3.6875 | 4 | 2.976658 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
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Politics
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Senegal is a country on Africa’s west coast known for its French colonial heritage and natural attractions. Dakar, the capital, features the ancient Médina district and esteemed Musée Théodore Monod, displaying African art. Its population is 14 million people and GDP per capita of USD 1,046.
In contrast to many other countries in sub-Saharan Africa, Senegal’s adult HIV prevalence rate has remained below 1 percent, but is high among key populations: 18.5 percent amongst men who have sex with men and sex workers; and 10.2 percent amongst people who inject drugs. Tuberculosis is highly endemic with an incidence rate of 136 cases per 100,000 population. The most vulnerable populations are those living in overcrowded housing and people living with HIV. Great progress has been achieved to combat malaria and four million bed nets have been distributed in 2014 through a mass campaign. Improving health services’ quality by strengthening health systems is also a priority, including support to health districts for the implementation of an integrated package of services which includes TB, HIV, and malaria, as well as maternal and child health. The government is increasing its efforts to raise domestic financing on health through traditional and innovative partnerships.
AHO PRIORITIES FOR HEALTH DELIVERY PLAN IN SENEGAL
- Administration and management of the AHO, within the framework of the AHO mission and the country’s technical cooperation priorities.
- Universal access to high-quality health services.
- Development of a surveillance system for life expectancy, morbidity, and mortality, and interventions in health promotion and disease prevention.
- Adequate development of sectoral process for the planning, organization, and management of human resources.
Improvement of health and environmental management capacity.
PROGRAMMES & PROJECTS
1. REGULATION, COORDINATION, AND MANAGEMENT OF THE TECHNICAL COOPERATION PROJECTS
To manage the technical cooperation outlined to address the principal public health problems
- Political and technical management of the cooperative program has contributed to sustainable national and international processes for progress in public health.
- Efficient and timely response to all administrative requirements necessary for the technical cooperation process.
- AHO Office strengthened in its steering role and its ability to address national technical cooperation priorities and respond to them.
2. STRENGTHENING THE PLANNING, ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT OF HUMAN RESOURCES
To strengthen the capacity of the health authority in the development of essential functions linked to the planning, organization, training, and management of human resources
- Human resources policies executed according to the management and decentralization requirements of the health services.
- Strategic development plan established to educate and train human resources for the analysis, organization, and management of public health.
- Human resources planning, organization and evaluation processes established in the main institutions of the sector.
- Public health research based on the requirements of the new service-delivery models.
3. DEVELOPMENT OF HEALTH SYSTEMS AND SERVICES
To reduce exclusion in public health, facilitating access to quality services and increasing social benefits in health.
- Legal and regulatory framework established that facilitates the regulatory and control function of the health authority.
- Social security health model defined; proposals developed that allow for more health-related social benefits, primarily for excluded population groups.
- Management models defined and instruments applied that improve the operation of the services network, decision-making processes, budget preparation, and resource allocation.
4. SURVEILLANCE, PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF PRIORITY PROBLEMS IN PUBLIC HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH POTENTIAL
To strengthen national capacity for surveillance, prevention and control of the priority problems in public health, with emphasis on vulnerable groups and the development of public health potential.
- Development, updating and follow-up of public and institutional policies, plans, and legislation in response to priority problems.
- Coordination between programs facilitated and programs functionally integrated into the health services network; strategic partnerships forged with other actors for the production of health and the control of priority problems.
- Collaboration with the process of institution-building at all levels in AHO and other institutions.
- Country able to monitor priority health problems and to adopt the pertinent policies.
- Health worker competencies strengthened in planning, program and project management, epidemiology, promotion, and research at all levels.
- National competencies strengthened along with the capacity to address priority health problems and take advantage of the development potential in border areas.
5. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
To increase national and local capacity for the identification, prevention, and control of the environmental risk factors that affect health.
- Plans, policies, and the legal framework strengthened to improve the quality of the environment and services.
- Strengthening of environmental health surveillance, covering water, soil and air, as well as the use of hazardous chemical substances and housing quality.
- National and local capacity strengthened for the management of environmental issues and the operation and maintenance of systems and services.
- National strategies for community mobilization, primary environmental care, institutional networks, and inter-sectoral coordination strengthened.
AHO SENEGAL 2019 – 2020 (USD million)* based on 2017 pop 15.85 million World Bank
|1||Combating communicable diseases||
|2||Tackling non communicable diseases||
|3||Addressing determinants of health & risk factors||
|4||Modernising health system and health service||
|5||Improving preparedness, surveillance and response||
|6||Developing good governance & corporate services||
AHO estimates that it needs to spend at least USD100 per capita on health to meet the basic health needs of the people in Africa. This is too far below developed countries e.g. in England it is US$1,300 per capita (2017)
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https://aho.org/countries/senegal/
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en
| 0.892967 | 1,226 | 2.859375 | 3 | 2.908078 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
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Health
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We know from past research that there’s usually a nitrogen (N) benefit from growing legume crops and that productive legume-based pastures are worth their weight in gold to crops on the following paddock rotation.
But what is the overall value to the system? How much N is supplied? How much do the following crops benefit? And what are the longer-term effects on soil fertility? With newer varieties and better agronomic packages, these legumes and legume-based pastures can be very productive — we might be underestimating their value to following crops.
Last year, CSBP set up a long-term rotation trial near Moora with blocks of lupins, canola and serradella. The site is a deep yellow loamy sand that has been ameliorated with lime, deep ripping and Plozza ploughing.
Grain analysis showed that harvesting the big lupin crop removed about 170 kg N/ha in the grain, and the canola removed 65 kg N/ha. Serradella cuts and analysis at the end of September showed about 100 kg N/ha in the above-ground biomass.
Since March, the site has been soil tested three times to look at the effects of the different rotations on mineral N levels (Figure 1).
The first lot of samples from 17 March showed higher levels of soil nitrates, as expected after the legumes. But, by 2 May, the levels had fallen. This was likely due to plant uptake by volunteers which germinated following late March rains and were not subsequently controlled until a knockdown was applied on 8 May.
The trial was sown to wheat on 16 May. Soil sampling at the end of May showed the soil nitrates after legumes returned to elevated levels.
Soil nitrate N measured at 0–10 cm on 17 March, 2 May and 26 May 2022 after lupins, serradella and canola were grown in 2021. This graph indicates that soil nitrates after lupins and serradella may follow a similar pattern that is distinctly different from canola plots.
Deeper soil sampling in May also showed that the nitrate N levels were higher down the profile after legumes, with higher levels measured after lupins (Figure 2).
Soil nitrate N was measured down to 60–90 cm on 26 May 2022 after lupins, serradella and canola were grown in 2021. Lupins were enriching the subsoil with nitrates more than the canola and serradella plots.
This season we will continue to monitor soil N levels and crop recovery of N from the different rotations. Three rates of N have been applied to a wheat crop that followed each rotation this year to compare responses in yield, protein and gross margins.
The intent is to continue the trial for many years and to evaluate the effect of rotations on N contributions, fertiliser N efficiencies and gross margins.
Image: Lupin plots at the start of August 2021.
Image: Seradella plots at the start of August 2021.
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://csbp-fertilisers.com.au/insights/blog-article/2022/07/18/research-into-the-value-of-legumes-in-the-rotation
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| 0.967252 | 646 | 3.265625 | 3 | 2.997842 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
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Industrial
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(born Oct. 15, 1869, Madrid, Spain—died March 23, 1946, Paris, France) Spanish socialist leader and prime minister (1936–37). He joined the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party in 1894 and rose to become head of the party's trade-union federation in 1925. He cooperated with the dictatorship of Miguel Primo de Rivera, then served in the Second Republic as labour minister (1931–33). After the Popular Front's election victory in 1936, he became prime minister and tried to unify the leftist parties; however, an extreme-left uprising in Barcelona in 1937 during the Spanish Civil War caused a cabinet crisis and he was forced to resign. He went into exile in France and was interned by the Germans in World War II (1942–45).
Learn more about Largo Caballero, Francisco with a free trial on Britannica.com.
Francisco Largo Caballero (October 15, 1869 -March 23, 1946) was a Spanish politician and trade unionist. He was one of the historic leaders of the Socialist Party (PSOE) and of the Workers' General Union (UGT).
Born in Madrid, as a young man he made his living stuccoing walls. He participated in a construction workers strike in 1890 and joined the PSOE in 1894. Upon the death in 1925 of party founder Pablo Iglesias, he succeeded him as head of the party and of the UGT.
Moderate in his positions at the beginning of his political life, he advocated maintaining a degree of UGT cooperation with the dictatorial government of General Miguel Primo de Rivera, which permitted the union to continue functioning under his military dictatorship (that lasted from 1923 to 1930). This was the start of his political conflict with Indalecio Prieto, who opposed all collaboration with the dictatorial regime.
He was Minister of Labor Relations between 1931 and 1933, in the first governments of the Second Spanish Republic, headed by Niceto Alcalá-Zamora, and in that of his successor Manuel Azaña. He enjoyed great popularity among the masses of workers, who saw their own austere existences reflected in his way of life .
In the elections of November 19, 1933, the right-wing Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right (CEDA) won power in Spain. The government nominally led by the centrist radical Alejandro Lerroux was dependent on CEDA's parliamentary support. Responding to this reversal of fortune, Largo abandoned his moderate positions, began to talk of "socialist revolution", and became the leader of the left (Marxist and revolutionary) wing of the UGT and the PSOE. In early October 1934, after three CEDA ministers entered the government, he was one of the leaders of the failed armed rising of workers (mainly in Asturias)which was forcefully put down by the CEDA-dominated government.
He defended the pact of alliance with the other workers' political parties and trade unions, such as the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) and the anarchist trade union, the Confederacion Nacional del Trabajo (CNT). Once again, this placed him at odds with Prieto. After the Popular Front won the elections in February 1936, president Manuel Azaña proposed Prieto to join the government, but Largo blocked these attempts of collaboration between PSOE and the Republican government. Largo despised the fears of a coup, and predicted that, were it to happen, a general strike would defeat it, opening the door to the workers' revolution.
In the event, the coup attempt by the colonial army and the right came on July 17, 1936. While not immediately successful, it devolved into the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939), in which the republic was ultimately defeated.
On September 4, 1936, with the country in a state of civil war, he was designated Prime Minister and Minister of War. His particular focus, besides the obvious matter of the conducting the war itself, was to maintain military discipline and governmental authority within the Republican zone. Nonetheless, the May 3–8, 1937 revolt in Barcelona by the oppositional communist Workers' Party of Marxist Unification (POUM) and the anarchist CNT provided the occasion for the PCE to provoke a governmental crisis, forcing his resignation on May 17, leading to the Popular Front government of doctor Juan Negrín, also a member of the PSOE, but closer to the Communists.
Upon the defeat of the Republic in 1939, he fled to France. Arrested during the German occupation of France, he spent most of World War II imprisoned in a Nazi concentration camp, until the liberation of the camps at the end of the war. He died in exile in Paris in 1946; his remains were returned to Madrid in 1978.
His son, Francisco Largo Calvo, was imprisoned by the Francoists at the start of the Spanish Civil War and spent the entire war behind bars under the threat of execution . Largo Calvo fled Spain to Mexico in 1949 where he resided until his death in 2001.
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http://www.reference.com/browse/Francisco+Largo+Caballero
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en
| 0.977732 | 1,052 | 2.703125 | 3 | 2.928378 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
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Politics
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Three Grade 7 students at Beryl Ford Public School pore over a math problem challenging them to fit animal cages of various sizes into the square area of a zoo.
They are using “linking cubes” – plastic squares that attach to one another – to physically grasp the use of space. This tactic is part of a four-part, hands-on approach to problem solving, which comes in handy for EQAO tests, according to one teacher.
“Most of the time, they would work with a partner or in a group,” said Grade 6 teacher Katherine Sterne, who helps students prepare for the standardized tests.
“They communicate their thinking on paper and break apart that problem. What information is given, is anything needed and then what is wanted –- which is what is the question asking you? It helps them articulate their thinking,” said Sterne.
The Brampton school only last year opened its doors, welcoming its 1,086 students. Beryl Ford is among Peel’s top schools in this year’s Fraser Institute Elementary School Report Card, with a score of 6.9 out of 10.
According to EQAO test scores, students scored above the provincial standard of 75% in math, writing and reading in Grade 3, as well as Grade 6 literacy, but encountered some difficulty in Grade 6 math with a 56% score.
The hands-on approach, said Sterne, is helping them improve.
“We wouldn’t just teach math in isolation, we would also integrate it with math and science,” she said. “We did all their plans on a Wiki to help plan it together better. We did a lot of skill-building.”
Grade 7 student Ishpuneet Nahal, 13, who wrote the standardized tests last year, was helped by working with classmates to prepare for the tests.
“Most kids last year had trouble with math rather than English,” she said. “I knew what to do, the questions were asked in a different way. It was kind of confusing.”
Principal Connie Stella said every student is looked at as a “leader” and urged to follow the “seven habits” -- skills that help build self-confidence and pride, including being proactive and “putting first things first.”
“Students tend to perform a lot better,” said Stella. “They get more involved as leaders. Really, it helps students to be very effective in their decision making as well as being responsible in the kinds of choices they’re making in their lives and whether that’s going to lead them to be successful.”
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<urn:uuid:8a05f4e1-e957-42f9-b7ee-c7966b6f5e22>
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CC-MAIN-2014-52
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http://www.torontosun.com/2014/02/01/hands-on-approach-key-to-success-at-beryl-ford-ps
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|
en
| 0.980925 | 565 | 3 | 3 | 2.476575 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
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Education & Jobs
|
Ladies and Gentlemen,
My main message to you today is simple; in order to cope with soaring food prices, supply must adjust to demand. For this to happen, trade will help. Easier, more open trade can strengthen the production capacity of developing countries, rendering them less vulnerable. I am aware that this point of view is not shared by all, and that some believe that more open trade can harm their domestic production capacity. But let us look at the numbers.
Looking at the list of the 22 countries that the FAO has identified as the most “vulnerable” to the food price crisis, we find that some of them are amongst the world's “least-trade integrated” economies in agriculture. Included amongst them are, for example, Zambia which imports only 4% of its total grain supply and Cambodia which imports only 5% of that supply. If these countries are amongst the most vulnerable to the food price crisis, it is not because of their integration into international agricultural markets. Rather, it is because they import nearly 100% of their oil, and with the rising price of oil, have found themselves impoverished.
Quite to the contrary, international trade can help ease food shortages by channelling food to where it is required. It can lead to greater efficiency by shifting production to countries with the greatest comparative advantage. Through greater and fairer competition, international trade can help lower prices. But all of this presupposes that the trade-distorting agriculture subsidies that have given an unfair advantage to rich world farmers, will be tackled. It would also necessitate tariff reduction. These two objectives have been agreed by WTO Members when they launched the Doha Development Round in 2001.
Climate change is also on the agenda of this meeting, and rightly so. It will have many impacts on agriculture, one of which is the potentially greater scarcity of water. In 2006, the UNDP's Human Development Report drew our attention to the water-saving potential of international trade. The “virtual trade in water” — as the UNDP called it — could lead to reduced water consumption in importing countries. It gave the powerful example of Egypt. If Egypt were to seek self-sufficiency in agriculture, it would have to import water!
Similarly, were Northern countries to aim for greater agricultural production in greenhouses, their carbon footprint would very soon come to complicate the already complex climate change negotiations.
The FAO tells that, contrary to some of the arguments we hear that the world has approached the “ceiling” of what is possible to produce, agricultural production is capable of rising. It is capable of keeping pace with rising demand for food. However, for “global” supply and demand equilibria to translate into equilibria at the “national level,” the many trade restrictions and unfair distortions that impede food production and travel must be tackled.
This is why the WTO Doha Round of trade negotiations can be part of the medium-to-long term response to the food price crisis. It would reduce the trade-distorting subsidies that have stymied the developing world's production capacity. It would also bring down tariffs — albeit while maintaining adequate safety nets — thereby increasing consumer access to food through lower prices. Efficiency gains would follow. I would be remiss if I were not to mention that the negotiations also provide a possibility for strengthening WTO rules on export restrictions.
Ladies and gentlemen, we know that the crisis we are facing today is multifaceted and that mitigating high food prices necessitates various policy initiatives at the domestic and international level; short-term, medium-term and long-term. Reducing unfair obstacles to trade can be part of the solution, but is far from sufficient. I am convinced that it is vital to reinforce the developing world's production capacity, which Jacques Diouf tells us is the number 1 challenge.
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https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/sppl_e/sppl92_e.htm
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en
| 0.958039 | 822 | 2.796875 | 3 | 2.967622 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
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Industrial
|
You've probably heard some horror stories about lawsuits from mold damage and the toxic effects of mold on human health. But you may not realize that any home or business can be vulnerable to the threat of mold if proper precautions aren't taken to control moisture levels. Improper ventilation for humid air will always result in mold growth, so it's critical to learn effective methods for preventing this common yet destructive problem. Maintaining proper humidity levels, reducing air moisture, and increasing air circulation are all ways to keep nasty mold spores from taking root on your property.
Humidity levels should never be allowed to exceed 50%. Not only will this reduce or eliminate the threat of mold damage, it will inhibit dust mite infestation and other microbe growth. A humidity measuring tool called a hygrometer (found in most hardware stores) should be purchased and monitored. In addition to living in a humid climate, other causes of excess humidity include dishwashers, clothes dryers, and shower steam.
Once you've detected an excessive humidity level in your home or business, focus on proper ventilation to reduce the moisture. Fans, dehumidifiers, and air conditioners all circulate the air and reduce humidity levels. Sufficient air conditioning is particularly important during warmer weather since heat also promotes mold growth. And make sure whatever you are using to keep air moving is properly cleaned at least once a year to reduce mold spores and allergens as much as possible.
In general, the most effective way to prevent mold problems is to keep air flowing at all times; this means increasing ventilation whenever possible. Some additional ways to do this include leaving doors to rooms and closets open, making sure your clothes dryer vent is working properly, and using the bathroom vent fan or another fan during and after showers and baths.
While it's impossible to completely remove mold spores from your home or business, taking moisture control seriously will make a world of difference in your battle against this dangerous toxin. Mold can grow on many surfaces you may not even consider, including paper, carpets, and clothing. So even if you've never had a mold problem before, keeping humidity levels under control and increasing air flow is always a good idea to save yourself potential hassles and costs down the road.
Consult with a professional mold removal technician in your area to accurately determine the cause or causes of the problem and fix it immediately to prevent any future issues. Structural damage, plumbing leaks, or poor ventilation are common causes.
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CC-MAIN-2016-30
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http://mold.ezinemark.com/using-moisture-control-to-fight-mold-in-your-home-169348320e0.html
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Moderate reasoning
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Home & Hobbies
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As part of a massive $12-million project to improve New Orleans’s City Park, the WPA built nine concrete vehicular bridges between 1936 and 1939 throughout the expanded grounds. Spanning Bayou Metairie near the southwest corner, the Anseman Avenue Bridge replaced… read more
The Works Progress Administration (WPA) constructed sidewalks in New Orleans, including along Banks Street in Mid-City. WPA workers often marked their work with “sidewalk stamps” pressed into the fresh concrete — a common practice by private contractors in the early… read more
“In the early 20th century, commercial use of the Bayou declined, and the Carondelet Canal was filled in. A number of New Orleanians started living in houseboats on the Bayou. Complaints from people in nearby neighborhoods and sanitation concerns led… read more
The Booker T. Washington Courts was one of two rural public housing projects constructed in Lake Charles in 1939-1941. Architects G. Lewis Dunn and Gustave G. Quinn designed the complex initially as barracks-type housing, which was rejected for one-story duplexes…. read more
The Cabildo has a long and notorious history. It was constructed in 1795-99 as the seat of the Spanish municipal government in New Orleans. The name of the governing body who met there was the “Illustrious Cabildo” or city council. It… read more
This parish courthouse was undertaken during the Great Depression with the assistance of funds provided by the Public Works Administration (PWA). The two story jail courthouse, “…modern structure to be constructed of concrete, brick, and hollow tile, with stone trimmings”… read more
The Calliope projects were constructed as the fourth of six housing projects developed for New Orleans, 1939-1941. The original boundaries were South Dorgenois Street, Erato Street, Calliope Street (now Earhart Boulevard), and South Prieur Street. The George A. Fuller Company… read more
The historic Cameron County Courthouse in Cameron, Louisiana was constructed with the aid of Public Works Administration (PWA) funds. “Further testimony to the structures’ solidity can be found in Cameron Parish, where its courthouse was one of the few buildings… read more
An exceptional mural, “History of Printing,” was painted by Edward Schoenberger for the Canal Street Branch Library in New Orleans. The library building was a pre-existing structure from the early 1900s, in a quirky Caribbean style of uncertain origins. The mural… read more
The Concordia Parish Courthouse was undertaken in Vidalia, Louisiana during the Great Depression with the assistance of funds provided by the Works Progress Administration (WPA). The “Greco-Deco” courthouse in Vidalia was erected due to the need to relocate the town… read more
Constructed by the WPA in 1939-1940. It was used as the city hall until the 1980s. The building was restored and rededicated in 2008 and now serves as a tourism office.
The courthouse was undertaken in Lake Providence, Louisiana during the Great Depression with the assistance of funds from the Public Works Administration (PWA). The building was erected for a cost of $100, 589 (Leighninger, 2007).
This parish training school for African American students was undertaken in Lake Providence, Louisiana during the Great Depression with the assistance of funds provided by the Public Works Administration (PWA). The funding was allocated as part of a joint project… read more
The F. Edward Hebert Federal Building was built from 1935 to 1939 and is still in use. At the time it was built, the Treasury Department was responsible for all federal buildings. Formerly home to the New Orleans Main Post… read more
This limestone sculpture “Flood Control” by Karl Lang was created for the F. Edward Herbert Federal Building with Treasury Section of Fine Arts funds. It still graces the southeastern corner of the building.
This marble eagle statue — one of four at the entrances to the F. Edward Herbert Federal Building — was produced with Treasury Section of Fine Arts funds by Gifford Proctor.
This limestone sculpture “Harvesting Sugar Cane” by Armin Scheler was created for the F. Edward Hebert Federal Building and paid for with Treasury Section of Fine Arts funds. It still graces the northeastern flank of the building.
“Construction of a three-mile long farm-to-market road in St. Tammany parish was completed this week by the Works Progress Administration. Sponsored by the St. Tammany Parish Police Jury, employing approximately 22 men and costing $15,300, the project included the moving… read more
“On the north shore of Lake Ponchartrain, this 2800-acre park encompasses the remains of a nineteenth-century plantation, Fontainebleau, named after the Parisian forest… The plantation was converted to a park beginning in 1938, one of Louisiana’s first state parks. Originally… read more
One of the results of the 1936 Works Progress Administration (WPA) airport beautification project was the Four Winds fountain and bas-reliefs by sculptor Enrique Alférez. The airport, originally Shushan Airport, was renamed New Orleans Municipal Airport, and then Lakefront Airport… read more
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Moderate reasoning
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History
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Outreach as a Verb
“The stranger who resides among you shall be to you as one of your citizens; you shall love such a person as yourself for you were once strangers in the land of Egypt.” (Lev. 19:33-34)
Reform Judaism is known for opening its doors to those who might have otherwise felt unwelcome in a Jewish context. In 1983, the Reform movement ruled that people who were born to a Jewish father anda Gentile mother can be considered Jewish–a departure from the traditional teaching of matrilineal descent.
The movement also welcomes gay and lesbian Jews. The Central Conference of American Rabbis affirms a rabbi’s rightto perform same-sex commitment ceremonies. The Reform seminary, Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion, has ordained gay and lesbian rabbis since 1990.
Outreach to interfaith families is another hallmark of the movement. As intermarriage rates rose in the 1970s, the Reform movement instituted an outreach program. At the time, the goal was to keep intermarried Jews involved with Jewish life in some form. Today, that outreach endeavor has evolved in response to a more complex set of issues facing the movement.
According to the URJ, the face of Judaism in North America isn’t changing; it has changed. Consider these statistics:
- 43% of Jewish households are made up of singles (NJPS).
- Between 1996-2001, 47% of Jews who married, married someone not Jewish. (NJPS)
- Only 23% of Jewish households consist of a married couple with children at home (NJPS).
- 10% of Jewish families are gay/lesbian (J Family Concerns)
- Up to 10% of American Jews are non-white (Tobin, 2003)
- 15-20% of children being adopted by Jewish families today are non-white (Tobin, 2003)
But just what is Outreach? And where did it come from?
The term “Outreach” refers to programs which respond to the needs of:
· Individuals converting to Judaism
· Intermarried couples
· Children of intermarriages
· Those interested in learning about Judaism
We Need to Do More
These kinds of programs were first started in 1978, at the urging of the President of the UAHC, Rabbi Alexander Schindler, who established Outreach as a priority for Reform Judaism. Since that time, Outreach programs have been developed in Reform temples all over the United States.
With the face of Judaism continuing to change and evolve, outreach as a concept is also expanding to be more than just another committee or series of programs within the synagogue that attempt to reach the non-Jewish population.
It is true that since inception, Outreach, with its message of welcome to all and its invitation into deeper Jewish learning and engagement provided vital impetus to the surge of growth of Reform Judaism in this country. And the initial goal was to keep intermarried Jews involved with Jewish life in some form. However, today, we recognize that outreach as a verb needs to respond to a more complex set of issues facing the movement.
Outreach is Alive and Well at RTR
At The Reform Temple of Rockland, we are blessed with the colorful and rich diversity of our community represented by interfaith families, Jews by Choice, Gay and Lesbian couples and families, as well as those considering converting to Judaism. Addressing the needs of our community through a broad range of workshops, events, forums, and support resources is the goal of the Outreach committee in our synagogue.
Ever since its inception, one of the central goals of the URJ-CCAR Commission on Reform Jewish Outreach and Synagogue Community has been to provide Jewish education and support for interfaith couples, their children and extended families.
Now, 25 years after the birth of Outreach, the Commission, working in close cooperation with HUC-JIR and the CCAR offered a second Fellows Certification program to train lay people to work in partnership with rabbis to counsel small groups of interfaith couples on issues of common concern—decision-making, acculturation, family matters. Previously, the Commission offered the Outreach Fellows Program for Conversion Certification.
Here at RTR, the Outreach Committee is reborn with a new and exciting mission to meet and support the needs of our community by offering new programming and resources that address the diverse challenges facing families today.
We begin with our Introduction to Judaism class.
- Are you in a mixed marriage? Have your children intermarried? Help us learn from one another, make meaningful Jewish choices, and integrate our families into our Jewish community with or without conversion. Please contact Outreach Committee for more information about resources available.
- Conversion: If you were not born a Jew, have you considered actually converting to Judaism? For an informal talk or to find out how to go about it, contact our Clergy.
Albert Einstein, it is reported, once said he was sorry he had been born a Jew because he was denied the opportunity and personal satisfaction of independently choosing Judaism. What a great privilege it is to share our love of Judaism and enthusiasm for Jewish life and to be open about how positively another person might feel about Jewish life!
RTR’s Outreach Committee is here to provide support to those who are seeking to know more about Judaism, or who are wanting to establish a connection to Judaism, or who are hoping to find ways to address the needs of their interfaith family.
If you are standing on the sidelines, wanting to have some sort of participation in a community of friends, but are wondering where to start, I urge you to join us! The Outreach Committee intends to plan and implement some interesting and fun events for the upcoming year that you won’t want to miss!
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Strong reasoning
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Religion
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The Indus Valley Civilization was a bronze age society extending from modern northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan to northwest India.The Indus valley civilization existed through its early years 3300-1300 BCE, and its mature period of 2600-1900 BCE. The civilization developed in three phases:Early Harappan Phase(3600BCE-2600BCE), Mature Harappan phase(2600BCE-1900BCE),and Late Harappan phase(1900BCE-1300BCE).At its peak, the Indus Valley Civilization may had a population of over five Million people.It is considered a Bronze Age Society, and inhabitants of the ancient Indus River Valley developed new techniques in metallurgy, the science of working with copper, bronze, lead and tin.They also performed intricate handicraft, especially using products made of the semi-precious gemstone carnelian, as well as seal carving, the cutting of patterns into the bottom face of the seal used for stamping. The Indus Valley Civilization was much ahead of its time in everything , their some of the technologies were even same which we use today. There are some interesting facts about Indus Valley Civilization which will make you thrilled and surprised at the same time.
1.THEY WERE AHEAD OF THEIR TIMES: The cities of Indus Valley Civilization were build very technically, especially Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa. They were concerned about their health and that’s why they developed world’s first Sanitary system.Their sewage and drainage system back in the days were even way ahead of some of the contemporary urban cities in the middle east and way more efficient than the drainage system of most of the South Asia, including India and Pakistan.
2.THEY WERE THE FIRST TO INVENT BUTTONS AND STEP-WELL: They used buttons for ornaments, and they made it out of seashells. Some of the buttons were even carved into different geographical shapes, with a hole pierced in between so that they could attach a thread to it. There are pieces of evidence of step-well too, if we look at some sites in Mohanjo-Daro
3.THEY DEVELOPED PRECISE MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUE: The archaeologist who were studying the remains of of two men in Mehrgarh , Pakistan found that the people from the early Harappan period might have had the knowledge of Proto-Dentistry. The archaeologists found 11 drilled molar crowns of nine different adults, the remains of which is dated to be between 7500-9000 years old.
4.ONE OF THE MOST FLOURISHED CIVILIZATION: There was a population of around 5 Million people, and they were considered to be peace-loving people. The archaeologists never found any settlement with signs of warfare, murder or use of weaponry among more than 1050 sites they investigated.
5.THE GREAT BATH: Unlike other cultures where the biggest structures were monuments or temples, Indus Valley Civilization had a public bath in Mohanjo-Daro which was the largest structure and was named “The Great Bath”.It was 11m and 7m in an area with a depth of 2.5m. There were two wide staircases that served as an entrance to the pool.
All these facts were quite quite intersting and cool, but the main topic on which the archaeologists are still doing the research is that how did the Indus Valley Civilization collapsed? The cause of decline is still a mystery. Some theories states that their lack of military strategies worked against them and Aryans from Indo-European tribe from Central Asia invaded them. Some suggests that it could have been caused by a large scale drought, and perhaps a decline thereafter with Egypt and Mesopotamia. Another theory states that there could have been a massive earthquake that changed the course of a river and thus changing their course of living and forcing them to migrate else where.
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Strong reasoning
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History
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If you hear the Berken brothers of Lake Arthur are grooving in their rice fields, that doesn't mean you'll find them swaying to a funky disco beat. For them, grooving is a technique for planting rice.
“We've been doing that for 15 years,” Clarence Berken said.
Here's how it works: a cylinder 30 inches in diameter and 22 feet wide is mounted in a frame and towed behind a tractor. It indents shallow grooves 7 inches apart and lightly compacts the soil surface. The field is flooded and then planted by airplane with pre-sprouted seed.
Even if a strong March wind blows, as it often does near the marsh, the seeds fall into the grooves instead of being dispersed in uneven clumps across the field.
“The grooves make the seed stay in place,” said Stephen Berken. “With grooving you'll have a good, even stand throughout the field. It looks like the field has been drilled.”
Without grooves, he said, “We could have areas as big as that tractor with only five or six seeds.”
The grooving method helps the Berkens, since they say drill seeding — where rice seeds are planted in the ground by tractor-driven equipment — can't be used on much of their land, because weather does not always allow time. Drilling also promotes red rice growth in fields not planted with the Clearfield rice variety. “We grooved only fields that were not fall stale- or dry-planted,” Clarence Berken said. “About 800 acres were grooved this year.”
The method has extra benefits, since the Berkens don't have to calibrate, maintain or store an expensive drill.
Also, grooving reduces silt in runoff water. “You don't lose a lot of topsoil,” Clarence Berken said, pointing to a nearby ditch where water had run after flushing the planted field.
Other methods that require “mudding in” are less expensive, he said, but require working equipment in the mud, and they aren't as environmentally friendly.
The Berkens use a herbicide before planting to suppress red rice in grooved fields where red rice infestations have been severe.
Stephen Berken, the oldest of three rice-farming brothers, said they got the grooving idea from a neighbor. At first, they used a packer that would leave grooves but not prominent enough to be effective, Berken said, adding that he and his brothers had a groover built by local fabricator, Hughes Welding, using a unique angle iron found only in California. Berken built the frame that also can accommodate other equipment.
Eddie Eskew, an LSU AgCenter county agent in Jefferson Davis Parish, said he doesn't know of any other farmers who use the technique.
Steve Linscombe, the LSU AgCenter's regional director for southwest Louisiana and a prominent rice expert, said grooving is used in California and was tried here about 20 years ago. Many farmers soured on the technique after a couple years of bad weather prevented them from getting into their fields, he said.
Bruce Schultz writes for LSU AgCenter Communications. Contact him at 337-788-8821 or [email protected].
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http://deltafarmpress.com/grooving-gets-rice-good-start
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Strong reasoning
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Industrial
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There have been countless attempts to make peace between the Holy Land's Jews and Arabs with two states living side by side in peace and security.
One of the central facts of history concerning this conflict is that in 1947 the United Nations divided up "Palestine" giving a part to the Jews and a part to the Arabs. Israel accepted. The Arabs rejected.
This fact is completely ignored by the same U.N. that created the State of Israel! So how does the world look at this never-ending conflict as it stands today?
A neutral voice, David Remnick, editor of The New Yorker, gives a sensible summary of the present issues, including whether or not there should be two states for Jews and Arabs or one state including Jews and Arabs.
"The one-state/two-state debate is highly fraught not least because of proximity. Too much history, too little land. This is not India and Pakistan; the map of Ireland is a veritable continent compared with Israel and the Palestinian territories. Gaza is about as close to Herzliya as Concord is to Hanover; the West Bank, as Israelis are quick to point out, is seven miles from Ben Gurion Airport.
"Any two-state solution with a chance of working would have to include federal arrangements not only about security but also about water, cellphone coverage, sewage and countless other details of a common infrastructure.
"Talk of a one-state solution, limited as it is, will never be serious if it is an attempt to mask annexation, expulsion or population transfer, on one side, or the eradication of an existing nation, on the other. Israel exists; the Palestinian people exist. Neither is provisional.
The world knows that Fatah, the PLO the PA (Palestinian Authority) and Hamas all have one common goal—to extinguish Israel's light. The world could pressure the Palestinian authorities to accept Israel's existence or else ... the U.S. could threaten the forfeiture of hundreds of millions of dollars they send each year. The reality is, the world pressures Israel to make concessions while demanding of the PA nothing.
2 Peace Agreements That Failed
The Camp David Accords in 2000
Between Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak and Chairman of the PLO Yasser Arafat, mediated by President Bill Clinton.
- A demilitarized Palestinian state on 92 percent of West Bank and 100 percent of Gaza Strip
- Dismantlement of most Jewish settlements
- A Palestinian capital in East Jerusalem, sovereignty over half the Old City of Jerusalem
- Religious custodianship over the Temple Mount
- A return of Palestinian refugees
- Encouragement for international assistance to settle refugees.
Barak asked for only two concessions:
- An end to violence
- A public declaration that the terms of the final settlement marked an "end of the conflict" with no more Palestinian claims or additional demands on Israel in the future.
RESULT: Arafat walked out of the talks and launched the Second Intifada. Why? Because Arafat had learned that terrorism pays off. His goal was not a Palestinian state living side by side in peace with Israel. His goal was to destroy Israel. Both President Bill Clinton and Israel publicly blamed Arafat for the failure of the peace agreement.
Michael Oren, Israeli scholar and ambassador wrote, "The peace process collapsed not over land but because of the Palestinians' refusal to accept Israel's existence."
Peace Offer of 2008
By Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert to PA President Mahmoud Abbas, hosted by President George W. Bush.
This peace plan included the basic proposals of Prime Minister Barak at the Camp David Accords in 2000, plus some new offers; most notably, for the first time, designated permanent borders.
- Give 93.7 percent of West Bank to Palestinians
- Give 5.8 percent of Israeli territory in exchange, equal to giving Palestinian 99.3 percent of West Bank area.
- Provide safe passage for Palestinians traveling from West Bank to Gaza via a tunnel.
- Give sovereignty of the Temple Mount to Palestinians
- Religious sites in Jerusalem to be managed by a special committee consisting of representatives from Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Palestine, the United States and Israel.
- Fixed borders of the future Palestinian State. [Note there has never been "Palestinian– Israeli borders" because Arabs never accepted the existence of Israel and therefore no borders were drawn. No matter how much the U.N. and the nations talk about borders, they all know that there are none—only cease-fire lines of 1949.]
RESULT: Mahmoud Abbas never replied to the proposal. Abbas did speak with the media, saying: "I am not in a marketplace or a bazaar. I came to demarcate the borders of Palestine—the June 4, 1967 borders—without detracting a single inch, and without detracting a single stone from Jerusalem, or from the holy Christian and Muslim places. This is why the Palestinian negotiators did not sign" (thetower.org).
The latest public demands by the Palestinian Authority circulated in April 2014 and indicate a hardening of positions by the Palestinians and nothing has come of negotiations over the last two years. Here is a list from Ynet, with my comments:
- A written commitment by Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu that the borders of the Palestinian state will be along the 1967 "green-line" and that its capital will be East Jerusalem.
[In other words there will be no exchange of land allowing most of the 300,000 Israelis living in villages and towns in Judea and Samaria to continue living there. Secondly, the 200,000 Jews living in East Jerusalem would either have to evacuate their homes, or live under a Muslim Palestinian dictatorship.]
- The release of 1,200 Palestinian prisoners, including political heavyweights Marwan Barghouti, Ahmed Saadat and Fuad Shubkhi.
[These 1,200 prisoners are terrorists, some who have killed or supervised mass murders. In other words, there will be no further penalty for the thousands of Israeli deaths from offensive wars and terrorist attacks against the Jewish nation.]
- An end to the Egyptian-Israeli blockade on Gaza, and the formulation of a deal allowing the flow of goods into Gaza.
[Palestinian demand would allow Hamas to transfer massive shipments of arms to Gaza for use against Israel. Hamas' charter verbalizes Hamas' sole purpose for existence—to destroy Israel.]
- A halt of construction in East Jerusalem.
[Jewish suburbs all around the north, east and south of Jerusalem could not build one more home or store.]
* The IDF would not be allowed to enter most of the West Bank, even to arrest terrorists.
[Hamas, ISIS or any other Islamist cells could form and carry out terrorist acts from the West Bank or Gaza with no obstruction.]
Palestinians' Best Tool
Palestinians have learned from much experience that violence is a very effective tool against Israel. They believe that through terrorist attacks they receive more concessions from Israel. Even more importantly, the United Nations and Europe strengthen their pressure on Israel. The working formula goes like this: riots and intifadas are initiated, then Palestinian leadership goes to the U.N. demanding protection from Israeli "violence" and asks for more financial aid. This strategy works. Really well.
In this game of diplomatic warfare, the Palestinians can count on automatic support from the 22 members of the Arab League and the 57 members of the Organization of the Islamic Conference as well as most of the rest of the developing nations. The Jewish state stands alone.
During the latest wave of Palestinian terrorism—randomly knifing men, women and children on the streets of Israel, the PA has demanded an end to Israel's "terrorism, incitement and summary executions" against Palestinian civilians, especially women and children. They create numerous fictitious tales, like claiming IDF soldiers shot a Palestinian and then placed a knife near his body to make it look like the soldier acted in self-defense.
Every day now, as I write, there are stabbings across the nation. No place is safe from these lone wolf terrorists. Teenage Arab boys and girls walk out the door of their homes with a knife, find a random person, and begin to stab and stab until they are themselves wounded, killed or hunted down by the police.
PA Prime Minister Rami Hamdallah has urged the U.S., Russia, EU and the U.N. to intervene to "stop all Israeli crimes and assaults" against Palestinians. He then called for the resumption of the peace process in order to "end occupation and create a Palestinian state with Jerusalem as its capital."
Europe and the mainstream media come to their rescue and lend their support. For example, when three Palestinians lunged at two Israeli policemen with knives, the alert police were able to shoot them before being stabbed to death themselves. CBS' headline read "Three Palestinians killed as daily violence grinds on."
Swedish Foreign Minister Margot Wallstrom told the Swedish parliament that Israel was conducting extrajudicial executions of Palestinian stabbers! When Swedish parliamentarians challenged the foreign minister with being biased against Israel, she cited the fact that more Palestinians were being killed than Israelis.
In fact, she also said that the terrorist attack in Paris last November when 130 people were murdered, "was rooted in the frustration of Muslims in the Middle East, including that of Palestinians."
Sweden was the first European country to recognize "Palestine" as a state.
Now, with all the terrorist attacks continuing month after month in Israel, the Palestinians have caught France's attention. Its foreign minister has recently announced that he wants Israel and the Palestinians to attend an international conference which he will host in order that the two will sign a peace treaty. And France warns that if that doesn't happen, then France will simply recognize Palestine's sovereignty.
Think about this "deal!" Why would the PA move a single finger to make peace with Israel? Knowing that the PA leadership will not have to compromise on any issue or agree to any conditions—it would be simply stupid not just to wait until France grants it recognition without conditions.
Everywhere Israel looks, she sees herself surrounded with ever greater perils.
(Have you seen the pictures of the Iranian nuclear site at the Parchin military complex where, from all appearances, Iranian scientists are at this moment building a nuclear bomb?)
I am constantly amazed that Israel exists with nearly the entire world against her. Really, if a person wants a sign from heaven that there is a God and He calls Himself the God of Israel, this is it! There is no other rational explanation for Israel's continued existence and success except God.
We all know the Bible clearly foretells that the nations of the world will come against Israel in the last days. And we are seeing this being fulfilled before our very eyes. But what the Bible does not state is that believers in Yeshua will come against Israel. In fact the Bible makes it clear we the believers are to sound the trumpet for the nations to stand with Israel's return to her land of promise under God's protection, and to warn the nations concerning the fate of those who hate her and work to destroy her.
Jeremiah the prophet cries out:
Hear the word of the Lord, O nations, and declare it in the coastlands far off, and say, 'He who scattered Israel will gather him and keep him, as a shepherd does his flock.' For the Lord has redeemed Jacob and ransomed him from the hand of him who was stronger than he" (Jer. 31:10-11, MEV).
We who understand God's purposes for Israel and an end-time revival can make an impact on world events as we share the facts and pray for God's people to cry out for Israel's salvation and protection.
Shira Sorko-Ram is the co-founder, along with her husband, Ari, of Maoz Israel Ministries. They are pioneers of the Messianic Jewish Movement in Israel.
To contact us or to submit an article, click here.
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Strong reasoning
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Politics
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Table of Contents
If you’ve spent any amount of time around other parents or reading mommy forums, you’ve probably come across the term “tummy time.”
The term has really only become popular lately, and if you ask someone who raised kids in the 80s or earlier, they’ll probably have absolutely no idea what you’re talking about!
Why, might you ask? Well, during the mid-90s, the “Back to Sleep” campaign was launched, informing parents that it’s best for babies to sleep on their backs as opposed to their tummies, as a way to prevent SIDS. (source)
What is tummy time?
Tummy time, simply put, is the act of placing your baby on his or her stomach (only when awake and under adult supervision). Why might you want to do this? Well, there are actually a number of benefits.
The many benefits of tummy time.
Helping your little one practice tummy time is an awesome idea because it comes with a ton of great benefits:
- When they’re on their tummies, they lift their heads up, helping to strengthen those crucial neck and shoulder muscles. This comes with an added benefit: a baby with properly-developed neck and back muscles has a decreased risk of SIDS, because if they find themselves face-down, they can lift their head away from the surface to be able to breathe properly.
- This time helps develop the muscles your baby will need when they start getting mobile, rolling over, crawling, sitting and scooting. The more time a baby spends on their tummy, the quicker they’ll start to crawl on their own.
- Tummy time helps develop motor skills. Your baby will be curious to see the world around them, and being on their tiny tummies helps them get a view of everything. Eye muscles get stronger as well. When a baby is developing, she first gains control of her head, then the shoulders, then the rest of the body. Since the first thing she’ll gain control of is the head, she’ll be very curious to look around!
- It’s also necessary for proper skull development. If your child is always on their back, the back of their skull is always touching a surface, which can lead to developing flat spots on the back of the head. Tummy time helps prevent this.
When you should start tummy time.
According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, you can start your baby on tummy time as soon as they come home from the hospital. (source)
Not all children take to tummy time as quickly as others. But there are things you can do to help encourage them to enjoy it, which we’ll get into in the next section.
How long should a tummy time session last?
When it comes to tummy time, even doing it a little bit has lasting benefits.
When starting your infant out on tummy time, aim for about 2-3 sessions a day at about 5 minutes maximum.
As an young infant, tummy time should last about 2-3 minutes at a time, maximum. As they get older, around 3 to 4 months old, 10-20 minutes of time per day should be adequate.
What to do if your baby HATES tummy time.
Not all infants love tummy time.
If yours is anything like my son, I could only get him to take part in it for a few minutes before it got outright cranky and upset. Now, just because your baby squawks, it doesn’t necessarily mean they don’t like it.
It was a struggle, and I had a lot of back-and-forth with my doctor about it. Eventually, I figured out a few tummy time tips.
- Use toys. Their favorite toy can make a great distraction, plus it can also give them a link to associate the time with their favorite toys. Place them just out of reach to encourage reaching!
- Get on the floor with them. Getting face-to-face (and making funny faces!) makes it a lot more fun and less scary, too.
- Get a tummy time mat. Not only do they make it comfortable, but most of them have built in toys and things to make it more fun.
- Distract them even more. As soon as they start to protest, blow raspberries on their tummy, make funny faces, flip them on their back and make the same noises on their backs.
- Encourage them to look up. Sing just above their heads, and talk to them the same way. They’ll be encouraged to try to look up at you.
- Just keep trying. They might just hate it at first, but as their neck and back muscles get stronger over time, they’ll start to enjoy it more!
- Take breaks. Sometimes it’s just not working, and its fine to have shorter sessions with quicker breaks.
Another thing you can do to get in some tummy time is to hold them on your chest.
While not the ideal way to do it, you’re getting the pressure off the back of the head, which is the main goal with tummy time. Eventually, you’ll want to get them on the floor, but this works in a pinch.
How to start tummy time.
First of all, tummy time should only be done while baby is awake, and under full supervision.
- To first start out, lay your baby across your lap on their tummy for a few minutes per day. As they grow and get stronger, you can start to place them on the floor.
- Set baby up with a firm, safe space. After they’re okay with doing it on your lap, a tummy time mat on the floor is an ideal place to graduate to.
- Engage your child. If your little one doesn’t seem to take to tummy time, be sure to engage her. Get down on the floor with her—sometimes being able to see your face is just what they need to become interested in moving their chin off the floor.
See the below video for great ideas on how to encourage your little one to love tummy time
- Christie at MamaOT has a great guide on how to use a therapy ball to help in tummy time.
- Also check out Tips For Tummy Time From A Physical Therapist
Do you have any questions about tummy time? Any suggestions for fellow parents? Please let us know in the comments section!
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Moderate reasoning
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Health
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These are exciting times for the field of computer architecture. This blog is meant to be the place for all things computer architecture. Before we can talk about all the exciting activity, we have to get something out of the way.
What is Computer Architecture?
Computer architecture can mean different things to different people. For this blog we take a “big tent” approach with a broad definition of computer architecture. Fundamentally, it is the art and science of designing computer systems (including hardware and software) to satisfy society’s insatiable appetite for computational resources. I like to use the tagline “from sub-atomic particles to data centers” to capture the many orders of magnitude in scale (~20) that influence (and are influenced by) computer architecture. Emerging technologies can create computational and storage elements with sub-nanometer dimensions, cloud computing requires reasoning about systems with hundreds of thousands of computational resources in a data center, and individual chips contain almost 10 billion transistors. Exploiting the opportunities and/or addressing challenges within and across these scales is an important aspect of computer architecture. Furthermore, application and system software (broadly defined) are intimately tied to computer system design in a symbiotic relationship. New applications/software inspires new hardware and new hardware enables new applications or systems software capabilities. However, the choice between maintaining or breaking existing abstractions creates tension in computer system design. Computer architecture guides the decision process by considering technology advances/limitations and software/application demands.
Why a SIGARCH Blog?
Now that we have that out of the way, we can get down to business. The mission of this blog is to inform the broad computing community about current activities, advances and future directions in computer architecture. This is particularly important today given the slowing of silicon scaling and increasing development of end-to-end solutions with specialized architectures (such as Google’s Tensor Processing Unit, Microsoft’s Holographic Processing Unit, etc.). As the computing world confronts this new dynamic, this blog seeks to provide a forum that brings together individuals, not just from computer architecture, but from all areas of computer science and engineering for discussion, debate, and education.
The blog will take an informal form with mostly technical content, but will also serve as a forum to discuss and debate everything about our community (e.g., issues/differences between industry and academia, review process, etc.). We plan to have posts in many different forms: summaries of interesting work, vision statements about where the field may be headed, re-posts from other blogs, debates, interviews, industry trends, rants, and whatever other form contributors find most compelling to deliver their message.
I have assembled a set of regular contributors (and continue to recruit individuals) to provide perspectives on computer architecture from within the community and from the viewpoint of some neighboring fields. Topics currently include, but are not limited to:
- general computer architecture (processor design, memory hierarchies, interconnection networks, etc.)
- emerging technology
- operating systems and distributed systems
- compilers and programming languages
- industry trends and happenings
Who is on the Blog Roll?
I want to take this opportunity to thank the regular contributors for taking time to share their opinions and perspective on things related to computer architecture, and Jayneel Gandhi for helping me out with various editorial aspects. The current (and expanding) list of contributors is below.
- Reetuparna Das (U. Michigan)
- Srilatha Manne (Cavium)
- Keshav Pingali (U. Texas)
- Jignesh Patel (U. Wisconsin)
- Simha Sethumadhavan (Columbia)
- Mark Silberstein (Technion)
- Steve Swanson (UCSD)
- Mike Taylor (UCSD)
- T. N. Vijakumar (Purdue)
- Tilman Wolf (U. Mass)
- Yuan Xie (UCSB)
- Mark Hill (U. Wisconsin..occasional re-posts from the CCC blog)
How can You Contribute?
In addition to the regular contributors, individuals can write guest posts. If you would like to contribute to Computer Architecture Today, please let us know by filling out the short form on this page, where it says “Contribute to Computer Architecture Today”. Be sure to indicate what topic you would like to write about and include contact information.
Who am I?
For those of you that don’t know me, I’m a Professor at Duke University–since 1996. Throughout my career I’ve participated in a variety of research activities across the entire computing stack. I agreed to serve as the inaugural editor of this blog because I believe that effectively communicating the breadth and depth of computer architecture as a discipline and as a way of thinking are integral to continued advances in the broad computing field. Furthermore, I think it is critical to incorporate knowledge from all areas and think about computing in a holistic manner to make significant advances. That said, you won’t see many posts from me. This is a forum for voices from the broad community, not the opinions of a single person.
Disclaimer: These posts are written by individual contributors to share their thoughts on the Computer Architecture Today blog for the benefit of the community. Any views or opinions represented in this blog are personal, belong solely to the blog author and do not represent those of ACM SIGARCH or its parent organization, ACM.
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Strong reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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Taking the opportunity to teach your children to cook is a skill that will be with them forever.
It doesn't have to be a 9 course meal, just let them work with you to create a dinner or dessert they can be proud of!
A fun recipe to start with is PIZZA! Everyone loves pizza and making one just the way YOU like it is even better. Grab some toppings that your family will like, some cheese, spaghetti sauce, and Rhodes Rolls. Thaw the rolls ahead of time so they will be easy to shape. Bake at 350 degrees until golden brown. We like a crispier crust, so we bake the crust before we add the toppings but it works either way. Add the toppings and bake until the cheese is bubbly. Wah Lal!
This Family History Family Home Evening Lesson is all about GOALS!
Remember: A Goal is just a Thought unless it's Written Down.
Each year we add our new goals to our Family History Journal. It's fun to see what was really important to us each year. When our kids were little, some of their goals were to sleep in their big boy beds all night, or to pick up their toys every day. Now that they are getting older, their goals are more thought out and a little bit more challenging. Keeping a record of our goals has helped us to keep our "eyes on the prize!" Our goals are no longer just a passing thought, they are stepping stones helping us to be the best we can be!
We have included the Goal Pages in color or black and white, as well as a FHE Lesson on Goals!
Family History FHE Lesson - Goals PDF Running short on time . . . You can still have a FHE Lesson that will make them think! We've included a quick Object Lesson as part of the Family History FHE Lesson - Goals PDF. Just grab an egg, a glass, some water and some salt and you're ready!
Family Home Evening doesn't have to take hours . . . Just get the message to stick, and you're there!
To keep goals in view, make them into a placemat.
This can be printed in any of the colors used in the goal sheets above (all with a brown background).
They are 12x18 in size and are on file at Alphagraphics in Bountiful.
(Names can be written by each person in the space shown)
Use a Sharpie Marker to list goals and to mark progress!
We also included homemade pasta recipes for you to try, although purchased pasta will last up to 30 years if you put it in #10 cans with an oxy pack.
The Dry Pack Cannery offers 2 types of pasta:
Macaroni and Spaghetti.
If you check the canner out, you have the option of canning whatever kind of pasta you would like to use. It's easy to do an doesn't take very long. Watch the sales and buy quite a few packages. When you have a box full, check out the canner and go to work!
To make your canning day even better . . .
Call your sisters, or your friends and you can be little pioneers together!
It's amazing how productive you will feel at the end of the day!
Google Group no longer stores the pdf files and so the links from 2010 will no longer work if you try to access them from the post... BUT NO WORRIES! You can still have access to ALL the PDF files on the blog!
Just go to the 2010 Foldersshown above. From there you can do an individual search in each of the folders to find what you're looking for. Folders 1-3 are for the first to middle part of 2010 and folders 3-5 are for the middle to end of the year. I would love to go back and change all of the links, but it would take FOREVER and I would rather spend that time working on new graphics and ideas to share with YOU!
Copyright: Prepared Not Scared by Tricia O. Smith 2011
PDF Files available on the blog may be used for personal use only and not for resale! The artwork is original and is meant to be enjoyed by you and your family.
If you want to share an idea or pdf...
Please, send a link to my blog.
All of the Projects on our Blog can be printed at Alphagraphics!
If you are interested in any of the projects shown on our blog, just go to AlphaGraphics in Bountiful. They have all of the PDF files on hand and do an amazing job. Just let them know you want something printed from the Prepared Not Scared Blog as well as the day of the post, and they'll take care of you. We LOVE, LOVE, LOVE the Bountiful AlphaGraphics!
If you don't live around here - Leave a comment and we'll contact YOU!
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en
| 0.961921 | 1,023 | 2.609375 | 3 | 1.510772 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
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Social Life
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"Eyes are the mirrors of the soul," the saying goes. Therefore, to make eye contact can be extremely valuable. Through eye contact, you can recognize emotions, intentions, self-assurance, weaknesses and more information in addition to the normal communication that usually exists.
Feeling uncomfortable when making eye contact
Making eye contact is an important skill infants develop during the first year of life. However, when infants show atypical social-communicative behavior, this may serve as a marker of autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
Reduced eye contact is a known symptom of autism. However, why children with autism look less at the eyes of others is unknown. There are several possible explanations; perhaps they avoid eye contact because they find it stressful and annoying to look someone else in the eye. Or, maybe they do not consider the social indication that eye contact can be important and they don’t see the point of it.
However, autism is heterogeneous, so some individuals with autism may be indifferent to eye contact, whereas others may experience it as unpleasant.
Research in different interactive contexts
A lot of research has been done to assess social-communicative behavior in a single interactive context, for example during play with a parent, or interactions with examiners in structured settings.
The team of researcher Gangi examined prospectively infant gaze behavior at 6, 9, and 12 months of age in infants who were later diagnosed with ASD, as well as low- and high-risk infants without autism spectrum disorder outcomes. They investigated whether gaze behavior was associated across two interactive contexts:
- Structured testing with an unfamiliar examiner
- Semi-structured play interaction with a parent
The intention was to determine whether the behavior that infants showed during context 1 did in fact predict behavior in a more naturalistic context, with familiar people.
Parent-child play interaction
Infant siblings of children with ASD (high-risk siblings) or without ASD (low-risk siblings) participated in the study. At 36 months of age, ASD outcome was determined for all participants, who were classified as either ASD or not ASD. For analysis, the researchers arranged the participants into one of three groups: a low-risk non-ASD group (n = 53), a high-risk non-ASD group (n = 66), and an ASD group (n = 17).
To measure the cognitive functioning of the infants, the Mullen Scales of Early Learning was filled in at each visit by an unfamiliar examiner. Meanwhile, infant gaze to the examiner’s face was recorded. Also, a 3-min play interaction with a parent took place, using toys and following the instructions to play together as they normally would at home. Lastly, the ADOS-2, part of the international gold standard for diagnosing autism, was used to provoke various communicative and social behaviors in a standardized manner.
Coding gaze behavior
The researchers coded gaze behaviors, as in gaze to the face, during the first 6 minutes of the Mullen test and during the 3-min parent–child play interaction using The Observer XT. Different camera angles provided clear views of both the infants’ and the parents’ faces.
Try The Observer XT for yourself
Request a FREE trial and see for yourself how easy behavioral research can be!
- Work faster by automating tedious repeating tasks
- Reduce costs by achieving more with less people
- Get better data by using The Observer XT’s powerful analysis options
Infants that were 9 months old with higher levels of gaze to the face of an examiner during structured testing also had higher levels of gaze to the face of the parent during a play interaction. Therefore, gaze behavior in context 1 predicted gaze behavior in context 2. The same was the case with infants that were 12 months old.
By 12 months, infants without ASD outcomes exhibited higher mean rates of gaze to faces during parent–child play than during the Mullen test, while the gaze behavior of the ASD group did not differ by context. This suggests that infants developing autism spectrum disorder may be less sensitive to context or interactive partners.
The associations found in this study support the validity and use of observing social-communicative behavior with an examiner, a setting in which the gaze behavior of children with ASD or at risk for ASD is frequently tested.
Gangi, D.N.; Schwichtenberg, A.J.; Iosif A.-M.; Young, G.S.; Baguio F. & Ozonoff, S. (2017). Gaze to faces across interactive contexts in infants at heightened risk for autism. Autism: the international journal of research and practice. (00), 1-6. DOI: 10.1177/1362361317704421.
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Strong reasoning
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Health
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The compression moulding process is a method specifically used to produce composite material parts to replace traditional metal parts. It is a moulding method that puts preheated polymer into an open heated mould cavity. After closing the mould, pressure is applied to force the material to contact all areas of the mould. Throughout the process, heat and pressure are maintained until the polymer is cured.
Although thermoset or thermoplastic can be compression moulded, most applications today use thermoset polymers. Compression moulding is a large-capacity, high-pressure plastic moulding method suitable for moulding complex high-strength objects. Due to the short cycle time and high productivity, many organizations in the automotive industry have chosen compression moulding to produce parts.
(1) Feeding: Add a specified amount of material into the mould as required. The amount of material directly affects the density and size of the product.
(2) Closing the mould: Close the male mould and the female mould. Note that the closing speed is a fast and slow process. This method of operation is conducive to shortening the non-productive time, avoiding mould wear, and avoiding raw materials being taken out of the air due to too fast clamping. After the mould is closed, the pressure can be increased to heat and pressurize the raw materials.
(3) Exhaust: When moulding thermosetting plastics, in order to exclude these volatiles and the air in the mould, the loose mould can be discharged for a short time. The exhaust operation can shorten the curing time and improve the physical properties of the product.
(4) Curing: The curing of the thermosetting plastic is maintained at the moulding temperature for a period of time. The moulding curing time is usually 30 seconds to several minutes. Too long or too short curing time will affect the performance of the product.
(5) Demoulding and subsequent processing: In order to further improve product quality, thermosetting plastic products are usually processed after demoulding. Can reduce or eliminate the internal stress of the product, which is conducive to improving the performance and strength of the product.
MDC Mould was established in 1997. Now we're a leading compression mold maker in china, including SMC, BMC, GMT, LFT, LWRT, CARBON FIBER. Our experience in mold design and manufacture spans many industries including Automotive, Electrical, House wares, Industrial and many more. For more info about us, please make a visit to us.
Tel: +86 576 84616076
Fax: +86 576 84616079
Mobile: +86 139 0657 3032
Address: No.35-1, Qingfeng Road, North Industrial Estate, HuangYan, Zhejiang,China.
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Moderate reasoning
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Industrial
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The СКАЗЬ writing system was developed by cka3b.livejournal.com in 2012/2013. The main goal of the experiment was to reinvent a writing system for Russian language from the scratch and optimize it as much as possible, or at least make it as regular as possible. The forms of letters 'o', 'a', 't', 'p', 'ts', 'k', 'g' are influenced by corresponding Greek/Latin/Russian letters.
The name of this alphabet, СКАЗЬ (CKA3b/skaz'), is not a word of Russian language but can be understood as 'something told' or 'narrative'.
Все люди рождаются свободными и равными в своем достоинстве и правах. Они наделены разумом и совестью и должны поступать в отношении друг друга в духе братства.
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They
are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another
in a spirit of brotherhood.
(Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)
Download a font for СКАЗЬ (TrueType, )
More details of СКАЗЬ (in Russian) can be found on cka3b.livejournal.com
Information about Russian | Useful phrases | Silly phrases | Numbers | Colours | Time | Family words | Terms of endearment | Weather | Idioms | Tongue twisters | Tower of Babel | Articles | Links | Learning materials
Constructed scripts for: Ainu | Arabic | Chinese languages | Dutch | English | Hawaiian | Japanese | Korean | Russian | Sanskrit | Spanish | Tagalog | Taino | Turkish | Vietnamese | Welsh | Other natural languages | Colour-based scripts | Phonetic/universal scripts | Constructed scripts for constructed languages | Adaptations of existing alphabets | Fictional alphabets | Magical alphabets | A-Z index | How to submit a constructed script
Why not share this page:
If you need to type in many different languages, the Q International Keyboard can help. It enables you to type almost any language that uses the Latin, Cyrillic or Greek alphabets, and is free.
Note: all links on this site to Amazon.com, Amazon.co.uk and Amazon.fr are affiliate links. This means I earn a commission if you click on any of them and buy something. So by clicking on these links you can help to support this site.
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https://omniglot.com/conscripts/cka3b.htm
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en
| 0.793753 | 678 | 2.90625 | 3 | 2.095703 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
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Literature
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You are happy that your system running Linux has not crashed so far since you had installed it and hopefully, it may not crash ever. But do you know that Linux does crashes just like any other OS. Though, the frequency of crashes may be far less in Linux in comparison to other OS. And, do you also know that when other often crash able OS like Windows crashes, they become up and running by either resetting or rebooting the machine and if something is little bit more serious, then reinstalling the OS often definitely removes the problems. This is not so when we talk about Linux. When something becomes real serious in Linux, then ctrl-alt-del magic keys, resetting or rebooting the machine or even reinstalling the Linux may not help you. In such situations, the best way to recover from disaster is to avoid such disaster inviting situations and if it is not possible, then be prepared fully in advance with arms and ammunitions to get rescued.
How and why Linux crashes?
There are various reasons that your robust Linux system may eventually crash one fine day. It is possible that a corrupted file system may cause a crash. And you probably know that how files gets corrupted due to slightest of silly reasons like power failure or bad blocks on disks etc. One bad thing about Linux is that, it did not support all available hardware as of now. And when you try to install a new hardware that is particularly new to Linux world, then you are definitely inviting system crashes. Linux also lacks in full support on multimedia, and when you try to run resource intensive multimedia programs, you are inviting system crashes. In Linux system, everything is identified as files, and when you work on GUI mode as root user, then again, you are definitely inviting havoc, since an unintentionally wrong click of a mouse somewhere may also lead your system to crash. When you update your Linux kernel, and forget to run LILO (Intel-compatible PCs) to remember your new kernel, your system will crash in next reboot. If you install another OS that rewrites MBR and does not support other operating system such as Windows9x, your Linux system’s LILO will be over written by new MBR and you won’t be able to boot in to Linux. Some other time, your Linux system boots perfectly, but due to some bizarre reasons, it disallows you to login. And finally, a new program that you installed had some undetected bug finds your system configuration most favourable and triggers, thus making your Linux system to crash.
What to do to avoid system crashes?
There is no guarantee that taking every precaution that had been documented so far will make your system immune enough to crashes. But the occurrences, the frequency and the severity of crashes may be tamed enough to do minimum damage on the system and produce less inconveniency to the user. Here are some tips that may help you run your system for an indefinite period without a crash and if a crash happens even after that then may do minimum damage.
ª Avoid using Linux as root and especially during X Windows session. Except for system administration work and during extremely essential system setting changing that require root authentication, do not use Linux as root. Using Linux as root during X Windows session are discouraged, and it is recommended that you use command line session. The logic behind this is that when you type in commands, then you probably know what you are doing and implication of commands you are entering. But when you are in X Windows mode as root user, a wrong click to an executable file can put you in a dilemma. The splash screen of Gnome desktop environment cautions you when you start Gnome as root user that you may damage your system while using Gnome as root. It is recommended that you create a user for yourself, login with this user ID and use su command if you need to do things as root operator.
ª Wise men’s idea to avoid system crash is to deal with it before it happens. So, always be prepared fully with good backup plan by performing frequent periodic backup and especially before adding any hardware, software or changing system settings.
ª Get handy emergency boot disks with latest, currently installed kernel. Boot disks with old kernel will not help you. So when you upgrade your system with latest kernel, always create fresh boot disks without fail. (See box for how to create boot disks)
ª Remove unnecessary programme from start up that may create problem. For example, running kudzu, the automatic new hardware detection tool at start up may freeze your system during start up when it find a new offending hardware not compatible with Linux.
ª In Linux, e2fsck (for second extended file system) is equivalent to that of Windows scandisk. And you know the value of scandisk if you use Windows. So, make e2fsck run at start up if it is not so by default and never disable it.
ª Hard drives are real cheap these days. But it does not mean that you fill up full 10 gigs with unnecessary and unwanted programmes. Probabilities of system crashes are directly proportional to the number of installed programs. So when you install a new programme, probability of system crash increases.
ª An abrupt power failure or shutting down the running Linux without proper shut down or halt command may spell disaster. When Linux is made to shut down properly, it updates the inodes i.e. structure representation of files. An abrupt power failure does not give time to update this information and Linux could lose track of files and hence may crash. Proper shutdown and using uninterrupted power supply for crash proof Linux system is essential.
Well, despite all your efforts and all sorts of precautions, one fine day, your Linux system crashed severely. Now, what to do to get back in to the field? If your system had crashed and is not responding, then try ctrl+alt+
When your Linux system refuses to boot, try to figure out your last action that has made your system unbootable. Read the error message at start up. Often you may find some clue about the problem that exists. For example, if you had installed LILO to load your Linux, then it displays 70 different error messages at the time of booting so that you can understand what is going wrong. These error messages can indicate problems such as disk or media problems; BIOS errors; transient disk read problems etc. When there is no error message at LILO prompt but still, Linux refuses to boot normally, try booting in to rescue mode. Type ‘rescue’ at LILO prompt, without quote. Soon you will be offered with # bash prompt, where you can use more than 40 useful commands (see box for available command list in rescue mode) in rescue mode that will help you solve your problems. When your system boots, but does not allow you to log in after booting, then try booting in single user mode. Type ‘single’ at LILO boot prompt without quote. You can now repair your system in single user mode.
Finally, when all effort form booting hard disk fails, fetch boot and rescue floppies and try to boot from these. At first, insert boot floppy in to floppy drive but see that your BIOS setting has been set to boot FIRST from floppy drive. Now at the boot: prompt, type rescue that will load kernel from the floppy. Follow the instructions, and when asked, eject the boot floppy disk and insert rescue floppy disk. Your # bash prompt will be there to help you repair your system. You can also boot in to rescue mode from CD ROM if that contain autoboot files containing kernel of rescue image. You have to change BIOS settings for that so that your system can boot first from CDROM drive.
If you still find problem running Linux and did not find a way out, it is time to call your Linux support team. But in any case, don’t panic. With a little determination, passion for error detection, and with a bit of perseverance, you can overcome your problem related to Linux, the addictive, hot OS.
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Scientists have suggested that Toxoplasma gondii may increase the tendency to risky behavior not only in rodents but also in humans, while entrepreneurship requires a willingness to take risks, including financial. This indeed works well for the T. gondii parasite which reproduces inside the cat once.
Research led by the University of Colorado has combed databases of information examining the coincidence of T. gondii infections and entrepreneurial activity across the globe.
Dr Stefanie Johnson, from the University of Colorado's Leeds School of Business in the USA, and her fellow authors wrote: "Populations with higher T. gondii infection had greater intentions to start a business and higher levels of active entrepreneurship behaviours". They also noted that in countries that had a higher prevalence of the parasite had more people who had lower "fear of failure". This is the first time that an infection is associated with reduction of this rational fear. The human gut microbiome contains bacteria that have been linked to mood, diet and immune system functions in previous studies.
It is known that infection with Toxoplasma may influence the behaviour of small animals, including mice and rats. Of the group, 22 per cent tested positive. The team then analyzed the results of the test and compared it with the subject that the student majored in. Students who tested positive were more likely to have a degree in business studies and those who were professionals were more likely to start their own business.
However, there's no need for alarm over this global cat parasite.
"We can see the association in terms of the number of businesses and the intent of participants, but we don't know if the businesses started by T.gondii- positive individuals are more likely to succeed or fail in the long run", according to Stefanie Johnson.
The researchers also collected saliva samples from almost 200 people who attended entrepreneurship events. They found that those who tested positive for the parasite were 1.8 times more likely to have started their own company.
Litter tray parasite toxoplasmosis could turn you into business fat cat
Analysis of 42 countries that had higher exposure to the parasitic infection showed an increase in 'entrepreneurial activity'.
"If you've got someone with aggression problems, you might check them for toxoplasmosis", Dr. Emil Coccaro, chairman of psychiatry and behavioral neuroscience at the University of Chicago who led the 2016 study, said at the time.
Johnson said the team's research brings up other questions that she'd like to get answered with further study. Like what happens to the businesses that are created by people with toxoplasma. What if that fear was a good thing? "There's got to be many, many more", she said. Symptoms usually are flu-like with fever, swollen glands and muscle pain etc. Severe toxoplasmosis may include damage to the brain and eyes, such as reduced or blurred vision.
A study published in 2016 suggested that people diagnosed with intermittent explosive disorder are twice as likely to carry the parasite that causes toxoplasmosis.
A 2012 study analysed decades of health records from women in Denmark to investigate the link between toxoplasmosis and mental illness.
As a result the parasite improves its chances of reproductive success.
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|Founded by||Jewish Colonization Association|
Ilaniya (Hebrew: אִילָנִיָּה) is a moshav in northern Israel. Also known as Sejera, after the adjacent Arab village al-Shajara, it was the first Jewish settlement in the Lower Galilee and played an important role in the Jewish settlement of the Galilee from its early years until the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. It falls under the jurisdiction of Lower Galilee Regional Council, and had a population of 484 in 2015.
A Jewish town was located in the surrounding hills during the period of the Talmud and Mishnah.
The agricultural colony of Sejera, later Ilaniya, was established in 1900-1902 on land purchased by Baron Edmond James de Rothschild which was transferred to the management of the Jewish Colonization Association (JCA/ICA) in 1899. Also in 1899, JCA bought additional land for its planned colony. The first settlers were residents of Safed, a group of immigrants from Kurdistan and eight families of Subbotniks, Russian Christians who had converted to Judaism, among them the Dubrovin family.
The small settlement founded by JCA had two sections, a sharecroppers' colony for more experienced farmers, and a training farm for unskilled workers. The former consisted of a short street with private houses on both sides with garden plots in front and sheds at the back.
The training farm was located slightly higher up the slope, with a yard enclosed by a wall and single rooms for workers. The overall concept came from JCA official Chaim Margalioth Kalvarisky. The JCA's purpose was to help settle the land with professional Jewish farmers, agriculture being seen as a morally as well as economically sound activity. Unwilling to run their project as a charity organisation in the style of Baron de Rothschild, the JCA leaders in Paris expected the training farm to be self-sufficient and to generate profit. When this did not happen, they replaced Kalvarisky in 1901 with the young agronomist Eliyahu Krause. Since the farm continued losing money, the JCA started in 1906 a process of reducing the administered training farm and gradually transferring its allocated land to the sharecroppers.
In 1907-1908, a socialist commune led by Manya Wilbushewitch and Israel Shochat was contracted to run the farm autonomously for one year, without administrative interference. Wilbushewitch received the support of Yehoshua Hankin, who brought in Eliahu Krause to design an operative plan. The eighteen commune members, young men and women from Sejera and elsewhere in Palestine, aided by a number of sympathisers, managed for the first time to generate a profit and ensure constant employment for all workers of Sejera (with the side effect that outside Arab workers were no longer needed), while also pioneering full equality for women. Along with their work in agriculture there were daily educational meetings where they learned Hebrew from the young David Grün, none other than the future prime-minister of Israel David David Ben-Gurion, as well as Arabic from an Arab villager, socialist theory from Manya Wilbushewitch, and learned about the latest news from Israel Shochat. Less publicly, the group used Sejera for training the newly constituted Bar-Giora Jewish self-defense organisation, which eventually took over from Circassians and Arabs the guarding duties in Sejera and other nearby Jewish settlements. Manya Wilbushewitch and Israel Shochat married in Sejera in 1908.
Despite the economic success, JCA did not renew the agreement with the socialist commune at the end of the one-year experiment. By taking what was one of the least profitable ranches in the land and making it profitable, Manya Shochat showed that her ideas for a communal collective could work. This first well-run socialist-Zionist commune in Palestine is counted as an important precursor of the kibbutz movement and one of the nuclei of Jewish rural settlement in Palestine.
By 1912-1913, the training farm was closed down, its land reallocated to the sharecroppers or sold to a Jewish plantation company. Still, after over a decade of teaching essential skills to agricultural workers, and by bringing together some of the leading pioneers of the First and Second Aliyah who would go on to establish the infrastructure of the pre-state Zionist society, the farm can be said to have played an essential role in the Zionist enterprise.
During the 1948 Arab–Israeli War the village was attacked several times by the Army for the Liberation of Palestine, led by Fawzi al-Qawuqji. Most of the Jewish inhabitants temporarily abandoned the place, while the remaining ones took part in the fighting. By 1949 the settlement expanded and included the territory of the adjacent Palestinian Arab village of al-Shajara, which had been depopulated during the war.
At some point Ilaniya became a moshav.[when?]
Ilaniya and the Sejera farm are on the list of conserved sites. Some places of note are the old school, founded in 1922; the mikveh tahara in a sepulchral grotto; the house of Naftali Fabrikant, now a library and educational centre; and the ruins of a synagogue from the Byzantine era.
- "List of localities, in Alphabetical order" (PDF). Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 16 October 2016.
- The first settlement in the Lower Galilee
- The Jewish Connection, Phyllis Appel
- The first settlement in the Lower Galilee
- The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited, Benny Morris
- God, Guns and Israel: Britain, The First World War And The Jews in the Holy City, Jill Duchess of Hamilton, Jill Hamilton
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ilaniya.|
- HaReuveni, Immanuel (1999). Lexicon of the Land of Israel (in Hebrew). Miskal - Yedioth Ahronoth Books and Chemed Books. p. 33. ISBN 965-448-413-7.
- ed. Yuval Elazari - Map's Concise Gazetteer of Israel Today MAP - Mapping and Publishing, Tel Aviv, 2003 (Hebrew)
- Ran Aharonson (2000). Rothschild and Early Jewish Colonization in Palestine. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 282–283.
- Neville J. Mandel (1977). Arabs and Zionism Before World War I. University of California Press. pp. 67–70.
- Derek Jonathan Penslar (1991). Zionism and Technocracy: The Engineering of Jewish Settlement in Palestine, 1870-1918. Indiana University Press. pp. 29–33.
- Paul R. Mendes-Flohr, Jehuda Reinharz (editors) (2010). The Jew in the Modern World: A Documentary History. Oxford University Press. p. 565.
- Shulamit Reinharz (1992). "The winding road to Sejera". In Deborah S. Bernstein (editor). Pioneers and Homemakers: Jewish Women in Pre-State Israel. State University of New York Press. pp. 95, 105–116.
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Thirteen years ago, when Peter Richardson arrived in the Turks and Caicos Islands, local fishermen met him with suspicion. An officer with the British Marine Conservation Society (MCS), Richardson had come to the archipelago on a government-funded project to study sea turtles. But local fishermen feared the worst. In Turks and Caicos, sea turtles aren’t scientific curiosities: they’re food.
“People assumed we wanted to ban their fishery and criminalize their activities,” Richardson recalls.
The concern wasn’t entirely unjustified: Richardson’s research did indeed result in new laws on turtle fishing, adopted last year. Yet in place of outrage, those once-skeptical fishermen now cheerfully wear t-shirts printed with the new regulations.
So what happened? How did Richardson and the Turks and Caicos Islands Turtle Project win the fishermen’s trust? And, perhaps more importantly, are the new regulations working?
In 2008, the Turks and Caicos government called Richardson back to the island to help improve the management of their two sea turtle species: green and hawksbill. Building on their earlier work, Richardson and his colleagues performed a battery of studies: they searched for tracks on nesting beaches; cemented satellite tags onto turtles with names like Jewel and Shyvonne; and wrangled turtles “rodeo-style” to collect demographic information.
Among their discoveries, the team learned that while green turtles will venture out on epic migrations, breeding adult hawksbills stay in the area for years. In other words, local fishing affects local turtles. Since their fates were tied more closely to practices within the Turks and Caicos, the islands’ hawksbills would require extra protection.
In 2011, Richardson and the MCS proposed draft regulations that would prohibit fishing on all turtles with shells larger than 60 centimeters or under 30 centimeters, a rule that would safeguard big sub-adults, breeding adults, and small juveniles. They also recommended barring hawksbill harvest during lobster season, when freedivers searching for crustaceans often grab turtles they encountered on the reef.
Yet Richardson and his team knew that for the regulations to succeed, they needed the fishermen to buy into the proposal. That’s where Amdeep Sanghera, MCS’ Turtle Project Officer, came in.
Like Richardson, Sanghera was, at first, an unwelcome presence: when he started hanging around the docks, some fishermen assumed he was a British spy. As months became years, though, he wore down their doubt, joining locals at bars, family events, and even church. And as he solicited his new friends’ thoughts on potential regulatory change, he found they’d come to appreciate his presence. “They’d never really been asked for their input into legislation before,” Sanghera says.
To gauge evolving public sentiment, the MCS team filmed dozens of residents discussing the turtle fishery and edited it into a 30-minute documentary, “Talkin’ Turtle in the Big South.” The group showed the film around Turks and Caicos, using the screenings to spark discussions and workshops about the proposed regulatory changes.
In the film and in conversation, locals revealed a complex relationship with the marine reptiles, in which affection and respect were entwined with consumption: love what you eat; eat what you love. “Our children, our grandchildren, should know about turtles,” resident Noreane Lightbourne said. “What they’re used for, where they live, how you caught them.”
When MCS showed the draft regulations to 75 turtle fishermen, not all the proposals met with approval: at the fishermen’s behest, the conservationists agreed to raise the minimum harvest size from 30 centimeters to 45 centimeters. Still, to Richardson, it was a fair negotiation. The regulations could meet the needs of the turtles, he says, “but also be practical and acceptable.” In 2014, the government adopted the MSC proposal as law.
Of course, even the toughest rules are only as strong as their enforcement—and one year in, Richardson isn’t yet certain whether Turks and Caicos’ fishermen are following the new regulations. When he returned to the islands this past May, government officers offered mixed reviews about compliance.
The good news is that local fishermen appear to be skipping over the protected jumbo-size greens and hawksbills. But in the South Caicos, they continue killing too-small turtles. Now Richardson and Sanghera are seeking funding to get back to Turks and Caicos to raise awareness about the new laws and monitor enforcement. “The job is certainly far from done,” says Richardson.
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Science & Tech.
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Developing oneself as a leader
December 10, 2012 Editor 0
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to clarify the concept of self as applied to leadership and propose an understanding of how a leader should form conceptions of self, and use these in his or her own development. Design/methodology/approach – Based on self-, personality- and developmental psychology, the paper examines a variety of theoretical foundations, and ties these into the context of leadership and self-development. Findings – The paper concludes that the self is core, consciousness, and action. The particular characteristics and qualities of the self determine the leader’s comprehension of him or herself as a human entity, and is a leader’s gateway to self-confidence and self-esteem. Leaders therefore need to cultivate an understanding of self by engaging in formative processes which are related to their ability to learn from defining situations, thus raising awareness of points of convergence in a leader’s career.
Research limitations/implications – The paper is limited to a conceptual discussion, and further research is needed to verify the proposed hypothesis. Future research should concentrate on empirical work. Practical implications – The practical outcome is concrete advice, that leaders must engage in processes where their own willpower, beliefs, assumptions, values, principles, needs, relational patterns and social strategies are subject to feedback and testing if their aim is to develop themselves. Self-development is not the training of skills, nor solely dependent on cognitive strategies.
Originality/value – Most leaders face pressure to develop themselves. The recommendations herein clarify what is a self concept applicable for leaders, and assist in identifying domains, processes and schemata applicable for leadership self-development.
Go to Source
- Develop oneself as a leader
- An analysis of the contribution of leadership to organisational performance using complexity science
- Gender and personality in transformational leadership context: An examination of leader and subordinate perspectives
- How global leaders develop
- Do “rising stars” avoid risk?: status-based labels and decision making
- What matters most in leader selection? The role of personality and implicit leadership theories
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Strong reasoning
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Education & Jobs
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The immune system and the skin
Reviewed by Dr Victoria Lewis, consultant dermatologist
|Why eczema occurs is still far from being well understood.|
Skin provides protection from foreign invaders in several ways. Apart from the physical barrier, there are specialised cells of the immune system throughout the layers of the skin.
Some of these cells detect invasion by foreign proteins, such as bacteria and viruses, and other cells have the function of destroying and removing such material.
When a foreign protein (called an 'antigen') comes into contact with cells of the immune system, these cells produce proteins (called antibodies) that fit around the invading antigen in a unique way.
A fair analogy is of a lock and key, in which the invader is the key and the immune system cells manufacture a lock with which to trap it. The antibody-antigen combination is recognised by other cells within the immune system family, which then move in and destroy the invader.
In the type of immune reaction called ‘hypersensitivity’, the presence of foreign material sets off reactions from skin cells called mast cells. These contain powerful signalling chemicals – such as histamine – which, when released, activate the other components of the immune system.
Histamine has marked local effects on the skin, familiar to anyone who has brushed against stinging nettles.
At the contact site, the skin swells and becomes red, due to opening up of the blood vessels and leakage into the tissues of fluid from within the blood vessels and the lymphatic system.
Surrounding the contact site the skin blood vessels contract, restricting the flow of blood and so causing the skin here to pale (the so-called ‘wheal and flare’ reaction).
Such a hypersensitivity reaction occurs almost immediately after being pricked by stinging nettles, hence the common term ‘nettle rash’. The proper medical term is urticaria and a great many other agents apart from nettles, such as chemicals and food components, can trigger similar reactions.
The ‘nettle rash’ form of sensitivity is the easiest to understand, but there are several other ways in which immune reactions occur within the skin.
These usually act over longer time scales. In allergic contact dermatitis for example, it takes two or three days for the immune system cells to recognise the presence of the irritation and to recruit more cells locally to deal with the situation. Such a delay makes it harder to work out what caused the allergic reaction in the first place.
Changes in eczema
In eczema, the chain reaction of events triggered by the irritant causes alterations in the structure and function of the layers of the skin.
These include splitting of the normally tight layers of the epidermis, so that the protective function of the epidermis is partially lost.
This can lead to irritation from the penetration of harmful substances that would be kept out by intact skin and by infection with skin bacteria.
Loss of water holding capacity causes the skin to dry out and to flake off more easily, and the skin thickens in response to repeated scratching.
To the naked eye, the mildest forms of eczema show as dry, paler patches of skin without much in the way of accompanying inflammation. In more active eczema, there's skin thickening and splitting with surrounding redness or more obvious signs of infection, such as overlying crusts.
There's always intense itching, which is an essential feature of the condition. Eczema, which in the absence of treatment doesn’t itch, isn’t eczema!
More detailed examination of the skin as well as other indirect tests of the immune system show that it is highly active in all forms of eczema.
On blood tests for example, increased levels are usually seen of proteins called immunoglobulins, particularly one called IgE.
There are also increased numbers of a type of white blood cell usually associated with allergy. These features indicate that eczema is not only something that goes on within the layers of the skin, but it's part of a general process of activity in the immune system.
Sophisticated techniques are increasingly being developed to detect the subtle changes in the biochemistry of the cells within the skin and how they interact with antigens and with the other cells of the body.
Causes of eczema
Why eczema occurs is still far from being well understood.
Exogenous or contact dermatitis is caused by sensitivity to a particular substance, which then causes a reaction in the skin. It doesn't explain why some people are sensitive in the first place and why some substances can trigger a reaction while others do not.
The cause of endogenous eczema is often not found. It's possible to have both types of eczema at the same time.
Atopic eczema (an endogenous eczema) has a strong genetic component.
Work on gene patterns has begun to show some more specific associations with eczema. But these are still early days in this type of research.
The pace of advance in genetic research is however very rapid, and the hope is that more treatments will be developed from the knowledge gained in this area.
Immune system triggers
Nearly 40 per cent of young children with moderate to severe eczema will develop skin rashes in response to foods to which they are sensitive.
General food group allergies can be detected by a blood test called a RAST test. The relationship between food allergies and eczema in young children is often important, but as they get older the association becomes less clear.
Allergens can also come into the body through the air. In this way house dust mite protein (from the droppings of the mite and not the mite itself), animal dander, moulds and weed spores can come into the lungs and set off the immune system there, resulting also in reactions in the skin. Effective reduction of house dust mite is one strategy that can help improve eczema.
Bacteria, particularly Staphylococcus aureus, are probably the most important triggers for eczema. This organism, found on the skin of over 90 per cent of people affected by eczema, produces a ‘superantigen’ which is powerfully able to activate immune system cells in affected skin.
If superantigen extracted from Staphylococcus bacteria is applied to normal skin, an eczema reaction occurs. Scratching of the skin breaks the barrier function down and allows more bacteria to gain entry to the sub layers of the skin.
Despite the activation of the immune system however, the body’s ability to reject the bacterial infection is impaired. One of the treatments of active eczema is to kill off the bacteria with antibiotics.
Treatments acting on the immune system
In a way, antibiotics act to boost the effectiveness of our own immunity.
Antibiotics act directly on bacteria to destroy them or prevent them from duplicating, thus allowing our scavenging cells to gain the upper hand and eliminate the remaining bacteria.
There are other means by which the immune system can be manipulated to our favour in eczema.
The longest standing treatments of this type are steroid creams and ointments.
‘Steroid’ is a collective term for a range of hormones produced mainly by the adrenal glands, two walnut-sized pieces of tissue that are located on the top of each kidney.
Steroids are now manufactured artificially and they have many and varied effects but among the most important are their anti-inflammatory properties. Steroids are therefore used in asthma inhalers to reduce the inflammation within the airways that occurs in that condition.
In rheumatoid arthritis, they reduce pain and swelling from inflamed joints. In eczema, steroid creams switch off the immune system attack within affected skin. By interrupting the inflammation, the forces of repair are given an advantage over those which act to disrupt the skin.
Although steroid creams are effective and can be used safely with care, they do have several important side-effects – including thinning of the skin in the long term and permanent redness.
These are alternative treatments for eczema, which also inhibit the actions of the immune system within the skin but by a different mechanism to steroids.
Both are available for use in the UK by dermatologists or GPs experienced in treating skin disease.
There are several advantages of these new treatments over steroids. They do not cause thinning or permanent redness of the skin – and they can be used on skin areas, such as the face, neck and skin folds, where steroid creams can give particular problems.
Calcineurin inhibitor creams may eliminate the need for an individual with eczema to use any steroid creams, which is potentially a big advantage for those currently dependent on higher dose or long-term topical steroids.
The disadvantages are a burning sensation for the first few days of application in some patients and the concerns about long term skin cancer risk. Because they are more expensive than standard treatments, they are subject to constraints in the budgets under which doctors prescribe.
Generally they will be used in people with moderate to severe eczema.
Other people also read:
Eczema: Eczema is an itchy inflammation of the skin, associated to a varying degree with other features.
Topical corticosteroids: Why are there different strengths of corticosteroids?
Moisturisers: Find out how moisturisers work.
Leung DYM, Bleber T. Atopic Dermatitis. The Lancet (2003);361:151-160.
Based on a text by Dr Dan Rutherford, GP
Last updated 01.05.2014
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THE BEST WAY TO LEARN SIGHT WORDSInstant recognition of these high frequency sight words improves confidence in reading and writing.*** ideal for early readers, beginning readers, pre-schools, first years of school, kindergarten kids, and readers having difficulty with reading and recalling these words. ***The 6 games in Parrotfish Sight Words makes learning sight words fun and enjoyable with real game play and reward structure.THIS APP IS APPROVED FOR INCLUSION IN GOOGLE PLAY FOR EDUCATION, IT IS BEING USED IN REAL CLASSROOMS AND IT REALLY WORKS
* Set up individual user profiles* Select sight word list order from Magic 200 (M200W), Fry high frequency or Dolch high frequency lists* 6 Fun, challenging and rewarding games that each emphasise a different skill in learning to read and that really work* 22 levels with progress tracking* early levels have only 6 words, progressing to 12 words per level* all games build fluency and instant recognition* guesses are not rewarded. Progress is determined by accuracy and in some games speed. * motivating reward structure and immediate feedback build confidence through success* the games provide lots of practice and repetition of the words* each game emphasises a different reading strategy and develops essential reading and decoding skills that will apply to all reading situations* word lists for each level for practise, pre-testing and post-testing* over 300 words in the app - finish one word list, reset the games and do a different one for more revision.* designed by a specialist reading teacher and tested on real children in real classrooms.* male and female voices* mixed fonts with different letter shapes * completely add free, internet connection not required* No in-App purchases - no more to pay* support material, flash cards, tips and hints, freely available on our web site
Options allow progression through games and levels in logical order or all levels can be unlocked so younger children can play the easier games at each level. Music can be turned off, levels can be reset and words can be presented in upper or lower case.
Each of the 6 games encourages development of reading strategies and skills in a non-threatening manner. Children can apply these reading techniques to learning other complex and irregular words. Fun and interesting characters give children a reason to continue playing.
GAMES1 - Peter Puffs: Matching a word to the same word, (visual discrimination, one to one correspondence, visual tracking)2 - Super Shelly: Finding a pair of words (both auditory memory and visual memory)3 - Crabby Clara: Building a word from its component parts, ie the letters (one to one correspondence, attendance to word shapes, letter recognition, understanding that words are made up of letters)4 - Edgar's Eggs: Seeing and hearing a word, remembering it and then identifying words that are not the same (visual memory, word recognition)5 - Wally's Words: Seeing a word, remembering it and identifying it on the next screen (visual memory)6 - Stella Stars: Hearing a word and identifying a word from a selection (reading and applying what has been remembered from previous games)
Through these games children improve important memory and learning techniques such as:
- Auditory memory- Auditory discrimination- Visual memory- Visual discrimination- Fine motor coordination- Following directions- Concentration span- Left right progression
You can follow your child's progress through the levels as they become more and more confident as readers. Your child will develop and improve their reading skills.
If you have any suggestions on improvement, please leave us a message at [email protected]. We are always glad to hear about your experience with our applications and publications and we may be able to apply suggestions for improvements to updates and upcoming apps.
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| 0.901633 | 766 | 2.859375 | 3 | 2.156682 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
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Education & Jobs
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Wear the personal safety gear that your employer specifies is necessary for the job. In addition to protective clothing like an apron and gloves made of materials resistant to the chemicals being handled, this equipment may also include respiratory protection, goggles, a face shield, and goggles.
How can you protect yourself from chemicals at work?
Always wear safety goggles, safety glasses, and any other necessary personal protective equipment. Observe good hygiene. Accidents should be reported right away to your manager.
What are 5 ways to stay safe while working with chemicals?
5 tips for working safely around chemicals
- 1 Understand the standard for hazard communication.
- 2 Inform workers about chemical dangers.
- Three: Supply safety data sheets (SDSs)
- 4 Label all hazardous chemical storage containers.
- 5 Draft a program for communicating hazards.
What is the safest way to work with chemicals?
Create a safe working environment
- Liquid that is very flammable.
- Eyewash stations and safety showers ought to be conveniently located.
- Make sure there is enough ventilation to keep air concentrations below exposure standards.
- When not in use, keep containers closed.
- Don’t make eye or skin contact.
What is the first step in protecting yourself from chemical hazard?
If you came into contact with chemicals topically, thoroughly rinse your skin for at least fifteen minutes. Remove yourself to a place with fresh air if you think you may have inhaled something. The first step in preventing accidents is to be aware of any potential chemical hazards in your workplace.
What are the 10 steps to chemical safety?
General Chemical Safety Guidelines
- Keep your space tidy and organized.
- Hazards should be made known to all facility users.
- Observe common safety precautions.
- engineering controls, please.
- Wear PPE when necessary or required.
- Observe the guidelines for high-risk chemicals.
- Be ready for emergencies and mishaps.
Why is it important to handle chemicals safely?
Without the proper protection, handling chemicals puts the worker at risk of inhaling dangerous levels of chemicals through their skin. When handling the chemical in liquid form, this typically occurs. If the skin is dampened, as might be the case with sweat, dust may also be absorbed through it.
What actions will you take to avoid danger in the workplace?
Top 10 Ways to Prevent Workplace Accidents
- Encourage Safe Practices.
- Put control measures into action.
- Examine your policies and practices.
- Offer Sufficient Training.
- Conduct routine inspections.
- Watch over the workers.
- Use the knowledge of the staff.
- Utilize a risk management strategy.
How do you prevent hazard and risk in the workplace?
What are Control Measures?
- Remove the danger.
- Replace the risk with a lesser one.
- Separate the danger.
- engineering controls, please.
- Admin controls should be used.
- Put on personal protection gear.
What is personal safety in the workplace?
Personal safety, also referred to as occupational safety, is thought to involve lower-level risks that are more likely to happen at work frequently. Personal safety involves taking preventative measures to lessen risks that could cause slips, trips, and falls as well as injuries from manual handling, which are much more frequent risks.
What are personal safety rules?
The following are the key principles for personal safety:
Always be on guard and mindful of your surroundings. Give the impression that you are in control, confident, and at ease. Embrace your gut feeling. It might not be if it doesn’t seem or feel right.
What are the examples of chemical hazards?
Chemical hazards may include a vast range of commonly found substances including:
- cleaning agents.
- cylinders for gas.
What are the 5 basic workplace hazards?
What are the 5 major hazards in the workplace?
- Falling Things and Falls.
- Exposure to chemicals.
- Fire risks.
- Electrical Risks
- Injury from repetitive motion.
What is the first rule of safety?
Establishing a minimum reasonable return or return threshold is part of the safety-first rule.
What are the 4 workers rights?
right to information the ability to take part. the ability to decline risky work. the right to be shielded from punishment.
What are the four main types of hazards in a workplace?
There are many different kinds of workplace hazards that can be harmful or have negative effects, including chemical, ergonomic, physical, and psychosocial ones.
What are chemical hazards in the workplace?
Simply put, a chemical hazard is a risk associated with using a chemical. Chemical risks at work can therefore include: Health risks, which occur when staff members are exposed to risky chemicals through inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, or swallowing.
What are 4 employee duties under the health and safety Act?
a method or system that ensures worker safety. a secure area where the work can be done. Safe tools and machinery are needed to complete the task. They must make sure their coworkers are capable of performing their jobs.
What are your responsibilities under health and safety?
Employers are primarily responsible for this under health and safety law. Employees have a responsibility to look out for their own health and safety as well as that of anyone else who might be impacted by their actions at work. To ensure that everyone complies with the law, employees must cooperate with their employers and coworkers.
What is my rights as an employee?
general rights of employees
not to experience unfair dismissal or discrimination. to receive the necessary tools and resources. to enjoy secure working circumstances. to be paid the agreed-upon amount at the scheduled time and date.
What are the five human rights in the workplace?
Human rights in the workplace examples
a person’s right to dignity. the principle of equality (or equity). the right to knowledge. freedom of expression and speech.
What are the 3 control measures?
There are several different kinds of control measures, which can be divided into three groups (in ascending order of importance and potency): Elimination. Engineering. Administrative.
What is the most common risk to health and safety in the workplace?
One of the most frequent hazards in all types of workplaces, not just offices, is slips, trips, and falls. According to the HSE, they account for about 30% of workplace injuries (Health and Safety Executive). A trip or fall could be caused by anything, including exposed wires, loose flooring, and cluttered areas.
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| 0.936698 | 1,398 | 3.25 | 3 | 1.364759 | 1 |
Basic reasoning
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Health
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This past Tuesday the Post and Courier ran an article titled “Cooper River in Charleston Among Worst for Carcinogens.” The article states that more than 45,000 pounds of cancer-causing chemicals were released into the Cooper River in 2010 by local industrial facilities. That 45,000 pounds made the Cooper River the sixth worst in the nation for such discharges. It’s a striking headline that drastically underscores the need for Charleston Waterkeeper’s audit of all permitted dischargers in the Charleston Harbor Estuary–work we’ve been doing for the past year.
The article and report on which it’s based rely on data from the EPA’s Toxic Release Inventory. The TRI was created as a public right-to-know program in the wake of the Bhopal, India disaster. The Inventory requires industrial facilities that use certain toxic chemicals to report a yearly estimate of releases to the air, land, and water. Release is defined broadly to include everything from accidental spills, to permitted discharges of treated wastewater, to transfers of toxic chemicals for proper off site disposal. The self-reported release estimates are compiled into the Inventory and published to the public by the EPA.
The 2010 Inventory data is the most recent data available and for the first time notes the waterways receiving the release. In the report Wasting our Waterways 2012 Environment America and Frontier Group looked at the Inventory data by receiving waters and cross referenced the type of chemicals released with California’s list of Chemicals Known to the State to Cause Cancer or Reproductive Toxicity. They then ranked the waterways by total amount of cancer-causing chemicals received. The Cooper River ranked sixth.
Inventory data is useful because it shows what type of chemicals were released and where. But Inventory data also has limitations–it cannot determine the human health risk associated with exposure. That type of determination requires an environmental exposure assessment, a much more complicated and in-depth study. Inventory data also does not indicate whether the reported releases were in compliance with applicable laws and regulations.
The fact is some or all of these releases may have been lawful. In 1972 the federal Clean Water Act set the goal of eliminating the discharge of all pollutants to our nation’s waterways by 1987. To reach that goal the CWA created a system of permitting point source discharges called the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System. Although, the nation has fallen woefully short of this goal, it’s a goal we strive for at Charleston Waterkeeper.
The first step in ensuring 100% compliance with the laws on the books. Taking the first step requires knowing whether or not any of the releases violated the Clean Water Act. That’s the critical question the Inventory data cannot answer. But it’s exactly the question our point source discharge audit was designed to answer.
Several months ago we began by identifying all the permitted dischargers in our watershed. There are approximately 113 permits authorizing the discharge of pollutants into our waterways. The permit holders generally fall into two categories: industrial facilities and sewage treatment plants. Each has its own set of issues and their permits limit pollutants unique to their treatment processes.
We are currently developing compliance histories for each discharger, and class of dischargers, and are working to identify and document the issues impacting our right to fishable, swimmable, drinkable water. Our data and research serves as our foundation as we develop solutions and address the issues we’ve documented. What’s more, it also supports our role as a watchdog over permit holders and DHEC. We do this work because each of us has a right to fish, swim, and enjoy our waterways without fear of pollution.
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| 0.943845 | 760 | 2.9375 | 3 | 2.984511 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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Since the dawn of civilisation, the development of the human race has depended on the discovery, processing, development and use of materials. So significant were certain materials that stages in technological progress are marked by the Stone, Bronze, and Iron Ages.
When gold was first discovered on the Witwatersrand in 1886, few people, even in their wildest dreams, believed that reserves could last over a hundred years and become the mainstay of South Africa’s mineral industry. It has been the anchor of these value-adding activities which also produce coal, steel, platinum, chromium, ferrochrome, manganese, vanadium, titanium, diamonds and other minerals. The minerals industry continues to dominate South Africa’s foreign exchange earnings.
The exploitation of minerals sparked off the development of an industrial society unequalled on the African continent and attracted investment capital from abroad, stimulated agriculture, industrial development, and extensive transport and financial infrastructure. In recent years there have been several large ventures based on minerals such as aluminium, stainless steel, titanium projects steel production, besides a huge number of small scale mining operations.
South Africa possesses huge reserves of chromium, iron, uranium, platinum, vanadium, titanium, lead, zinc, manganese and many other metals required by many countries as the basis for the production of goods. Most of these reserves consist of ores that are complex in character and research is necessary before effective processes for their beneficiation can be put into operation.
The minerals and metals industry has created many opportunities for employment and career development – “Build through education”. The University of the Witwatersrand, University of Pretoria, and the University of Johannesburg have their roots in the School of Mines established in 1896 in Kimberley. Strong minerals and metals departments exist at these institutions, and other ‘minerals and metals-related’ courses are now also established at several other institutions of higher learning in South Africa.
The minerals and metals industry directly employs many of the economically active population of South Africa, and is a major contributor to the South African economy. While the number of persons employed in the mining industry has declined over the past decade, the employment in associated materials technology has increased. This follows the trends in the developed countries of the world, all of which continue to rely on the raw products from developing nations like South Africa.
South Africa is a major world producer of platinum, gold, coal, chrome, iron ore, diamonds and many other minerals, and has developed the skills and technology to add value to minerals by producing steel, copper, stainless steel, and more recently, aluminium for the world market.
The success of the South African minerals and metals industry in the past has been due to its people. There is no doubt that the future holds challenges and rewards for new generations choosing one of the many careers that the minerals and metals industries offer.
The major mining companies have become international role players with operations on nearly every continent, providing new opportunities to their employees. The experience gained in South Africa can be applied in the rest of Africa, Australia, or North America making you truly a citizen of the world.
- Hits: 8772
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Strong reasoning
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Industrial
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Grace Academy offers students the opportunity to study the OCR Physics-‘A’ specification at KS5. This is a two-year course after which students will gain a full GCE A level qualification, suitable for pursuing a career in science or the study of physics through higher education.
About the course
2 Year A-Level Course
Course Suitable For
Students who wish to continue to study physics at a higher level.
Preferable Entry Requirements
GCSE Grade B Science and Maths.
A-Level physics is a highly desired and respected qualification that develops a student’s skill in a variety of areas coveted by employers. As well as broadening their understanding of the world around us, students will develop real practical skills which can be applied to a variety of hands on jobs. Studying physics at A-Level allows an opportunity to stretch your learning from GCSE science, developing an array of sought after transferrable skills. Studying physics can lead to a vast range of employment opportunities, including career paths in both scientific and broader fields.
A-Level Physics is a highly respected academic A-Level that can lead to further study at the best universities in the country. Some of the most common career paths after studying physics include engineering, computer programming, environmental sciences, accountancy and finance, energy, research and transport.
Why Grace Academy?
Grace Academy has been delivering OCR A-level courses for a number of years and have dedicated and experienced specialist teachers for biology, chemistry and physics. This specialist knowledge is effectively shared with A-Level students to support their learning and progress, allowing all students to access challenging scientific content.
Module 1 – Development of practical skills in physics
Module 2 – Foundations of physics
Module 3 – Forces and motion
Module 4 – Electrons, waves and photons
Module 5 – Newtonian world and astrophysics
Module 6 – Particles and medical physics
The A-Level course comprises of four units of assessments. These consist of three examined papers and one practical endorsement that will be assessed internally. All three examinations will be taken at the end of the two year course and will assess the modules listed above.
Our Teaching and Learning Strategy is at the core of our approach to students and their learning. We aim to provide a learning community where students achieve excellence and achievement is celebrated. We want you to enjoy your time at the academy and to be successful.
You will need to monitor your own progress. We want you to become self-critical and to think about how you can improve.
We will expect you to work hard and productively. Being present in the academy for as long as it is necessary for you to meet your targets and succeed in your learning.
Contact the Post 16 Manager on 0121 329 4630 or email on [email protected].
Register your interest in your chosen courses and an application form will be sent out to you. All applicants are interviewed and conditional offers are made subject suitability of course.
Please note all courses on offer are subject to the minimum uptake for viability.
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Moderate reasoning
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Education & Jobs
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Posted by: Loren Coleman on July 30th, 2008
You remember the scene from the end of the first Indiana Jones movie? Recall the endless rows of boxes in storage in that secret warehouse?
Of course, the reality is that most large museums around the world actually do have such storage areas.
The “outfront” exhibits at most museums are impressive. But, for example, I was reminded quickly in Alberta, once again, that less than 10% of the holdings of a museum are what the public sees.
The Columbian mammoth is on exhibit in Alberta with other Pleistocene mammals.
When I visited the Royal Alberta Museum, the director of Communications, Marketing & Education Chris Robinson and museum director Bruce McGillivray gave me a behind-the-scenes tour of the mysterious Room N008.
One of the first things that hits you when you come into this oversized, bright, clean room is the shelves upon shelves of specimens – fossils, skulls, mounted heads, and taxidermy mounts. There’s enough in there for a few museums. But that’s the point, right?
Part of the mission of any museum is study and research. So, for example, while the rows of bison skulls – fossil and contemporary – hardly would make for a good exhibit, they have a storehouse of information for researchers, especially those interested in Pleistocene bison and current wood bison.
I also noticed, immediately, besides regional specimens one might find in Alberta, the museum housed a lot of exotic mounts. I asked Chris Robinson to fill me in.
He informed me that the bulk of the natural history specimens in N008 were donated to the province by Eric Lafferty Harvie (1892-1975), a prominent Alberta oilman and lawyer. The 63,000 item-strong collection is named the Riveredge Foundation Collection.
Eric Harvie formed the Glenbow Foundation in 1955. Spurred by a strong interest in collecting material relating to the history of western Canada, Harvie collected books, art, documents, records, manuscripts, and objects that traced the material history of early settlers and Aboriginal peoples in Alberta.
Harvie’s collection, however, expanded beyond Alberta’s borders to include the art and culture of the world. In 1966 his collection became the Glenbow-Alberta Institute. The Government of Alberta built the Glenbow Museum in 1976. Eventually, with the evolution of the institutions, through the provincial museum to the royal museum, the collection ended up in N008.
It was clear from what I could see in my overview that the holdings were incredible.
Walls were covered with trophy heads and taxidermy items were on several rows of shelves.
Over in the corner, one might find a huge Galapagos tortoise.
Turn around, look under a sheet of plastic, and there’s a baby musk ox.
Meanwhile, back in the general public spaces, I saw what happened to some of the Room N008 residents.
A few back area specimens find their way, now and then, upfront. For instance, the majestic wood bison, above, is unassumingly presented in a public corner. This wood bison is notable as it is on display, uncelebrated for the great mammal it is, being re-discovered only in 1959. It is before a wall that was to have a habitat painting on it but the money ran out. You will note that a cowbird is on its back; a detail I found to be very cool. (Plans are afoot to bring the wood bison more into the fore, in the future renewal of the museum.)
Back in N008, there appears to be the hint of hidden treasures. Dr. Jim Butler told me that only recently, when a giant ground sloth specialist visited the museum he found three fossil bones of the ground sloth kicking around in a collection of uncatalogued Alberta fossil bones.
The room contains many items that have been brought up from local Pleistocene digs.
What’s this skull? (Answer at the bottom.)
Over in the corner, director McGillivray pointed out an old mount, which he jokingly said might be seen by some as an unknown cryptid, because the taxidermy showed such a scary presentation. He extracted it from the wall, and we used it as an example of what we could find out about any one object.
It certainly looked frightening, although, of course, we all knew it was hardly a “great mystery canid.” Still, we probed further into its background.
Chris Robinson recorded the exact notes on “the mounted fox head,” which was sitting next to the Galapagos tortoise. It had the following notation on it:
ACC#450 – FOX
Wednesday, November 13, 1895.
Chris Robinson then forwarded this to me: “I’ll see if our collection manager can dig up anything further. I think the fox perhaps looks stranger that he should, given the peeling paint in the mouth and the chipped teeth, and 113 years on a board in a basement likely didn’t help his complexion any either.”
Robinson soon emailed back with this:
“It was part of the Riveredge Foundation accession that was acquired in 1979. Most of these types of old European trophy mounts originated from the Duke of Bedford collection, which Harvie likely acquired through auction. Atherstone is the town and Swain’s Park is probably the named wood near there.”
I researched this further, and did find there is a tradition called the “Atherstone Hunt,” even with its own special “button,” (shown below).
I learned that the Atherstone fox hunt extends 24 miles north to south and 18 miles east to west, covering parts of Leicestershire and Warwickshire and small areas of Staffordshire and Derbyshire.
The hunt dates from 1804, during the Mastership of Squire Osbaldeston (1815-1817) the present country of the Atherstone was defined. Between 1930 and 1950 the hunt was divided.
The Master and hunt staff wear distinctive red jackets with white collars and blue collars for lady members, the evening dress jacket is red with gorge de pigeon (grey facings).
So, while some mysteries may exist in various museum storage rooms like N008 around the globe, a lot of the bizarre looking mounts in the back room could merely hide some mundane human activity, like a fox hunt.
Meanwhile, I’m not done with the Royal Alberta Museum. There’s some separate bird stories I learned there that I want to share at another time. After all, museum director Bruce McGillivray is, first and foremost, an internationally-recognized birder (he authored the following book) and more tales are to be told.
Answer to the mystery skull: Darren Naish says, “It’s definitely a mylodontid sloth, and it looks like it could be Paramylodon (specimens of which are often labelled as Glossotherium).”
Wikipedia has this to add about the ground sloths: “Cryptozoologists often identify the mapinguari, a mythical forest creature of the upper Amazon basin, with a surviving tropical ground sloth or folk memory of these animals.” 🙂
Harlan’s Ground Sloth (Paramylodon harlani), a mylodontid, skeleton shown.
Meanwhile, don’t forget the International Cryptozoology Museum….
Please join these over 150 people, and support the museum today. Know you may directly send a check, money order, or, if outside the USA, an international postal money order made out to
International Cryptozoology Museum
c/o Loren Coleman
PO Box 360
Portland, ME 04112
Or use PayPal to [email protected]
Since July 3th, donations are coming in at only less than $100 a week. There is some way to go to reach the goal of $15,000 by September 1st.
Please “Save The Museum”!
Easy-to-use donation buttons are now available here or merely by clicking the blank button below (which you can use without being a member of PayPal).
Thank you, everyone!
Loren Coleman is one of the world’s leading cryptozoologists, some say “the” leading living cryptozoologist. Certainly, he is acknowledged as the current living American researcher and writer who has most popularized cryptozoology in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Starting his fieldwork and investigations in 1960, after traveling and trekking extensively in pursuit of cryptozoological mysteries, Coleman began writing to share his experiences in 1969. An honorary member of Ivan T. Sanderson’s Society for the Investigation of the Unexplained in the 1970s, Coleman has been bestowed with similar honorary memberships of the North Idaho College Cryptozoology Club in 1983, and in subsequent years, that of the British Columbia Scientific Cryptozoology Club, CryptoSafari International, and other international organizations. He was also a Life Member and Benefactor of the International Society of Cryptozoology (now-defunct). Loren Coleman’s daily blog, as a member of the Cryptomundo Team, served as an ongoing avenue of communication for the ever-growing body of cryptozoo news from 2005 through 2013. He returned as an infrequent contributor beginning Halloween week of 2015. Coleman is the founder in 2003, and current director of the International Cryptozoology Museum in Portland, Maine.
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Strong reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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By Dr. Levon R. Yuille
As I reflect upon the journey of black Americans, it is obvious that we as a people have a history that is filled with many trials, tribulations, and defeats. But that is not the entire story of the black man. We have also experienced in our history times of great progress, victories, and success. And when it comes to black Americans here in the United States of America, all of the previously stated experiences are most certainly part of our journey in this nation, where black people have experienced the worst and best of this great nation.
Long before black people came to America in chains, we were dispersed to numerous other nations of the world. In his book, The Slave Trade, Hugh Thomas, a former professor of history and chairman of the Centre for Policy (U.K.), and author of Conquest, tells of the booming slave trade of blacks by Islamic hordes, and the thriving slave industry that weaved its insidious web from Portugal in the 1400s to other nations of the world. And as we know, the black slave trade made it to the shores of America.
The arrival of the slave in America was under the harshest of circumstances, both physically and emotionally. Snatched from their homeland, forced into the torturous cramped spaces of slave boats, chained and separated from loved ones and home, slaves were introduced to the harsh reality of their new home—slavery in America. One of the greatest depictions of the horrors the slaves experienced was in the great novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin, by Harriet Beecher Stowe.
One of the most under-reported aspects of slavery was and is the complicity of Africans in the aiding of those involved in the slave trade. Because whites’ immune systems prevented them from going into the interior of the jungles of Africa, they often depended on Africans to capture other Africans and bring them to their boats on the shore. It is hard to imagine this type of betrayal, but it is well documented in numerous research pieces on slavery in Africa. It is one of the cold realities of slavery, that Africans when it came to this wicked practice, strengthened the hand of the wicked slave traders. What a betrayal.
It is hard to believe that blacks could have experienced, and do experience, any greater betrayal than being captured by their own people and sold into slavery. But there is a far greater crime of a people to their people. Because as a black man I represent the fact that as bad as slavery was, slavery didn’t kill all my ancestors, and that is why there are over 40 million black people in America.
But the horrible truth of the matter is that there should not be only 40 million blacks in America. There should be approximately 54 million blacks in America. So where are those other 14 million blacks that should be in America? The cold fact is that they are dead—killed by individuals who have been aided and abetted by many in the black community.
There is a monster killer in the black community whose name is abortion, and aiding and abetting this monster are black organizations like the NAACP, The Black Caucus, black politicians, many black clergy, black educators, and many other black leaders. These folks encourage black people to vote for pro-choice candidates like Obama and many other black political leaders who support the practice of abortion—the killing of our most innocent citizens. Nothing has killed blacks like abortion, yet many black leaders cheer on the pro-choice candidates who vote to make certain that thousands of innocent babies die every day—and many of these dead little people are black.
Hopefully the day is soon coming when there will be a great cry of repentance and conversion among black leaders and they will, with the zeal they joined the civil rights fight, join in the greatest civil rights battle our black people have ever faced—to stop the killing of millions of our people in abortion facilities. And until all black people join this battle, it will indeed be our black leaders’ greatest betrayal.
Dr. Levon R. Yuille is president of the National Black Pro-Life Congress.
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Strong reasoning
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Politics
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SCHOOL OF MARINE AND LOGISTICS
An important project on Cartilaginous Fishes of Turkey has been completed
The project on cartilaginous fishes of Turkey, Ass. Prof. Dr. Fethi Bengil from GAU Marine School is one of researchers in the team, has been completed. Coordinator of the project is Elizabeth Grace Tunka from Mediterranean Conservation Society and Rufford Foundation is supported financially the project. Information on the project is below:
Can opportunistic sampling provide information for conservation of sharks and rays? Chondrichthyans Population genetics and breeding ecology in Turkish seas
(April 2015 - April 2016) 4950 £
Chondrichthyes species more popularly known as sharks, rays and chimaeras are one of the top predators in marine ecosystems. Knowledge of their general biology, and especially on their reproduction, is scarce when compared with other marine vertebrates. Existing studies all around the world focus on a few of the most popular or commercially important species. This project built important data by opportunistic sampling method to help us understand the abundance of these cartilaginous species throughout the Turkish coasts.
In Turkish seas, there are 66 cartilaginous species (32 selachii, 33 batoid, and 1 chimaera) which represents 75% of the total chondrichthyan species found in the Mediterranean and 12% of the fish fauna of Turkey. Almost half of these species are listed by IUCN as Near Threatened, Critically Endangered, or Vulnerable and of the remaining species a further 15 are Data Deficient. There aren`t current conservation or management measures focusing on chondrichthyans in Turkey, although there are well known nursery grounds for certain species. Fisheries activities are intensively done throughout Turkey and while chondrichthyans are not specifically targeted they are caught frequently as by-catch. Research in to shark and ray species in Turkey is limited and mostly focuses on their morphology, length-weight relationships with a few studies on their diets and reproduction biology. Main threats to their populations are; increasing competition for habitat space, human impacts on sensitive reproduction areas, pollution, and fishing pressure. By studying population genetics and identifying relationships between populations from different regions around Turkey we generated important new information on these charismatic and endangered species in the eastern Mediterranean. We will also generate critical data on the reproduction biology.
Using participatory methods and opportunistic sampling of by-caught sharks and rays, we generated quantitative data to advise conservation and management plans. We hope that through increasing levels of awareness of the local fishing communities, by catch rates will be reduced by the use of the most selective gear types.
Detailed information on the results of project can be reached on http://www.rufford.org/projects/elizabeth_grace_tunka_eronat
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Strong reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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Radar altimetry gains altitude in Venice
Scientists have gathered in the 'floating city' this week to talk about radar altimetry – measuring the heights of the global sea surface, freshwater bodies, land and ice using spaceborne sensors.
The above animation shows regional mean sea level trends 1993-2010 as measured by radar altimeters. Some regions experience a rise of up to 12 mm per year (dark red), while others see a decrease of about 12 mm per year (dark blue). On average, the global sea level rises about 3 mm every year.
Held every five years, the '20 Years of Progress in Radar Altimetry Symposium' gives participants the opportunity to focus on the challenges overcome to develop our current understanding of Earth’s surface variations observed by altimetry.
Radar altimeters record the surface topography along the satellite’s ground track. They precisely measure a satellite’s height above water, land or ice by timing the interval between the transmission and reception of very short radar pulses.
At the opening of the symposium, the mayor of Venice, Giorgio Orsoni, spoke about the importance of radar altimetry for his lagoon city.
Sea level rise is just one of the features provided using altimetry measurements. This global issue has a direct effect on the daily lives of the citizens of Venice.
Mr Orsoni noted that Earth observation applications are 'fundamental tools' for Venice. The monitoring of sea level rise, as well as the evolution of the coastline, currents and subsidence, are essential for local authorities.
"Four hundred years ago, Galileo Galilei turned the telescope to the sky, marking the beginning of modern science," he said.
He praised the contribution of both historic and contemporary scientific knowledge to his city and to the world.
Head of the ESA Earth Observation Science, Applications and Future Technologies Department, Maurice Borgeaud, highlighted the achievements in altimetry.
One is the new, high-resolution dataset from multiple missions showing global sea level changes over an 18-year period.
The new data show an average global sea level rise of about 3 mm per year. Scientists attribute roughly equal contributions from the expansion of the water due to rising temperatures, the melting of mountain glaciers and the melting of polar ice sheets.
The event in Venice is taking place just after the 20-year anniversary of the launch of the first European Remote Sensing satellite, ERS-1, and of the joint French–US TOPEX/Poseidon mission. Both carried radar altimeters.
TOPEX/Poseidon was followed by Jason-1 and -2, in 2001 and 2008, respectively.
ESA’s follow-up instruments on ERS-2, Envisat and CryoSat have ensured the continuity of radar altimetry measurements.
Pascale Ultré-Guérard, head of Earth observation for CNES, praised the international collaboration and its role in the success of radar altimetry. But she also stressed the importance of data continuity.
ESA will launch its next radar altimeters with the Sentinel-3 mission within Europe’s Global Monitoring for Environment and Security (GMES) programme.
During the symposium, sessions will be held on oceanography and tides, the cryosphere, coastal altimetry, hydrology and land processes, the 20-year altimetric record and the future of altimetry.
The symposium is organised in collaboration with the French space agency, CNES.
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Strong reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Celebrates 50 Years of Scientific Excellence
On a clear March day in 1926, in the middle of a snow-covered field in Auburn, Mass., Dr. Robert Hutchings Goddard changed exploration forever. Launching from a modified music stand, Goddard’s liquid fuel rocket lifted itself 41 feet into the winter sky, flew for two and a half seconds, and landed in the space age. Goddard’s dream had become reality.
To honor Goddard’s achievement and his commitment to the triumph of the human spirit, the Beltsville Space Center officially became the Goddard Space Flight Center on May 1, 1959. Since then, the Center has been at the forefront of exploration and technological achievement.
"In those 50 years, NASA and Goddard have made many extraordinary and fundamental discoveries, and we continue to do incredible things," said Goddard Center Director Rob Strain. There are more than 10,000 dedicated men and women at Goddard who work in astrophysics, Earth science, heliophysics, planetary science and developing new technologies.
In a fitting tribute to its rocket pioneer namesake, Goddard has an ambitious line-up of missions this year. This extraordinary period of activity begins next week with the planned May 5 launch of Tactical Satellite 3 (TacSat 3) from Goddard’s Wallops Flight Facility on Virginia’s Eastern Shore.
Next up is Servicing Mission Four to the legendary Hubble Space Telescope. NASA is targeting May 11 for the launch of the Shuttle STS-125 mission. This is the final house call to the Hubble Space Telescope. Astronauts will conduct five spacewalks and install two new cutting-edge science instruments. They will also refurbish a number of Hubble’s subsystems.
On June 2, NASA plans to launch the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO). LRO will create the most accurate and comprehensive topographic maps of the lunar surface ever, vital for pinpointing landing sites for future manned missions.
This fall, NASA will place a new solar observatory into orbit, the Solar Dynamic Observatory (SDO). SDO will enable detailed forecasts of solar activity to protect astronauts from the damaging effects of solar activity and provide an unblinking eye on the Sun.
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and NASA plan to launch the next in a series of advanced weather satellites called Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES). Goddard has more than 40 years of experience managing the development of satellites operated by NOAA to forecast severe weather and track hurricanes.
"In addition to all of the incredible missions launching this year, Goddard has also been assigned or has competitively won a number of critical future missions," said Strain. Among these are spacecraft to study global precipitation; a robotic mission to Mars to investigate the Red Planet’s lost atmosphere; satellites to monitor the planet’s land masses, glaciers, and ice sheets; missions that will strive to understand mysterious dark energy; and an armada of small probes to study the complex interactions between the Sun and the Earth.
As part of the Center’s 50th anniversary celebrations, Goddard, the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Lab, and other will host a day of interactive activities at Maryland’s Place in Space at the Baltimore Convention Center on May 30 from 10:00 a.m.–4:00 p.m. Expect over 100 imaginative exhibits, mind-blowing multi-media presentations, thrilling robotics competitions, NASA astronauts, and much more.
Goddard is one of NASA's largest research centers with the largest cadre of scientists in Maryland. Goddard is located in Greenbelt, Md.; just outside Washington, D.C. Goddard is a major U.S. laboratory for developing and operating unmanned scientific spacecraft.
NASA Goddard comprises four NASA installations: the Greenbelt campus, the Wallops Flight Facility near Chincoteague, Va., the Independent Verification and Validation Facility in Fairmont, W.Va., and the Goddard Institute for Space Studies in New York City.
For information, videos and stories about Goddard's 50th Anniversary, visit:
For more information about all future Goddard missions and launch dates, visit:
Rob Gutro and John Putman
NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center
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Moderate reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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By Vrinda Nagar, WWF-India
When danger looms over a village in Sonitpur district, it’s announced either by the loud trumpeting of elephants or by watchers who have kept up all night to keep guard.
Fully trained to tackle a situation like this, a few men, armed with nothing more than searchlights and firecrackers, mount kunkis and make their way towards the approaching sounds. Their weapons are simple because they want to avoid harming the elephants, even though the pachyderms sometimes represent danger to life, limb and livelihoods.
These men – students, forests guards, villagers and local community members – form the Anti Depredation Squad (ADS) of the Upar Kachari Bokagaon village and have volunteered to guard the village against raiding wild elephants. By chasing the animals from human inhabited regions to forested areas, the ADS groups help protect not only the villagers’ lives and property but the giant animals they’re trying to keep away. As elephants are diverted before they reach human settlements, conflicts between humans and animals are reduced, preventing loss of human lives and property, and in turn reducing retaliatory elephant killings.
Trained Anti-depradation squad members play a crucial role in carrying out elephant drives. Photos © Rommel Shunmugam/WWF
The practice so far has been crucial in bringing relief to villages that are often paid visits by the large mammals. “Last year, an elephant raid had destroyed my crop. We were lucky no lives were lost during the raid. We believe that when a rescue team is locally and immediately available, crisis situations can be better managed; at times even completely prevented; before forest/police officials can arrive,” says Dibakar Basumatary, villager from Upar Kachari, Bokagaon.
The task, however, is neither easy nor completely reliant on force, particularly because the team does not want to injure any of the elephants. Driving away an elephant is not a matter of exercising physical power against an approaching invader, as it may seem. “Among other things, timely action is absolutely important. If we don’t know well in time that an elephant or a herd of elephants is on its way to the village, we risk putting our lives in danger. With the help of WWF-India, we know how important it is to maintain a solid information network,” says Pallab Das, member of ADS squad, Kumarigaon village of Sonitpur. Pallab Das and other villagers have been trained by WWF-India in maintaining records of elephant herds, their type and movement.
Kunki elephants support the ADS members in diverting wild elephants away from human settlements
© David Smith/WWF-India
Lessons in elephant behavior also form a major part of these workshops. Studying how an elephant will react in a particular situation can help volunteers better strategize the drive. “During these workshops, we particularly emphasize on the behavior of loner male elephants. This is because most of the human deaths and injuries are caused by such elephants in groups of two and three,” says David Smith of WWF-India. Musth is a periodic and physiological condition during which elephants like these become highly aggressive and can prove to be very dangerous. It is, therefore, a must for squad members to understand elephant behavior and how to identify and be cautious of such elephants” he adds.
What these lessons in animal behavior and psychology also help achieve – other than protecting villages and crops – is a sense of empathy in people towards these sentient creatures.
- Elephants are like us in many ways! They have individual histories, interests, personalities and are one of the few known animals that can recognize themselves in a mirror!
- Elephants don’t have any sweat glands – that’s why they spend so much time wallowing in the mud to cool down!
- However, elephant numbers are seeing a sharp decline because of threats such as poaching, conflict with humans, train accidents and degrading habitats! 95 percent of the Asian elephant population has been killed during the last 100 years.
Forming an ADS team, in this way, not only secures livelihood and property in small Indian villages, but helps protect the Indian elephant – listed as endangered by the IUCN since 1986. As the squad drives away wild elephants before they reach human inhabited areas, confrontations between humans and the animal are prevented, protecting elephants from human rage. “Human-wildlife conflict is one of the many reasons that threaten elephants in the Indian landscape. We believe, it is only with the involvement of, and by benefiting local communities, which frequently come in contact with the wild, that we can build a sustained movement to protect the natural world,” says Hiten Kr. Baishya, WWF-India.
Anti-depradation squad members with the WWF-India team © Rommel Shunmugam/WWF
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Strong reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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Drop missing values using the drop_na() function
Replace missing values using the replace_na() function
Fill missing values using the fill() function
Missing data can be a “serious” headache for data analysts and scientists. This project-based course Handling Missing Values in R using tidyr is for people who are learning R and who seek useful ways for data cleaning and manipulation in R. In this project-based course, we will not only talk about missing values, but we will spend a great deal of our time here hands-on on how to handle missing value cases using the tidyr package. Be rest assured that you will learn a ton of good work here. By the end of this 2-hour-long project, you will calculate the proportion of missing values in the data and select columns that have missing values. Also, you will be able to use the drop_na(), replace_na(), and fill() function in the tidyr package to handle missing values. By extension, we will learn how to chain all the operations using the pipe function. This project-based course is an intermediate level course in R. Therefore, to complete this project, it is required that you have prior experience with using R. I recommend that you should complete the projects titled: “Getting Started with R” and “Data Manipulation with dplyr in R“ before you take this current project. These introductory projects in using R will provide every necessary foundation to complete this current project. However, if you are comfortable with using R, please join me on this wonderful ride! Let’s get our hands dirty!
In a video that plays in a split-screen with your work area, your instructor will walk you through these steps:
Import and Explore the data sets
Select Missing Variables
Drop Missing Values
Replace Missing Values
Fill Missing Values
Fill Missing Values - Exercises
Wrap up - Chain all operations
Your workspace is a cloud desktop right in your browser, no download required
In a split-screen video, your instructor guides you step-by-step
What will I get if I purchase a Guided Project?
By purchasing a Guided Project, you'll get everything you need to complete the Guided Project including access to a cloud desktop workspace through your web browser that contains the files and software you need to get started, plus step-by-step video instruction from a subject matter expert.
Are Guided Projects available on desktop and mobile?
Because your workspace contains a cloud desktop that is sized for a laptop or desktop computer, Guided Projects are not available on your mobile device.
Who are the instructors for Guided Projects?
Guided Project instructors are subject matter experts who have experience in the skill, tool or domain of their project and are passionate about sharing their knowledge to impact millions of learners around the world.
Can I download the work from my Guided Project after I complete it?
You can download and keep any of your created files from the Guided Project. To do so, you can use the “File Browser” feature while you are accessing your cloud desktop.
What is the refund policy?
Is financial aid available?
Financial aid is not available for Guided Projects.
Can I audit a Guided Project and watch the video portion for free?
Auditing is not available for Guided Projects.
How much experience do I need to do this Guided Project?
At the top of the page, you can press on the experience level for this Guided Project to view any knowledge prerequisites. For every level of Guided Project, your instructor will walk you through step-by-step.
Can I complete this Guided Project right through my web browser, instead of installing special software?
Yes, everything you need to complete your Guided Project will be available in a cloud desktop that is available in your browser.
What is the learning experience like with Guided Projects?
You'll learn by doing through completing tasks in a split-screen environment directly in your browser. On the left side of the screen, you'll complete the task in your workspace. On the right side of the screen, you'll watch an instructor walk you through the project, step-by-step.
More questions? Visit the Learner Help Center.
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CC-MAIN-2021-49
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https://www.coursera.org/projects/handling-missing-values-r-using-tidyr
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Moderate reasoning
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Education & Jobs
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The character of lennie in of mice and men essay 673 words | 3 pages lennie's character exhibits a rather childlike manner he seems to do and see things. In john steinbeck's novel, of mice and men, steinbeck conveys the main themes, isolation, loneliness, and insecurity through many characters one of the characters. Of mice and men essays are academic essays for citation these papers were written primarily by students and provide critical analysis of of mice and men. Read this miscellaneous essay and over 87,000 other research documents of mice and men performance critique paper- of mice of men i the script a genre in my. Racism in of mice and men english literature essay of mice and men is one of these great by understanding the characteristics of the characters.
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Suggested essay topics and study questions for john steinbeck's of mice and men perfect for students who have to write of mice and men essays the characters let. At the beginning both george & lennie met at the rench near the river,close to the hill sides the relationship between george & lennie is that they are close friends. Of mice and men is set on a grain farm in the 1930's, about two life long friends named george and lennie the main characters are george and lennie and they go. Lennie small is huge and lumbering and, in many ways, the opposite of george milton where george has sharp features and definite lines, lennie is shapeless.
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en
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Strong reasoning
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Literature
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I’ve been talking about student voice in the last few posts. If you haven’t already read up on the value of student voice, how to measure student voice opportunities in schools, and part 1 on offering choice in the classroom (what & how), I encourage you to check out those posts!
To briefly summarize, amplifying student voice and choice in schools is incredibly beneficial for student learning and student engagement. When we think about what this means for our practice as educators, we want students to have a voice in what, how, where, and/or when they learn. In the first of this two-part post on student choice in the classroom, I discussed how you can use choice boards to offer student choice in what they learn, how they learn, and how they demonstrate their learning. I also shared a free Google Doc choice board template!
Maybe you’ve heard all about choice boards, but they seem a bit too overwhelming to start with. While you’re not quite ready for choice boards, you are ready to offer a bit more choice in your classroom. Or maybe you have bought into choice boards, and you’re looking for even more ways to offer choice to your students. Let’s dive into how you can offer students choice in where and when they learn.
CHOICE IN WHERE TO LEARN
To support choice in where students learn, try setting up different types of learning spaces in the room. For collaborative students who are auditory learners or students who need to tap into the “hive mind,” have tables or groups of desks as an option. Invite students to sit on the floor by themselves if that’s their style. Have a designated section for students who want a quiet area to work independently. Maybe provide some cardboard dividers or cheap ear plugs/big headphones to block out the extra noise. My students who wanted quiet used to love sitting in the hallway when the hive minded students would be chatting in the room.
Researchers have found that when students are able to engage in co-constructing their learning spaces, they are more likely to engage in self-directed learning, so this is a great opportunity to improve student independence and help them take more ownership of their learning. Parnell and Procter (2011) define this idea of “placemaking” as “‘personalisation’ of space” in which the “built environment [serves] as a vehicle for and also a subject of learning activities,” (p. 79). To do this effectively, they identified 5 principles of the placemaking process: active involvement of students as co-researchers; time for students to explore their ideas through reflection, asking questions, and hearing others’ perspectives; partnership between teachers and students with a shared responsibility for student learning; collaboration in which teachers and students learn from one another through respectful dialogue; and responsiveness, or adapting as students discover what helps them learn best.
If you think your students are too young for this, the study above was conducted with students as young as 6 years old!
CHOICE IN WHEN TO LEARN
To support choice in when students learn, self-paced station rotation is one way to offer choice during class time. You could set up stations, but instead of having students rotate at the same time and in a pre-selected order, invite students to rotate at their own pace over a designated period of time (e.g., one class period, one week). You may even want to offer students the choice in whether they engage in all of the stations. This way, students also have a choice in the WHAT and HOW of learning (if stations cover different content or involve different ways of learning or demonstrating learning) as well as the WHEN.
Beyond class time itself, you could ask the class if they are interested in trying a flipped classroom experience. A flipped classroom asks students to watch a recorded mini lesson (or YouTube video presenting new information) at home, and then use class time to discuss and apply the information they learned. Some students may process new information better at home away from the distractions of the classroom and may benefit from having access to others during class to help them further process and apply information.
Whether you decide to offer student choice in when they learn or where they learn (or both!) I’m excited for you to think more about these elements of choice as you plan, as increased student engagement often follows a meaningful invitation to choose what, how, when, or where students learn.
Lindsay is a educator and leadership coach who helps teachers develop engaging project-based curricula, fosters student and teacher voice, and works to advance racial and gender equity and culturally responsive practice.
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en
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Strong reasoning
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Education & Jobs
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Elizabeth Alexander, who was the poet at Barack Obama’s inauguration, came to WCSU and talked about writing, about inauguration day and, most important to me, about how African American history is America’s history.
To begin, my youngest daughter was born in Ethiopia. I don’t think that means I should be more interested in race relations in America, but as a practical matter I probably think about it more than does the average white male.
I asked Alexander, who is also chair of the African American Studies department at Yale University, for some advice on how to connect my daughter with African American culture. My wife and I have found it difficult to do, which in turn has made us consider how separately whites and blacks live their lives.
Alexander, who was charming and completely accessible to students, faculty and guests during her time on campus, said we should relax a little. The African American experience is the whole world of living.
As an example, Alexander said, speaking of one of her areas of expertise, “A black poem is whatever a black poet writes. To be black is a hugely various, richly fascinating, everything thing.”
Raising kids is like that, I thought. At the dinner table, my wife and I like to sit and talk after the eating is done, which bores our daughter so she asks to be excused. Before she leaves the table, she hugs her mom, and my wife kisses her on the top of the head as they hold each other. It’s a parenting thing, it has nothing to do with race.
Alexander said many segments of society have a responsibility to address issues of race in America.
“Education is incredibly important,” she said. “Issues of curriculum and curriculum reform are important. Kids have to go to school and we have to ask, are going to teach them about this important, complex country we live in or not?”
A point in my favor! As you know if you have paid attention to this blog — here, here and here — Western is one of the places in this community where race can be discussed in a safe and enlightening way.
Alexander said black people have a responsibility, too, and she held as an example her grandmother, who was born into the segregated South — “By definition, she was inferior in every way.” But she didn’t let that view control her actions or thoughts. “I saw how she worked against that and became a richer, fuller person.”
Alexander is fully cognizant of the racist and violent ideas that people continue to express in America. They are easily accessed on the Internet.
“An important lesson of the African American experience is that you can’t ever stay in your comfort zone,” she said. “Bit by bit, relationship by relationship adds to social change.”
And, finally, she put some of it on me.
“I think white people should more often work at the hard question of race,” Alexander said. “To me, seeing white people think and talk about race is a really, really important part of the process.”
That is the full message: We all have work to do.
Follow Western Connecticut State University at wcsu.edu.
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Strong reasoning
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Politics
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Research shows children who have secure bonds with their parents are better able to concentrate, have healthy social relationships, perform better academically, and best of all, feel good about themselves… So what constitutes a secure bond anyway?
A secure “bond” is developed between caregiver and child when that care-giver is able to provide a “Safe Haven” – a safe place for the child to turn to for comfort and protection. And if the caregiver can consistently and reliably provide that comfort and protection, this sets up a “Secure Base” for the child to feel confident to go out and explore the world. This ability to depend on a parent for safety and security fosters the child’s independence and confidence to explore the world.
To develop a Safe Haven and Secure Bond, parents and caregivers need to be accessible and responsive to their child.
1. Accessible: Are you available to your child?
Q. Do you make times in your day where you provide your child your undivided attention?
Q. Do you “tune in” to their worlds?
Q. Are you physically there but emotionally absent? Pre-occupied with technology? Work? Your own stresses?
2. Responsive: How do you respond to your child?
Q. When they do something good, are you there to celebrate with them?
Q. When they are struggling (worried, tempers flaring, can’t do something) do you support and encourage your child or criticise and blame your child?
Q. When they need you, do you turn towards them and support them, or do you turn away from them by saying “I’m busy”, “go away”, “later”?
Top 10 Tips for Strengthening Your Bond with your Child:
1. Family play – treasure hunts, play board games or card games, have a karaoke night, dance to “their” music, take funny pictures of each other, engage in fantasy play, play hide and seek.
2. Connect with words of affection – leave notes in your child’s lunchbox or on their pillow. Little reminders can make a huge difference to a tough day! Say “I love you”.
3. Family rituals –eat together several times a week, have family meetings to express feelings and share happy moments of the day, go on outings, have concert nights, have special ways to tuck your child in to bed and say good night, these are the fond memories you are encoding for life.
4. Find time to laugh, talk, and learn about each other. Play 20 questions and see how well you know your child. Swap jokes at the dinner table. Play 20 questions or eye-spy in the car.
5. Listen to your child in a way that builds trust. Make them feel heard and respected by really listening, try to understand what is going on inside for your child, rather than interrupting, criticising, or arguing with their feelings
6. Find ways to say “yes” to your child. When you find yourself saying “no” ask yourself “why not?”
7. Turn off technology. Put down your phone and handheld devises, turn off the t.v. and the computers.
8. Validate your child’s feelings.
9. Focus on your child’s strengths and build on them. Help them notice what they do well.
10. Talk positively about your child in front of others and watch them beam with pride.
Disclaimer: Content on this website is provided for education and information purposes only and is not intended to replace advise from your doctor or registered health professional. Readers are urged to consult their registered practitioner for diagnosis and treatment for their medical concerns.
Blog written by CBT Professionals Clinical Psychologist on the Gold Coast, Dr Karen Gallaty. CBT Professionals are a team of clinical psychologists on the Gold Coast with offices in Coomera and Nerang. Gold Coast CBT psychologists offer services to adults, children, and couples. Please call and make an appointment on 56 683 490.
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Moderate reasoning
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Health
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The Wattle - Acacias of Australia app (WATTLE ver. 3) enables users to identify wattle plants that occur anywhere
in Australia or elsewhere in the world where they are grown. It includes 1,057 formally described species of Acacia,
plus several hybrids and informal taxa of this genus. It also includes two species of Acaciella, four species of
Senegalia and nine species of Vachellia that occur in Australia and which were previously included in
WATTLE ver. 3 builds upon two previous versions of WATTLE, namely, the original version that was published in 2001 on CD and version 2 that was published in 2014 on the Lucidcentral website. Compared with earlier versions, which are no longer available, WATTLE ver. 3 contains more species, updated coding and new or updated descriptions for each taxon, together with photographs and improved distribution maps.
At the heart of WATTLE is a powerful Lucid identification key which helps people of all ages to quickly and accurately identify species. The key is a truly random access tool, one that allows users to enter, in any order, the characteristics of a specimen that they wish to identify. The key then lists those species possessing the characteristics nominated, rejecting those that do not match the criteria entered. By progressively providing additional characteristics about the unknown specimen, users can narrow the search, eventually ending up with just one or a few species.
The key provides context-relevant information (text and images) that assist users to correctly interpret the characteristics of the plant they are attempting to identify. For those who want information about the species that has been identified, WATTLE ver. 3 provides fact sheets containing illustrations, detailed descriptions, photographs and maps that can be accessed directly. Hyperlinks provide simple navigation between fact sheets of related or similar species.
WATTLE ver. 3 is jointly published by the Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS), Canberra, The Western Australian Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions (formerly CALM) and Identic Pty Ltd, Queensland. WATTLE complements the Flora of Australia (www.ausflora.org.au).
|Wattle - Acacias of Australia|
|Aquarium & Pond Plant ID|
|NZ Wilding Conifers|
|Key to Insect Orders – Revised Edition|
|Key to the Cassinia group|
|Solanaceae Fruit Field Guide|
|Rice Doctor Oriya|
|Bamboo Pest ID|
|ID Species UICN|
|Weeds of Australian Cotton|
|Rainforest Plants of Australia|
|Ecosites of Ontario|
|Rice Doctor Tagalog|
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CC-MAIN-2018-51
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https://www.appannie.com/cn/apps/google-play/app/com.lucidcentral.mobile.wattle/
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| 0.871051 | 550 | 2.6875 | 3 | 2.195015 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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by Floor van Riggelen
Take a close look at this famous picture. These are the people who attended the fifth Solvay International Conference (1927), where the leading physicists of that time discuss the newly formulated quantum theory. What stands out to me is that this is quite a homogeneous group: 28 white (including Jewish), middle aged guys, plus Marie Curie. Of course, these were different times. Comparing this to QuTech in Delft, the place where I work, (an example of a physics research environment in general) there are some improvements when it comes to diversity. Currently 23% of the QuTech employees are non-European and 17% percent are female, according to a recent official review . However, a quick count on the QuTech webpage will tell you that if you only look at scientists and technical staff , this percentage drops to about 10%. At QuTech there are still several scientists who are the only woman in their research group. Looking at it in this way, it seems that not much has changed in almost 100 years of quantum physics.
Fortunately, we know that is not true. With the emancipation of women throughout society, it also became much more common for women to study and work at the university. The general attitude has changed significantly (although there are still some painful exceptions ); most people don’t believe anymore that women are by definition less suited to work in science than men. Still, physics (and technical studies in general) are lacking behind in the number of women, as shown clearly in the statistics of the American Institute of Physics . Seeing the live version of this statistic around me every day, I keep wondering how it is possible that I don’t have more female colleagues.
Reasons why women in are outnumbered in our field are numerous and much more subtle than intentional discrimination by men against women. There are studies that show girls are less likely to choose advanced science and math subjects in high school, even though boys and girls show the same amount of talent for math early on in their educations. One of the explanations is the unconscious assumption of students and teachers alike that for math and physics you need innate skills, where girls in general count more on their ability to work hard. Another reason is that, when you think of a scientist, you most probably think of a man. And to consider studying sciences as reasonable option, it really helps to have role models, which, for girls in science, are few. These are just two examples of studies of a large research field . My impression is that most reasons are related to an unconscious bias, both in the heads of male and female students and teachers, which results in the fact that girls are more likely to choose a different field of study and, consequently, a different career.
However, choosing to study science is (just) the first hurdle. As illustrated by a research from Yale in 2012, it is harder for women to get appreciation for their talent and achievements . In this study, a resume of a potential lab manager, either labeled John or Jane, was shown to university faculty members (n = 127, both male and female). The applicant called John was assessed to be more competent and hirable than (the identical) Jane. Moreover, the faculty members (again, to emphasize, both male and female!) would offer John a higher starting salary and more career mentoring. Furthermore, a study published in Nature shows that articles with a female first author get 10% fewer citations than what would be expected if the papers would have been written by a man with the same non-gender-specific properties .
These reasons why women are underrepresented in science are in itself a strong argument why we need to take measures to change this. People with the same talent should get the same opportunities and support, and people with the same merits should get the same appreciation, regardless of their gender. There are more reasons though. First of all, boys and girls show similar talent for subjects such as math and physics. Clearly, by not stimulating girls enough to pursue an education in physics, our research field is missing out on a lot of talent. Secondly, increasing the diversity can change the dynamics in the workplace. Personally, I prefer a work environment where I have at least a few female colleagues. A male-dominated group has a certain dynamic and it is easier to find your way if you are not the only one (although it is very much group-dependent and not at all impossible). In discussions that we had with female scientists at QuTech, one of the conclusions was that there probably is a threshold for attracting women, meaning that it is even harder to find women who want to work in a research group if they will be the only woman in the group. Thirdly, diversity in itself is something worth aiming for. Studies performed in industry suggest that diverse teams are more creative and are faster in problem solving [8,9]. Diversity goes beyond having a gender-balanced team, it is about including people with different backgrounds and different ways of thinking. This would be the result of including people of different ethnicities, gender and age. It makes sense if you think about it: different people come up with different kinds of ideas. Moreover, to make sure everyone can perform according to their potential, they should feel at home in the working place. If I take again my own working place as an example, it is clear that improving the gender balance would be a very significant part of increasing diversity at QuTech.
This is also one of the recommendations in the midterm review of QuTech, phrasing it in the following way: “as QuTech aims to be better than a world leader in all of its undertakings, it encourages the institute to aim high and exhaust all possibilities in order to attract female talent”. “All possibilities” include in my view both trying to change the image that people have of science as a men’s world and counteracting (unintentional) discrimination. Examples of changing the image are having programs in high schools to encourage girls to choose beta courses , trying to change the image in the media by asking female scientists as spokespersons and making sure that girls studying physics have female role models to inspire them to pursue a career in science. Changing the image that people have of a typical scientist would help to prevent unconscious bias. For counteracting discrimination, we could make the first few steps of the application process anonymous, actively headhunt for female talent, follow unconscious bias workshops with faculty staff or even follow the example of the TU Eindhoven. The rector of the TU/e recently announced that for the coming half year all the job openings for permanent staff will be open for female applicants only . If after six months no suitable female scientist is found to fill the position, male scientists can apply as well. For all the positions that open up, the goal is to fill 50% of the assistant professorships and 35% of the associate and full professorships with women. It is a drastic measure, to discriminate in favor of women, but maybe that is what is needed to balance out the unintended discrimination shown for example in the Yale study. The main argument from TU/e was: with the measures that were taken so far, progression was not fast enough.
All in all, this is a complicated problem which cannot be solved overnight. But this is not at all an excuse to do nothing about it. TU Delft is setting up a Diversity and Inclusion team to develop policies and, closer to home, Charlotte van Hees is addressing this issue for QuTech. Lately, there have been lunches with the female scientists to exchange experiences and come up with ideas to attract and retain women for QuTech. However, I hope I have argued convincingly in this blog that increasing diversity is something we can all benefit from. So, please, if you have an opinion on how we should tackle this, at QuTech or more in general, let it be heard!
Footnotes and References
Research Review QuTech (2019)
To make it absolutely clear: this means in no way that I don’t appreciate the contribution of non-technical support staff to QuTech, on the contrary.
M. Banks, Thousands of physicists sign letter condemning ‘disgraceful’ Alessandro Strumia gender talk, PhysicsWorld (2018)
Porter, A.M. and Ivie, R., Women in Physics and Astronomy, 2019 AIP (2019)
Women in STEM fields, Wikipedia
Moss-Racusin, C.A. et al., Science faculty’s subtle gender biases favor male students, PNAS (2012)
Caplar, N. et al., Quantitative evaluation of gender bias in astronomical publications from citation counts, Nature Astronomy 1 (2017)
Barta, T. et al., Is there a payoff from top-team diversity?, McKinsey&Company
Science benefits from diversity, Nature, 555 (2018)
Beta sciences are, in the Netherlands, a general term for sciences as mathematics, physics, chemistry and biology, close to STEM.
TU/e vacancies for academic staff exclusively for women for the time being, website TU Eindhoven (2019)
Floor is a PhD student in Menno Veldhorst’s group. She loves research, to try to understand spin qubits and the world around her. In her spare time she likes reading, making music and creating things by sewing, drawing or knitting.
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Strong reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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CROSS-CULTURAL PERSPECTIVES IN ABORIGINAL HEALTH WORKSHOP
The Broken Hill University Department of Rural Health acknowledges the traditional owners and custodians of the land where this facility is located. It also recognises the diversity of other Aboriginal peoples who now reside in this community.
PRE-REQUISITE ONLINE MODULE
All participants are required to complete the online Aboriginal Cultural Education Module prior to the workshop. Please print off a copy of the completion certificate and bring it with you.
The Cross Cultural Education Workshop is based on an initiative by Maari Ma Health Aboriginal Corporation; the Broken Hill University Department of Rural Health (BHUDRH); the Royal Flying Doctors Service (South Eastern Sector) and the Far West Local Health District. This program has been developed with Indigenous community consultation and participation, as it is a living program and there is an expectation that the information presented will grow and expand. This is based upon continuing identified areas of need for health professionals embarking on a career in western NSW.
The Cross Cultural Education Workshop is a learning opportunity for new health care employees commencing work in rural and remote regions of western New South Wales. Its objective is to assist new staff in their interactions with local Aboriginal communities and aims to support appropriate communication and respect for the traditional owners of the area.
The Program is extensive and touches on a variety of themes from communication to health and local service provision models. It is also important that you familiarise yourself with past and current issues that have affected local Aboriginal communities. This will help you develop a greater understanding of social determinants that contribute to poor health outcomes in the region.
It is essential that visitors to communities have an understanding of Aboriginal life from a historical and current perspective. There needs to be insight into the harm inflicted on communities by the process of colonisation and government policies that have eroded economic, political, cultural and spiritual practices.
This Program aims to support staff and students in practicing and participating in Aboriginal communities in a culturally appropriate manner. This initial workshop will be built upon in the future to allow for a greater depth of understanding and competence in service provision to Aboriginal individuals and communities resulting in culturally safe practices.
As you progress through this workshop, you will:
- Explore your own thoughts regarding why there is currently such a discrepancy in the life expectancy between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal populations in Australia
- Look at the importance of Aboriginal lifestyle and cultural practices prior to British colonisation and the impact of colonisation on these elements
- Challenge the myths that have (and still do to this day) negatively stigmatise Aboriginal Australians
- Examine your current practices and interactions with Aboriginal individuals and communities
- Reflect on how you can contribute to improving cross cultural communication, interaction, health outcomes and well-being.
We are aware that this introductory workshop can only provide you with a brief insight into the complexities associated with working with Aboriginal people regardless of their place of residence. However, the challenge we pose for you, as health professionals, is to explore further the individuality of the specific communities you will be interacting with, as well as the events that have had a negative and positive impact on the communities and individuals.
Your journey will also include the opportunity to appreciate the richness and diversity of Aboriginal culture in Australia today.
The organisations and communities responsible for this program are conscious of the need for students and health staff to have an awareness of the pre- and post- colonial history of Aboriginal communities in western New South Wales, and the associated link to the current health and well-being of individuals and communities.
This history, in many instances, is a living history and the ramifications continue to have an impact on Aboriginal communities and people. This history relates to the aim of this Cross Cultural Education Workshop, and they are to:
- Provide health professionals and students with a basic understanding of the history of Aboriginal people at a national, state and local level
- Assist health professionals and students gain an initial understanding and insight into Aboriginal communities in western NSW, with the aim of improving health outcomes
- Assist health professionals and students gain communication skills relevant to today’s Aboriginal communities in western NSW
- Allow health professionals and students to explore Aboriginal concepts of health and models of care.
This course is available free of charge to Usyd staff, students on placement and LHD staff, however a fee may be charged to other interested organisations.
Workshop commences at 9.30am
Minimum: 6 participants
Maximum: 20 participants
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Strong reasoning
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Health
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When you write a letter to an attorney, it is important to understand the proper way to address them. This will give the letter a professional tone and impart a good impression on the lawyer.
How to Address a Lawyer
There are several things to consider when addressing an attorney, including whether to use the title “esquire†or not. This will depend on your relationship with the attorney and how you know them socially.
This means that you should not use it if you are addressing an attorney socially, either in person or in writing. You should also avoid calling an attorney by their title if they have their name on their letterhead or business card and you do not know them professionally.
You should always use their first and last name, without adding Mr. or Mrs. to it, if you have known them for a while. This will give you a sense of reverence in your heart.
If you are a businessman, you may have different lawyers working on different tax, intellectual property, or other cases. It is important to use the appropriate titles according to their profession to impart a good impression on them and to make them happy.
When addressing a lawyer, the name is usually placed on the top line of an inside address followed by the law firm, corporation or governmental agency on the next line. This is the courtesy protocol used in most US communities and is the most common way to address a lawyer. Recommended this site car accident lawyers Washington DC.
Do You Address a JD or an Esquire?
A lawyer has completed their law degree and passed the bar exam. This means that they are licensed to practice law and have the legal right to represent clients in court. However, they are not licensed to practice law on their own. They must get a license from their state bar association.
How to Address a Lawyer Who Has a JD or a Juris Doctorate
When you are addressing a lawyer with a law degree, the name should be placed on the top line of an inside address, followed by the name of their law firm and the mailing address. This is the courtesy protocol used in many US communities and is the most common way to properly address a lawyer.
What to Address a Female Attorney
The same presumption of authority applies to women attorneys as it does to male attorneys. Approximately one-third of all practicing attorneys in the United States are women, and they deserve to be treated with respect as well.
Generally, the names of female attorneys are placed on the top line of an inside address, unless they have their own letterhead or business card. This is the courtesy protocol used in all US communities and is the most common way to correctly address a female lawyer.
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Basic reasoning
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Crime & Law
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The immune system is the body’s defense force. It protects against infections that threaten to enter through the skin, the mouth, ears, nose, throat and lungs, the intestinal tract, and the openings of the urinary and genital organs.
The potential invaders include viruses, bacteria, fungi, small parasites (such as those causing malaria and sleeping sickness), and larger parasites ranging from mites (such as scabies) to a whole host of worms and flukes.
The immune system also repairs wounds and defends (often successfully) against cancers. The biological defense force, like a nation’s military defenses, includes a whole range of specialist units designed to deal with threats of various kinds.
The two basic immune defenses are cells and chemicals.
- The best-known action of defense cells is phagocytosis: the swallowing, engulfing, and killing of a micro-organism by a defense cell.
- The best-known chemical defense is the antibody: a protein, tailor-made by immune cells to correspond with chemical features on the surface of an invading micro-organism, fitting like a key into a lock.
Once coated with antibody, the virus or bacterium becomes easier to destroy by phagocytosis. So how do the invaders ever win? Part of the answer is that the chemical defenses take some time to become effective.
When the body is infected for the first time by a particular micro-organism, there is a race between the multiplying microbes and the multiplying immune cells producing antibodies. Given time, the body usually wins; eventually, enough antibodies are formed to overwhelm the invaders.
But if the initial invasion force is large, or the immune system is weak, the battle may be lost. Immunity may be impaired through old age, drugs such as steroids, and diseases that affect the immune system – of which the most important is AIDS.
The immune system’s cells and chemicals are mostly found in the lymph glands, the raisin-sized lumps that become obviously swollen beneath the skin of the neck or beneath the arm during an infection. Lymph glands are found in all parts of the body and are linked together by a network of lymph vessels, which are similar to small veins but thinner.
The tonsils, the spleen, and the thymus (a gland behind the breastbone) are all part of the immune system. The lymph vessels join up to form the thoracic duct, which itself joins up with the blood circulation.
The immune cells and chemicals are in constant movement around the body. They travel in the blood, passing out into the body tissues through the smallest blood vessels, the capillaries. Here they can get to grips with infecting bacteria.
Cells and fluid drain from the tissues into the lymph vessels and are taken first to lymph glands, where micro-organisms and any particles of non-living material that get into the body are trapped. Eventually, the lymphatic fluid and cells return to the bloodstream and resume their circulation.
The body’s immune system is on constant alert to recognize any foreign invasion. The immune system recognizes not just bacteria and viruses as “foreign”, but also healthy tissues from another human being – witness the frequent rejection of transplanted organs.
Sometimes this discrimination goes wrong the body’s immune system attacks part of itself, and the result is a group of disorders known as auto-immune diseases. There are two main groups.
The first group affects a single organ, such as the thyroid gland, the stomach, the adrenal glands, or the cells of the pancreas that make insulin. The second group affects particular parts of cells or tissues that are present in more than one organ, such as small blood vessels.
Auto-immune diseases run in families. But a genetic predisposition alone is not sufficient – some environmental trigger is required. Familiar auto-immune disorders are:
- The systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): In SLE, antibodies are found to DNA (anti-DNA), so the disease damages many organs. SLE is 10 times as common in women as men. A rash, typically across the cheeks, and painful joints are the two commonest symptoms, but SLE may also affect the kidneys, the heart, and the brain.
- Rheumatoid arthritis: Cells of the immune system turn against the lining of joints and tendons, destroying them. The process becomes self-perpetuating and the joints and tendons of the body become chronically inflamed, painful, and deformed if the process persists. Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is mainly a disorder of middle-aged women. Destruction of the bile ducts in the liver leads to disruption to the flow of bile, and jaundice.
- Immunodeficiency: The immune system can also be under-active, and fail to deal appropriately with foreign invaders. This makes the person prone to infection. Some causes of immunodeficiency are genetically inherited, resulting in too few lymphocytes or loo little antibody being produced. Malnutrition can cause immunodeficiency, as can infections, such as measles, glandular fever, and AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome).
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CC-MAIN-2020-29
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https://www.indianjmedsci.org/health/immune-system-defense/
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en
| 0.950041 | 1,076 | 3.921875 | 4 | 2.206237 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
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Health
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Every month we take a bag up to Saver’s for donation. For my kids this has become a fun “shopping day” because if they fill their bag up with toys that they no longer play with, they get to pick out one new to them toy to bring home. This month Meatball’s new to him toy was a Smithsonian Space Ship. This toy has spurred on many many questions about Astronauts and Outer Space. I can’t wait to share with ya’ll all the stuff we have done. This Astronaut Snack is one of the many activities we have explored and it was a huge hit!
The Space Snacks (Freeze Dried Fruit) we were sent came from Crispy Green. Their freeze dried products are 100% natural products are even Non-GMO Project Verified! The variety of flavors was stunning and this snack provided a lot of fun.
Before our snack we watched a very very short virtual field trip where an Astronaut shows the different snacks available on a Space Station. The kids found this fascinating and giggled horribly over her playing with the food.
[su_youtube url=”https://youtu.be/EhgS2LHlQ6s” width=”680″]
After watching I presented the freeze dried fruits to the kids. They were a bit hesitant to try them.
But all in all they enjoyed it! They weren’t too crazy about the oranges. We also tried re-hydrating our fruit by dipping it into glasses of hot water. While it maintained it’s taste the kids enjoyed it more crunchy. Livia loved the idea of fruit chips!
We tried out pears, two different types of apples, pineapple, cantaloupe, bananas, oranges — it was such a fun experience!
How Freeze Drying Works
The idea of freeze-drying is to completely remove water from food while leaving the basic structure and composition of the food intact. People do this to preserve food for long periods of time or to remove the water weight.
This is done by “locking in” the composition and structure of the material by drying it without applying the heat necessary for the evaporation process. The freeze-drying process converts solid water — ice — directly into water vapor, skipping the liquid phase entirely. This is done through a process called sublimation, the shift from a solid directly into a gas.
Interested in studying Space Food with your kids? Check out this awesome NASA Guide on Space Food and Nutrition! I can’t wait to show you guys what else we discover as we explore Space!
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CC-MAIN-2022-05
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https://parentingchaos.com/astronaut-snack-exploring-taste-texture-and-method/
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en
| 0.949577 | 551 | 2.703125 | 3 | 1.976641 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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Real life examples of taking a universal design approach to urban areas are few and far between. This is especially the case for established city areas including those that are heritage listed. So, a universal design case study from Konya, a heritage city in Turkey, makes an interesting subject for a case study. This city has a history of many settlements over thousands of years that were not designed for modern day needs.
Using the 7 Principles of Universal Design, the researchers carefully analysed the pedestrian area to find out what improvements were needed to be more accessible and inclusive. They ranked circulation space, pedestrian crossings, building entrances, parking areas, transportation stops, wayfinding and street furniture for their level of access and inclusion.
Each principle of universal design is applied methodically to each aspect of the built environment. Photographs, tables and graphs help illustrate their findings.
The article begins with an overview of universal design and similar terms and reminds us that this is not “design for people with disability”. The article concludes by highlighting the areas in most need of urgent attention based on the analysis.
The title of the article is, Universal Design in Urban Public Spaces: The Case of Zafer Pedestrian Zone / Konya-Turkey, and is available from ResearchGate. It is a good example of how to apply the 7 Principles of Universal Design. The 8 Goals of Universal Design can be used in the same way.
Abstract: Individuals in society who have different requirements and needs (disabled people, elders, children, pregnant women, parents with strollers etc.) go through many difficulties while accessing urban indoor and outdoor services due to the constraints originating from built environment. Universal design is the design of the environment and the product that can be used by all the people. With it’s inclusive and unifying characteristics, universal design has become a design approach that have been adopted by the academia during the recent years.
Planning and organizing the urban spaces with regard to the universal design principles will contribute to an increase in the life quality of all the people who use the city. This article aims to evaluate the usage of urban spaces in Zafer Pedestrian Zone, located in Konya city centre, within the scope of universal design principles. The concept of universal design in the historical process, universal design’s emergence process and it’s principles and significances has been discussed in the theoretical infrastructure section of the article. In the fieldwork section of the article, the suitability analysis of a chosen sample place’s space usage have been carried out scrutinisingly under four chosen headlines, with regards to the universal design principles and standards.
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Benefits of making your website use HTTPS
HTTPS gives your website added security and privacy. As more websites move to HTTPS over time, more of your visitors will expect your site to use it too.
What is HTTPS?
While you’re probably familiar with the HTTP part of a URL, you may not be as familiar with HTTPS. The added 's' stands for secure. This means the website uses a protocol called transport layer security (TLS) to encrypt information going between the site and the user’s computer. This means that if an attacker intercepts this information, they can’t read or change it.
You may also hear people refer to SSL, which is an outdated version of TLS.
What HTTPS looks like in a browser
You can tell when a website’s information is encrypted by looking at the address bar at the top of your browser. Depending on which browser you use, there may be a green padlock on the left or right of the address bar, and often the word 'secure' next to it. It’s important to note that this means that your connection with the website is secure, rather than the website itself.
The benefits of using HTTPS
There are several benefits to adding HTTPS to your website, and it doesn’t cost much to implement.
Trust in your website
The public recognise that a website with a green padlock is more trustworthy than one without. It shows your website’s visitors — and potential customers — that you take their privacy seriously. According to Google’s security blog, 81 of the top 100 websites globally use HTTPS by default.
However, some scammers take advantage of this by adding HTTPS to their website, to make it seem more legitimate. Remember that the green padlock shows that information is sent securely between the site and your computer. It doesn’t mean that the website is safe.
Limited browser warnings
If your website doesn’t have HTTPS, your visitors may get a warning message telling them that your site is not secure.
For example, when you visit a website or web page that doesn’t use HTTPS on Chrome, it warns you that the connection isn’t secure. A 'not secure’ message displays in the address bar next to the URL. Chrome started showing this message in October 2017, and Google’s security blog reported that visits to these pages dropped by 23% over the next six months.
Information on a webpage goes through several points between a browser and a web server. An attacker could intercept the information at any of the points along this path. By encrypting the information using TLS, you can stop them:
- stealing your customer’s data, or
- putting their own data onto your website.
If your site uses HTTP instead of HTTPS, an attacker could insert ads or malware into any of your webpages without your knowledge. Your customers could also unintentionally download this malware to their computers. This is known as a 'man-in-the-middle' attack.
Better search ranking
Search engines include the use of HTTPS as a factor when they’re ranking your website in search results. This means that using HTTPS gives your website a boost in search results over similar sites that don’t.
As more sites implement HTTPS over time, it’ll become obvious if your website doesn’t have it — and it’ll be harder for your customers to find.
To make your website use TLS you’ll need a digital certificate, called a TLS certificate. It's sometimes called an SSL certificate too.
If you have technical support staff, talk with them about moving to HTTPS. If you manage your own website, ask your hosting company if they provide SSL/TLS certificates. If they do, they can probably help you implement it as well.
They’ll need to:
- get and implement a SSL/TLS certificate for you
- add a permanent redirect to your site (from HTTP to HTTPS)
- update any links to third party scripts to include HTTPS.
You’ll need to:
- update any links inside the content to include HTTPS. This includes links to images, downloads, and tools
- set a reminder for a month before the certificate expires. This will make sure you renew it in plenty of time, and avoid letting it run out.
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Photographic tests called fluorescein angiography or optical coherence tomography may be done in order to determine the extent of the damage on the underlying retina.
A fluorescein angiogram is a test where sodium fluorescein dye is injected into the veins of your hand or arm and a series of photographs are taken of your retina. The dye is not x-ray dye, and no x-rays are taken. Rather the dye is a photographic dye and only photographs are taken. The fluorescein angiogram allows the physician to evaluate the blood vessels in the retina as well as the retinal layer and the layer underneath the retina. Patients who undergo a fluorescein angiogram often get a mild yellow discoloration of their skin. The fluorescein dye is eliminated from the patient’s body through the urine, which is discolored for up to 24 hours following the test. The test is generally safe, however, rarely problems, such as allergies to the medication, can occur. Patients who are allergic to x-ray dye are not necessarily allergic to sodium fluorescein. Optical coherence tomography is a newer test which bounces light waves off the retina to obtain an image of the retina in cross section. Optical coherence tomography uses light waves to image the retina very much like sonar waves are used to image the ocean floor. No dye is injected for optical coherence tomography.More Info ›
An epiretinal membrane, also called a macular pucker, is a thin layer of tissue that forms over the macula, the area of the retina that gives us clear central and reading vision.
Epiretinal membranes often develop on their own as a part of the natural aging process. Particles that have drifted into the vitreous (the gel that fills the eye) settle onto the macula and begin to obscure vision. Membranes may also result from eye conditions or diseases such as retinal detachment, inflammation, injury or vascular conditions. These are called secondary epiretinal membranes, whereas spontaneously formed membranes are called idiopathic.
Many epiretinal membranes do not disrupt vision. Thicker membranes, however, can create wrinkles or puckers in the macula, and small blurry or distorted areas in the center of vision may appear. Vision loss increases as the membrane thickens. Peripheral vision is not affected, and there is no risk of blindness.
Some epiretinal membranes heal on their own. For those that do not, surgery is recommended. The procedure is outpatient with local anesthesia. A vitrectomy is performed to remove the vitreous gel, a saline solution fills the eye and then the membrane is lifted from the macula. The visual results are usually very satisfying.More Info ›
Fluorescein angiography is the practice of taking photographs of blood vessels inside the eye (an angiogram) with the help of a contrast dye (fluorescein dye). These pictures help doctors evaluate the retina and diagnose problems such as diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, abnormal vessel growth, swelling, leaking, retinal detachment, cancer or tumors.
First, the patient’s pupils are dilated with eye drops. Then a few photographs are taken with a special ophthalmic camera. Next, the contrast dye is injected, usually in the patient’s arm. The dye travels up to the eye within a few seconds and “lights up” the blood vessels for the camera. Once the dye is in place, the doctor will take more photographs. Then the needle is removed. After about 20 minutes, a final set of photographs is taken for comparison.More Info ›
Patients with diabetes are at an increased risk of developing eye diseases that can cause vision loss and blindness, such as diabetic retinal disease (diabetic retinopathy), cataracts and glaucoma. These and other serious conditions often develop without vision loss or pain, so significant damage may be done to the eyes by the time the patient notices any symptoms.
People with diabetes sometimes have no symptoms until it is too late to treat them. The retina may be badly injured before there is any change in vision. Because diabetic retinopathy often has no symptoms, if you have any form of diabetes you should have your eyes examined regularly by an ophthalmologist. For this reason it is very important for diabetic patients to have their eyes examined once a year.
Diagnosing and treating eye disease early can prevent vision loss. It is also important to maintain a steady blood-sugar level, maintain normal blood pressure, have your cholesterol level evaluated (and treated if elevated), take prescribed medications, follow a healthy diet, exercise regularly and avoid smoking.
If you have diabetes, your body does not use and store sugar properly. High blood sugar levels create changes in the veins, arteries and capillaries that carry blood throughout the body. This includes the tiny blood vessels in the retina. Diabetic retinopathy is a complication of diabetes caused by changes in the blood vessels of the retina.More Info ›
The macula is a part of the retina in the back of the eye that ensures that our central vision is clear and sharp. Macular degeneration causes a progressive loss of vision. It is the number-one cause of blindness in the U.S.
There are two kinds of macular degeneration: “wet” and “dry.” The “wet” form can be treated in its early stages. Regular eye exams are highly recommended to detect macular degeneration early and prevent permanent vision loss.
Symptoms often associated with macular degeneration include:
There are two main types of macular degeneration. The dry form tends to progress slowly but can result in significant loss of vision. Vitamin supplements may be helpful in slowing down the progression of the dry form. The wet form is the more devastating, more rapidly progressing form. Two new medications have become available in the last year that has offered new hope. They are Avastin® and Lucentis®. Both drugs are injected into the eye. For the first time we have a treatment that can not only stabilize vision in patients, but can actually improve vision in a significant number of people. Dr. Kraut offers these new treatments in office. Other options available in order to maintain a satisfying lifestyle include the prescription of optical devices. Since macular degeneration usually does not affect side vision, the remaining sight can be useful. There are support services and rehabilitation programs available as well.
Photodynamic therapy is another intervention that may be used in combination with anti-angiogenic therapy in the treatment of patients with wet AMD. Visudyne® is a light sensitizing drug that is injected intravenously into the patient. The drug accumulates in the abnormal blood vessel complex under the retina in the individual with neovascular AMD. A special laser is then used to “excite” the drug, causing a photochemical reaction that results in the hopeful closure of the abnormal blood vessel network. Various protocols are being developed to investigate the potential role of using both anti-angiogenic therapy and photodynamic therapy to maximize the efficacy of treatment in patients with wet AMD.
The vitreous is a clear liquid that fills our eyes and gives them shape. When we are young, the vitreous has a thick, gelatinous consistency and is firmly attached to the retina. As we age, the vitreous thins and separates from the retina. Although this usually results in nothing more than a few harmless floaters, tension from the detached vitreous can sometimes tear the retina. If liquid seeps through the tear and collects behind the retina or between its nerve layers, the retinal tear can become a retinal detachment. Retinal detachment can cause significant, permanent vision loss and requires immediate medical treatment.
There are three kinds of retinal detachment. The most common form, described above, occurs when fluid leaks into the retina; people who are nearsighted or who have had an injury or eye surgery are most susceptible. Less frequently, friction between the retina and vitreous or scar tissue pulls the retina loose, something that occurs most often in patients with diabetes. Third, disease-related swelling or bleeding under the retina can push it away from the eye wall.
Signs of retinal tear or detachment include flashes of light, a group or web of floaters, wavy or watery vision, a sense that there is a veil or curtain obstructing vision, or a sudden drop in vision quality. If you experience any of these symptoms, call your doctor immediately. Early treatment is essential to preserve your vision.More Info ›
A macular hole is exactly what it sounds like: a hole in the macula, the center of the retina responsible for central and reading vision. Specifically, the hole or defect occurs in the fovea, the center of the macula and the most delicate part of the entire retina.
Macular holes almost always develop during the natural aging process, when the vitreous (the gel that fills most of the eye) thins and separates from the macula. This can pull on the macula and cause a hole to form. Less commonly, macular holes are caused by eye injury, intraocular inflammation, retinal detachment and other diseases. Most cases occur in people over the age of 50.
At first, a macular hole may only cause a small blurry or distorted area in the center of vision. As the hole grows over several weeks or months, central vision progressively worsens. Peripheral vision is not affected, and there is no risk of blindness.
Surgery is over 95% effective for the treatment of macular holes. The procedure is outpatient with local anesthesia. A vitrectomy is performed to remove the vitreous gel, and then a gas bubble is injected into the eye to help the hole close. As the eye heals, the fluid is naturally replaced. There is no non-surgical alternative.More Info ›
In PDR, the retinal blood vessels are so damaged they close off. In response, the retina grows new, fragile blood vessels. These new blood vessels leak and cause a vitreous hemorrhage. Blood in the vitreous, the clear gel-like substance that fills the inside of the eye, blocks light rays from reaching the retina. A small amount of blood will cause dark floaters, while a large hemorrhage might block all vision, leaving only light and dark perception. Retinal laser surgery may be used to shrink the abnormal blood vessels and reduce the risk of bleeding. Drug treatment of the abnormal new vessels (with Avastin and Kenalog) may also prevent them from growing and bleeding.
The body will usually absorb blood from a vitreous hemorrhage, but that can take days, months or even years. If the vitreous hemorrhage does not clear within a reasonable time, an operation called a vitrectomy can be performed. During a vitrectomy, the eye surgeon removes the hemorrhage and the abnormal blood vessels that caused the bleeding, improving the vision.
The new blood vessels can also cause scar tissue to grow. The scar tissue shrinks, wrinkling and pulling on the retina and distorting vision. If the pulling is severe, the macula may detach from its normal position and cause vision loss. A vitrectomy can be performed to remove the scar tissue and allow the retina to settle back in normal position to improve the vision.More Info ›
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OECD Conference Center
14 Octobre 2009
This page is directly accessible at www.oecd.org/sti/ict/cloudcomputing
Other Technology Foresight Forums: www.oecd.org/ict/TechnologyForesightForum
Introduction to Cloud Computing
In 2008 the term “cloud computing” became fashionable as a way to refer to a number of interlinked information technology trends. There are a number of competing interpretations of what cloud computing is about, but in its simplest formulation the expression refers to the provision of computing resources at a distance, over the Internet. This would hardly seem to be a novel concept, and indeed it harkens back in some respects to the early days of computing with big mainframes doing the computing work for remote users at work stations. Yet the term is suggestive of important shifts in IT, which may bring economic, policy and possibly regulatory implications.
The metaphor of the cloud is intended to suggest the storage and processing of data and delivery of services from large amorphous complexes via the Internet. One aspect of the metaphor is some notion of geographic indeterminacy – customers may not know where their data is at any given moment, accessing computing resources drawn from an “ill-defined elsewhere.” This is not true for all enterprise cloud applications, however, some of which are supported from a small number of readily identifiable data centres. What is common, however, is the idea that the service can be delivered without regard to the location of the customer. Armed with a web browser on an Internet connection, the cloud enables users to access the services from anywhere.
Cloud computing platforms take advantage of a number of broader IT trends. One key element is advances in virtualisation, which allow for the separation of applications from infrastructure. Likewise cloud applications are dependent on the widespread availability of broadband connectivity, including through wireless devices, as well as reductions in storage costs. Some cloud-based service providers find efficiencies through the use of a multi-tenant architecture, to allow different customers to share the same platform. Some of these trends were previewed in earlier discussions of “grid computing” or “utility computing,” through which businesses rent storage space and access to other businesses computing facilities.
Services being marketed as cloud computing may include software “on demand.” While some cloud services operate on a subscription model, “pay as you go” models are increasingly becoming available, allowing organisations to pay for only what they consume, and allowing them to flexibly increase that consumption as needed. Some interesting examples of cloud services involve platforms that allow interactivity, through data exchange between applications – “mash-ups” – and enhance innovation.
There are a number of benefits promised by cloud-based services. For example, the computing resources can be made available anywhere there is a computer and Internet connection, minimising the impact of geography on productivity. And access devices can be simpler (and smaller) if the data and applications reside in the cloud. For both small businesses and large enterprises, cloud services can free up organisations from capital expenditures on their computing infrastructure and minimise the need for in-house IT expertise. “Pay as you go” models can be very attractive to organisations whose computing needs are uneven, or whose storage or processing needs may rise quickly. In general, the pressure on firms to cut costs, enhance flexibility and reduce risk in the current economic climate may make cloud-computing and its pay-as-you-go pricing models attractive.
Some organisations may choose to implement internal cloud-like architectures or “private clouds.” Others may choose a hybrid approach, moving some processes to the public cloud, but continuing to maintain their own data centres, servers, storage, and networks for certain essential operations. Public sector organisations may have particular requirements that need to be addressed by cloud providers.
Cloud-based services for consumers have been around for many years in the form of applications like webmail. But the arrival of “Web 2.0” services with greatly enhanced user interfaces, along with reduced storage and processing costs has vastly expanded services on offer. Consumers now use the Internet to migrate e-mail, pictures, videos, and documents, financial records, and health records away from their personal computer to third-party servers. Popular services like social networks have been cloud-based since their inception. According to a recent study, some 69% of online Americans use webmail services, store data online, or use software programs such as word processing applications whose functionality is located on the web.
Cloud computing also raises a number of policy issues, from portability, competition, and innovation to security, privacy and accountability. Both the promise of cloud computing and the policy issues it raises are the subject of this ICCP Foresight Forum.
About ICCP Foresight Forums
First launched in 2005, Technology Foresight Forums are an annual event organised by the OECD Committee for Information, Computer, and Communications Policy to help identify opportunities and challenges for the Internet Economy posed by technical developments. Foresight forums represent a collaborative effort of policy makers from member and non-member governments, business, civil society, and the Internet technical community. Past forum topics include RFID, Participative Web, and Next Generation Networks.
For more information, please contact: michael.donohue[at]oecd.org
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Science & Tech.
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For some families, getting pregnant can be a challenge. That challenge may lead them to consider in vitro fertilization, or IVF. “In vitro,” by the way, means “in glass” in Latin.
With IVF, doctors collect eggs and sperm and do the fertilization themselves outside of the body. The resulting embryo is cultured and then transferred into the woman’s uterus. This process, while easy to describe, is incredibly complex and difficult. Embryo transfer is hard, and not every embryo that’s successfully transferred leads to a healthy pregnancy.
So, families often wind up paying for multiple cycles of IVF. At somewhere between $10,000 and $15,000 per cycle, the process can easily approach $50,000 for a pregnancy to occur. That’s too expensive for many families.
Recently, Patricia DeLeon, a professor of biological sciences at the University of Delaware, was awarded a grant from the Delaware Bioscience Center for Advanced Technology (CAT). That grant would help her, through a partnership with the Reproductive Associates of Delaware (RAD), develop a non-invasive way to identify embryos with the best chance at resulting in a healthy pregnancy for parents seeking IVF. That could potentially make it so that patients only need one cycle of IVF to get pregnant, not three.
DeLeon took time to speak with us about the grant and her work. When our conversation started, she proudly told us, “I’ve just begun my 41st year at UD. I came in 1976.”
The Bioscience CAT grant was awarded to six different projects and partners earlier this year. The program’s goal is to further foster Delaware’s growth in the bioscience field, something everyone we’ve spoken to so far for this story has reinforced. It seems that its potential influence on the state, country and world is huge.
“This is the first time I applied for the grant,” DeLeon told us. “It’s been here for five years? Six years? You have to have a partner, and we’ve been in association with RAD for a long while. We’ve been working on, sort of, the sperm part rather than the embryo part, which really is the more interesting of the two.”
That more interesting part, the bit with the embryo? That’s what the Bioscience CAT grant will help fund. For DeLeon and RAD, the grant means funding to make the IVF process even better.
“The problem we have right now is not so much getting the sperm to fertilize the egg, but it’s getting the embryo to implant and develop. For in vitro fertilization, you can get the sperm and the egg together in a dish. You can put them together. If the sperm is even lazy and can’t swim, you can do the swimming for them so they can fertilize.”
A Delaware fertility center has the best single-embryo transfer success rate in the nation: 95.6 percent.
But implanting that into the uterus: “That seems to be the roadblock,” she told us. “That’s where the success is lacking right now.”
When we asked DeLeon about current success rates, she was understandably hesitant to give me a number. “If you go to the CDC, the CDC says 30 to 32 percent success rate across for IVF, right? But that data is kind of hard to tease out. If you go to England or Europe, they’ll say 30 percent. It’s so hard to tease out because it’s a composite rate. It includes mothers who are much older who are producing eggs that are not so good. If you get to the embryo stage, I’d say it’s closer to 50 percent. Generally, though, the rate across the board is going to be stated as 30 percent.”
“That’s why most couples have to undergo three cycles of IVF before they get it right,” she said. “It’s expensive. It’s tough even to make it available to people who are not very wealthy.”
“My goal,” DeLeon went on, “is to come down to the point where you can select a single embryo and have that single embryo produce a healthy child.”
Which would be enormous. Transferring multiple embryos may increase the potential for pregnancy, but it also introduces lots of risk. The most obvious among them is twin pregnancies. Single embryo transfer is desirable.
DeLeon pointed us to a story by Forbes that cited RAD as having the best single-embryo transfer percentage in the nation: 95.6 percent. The next closest organization was the Fertility Centers of New England, with a transfer rate of 79.3 percent.
“We have one outlet [RAD] that’s top of the nation in doing what really should be done: that’s single embryo transfer,” DeLeon explained.
DeLeon told us that you can transfer only one embryo to the uterus, but that really only stands a roughly 50 percent chance of developing into a healthy child. Her goal is to develop a non-invasive way to identify embryos that will have a much stronger chance of developing.
“What happens is that they have to stick to the womb, to the lining of the endometrium. It’s the implanting, the getting itself into the lining of the uterus that is important. If they don’t get implanted, they won’t develop.”
Let’s talk about the invasive, contemporary method of determining an embryo’s viability first. As DeLeon explains it, doctors gather eggs and sperm. They make fertilization happen in a dish. The fertilized egg develops into a blastocyst, which is a phase before the early embryo. With this current method, doctors actually stick a needle into the blastocyst to remove a cell to determine future embryo viability. That’s the invasive bit that’s causing potential unnecessary damage.
With DeLeon’s method, the blastocyst releases tiny vesicles. These tiny particles, as she put it in lay for us, carry cargo. That “cargo” consists of proteins, RNA and even DNA. Instead of putting a needle into the cell, the non-invasive method DeLeon and RAD are after involves looking at those tiny particles to determine viability and select the best embryo.
If DeLeon and RAD’s work pans out, families that wouldn’t be able to afford the potentially costly IVF procedure will only need one cycle instead of possibly three. That’s $10,000-$15,000 instead of $30,000-$45,000.
“The first time you go, not only will the embryo stick, but it will be a healthy embryo.”
Think about what that new potential affordability means for families looking to conceive and deliver a healthy baby. This could be huge.
DeLeon asked parents of successful IVF pregnancies or those looking to support the cause consider looking to the University of Delaware Family Building Research Fund. Find more information about that here.
Knowledge is power!
Subscribe for free today and stay up to date with news and tips you need to grow your career and connect with our vibrant tech community.
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Diana Lados, associate professor of mechanical engineering at Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI) and founding director of the university's Integrative Materials Design Center (iMdc), has received a three-year, $424,000 award from the National Science Foundation (NSF) to support the development of a new way to manufacture metal-ceramic composites, which can be used to make vehicles lighter and more energy efficient, while significantly increasing their performance.
The research will focus on materials known as ceramic-reinforced metal matrix composites, which are produced by incorporating small ceramic particles within aluminum to enhance its strength and high operating temperature. Manufacturers would like to use these light composite materials in cars, trucks, boats, and airplanes to increase their fuel efficiency without sacrificing strength and ductility, but current manufacturing methods cannot achieve the nanoscale size and uniform distribution of the ceramic particles necessary to fabricate parts that meet these requirements and perform well at both ambient and elevated temperatures.
With the NSF award, Lados, the sole principal investigator, will conduct fundamental and applied research aimed at developing a novel energy- and cost-efficient process for making nano-ceramic reinforced metal matrix composites, overcoming the limitations of existing processes, and enabling the creation of materials with unprecedented combinations of desirable properties and sustainability benefits.
"This project is another significant step in a large ongoing research program dedicated to developing novel materials and processes using a combination of fundamental materials science knowledge, property evaluations, and computational modeling," Lados said. "These materials and processes can help designers replace steel and cast iron in vehicles with lighter metals—including aluminum, titanium, and magnesium—to increase performance, reliability, and fuel efficiency. The ultimate goals of this work are to increase the nation's energy efficiency and reduce the emission of greenhouse gases, while also helping American manufacturers enhance their competitive edge."
Watch a video about Professor Lados's research.
Unlike current methods, in which the ceramic particles are mixed into the metal during processing, the new technique involves the formation of nano-reinforcements directly within the molten metal. The resulting composite materials will contain ceramic particles of the proper size, distributed uniformly in and firmly bonded to the metal matrix. Less expensive and more flexible and energy efficient than existing methods, the process can be used with a broad selection of metal-ceramic systems to manufacture a wide variety of structural components.
Previous work by Lados, which demonstrated the feasibility of the technique, was recognized with the 2011 Kalenian Award, which provides $25,000 in seed funding to support innovations by WPI students, faculty, and alumni. The current research will delve deeper into the fundamental mechanisms that drive the formation of the nano-scale ceramic particles and investigate their behavior and stability at elevated temperatures. Lados will also study the relationships between the microstructure of the composites formed with the new process and their mechanical properties, including fatigue and creep, which are critical considerations in structural and engine designs. She will also develop processing protocols that can produce the optimal microstructures and properties for various transportation applications.
This is the third NSF award Lados has received over the past two years. In 2012 she received a $525,000 CAREER Award, the NSF's most prestigious award for young faculty members, and she was a co-principal investigator on a $467,000 Major Research Instrumentation (MRI) grant that is funding the acquisition of high-speed cameras with quantitative stereo imaging and digital image correlation. She has also received significant funding from the U.S. Army and through iMdc, an industry-government-university research and educational alliance that she established and leads at WPI.
The iMdc consortium is dedicated to advancing the state of the art and practice in sustainable materials, process, and component design and manufacturing for high performance, reliability, and recyclability. Its more than 20 members include some of the world's largest manufacturing companies and several government organizations and national laboratories.In addition to her innovative work on metal matrix nano-composites, Lados is also conducting pioneering research on several other advanced technologies, including additive manufacturing, solid-state friction stir welding of similar and dissimilar materials, and cold spray processing. All these programs and venues provide Lados with nearly $1 million per year in research funding.
For more information about Diana Lados, her body of research, and professional honors, visit the following pages:
Integrative Materials Design Center
Lados Honored by SAE International and the Minerals, Metals, and Materials Society
Lados Receives International Honor for Seminal Contributions to Structural Integrity
Lados Receives ASM Silver Medal for Distinguished Contributions to Materials Science
Professor Diana Lados Honored by Mass High Tech with a 2012 Women to Watch Award
WPI Researchers Win Prestigious NSF CAREER Awards
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CC-MAIN-2021-39
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Strong reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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Reinforcement is a fundamental concept of Operant Conditioning, whose major objective is to increase the rate of certain undesired behavior from occurring again.
Reinforcement can be further classified into two major parts
The major purpose of both these reinforcement types is to increase the rate of certain behavior although they have many similarities and differences.
By introducing the concept of reinforcement to an individual, the individual gets encouraged to perform the behavior in a repeated manner
- whether to avoid any undesirable stimulus
- receive the desirable reinforcer or reward again
Differences Between Positive and Negative Reinforcement
|Positive Reinforcement||Negative Reinforcement|
|Positive Reinforcement is a concept of Operant conditioning that presents favorable reinforcer, so that the subject repeats its behavior.||Negative Reinforcement is the concept of Operant conditioning that presents certain reincorcers, which increases the behavior of the subject in order to avoid those reinforcers.|
|Positive reinforcers are favorable stimulus, which is preferred by subjects involved in the procedure.||Contrary to positive reinforcers, negative reinforcers aren’t desired, and subjects are motivated to avoid them.|
|It’s termed as “Positive Reinforcement” to give completely contradictory to “Negative Reinforcement”.||Similarly, “Negative Reinforcement” gives opposite meaning to “Positive Reinforcement”.|
Stimulus: Employees who exceed quota receive bonus
Behavior: An employee works hard on the job
Result: Employee exceeds his monthly quota, is rewarded by company
Stimulus: Employee is made to come to work even on Sundays due to failed deadline.
Behavior: Employee works harder from next month
Result: Avoid to go to work on Sundays
Stimulus: Good students get praised
Behavior:: Student works hard in class
Result: Receives A+ grading, praised in front of the whole class.
Stimulus: Weak students have to attend Summer School
Behavior: Student works hard in class
Result: Avoids Summer School
|It can be less effective than the negative reinforcement procedure, depending upon the subject and situation.
e.g. the promise of increasing allowance might not be a good enough incentive for a rebellious teenager, a negative reinforcement such as taking away their XBox priviledges might be more effective.
|It can be less effective than the positive reinforcement technique, depending upon the subject and situation.
e.g. if a student doesn’t mind spending time in detention, then a positive reinforcement such as a promise of going on a vacation might encourage the child to behave better in class.
These examples are taken from the same scenarios; however, different reinforcers are made to interact with the individual.
In the examples that fall under positive reinforcement, the subjects in question have been motivated to work hard by providing certain favorable stimulus
- bonus for the employee
- praise for the student
On the other hand, in examples that fall under negative reinforcement, subjects have been motivated to work hard by adding a negative consequence upon their failure to maintain certain expectations
- no weekend for the employee
- summer school for the student
Similarities Between Positive and Negative Reinforcement
Despite their differences, there are plenty of similarities between the two. The major similarity lies with its main objective, which is to increase the rate of any behavior (operant). Both of these fall under the concept of Operant Conditioning, Reinforcement.
Not only do these share a same goal, but the factors affecting their success rate are also quite similar. Both of these forms of reinforcements are largely influenced by the consistency, frequency and immediate response to the behavior.
Like in the concept of punishment, another similarity between the two is its ineffectiveness. It’s a remarkable learning process, and it’s practiced everywhere in the world, in their own terms based on their norms and values. However, it wouldn’t be much of a surprise to see some odd balls defying logic, and remaining unmoved by either of these reinforcement techniques.
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CC-MAIN-2018-47
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https://www.psychestudy.com/behavioral/learning-memory/operant-conditioning/reinforcement-punishment/positive-negative-reinforcement
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Strong reasoning
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Education & Jobs
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EMERGENCY PROVISIONS UNDER THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION
ART 352 (1) If the President is satisfied that a grave emergency exists whereby the security of India or any part of the territory thereof is threatened, whether by war or external aggression or armed rebellion, he may, by Proclamation, make a declaration to that effect, in respect of the whole or such part of the territory thereof.........,
ART 353 While a Proclamation of emergency is in operation, then (a) not withstanding anything in this Constitution, the executive power of the Union shall extend to the giving of directions to any State as to the manner in which the executive power thereof is to be exercised..........,
ART 355 It shall be the duty of the Union to protect every State against external aggression and internal disturbance and to ensure that the government of every State is carried on in accordance with the provisions of this Constitution.
ART 358(1) While a proclamation of emergency is in operation, nothing in Art 19
( Fundamental freedoms) shall restrict the power of the state to make any law in which the state would but for the provisions of Art 19 be competent to make.........,
ART 359 (1) Where a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation, the President may by order declare that the right to move any court for the enforcement of such of the rights conferred by Part 3 (fundamental rights) except ( Art 20 & 21 ) and all proceedings pending in any Court for the enforcement of the same shall remain suspended for the period during which the proclamation is in force........,
Thus as soon as a Proclamation has been issued, Art 19 is suspended and the power of the legislature and the executive is made wider. The suspension of Art 19 during the pendency of emergency removes the fetters on the legislature and executive powers by 19 and if legislature makes laws or the executive commits acts which are inconsistent with the rights guaranteed by Art 19, their validity is not open to challenge either during the continuance of the emergency or thereafter. Art 358 makes it clear that things done or omitted to be done during cannot be challenged even after emergency is over.
Under Art 359, the rights are not expressly suspended, but the citizen is deprived of his right to move any court for their enforcement.
ART 360 if the President is satisfied that a situation has arisen whereby the financial stability or credit of India is affected, he may make a Proclamation to that effect.....,
| Return to Topic Menu | Return to Main Menu |
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CC-MAIN-2018-30
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http://www.hrcr.org/safrica/emergency_powers/prov_indian_const.html
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| 0.948578 | 506 | 2.578125 | 3 | 2.853718 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
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Crime & Law
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According to the European Union’s Scientific Commission on Health and Environmental Risks, infants’ milk formula should not be made with water that had a fluoride level over 0.8 milligrams per litre.
Hastings tap water had 0.9mg/l, a level set earlier this month.
The EU report also said children between 1 and 6 years old were at risk if they consumed more than half a litre of fluoridated water a day and used more than the recommended amount of fluoridated toothpaste.
Hastings Mayor Lawrence Yule said the Hastings District Council was working to reduce fluoride levels in the district’s water supply to 0.7mg/l following the EU report and advice from the Hawke’s Bay District Health Board. Fluoridated water in other regions fell between the Ministry of Health’s recommended levels of 0.7mg/l and 1.0mg/l.
The Ministry of Health (MOH) acting chief dental officer Tim McKay said the ministry was considering the commission’s findings and will consider evidence available to a New Zealand context.
Mr McKay also said recent clinical advice on the use of fluorides in New Zealand confirmed there were no safety concerns using fluoridated tap water to make up infant formula.
Fluoride Action Network New Zealand (FANNZ) spokesperson Mary Byrne said overexposure of fluoride could lead to dental fluorosis (mottling), the first sign of other health problems.
Babies were most at risk because of the ratio of body weight to fluoride intake.
“If people are exposed as a baby, the damage done is irreversible. Their teeth will be damaged for life. And is it only their teeth? There’s not enough research been done into the long-term effects.”
The MOH stated small levels of fluoride strengthened the surface of teeth, which made them more resistant to tooth decay.
This is backed up by the European Union report which stated “fluoride, either naturally present or intentionally added to water, food and consumer products (toothpaste) is generally considered beneficial to prevent dental caries”.
Ms Byrne said fluoride had no health benefits and FANNZ advocated it “created more health problems than it is alleged to fix”.
Mr Yule said fluoridated water was always a controversial issue. But after advice from the District Health Board and the results of the European study, he was happy with the council’s decision to continue its use.
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| 0.969077 | 522 | 2.90625 | 3 | 2.840289 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
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Health
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The state of your health depends heavily on the state of your liver, making it all the more important to look after it. Please read on to find out how.
The liver is the biggest organ in the body and the most important outside the brain and heart. It is located to the right of the stomach, in the upper abdomen and below the diaphragm.
The liver performs a variety of tasks, including:
1. Cut the Booze
Alcohol is a toxic substance that the liver is responsible for metabolising. It may cause cellular malformations, scarring and inflammation, all of which inhibit liver function and cause potential liver disease at a later date.
2. Try Some Herbs
Herbs protect liver function by stimulating bile flow and help the organ to regenerate itself. Popular herbs for liver support include:
3. Have a Caffeine Break
The liver processes caffeine like it does any other toxin. It is forced by caffeine to release glycogen stores into the blood, and slows the organs ability to cleanse the blood from other harmful toxins.
Ironically, coffee enemas have been proven beneficial in the liver detoxification process by relaxing the smooth muscles of the small intestine and anus, which causes a dilation of the bile ducts and blood vessels.
4. Think Green
Natural greens support the liver by:
Green foods rich in minerals include sea vegetables, barley grass, green vegetables, green salads, chlorophyll, spirulina and chlorella.
5. Get Some Zs
When you close your eyes to go to sleep at night, your brain releases a chemical called Melatonin that helps to regulate your sleep cycle. Melatonin shares the body’s toxic load with the liver by helping to neutralise free radicals and by regenerating the body overall.
6. Flush Your Liver
Flushing your liver rids it of toxins, cholesterol build up and gallstones, and frees the way for bile flow. It involves drinking a mixture of olive oil, epsom salts and grapefruit juice before bed, which leads to an excavation on the toilet stool first thing in the morning.
7. Avoid Medications When Possible
Like other toxins, residues of drugs and medications can build up in the liver and cause toxicity. When possible, and with your doctor's consent, give your liver a break and avoid pain killers, anti-inflammatories, HRT, antibiotics and the pill.
8. Go Organic
Try to buy organic fruit, vegetables and meat when possible. Non-organic products often contain toxic poisons, pesticides, hormones and antibiotics which may all build up and inhibit liver function.
9. Water Water Water
Drinking at least two litres of filtered water per day assists the liver (and kidneys) with toxin elimination. Small and frequent sips are best, and if you find it hard to get two litres in, herbal teas are considered ok to be counted as well. It is also recommended to avoid a lot of water 9especially cold water) with meals as it may dilute the gastric juices in the stomach, inhibiting digestion and increasing the livers workload.
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CC-MAIN-2015-06
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http://www.naturaltherapypages.com.au/article/9_Easy_ways_to_Look_After_Your_Liver
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Moderate reasoning
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Health
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Poems of Belonging
Poetry can express diverse and colliding emotions that offer a lens into the tensions of everyday life and how each of us belongs to the world around us. Notions of belonging also can be intertwined with questions of identity, ethnicity, and citizenship. Here, we look at how two poets with very different biographies understand their belonging to a place, and their view of a place to which they cannot belong. As you read “Jerusalem” by Hebrew poet Yehuda Amichai, and “I Belong There” by Arabic poet Mahmoud Darwish in conversation with each other, consider how each writer understands the notion of bayit, which means home in both Hebrew and Arabic. Through their works, both poets examine some of the complexities we all face as we think about belonging to—or feeling excluded from—a place, a community, a people, and the world. Poetry, with its multi-layered language and deep symbolism, can help us to confront topics that are filled with emotion, ambiguity, and complexities.
AS YOU READ AND THINK ABOUT THESE TWO POEMS TOGETHER, CONSIDER:
- What is the relationship between home and belonging? How does each poem reflect these relations?
- Amichai’s poem is set in Jerusalem, grappling with belonging to the Old City. What kind of relationship does the poem evoke with Jerusalem? What kind of diverse narratives does it highlight?
- Darwish’s poem illustrates a journey toward belonging, considering the complexities of feeling at home. What provides the narrator with a sense of belonging? To where does he feel that he belongs, and from what does he want to break free?
- If Amichai and Darwish were speaking with each other about their feelings of ‘home’ and ‘belonging,’ when do you think they would agree and when do you think they would disagree?”
- What shapes your own sense of belonging?
Published in the collection Poems 1948-1962, Yehuda Amichai’s “Jerusalem” portrays an image of a city that grapples with boundaries of belonging. In each of the poem’s three stanzas, the narrator reflects on the visibility and invisibility of his imagined enemy, and the degree to which this tension demonstrates their shared belonging and their distinct otherness. By attending to the most common aspects of everyday life—laundry, white sheets, a towel—the narrator renders a sense of closeness with “my enemy,” underscoring how changing our perspective can help us see each other as humans. At the same time, the distance between the two figures—and their separate worlds—remains visible. But the image of the boy holding the kite reminds us of a shared belonging to childhood, family, and hope, and how shifting our gaze can bring us closer together.
On a roof in the Old City
laundry hanging in the late afternoon sunlight
the white sheet of a woman who is my enemy,
the towel of a man who is my enemy,
to wipe off the sweat of his brow.
In the sky of the Old City
At the other end of the string,
I can’t see
because of the wall.
We have put up many flags,
they have put up many flags.
To make us think that they’re happy
To make them think that we’re happy.
Translated by: Stephen Mitchell
עַל גָּג בָּעִיר הָעַתִּיקָה,
כְּבִיסָה מוּאֶרֶת בְּאוֹר אַחֲרוֹן שֶׁל יוֹם:
סָדִין לָבָן שֶׁל אוֹיֶבֶת,
מַגֶבֶת שֶׁל אוֹיֶב
לְנַגֵּב בָּה אֶת זֵעַת אַפּוֹ.
וּבִּשְׁמֵי הָעִיר הָעַתִיקָה
וּבִקְצֵה הַחוּט –
שֶׁלֹּא רָאִיתִי אוֹתוֹ,
הֶעֱלֵינוּ הַרְבֵּה דְּגָלִים,
הֶעֱלוּ הַרְבֵּה דְּגָלִים.
כְּדֵי שׁנַּחְשֹב שֶׁהֵם שְׂמֵחִים
כְּדֵי שֶׁיַּחְשְׁבוּ שֶׁאַנַחְנוּ שְׂמֵחִים.
I BELONG THERE
Published in 1986 in the collection Fewer Roses, Mahmoud Darwish’s poem “I Belong There” grapples with elements of belonging: memories, family, a house. The poem begins with the statement “I belong there,” followed by a journey in which the narrator searches for belonging while exploring the different dimensions that determine one’s relationship with a place. Darwish draws on common tropes such as nature, parents, and the image of a house to highlight the depths of the human need to belong. At the same time, the narrator’s need to undertake this journey challenges notions of stability that should enable belonging. Ultimately, this poem invites us to consider the difference between a “house”—often linked to a geographical place that can be beyond our grasp—and a “home,” created from words, memories, and emotions that cannot be taken away.
I BELONG THERE
I belong there. I have many memories. I was born as everyone is born.
I have a mother, a house with many windows, brothers, friends, and a prison cell
with a chilly window! I have a wave snatched by seagulls, a panorama of my own.
I have a saturated meadow. In the deep horizon of my word, I have a moon,
a bird’s sustenance, and an immortal olive tree.
I have lived on the land long before swords turned man into prey.
I belong there. When heaven mourns for her mother, I return heaven to her mother.
And I cry so that a returning cloud might carry my tears.
To break the rules, I have learned all the words needed for a trial by blood.
I have learned and dismantled all the words in order to draw from them a
single word: Home.
Translated by: Munir Akash and Carolyn Forché
أنا من هناك
أَنَا مِنْ هُنَاكَ. وَلِي ذِكْريَاتٌ. وُلِدْتُ كَمَا تُولَدُ النَّاسُ. لِي وَالِدَهْ
.وبيتٌ كثيرُ النَّوافِذِ. لِي إِخْوَةٌ. أَصْدِقَاءُ. وَسِجْن
وَلِي مَوْجَةٌ خَطَفتْهَا النَّوارِسُ. لِي مَشْهَدِي الخَاصُّ. لِي عُشْبَةٌ زَائِدَهْ
وَلِي قَمَرٌ فِي أقَاصِي الكَلاَم، وَرِزْقُ الطُّيُورِ، وَزَيْتُونَةٌ خَالِدَهْ
.مَرَرْتُ عَلَى الأَرْضِ قَبْلَ مُرُور السُّيُوفِ عَلَى جَسَدٍ حَوَّلُوه إِلَى مَائِدَهْ
،أَنَا مِنْ هُنَاكَ. أُعِيدُ السَّمَاءَ إِلَى أُمِّهَا حِينَ تَبْكي السَّمَاءُ عَلَى أمَّهَا
.وَأَبْكِيِ لِتَعْرفَنِي غَيمَةٌ عَائِدَهْ
.تَعَلّمْتُ كُلِّ كَلامٍ يَلِيقُ بمَحكَمَةِ الدِّم كَيْ أُكْسِرَ القَاعِدهْ
تَعَلّمتُ كُلِّ الكَلاَمِ ، وَفَكَّكْتُهُ كَيْ أُرَكِّبَ مُفْرَدَةً وَاحِدَهْ
אולי יעניין אתכם גם
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
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https://theicenter.org/icenter_resources/poems-of-belonging/
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| 0.840938 | 2,463 | 3.09375 | 3 | 2.623885 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
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Literature
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Stuttering is a speech disorder that causes interruptions in the rhythm or flow of speech.
Stuttering can look like the following:
- repeated sounds (c-c-can),
- repeated syllables (da-da-daddy),
- repeated words (and-and-and) or phrases (I want-I want-I want).
- Repetitions might happen once (b-ball, can-can) or multiple times (I-I-I-I-I want, m-m-m-m-m-m-mummy);
- prolongations, where sounds or parts of the word are stretched out (caaaaan I go) and blocks.
- Blocks are often silent and are seen when it looks like the person is stuck, trying to speak with no sound coming out.
- There are often secondary behaviours which accompany stuttering. These may be verbal and include grunts, small non-speech sounds, filler words (um/er) or pauses. They can also be non-verbal like grimacing, blinking or body movements.
The exact cause of stuttering is unknown. Speech disorders are thought to be caused by differences in brain activity related to speech production. This means that stuttering is not usually caused or triggered by an event, person, experience, stress or anxiety. Some people inherit a predisposition to stutter.
Who does stuttering affect?
Stuttering can affect children, adolescents and adults. Around 1% of the population experiences stuttering at any given time and as many as 5% across a life time. Stuttering usually starts in early childhood, often by the age of three. It may start gradually over days, week or months, or it can be sudden, over hours or a day. Stuttering may change in type or frequency over time. It may decrease or seem to go away for periods of time.
Recent research in Australia indicates that 8.5% of 3 year old children experience stuttering.
Not all children who start stuttering will continue. As many as 70-75% of children who start to stutter are thought to recover naturally without treatment. This natural recovery might occur quickly or take as long as a couple of years from when it first started. It is not possible to determine who will experience natural recovery, but adolescents and adults are very unlikely to experience natural recovery.
Treatment for Children
Early intervention from a speech pathologist is recommended for children who stutter. This is thought to be the best time to reduce stuttering. Currently, The Lidcombe Program of Early Stuttering Intervention has the strongest research evidence for children under the age of 6 years. There is also research to support use of this program with primary school age children.
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CC-MAIN-2020-16
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https://www.kidspeechtherapy.com.au/services/stuttering/
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Moderate reasoning
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Health
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Earth Day 2013: Will You Participate?
In 1970, Wisconsin Senator Gaylord Nelson got the idea for an environmental teach-in that morphed into “Earth Day” first held on Wednesday, April 22, 1970. Nelson was partially inspired by a 1969 oil spill in Santa Barbara and the Vietnam anti-war movement going on during that time.
An impressive 20 million people got involved that first year and 33 years later more than 1 billion people and 192 countries have some form of activities related to Earth
“I am convinced that all we need to do to bring an overwhelming insistence of the new generation that we stem the tide of environmental disaster is to present the facts clearly and dramatically. To marshal such an effort, I am proposing a national teach-in on the crisis of the environment to be held next spring on every university campus across the Nation. The crisis is so imminent, in my opinion, that every university should set aside 1 day in the school year-the same day across the Nation-for the teach-in.” ~ Gaylord Nelson
Global Warming – Climate Change
We’ve all heard arguments for and against legislation concerning our environment. Al Gore produced a movie on the topic that won an Academy Award. Meteorologists and weather experts around the world debate whether the planet is warming or just going through some kind of normal change that occurs every so many years.
University eggheads write papers and do experiments; others just recount their personal weather history.
Floods, hurricanes, melting icecaps, tsunamis, fossil fuels, solar and wind energy are all used to prop up whatever argument is being made. The question is — no one knows who’s right or what the result of any changes will make. If the world is in fact warming then would making changes cause cooling? There is a loud call to reduce CO2 emissions in the atmosphere, yet the increased CO2 has caused explosive growth in trees around the world that turn CO2 into oxygen. So in some cases we’re damned if we do and damned if we don’t.
Some Final Thoughts
Over time alternative fuels and power sources will be produced. But there is no way to force the natural evolution of these innovations. We could have had a decidedly high advantage in WWII if we had just had a few jet planes. The technology existed but as much as we would liked to have had smart bomb jets, it took another 40 years for industry to get that done.
Using some environmental thinking we could have sped up the evolution of the automobile if we’d just shot all the horses. Then Henry Ford would have been forced to work on those heated cupholders.
What will I do on Earth Day? Probably not much more than I would do on any other day. I’m very confident that the people who can eventually solve the problem are hard at work on it. After all, anyone who can solve the problem will have a very big payday. And that might just be someone reading this. How will you celebrate Earth Day?
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<urn:uuid:dcd351bd-78c6-4326-a634-7bac5b0b1686>
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CC-MAIN-2018-17
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http://kmmsam.com/earth-day-2013-will-you-participate/
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| 0.962105 | 625 | 2.9375 | 3 | 2.850871 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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What is physiotherapy?
Physiotherapy helps restore movement and function when someone is affected by injury, illness or disability.
Physiotherapists help people affected by injury, illness or disability through movement and exercise, manual therapy, education and advice.
They maintain health for people of all ages, helping patients to manage pain and prevent disease.
The profession helps to encourage development and facilitate recovery, enabling people to stay in work while helping them remain independent for as long as possible.
What physiotherapists do?
Our Physiotherapy Works briefings demonstrate the effectiveness of physiotherapy in treating a wide range of conditions
Physiotherapy is a science-based profession and takes a ‘whole person’ approach to health and well being, which includes the patient’s general lifestyle.
At the core is the patient’s involvement in their own care, through education, awareness, empowerment and participation in their treatment.
You can benefit from physiotherapy at any time in your life. Physiotherapy helps with back pain or sudden injury, managing long-term medical condition such as asthma, and in preparing for childbirth or a sporting event.
Why Shridevi Physiotherapy?
The institution campus has lush green lawns with calm environment. The institution is housed in well laid buildings such as Administrative; Academic blocks with wide corridors, spacious and well lit lecture halls with the furniture opt for comfortable sitting. The institute has the best equipped laboratories, workshops, separate hostels for boys and girls with sports facilities, canteen, etc,
Physiotherapy is a degree-based healthcare profession. Physios use their knowledge and skills to improve a range of conditions associated with different systems of the body, such as:
- Neurological (stroke, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s)
- Neuromusculoskeletal (back pain, whiplash associated disorder, sports injuries, arthritis)
- Cardiovascular (chronic heart disease, rehabilitation after heart attack)
- Respiratory (asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis)
Physiotherapists work in a variety of specialisms in health and social care. Additionally, some physiotherapists are involved in education, research and service management.
Scope of Physiotherapy
Physiotherapy career can rise to a variety of challenging & interesting jobs in the health care system. As a Physiotherapist, you can get specializations in the fields such as Orthopedics, Neurology, Cardiorespiratory, Gynecology, Paediatrics, Geriatrics, Sports & Rehabilitation. You can also get a doctorate degree & work in the research field. In future, there is a wide scope of physiotherapy. It is a wide range of career option in India as well as in abroad.
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Strategies to Stop Violence in Schools
School systems can implement a number of strategies to prevent violence in schools. One of those strategies is to put measures in place to identify bullying. Another is to recognize gang behavior, while a third is to be able to identify students who may be a potential threat to the student body and the staff. By having strategies in place, the administration can be on the same page and the lives of students can be saved.
Bullying can be difficult to identify and at other times it may not be difficult to identify at all. Signs to look for include:
- A student cornering another student and the cornered student having a look of fear on their face.
- A student who avoids another student or group of students in the hallways.
- A student or group of students who seem aggressive toward others.
There are other signs as well, including a bullying student hanging out with a group of kids that teachers and school employees know are rough individuals.
Dealing with Violent Students
When you believe that a student may be violent, it is important that educators know how to deal with them. Here are some ways to deal with violent students:
When talking to a violent or potentially violent student, respect their silence and let them talk when they need to talk.
- Find what is considered a “safe zone” within the school and always have others present.
- Avoid language that may tease or shame them because they may retaliate when they feel that emotion.
- Respond with short statements rather than long ones because this is the violent student’s time to talk.
When dealing with violence as a whole, the school can hold assemblies and other meetings to teach children about anger management and the alternatives to violence. These alternatives can include turning to school staff to resolve a situation rather than resolving it on their own with violence.
There are a number of reasons why children may become violent at school. Some of those reasons include poverty that can lead to anger and discontent, family breakdown, domestic violence and child abuse, drug culture, immigration from countries where education is less valued, violent imagery such as that on television and video games, high parent expectations and competitiveness, and, of course, other causes that are unique to the child.
To prevent violence, school districts have responded in different ways. These ways include alternative programs, expulsion, suspension, locker searches, metal detectors, mentoring programs, closed lunches, dress codes, support groups, security guards, and conflict mediation training for teachers and administrators. The solution simply depends on the type of violence facing the school district and its severity. Unfortunately, budgets usually dictate the degree of safety children receive.
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